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Oscar López Rivera

2017-10-03T01:10:33Z

IFCAR: reverting vandalism ("terrorist," "ingrate")

{{spanish name|López|Rivera}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Oscar López Rivera
| native_name = Oscar López Rivera
| native_name_lang = Spanish
| image = File:Oscar López Rivera.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|01|06}}
| birth_place = [[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico]]
| residence = [[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico]]
| known_for = Longest-incarcerated FALN member
| home_town = San Sebastián, Puerto Rico
| criminal_charge = [[Seditious conspiracy]], use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms and ammunition to aid in the commission of a felony
| criminal_penalty = Prison for 55 years; extended 15 years for later conspiracy to escape
| criminal_status = Sentence commuted by President Obama, sentence ended in May 2017.
| awards = [[Bronze Star Medal]]
}}

'''Oscar López Rivera''' (born January 6, 1943) is a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] activist and militant who was one of the leaders of the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]] (FALN), a clandestine paramilitary organization devoted to [[Puerto Rican independence]]. A fugitive since 1976 and indicted in 1977 and 1979, López Rivera was arrested on May 29, 1981 and tried by the [[United States government]] for [[seditious conspiracy]], use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property. López Rivera admitted committing every act with which he was charged, but declared himself a political prisoner and refused to take part in most of the trial proceedings. He maintained that according to international law he was an anticolonial combatant and could not be prosecuted by the United States government. On August 11, 1981, López Rivera was convicted and sentenced to 55 years in federal prison. On February 26, 1988 he was sentenced to an additional 15 years in prison for conspiring to escape from the [[United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth|Leavenworth]] [[federal prison]].

The imprisonment of López Rivera was opposed or supported by individuals and groups representing political, religious, and other constituencies. Some called him a [[Terrorism|terrorist]], but others said he was a [[political prisoner]]. Several U.S. Congressmen supported López Rivera's release from prison.

U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] offered López Rivera and 13 other convicted FALN members clemency in 1999, on condition they renounce violence, but López Rivera rejected it. On January 17, 2017, President [[Barack Obama]] commuted López Rivera's sentence and he was released from prison on May 17, 2017, after 35 years in prison. López Rivera had been incarcerated longer than any other member of the FALN.<ref name="Chicago 2011"/> On February 9, 2017,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/oscar-lopez-rivera-puerto-rico-nationalist-returns-to-serve-term-cut-by-obama/|title=Puerto Rico nationalist returns to the island to serve term cut by Obama|work=CBS News|accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref> he was moved from an Indiana prison to Puerto Rico, where he completed the last three months of his sentence under [[house arrest]] before being released on May 17, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-oscar-lopez-rivera-freed-20170517-story.html|title=Puerto Rican militant Oscar Lopez Rivera freed from custody after 36 years|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==Early years and personal life==
Oscar López Rivera was born in [[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico]], on January 6, 1943.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Méndez-Méndez|first1=Serafín|last2=Fernandez|first2=Ronald|title=Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=269|isbn=9781440828324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|language=en}}</ref> His family moved to Chicago when he was nine years old. At the age of 14, he followed them to Chicago. At age 18 he was drafted into the army and served in the Vietnam War. When he returned to Illinois in 1967, he became a community activist, advocating for housing for the Puerto Rican community, bilingual education and Latino recruitment in the university system. In the late 1970s he began to advocate for Puerto Rican independence.<ref name=lf>{{cite book|last1=Finley|first1=Laura L.|title=Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia of Trends and Controversies in the Justice System [2 volumes]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610699280|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3J1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA313|language=en}}</ref> López Rivera was one of the founders of La Escuelita Puertorriqueña, now known as the [[Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School]] and the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oppenheim|first1=Maya|title=While everyone was talking about Chelsea Manning, Obama released another very important prisoner|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-oscar-lopez-river-commutes-sentence-puerto-rican-independence-activist-a7533186.html|work=The Independent|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> He was a community organizer for the Northwest Community Organization (NCO), ASSPA, [[ASPIRA]] and the 1st Congregational Church of Chicago. He helped to found FREE, a half-way house for convicted drug addicts, and ALAS, an educational program for Latino prisoners at Stateville Prison in Illinois.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosales |first= Francisco |date=2006 | title=Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History | publisher=Arte Publico Press |isbn= 1-55885-347-2 | page=159}}</ref>

==FALN activities==
{{Main|Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña}}
López Rivera joined the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]] (FALN), a [[Marxist-Leninist]] organization which in the 1970s fought to make Puerto Rico an independent [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña#Political position|communist nation]].<ref name="Smith, Brent L. 1994 114">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CuViIjqj8C | title = Terrorism in America: Pipebombs and Pipedreams | page=114 | year=1994 | publisher = [[SUNY Press]] | isbn=978-079141-759-1 | author = Smith, Brent L. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6rGNTdoYWUwC | title = Endless Enemies: Inside FBI Counterterrorism |year=2011 | publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press]] (imprint: Potomac Books, Inc. | isbn=978-1-59797-361-8 | author = Holcomb, Raymond W.|page=154}}</ref><ref name="lf" /> The FALN was involved in more than 100 bombings in New York, Chicago and other cities, including the 1975 bombing at [[Fraunces Tavern]] in Manhattan that killed four people.<ref name="Chicago 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/us/11chicago.html |work = New York Times | title=Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood |first= Emma Graves|last= Fitzsimmons | accessdate = January 20, 2017 |date= February 11, 2011}}</ref> The FALN was one of the targets of the first terrorism task force in the United States; the US Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), established in April 1980, had as one of its goals to pursue threats from the Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/newyork/news-and-outreach/stories/the-early-years/the-early-years |title=FBI — The Early Years: Part One |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=September 11, 1980 |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

López Rivera was first linked to the criminal conspiracy carried out by the FALN in 1976. That year, a burglar was arrested in Chicago attempting to peddle stolen explosives. The burglar led the Chicago police to an apartment, nearly devoid of furniture, but in which there were boxes containing explosives and bomb-making paraphernalia, weapons, clothing, wigs, and photographs of Chicago buildings, maps of the city, and several FALN documents, including a manual for guerrilla warfare detailing deceptive practices and rules of clandestine living titled ''Posición Política''.{{efn|A few excerpts and commentary on ''Posición Política'' are available online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginiacolwell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Las-FALN-en-contexto.pdf|title=Las FALN en contexto|author=Virginia Colwell}}</ref>}} This bomb factory was linked to the owner of the apartment, [[Carlos Alberto Torres (Puerto Rican Nationalist)|Carlos Torres]], López Rivera, and their respective wives, [[Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres]] and [[Ida Luz Rodríguez]]. All four became fugitives after this discovery. The four were also linked to the National Commission on Hispanic Affairs (NCHA) of the Protestant Episcopal Church, a charitable organization based in New York City that was meant to fund projects to assist Hispanic communities throughout the United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/publications/Countermeasures_FALN.pdf |title= Final Report to the Science & Technology Directorate: Effects and effectiveness of law enforcement intelligence measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) |first= Roberta |last=Belli |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |date= August 2012 |page=16}}</ref> In 1977, 11 FALN members, including Luz Rodriguez and Torres Beltrán, were arrested trying to rob an armored truck in Evanston, Illinois. López Rivera was apprehended a few years later when, according to police, he ran a stop sign in a Chicago suburb and provided a false Oregon driver's license.<ref name=nyt.target/>

At the time of their arrest, López Rivera and the others declared themselves [[combatant]]s in an anti-colonial war against the United States to gain Puerto Rico's independence from the U.S.. They invoked [[prisoner of war]] status. They stated that U.S. courts did not have jurisdiction to treat them as criminals, and they petitioned for their cases to be handed over to an [[international court]] that would determine their status. The U.S. Government did not recognize their request.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Torres, Andrés |author2=Velázquez, José Emiliano |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKJtYNvKKrgC&pg=PA147 |year=1998 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-618-9 |page=147}}</ref>

== Trial ==
López Rivera was tried in [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois|U.S. District Court for Northern Illinois]] in 1980–81. The charges included armed robbery and for being a recruiter and bomb-making trainer in the FALN.<ref name=nyt.target>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/25/us/son-of-reagan-termed-the-target-of-terrorist-plot.html |title=Son of Reagan Termed the Target of Terrorist Plot |publisher= New York Times |date=July 25, 1981 |accessdate=January 20, 2017| first=Nathaniel | last=Sheppard Jr.}}</ref> López Rivera admitted committing every act with which he was charged, but declared himself a political prisoner and refused to take part in most of the trial proceedings.<ref name=upi>{{cite news| url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/08/11/Sentence-FALN-terrorist-to-55-years-in-jail/3540366350400/ |agency=UPI |date= August 11, 1981 |title =Sentence FALN terrorist to 55 years in jail}}</ref> In August 1981, Alfredo Méndez, one of those arrested in Evanston who had become an informant, testified that López Rivera taught him how to make bomb detonation devices and gun silencers. He also testified that the first bombing in which Méndez was to have taken part planned to target the hotel that housed the offices for the Democratic Party. Méndez stated that other bombings were scheduled to occur simultaneously in New York City, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Speaking on his own behalf during closing arguments, López Rivera stated, "Puerto Rico will be a free and socialist country" and denounced Méndez as a traitor.<ref name=nyt.target/> López Rivera was convicted of "seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms and ammunition to aid in the commission of a felony, and interstate transportation of stolen vehicles".<ref>[http://www.justice.gov/uspc/documents/pr021811.htm US Department of Justice Parole Commission report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713141832/http://www.justice.gov/uspc/documents/pr021811.htm |date=July 13, 2013 }}</ref>

The pre-sentencing report stated that López Rivera had been:<ref>Puerto Rico Herald, Findings of Committee on Government Reform.</ref>
{{Quote|personally involved in bombing and incendiary attacks across the country for at least five years prior to Méndez's [sic] involvement and knowledge, has been a prime recruiter for members of the underground terrorist group, and has been a key trainer in bombing, sabotage and other techniques of guerilla warfare. He has set up a series of safehouses and bomb factories across the country, the searches of which have uncovered literally hundreds of pounds of dynamite and other forms of high explosive, blasting caps, timing devices, huge caches of weapons and stockpiles of ammunition, silencers, sawed-off shotguns, disguises, stolen and altered identity documents, and the proceeds of the armed robberies of locations such as a National Guard Armory, Chicago's Carter-Mondale Re-Election headquarters, radio and communications companies, as well as a variety of stolen vehicles.}}

U.S. District Judge [[Thomas R. McMillen]] sentenced López Rivera to 55 years in prison, calling him an "incorrigible law violator".<ref name=upi/>

In 1995, in interviews after his conviction, López Rivera neither confirmed nor denied his affiliation with the FALN and disowned any personal involvement in the bombing deaths linked to the FALN. Without advocating violence, he asserted his belief in the legitimacy of political violence: "By international law, a colonized people has the right to fight against colonialism by any means necessary, including the use of force."<ref name="westword.com">{{cite web|last=Prendergast |first=Alan |url=http://www.westword.com/1995-07-12/news/end-of-the-line/ |title=End of the Line (Part 2 of 2) |publisher=[[Westword]] |date=July 12, 1995 |accessdate=January 20, 2017}}</ref>

== 1988 conspiracy conviction for escape plot ==

On August 20, 1986, a federal grand jury indicted López Rivera and several others for planning to engineer his escape, and that of another inmate, from Leavenworth. The government described plans to use hand grenades, plastic explosives, blasting caps, and a helicopter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-08-21/news/8603020581_1_faln-leavenworth-plot |title= 6 Indicted In Faln Escape Plot |work= Chicago Tribune |date= August 21, 1986 |first=William B. |last=Crawford Jr.| accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref>{{efn|[[Claude Daniels Marks]] and [[Donna Jean Willmott]], two of the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1980s|FBI's most wanted fugitives of the 1980s]], voluntarily surrendered to police in Pittsburgh in 1994 after their attorneys negotiated a plea bargain agreement in return for their pleading guilty to participation in the conspiracy to free Lopez Rivera. In 1985, they had purchased explosives, which proved to be fake, from an undercover FBI agent and had gone into hiding after discovering a listening device in their car.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Braun| first1=Stephen |last2=Beckham| first2=John |title=2 Radical Fugitives Wanted by FBI Surrender|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-12-07/news/mn-5983_1_fbi-agents|accessdate=January 19, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 7, 1994}}</ref><ref>Roberta Belli, page 28.</ref>}} The government also claimed it knew of a failed 1983 escape plot, but had not arrested the conspirators in order to maintain surveillance of their activities.<ref>Roberta Belli, page 25.</ref>

The jury deliberated for four days and returned guilty verdicts against all four defendants on December 31, 1987. López Rivera was convicted on five of the eight counts on which he had been charged. His attorney continued to charge the government with devising the conspiracy. She said: "The way this case was done was down and dirty. The Government, through their informants, agents provocateur and undercover FBI agents spent millions trying to create a conspiracy to get these defendants."<ref>{{cite news|title=Four Guilty in Plot to Free Puerto Rican Terrorist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/us/four-guilty-in-plot-to-free-puerto-rican-terrorist.html|accessdate=January 19, 2017|work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=January 1, 1988}}</ref>{{efn|The other defendants were Grailing Brown, a Leavenworth inmate who had been convicted of murder; Dora Garcia, Lopez's former sister-in-law; and Jaime Delgado. Others were indicted but not apprehended.<ref name=nytsentenced>{{cite news|title=4 Sentenced in Plotting Escape at Leavenworth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/28/us/4-sentenced-in-plotting-escape-at-leavenworth.html|accessdate=January 19, 2017|work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=February 28, 1988}}</ref>}}

On February 27, 1988, U.S. District Judge [[William Thomas Hart|William Hart]] sentenced López Rivera to fifteen years in prison. He said: "Those who take up the sword die by the sword."<ref name=nytsentenced/> In December, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals rejected the defendants' appeal, which contended that the government had masterminded the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-12-25/news/8903200634_1_prison-inmate-appeals-court-convictions | title= Faln Leader Among 4 Whose Convictions Are Upheld By Court | work= Chicago Tribune |date= December 25, 1989 | accessdate=January 19, 2017 |first= William |last= Grady}}</ref>

== Imprisonment ==

===Supporters===
For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized López Rivera' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment. Luis Nieves Falcón, a social science professor at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus]], has said that López Rivera is "among the longest held political prisoners in the history of Puerto Rico and in the world."<ref name="repeatingislands.com">{{cite news|url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/12/02/new-book-oscar-lopez-rivera-entre-la-tortura-y-la-resistencia/ |title=Oscar López Rivera, Entre la Tortura y la Resistencia| author= Luis Nieves Falcón |work=Repeating Islands: News and commentary on Caribbean culture, literature, and the arts |date=December 2, 2011 | accessdate=March 22, 2012}}</ref>

Cases involving the release of other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have been categorized by some as cases of [[political prisoner]]s, with some<ref name=r1>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm United Nations General Assembly. ''Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques.'' June 12, 2006.] (GA/COL/3138/Rev.1*). Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization, 8th & 9th Meetings. (Issued on June 13, 2006.)</ref><ref>[http://www.centropr.org/documents/general_pdfs/Finding_Aids/Reynolds_Ruth.pdf Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York. ''Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers: Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora.'' August 1991 and December 2003. Updated 2005.] Reviews Puerto Rico – U.S. relations, including cases of Puerto Rican political prisoners.</ref><ref>[http://wbbm.cbslocal.com/2010/07/26/puerto-rican-community-celebrates-release-of-political-prisoner/ "Puerto Rican community celebrates release of political prisoner"] ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Report states, "Chicago's Puerto Rican community celebrates the release of political prisoner Carlos Alberto Torres...." {{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> being more vocal than others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/28/carlos-alberto-torres-pue_n_661955.html |title=Carlos Alberto Torres, Puerto Rican Nationalist Imprisoned In Illinois For 30 Years, Returns Home To Puerto Rico | work=Huffington Post |date=July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03lebron.html |title=Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Nationalist, Dies at 90 |first=Douglas |last=Martin | work= New York Times |date= August 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/26/puerto-rican-nationalist-sentenced-years-wells-fargo-robbery-conn/ |title=Puerto Rican Nationalist Sentenced to 7 Years for 1983 Wells Fargo Robbery in Conn |publisher=Fox News Network | date= May 26, 2010 |accessdate= June 11, 2014}}</ref>

===Prison experience===
After spending twelve years in maximum security prisons in Marion, Illinois, and Florence, Colorado, López Rivera was transferred to the general prison population at the federal correctional facility in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]].

His supporters have accused the [[U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons]] of isolating López Rivera on the basis of his political beliefs.<ref>[http://www.westword.com/1996-12-19/news/the-circle-game/2 "The Circle Game"] Prendergast, Alan. ''The Denver Westworld''. Retrieved December 11, 2008</ref> For twelve of his 32 years in prison, López Rivera has been held in solitary confinement in maximum security prisons.<ref name="westword.com"/>

In 2006, a special committee of the [[United Nations]] called for the release from United States prisons of all convicted for actions related to Puerto Rican independence who had served more than 25 years, whom it termed "political prisoners".<ref name="r1"/>

== Push for clemency ==

=== Conditional clemency offer (1999) ===
On August 11, 1999, U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] [[Bill Clinton pardon controversy#FALN Commutation of 1999|offered clemency]] to López Rivera and 15 other convicted FALN members, subject to the condition of "renouncing the use or threatened use of violence for any purpose" in writing. Some had fines reduced to the amounts they already paid and others had their sentences reduced to time already served. Two had their sentences reduced but would still have time to serve, including López-Rivera, whose seventy-year sentence would be reduced to about 44 and a half years, allowing him to leave prison in December 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1999/August/352dag.htm |date= August 11, 1999 |website=U.S. Department of Justice |title=News Advisory |accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> None of those offered clemency were directly involved in FALN bombings that resulted in deaths and injuries. A White House spokesman said: "The President feels they deserved to serve serious sentences for these crimes, but not sentences that were far out of proportion to the nature of the crimes they were convicted for."{{efn|U.S. Government statistics showed the prisoners' sentences were "about six times longer" than sentences for murder offenses by the American population at large.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKJtYNvKKrgC&pg=PA149 ''The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora.''] Andrés Torres and José Emiliano Velázquez. Page 149. Temple University Press. 1998. Retrieved June 11, 2014.</ref>{{efn|The figures are based on Torres and Velazquez's calculations of a prison term averaging 5.4 years received by those convicted of murder compared to terms averaging 65.4 years given FALN members.}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKJtYNvKKrgC&pg=PA149 |title=The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>}} President [[Jimmy Carter]] had pardoned other Puerto Rican Nationalists on three occasions, including four who wounded members of Congress in an attack on the U.S. House of Representatives in 1954 and one who plotted to assassinate [[Harry Truman]] in 1950.<ref name=Broder>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/us/12-imprisoned-puerto-ricans-accept-clemency-conditions.html|title=12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions|accessdate=September 17, 2008|work= New York Times|date=September 8, 1999|last=Broder | first= John M. }}</ref> Fourteen of the sixteen accepted Clinton's conditions. Of those, some were no longer in prison, eleven were released on September 10, and one had five more years to serve in prison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9909/10/faln.clemency.02/index.html|title=Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison|publisher=CNN|date=September 19, 1999|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref>

Clinton had been urged to grant clemency by [[Coretta Scott King]]; several religious leaders, including retired South African Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], Cardinal [[John J. O'Connor]] of the Archdiocese of New York, the Right Rev. [[Paul Moore Jr.]], the retired bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York; and by such New York Democrats as Representatives Jose E. Serrano, Charles B. Rangel, Nydia M. Velazquez and Eliot L. Engel.<ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/12/us/clinton-to-commute-radicals-sentences.html | title= Clinton to Commute Radicals' Sentences | accessdate=January 1, 2017 | date= August 12, 1999 | first= Katharine Q. |last= Seelye}}</ref> In September, Congressman [[Luis Gutiérrez]] said that the charge of seditious conspiracy against the FALN was "a political charge",<ref name="CongRecS10818">{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=S10818&position=all |title=Congressional Record – House: September 14, 1999 |publisher=Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov |accessdate=March 5, 2015| format=PDF}}</ref> and Congressman [[John J. LaFalce]] said that it misrepresented López Rivera's "desire to have independence for Puerto Rico from the United States".<ref name="CongRecS10818"/>

Gloria Quinones, an activist who had called for the release of Puerto Rican nationalists from prison, expressed disappointment with the terms: "This is an olive branch that the President has extended in the process of reconciliation between the United States and Puerto Rico, but it's a very scrawny one." She particularly objected to the requirement that the prisoners not associate with each other upon release.<ref name=Broder/>{{efn|The requirement that the released prisoners not associate with one another was a routine parole board requirement, not a condition set by President Clinton.}} On September 21, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]] [[Carlos Romero Barceló]] supported Clinton's offer and denounced López Rivera for refusing to renounce violence. He told a committee evaluating the pardons that the FALN had operated "by means of violence, threats and terror" and that all FALN members endorsed violence.<ref name="commdocs.house.gov">[http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/gro/hgo60935.000/hgo60935_0f.htm Hearing before the Committee on Government reform on the FALN Clemency], Carlos Romero Barceló testimony, page 23-4.</ref>

==== Critical reception ====
The clemency offer was opposed by bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress, which passed a Joint Resolution condemning Clinton's action in mid-September. It passed the U.S. House of Representatives on a vote of 311–41)<ref name="H8019 1999">{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=H8019&position=all |title=Congressional Record – House : September 1999 |publisher=Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> and U.S. Senate by a vote of 95–2.<ref name="CongRecS10818"/> The Joint Resolution repeatedly labeled the 16 Clinton had offered conditional clemency as "terrorists".<ref name="CongRecS10818"/>{{efn|The Joint Resolution included these phrases: "militant terrorist organization", "the 16 terrorists", "these terrorists", "these 16 terrorists", "offer of clemency to the FALN terrorists".}} Those opposed to the clemency offer pointed to the several charges on which Oscar López had been convicted, including armed robbery, recruiting for the FALN, and training others to make bombs and silencers.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Former New York City police officer Richard Pascarella, who was blinded and lost five fingers on his right hand in an FALN bombing, also opposed clemency for FALN members, stating: "They will reorganize. They will again voice their ideology on the American public with a bomb and with a gun."<ref name=cbsclemency>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/12-accept-faln-clemency-deal/|title= 12 Accept FALN Clemency Deal | publisher= CBS News |date= September 7, 1999| accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Some Republicans said it showed President Clinton was trying to build support in New York's Puerto Rican community for his wife's campaign for the U.S. Senate in 2000. New York City Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] said: "All of a sudden this president grants clemency, and does it on conditions. And he's a president who wants to make a stand against terrorism, so it raises very legitimate questions."<ref name=cbsclemency/>

==== Rejection ====
López Rivera rejected the offer because one of its conditions was that he renounce the use of terrorism.<ref name=Broder/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bosque Pérez|first=Ramón|title=Puerto Rico under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest For|publisher=State University of New York Press|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1cUiXUweYC&pg=PA119}}</ref> Others provided other explanations. His sister, Zenaida López, said he refused the offer because on parole, he would be in "prison outside prison."<ref name=Broder/><ref name="Babington">{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces2000/stories/faln091199.htm|title=Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed From Prison|accessdate=September 17, 2008|work=Washington Post| date=September 11, 1999|first=Charles |last=Babington}}</ref> Resident Commissioner [[Pedro Pierluisi]] said that López Rivera's "primary reason" was the fact that similar clemency had not been offered to Carlos Torres.<ref name=Broder/><ref name="pierluisi.house.gov">[http://pierluisi.house.gov/sites/pierluisi.house.gov/files/2.21.13%20Rep.%20Pierluisi%20Letter%20to%20President%20Obama%20Regarding%20Oscar%20Lopez%20Rivera.pdf ''Letter from Resident Commissioner Pedro L. Pierluisi to President Barack Obama.''] Pedro L. Perluisi. U.S. House of Representatives. February 21, 2013. Page 3. Retrieved December 12, 2013.</ref>{{efn|Torres was released from prison in July 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Avila|first1=Oscar|title=Supporters welcome paroled Puerto Rican activist|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-07-26/news/ct-met-faln-prisoner-release-20100726_1_faln-activists-puerto-rican-activist-boricua-human-rights-network|accessdate=January 18, 2017|work=Chicago Tribune|date=July 26, 2010}}</ref>}}

=== Opposition to clemency ===

Obama's decision to commute López Rivera's sentence was condemned by an editorial in the ''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Public enemies: The traitor and the terrorist {{!}} New Hampshire|url=http://www.unionleader.com/editorial/Public-enemies-The-traitor-and-the-terrorist-01192017|work=New Hampshire Union Leader|issue=January 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> and by [[Charles Krauthammer]] and [[Charles Lane (journalist)|Charles Lane]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krauthammer|first1=Charles|title=Obama's self-revealing final acts|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-obama-final-acts-chelsea-manning-oscar-lopez-rivera-perspec-0120-md-20170119-story.html|work=chicagotribune.com|date=January 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lane|first1=Charles|title=The Obama pardon you should be mad about: Oscar Lopez Rivera|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-oscar-lopez-rivera-bombings-clemency-20170119-story.html|work=chicagotribune.com|issue=January 19, 2017}}</ref> On January 20, 2017, the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' published an op-ed by Joe Connor, the son of one of the victims of the Fraunces Tavern bombing, condemning Obama's decision to commute López Rivera's sentence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connor|first1=Joe|title=Alexander Hamilton Wouldn’t Approve of a Terrorist’s Clemency|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alexander-hamilton-wouldnt-approve-of-a-terrorists-clemency-1484955828|work=Wall Street Journal|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref>

=== Support for clemency ===
López Rivera's continued imprisonment was opposed by parts of the Puerto Rican community in the United States and elsewhere.<ref name="periodicolaperla.com">[http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5096:en-acto-simbolico-haran-una-carcel-para-la-libertad-de-oscar-lopez-rivera&catid=81:locales&Itemid=198 ''Crean cárcel para libertad de Oscar López.''] Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 31. Issue 1537. Page 12. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.</ref><ref name="elvocero.com">[http://elvocero.com/cristian-castro-se-une-al-pedido-de-excarcelacion-de-oscar-lopez/ Cristian Castro se une al pedido de excarcelación de Oscar López | El Vocero de Puerto Rico]. Elvocero.com. March 12, 2014.</ref><ref name="noticel.com">[http://www.noticel.com/noticia/156645/boricuas-en-la-madre-patria-inician-jornada-por-la-liberacion-de-oscar.html ''Boricuas en la Madre Patria inician jornada por la liberación de Oscar.''] CyberNews. Noticel. March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.</ref><ref name="elnuevodia.com">[http://www.elnuevodia.com/oscarlopezriverauneapedrojulioserranoycesarvazquez-1521183.html ''Oscar López Rivera une a Pedro Julio Serrano y César Vázquez.''] El Nuevo Dia. May 29, 2013. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. May 29, 2013.</ref>

Several members of Congress called for his release, including [[Alan Grayson]],<ref name="grayson.house.gov">[http://grayson.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/grayson-letter-requesting-release-of-oscar-l-pez-rivera ''Grayson Letter Requesting Release of Oscar López-Rivera.''] Congressman Alan Grayson. January 3, 2004.</ref> [[José E. Serrano|Jose Serrano]],<ref name="serrano.house.gov">[http://serrano.house.gov/press-release/serrano-sends-letter-support-release-oscar-lopez-rivera ''Serrano Sends Letter in Support of the Release of Oscar López Rivera.''] Congressman Jose E. Serrano. November 22, 2013.</ref> and [[Luis Gutiérrez]].<ref name=nprtime>{{cite news|url=http://wnpr.org/post/rep-gutierrez-its-time-release-oscar-l-pez-rivera |title=Rep. Gutierrez: "It's Time" to Release Oscar López Rivera|publisher=WNPR |date=November 14, 2013 |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi did so as well.<ref name="pierluisi.house.gov"/>

His release has been demanded by 10 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winners, [[Coretta Scott King]], [[President Jimmy Carter]], Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], [[Senator Bernie Sanders]] as well as an international coalition of human rights, and religious, labor, and business leaders including the [[Church of Christ|United Council of Churches of Christ]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Baptist Church|Baptist Peace Fellowship]], [[Episcopal Diocese of Puerto Rico|Episcopal Church of Puerto Rico]], and the Catholic Archbishop of San Juan.<ref name="H8019 1999"/><ref name="periodicolaperla.com"/><ref name="elvocero.com"/><ref name="noticel.com"/><ref name="elnuevodia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Shane Bauer |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/05/oscar-lopez-rivera-75-years-seditious-conspiracy |title=This Man Is Serving 75 Years for "Seditious Conspiracy." Is He a Danger to Society? |publisher=Mother Jones |date= |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/nota/denunciantorturasalasquesometenaoscarlopez-925035/ Denuncian torturas a las que someten a Oscar López, Daniel Rivera Vargas, ''Primera Hora'', May 29, 2013.]</ref><ref name="Rivera2013">{{cite book|author=Osacar Lopez Rivera|title=Oscar Lopez Rivera: Between Torture and Resistance| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ccacNFEWDAAC&pg=PT9|date=February 1, 2013|publisher=PM Press|isbn=978-1-60486-833-3|pages=9–}}</ref>

==== Timeline ====
'''2010'''
*In 2010, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, officially requested López Rivera's release.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/maspresosporlaexcarcelaciondeoscarlopezrivera-1521005.html ''Figuras públicas continúan encarcelándose por Oscar López Rivera: Abogan por la liberación del preso político durante manifestación de 24 horas.''] El Nuevo Dia. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.</ref>

'''2011'''
*Joseph F. Connor, whose father died in the 1975 bombing at [[Fraunces Tavern]], testified at a parole hearing for López Rivera. He opposed parole because he holds López Rivera partly responsible for his father's death. Lopez' attorney said "It was very impactful, moving testimony from people who had terrible losses, but it had nothing to do with Mr. Lopez."<ref name="Chicago 2011"/>

'''2012'''
*On June 7, Puerto Rican activist [[Tito Kayak]] started a two-leg lone high seas voyage from [[Ciudad Bolivar]], [[Venezuela]], to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], and then from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to [[Washington, D.C.]], to protest the U.S. incarceration of Oscar López Rivera. Kayak described him as a political prisoner.<ref>[http://www.noticel.com/noticia/126632/tito-kayak-vuelve-a-enfrentar-problemas-en-el-mar.html ''Tito Kayak vuelve a enfrentar problemas en el mar.''] Noticel. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.</ref><ref>''Travesia a remo por la libertad y la paz: Desde Ciudad Bolívar hasta Puerto Rico en solaridad con el preso politico más antiguo: Oscar López Rivera.'' CCS. (via Cyber News) Bolívar, Venezuela. Issue 1002. May 17, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. Originally by Brenda Peña López of El Nuevo Dia, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.</ref>

'''2013'''
*In 2013, several high-profile manifestations took place in Puerto Rico on behalf of Oscar López Rivera. These were attended by the highest levels of Puerto Rican government, politicians from all political parties, prominent Puerto Rican artists, singers, actors, [[Major League Baseball|Major League]] baseball players, and hundreds of other people.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/puerto-ricans-urge-release-nationalist-prisoner-19282634 ''Puerto Ricans Urge Release of Nationalist Prisoner.''] Danica Coto. Associated Press. San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.</ref><ref name="Oscar López 2013">[http://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/nota/reneperezseencierraporoscarlopez-925079/ ''René Pérez se encierra por Oscar López: Se unió a los reclamos por la liberación del prisionero político puertorriqueño que lleva 32 años encarcelado en los Estados Unidos.''] Gerardo Cordero. Primera Hora. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.</ref><ref name="primerahora2">[http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/gobernadorseunepeticiondeexcarcelaciondeoscarlopezrivera-924924/ ''Gobernador se une petición de excarcelación de Oscar López Rivera.''] Primera Hora. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.</ref><ref name="Oscar López Rivera 2013">[http://www.primerahora.com/videos/noticias/gobiernopolitica/clamanporlaliberaciondeoscarlopezrivera-147845/ ''Claman por la liberación de Oscar López Rivera.''] Primera Hora. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.</ref>
*Several U.S. congressmen, as well as the [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], also supported his release, asking the President of the United States for it.<ref name="ny1.com">[http://www.ny1.com/content/politics/political_news/204262/brooklyn-group-rallies-for-release-of-puerto-rican-political-prisoner ''Brooklyn Group Rallies for Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoner.''] Jeanine Ramírez. NY1 Warner Cable News. February 25, 2014.</ref><ref name="pierluisi.house.gov"/><ref name="primerahora2"/>
*On May 29, 2013, on the 32nd anniversary of López Rivera's continuous incarceration, high-ranking officials, former prison personnel, singers, actors, [[Major League Baseball|Major League]] baseball players, and hundreds of other volunteers participated in mock-up prison cell events throughout Puerto Rico calling for the release of López Rivera from the American prison system.<ref name="Oscar López Rivera 2013"/> In addition, several U.S. Congressmen supported his release, with a few contacting President Obama asking for his release.<ref name="ny1.com"/><ref name="pierluisi.house.gov"/>
*Numerous volunteers participated in a 24-hour demonstration where they remained confined to 6 ft x 9 ft mock-up prison cells intended to represent López Rivera's current cell size in Terre Haute, Indiana. The demonstrations took place on May 29, 2013, at the central squares of Puerto Rico's four largest cities, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]], and [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]].<ref name="periodicolaperla.com"/><ref name="elnuevodia.com"/> The volunteers included politicians [[María de Lourdes Santiago]], a Puerto Rican senator,<ref name="primerahora1">[http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/nota/titoaugeramenizamanifestacionafavordeoscarlopezencaguas-925015/ ''Tito Auger ameniza manifestación a favor de Oscar López en Caguas.''] Primera Hora. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.</ref> musician [[Tito Auger]],<ref name="primerahora1"/> and actors [[Ángela Meyer]].<ref name="primerahora1"/> Others entering the mock-up cells were [[Partido Nuevo Progresista|pro-Statehood party]] [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] mayor [[María Meléndez]], writer [[Mayra Montero]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] [[Partido Popular Democratico|pro-Commonwealth party]] mayor [[Carmen Yulín Cruz]], former Puerto Rico governor [[Aníbal Acevedo Vilá]], and former [[Major League Baseball|Major Leagues]] baseball player [[Carlos Delgado]].<ref name="primerahora2"/> On that same day hundreds of activists, including pop star [[Ricky Martin]], asked for his release from prison.<ref name="abcnews.go.com"/><ref name="Oscar López 2013"/> The governor of Puerto Rico, [[Alejandro García Padilla]] joined the call for López Rivera's release in a letter to President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="primerahora2"/><ref>[http://www.puertoricoreport.com/governor-dismisses-serious-crimes-done-in-the-name-of-independence/ ''Governor Dismisses Serious Crimes Done in the Name of Independence.''] Puerto Rico Report. July 5, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.</ref> His release is also supported by members of Congress [[Luis Gutiérrez]], [[José E. Serrano]], and [[Nydia Velázquez]].

'''2014'''
*A group of young students and workers in [[Spain]] joined the international demand for the release of Oscar López Rivera. From February 28, 2014 until April 1, 2014 the ''Comite 33 días por la excarcelación de Oscar'' promoted López Rivera's cause amongst Spaniards. In addition, they collected signatures to ask U.S. President [[Barack H. Obama]] to grant him a [[presidential pardon]].<ref name="noticel.com"/>
{{external media
| align = left
| audio1 = A half-hour radio news segment on Oscar López Rivera, conducted by NYC radio host Howard Jordan on WBAI 99.5 FM (on June 6, 2014) can be listened to [http://www.mediafire.com/listen/0o1a7gudttkwna6/Edited06-06-2014JJournalJoseLopez-Oscar+Lopez+Brother.mp3 '''here'''].}}
*In March 2014 the Mexican pop singer [[Cristian Castro]] joined the international demand for López Rivera's release.<ref name="elvocero.com"/>
*In early June 2014 the Speaker of the [[New York City Council]], [[Melissa Mark-Viverito]], officially supported the release of Oscar López Rivera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/melissa-mark-viverito-turns-support-jailed-puerto-rican-nationalist-blog-entry-1.1818716 |title=Melissa Mark-Viverito turns out to support jailed Puerto Rican nationalist |publisher=NY Daily News |date=June 5, 2014 |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
*On June 6, 2014 in New York City, radio station [[WBAI]] 99.5 FM conducted a half-hour news and interview segment on Oscar López Rivera. The radio segment was conducted by Howard Jordan, the host of the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafire.com/listen/0o1a7gudttkwna6/Edited06-06-2014JJournalJoseLopez-Oscar+Lopez+Brother.mp3 |title=Edited06-06-2014JJournalJoseLopez-Oscar Lopez Brother |publisher=Mediafire.com |date= |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
*On June 7, 2014, [[Miguel Cotto]] and [[José Pedraza (boxer)|José Pedraza]] called for the release of Oscar López Rivera, lending their prestige as champion fighters hailing from Puerto Rico. Miguel Cotto is the middleweight champion of the world and the first Puerto Rican to be the world boxing champion in ''four'' different weight classes. The two fighters appeared with “Free Oscar López Rivera” shirts in the ring at Madison Square Garden, and Pedraza previously wore the shirt in a fight in Puerto Rico.<ref name="pslweb.org">{{cite web|last=McDevitt |first=John |url=http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/champion-boxers-call-for.html |title=Champion boxers call for release of Puerto Rican political prisoner |publisher=Pslweb.org |date= |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
*On June 8, 2014, the [[Puerto Rican Day Parade|National Puerto Rican Day Parade]] paid tribute to Oscar López Rivera. On that day, a contingent in support of his release marched in the Puerto Rican Day Parade in [[New York City]]. A week earlier, the June March 1 in [[Bronx]], NYC was also dedicated to Oscar López Rivera.<ref name="pslweb.org"/>

'''2015'''
*On January 4, 2015, in response to US requests to free the Venezuelan leader [[Leopoldo López]], the president [[Nicolas Maduro]] had offered Washington to exchange him "man to man" by López Rivera. The White House rejected the proposal of the Venezuelan government the following day.<ref>[http://laiguana.tv/articulos/14158-leopoldo-lopez-juicio-sentencia-la-salida-13-anos-prision-ramo-verde], Presidente Maduro propone intercambio</ref>

'''2016'''
*On May 16, 2016 Vermont Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] tweeted, "Oscar Lopez Rivera has served 34 years in prison for his commitment to Puerto Rico's independence. I say to President Obama: let him out."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BernieSanders/status/732324248417509376|title=Bernie Sanders on Twitter|publisher=}}</ref>

'''2017'''
*On January 6, 2017, playwright [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]] tweeted, "Feliz Cumpleaños y bendiciones, Oscar López Rivera. Please bring him home, @POTUS, while you still have time."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel/status/817477323020701696|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda on Twitter|publisher=}}</ref>

== Commutation of sentence ==

On January 17, 2017, President Obama commuted López Rivera's sentence. His release was scheduled for May 17.<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = January 17, 2017 | date = January 17, 2017 | url = https://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/01/17/world/americas/ap-cb-puerto-rico-oscar-lopez.html | agency = Associated Press | title = Puerto Ricans Cheer Commutation for Nationalist Oscar Lopez | work = New York Times}}</ref> On February 9, 2017, he was released from the Terre Haute prison and moved to Puerto Rico to serve the last three months of his sentence under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/oscarlopezriverayaestaensutierra-1205418/ |title=Oscar López Rivera ya está en su tierra |work= Primerahora.com |date=February 9, 2017 | accessdate= February 9, 2017 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | accessdate = February 10, 2017| date= February 9, 2017 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/02/09/world/americas/ap-cb-puerto-rico-oscar-lopez.html | agency = Associated Press |
title= Puerto Rico Nationalist Unexpectedly Returns After Term Cut | work = New York Times}}</ref> [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] Mayor [[Carmen Yulín Cruz]], one of the Puerto Rico politicians accompanying Lopez Rivera to Puerto Rico, said that she plans to give Lopez Rivera a job in her administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/videos/carmenyulindefiendequeoscarlopeztrabajeensanjuan-video-226417/ |title=Carmen Yulín defiende que Oscar López trabaje en San Juan |work= El Nuevo Dia |location= Guaynabo, Puerto Rico |date=January 18, 2017 |accessdate= February 9, 2017 | language=es |format=video}}</ref> According to US Congressman Luis Gutierrez, the release to Puerto Rico came as a surprise to many, as "most prisoners go to halfway houses, [but] he got to go home to be with his daughter".<ref name=coto>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Puerto-Rico-Nationalist-Oscar-Lopez-Rivera-Returns-to-Serve-Term-Cut-by-Obama-413342423.html | title= Puerto Rico Nationalist Oscar Lopez Rivera Unexpectedly Returns to Serve Term Cut by Obama | first=Danica | last =Coto | publisher= NBC Channel 6, Miami | date=9 February 2017 | accessdate= 16 February 2017}}</ref> López Rivera is currently living with his daughter at their home in San Juan, Puerto Rico.<ref name=coto/>

==Release==
Rivera was released from federal custody on May 17, 2017 after spending 35 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox5ny.com/news/255104602-story|title=Outrage, elation over Oscar Lopez Rivera's release and parade honor|publisher=Fox 5|date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/puerto-rican-nationalist-lopez-rivera-set-release-170517090251072.html|title=Puerto Rican nationalist Lopez Rivera released|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==Writings==
* ''Oscar López Rivera, Entre la Tortura y la Resistencia'', edited by Luis Nieves Falcón, 2011, a collection of letters

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://upsidedownworld.org/main/international-archives-60/4317--puerto-rican-independentista-oscar-lopez-riveras-32-years-of-resistance-to-torture ''Book Review: Puerto Rican Independentista Oscar López Rivera’s 32 Years of Resistance to Torture. Written by Hans Bennett.'']
* {{cite web|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/maspresosporlaexcarcelaciondeoscarlopezrivera-1521005.html|title=Figuras públicas continúan encarcelándose por Oscar López Rivera|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=El Nuevo Dia|language=Spanish}} – Contains the partial, list of prominent figures who were "jailed" for López Rivera.
* [https://www.justice.gov/uspc/pr/us-parole-commission-denies-lopez-parole-application United States Justice Department, 2011 parole hearing report for Oscar López Rivera]

{{PRIndependence|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez Rivera, Oscar}}
[[Category:Puerto Rican prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]
[[Category:People from San Sebastián, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists]]
[[Category:Inmates of ADX Florence]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]

User talk:IFCAR

2015-04-03T13:34:07Z

IFCAR: /* Hi Iffy */

{{archive box|
*[[/Archive 1|Start a new archive]]}}
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== To IFCAR ==

While we appreciate you making the effort of taking pictures, I would like to ask you not to change the pictures on the Explorer page, as the top picture should be a picture of the current 2006-2007 generation, and in regards to the 1998 picture you have on the generation 2 page, 1998 was a good model year, but it was not fully developed as the 1999-2001 series final design, kind of like a hybrid between the 1997 and 1999. The 99-01 design came to dominate the design for the 2.5 generation facelift. Those pictures are fine, please don't change them unless you have a better picture of a 2000 Explorer. Also, please give users the opportunity of posting their own work here on wikipedia instead of having you dominate most car articles with your pictures. Thank You! ([[User:vinycard|vinycard]] 14:56, 1 September 2007 (UTC))

== Hello again! ==

Good to see you here! This was my hidden agenda - to get you to start editing Wikipedia! We surely need more editors knowledgeable in the automotive-related subjects, and I hope to see many valuable contributions from you, not only regarding photos! I cordially invite you to join [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles|the WikiProject]]!

Excuse me for being so slow with adding your photos to the articles, not only did I hope for you to get impatient and start adding them yourself, I am also trying to catch up with my backlog here and in so many other places, while at the same time developing new typing skills due to my temporary "finger malfunction" :D

Oh, btw - I have seen you label your images "Category:Ford vehicles" and similarly. There are often much more detailed categories, like "Category:Ford Windstar" etc. It is generally good practice to label the image with the most detailed category available, to help users that might be looking for an image. Thanks! [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 12:34, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

PS. Our chief uploader of poor quality photos is already upset with your much better pics! Great job!

:Yeah, I'm very impressed with your pics! I suggest you upload your pics to the Commons, so that they can be used in other Wikis. --[[User:ApolloBoy|ApolloBoy]] 19:54, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

::You might have not noticed, but IFCAR is one of the few people who do so. [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 20:02, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

:::I do what I've been taught. Bravada explained clearly how to upload a picture to the Commons, so that's where I put them. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 20:28, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

==IFCAR Vs. Bull-Doser Vs. Bavaria==

IFCAR - Only uploads free images 
Bull-Doser - Uploads free & fair images 
Bavaria - Only uploads fair images 

And the winner is? Stay tuned! -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 20:18, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

:I agree with [[User:Bavaria|Bavaria]] and [[User:Scheinwerfermann|Scheinwerfamann]]. Free images are usually of much poorer quality than fair use ones. They are usually fuzzy, blurry, and of cars that do not look clean. For Example: "Image:1st-gen Neon.jpg", "Image:Plymouth Acclaim.jpg", "Image:Mercury-Villager.jpg", and "Image:Chrysler-Town-and-Country.jpg", to name a few. Plus in your case(I read your bio) I don't think you should just be taking pictures of random cars on the street. [[User:WDWbuff|WDWbuff]] 19:45, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
::I don't personally put any of the pics of especially ugly cars (like that Acclaim) in their Wikipedia articles. In cases like that, someone else retrieves them from the Commons and puts them in. The way I see it, a pic of a car in mediocre condition or a picture with a bad angle or lighting ought to coexist with a fair use image, but as it clearly says on the fair use tag, "It is believed that the use of low-resolution images of promotional material...in the absence of free images that could serve such a purpose...qualifies as fair use under United States copyright law. Other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be copyright infringement." As long as the fair use image is of adequate quality and gives an adequate view of the car, it should be used instead. And there is absolutely nothing wrong with taking pictures of parked cars, legally or ethically. Why don't you bring this up in the WikiProject Automobiles talk page, see what others have to say. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 22:54, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

== Image captions ==

I just noticed on the [[Hyundai Tiburon]] page that you've captioned your image as "2002-2006 Hyundai Tiburon". There's actually a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles]] convention for this, but it's fairly hidden. At [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles/Conventions#Minimum image standards]], point 8 says ''"The model year and trim level should be added to the image caption if they are available. If not, leave blank; do not use something like '1997-2002' for the model year."''

I've deleted the model years for this one and skimmed through your edit history as well, but I've only sorted 2-3 of your most recent additions. And cheers for replacing the promotional image. ''-- [[User:DeLarge|DeLarge]] 20:35, 1 August 2006 (UTC)''

:I'd never seen that, thanks. I'll leave that off in the future, but I have too many for me or anyone else to want to go through and fix that little quibble. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 20:41, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

==Nissan Armada Page Update==

DO NOT update my [[Nissan Armada]] page. We need the badging variants (as shown on that page) of [[2004]] & the [[2005]]-present bagding on the rear! -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 19:03, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

:I know this is not my talk page, but I hope you know that no article is '''yours''' nor anybody's for that matter. Everybody is free to make all changes they want to any articles - on the condition that they conform with general guidelines and standards for articles and other rules. BTW, adding random pictures of dirty cars shown from weird angles is not particularly according to the rules. Regards, [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 19:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
:According to the project page, the preferred images are front 3/4 view, not blurry, not dirty. If you think the comparison of the two back ends is especially important, by all means keep it on the page (in smaller size, maybe side-by-side 175-pxs) but don't demand that no one else put up images that better meet the set requirements. And if this comparison is so important, why not mention it in the article? [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 19:15, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

::Moreover, no guideline says that all images should be self-taken. There are many enthusiast clubs or even individual enthusiastic members who spent a lot of time to make truly superb pics of their favorite cars. They are often very happy to share the photos of their beloved cars to have them featured on WP, where everybody can see them. Just browse the internet and you can probably find some good quality privately-made pics of these design features. All you need to do is contact the owners and ask for releasing them into public domain! [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 20:29, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

== Great pics! ==

Great job on taking all those photos of automobiles! I'm trying to be a better automobile photographer; not having much success though. Check my upload log here and on commons (cchan199206 there) for examples of ym photos. I don't have a great camera; it that the problem? Thnaks, ~ [[user:Crazytales56297/B0x3n|c.]] [[user:crazytales56297|tales]] [[user talk:crazytales56297|*talk*]] 20:49, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
:Thanks for the compliments. There's no real trick that I've found to taking quick pictures, just try to be as physically close as possible to the car, take pictures only in good lighting, and don't rush yourself in getting the best possible angle. I don't know what camera you have, but mine isn't anything special (it's an Olympus digital, a few years old and not especially expensive). [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 21:05, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
::Mine's a DXG DVC305. Minor brand, doesn't take great photos. I try to photograph cars from a front 3/4 view, sidewalk side because where I d most of my photography is of cars parked streetside. ~ [[user:Crazytales56297/B0x3n|c.]] [[user:crazytales56297|tales]] [[user talk:crazytales56297|\\tk//]] 18:51, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

== Your GA nomination ==

{{User:Run!/GA}} [[User:Run!| '''-- Run!''' ]] 12:40, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
:Sorry about that. I noticed right after I put it up, but it wouldn't let me put up an edit summary without actually changing something. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 12:54, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

== [[Saturn Aura]] ==

Hi, I just wanted to reply to the latter part of your post here, as it was rather unrelated with the Vedette. Well, as the evidence of the Vedette itself shows, the criteria are applied quite liberally, though I still believe one should adhere with the ones listed at [[WP:WIAGA]]. As concerns the Aura, I did not want to review it formally, as I guess there might be a bit too much of a conflict of itnerest, but I can give you my informal review on its talk page (provided I want fall asleep on my keyboard in a moment), but in general the article has one major disqualifying flaw - a total lack of references. Do browse some Good and Featured articles for examples of good referencing (if anything seems off to you, or like an example of an easy way out, that means you have come accross an article that somehow got through and it's not a good example). Regards, [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 22:19, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
:Sounds good. You know what should be in the article more than I do. I was just replacing the fair use image, thought that what was there seemed well-written, and figured it couldn't hurt to nominate it. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 22:29, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
::It seems as though the original author put some of his/her references in the "External Links" section. I added a couple more. I hope that works out. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 23:46, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
:::Not really - sorry :( See the article's talk page :D [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 00:10, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

== Saturn Aura photo discussion ==

:I was also a little disappointed with how the pictures turned out. I grabbed them quickly while the salesman was getting the keys and Xeroxing my license, so I'm not crushed by the criticism of this fine art. They're definitely serviceable in my opinion though, even the on-stand Aura. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 00:17, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

::I am looking forward to seeing more pics from you, but still do not be afraid to put other people to work :D Don't be so greedy, not every Amnerican car picture on WP has to come from you :D - there are many people @ GMI (and elsewhere) who take great pride in their cars and/or photos, and if they made some really good work, why not showcase it?
::BTW, I would really try to check out the resolution thing about your camera. Somehow the pictures appear to be quite low-res, or grainy, at least when put throught the WP image display engine. I believe there is a way to make the camera fix it. I am saying that, because I am seeing people having gripes about this thing adversely affecting the quality of your, otherwise usually really good, photos. [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 00:42, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
:::Anyone who actually owns the car in question should have no trouble getting something nicer than one of my walk-by shots, so that's not a problem. I can't say I know what you mean about the camera, I've never played with the settings but haven't noticed a graniness issue except sometimes in the full-size 1300px images, and something with red cars going discolored when transferred to thumbnails.
:::Back on topic, failing an article for not having inline citations is clearly against the Wikipedia guidelines. "The citation of [the article's] sources is essential, and the use of inline citations is desirable, although not mandatory." [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 00:50, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

::::Concerning inline citations, discuss with people who do so. It is usually coupled with other reasons, and reasons for failing this article are present in abundance, so I don't believe it will be failed because of that. Still, some statements, such as the one about "the lacklustre sales of the L-Series", would be strongly recommended to carry an inline citation IMHO. As concerns the pics, perhaps it's not resolution, I can't put my finger on it... But there is something about your pics... Maybe it's the brightness thing... Or there is this "remove spots" or whatever you call it option in the photo processing software... Do compare the Aura pic with the ones in e.g. the [[Oldsmobile Intrigue]] article (which, qualitywise, are one of the better if you'd ask me, not to say yours aren't good either). [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 00:57, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

:::The Intrigue pic does have a much higher resolution than the Aura pic, maybe that's it. The Aura's black paint against a dark window probably wasn't all that helpful either. But I don't think it was that bad of an image, in appearance or in quality. Maybe I'm too biased. But if you can pinpoint a specific image quality problem, I'd obviously appreciate it. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 01:04, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

::::As I said, I can't. And actually, the Aura here is quite good (save for the unfortunate lighting/reflection combination, but that has nothing to do with the camera), I meant your photos in general - e.g. the other Aura, or [[:Image:Honda-Accord-wagon.jpg|this Accord]]. Compare with Robert's [[:Image:1986 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS.jpg|Monte Carlo]], it is much less "grainy" to my eyes, even if the resolution seems comparable (though it might not be and then there's the problem). Though now I have looked at a number of other pics and perhaps I'm just grumbling - this all becomes too blurred for me to draw a straight line (though higher resolution helps of course). Just forget it and aim at good shots with fair lighting :D [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 01:25, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
::::PS. I moved the portion of our discussion concerning the photos here, as it was pretty irrelevant to the article. I chose your talk page rather than mine, as it is about your photos - I apologize if you find this inappropriate.

:::That Accord picture might be from the harsh lighting. I know next to nothing about my camera besides how long to hold the button, how to change the batteries, and how the zoom works. I'm hesitant to play with any features as long as the quality remains usable, unless that's a problem. But you said other people are complaining?
:::And I have no problem with the discussion being here. I couldn't care less where it is as long as I can find it (and the little yellow notification box made that easy). [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 01:56, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

::::Oh well, seems like there are two of us here then, concerning the deep camera knowledge - I'd guess that is why my photos aren't so good either... Now, the problem is that your pictures are pretty prolific and you are inserting them in quite many articles. People who we are trying to fend off as they insert random/haphazard poor quality pics see that and go "why can't I", and then you get some "photo revert wars" you can probably recall. Now, if you insert a photo that has this "grainy" thing, is made in less-than-perfect lighting circumstances, in a parking lot with some distracting objects/other cars in the background etc. the difference in quality becomes less distinctive and the person who uploads crappy pics might not understand why his/her pics are considered worse (even if they actually are, but perception is entirely subjective). So, it is better, IMHO, to concentrate on quality over quantity, so that the resulting pics are the best possible and the difference is clear.
::::Which is why I mentioned contacting other people, as this might be a better way of procuring many good-quality pictures than trying to make all of them yourself. After all, that's your name which appears as the uploader :D E.g. concerning this hopeless Civic case, there might be some enthusiast who, by some slim chance, did not rice out his/her old Civic, but rather kept it clean and in good condition and made some really good pics of it. I believe finding such Civic in your area might be hard, but finding such person over the Internet might be easier. That said, it's 4 AM here and I am probably talking absolute rubbish, I don't even want to read that. Good boo! [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 02:08, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

:::Actually, I only try to personally insert what I consider my better images, unless there's an article where anything is better than the status quo. Others (mostly the user you seem to be implying) put in the rest. In fact, I have the user you seem to be implying's "contribution" list bookmarked so I can revert the insertion of some of the images.
:::But the way I see it, there's no point in participating on Wikipedia if it's not enjoyable, and talking to Civic fans isn't really something I tend to enjoy. If parking-lot images aren't welcome, let me know and save me time and effort, but if I'm putting up images I'm putting up my own, and that's where cars tend to be concentrated. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 02:16, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

::::Just do as you please, I was tired and not really conscious when writing that. Perhaps the photos people have issues with were not inserted by you. Have a good day! [[User:Bravada|Bravada]], [[User talk:Bravada|talk]] - 10:21, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

:::If there have been complaints, I'd like to know about it. No one has brought it up to me except a fair use uploader who didn't see the value in free photos. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 12:05, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

==How come you haven't been uploading images lately?==

Last time you uploaded images to Wikipedia was last week. I continue to upload pictures of cars, BTW. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 00:50, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
:There's been some bad weather in DC the last few times I've been in big parking lots. I have a few shots, waiting to be uploaded, but I'll be waiting for a large group this weekend. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 01:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

==Planning Any Overseas Trips?==

Willing to take car pictures overseas, just like me when I was in the [[Caribbean]]? -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 02:10, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
:When I travel to interesting places, I like to go without a camera. When I'm paying that much to be somewhere, I don't want taking pictures to get in the way of the experience. Pictures of traffic are the lowest priority. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 10:45, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

== Your Images ==

I noticed you latest edit to [[Mercury Sable]]. Now, I hva enoticed this in many pages. Instead of taking pictures of cars that already have free images on their page, why don't you try focusing your efforts to taking images for car pages that need them, ok? [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 10:21, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
:I get what I can. If there were something better parked there, I would have taken it. But if I think I can, there's no reason I would want to try and improve over one of my previous pictures. And I'd say the new Sable photo is a better angle than what I had put up before. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 10:58, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
::I agree with that. THe angle is better, and the image is clearer. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 11:06, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

== A Barnstar for you ==

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar-camera.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Photographer's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | I [[User:gerdbrendel|Brendel]] hereby give you IFCAR the photographers barnstar for your great work and effort to illustrate automobile article here on Wikipedia. Your edits and photographs have added to the quality and integrity of our articles. Such hard work needs to be recognized. So, keep up the good work and happy editing! [[User:gerdbrendel|Signature]][[User:gerdbrendel|brendel]] 19:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
|}

:Thanks! [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 19:18, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

==Nissan Maxima==
"Just read the talk page" is not a reason to make an edit against consensus. Please do not make such edits again before finding out what the consensus of the article is. Thank you. [[User:Rarelibra|Rarelibra]] 19:15, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ford Taurus ==

Thanks for your image contributions to teh Ford Taurus article, that prefacelifted image was BADLY needed. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:05, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

==Resolution==
Hi, I use 1280 X 1024 resolution, so I may be seeing a problem that you don't have. I am trying to fix the arrangement of pics on the TC page, so that everything works with my resolution and all the pics are in their corresponding section. I like your new TC pic better and will included ASAP. Regards, [[User:gerdbrendel|Signature]][[User:gerdbrendel|brendel]] 20:32, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

:'''Update:''' Just to let you know, I fixed the line wrap and created a little gallery which includes the second '90 - '94 [[Town Car]] pic you took. Regards, [[User:gerdbrendel|Signature]][[User:gerdbrendel|brendel]] 04:03, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

== Geo Metro ==

Yeah, next time you are out takin pictures, please try to snap an image of a first and second generation Geo Metro. The images currently on the article are God-awful. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:03, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

:Ok, I will look there. One with no hubcaps will be much better than the images we have so far. But if you can, see if you can find a one in pretty good whack to snap, teh article needs it. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:32, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

== Some photos uploaded ==

I have uploaded ~70 photos in a batch, placing them in [[commons:Category:AudeVivere-cars]], which I made a subcategory of "Unidentified automobiles". Thusfar, these include Acura, Aston Martin, BMW, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Infiniti, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Nissan, Volvo, and some others. Have many more yet to upload, including Volkswagon, Porsche, Audi, some classic cars, Bentley, Ferrari, Lexus, Toyota, and perhaps others. I haven't the chance to work on categorizing yet. Some are fairly straightforward, with model name visible somewhere in the photo, that I could work on some of them. Thanks for your willingness to help out. --[[User:AudeVivere|Aude]] ([[User talk:AudeVivere|talk]]) 04:13, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

== Replacement tags ==

It is only for images marked with "fair use replace" on their pages and not for all fair use images. [[User:Poccil|Peter O.]] ([[User talk:Poccil|Talk]]) 02:09, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

== Caravan ==
[[Image:Cars 005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|My dad's "Lemonvan" lol]]
Cool, My dad drives a Dodge Caravan! Same gen too. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:26, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

== Your Images Vs. My Images ==
[[Image:Toyota-Van.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]

I`ve always been the IFCAR of [[Canada]]. How would you compare IFCAR`s Toyota Van with mine seen on the [[Toyota Van]] page? IFCAR`s image had worse quality. And what about the [[1987]]-[[1993]] Galant on the [[Mitsubishi Galant]] page? I took it when I was in [[Miami]] in [[August]] 2006. Mine had better quality, since I snapshotted it when I was in [[Vancouver Island]] in [[May]] [[2006]]. Anyways, they`re both on the Commons. ----

:Bull-Doser, quit being a petty whiner. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 22:06, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

::I was somewhat confused by the fact that you replaced it with your own on the page. Aside from their being a person in yours, it showed the details of the car more clearly. I took it back off, not you. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 00:56, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

== Fit image ==

Instead of making changes to an article that I, obviously, would rather not see happen, why not take it to the discussion and see what image should go there instead? Actually, you don't even need to bother because [[Talk:Honda Fit|I already have]]. Participate in it along with everyone else will ya. '''[[User:Roguegeek|Roguegeek]]''' ([[User talk:Roguegeek|talk]]) 15:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

== Your Favourite Radio Station ==

Is your favourite radio station DC101? Were you a WHFS fan before? -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 21:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

==Wikiproject Automobiles Notification==
Hi IFCAR, you were on the list of members at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles|WikiProject Automobiles]] and we are introducing a new way of listing members, as the old list was becoming too long. Our new method involves having all of our members in a category.

To add yourself to the category just add the userbox to your user page by putting '''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Wiki Auto Project|Wiki Auto Project]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>''' where you want the userbox. Alternatively if you don't like the userbox you can add '''<nowiki>[[Category:WikiProject Automobiles members|IFCAR]]</nowiki>''' to your userpage.

If you no longer wish to be a member of the project, simply don't add the userbox or category, there's no pressure. Thanks for your time, [[User:James086|James086]][[User talk:James086|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/James086|Contribs]] 04:02, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

== BD's Kind Words ==

Yeah, I got his talk page on my watchlist also, as I keep an eye on teh guy, because before you came, (and he used teh account [[User:Take Me Higher]]), he was very arrogant, he took ALL his images of poorly exposed and beat up cars from the back with his finger in the shot, and he would never respond to our comments, we even created an RfC for him which he again ignored. It took us finally sticking our foot up his ass to get him to finally snap pctures of cars from the front, and those were even of bad quality. And most of the images he uploads today are of bad quality. And well, I guess he considers himself "the original" (Of snapping cars on the street and stuff for free pics) and we are just "COpycats". Though then aain, we take images that we can use, he is just a pain. It is still laughable how bad some of his pics were. There was one of a [[Dodge Dynasty|Chrysler Dynasty]], where it was from the back, all four doors were open, it was snowing, and a lady was loading her kids in the back, and she was staring into the camera thinking that he was some kind of rapist. I can even show you some of his early work that survived teh deletion hammer (I even got some on my hard drive) that I can use as examples of how bad his images actually were. But, as for teh whole "F*** you" message he left you, I am gonna post that on the AN, as I want to nip this in the bud now, before it escalades to the point where we got another [[User:Wiarthurhu|Wiarthurhu]] on out hands. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:41, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

:Well, if you look [[User talk:Take Me Higher|here]] or [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Take Me Higher|Here]], you will be able to see that he was a real problem before you joined. It took us sticking our foot up his butt before he finally started taking pictures from the front. And when it comes to the dealers, I just simply ask them for permission to take the images of cars, and they are usually alright with it (THat's how I got the images of those cars in that showroom) [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:09, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

::Ahh, I see. Well, with how Bull-Doser works, it gradually gets worse. So, he won't just stop with the f-bomb, it will just keep escalating, so that is why I brought it to the AN, so I can prevent this from becoming a real problem. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:13, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

==What Browser Do You Use?==
I like using [[Firefox]]. Ever use Firefox? We want every car page to work thru Firefox & IE. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 18:13, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

:BD, after your "Holiday greeting", I don't think that you should touch his page ever again, especially with utterly stupid crap like this. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:28, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

== Eagle Talon ==

I created the image. GT4 has a special feature called "photo mode", where you can take pictures of your cars. It also allows you to save them to a USB drive, adn upload them to your computer. Thus, the Image is mine. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 03:36, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

:No, if you are referring to teh game, no, I didn't create it. But if you are talking about the image, then yes. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 03:41, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

== Infiniti G20 pics ==

I appreciate your enthusiasm for snapping car photos for the use on Wikipedia. I don't however, appreciate the latest edits to the G20 article. The fact is, the primary photo you posted was of very poor quality - plus, this "in the wild" parking-lot setting is not the ideal background. The red G20 you found had so much brake dust on the front wheels, they were nearly as black as the tires. As an encyclopedia article, ideally I would like to see very clean (and stock) representations of vehicles within their respective articles. As I mentioned in my edit's comments, I'm not obsessed with having ''my'' G20 as the 'representative' photograph, but you'd have to agree the shots are of much higher quality (eg. the car is clean and the primary focus - not in a crowded parking lot, and the picture quality is much more crisp & less grainy). Plus, I found a 'non-redundant' angle of my car as well. I don't see the need for any further edits. Thanks. --[[User:MackOSU|MackOSU]] 06:17, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

==Reverts==

Sorry about my reverts to [[Ford Focus (North America)]]! I didn't see enough to realize that you were simply 'replacing' the infobox.

No hard feelings -- '''[[User talk:Tyson Moore|T]][[User:Tyson Moore|yson Moore]]''' 00:37, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

==FJ Cruiser==
Ack! Ok - first I will apologize for the 'sergeant' in me coming out - sometimes I have to check myself. So I didn't notice that it was your image you were replacing after all - but I still think that the black FJ Cruiser is a much cleaner image (especially with regards to the vanity plate and angle). We do need a Black Cherry FJ photo to round out the color choices.

I guess I never thought of the [[Kaizen]] approach - but in this case, I think the photo in question is of such quality that it doesn't need improving. It makes the effort doubled in one case whereas there are many photos missing out there...

As for showing the DOD sticker in a photo - [[United States Army Forces Command|FORSCOM]] policy does not permit the display of many different items, including such stickers - to the point where you even have to turn them in to each installation as you leave or transfer. It is [[Operations security (OPSEC)|OPSEC]] not to display information that someone can use to distinguish (in this case) that particular vehicle and it's location, let alone the owner (who may be of importance to the 'enemy'). I say this in the best of interest. The military enforces many 'weird' things - such as prosecuting someone who kept posting videos of himself in his Navy uniform on YouTube without permission. [[User:Rarelibra|Rarelibra]] 22:30, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

: brougth this up with you before, like in teh case of [[Mercury Sable]], and now [[Lincoln Zephyr]]. I am with Rarelibra, and instead of replacing images in articles that already have good ones, instead put images in articles of cars that are unillustrated. There hav ebeen a few times when I felt that the image you put in place of th existing one was of worse quality of teh other one. Like with Lincoln Zephyr, yes, I know the pig stink you have over indoor pics, but the image you put in the place makes the article look drab. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 21:01, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

::I'm with IFCAR on this, in all three cases. I have not seen a single instance where IFCAR has replaced an image with an inferior one. We finally got the image issues on [[Mercury Sable]] worked out now (it seems like we have discussed every single one on the talk page), the only images that we still need are of an early and a late Gen I. Then Rarelibra removed the silver car from the top infobox and put back that image of the green car, which I cannot understand. I think a photographer knows when one of his images is better than another. And short of discussing every image on the article's talk page, can't we just [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]]? I have taken more car pictures than I can count, and I know which of mine are the best. IFCAR, I assume you do as well. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] 05:13, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

== Image ==

Relax man, what I am really focusing on is getting images of the newly released models and concept cars. I am not gonna push through the people to get a picture of a Civic. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 03:00, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

== The Last Snowfall ==
When was the last time you took car pictures? Willya be taking car pictures during a snowfall? It is very cold and snowy up in [[Montreal]]. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 04:52, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

:Only complete idiots take pictures during a snowfall. so NO. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 12:03, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

== Hey ==

[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karrmann I uploaded a new batch] today, adn just want to know how I did. (Since I am new to this, I just want soem feedback to make sure I am heading down teh right path) [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:58, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

:Thanks. I too, am impressed by how the Fusion image turned out, especially since It was not like a very careful shot, I just stopped adn snapped it on the way to the exit. I mostly treid to focus on the cars that were either concepts or were not yet on sale (Such as those three 2008 Fords), as they woul dbe more valuable to the project. Plus, thanks for sorting that Volvo image out. I never really knew which model it was, S40 was my best guess. I swear, those Volvos all look exactly the same. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:17, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

== Images ==

I see what you mean. The colors may be a little bit flashy. I can either use more "toned-down" colors such as the one's on my user-page's banner or I could try White. This evening (Pacific Time) I'll do one using a white background w/ a simple shadow to be a bit more "classy" and also increase the background layer, so the image won't appear so closely cropped- I will start w/ the Lincoln Navigator article. Regards, [[User:BrendelSignature|Signature]][[User:BrendelSignature|brendel]] 23:07, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

:I uploaded a simple White background version on [[Lincoln Navigator]] article. As I have also saved a copy in photoshop format, I can easily make changes to the image. If you have any further suggestions let me know. Regards, [[User:BrendelSignature|Signature]][[User:BrendelSignature|brendel]] 21:11, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

==Maxima==
That facelifted 5th Gen is very nice. Do you think it would be a lot better as the featured photo for that section? :) [[User:Rarelibra|Rarelibra]] 03:20, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

== Re: Crown Victoria ==

The grille-less front end was only used for 1992. That car in the pic has LX wheels, and I also recall that the base model had different side moldings, but I'm not ruse right now. FWIW, the LX is more abundant than the base model for that era. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] 00:51, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

== Skewed Angle Images ==

Like skewed angle images like those taken from the Montreal Auto Show, are they worse for infoboxes? Here's a gallery. 

<gallery>
Image:'07_USDM_Outlander.jpg|Mitsubishi Outlander
Image:Mazda_CX-9.jpg|Mazda CX-9
Image:Suzuki_SX4_WRC.jpg|Suzuki SX4 WRC
Image:'07_Kia_Magentis.jpg|Kia Optima/Magentis
</gallery>

So it's not okay to use skewed-angle images on infoboxes. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 16:02, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

:You should be telling that to yourself, not IFCAR. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:01, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

== Ram Van ==
Just wanted to say, nice job on the "Dodge Ram Wagon" page -- I love how you put the first and second generation white extended vans together like that, to truely show the changes. Keep up the good work. [[User:Ahanix1989|Ahanix1989]] 16:48, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

== Replacement not planned for Nissan Sentra Car ==

{| align="center" style="background-color: white; border:8px solid red; padding:5px; text-align: center; font-size: larger;"
|[[Image:achtung.svg|30px|Warning sign]]
|This file may be '''deleted'''.
|}

Is NOT possible to replace fair use images with freely licensed images

The Fair Use Image: [[:Image:Tsuru ext 02.jpg]]
Was replaced with: [[:Image:3rd-Nissan-Sentra.jpg]]

The Freely-licensed Image will be deleted in 36 hours.

Understand IFCAR Please and Don't Replace Fair Use images with freely-licensed except when have the image page this tags:
{| style="width:80%; margin: 0.5em auto; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:8px solid #ee0000; padding:5px;"
|-
|
This image was uploaded under a [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use rationale]], but may fail Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Fair use criteria|first fair use criterion]] in that it '''illustrates a subject for which a free image might reasonably be found or created that adequately provides the same information'''. If you believe that a free replacement image can ''not'' be reasonably found or created please add one of the following:
:<code><nowiki>{{Replaceable fair use disputed | Your reason why a free replacement is not available}}</nowiki></code>
or
:<code><nowiki>{{Replaceable fair use disputed}}</nowiki></code>
to '''[[:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|this page]]''' and give the reasons for your dispute on the talk page.

If this image is determined to be replaceable within one week from '''{{#time:j F Y|{{{day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}''' ('''{{#time:j F|{{{day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} +7 days}}'''), the image may be deleted by any administrator. ''Do not remove this tag.''

After adding this tag, please notify the uploader with {{[[Wikipedia:Template substitution|subst]]<tt>:</tt>[[{{ns:Template}}:replaceable|replaceable]]<tt>|</tt>{{PAGENAME}}}} <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> Also consider adding: {{[[Wikipedia:Template substitution|subst]]<tt>:</tt>[[Template:refu-c|refu-c]]}} to the caption in article(s) the image is used to give a little advance warning that a free licensed replacement should be sought after. Adding {{[[Template:reqphoto|reqphoto]]}}, or one of the more specific image request templates (listed on the reqphoto template page), to the article's talk page may also be helpful if there are no other images in the article already.{{hidden-delete-reason|fails [[Wikipedia:Fair use criteria|fair use criteria #1]] (replaceable fair use image) as of {{#time: Y-m-d|{{{day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}}}

'''Tagger:''' If this image has, at the time of tagging, a rationale explaining why it is irreplaceable, please do not forget to explain on the talk page why you think that rationale is not valid. Tags applied in contravention of this requirement may be removed; if a rationale is added after the tagging, the normal process for disputing a tag should be followed.

'''Suggested deletion Summary:'''I7 Replaceable fair use image'''
{{hidden-delete-reason|fails [[Wikipedia:Fair use criteria|fair use criteria #1]] (replaceable fair use image) as of {{#time: Y-m-d|{{{day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}}}
|}

{| align="CENTER" class="boilerplate" id="pd" style="width:80%; background-color:#F1F1DE; border:2px solid #996; padding:5px;"
| [[Image:Red copyright.svg|50px|Copyrighted]]
| It should be possible for someone to create or find a freely licensed replacement for this [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use]] work, and this should be done as soon as is practical. Please request a replacement by adding {{tl|Replacethisimage}} in the image captions or on the talk page of the article(s) where this work is used. Because fair use claims should only be used in cases where adequate free replacements are not possible, this image may be deleted in the future if no effort has been made to replace it with a freely licensed one. Once you have replaced the image, please add <code style="background-color: transparent;">{{subst:[[Template:orfud|orfud]]}}</code> to its description page.
|}

--[[User:Alx 91|Alx 91]] 17:10, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

== Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar-camera.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Photographer's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For all your hard work illustrating and creating hundreds of images for the automotive articles. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:02, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
|}

==Nissan Xterra revert==
Any reason why you reverted my changes to the article on Nissan Xterra? --[[User:Brownings|Brownings]] 20:27, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

== Reply ==

No, I was talking to BD. I have seen some pictures he uploaded with the cars covered in snow. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:51, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

== Images ==

I understand most of your reversions, but I don't undsrstand your motives for reverting my images from:

[[Dodge Daytona]]
[[Honda Civic]]
[[Lincoln Navigator]]
[[Chevrolet Impala]] (Only the head image)
[[AMC Gremlin]]

BTW, check out the last infobox on BD's userpage. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:00, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

:I understand the seventh gen, but the sixth gen i don't. It doesn't have aftermarket wheels, just those retailer hubcaps. The main reason why I changed the image was because the shadows compromise you being able to see the front details of teh car in the current one. If you want, I can photoshop stock wheels if you want. I a pretty good with photoshop. With the Impala, I think the new head image is less cluttered, but I do understand why you replaced the fifth generation image. I do think that the new image is clearer, adn there is no shadow. For the Gremlin, yes, it is sort of rusty, but it is of higher resolution and shows more details of the car, but the rust is a good argument. A rusty car is not the best model in the world, though then again, what are your chances of seeing a Gremiln just parked on teh street/ For the Daytona, I think my image is better because the headlamps are closed, adn there is less sunlight. In the current pic, the sunlight blanks out just about every detail of the front of the car, which are clearly visible in my image. Plus the only damage I see is a few scuffs on teh plasti cmoulding. Can you be more specific in which you cite as damage?

As for BD, he has a userbox that says "THis user is interested in IF CAR" I am going to remove it as it is violating WP policies, as it singles you out, which is in violation of WP's userpage regulations.

::If it wasn't put on by the manufacturer, it's aftermarket. Don't bother with Photoshop, see if there's something else in the Commons (I'm sure there is) and/or I'll try to beat the current photo. With the Impala, the angle doesn't show the car as well, and neither has distracting shadows. With the Gremlin, I think the advantage yours has is the 3/4 front angle, but the condition of the other car makes it a better article illustration. For the Daytona, the blue image is fuzzier and the car is scuffed up. On the silver car, I don't see headlights being up as a downside, and the washed-out section doesn't actually have any detail that is obscured except for the hood's cut-line.
::BD is one to be ignored when he isn't modifying the encyclopedia. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 23:52, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

:::Well, I still got rid of it, because even if I didn't, somebody else was going to take it down eventually. it violates WP's standards for userpages.

That out of the way, I also want to ask why you reverted my images for [[Oldsmobile Alero]] and [[Chrysler 300]]. And while I understand why you reverted my image addition to [[Chevrolet Corsica]], either one of us needs to get a new image with the wipers down. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:37, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

:The clare was not THAT bad, just a small, barely noticable spot by the Chrysler logo. It still was in great perspective. I know a few good-condition Corsicas in my area, but with the Michigan economy the way it is, there are many that are abused. Same goes for the Ford Festiva. The one I got a picture of was horribly beaten up, and most of them are no better. All of the really cheap cars are badly abused because they are mostly owned by very poor families. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:16, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

== Reply ==

In my defense, I just want to say that a lot of my image insertion/placement was done by Bull-Doser, adn I only originally placed them where I see fit. Like with the Ecplorere Limited Head image, Pontiac Grand Am, Pontiac Grand Prix head image, Mercury villager head image, etc. YOu can even check who did what in teh edit histories. I inserted most as secondary images. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 03:44, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

:Still, you are treating me like I blatantly put my images in with no thought, adbn i was saying that lot of the bad image placement was done by Bull-Doser, who has repeatially proven that he doesn't know a good image if it bit him, and also that we seem to have contradicting views on what makes an image "better". [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 03:59, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

::Ignoring clean cars? Could you point out which ones you think are too dirty to fit within the standards? [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 04:17, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

:::No, no. I don't want you to tell me that I need to stop taking pictures of salt covered cars, and SHOW me th eimages you think are of these flithy cars you claim I am photographing. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 13:23, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

::::They are just overexposed. Ever since last time, I make it a habit to stay from overly dirty cars. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 17:13, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

:::::Could you please tell me which ones you think were overexposed? The only way I can get better is to see what you think is where teh images are not good. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 17:54, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

== New images ==

I got two more images up, at [[Chevrolet Caprice]] and [[Geo Metro]]. There were more "lonely" cars around, but I accidently took a picture of a car with the owners sitting in it without realizing it (Has that ever happened to you?), adn I was kinda too embarassed to carry on for that session. I felt like a total ass. After A quick apoligizy and a brief explaniation of what I was doing, and the owner understood perfectly, but still, it was real embarassing. Well anyways, you can review them adn see if I was good in inserting them. I don't liek being a burdon. I perfer to work with everyone instead of working agaisnt them. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:55, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

:I uploaded a new version of the Caprice photo. The first one was taken with the flash off, as I turned if off for taking a unrelated indoor photo, and forgot to put it back. I took the other with the flash on, and it is not as overexposed as the other. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 22:46, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

== New images ==

I added some new images, and you can review, to see if I was right in changing them. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:27, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

:*deep breath in* The Camry is shinier, at a better angle, and it better shows the front details of the car. The Saturn SC looks like it was taken from an arial view, and I hate that Impala image. It is cluttered and it is so tightly packed. I just don't like having a tightly packed image as the head image, but that is just me. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:35, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

::Got me there. How do you notice all this small stuff? [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:56, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

== [[Infiniti FX]] ==

What exactly is your point by adding a picture that is from exactly the same angel as the main picture in this article? I removed it once but I see you've added it again without any explanation. This image addition is unnecessary unless you have a really good point? --[[User:Payam81|Payam81]] 00:33, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

== new Images ==

I added some new images. You may review them if you want. But when ti comes to [[Acura RSX]], don't revert it, as I am unsure if the previous image was safe to use. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 21:58, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

==Your Digital Camera==
Where's your old Olympus digital camera? When did you switch to a Canon PowerShot? -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 15:14, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

== Saturn Aura ==

I have heard that you have interest in the [[Saturn Aura]] article. Well, I just spent the whole afternoon giving the article a good rejuvination. I think it may now be ready to be renominated as a good article. Please tell me what you think/if there is anything I can improve. :) [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 02:19, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

== Pacifica ==

First, I think the angle is a bit better, esspecially with the wheels turned, but that is just my POV. Anyways, I find that your image is a bit overexxposed, as well as that Pacifica has a lot of brake dust on its wheels. It also has the shadow of what looks to be a palm like tree glaring over the hood. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:48, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

:No brake dust at all? Look at all the grime around teh hweels. Plus, I can not find any way where your image is superior to mine. If you can, please point it out. Mine is clearer, adn teh car is cleaner. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:52, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

== Seville ==

Yes, but the 3/4 pic is of very low quality, so I will use that image instead. I am on break, and my mom is going grocery shopping tomorrow, so I will be out taking pics, and I will try to take a better one of a Seville. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:58, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

== Enough G6s ==
Do not photograph anymore G6 sedans until the facelifted '08 model year debuts. You can photograph Grand Ams (the G6's predecessor), but you have photographed 7 G6 sedan models. The only G6 models you can photograph are sedans with silver-coloured door handles, coupes (mainly with silver-coloured door handles), convertibles & hardtops, but not sedans with standard-coloured door handles. See, I photographed a hardtop G6 last week. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 00:37, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

== Legal Status ==

I have an amusing anicdote for you. Today I was taking pictures of cars at the mall, when a mall security [[Geo Tracker]] pulled up behind the space I was standing in, trapping me in. The guard came out of the Tracker, and asked me what I was doing. I told him that I was taking pictures for Wikipedia. He told me that what I was doing is illegal since the mall parking lot belongs to the owners of the mall, and that me taking pictures it its premesis is illegal. And if I continued to do so, he would arrest me citing invasion of privacy. he then later said something about teenagers being ghetto trash or something, I don't know as I was already on my way back into the mall.

So, thus brings my point of posting this: Are you 100% sure that what we are doing is legal? I don't want any of us getting thrown in jail over this. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 01:59, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

:I think the guard is just being a prick. I would love to see them try to call the cops on you. "OMGWTF this kid was taking pictures in our parking lot! Arrest him!" In fact, If I were in your place, I would have laughed my ass off. Mall rent-a-cops are way too bored.
:(I'm sure there is some legal precedent about this one way or the other, but this is just laugable anyway.) Invasion of privacy? What an asshole. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] 03:28, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

::My guess is that if they wanted to, they could make a trespassing charge stick, at least enough to scare you. I've been spoken to by one security guard who didn't have a problem once I explained, but if I meet someone, who does, security or other, I wait until they're gone or go somewhere else. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 11:46, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

:::Coming from a cop, you are fine, there is no expectation of privacy in a public place. I could see if it was posted with an actual sign stating "no photography" or something like that, but seriously what mall would even post that? I don't even think they would press a trespassing issue as they are only open by the grace of people coming to shop there, and there is no reason to alienate customers that are doing nothing more then taking a picture... With that said Mall Ninja's(no offense to legitimate, honest working security guards.) usually try to inflate themselves or find ways to get out there and give off the presence they have more power then they do. [[User:Dureo|Dureo]] 09:43, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

== Bull ==

Just to let you know, that bull that you reverted is a first generation. What gives it away is that 92-95 bulls have solid bumpers. SOlid grey on the base models, or color keyed. Instead, the rear bumper on that bull is grey with the top part black. Of course, the bumpers on first generation bulls were black on top and grey on the bottom. It also has the solid, dish like "Taurus" hubcaps with the narrow sicle like slits, were only available on G1 bulls. So I think you may have made a mistake, as I am pretty sure that is a G1 bull. I am a Taurus expert, so you can trust me on this one ;).

BTW, teh reason I say "Bull" is not to insult you, but since I am a member of the Taurus Car Club of America, we call the Tauruses and Sables "Bulls" as an affectionate nickname, since they are named after the astrological sign of Taurus, the bull. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:21, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

:Karrmann's right, it's a G1 (an '89-'91, to be precise). The G2 bumpers were a different shape and didn't have the chrome strip. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] 00:51, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

== Vandal ==

Somebody with some kind of a grudge against you vandalized your page. Just wanted to let you know. I already reverted it. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 19:52, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

==Fuel economy==
Do you know how to get fuel economy and annual emmissions on the infobox table? I would like to put info on there from: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm [[User:Angry Aspie|Angry Aspie]] 13:59, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

==Classic Car Shows==
Hi, I found some old classic car shows you might be interested in. Here's a website with one of the car shows from Maryland. http://www.sweetchariots.com/showsmd.php -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 16:43, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

== Spoolintsi ==

Hey man, enjoying the weekend? Well, anyways, I have also taken concern about Spoolintsi and the other accounts, and I too think that they could all be the same guy. I have gotten evidence that links the MikeTSIawd and an IP to his account. I have filed a sockpuppetry case and a checkuse case, and compiled a list of evidence just in case that I need it. Anyways, I just wanted to let you know about this, an dI would like for you to be here to back me up as well as my claims, considering that you were also involved in this edit war. Also, I managed to get the page protected, so we won't have to revert them over and over again. But he and his socks have taken ot trolling the talk page, so we should still watch it. I just wanted to let you know. I [[User:Phaedriel|also have an admin friend]] that may be able to help us with this ordeal once she comes back from a brief wikibreak. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 13:09, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

:alright, Checkuser confirmed that they are the same person. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 18:23, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

==Stop Vandalizing the Camry page==
If you want to remove duplicate model pictures then fine, but they need to be in galleries so the generation template isn't separated from its text.
[[User:Angry Aspie|Angry Aspie]] 15:12, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

==Happy 1st Anniversary==
Yesterday became IFCAR's 1st anniversary on Wikipedia. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 01:52, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

==Toyota Tundra ==
Since the Tundra underwent a major upgrade in 2006, I think the heading picture should be of the newer model, even if not required, I think.

I you would like the current heading picture to be used elsewhere in the article, that would be fine. [[User:Angry Aspie|Angry Aspie]] 01:57, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

== Astro image ==

Hello there IFCAR! I have not, but now that you let me know, I have, and I too am now concerned. I didn't find a page like that when I checked for copyright information. The image seems to fit just about every criteria they have, except for the emailing part. I have not emailed permission for the image, and that has me really concerned. I think the image should be taken down, I email them to get permission, then we put it back up. Does that sound good, because that is the best thing to do that i can think of. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 23:19, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

== BMW info box ==

Yep. My mistake. [[User:Qwazywabbit|'''Qwazy''''''wabbit''']][[User talk:Qwazywabbit|Msg me]] 03:01, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

== Photos==
Let me start by saying I really appriciate your effort to add photos to Wikipedia. I just wanted to add some constructive criticism. I've noticed that many of your shots have a skewed horizon line, I'm not sure if it is intentional, but IMHO it looks bad, and creates a strange disconcerting optical effect with all the horizontal text, it also creates a sort of discord with all the images with level horizon lines. In anycase keep up the good work and try to keep the camera level. --[[User:Daniel J. Leivick|Daniel J. Leivick]] 00:33, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
:Well the car is always going to be angled unless it is a straight profile or head on shot, the brain corrects this by using the horizon line and seeing depth. When the horizon line is skewed it looks odd and disconcerting. I know appeals to personal authority are lame, but I used to work in the photo lab at my school and my dad is professional photographer so I do have a pretty good idea not only of what I like, but of what is accepted as good aesthetics in taking pictures. Just as an example you will never see a skewed horizon line in a car magazine unless they are going for some kind of "artistic" impact which I don't think we should be trying to do here. --[[User:Daniel J. Leivick|Daniel J. Leivick]] 00:48, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Hello IFCAR. I'm going to agree with Daniel here. While going through [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikifam=commons.wikimedia.org&img_user_text=IFCAR your gallery], I was noticing a large number of images you've contributed had very misaligned horizon lines. Examples include the following:
<gallery>
Image:99-04 Ford F-350.jpg
Image:98-02 Lincoln Town Car.jpg
Image:1st-Chrysler-Sebring-Coupe.jpg
Image:2002-2005 Hyundai Sonata.JPG
Image:3rd-Nissan-Sentra-sedan.jpg
Image:1st-GMC-Safari.jpg
Image:01-03 Chrysler Sebring Coupe.jpg
Image:97-00 Mercedes-Benz W202.jpg
</gallery>
[[Image:08-Subaru-Legacy-SpecB.jpg|150px|right]]
While I can appreciate the number of images you contribute to Commons, I think they could be a whole lot more valuable if they were just composed correctly. An image I really like was a Legacy SpecB ''(as shown to the right)'', but it was shot misaligned with the horizon. I took the liberty of uploading an improved image that was straightened, recreated, white balanced, and tonal ranges corrected. Just a little constructive criticism I guess.

I remember in the past you talking about composure and angle being more important than image quality and am taking those concept into consideration any time I'm replacing images of yours with properly composed images. Please don't take those edits as personal attacks because they are not meant to be that. Also, if there are a number of editors who are agreeing with the replacement of certain images, please try and respect the consensus by not simply reverting edits. I'm hoping I haven't misspoken. Thoughts? '''[[User:Roguegeek|Roguegeek]]''' ([[User talk:Roguegeek|talk]]) 07:05, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

:Real quick, I wanted to provide a proper reference. Check out how samples of how vehicle images are properly framed [http://www.evox.com/003/03/gallery/index.html here]. FYI, they are the largest automotive photography company in the world, so I would call that a definitive resource, but you could basically pull up any company who specializes in automotive photography to see the same kinds of samples. '''[[User:Roguegeek|Roguegeek]]''' ([[User talk:Roguegeek|talk]]) 07:13, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

== No More 2000-01 Maximas ==
You've photographed over 10 2000-01 Maximas, and that's enough. You should at least photograph older Maximas as a result. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] 15:48, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

:And why are you ordering him to stop taking pictures of 01 Maximas? Since you take images yourself, I am sure that you know that you take what you can get, and can not choose what cars are going to be there at that certain day. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 18:07, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

== Finding your own car on Wiki - Toyota Celica ==

Imagine browsing the Wiki article for your car, trying to learn something about it, when you see a picture of a car that looks a lot like your own. You look closer, and it turns out it *is* your car, parked in front of your own home! What a bizarre occurance. I just wanted to add... at least one car owner has spotted his own vehicle on the pages you've editted. Very cool. (I'm glad I had mowed the lawn!) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.92.165.234|66.92.165.234]] ([[User talk:66.92.165.234|talk]]) 12:30, August 28, 2007 (UTC) 

== Photo edits ==
Greetings, IFCAR, I'd like to take you up on your offer to upload uncropped, full-resolution versions of some of your photos to ImageShack, so that I can rotate them, etc. Specifically, it would be great if you would upload:

Image:2007 Lexus ES350.jpg 
Image:01-03 Lexus LS430.jpg 
Image:2006 Lexus GS300.jpg 

URLs:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2007_Lexus_ES350.jpg 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:01-03_Lexus_LS430.jpg 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Lexus_GS300.jpg 

I would really appreciate it; I can then adjust them towards horizontal, etc. Thanks for your assistance and for taking the photos! [[User:Enigma3542002|Enigma3542002]] 23:11, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

:Here is my list:
Image:DodgeSRT4.jpg 
Audi-90-sedan.jpg 
2006-BMW-325Xi wagon.jpg 
05-Chrysler-PT-Cruiser-convertible.jpg 
97-05 Buick Century.jpg 
2nd-Oldsmobile-Custom-Cruiser.jpg 
2007 Ford Edge.jpg 
Buick-LaCrosse-CX.jpg 
2nd-Infiniti-I30.jpg 
4th-Toyota-Cressida.jpg 
99-04 Ford F-350.jpg 
2007 Honda CR-V LX.JPG 
1st-Chrysler-Sebring-Coupe.jpg 
3rd-Nissan-Sentra-sedan.jpg 

Let me know how you want to get me the originals. --[[User:Daniel J. Leivick|Daniel J. Leivick]] 23:30, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Cool. I like the idea of everyone collaborating to fix the images. Let's start with the Blazers.
*[[:Image:1st-Chevrolet-S10-Blazer-2door.jpg]]
*[[:Image:1998-2005 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer.jpg]]
I can see this working best if you simply upload the uncropped version directly over the cropped version you uploaded. At that point, I'll download, readjust, and reupload over the previous version (much in the same way I did the [[:Image:08-Subaru-Legacy-SpecB.jpg|Legacy]]. We can test with this small amount of vehicles and I'll come back with a much bigger list. Thoughts? '''[[User:Roguegeek|Roguegeek]]''' ([[User talk:Roguegeek|talk]]) 03:08, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

*** - I respectfully request to remove the photo GMC Suburban -- 12-14-2011.jpg (file) from the pages and archives. IFCAR does not have permission to use this photo by the owner

== Hyundai Tiburon stock or not ==

Hi, I see you've reverted my edit. I'm questioning that the image is of a stock car due to the tinted glass and tinted headlamps - this is certainly not stock on a UK version, and the article should reflect a world-view. Please can you absolutely confirm that these items are standard items in other major markets - I have not seen any other photo with these. [[User:Halsteadk|Halsteadk]] 18:30, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

== WORD UP! ==

[[Image:Shanghai-GM Buick GL8 Firstland.jpg|250px|Second generation Buick GL8 Firstland]] (The new [[Buick GL8]])

Yo man! I am a '''HUGE''' fan of you! Please, can you add a picture of the previous genaration Buick GL8! Thanks!

For example something like this:

http://wikicars.org/images/en/thumb/7/7d/GL8.jpg/250px-GL8.jpg

Or this:

http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/2003/06/19/screen-buick.gl8.jpg

Thanks a million! The article needs it!

==[[Mercedes-Benz C-Class]]==
Thank you very much for junking most of Jacopobenz's stuff. I wasn't sure whether I had the right to do so, so I am very pleased at your assertiveness. Oh, is he considered for a vandalism/banning warning? Because, what...50 of his edits were just RV'ed? [[User:Luigi6138|Luigi6138]] 22:34, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

== Infiniti G20 page ==

I'd like to know why you felt the need to revert the Infiniti G20 page back to an earlier version, after I spent a couple hours researching and making constructive edits to the page. Please respond on my talk page if there was actually a reason beyond mistake or vandalism. [[User:Thefultonhow|Thefultonhow]] 01:27, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

== Any thoughts about this vandal? ==

Hi IFCAR. I've been reverting vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/96.232.101.21|96.232.101.21]], and I noticed that one of the fake cars he keeps adding to pages is the [[Toyota Lattice]], which, as I said, is not a real car. When I clicked on the history tab for this "Toyota Lattice," I saw that the page was, interestingly enough, created by [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]]. I know he's a regular contributing member of the Wikiproject, which is why this concerned me. I don't want to point fingers, but do you think he could be involved with this ongoing vandalism? [[User:Jagvar|Jagvar]] 22:08, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

:Sorry to jump in on this conversation, but I've also noticed parallels between the IP and the user in question. Might be a good time to do a [[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|request for checkuser]] and see if there's any [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppetry]] involved here. '''[[User:Roguegeek|Roguegeek]]''' ([[User talk:Roguegeek|talk]]) 22:22, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

::There is an IP and account that keeps adding false info to the [[Pontiac Montana]] talk page, which I would was Canadian. I wonder if this is connected? Just thought I would bring this into the open. [[User:Karrmann|Karrmann]] 00:28, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

:::I must say that I don't know where I fit into this. Why not bring it up to the user in question, or, because my talk page seems to be a public activity center anyway, the WPA discussion page? [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] 01:47, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

== About Honda Accord article ==

Hi, I am a little confused about your reason for not putting the latest Accord picture on the start of the article, can you elaborate? Thanks.--[[User:Will74205|Will74205]] 07:00, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

==Confusing Mitsubishis==
[[Image:Dodge-Colt-front.jpg |thumb|right]]
I think this image which someone - I think you - put up the [[Mitsubishi Lancer]] page would fit better on the [[Mitsubishi Colt]] page.
However, these cars have different names (and different indroduction/termination years, bleep it) on different continents. So maybe you have reasons that make sense - if only in North America - for putting (what I know as) a Colt picture on a page concerning (what I know as) a Lancer. What do you think? [[User:Charles01|Charles01]] 19:49, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

== Ford F-350 Image Question ==

What kind of trailer that 2008 Ford F-350 is hauling? --[[User:PNiddy|'''  Boogster ''']][[User talk:PNiddy| Go! ]] 16:28, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

== Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar-camera.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Photographer's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | This barnstar is just my way of saying thanks to you for all your great pictures you've uploaded to the Commons for use on Wikipedia. Cheers [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 07:05, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
|}

== Subaru Legacy ==

just so you know, the 3rd generation of the legacy was first produced in Japan, in 1998, it might have only been available in US in 2000, but 1998 was the correct date. thanks [[User:Sennen goroshi|Sennen goroshi]] ([[User talk:Sennen goroshi|talk]]) 18:17, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

== Montreal Auto Show ==
Bull-Doser here. I photographed every single debut there, with the exception of the '08 Dodge Viper, '09 Toyota Matrix and '08 Toyota Sequoia, as well as the '08 Dodge Caliber SRT-4. I also forgot to photograph the '08 City Jetta & City Golf, but I expect to take them in April, since they're not sold in the United States. And yeah, I used flash for taking those pics. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 21:18, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
:I hear I went for the second time last night to the Montreal Auto Show. Plus, the Washington Auto Show starts tomorrow and runs until Sunday. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 23:14, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

== 5 Series [[Talk:BMW_5_Series|Talk Page]] ==
I'd like to suggest that you check out the [[Talk:BMW_5_Series|talk page]] regarding the issue of E39/E60 image use in the header of the 5 Series article. [[User:Nslsmith|Nicholas SL Smith]][[User talk:Nslsmith|''chatter'']] 16:05, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

== [[User:Bull-Doser]] ==

Sockpuppet? Just curious. ;-) -[[Special:Contributions/72.93.80.5|72.93.80.5]] ([[User talk:72.93.80.5|talk]]) 01:29, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

== 1973 Pontiac ==
Hello, IFCAR.

Sorry to break this to you, but the 1973 Pontiac you photographed is NOT a Grand Ville, it's a Catalina. Notice the all-horizontal grille; the Grand Ville (also the Bonneville and Grand Safari) had a more elaborate eggcrate and mesh grille. Also, the Grand Ville 2-door had a formal roofline and rear side window.

This is an online encyclopedia, so I just thought I'd do my part for the sake of encyclopedic accuracy. Hope this helps!

Thanks,
[[User:Josephew|Josephew]] ([[User talk:Josephew|talk]]) 21:05, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

I don't have photos, but I can point you to the October 2006 issue of Collectible Automobile magazine, which has an article on the 1971-1976 full-size Pontiacs.

On page 17 of this issue, the text describing the 1973 models reads: "As before, the Catalina received a horizontal grille-bar pattern, while the other series used an 'eggcrate' design." There are two photos of a 1973 Grand Ville convertible on page 19, with the front quarter view at the top of the page showing the eggcrate grille, which is shared by the Grand Safari wagon shown on page 18. On page 11, there is an photo of a gold 1971 Catalina hardtop coupe with the rear roof and window treatment like the '73 you photographed. Then for comparison, you can turn to page 13 to see the formal roof and window shape on the red 1972 Grand Ville hardtop coupe shown at the bottom of the page. The taillights on Grand Villes also differed from those on Catalinas and Bonnevilles.

I don't know if you are familiar with Collectible Automobile, or if you can find this particular issue, but if not, you can find it at some bookstores. If you buy the current issue, you should find an order form inside to request back issues. Then indicate the October 2006 issue and mail it in with payment, and when you receive it you can check out all these details for yourself.

Good luck! [[User:Josephew|Josephew]] ([[User talk:Josephew|talk]]) 01:42, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

== April 2008 ==

Hey, I have come to seek a reason why my edits were reverted, the land cruiser picture is really ugly and hideous and needs to be replaced immediately. thanks [[User talk:Dwilso#talk|Dwilso]] 12:07, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

SERIOUSLY THOUGH. THIS GUY THINKS THAT CARS 10+ YEARS OLD NEED TO BE THE MAIN PICTURE. No. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.166.65.247|99.166.65.247]] ([[User talk:99.166.65.247|talk]]) 20:57, 10 August 2012 (UTC) 

==Photo Nazi Reference==

The term is used in reference to the [[The Soup Nazi|Soup Nazi]], whose will concerning who could buy soup was strictly enforced. Your religious affiliation is irrevellant to me. ([[User:Dddike|Dddike]] ([[User talk:Dddike|talk]]) 19:08, 8 May 2008 (UTC))

:No. This explanation/excuse doesn't fly. Calling someone a Nazi is '''not''' appropriate, no matter how much you like "Seinfeld" The word itself is problematic. But even if you'd used "poopoohead" instead, it still wouldn't have been appropriate. Namecalling accomplishes absolutely nothing and is considered a [[WP:NPA|personal attack]]. Stop doing it.—[[User:Scheinwerfermann|Scheinwerfermann]] ([[User talk:Scheinwerfermann|talk]]) 22:43, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

==Auto image policy discussion==
Hi, [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]]. I'm trying to move the ball forward on this topic and hold namecalling and invective to a minimum [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Automobiles#Towards_a_coherent_image_policy|here on WPA]]. Since you're a prolific contributor of images and the lack of an explicit policy has created disputes centred in part on the manner in which you assert image placement and preference, if you have a moment and can add your thoughts, the odds of a productive outcome would likely improve. Thanks. —[[User:Scheinwerfermann|Scheinwerfermann]] ([[User talk:Scheinwerfermann|talk]]) 22:43, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

:I understand that a significant part of the perception of your behaviour is down to nothing more than the large number of images you contribute, but even though that's not entirely fair (compare the general perception of Microsoft), it is a reality and you will likely experience a good deal less friction and resistance if you will thoughtfully recognise this perception, acknowledge it, and work to ease it. —[[User:Scheinwerfermann|Scheinwerfermann]] ([[User talk:Scheinwerfermann|talk]]) 15:32, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

I want to apologize for the discussion getting to the point where "Nazi" was used. I didn't invoke the term Photo Nazi, but repeated it from the '''Dddike''' post. I actually responded next, after '''Dddike''', and then pointed out the two correlaries: [[Godwin's law]] and [[Reductio ad Hitlerum]] — which I think are helpful in understanding something about why this happens. '''Dddike''' then went and edited '''my comments''' to link the words Photo Nazi over to [[Soup Nazi]].

Either way, this lowering of the conversation isn't helpful and it's destruction. We'll get to some understanding on this -- I'd just like to apologize for being too harsh in the matter. I am perturbed with what I perceive as your unilateral ''domination'' of the issue about the photos. Clearly we disagree about some things, which is ok. Lowering the conversation isn't ok. [[User:842U|842U]] ([[User talk:842U|talk]]) 21:24, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

I read the discussion about photos in the head boxes and am trying to get a question answered. Do the new guidelines allow a picture of any generation at the head box? Or not? It looks like they do. I stumbled into the Forester article and the guidelines say any generation is acceptable so I don't understand undoing a photo accepted by the guidelines. I'm looking at the guidelines but don't see what guideline you are "enforcing." Thanks.[[User:BMWR1200C|BMWR1200C]] ([[User talk:BMWR1200C|talk]]) 11:41, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

IFCAR, Please go take a photo of a 2009 Subaru Forester, they are currently being sold and since Subaru is popular back east, I'm sure you've probably seen at least 5 examples by now. And please make sure it is a quality photo according to your definitions.([[User:Dddike|Dddike]] ([[User talk:Dddike|talk]]) 17:09, 12 May 2008 (UTC))

==[[Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2008-05-15 WikiProject Automobiles]] open==
Informal mediation has been opened at [[Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2008-05-15 WikiProject Automobiles]] at the request of [[User:Dddike|Dddike]], with you being named as a party to the dispute. The dispute is over the adoption of this process page without adequate consensus and other tangential issues. Named parties to the dispute are: [[User:Dddike|Dddike]], [[user:IFCAR]], [[user:Scheinwerfermann]], [[User:Daniel J. Leivick]], [[user:PrinceGloria]], [[User:842U]]. --[[User:Kevin Murray|Kevin Murray]] ([[User talk:Kevin Murray|talk]]) 19:10, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

== Mediation - are we done? ==

You have been involved in mediation at: [[Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2008-05-15 WikiProject Automobiles]]. Discussion has subsided, and I think that the issues have been resolved if not specifically, more by identifying the reality of an apparent consensus. Is there any need to continue or should we close this process? Thanks! --[[User:Kevin Murray|Kevin Murray]] ([[User talk:Kevin Murray|talk]]) 15:19, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

== Mercury_Capri.jpg ==

I apologize for my remarks... the duplicate image was listed under the name IFCAR, but if it wasn't you, I apologize, and it was listed as "Own Work"... it was an image of my old 1983 light blue Mercury Capri that someone else reuploaded, causing my original image to be tagged as a duplicate, for some unknown reason.

== Reverted Edit of Image of Chrysler LeBaron convertible ==

Hi, I noticed that you reverted my new upload of an image @ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Chrysler_Le_Baron_2.2_GTC_Cabrio_1990.jpg

Apart from my wondering why you disagree on the improvement of quality in the image (the picture of the black LeBaron is definitely a crappy, low-res, low-quality image), why would it not be allowed to overwrite it with a better high quality image picturing the same subject? As long as this improves the quality of the Wikipedia for readers, I can't think of a reason.

Furthermore, with your reversion, a text part on the Convertible page describing a type of convertible top construction doesn't match with the picture anymore. You should have looked at the uses of the image before doing a cool bossy revert edit. To prevent a edit-war or eventually breaking some rule of Wiki Commons of which I am not aware, I will upload the image of the beige convertible under a different file name and edit two pages that have the image embedded (actually there are three, but one is a user talk page so that's irrelevant) so that the new image on which texts are based is shown again.

--[[User:Rderijcke|Rderijcke]] ([[User talk:Rderijcke|talk]]) 13:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

== Photos ==

The Peugeot rally photo isnt so exiciting anymore as it has been here so many years, I dont see also Buick Roadmaster wagon picture is intresting, beatiful or hight quality or anything.... --— [[User:Typ932|Typ932]][[User talk:Typ932|T]] | [[Special:Contributions/Typ932|C]]  18:52, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== Ford Focus Image ==

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Automobiles/Conventions#Images]]. Please read upon it before making any edits. Also, I am invoking [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest]] because you are obviously trying to "protect" your image and keep it on Wikipedia thru possible repeated edits. --[[User:293.xx.xxx.xx|293.xx.xxx.xx]] ([[User talk:293.xx.xxx.xx|talk]]) 22:38, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

==Are You In Paris?==
Hi, [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]]? Are you in Paris? You haven't been uploading this weekend! You last uploaded on Wednesday! -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 20:07, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

== Another Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar-camera.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Photographer's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | IFCAR, I wanted to thank you for all of the pictures you've provided for Wikipedia. They're an invaluable resource.--[[User:Flash176|Flash176]] ([[User talk:Flash176|talk]]) 20:36, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
|}

==Re:email==
Try to edit now. If you are still unable, let me know. - [[User:AuburnPilot|auburnpilot]] [[User_talk:AuburnPilot|talk]] 20:11, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

== Your Photos of Cars ==

Hay IFCAR,
I'm everyday looking at your Galerie on the Commons and I'm anxious to new pics. A lot of your pictures are good, but why you don't take a picture of a car of the front AND the rear? Then your pictures will be more attractive also for the German Wikipedia!
But in the whole your pictures are good.

Best wishes --[[User:Matthias93|Matthias93]] ([[User talk:Matthias93|talk]]) 13:14, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

== Error of picture ==

Your picture (Image:06-07 Subaru Outback Sport.jpg) is not a [[Subaru Outback#Subaru Outback Sport|Subaru Outback Sport]] but a [[Subaru Impreza]]. Please correct your error. Thank you.--[[User talk:A2 supersonique | ''A2'' ]] [[User:A2 supersonique|supersonique]] 16:32, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
:I verify and as well you have reason.--[[User talk:A2 supersonique | ''A2'' ]] [[User:A2 supersonique|supersonique]] 18:11, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

==Dodge Caravan Gen 4==
It seems odd to have a photo of a white SWB minivan with the text just below it referring to the LWB — hence my switching of the photos. Thoughts? [[User:842U|842U]] ([[User talk:842U|talk]]) 21:10, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Ifcar, the infobox underneath the photo of the white Caravan had an "also known as" line at the top: with a reference to the LWB. I took that out, as it's covered extensively in the article. You can see the point I had been trying to make better in some of the older versions -- it's a non-issue now. [[User:842U|842U]] ([[User talk:842U|talk]]) 14:15, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

==Plymouth Voyager==

Your recent addition to the Voyager discussion is incorrect:
:"The Chrysler Voyager was sold in the US from the 2000 to 2003 model years, then sold as the short-wheelbase Town & Country in the 2004 model year, and then dropped from the US market altogether. 2004 was the last year of a short-wheelbase Chrysler-brand minivan in the US. IFCAR (talk) 15:26, 22 January 2009 (UTC)"

In fact, the short wheelbase Dodge Caravan and Town and Country minivans were both available through 2007. The Chrysler Voyager was discontinued earlier. 842U (talk) 16:24, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

== Image of Chrysler LeBaron (again) ==

Hi IFCAR,

Why do you keep insisting on changing the image at the [[Chrysler LeBaron]] article from the picture I uploaded? I think the current image fits less well in the page for the following reasons:
* '''The car in your picture is not in its original shape.''' The hood emblem if a later add-on, the wheels have been changed aftermarket. I think the topic should be illustrated with a car in its original state. This of course to prevent the misleading of readers who might think that for example the hood emblem was an original attribute on the LeBaron cars.
* '''The photo you placed in the article is of a lower resolution.''' This seems a clear argument to me, more detail makes a better image. I don't see much quality difference on both pictures when viewed at a 1:1 scale.
* '''The car on the image you placed in the topic is not in a particularly good shape.''' The roof is torn, the front bumper is scratched, etc.

My biggest question is though, why did you replace a perfectly clear, high resolution image? I really can't think of any reason.
[[User:Rderijcke|Rderijcke]] ([[User talk:Rderijcke|talk]]) 02:41, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
: As far as I know, the only visual differences between the European version and the US version of LeBaron cars are the [http://kicken.dendmedia.com/lbmods/mirrors_small.jpg mirrors], the [http://kicken.dendmedia.com/lbmods/tail_lights_small.jpg tail lights], the [http://kicken.dendmedia.com/lbmods/side_marker_lights.jpg side marker lights] missing on the European version (being replaced by the small side flash lights in the front side panel) and the digital dash option being not available. As for the background clutter: I understand your motivation for that, but then why not take a good picture of a US version LeBaron in good shape? I've got a [[:Image:Baron 010.jpg|picture with less clutter]] as well but its focus is vague so I don't consider that to be a better illustration on the LeBaron topic. [[User:Rderijcke|Rderijcke]] ([[User talk:Rderijcke|talk]]) 12:30, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
:: Ok, I will crop the image and put it as the new topping image then. [[User:Rderijcke|Rderijcke]] ([[User talk:Rderijcke|talk]]) 12:46, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

==No Suzuki Pictures??==
So [[Suzuki]] didn't attend the [[Washington Auto Show]] at all this year, huh? -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 00:29, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

== St. Mark's Capitol Hill ==

Thanks for re-adding your image which I inadvertently deleted. Sorry. [[User:Clariosophic|clariosophic]] ([[User talk:Clariosophic|talk]]) 21:31, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

== Pontiac Sunbird ==

Hello-
I lined up text to the generation boxes and left large spaces in text on an article as you did here. It was reverted by an administator.
Do you know the policy on this?
(Vegavairbob[[User:Vegavairbob|Vegavairbob]] ([[User talk:Vegavairbob|talk]]) 15:14, 30 April 2009 (UTC))

== Magentis ==
Hi. This[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005-2006_Kia_Optima_LX.jpg] model is old model of Magentis picture. it is not a optima. i changed newer model of optima picture. and magentis is no longer produce.[[User:Cherry Blossom OK|Cherry Blossom OK]] ([[User talk:Cherry Blossom OK|talk]]) 13:39, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

== Ford pictures ==
Why do you insist on using shitty outdated pictures of Ford products ? Stop undoing update edits.

: I love the old-school Ford Escort you photographed! Thanks for the photo, I want to get one with recessed headlights just like it. Reminds me of the decent working-class Americans who go to do hard work every day and make me love this country! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/72.72.119.236|72.72.119.236]] ([[User talk:72.72.119.236|talk]]) 00:50, 15 September 2009 (UTC) 

== Scepter reply ==

{{Talkback|OSX}}

== Thanks for 87-90 Chevrolet Caprice wagon.jpg! ==

[[File:87-90 Chevrolet Caprice wagon.jpg|thumb]]
Thanks a lot for this picture! I had a 1986 Caprice wagon (same color, even) years ago, and took a few pictures of it ([http://www.flickr.com/photos/fo0bar/sets/72157600347645714/ scanned and posted here]), but stupidly, I never took a 3/4 shot of it, so it was hard to imagine just how massive it was. Now I can point to this while explaining how it could seat 12 comfortably. God I miss that car. --[[User:Fo0bar|Fo0bar]] ([[User talk:Fo0bar|talk]]) 07:25, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

== Toyoat Paseo ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Paseo&diff=310748487&oldid=310746144 "It wasn't in the vote. There was no discussion after its nomination. Your photo is cluttered and the angle is poor. It is not a lead-quality image. This isn't perfect either, but it's far better."]

IFCAR, it was in the vote, you nominated it, and it sat there for almost a week with no votes or replies. I think you need to assess image quality beyond a 250px thumb size. I often click on the thumbnails for a full-size image and the pink Paseo looks rubbish at this level (no high resolution detail). Going by [[WP:CARPIX]] let's see which image best passes it's guidelines.

*'''Angle''': you say the angle is poor on the blue Paseo, but it is only 10 or so degrees different to the pink version. Both are the ¾ view, although the pink car is a slightly better angle.
*'''Use images of cars in good, complete, clean, and original condition whenever possible''': both pass here.
*'''Do not take photos through window glass, fog, or with poor focus''': the pink Paseo fails here, it is not a sharp image and is ''extremely'' grainy.
*'''Front wheel alignment''': the front wheels of the Paseo are turned to the left, and are therefore obscured.
*'''"Your photo is cluttered"''': background should be of the least concern. The depiction of the car is number one priority. If there are two images of similar quality, the image with the best background would obviously take precedence. I do not find the mostly neutral-coloured background particularly distracting. The only aspect that at least somewhat stands out is the bronze Odyssey in the background. If it is really an issue, I can desaturate the background using Photoshop.

IFCAR, I have looked at all the images of the Paseo on the Commons, and if feel the blue one best meets WP:CARPIX guidelines. Obviously, we disagree here on which criteria are most important, but as I said before, please look beyond a thumbnail sizing. Regards, [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 04:05, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:[[User:Typ932]] added [[:File:Toyota Paseo front 20080215.jpg|this image]], which I think looks the best from a thumbnail perspective, and "alright" (not great) at full resolution. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 10:50, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

== Image:Geo Storm -- -07-09-2009.jpg ==

{{Talkback|VoxLuna|Geo Storm image|ts=23:19, 29 September 2009 (UTC)}}

== 95-97 Toyota Tacoma picture ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1995-1997_Toyota_Tacoma_reg.jpg#filelinks]

This is a picture of a 89 - 95 Toyota Hilux, not a 95.5 - 04 Tacoma.
Please update, thanks. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Raydouble|Raydouble]] ([[User talk:Raydouble|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raydouble|contribs]]) 21:23, 31 October 2009 (UTC) 

== Regarding Recent Post on My Talk Page ==

It has been asked before, Buick does not mind either way [[User:Audi152|Audi152]] ([[User talk:Audi152|talk]]) 20:09, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

:I will try to find it again [[User:Audi152|Audi152]] ([[User talk:Audi152|talk]]) 14:42, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
::I was unable to find it. It was ran-off the page. I found one on Photobucket. I replaced it —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Audi152|Audi152]] ([[User talk:Audi152|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Audi152|contribs]]) 23:55, 17 November 2009 (UTC) 
:::Well Speaking that almost all the auto news companies have posted the pictures on their articles and GM has not said anything, I'm sure it was release to the public domain[[User:Audi152|Audi152]] ([[User talk:Audi152|talk]]) 01:32, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

== Naming convention ==
Please see discussions at [[User talk:PrinceGloria#Naming convention]]. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 15:37, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

== Barnstar ==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | I'm awarding you this barnstar of diligence for your combination of extraordinary scrutiny, precision and community service to wikipedia. [[User:South Bay|South Bay]] ([[User talk:South Bay|talk]]) 06:19, 28 November 2009 (UTC)
|}

== Subaru Impreza ==

Let me be quite frank with you on your picture of the third-generation [[Subaru Impreza]]: it is a poor representation of the vehicle, as the car is filthy and the foggy quality makes the overall picture lifeless. It fails on rules 6 and 7 of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Automobiles/Conventions#Images|WikiProject Automobiles]]' minimum image standards. If you can take a better picture, by all means, do so. - [[User:Areaseven|Areaseven]] ([[User talk:Areaseven|talk]]) 05:14, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

== Chevrolet Cruze ==

Hi IFCAR, I have a question about your [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Cruze&action=historysubmit&diff=341004214&oldid=339708496 recent edit] to the [[Chevrolet Cruze]] article. In spite of our policy stating that images do not have to be any particular version of a car (i.e. a Holden or a Chevrolet), do you think that the Chevrolet version might be better suited to the main infobox image? I only say this as the Holden version (like the Daewoo) looks quite different due the absence of the two-bar Chevrolet grille. Also, I believe the Chevrolet version would be more useful to readers as it is the most common variant. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 04:22, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

:My feeling in any case like this is that anything covered in an infobox generally belongs that infobox, and that if one of those cars is so different that it doesn't represent the line well that it should be in a different article. I'm particularly disinclined to favor Chevrolets in this case because there aren't any decent photos of them yet. (The fact that multiple versions without the Chevrolet grille are covered in the article means that one of them isn't especially obscure.)

:Obviously this is just my interpretation of image guidelines, but quality is typically going to come first for me. (And I'm also typically happy to see vehicles with different names, styling, countries of sale, and marketing appear in their own articles -- solving this in another way -- but that's another question.) [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR|talk]])

::Thanks for your reply. I understand what your saying, so I am happy to leave the images in place for now. Hopefully you will be able to get some decent images of the Chevrolet version later on in the year when the Cruze begins production in the United States.

::With regards to a second article, the Holden version will probably get split away from the main Chevrolet article once production in Australia begins in 12 months time. Holden are designing the Cruze hatchback and our version is likely to be restyled as well, making it unique enough to separate. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 13:57, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

== Latest pictures ==

Hey IFCAR! I'm from the German-Wikipedia and in my opinion you're the best car photographer participating in the English-Wiki. So far, so good. Your latest Hyundai-pictures are great. Very good job. But my question now – asking you a second time :) –, why aren't you taking also rear-pictures?!
Thanks and best regards... -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 16:17, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
:I've answered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Matthias93 here]. -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 18:52, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
::Thanks a lot. I've weaved all the new pictures into the articles. -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 20:40, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
:::All right, it's late now - here in Germany. Thanks again. I let you know, if I have any other wishes. Good night ;) -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 20:56, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
I've new rear-end view wishes: 2009 Lincoln MKZ, 2010 Kia Rio Sedan, 2009+ Lincoln MKS, 2009+ Pontiac Vibe, 2009+ Volkswagen Routan, 2009+ Hyundai Genesis, Honda Odyssey RL3 facelift and pre-facelift, 2009+ Toyota Venza and the 2010 Kia Forte Koup. Furthermore 2009+ Ford Flex. So far, so good. Thanks. -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 14:43, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
::Please upload only the pictures you've at the moment. Thanks -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 18:51, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

:::One more question: Do you have a rear-end view of [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2010_Volvo_XC60_--_09-08-2009.jpg this XC60]? If you have, please upload it. Thank you. --[[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 20:48, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
::::Thanks for adding pics from Langley Park ... much appreciated!--[[User:Pubdog|Pubdog]] ([[User talk:Pubdog|talk]]) 03:03, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

::::Ok, upload the XC60 rear-end v. you've shown. Thanks -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 10:09, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

:Hay. I need a rear-end view of that car: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2010_Suzuki_Kizashi_SE_3_--_03-13-2010.jpg click]. Thanks -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 11:17, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

::[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2010_Suzuki_Kizashi_SE_5_--_03-13-2010.jpg Done.] [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 14:04, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

OK, thanks a lot -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 17:16, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

IFCAR, I visit the VW Eurovan T4 page on occasion and I noticed that the picture of the silver T4 had been swapped out for a white T4. I think both images are yours; but the change seemed to be made by Bull Doser on August 26, 2009. I was wondering if the image of the silver Tr could be put back or added to the white one (maybe that's redundant, however). The image of the silver T4 is not in the Wikicommons section, either. I'm very new to modifying/communicating on Wikipedia, so I apologize in advance if this is not the proper way of going about this. Thanks. [[User:PVarjak|PVarjak]] ([[User talk:PVarjak|talk]]) 01:53, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

IFCAR, you asked about why I liked the silver T4 photo over the white one. I don't have a professional eye, I just preferred that picture. I'll look again; but I thought I'd checked the Wikicommons as I mentioned above; but I may have missed it. If it's there, then there's no real reason to put the silver one back. Thanks for the response and keep up the car photos![[User:PVarjak|PVarjak]] ([[User talk:PVarjak|talk]]) 02:10, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

==Your Images Are On AutoWeek!!!==
http://www.autoweek.com/article/20100602/CARNEWS/100609963 
 
One of them is a [[Mercury Grand Marquis]], the other a [[Mercury Marauder]]. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 18:25, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

== Images angles/crop reply ==
{{Talkback|OSX}} [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 00:24, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

== [[Honda Insight]] ==

Hi,
Regarding [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Insight&action=historysubmit&diff=362433930&oldid=362400062 this edit] to the Honda Insight article, I was wondering why you don't think the most recent model should be at the top? I have to admit, I'm not a frequent editor on car articles so do not know the policy and therefore cannot say for sure, but I'm pretty sure all of the articles I've come across, the most recent model is at the top. It makes sense in my opinion anyway, as that is the model currently on sale, and hence illustrates the truest representation of that model. However let me know if I've got it wrong; as I say, I'm not an authority on these things.
By the way, I've replaced the image and hence reverted your edit, somewhat mistakenly, before remembering I had already done the same thing a few weeks ago and saw your revert. Just wanted your reasoning before reverting back. (As an aside, the new model also looks far better, and so the article is more aesthetic now, although I understand this is all subjective. I wouldn't mind hearing your opinion on this nevertheless). Thanks. [[User:Feudonym|Feudonym]] ([[User talk:Feudonym|talk]]) 03:47, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

== Lexus ES ==

Hi, sorry about my seemingly vandalistic revision to [[Lexus ES]]. I had made some changes, hit save, and then clicked back to make another change, resulting in an edit conflict. As I was editing a single section as opposed to the entire article, I only copy-and-pasted that section's contents. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 12:49, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

== Infiniti M Y51 ==

Hey, it's me. I need a rear-end view of [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Infiniti_M56S_1_--_06-16-2010.jpg that] and/or of [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Infiniti_M37X_2_--_06-16-2010.jpg that] Infiniti M. Thanks. Best wishes -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 18:37, 20 July 2010 (UTC)
:Ok, thank you.... Sure :D -- [[User:S 400 HYBRID|S 400 HYBRID]] ([[User talk:S 400 HYBRID|talk]]) 19:44, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

== Outlander ==

Seriously? You can't see a problem with the page looking like [http://img257.imageshack.us/img257/7020/outlander1.jpg this]? That's precisely why the guideline ''"avoid sandwiching text between two images that face each other"'' exists. Regards, ''--[[User:DeLarge|DeLarge]] ([[User talk:DeLarge|talk]]) 17:47, 23 July 2010 (UTC)''

:Maybe you should set your thumbnail size smaller if you can't read a single page that includes both a photo and an infobox. You have that capability for a reason.
:I appreciate the courtesy of not reverting pre-discussion, by the way. This may be something we need to bring up on the main discussion page, as it would affect nearly every auto article if it needed to be changed. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 21:38, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

::[[WP:BRD]].
::My thumbnail size is set to the same default that unregistered users have. That way, I see what they see, so as not to colour my judgement when making layout-related edits. Neither they nor I should have to configure or customize Wikipedia to get the best out of it. ''--[[User:DeLarge|DeLarge]] ([[User talk:DeLarge|talk]]) 16:14, 30 July 2010 (UTC)''

:::If you are concerned, this would need to be addressed on a larger level than article-by-article, as a great many auto pages in Wikipedia have photos illustrating specific text even while there is an infobox there. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 02:07, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

::::Not quite sure what discussion is needed, given the existence of a well-established overarching Wikipedia style guideline already (as an example, go to [[WP:FA]] and see how many images you can see opposite an infobox in any of the articles). We don't "discuss" car articles which are unreferenced, or contain vandalism, or anything else; we just apply the existing WP-wide recommendations in order to improve the pages. ''--[[User:DeLarge|DeLarge]] ([[User talk:DeLarge|talk]]) 09:53, 7 August 2010 (UTC)''

Well, considering that it's done throughout this project and that you consider it a problem, I suggest you bring up your concern where more users will notice it. Unless it only matters to you on this particular page for whatever reason. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 11:01, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
:"[[WP:OTHERSTUFF]]"? Geez...
:As I've pointed out in the past, poor standards are the norm throughout our corner of Wikipedia. I've no particular interest in fixing the whole WP:AUTO project. However, I do make an effort to look after the Mitsubishi-related pages; especially when I know guidelines exist telling people "don't do X", I try to avoid X happening. Maybe now that ''you'' know such guidelines exist, it won't be "done throughout this project" so much in future? ''-- [[User:DeLarge|DeLarge]] ([[User talk:DeLarge|talk]]) 15:46, 25 August 2010 (UTC)''

::I don't think piecemeal approach is very helpful and I simply do not share your concern. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 16:02, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

== Increasing the automobile infobox to 300 pixels wide ==
Hey, there is discussion going on at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles#Assembly location]] about increasing the thumbnail size of the lead infobox image to 300 from the current 250 pixel size. Since you are heavily involved with images here, I though you might be interested in this discussion. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 00:07, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

:''(moved from [[User talk:OSX]])'' I can't figure out what's going on where in that discussion, which is why I haven't really been following it. FWLIW, I think 300px is unnecessary from a photo perspective and that left-aligned thumbs are valuable, but it doesn't seem that the larger size has come up in the interest of illustrating the car as much as tidying the infoboxes. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR|talk]]) 13:17, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

::You're right. The main reason for the change is to limit line overflow which is fairly common. The added benefit is obviously the larger image thumbnail. De Large has opened up a complaint about left-aligned images next to the infobox at WP:CARS already, but at the end of the day, if people are having major issues because they are running at the 800×600 screen resolution, I think the onus is on them to upgrade their displays. [[Screen resolution#Current standards]] states that only 1 percent of Internet users are using 800×600 resolutions. Even in the late 1990s, my then computer was running at 1024×768 and that was about almost 12 years ago. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 01:26, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

:::I don't feel qualified to involve myself in a debate on the merits of screen resolutions or Wikipedia's various policies, so I may have to leave that part to you. And again, I don't feel like a thumb needs to be 300px to be easily visible, but I don't feel strongly on the issue as long as it's not at the expense of a left-aligned thumb. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 15:00, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== Great pictures ==
Hello IFCAR! I admire your style; many of your pictures look like they were taken by a professional. About a year ago, I started photographing cars in my local area that I found rare and interesting. Just one question: if you find an exceptionally rare vehicle and want to take a picture, do you ask the owner of the car to let you take a picture, or do you just wait until you see the car without the driver inside? Thanks![[User:Reelcheeper|Reelcheeper]] ([[User talk:Reelcheeper|talk]]) 19:16, 25 October 2010 (UTC-5)

== Infiniti M ==
Hi, I just wanted to say I love your pictures. :)

I have a quick question about [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Infiniti_M56S_1_--_06-16-2010.jpg this one]. Do you have any more shots of it? Basically, I'm trying to figure out what color it is and the lighting is making it a little difficult.

Thanks. :)
[[User:LG Laptop|LG Laptop]] ([[User talk:LG Laptop|talk]]) 20:20, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

:Thanks! :) [[User:LG Laptop|LG Laptop]] ([[User talk:LG Laptop|talk]]) 14:44, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

== [[Honda Insight]] ==

If you don't like the lead image that has been selected, may I suggest that we collaborate to find one to your liking? [[User:Ng.j|Ng.j]] ([[User talk:Ng.j|talk]]) 15:43, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

I think a lot of the anger directed towards you can be mitigated if you stated why something is lower quality, rather than just reverting without explanation. I agree with some of the changes in your history, but I would probably agree with many more of them if you made a better case for it. Otherwise, people will just see you as a bully, even though you do a lot of good work around here. [[User:Ng.j|Ng.j]] ([[User talk:Ng.j|talk]]) 19:20, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

:″The guideline I follow for edit summaries on a photo change is that I'm not going to explain a revert if there was no explanation for the change in the first place″

::Hey, I am just making a suggestion. You don't have to listen to me. However, I would like to point out the following from [[WP:CIVIL]]:

::* Be careful with edit summaries. Edit summaries are relatively short comments (so potentially subject to misinterpretation, or to oversimplification), cannot be changed after pressing Save, and often written in haste, particularly if there is an edit war brewing or in progress. Especially when things are getting heated, remember to explain your edit, avoid personal comments about any editors you have disputes with, and consider using the talk page to further explain your view of the situation.
::* Explain yourself. Not sufficiently explaining edits can be perceived as uncivil, whether that's the editor's intention or not. Use good edit summaries, and use the talk page if the edit summary doesn't provide enough space or if a more substantive debate is likely to be needed.

::Cheers! [[User:Ng.j|Ng.j]] ([[User talk:Ng.j|talk]]) 22:28, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

== Please let Lincoln Continental be Lincoln Continental ==

As Lincoln Continental has been defunct for nearly a decade now the only reason for maintaining this entry is from a collector car standpoint. We no longer need images of old 1987-2002 luxury versions of Ford Taurus' gumming up the lead entry.

Please give it a break for us collector's and auto historian's sake.

[[User:Sadowski|Sadowski]] ([[User talk:Sadowski|talk]]) 00:37, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

== An Improvement? ==

Do you think you're really doing Lincoln Continental a favor by promoting the 1988-2002s?

[[User:Sadowski|Sadowski]] ([[User talk:Sadowski|talk]]) 01:27, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

== Reverting non-worse pictures for your own ==

Hey IFCAR,

Can I ask you politely why do you keep reverting my pictures of new vehicles (such as the 2011 [[Dodge Caravan]], [[Jeep Compass]], [[Chrysler 200]] and [[Chrysler 300|300]], to name a few), that I have taken at the Montreal Auto Show, with a good-resolution camera, with your own pictures of same vehicles, with practically same (or ever worse) resolution? Is there a reason, really, other than you somewhat wanting "the glory of the moment" for having taken and posted them? I'm sorry, but that's the only way how I see your behavior subj-wise.

To be more specific, I don't mind the 200 picture. Mine was too bright, plus the light reflected. So that's okay. The 300, however, mine was not worse than yours, other than maybe a little dark. The 2011 Compass - I simply don't the see point, as I made a clear picture of the renewed fascia, very detailed. You just took the whole car and put there. And as per DCG, honestly, you picture is really worse. It reflects all the possible spotlights from the black surface, and it's hard to discern. My point was to illustrate the new fascia, once again, not the whole car.

Unless you can prove to me that you have a patent from a Wiki administrator to take those pictures, specifically because you are THE guy, I find that what you did with half my pictures is unjustified. Therefore I demand that we discuss it politely, before I pitch myself and revert it back, possibly starting an edit war, as you will not submit lightly, would you? Please, let's regulate this.

Thanks,
[[User:Kodenamezeus|Kodenamezeus]] ([[User talk:Kodenamezeus|talk]]) 03:57, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

==Oldsmobile Silhouette image==
I noticed you changed the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:90-92_Oldsmobile_Silhouette.jpg image of the 1990-1992 Silhouette] that I uploaded back to the one that was previously in the article, saying that there was no change to the rear. Here's an excerpt from the year to year changes section of the article:

"Tail lights' design is changed from a grid to a solid red color with black "dissolves" around the edges, a style that had been used exclusively on the Pontiac Trans Sport previously."

Also, in my image you can see the orange turn signal lights in the front and the wheels that were changed after 1992. I know you want to show the pre-facelift front end, but my image is much clearer and brighter. Do you still think your image should be the one shown in the article? —[[User:Reelcheeper|Reelcheeper]] ([[User talk:Reelcheeper|talk]]) 23:25, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

:Yes, I do think that two photos of showing the front end of the car (pre- and post-facelift) are the best way to illustrate a change in design. Perhaps there is a way to incorporate both, but the front view is critical. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 23:49, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

::If I might interject, the taillight change is hardly noticeable and at thumbnail size is barely visible in the picture. It also does little good when there's no image of the facelifted version to compare it to. (That... and a car caked in snow and salt really isn't the best image to be using anywhere.)

::All in all the car's "face" is far, far more noticeable and notable than its taillights. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] ([[User talk:Sable232|talk]]) 23:56, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

==Volvo 240 Turbofan==
The guy who keeps on introducing copyvio photos into the Volvo 200 article is at it again, creating a completely unnecessary new article titled [[Volvo 200 Series - Turbo Intercooler]] so that he can have his own little private pond to splash around in. Please join in the merger discussion here: [[Talk:Volvo 200 Series#merge]] Best, [[User:Mr.choppers|''' ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃ ''']] ([[User Talk:Mr.choppers|talk]]) 19:46, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

== Chrysler pics ==

It seems that you have a monopoly on posting photos on car articles. As the self-appointed Wikipedia automotive photographer in chief, what do you have against Chrysler ? For the Chrysler Town and Country, Chrysler 300, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Compass, Jeep Wrangler (THE Jeep), Dodge Charger, Dodge Caravan, and Dodge Durango (which is a completely new car)you are placing out of date photos at the top portraying these vehicles as dated. There are many of us who drive and enjoy Chrysler products and are quite happy that the company has come out the other side of bankrupcy with vehicles that make these older models look like the %$#%$# that they are. I have seen you say that the top photo should be the "best photo". Well some of yours, such as the EV minivan and the charger are BETTER photos where the current models are concerned.

You are introducing a bias to this encyclopedia by portraying this manufacturer in an unfair negative light (as out of date or defunct). I don't think that it's right - especially given that you have imposed your sole judgement where the visual portrayal of automotive products is concerned (which seems anti-wiki in principle). An encyclopedia should contain neutral, objective, relevant and complete information. Hiding the survival of this automaker, by showing viewers an old car (as if they went under) as the first thing they see, is not in keeping with that purpose.

Will you consider updating these pages with current model photos on top? (use your own, most look fine, the monopoly issue is for your competition as photographers to object to)--[[User:Rwberndt|Rwberndt]] ([[User talk:Rwberndt|talk]]) 19:33, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

:Per your suggestion, I have started by detailing the rationale for changes to the top infobox photo on [[Chrysler Town & Country]], [[Chrysler 300]], and [[Jeep Wrangler]] discussion pages. The argument is based upon [[WP:CARPIX]] exclusively. While I wait to see what if any action results, why don't you apply your skill and talent to obtain more pics of the restyled charger - in a few months, when we get into summer and hopefully this gas crisis passes, you will see why they are needed, especially in the top infobox. (suggestion : get a good pic of the 2012 SRT proto at a car show)--[[User:Rwberndt|Rwberndt]] ([[User talk:Rwberndt|talk]]) 15:50, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

== NHTSA images ==
{| class = "wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|-
! Brand
! 1990–2010
! 2011
|-
| BMW
| ''Complete''
|
|-
| Chrysler
| ''Complete''
|
|-
| Daimler
| ''Complete''
|
|-
| Daimler Chrysler
|
|
|-
| Ferrari
|
|
|-
| Ford
|
|
|-
| General Motors
|
|
|-
| Honda
|
|
|-
| Hyundai
|
|
|-
| Isuzu
|
|
|-
| Jaguar
|
|
|-
| Kia
|
|
|-
| Land Rover
|
|
|-
| Mazda
|
|
|-
| Mitsubishi
|
|
|-
| Nissan
|
|
|-
| Porsche
|
|
|-
| Saab
|
|
|-
| Subaru
|
|
|-
| Suzuki
|
|
|-
| Toyota
|
|
|-
| Volkswagen
|
|
|-
| Volvo
|
|
|}

Great images from the NHTSA, just a couple of questions though:

* The source for all the NHTSA images is listed as [http://www.safercar.gov/ safercar.gov]. You should probably link to the exact location for each image, because otherwise one of the more power-hungry editors will come along and and say something along the lines of, "No evidence of these images being taken by the NHTSA, possible copyright violation."

* Did you upload all of the images available, or are some still not stored on the Commons?

Regards. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 08:47, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

:There are still more that I've downloaded to my computer but not yet uploaded. (Most of my uploading has been in chronological order, and I'm just partway through 2008. There are hundreds more, too -- nearly every car they've crash-tested in the last decade -- on the site that are too low-resolution or otherwise low-quality.
:I can put on the more exact links; I just have to find them again. They're buried deep in the site with a collection of technical reports. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 16:24, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

::Thanks for the links. I noticed many have rear three-quarter views as well, do you plan on uploading those? [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 11:12, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

:::I wasn't, no -- I'm spending too much time with this as it is. And there are others where the rear view is usable when I didn't upload the front because of where the sun is. Nearly every car tested since about 2001 has a 3/4 front and 3/4 rear view photo, in some form. (And again, I've got a bunch more ready that I haven't uploaded yet; just too much going on in the Real World.)
:::But if you're interested in getting a few, search for a car at [http://www.safercar.gov/Safety+Ratings safercar.gov], then on an [http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=5835 individual car's page] click on the "test#" link, then "photos," to get to the download page. (For 2010 and older cars, click "side crash" on the main page for the link to the second batch of photos; for 2011s, there are two sets of side-crash photos.)
:::I must warn you though, that site is a real mess. Sometimes the pre-crash photos are buried in the back of a listing, or in the middle; sometimes the thumbnails showing which photos are which are broken; very often the photo is at 640x480 size or smaller; and very often the car is at a poor angle or has terrible lighting. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 13:27, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

::::I've just finished [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?limit=500&user=OSX+II&title=Special%3AListFiles uploading a bunch by brand]. BMW, Chrysler (Dodge/Jeep) and Daimler (Mercedes-Benz/Smart) are now complete, as noted on the table to the right. I would be more than happy to continue the uploads ''by brand'' over several months, starting with the useable ''1990–2010'' images and then moving onto the decent ''2011'' images. I am going to continue uploading the images unedited, allowing those who want to use a particular image to do the editing themselves. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 03:58, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

:::::Sounds good. I'll upload the ones of those I've already cropped and color balanced as new versions. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 13:33, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
==[[:Honda Odyssey (North America)]]==
[[Image:Copyright-problem.svg|left|40px|alt=|link=]]
This is an automated message from [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]]. I have performed a web search with the contents of [[:Honda Odyssey (North America)]], and it appears to be a substantial copy of http://www.xin100.com/detail.php?id=70785.

It is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article. The article will be reviewed to determine if there are any copyright issues.

If substantial content is duplicated and it is not [[Wikipedia:Public domain|public domain]] or available under a compatible license, it will be deleted. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. You may use such publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright policy]] for further details. (If you own the copyright to the previously published content and wish to donate it, see [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials]] for the procedure.) [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]] ([[User talk:CorenSearchBot|talk]]) 19:04, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

== Honda Odyssey ==

Hi, I've been trying to disambiguate links to [[Honda Odyssey]], but I can't work out many of them. Could you help clear some of them out? [http://toolserver.org/~jason/ch/dablink_list.php?dabid=1009817 Here's a link to the current list] of articles still needing work. Thanks, --[[User:JaGa|JaGa]][[User_talk:JaGa|talk]] 06:55, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

== Meeting ==
Hi, this is Bull-Doser here. It was your 5th anniversary on July 15th. I've had my 5th anniversary in February. Can we meet 8am-10am @ DoubleTree Hotel on 1515 Rhode Island Ave., NW in Washington D.C. on August 1st?? Currently I am in [[Virginia Beach]] and I am coming to D.C. on that date. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 21:51, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

:Sorry, I'll be at work. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 00:26, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

::Where can I meet you tomorrow even though I'm headed to D.C.??? -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 21:07, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

:::Sorry to encroach into this conversation, but this page is still on my watchlist from an earlier discussion. Bull-Doser, I would of thought you would have taken the hint the first time—IFCAR probably doesn't want to meet up with you. I'm sorry to sound so blunt but it needs to be said—and I'm sure you've put IFCAR in an awkward position by asking. I don't believe IFCAR has anything against you, but most users prefer to keep their private lives separate from this project. So as a matter from courtesy, please accept IFCAR's original response and leave him be. Thank you, [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 23:38, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

== Something to do ==

Hi dude. I really like cars too, even though I can't drive. But when you upload car images, could you please take ones that don't have front plates at all? Thank you. Also, could you try editing other mainspace articles besides automobile? Thanks. [[User:Atum World|Dawn is my duck. And she will PWN you until you run away and jump in a hole! (Casey should have been said as guilty)]] ([[User talk:Atum World|talk]]) 14:17, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

== VW Transport T4 ==

IFCAR, I don't know if you still have those photos; but the silver T4 is not in Wikicommons. I think it would be a good addition to the white example, even if it's not on the Wikipedia page itself. Thanks.[[User:PVarjak|PVarjak]] ([[User talk:PVarjak|talk]]) 22:58, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Well, I go to the Transport T4 site and then the Wikicommons link. It's not there. It was at one time, I thought. Frankly, I liked the old layout, with the Caravelle, etc. too.[[User:PVarjak|PVarjak]] ([[User talk:PVarjak|talk]]) 06:24, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for responding. It's odd. Searching 'Volkswagen Eurovan' redirects to 'Volkswagen Transporter T4,' which is pretty accurate. However, most of the photos in that Wikicommons category you linked are not there in the Transporter Wikicommons and I even checked the more generic VW Transporter category, which covers all the series. Some photos of the Rialta camper ARE in that category though. I'm not technically savvy enough to do it; but could those photos be consolidated in the 'Volkswagen Transporter T4' category?[[User:PVarjak|PVarjak]] ([[User talk:PVarjak|talk]]) 22:12, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

== Repeatedly reverting Silverado images ==

Hey IFCAR,

Can I ask you politely why do you keep reverting my pictures of the Chevy Silverado (2005 LS and 2010 LT), that I have taken, with a good-resolution camera, with your own pictures of same vehicles, with practically same (or ever worse) resolution? Is there a reason, really, other than you somewhat wanting "the glory of the moment" for having taken and posted them? I'm sorry, but that's the only way how I see your behavior subject-wise. I'm okay with the 2005 LS pic (it was underexposed afterall), but seriously, the image of the 2007 Chevy Silverado LT Z71 reg-cab on the main Infobox of the Chevy Silverado article is at an absolute shitty angle. The pic is not even focused on the car and focuses it in the sky.

Unless you can prove to me that you have a patent from a Wiki administrator to take those pictures, specifically because you are THE guy, I find that what you did with half my pictures is unjustified. Therefore I demand that we discuss it politely, before I pitch myself and revert it back, possibly starting an edit war, as you will not submit lightly, would you? Please, let's regulate this.
Thanks, [[User:King Of Aviators|King Of Aviators]] ([[User talk:King Of Aviators|talk]]) 02:54, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

:Might I suggest you actually look at the pictures that IFCAR is placing on the article? The image in the main infobox is not his. The problem with your 2005 image is that the front of the truck is in shadows and is difficult to see. The 2010 image has a that problem as well (to a lesser degree) compounded by not being fully visible at that angle, but the truck also has the face of the front wheel turned away from the camera, which is generally considered to be undesirable from an aesthetic standpoint. Yes, the one that's in the lead now needs to be cropped. So does the one in the second-gen infobox, and in fact that one should be put in the lead instead, in my opinion. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] ([[User talk:Sable232|talk]]) 03:31, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

::In addition to the poor angle and poor visibility of the white truck's front end details, the colors are washed out, looking unnatural and obscuring the shape of the vehicle. The black truck the desired angle but the details are obscured, the truck is covered in reflections, and the cropping is uneven.

::Please read up on [[WP:CARPIX]] image standards and why the photos you've been uploading don't tend to meet them instead of insulting other users' photographs (they weren't mine) or accusing them of any motive but wanting to put in a better photo.

::You've never once explained why you think your photos should be in the article. And by [[WP:CARPIX]] standards, they should not. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 03:51, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

== RoyPack ==

You wouldn't happen to have any thoughts as to who [[User:RoyPack|RoyPack]]/[[User:Roypack|Roypack]] is a sockpuppet of? He openly admits on the first account that he's a sock of a user blocked for uploading copyright violations, and I seem to recall there was a prolific copyright violator on automotive images not too long ago but I haven't the faintest clue where to start looking. --[[User:Sable232|Sable232]] ([[User talk:Sable232|talk]]) 19:31, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

:None, sorry. The behavior of trying to re-add deleted photos is a new one. Don't know if you've seen [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RoyPack#The_meaning_of_.22own_work.22 this Commons exchange], by the way, or [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:T%C3%BArelio/Archive1#Ford_Expedition this one]. Does that remind you of anyone? [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 23:23, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

== WP Automobiles in the ''Signpost'' ==

"WikiProject Report" would like to focus on WikiProject Automobiles for a ''Signpost'' article. This is an excellent opportunity to draw attention to your efforts and attract new members to the project. Would you be willing to participate in an interview? If so, '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/WikiProject desk/Interviews|here are the questions for the interview]]'''. Just add your response below each question and feel free to skip any questions that you don't feel comfortable answering. Other editors will also have an opportunity to respond to the interview questions. If you know anyone else who would like to participate in the interview, please share this with them. Have a great day. -[[User:Mabeenot|Mabeenot]] ([[User talk:Mabeenot|talk]]) 04:05, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

== F100 picture ==

I have been tracking down information on my truck, and i came across this photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:73-75_Ford_F-100_XLT.jpg
It is the only truck i have ever found with the same color as mine, the color code is W, which i show no record or Ford ever making. Is this your vehicle, and if not, could you give me your source? my truck is a '76 150, 4x4 XLT Ranger, and has (from ford) brush guard and roll bar. Like i said, records have been hard to come by, so i think the truck in your picture may help me out. [[User:Glonthedark6|Glonthedark6]] ([[User talk:Glonthedark6|talk]]) 17:35, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

==First U.S. Nissan Leaf==
IFCAR, considering your ample experience with auto images, I would like to hear your opinion on [[Talk:Nissan Leaf#Image_first_US_Nissan_Leaf|this ongoing discussion]]. Thanks.--[[User:Mariordo|Mariordo]] ([[User talk:Mariordo|talk]]) 15:28, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

== Bull-Doser ==

Hi IFCAR,

Did you want to reiterate what I have posted on Bull-Doser's talk page [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bull-Doser&diff=455779443&oldid=455670443 here]? I am tired of reverting his changes constantly, and can see you are as well. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 01:56, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

==Barnstar==
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="top" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Civility Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[Image:Civility barnstar.png|100px]]}}

|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" | '''Civility Award'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Cheers!
|}
I take [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volvo_S80&diff=459743369&oldid=459662925 this edit] of yours as a validation for the choice of another picture, rather than your own - for most editors (myself not excluded) this is not always easy. I also cannot count the number of times I have refrained from uploading a picture of a car which has already been provided by you (always at a higher quality), which makes me truly appreciate your ability to extend the same courtesy to me in this very very rare case of my being able to supply the better shot. Best regards, [[User:Mr.choppers|''' ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃ ''']] ([[User Talk:Mr.choppers|talk]]) 09:26, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

:Thank you! I try to go out of my way to make changes based only on the quality of the photograph regardless of the photographer, though as you note it's sometimes easy to see one's own through rose-colored glasses. And I too take many more than I upload, and upload more than I put into an article.

:Keep up the good work toward improving the articles' photos, as I try to as well. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 14:21, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

==Washington Auto Show==
Hi IFCAR, I wonder if you could upload the car pictures from January 16-23 today? You haven't uplaoded last week. But for tomorrow, you won't upload because you'll attend the [[Washington Auto Show]] on that date. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 13:54, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
:Um, sorry, incorrect. The Washington Auto Show is January 27. -- [[User:Bull-Doser|Bull-Doser]] ([[User talk:Bull-Doser|talk]]) 13:56, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

==Nissan Quest and others==
Can you please explain to me why did you revert the current-gen pic of [[Nissan Quest]] to the previous one? Both are yours, both are good quality. To my understanding the infobox should feature current gen pic, unless unavailable. Please reply, thanks.[[Special:Contributions/96.23.238.219|96.23.238.219]] ([[User talk:96.23.238.219|talk]]) 17:51, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
==Lead image for electric car==
Hi IFCAR. Considering your experience with automobile photographs and the quality of your pictures, I would like to invite you to participate in the discussion that is taking place [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electric_car#Proposing_new_image_for_the_lead here] to change the lead image in the [[electric car]] article, and please feel free to propose your own alternative. Cheers.--[[User:Mariordo|Mariordo]] ([[User talk:Mariordo|talk]]) 20:34, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

== Lead Image Standards ==

Thanks for listing the standards applied to lead images. I have one question however. How come they aren't applied evenly? For example take a look at this: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_(Auto_classique_Laval_%2711).JPG]. [[User:Sadowski|Sadowski]] ([[User talk:Sadowski|talk]]) 20:13, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

:Very simply, because not all editors follow them. I would agree that the link you shared is an example of the guideline not being followed, and I'm sure others exist. Feel free to help correct them. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 01:23, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

==FJ Cruiser Image==
Hey I was wondering if you could take a picture of a voodoo blue FJ Cruiser sometime. I'm going to replace your lead image on the FJ article for now with a the Voodoo Blue image as that is the official color of the FJ. Like selecting a red dodge viper or a silver mercedes. '''[[User talk:Andman8|Garrett]]'''[[User talk:Andman8#top|TALK]] 16:11, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

The FJ Cruiser concept quietly debuted on the final day of the 2003 Chicago Auto Show in Voodoo Blue, a color that would become the Signature color for the production FJ Cruiser.[13]

It is specifically mentioned in the Edsall FJ Cruiser book and the article please revert your last edit. '''[[User talk:Andman8|Garrett]]'''[[User talk:Andman8#top|TALK]] 16:44, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

:All that reference says is it's someone else's opinion that blue is the "signature color." That's not justification for a poor-quality photo in the lead infobox. I can understand an argument against something obscure, but this isn't the case. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 18:46, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

==Mazda Familia==
Hello IFCAR - saw your changes to [[Mazda Familia]], and just wanted you to know that my edits were nothing more than an effort to find a middle-road acceptable to ChaCha15, who insists on giant galleries and other various sillinesses. I am very happy to have another set of eyes on this article, as ChaCha15 has not been exactly reasonable this far. [[User:Mr.choppers|''' ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃ ''']] ([[User Talk:Mr.choppers|talk]]) 06:20, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

== Is this acceptable for WP? ==

Hello! I've noticed that you are very big on taking pictures for WP. I am new here, and I'm wondering if this picture can be fairly used on wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Ford_Taurus_Sho.jpg thanks! [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) 22:28, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

:Now why did you revert the edits I made to the ford taurus? Was there something wrong with the photo? [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) 01:56, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

::The standard we use for infobox photos (see [[WP:CARPIX]]) is that we use the highest-quality photo. The photos you picked were very far from that by the quality standards laid out on that page. There is no reason for a particular version -- newest or any other -- to be in the infobox. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 02:11, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

:::ok then.... [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 00:22, 19 March 2012 (UTC). 

== Jaguar XJ6 in 2012 Iran ! ==

Hi. I am so happy that I found a Jaguar XJ6 in [[Shiraz]], Iran last winter and I was able to take a picture of it. Interestingly your photo in the lead of Series 3 is somewhat identical with mine and I had never seen yours before. I am Iranian and I want to tell you that these cars are mostly from pre-revolutionary era (Pahlavi period I mean). It is very interesting that from Fairfax in VA, US to Shiraz, Iran there are old-fashioned Jaguars to shine. I used my photo beside yours in the [[Jaguar XJ]] article. Thank You. -- [[کاربر:Goodman| GOODMANJOON ]][[بحث کاربر:Goodman| '''Discussion''']]‏ 12:51, 23 March 2012 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Goodmanjoon|Goodmanjoon]] ([[User talk:Goodmanjoon|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Goodmanjoon|contribs]])  

== Hiya IFCAR! ==

Hi. I appreciate your contributions, but here are a couple things.

*Why do you blur out license plates, as at times, the blurring looks kind of sloppy.
*Would you be okay if I decided to use car photos I found off of, let's say, Carmax.com and gave a source location? Thanks.

Oh, and I like the Buddhist culture. I learned about it this past week in Social Studies.
[[User:Atum World|Be peaceful. Be a Dalai Lama.]] ([[User talk:Atum World|talk]]) 02:44, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

:Per [[WP:CARPIX]] standards, we remove the license plates to protect owners' privacy. And no, you cannot use someone else's photo without their express written permission. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 12:43, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

::I understand the plates. However, where I live, the only front plates are UGA plates and stuff. But if I'm at cars.com and click on an image, how can I know if it's released in the public domain? This is because they have a Kia K9 photo there and I was wondering if I could use it, as well as other images, like concept cars and stuff from the current Auto Show, and then just say the source linking to the post. [[User:Atum World|Be peaceful. Be a Dalai Lama.]] ([[User talk:Atum World|talk]]) 14:57, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

:::If you don't know if a photo is in the public domain, assume that it is not and that you do not have permission to use it on Wikipedia. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 16:44, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

== Help with this photo? ==

Hey, I uploaded this file: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:This_is_a_2005_Toyota_Corolla_LE_with_a_4-speed_automatic_transmission,_with_a_black_exterior..png, except I messed up. I wanted the title to be: 2005_Toyota_Corolla_LE and I don't see the option to move the page, and don't know how to rename the file. I was wondering if you'd be willing to help me with this? [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) 22:00, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

:It used to be that you would upload the photo again with the name you wanted, and then put a tag called "badname" on the original. I think there's now a way to do a straight rename, but I don't know how to do it. Sorry I can't be of more help. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 22:12, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

::That's cool. I guess it really doesn't hurt to leave the title as is. Thanks. [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 23:46, 5 April 2012 (UTC). 

== Date within image syntax ==

Thanks. I responded on my page. [[User:Tony1|'''Tony''']] [[User talk:Tony1|(talk)]] 01:20, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

== Ford F-Series ==

[[Ford F-Series]] page is getting ''attacked''? by 2 IP Users. The edit was originally sourced from an internet forum.

'''This new line of truck features an innovative rack & pinion (EPAS) system which is showing signs of problems with customers. This Electronic Power Assisted Steering is an advanced system which increases efficiency and driver control; however, these benefits are outweighed by the fact that this system provides a ride that "pops and clunks" over small imperfections on driving surfaces.'''

The best/most I can do is edit war. Any suggestions? The page history is littered with our edit war. --[[User:Dana60Cummins|Dana60Cummins]] ([[User talk:Dana60Cummins|talk]]) 15:06, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

:Warn the user on his/her talk page and consider requesting page protection. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 16:14, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

== Should this photo be deleted? ==

I found this photo while reading the Altima article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:93_94_HUD_Windshield.JPG and can clearly make out the VIN. Isn't this violation of personal rights? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bookster451|contribs]]) 05:55, 5 July 2012 (UTC) 

:It couldn't hurt to digitally blur out the VIN, but you have no right to privacy of something that someone can see while your car is parked in a public place. Just like a license plate -- Wikipedia has a convention of removing the tag number but there's no legal issue about it. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 14:20, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

::Gotcha. Thanks. [[User:Bookster451|Bookster451]] ([[User talk:Bookster451|talk]]) 17:01, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

== "This one is taken" ==

I think you have a gross misunderstanding of the purpose of photos in Wikipedia articles, which is to say that they exist for the editor's benefit instead of for the articles. Your comment "calm down you're not the only one taking pics of cars out there. this one's taken" on the Ford Escape page reflects a sense of ownership that is completely uncalled for on Wikipedia.

Furthermore, if you were to look at the page's edit history, you'd see that I hadn't changed the photo. Both meet the quality standards, though yours is taken from higher up than ideal.

Between an unfounded accusation that I was involved in a change you didn't like and your sense that the purpose of an article is to showcase your work as a photographer, you need to calm yourself down and think about why Wikipedia exists. IFCAR (talk) 11:18, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

:Yeah, but don't you find it weird that every time someone takes a picture of a vehicle, yours always ends up being there? Sure, you take a lot of pictures, sure they're not terrible, but Jesus, changing it because of some "angle"? You know how much time it took me to get that fucking Escape? I was practically chased after. Well, then Mr. IFCAR comes in and saves the fucking day. You may not even know it, but you're the reason I suddenly don't want to add anything to Wikipedia, modify anything, and don't even care to bother because I know at the end my stuff will be gone. It's a pathetic waste of time. By the way, if you're pictureman, why don't you take a good one of the new Dodge Dart? I don't see them anywhere in Canada right now, maybe you pindos have some good examples, hm? Explorationofspace (talk) 22:13, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

::Since this page is still on my watchlist from an older discussion, I just wanted to apologise to IFCAR for having to take the insults from Explorationofspace for a change of image that I initiated at [[Ford Escape]]. Explorationofspace, please don't attack other users like that again—it was disrespectful and uncalled for. As per [[WP:CARS/Conventions]], "infobox pictures shall depict the front ¾ view from the height of an ordinary person". The white Ford Escape is taken from up high, not from an ordinary angle. Plus, IFCAR's image shows the front a little better and it has a less cluttered and more attractive background. These are my reasons for the change.

::We select images based on their compliance with the image quality guidelines at [[WP:CARS/Conventions]]. You being chased by an angry mob of overzealous salespeople assuming photographer = terrorist is not one of the criterion that needs a big green tick.

::As for the prominence of IFCAR's photos, to be honest, he is the primary photographer of modern cars for Wikipedia in North America. Therefore, it is inevitable that his pictures end up in so many articles. Mr.choppers tends to take more photos of older cars, and Bull-Doser from Canada seems incapable to taking a decent photograph under any condition. Hence, for American car articles you have 90 percent of images provided by one photographer. For models sold in other markets as well, IFCAR's images are still common but so are those of many other editors as well. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 09:58, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

:::It's nice to know that when I am out with my camera, I don't even have to peek at modern (=yeccch!) cars. Thanks IFCAR (and all others, of course). Bull-doser is a case of his own. [[User:Mr.choppers|''' Mr.choppers | ''']][[User talk:Mr.choppers|✎ ]] 18:00, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

== Honda Pilot main picture dispute. ==

I don't understand why you're so reluctant to keep this picture of the Honda Pilot out of date. The picture was '''not''' low quality, but was in fact 2,388 × 1,522 pixels.
Your special interest are getting in the way of keeping Wikipedia up-to-date. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.166.65.247|99.166.65.247]] ([[User talk:99.166.65.247|talk]]) 20:41, 10 August 2012 (UTC) 

:Please review the [[WP:CARPIX]] standards, which state quite clearly makes one photo better than another, and it's not a matter of photo dimensions. There is no legitimate reason for your personal preference for a photo of a newer model, as CARPIX explicitly states. Either way, it is never useful to have the same photo multiple times rather than a variety. This is not my personal decision or special interest -- it's yours. [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 02:14, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

THERE. I personally went to my local Honda dealer to take an acceptable picture. :) Have a nice day. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:JordanGauger|JordanGauger]] ([[User talk:JordanGauger|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/JordanGauger|contribs]]) 06:52, 12 August 2012 (UTC) 

== A cup of tea for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Meissen-teacup pinkrose01.jpg|120px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Your photo of 1st gen. Ford Escort changed my life. E-mail at thepuncher@live.com if want to chat. I am in Boston sister-in-law in DC. [[User:Jive472|Jive472]] ([[User talk:Jive472|talk]]) 16:44, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
|}

==Disambiguation link notification for September 28==

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==Electric car picture==
Hi IFCAR. In the past you participated in the discussion to select the picture that is used in the lead of the[[electric car]] article. This is to let you know that I opened a new discussion with more options [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electric_car#One_more_try here], just in case you want to participate. Since you are one of the editors specializing in auto photos, I will pretty much appreciate your comments. Cheers.--[[User:Mariordo|Mariordo]] ([[User talk:Mariordo|talk]]) 02:56, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

== lol :) ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Barnstar of Humour Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar of Humour3.png|100px]]}}

|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Good Humor'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For conclusively proving that [{{fullurl:Wikipedia_talk:Missing_Wikipedians|diff=577085015&oldid=576861000}} you exist], which struck me as humors (and the rest of the people in the house whom I woke up with my laughter as annoying) I hereby present you with this Barnstar of Good Humor. [[User:TomStar81|TomStar81]] ([[User talk:TomStar81|Talk]]) 08:26, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
|}

:Makes me happy to know you're alive. I have found myself uploading more pictures of modern cars than before, attempting to fill the gap you have left. I just don't find them interesting, so I often miss cars I probably ought to have snapped. Cheers, [[User:Mr.choppers|''' Mr.choppers | ''']][[User talk:Mr.choppers|✎ ]] 12:18, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

== Photo deletion request ==
I respectfully request to remove the photo GMC Suburban -- 12-14-2011.jpg (file) from the pages and archives. IFCAR does not have permission to use this photo by the owner [[Special:Contributions/71.178.173.106|71.178.173.106]] ([[User talk:71.178.173.106|talk]]) 03:40, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

:As per [[freedom of panorama]], IFCAR does not need your permission to take a picture from a public road that happens to include your car (despite him even blurring out the license plate). If you do not wish to have your vehicle photographed, you shouldn't be parking it within sight from public land. To my knowledge, IFCAR has not broken any US laws. [[User:OSX|OSX]] ([[User talk:OSX|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/OSX|contributions]]) 09:58, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

== IFCAR ==

Hey mate,

With the pictures that you have been taking pics of, how do you usually manage to always get your car pictures on the sites, should I take pictures of the cars in the carparks or should I take it when I am on the street. Please can you reply as soon as you can You don't have to but it would be appreciated if you can

Good work, buddy
Nim

[[User:EurovisionNim|Nim Bhharathhan]] ([[User talk:EurovisionNim|talk]]) 03:26, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

== Your account will be renamed ==

<div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called IFCAR. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name IFCAR~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]] Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation
</div> 00:26, 20 March 2015 (UTC)


==Hi Iffy==
I hope to see you again soon, whether as a photographer or just as an editor. Also, as per the above message, get cracking and protect your good name! Cheers, [[User:Mr.choppers|''' Mr.choppers | ''']][[User talk:Mr.choppers|✎ ]] 03:11, 3 April 2015 (UTC)
: The name seems to be taken care of indeed. Sadly, I've got so much going on, and I don't really have the time or energy to fight with people who insist on lousy images of the newest car anymore, or whatever other edit they're protective of. You're a better man than me -- keep the wiki strong! [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR#top|talk]]) 13:34, 3 April 2015 (UTC)

User talk:EurovisionNim

2014-10-30T01:47:35Z

IFCAR: /* Photos reply */ new section

{{busy|[[User:EurovisionNim|Nim Bhharathhan]] ([[User talk:EurovisionNim#top|talk]])}}
I would prefer an email for an immediate reply
==Welcome!==

Hello, EurovisionNim, and [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/EurovisionNim|your contributions]]. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of your edits to the page [[:Aeroflot Flight 593]] have not conformed to Wikipedia's '''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]]''', and may be removed if they have not yet been. Wikipedia articles should refer only to facts and interpretations that have been stated in print or on reputable websites or other forms of media. Always remember to provide a '''[[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]''' for quotations and for any material that is likely to be challenged, or it may be removed. Wikipedia also has a related policy against including [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]] in articles. As well, all new [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living people]] must contain at least one reliable source.

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== March 2014 ==
[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not add or change content, as you did to [[:Aeroflot Flight 593]], without [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifying]] it by citing a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]. Please review the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. '''[[User:Jetstreamer|Jetstreamer]]''' ''{{sup|[[User talk:Jetstreamer#top|Talk]]}}'' 00:16, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

==Talkback==
{{talkback|Talk:Aeroflot Flight 593|Latest edits made by EurovisionNim|ts=13:49, 29 March 2014 (UTC)}}
I strongly encourage you to comment on the matter. The modifications you have been doing to the page are considered as unsourced, not in compliance with [[WP:VERIFY]], which is a core content policy. '''[[User:Jetstreamer|Jetstreamer]]''' ''{{sup|[[User talk:Jetstreamer#top|Talk]]}}'' 13:49, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
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== Request for adminship ==

{{Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/EurovisionNim}} ----

:Hi: It won't transclude until you actually create it. You should look at the instructions again.

:However, with less than 1,000 edits, your RfA would probably be speedy closed anyway. Did you read the guidance pages linked there? I sincerely suggest that if you want to be an admin, you read them carefully and start gathering the experience and policy knowledge that RfA voters tend to want to see in a candidate, then think about it again when you have at least 5,000 edits (that appears to be the minimum voters require). [[User:Yngvadottir|Yngvadottir]] ([[User talk:Yngvadottir|talk]]) 12:10, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

:('''e/c''') Hi EurovisionNim. I noticed your edits to WP:RFA on my watchlist and I thought I'd save you some grief in advance. General expectations for an admin candidate are significant experience with Wikipedia in general, as well as significant experience with administrative tasks in particular, such as participation in [[WP:AFD|articles for deletion discussions]], well done [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol]], including accurate [[WP:CSD|speedy deletion tagging]] or other [[WP:XFD|deletion processes]], reporting vandalism, warning users, doing various maintenance tasks, helping with backlogs, etc. Most admin candidates have a minimum of 6,000 edits and at least a year of edits which include such experience. In short, you would have no chance ''at this time'' to pass an RfA. See [[Wikipedia:Not now]], [[Wikipedia:Guide to requests for adminship]] and [[Wikipedia:Advice for RfA candidates]]. Best regards--[[User:Fuhghettaboutit|Fuhghettaboutit]] ([[User talk:Fuhghettaboutit|talk]]) 12:13, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

== Possible copyright violation(s) ==
I have encountered possible copyright violation(s):

*Your addition to Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxicabs_of_Australia&diff=629251140&oldid=624384956]
*Source: [http://www.tcwa.com.au/servtaxiservvec.html]

Some or all of the content appears to be copy pasted. Please remember that you must write in your own words. We cannot copy and paste from other websites.

If I have made an error, please accept my apologies.

For further information, please read [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations]]. If you have questions, please ask. Best wishes, [[User:Anna Frodesiak|Anna Frodesiak]] ([[User talk:Anna Frodesiak|talk]]) 03:06, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

One more:

*Your addition to Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-_and_left-hand_traffic&diff=prev&oldid=607421831]
*Source: [http://www.howtodrivein.com/switzerland.php]

[[User:Anna Frodesiak|Anna Frodesiak]] ([[User talk:Anna Frodesiak|talk]]) 03:15, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Thankyou Anna, [[User:EurovisionNim|Nim Bhharathhan]] ([[User talk:EurovisionNim#top|talk]]) 08:27, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

==Block==
Your voluntary block is now in force for 3 months with no email permitted. You can sill edit your talk page, or edit with an IP. Why have you contested the block on commons when you want to be blocked here? [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:03, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

== Photos reply ==

Hi,

My apologies for the delay -- I've been inactive on here of late. In taking photos, the best ones will have an uncluttered background and an angle that shows a fair bit of the side of the car. Both of these can be done in parking lots but the better photos you'll find on this site tend to be cars parked on the street instead. It will all come down to the individual settings, angles, and lighting that you find.

Best of luck! [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR|talk]]) 01:47, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Height of Buildings Act of 1910

2013-11-12T05:04:00Z

IFCAR: /* Heights of Buildings Act of Height of Buildings Act? */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject United States|class=C|importance=Low|DC=Yes|DC-importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Urban studies and planning|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Law|class=C}}
}}

{{DYK talk|13 August|2008|entry=... that the '''[[Heights of Buildings Act of 1910]]''' restricts the height of buildings in [[Washington D.C.]] to 20 [[foot (length)|ft]] (6 [[metre|m]]) taller than the width of the street they face?|views=3218}}

== Heights of Buildings Act of Height of Buildings Act? ==

I'm seeing federal government sources using both titles, and this page's primary-source link is broken. Is it the Heights of Building Act or Height of Buildings Act? [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR|talk]]) 05:03, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Missing Wikipedians

2013-10-14T04:24:37Z

IFCAR: /* IFCAR */ I exist! I exist!

{{talkheader|WT:MW|search=yes}}
{{Oldmfdmulti
|page=Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians|date=9 June 2007|result='''keep'''
|page2=Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians (2nd nomination)|date2=30 June 2009|result2='''keep'''
|page3=Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians (3rd nomination)|date3=22 July 2012|result3='''keep'''}}

== Split ==

I suggest creating a [[Wikipedia:Retired Wikipedians]] page for those who have explicitly said good bye, and leave the unexpected disappearances to this page. [[User:Hbdragon88|hbdragon88]] ([[User talk:Hbdragon88|talk]]) 03:17, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

:I care not for the word "retired." Too many people are being driven away. That is not retirement. How about [[Wikipedia:Voluntarily Departed Wikipedians]] or perhaps [[Wikipedia:Disgruntled Ex-Wikipedians]]? [[Special:Contributions/63.3.19.1|63.3.19.1]] ([[User talk:63.3.19.1|talk]]) 21:36, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

::No. Retirement is the "official" term for decisive and purposeful exit of Wikipedia-duties. ''Disgruntled...'' and what-not just narrows it down into more possible categories that could end up going on forever. And even those who have said good bye are still no longer with us, and thus missing. It'll just cause more confusion I think. Best left as it is for now until the list expands to unmanagable size. Then we can consider a split. [[User:Lradrama|Lra]][[User talk:Lradrama|drama]] 22:10, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

:::[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&limit=500&target=Template%3ARetired&namespace=2 These editors] decided to retire. [[User:Kingturtle|Kingturtle]] ([[User talk:Kingturtle|talk]]) 06:37, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

:I agree with this. Retired people are not "missing". Missing implies that they've stopped editing and no-one knows their whereabouts. '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' ([[User talk:Lugnuts|talk]]) 07:08, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

::It makes sense.. I don't think a separate page is needed though.. maybe split sections? one titled "Missing" and below it "Retired". Also, "missing" doesn't necessarily have to imply unknown whereabouts.. it could simply mean "gone" from Wikipedia, as in "not present". -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:33, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

I strongly support creating a separate Retired wikipedians page, as reitired wikipedians are not truly missing-they intentionally stopped editing. Also, when Wikipedians retire, there is frequently an inciting event (e.g., a block, failed RfA, personal attack, deletion of a page) whereas with missing wikipediands they stopped editing for no reason what so ever. [[User:Immunize|Immunize ]] ([[User talk:Immunize|talk]]) 15:51, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
*A pity that this excellent suggestion, which seemed to have some momentum, stalled out. Including people who have given notice that they are "retiring" or otherwise leaving runs contrary to the everyday and common-sense meaning of "missing". In fact, including people who have posted "retire" templates on their accounts shouldn't be on any list - the category associated with the template should suffice. A page for "missing" participants should be limited to those whose "disappearance" is unexplained or remains uncertain in some way, or at least to those who haven't posted "retired" on their user page.[[User:Agent 86|Agent 86]] ([[User talk:Agent 86|talk]]) 10:37, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
*No. Agree that the retired are not missing, as in disappeared without explanation. However, the difference between Wikipedians who left with or without a parting statement is slim and often unimportant. This is really a page of "Missed Wikipedians". It is appropriate that they are all here, and a simple alphabetical ordering is best for browsing. People will come here browsing for old friends. Separating the list into explained and unexplained departures may have value in the study of Wikipedians and what drives them away, but do it elsewhere; it is not the purpose here. --[[User:SmokeyJoe|SmokeyJoe]] ([[User talk:SmokeyJoe|talk]]) 12:04, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
**In which case the title of the page is a terrible misnomer.[[User:Agent 86|Agent 86]] ([[User talk:Agent 86|talk]]) 10:29, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

== Kmweber ==
(this is he, returning just for one little nitpick) The last sentence at the end of my entry totally misrepresents the content and direction of the discussion to which it refers. Rather than fix it myself I'm sure everyone would agree that it would be much less contentious if some conscientious individual were to at least rewrite it so it's less vengeful and more accurate. I will not be responding any more to this topic; just wanted to get this out there. [[Special:Contributions/216.135.28.176|216.135.28.176]] ([[User talk:216.135.28.176|talk]]) 01:33, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

:Actually it's wholly accurate. You were on the brink of being banned and then you left so no formal action could be taken. Quite clever, in its own sneaky way. [[User:Scarian|Scarian]][[User_talk:Scarian|Call me Pat!]] 17:08, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

== Category ==

Can we change this into a category instead of a WP: page? It would be much more useful. '''[[User:MC10|Math]][[User talk:MC10|Cool]][[Special:Contributions/MathCool10|10]] [[User:MC10/GB|Sign here!]]''' 01:10, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

:That wouldn't allow the personal links, links to statements, etc. And it would be intrusive onto their user pages. --[[User talk:Gwern |Gwern]] [[Special:Contributions/Gwern | (contribs)]] 18:06 [[25 March]] [[2009]] (GMT)

== Interesting post from missing(?) Wikipedian [[User:Louis Kyu Won Ryu]]. Last edit: December 19, 2003 ==

From [[User talk:Louis Kyu Won Ryu]]:

<blockquote>I have contributed under other names and plan to continue to do so; I fear I do not wish to have the other accounts publicly known. Jimbo and a couple others are aware of the particulars. Most of my contributions to everyday, hum-drum, non-controversial topics are under one persona. I am Louis for more controversial edits and policy discussions. Periodically, I abandon a persona and create a new one.</blockquote>

<blockquote>I do this for a number of reasons, but chiefly because I believe that the Wikipedia edit history will remain public for decades and I want to erect some barriers to the convenient retrival of a full list of edits, to articles, talk pages, and all, by some investigator twenty years hence when I'm looking for a job. In contrast to on-line communities like The Well (where you "own your own words"), there is no provision on Wikipedia to delete one's own contributions. Even on UseNet, while more compete archives exist, most respect X-No-Archive, and dejanews/google groups allows you to retroactively remove content. And in the absence of a meatball:UseRealNames philosophy, I see no reason why I should in effect sign every post. Martin is aware of my real name, as are a few others who I trust; it is unique enough that Usenet and Web searches return a fair number of valid hits.</blockquote>

<blockquote>In any case, I ask for no more consideration than a casual anonymous user. I ask for no special status based on my past history, and would hope that no one would ascribe any. Actual experience bears this out, as Wikipedians rarely give greater credence to material written by longtime users. On the other hand, there is some development of cliqueish groups who are mutually supportive due to a similar viewpoint on issues of mutual concern. Each edit speaks for itself on Wikipedia, by and large, and that's probably OK.</blockquote>

<blockquote>As a rule, I don't edit the same page under more than one persona, at least not on purpose. For one thing, I might get in an edit war with myself :-). But seriously, that would raise issues of fairness. And, as a rule, I try to avoid voting on anything, under this persona or any other.</blockquote>

<blockquote>In any case, I'm here to write an encyclopedia, to foster community, create shared understanding, support the Meatball:RightToFork, support the free availability of the content in perpetuity, and be part of something that is unique enough that no one really knows how it will turn out.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Louis Kyu Won Ryu 02:02, 14 Oct 2003 (UTC)</blockquote>

Makes me question whether it's worth adding anyone at all to this list.
-- '''[[User:OlEnglish|OlEnglish]]''' ([[User talk:OlEnglish|Talk]]) 03:06, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

== Suggestion ==

Do you think maybe we should have a section somewhere on the wikipedia where people's views have been expressed as to why editors have left and maybe therefore we can improve this project to make sure that the number of editors rises instead of falls. Maybe im focusing on the negative, i know there are tons of people doing great stuff on here and they don't get recognised but i have just over the years come across many reasons and i think there should be one place where this can be documented so we can learn from one another. Messages like [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TravisTX&oldid=291481156 this], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Black_Kite&oldid=290706880 this] just to link a few. Cheers [[Special:Contributions/211.30.120.216|211.30.120.216]] ([[User talk:211.30.120.216|talk]]) 11:53, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

== Timing of listing ==

This page, from [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=prev&oldid=34645737 January 2006] until [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=next&oldid=309176124 today], instructed editors to "wait about a month" before listing another editor as missing. Prior to January 2006, the instructions were to "wait at least several weeks", instructions that were not unlike the previous ones.

Any consensus for a change to "at least 3 months" (which I have reverted per [[WP:BRD]])?

[[User talk:Bongomatic|Bongo]][[Special:Contributions/Bongomatic|matic]] 03:35, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

*'''3 months'''. Many Wikipedians go on long breaks up to a month or more and then return to editing as if they've never left. It's better to be safe and tighten up the criteria for listing to increase accuracy, lest we get irate editors complaining about assumptions that they're missing when in fact they've just decided to take a vacation, or who knows what. Fact is we have no idea what these editors are up to, we shouldn't be adding them without a considerably longer period of time elapsed. My proposal of at least 3 months seems reasonable to me. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 03:42, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. I don't have a strong view about the cutoff (and have no view on one month versus three other than to suggest it should be discussed first), but in the meantime, the existing guideline of one month has been around for long enough for editors to be neither surprised nor offended to be listed after one month. Obviously, other indicia of being "missing" as opposed to being on break (major disputes before last edit, etc.) are important factors to consider when listing an editor here. [[User talk:Bongomatic|Bongo]][[Special:Contributions/Bongomatic|matic]] 03:50, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
*:I know I would be surprised, but also flattered, to see my name appear on "we miss you!" list after only a month of being away, especially if I was only on vacation somewhere where there's no available internet access nearby. But regarding listing MGM, if you happened to notice a major dispute he was in before his last edit then I agree that's valid enough reason to believe he might have purposely stopped editing. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:10, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Haha . . . I meant the opposite. I find it much more puzzling if someone leaves without explicit or implicit announcement (resignations or imputed resignations are no puzzle at all). I see no evidence in MGM's history to indicate any reason to stop participating. [[User talk:Bongomatic|Bongo]][[Special:Contributions/Bongomatic|matic]] 04:32, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
*'''3 months''' seems like a ''minimum'' to me. Lots of folks go away (that is, to real life) for six or eight weeks without giving it a thought. Heck, I wouldn't mind this being made four or six months. [[User:Unschool|'''Un''']][[User talk:Unschool|'''sch''']][[Special:Contributions/Unschool|'''ool''']] 05:37, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

OK so I'm gonna go ahead and change it to 3 months minimum, unless Bongo do you want to start an RFC for wider community input? I can agree to leave MGM in the list as an exception. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 17:53, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
:Seems like there's agreement from those who care enough to watch this page. [[User talk:Bongomatic|Bongo]][[Special:Contributions/Bongomatic|matic]] 22:17, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

:3 months seems fine to me too. --[[User talk:Gwern |Gwern]] [[Special:Contributions/Gwern | (contribs)]] 14:20 [[14 September]] [[2009]] (GMT)
::3 months would be about the maximum I'd go. By that point most would be forgotten so would, ironically, not end up here. [[User:Wizardman|'''''Wizardman''''']] 04:57, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
3 months seems a bit to long to me. My assumption would be that most, but not all very involved editors would not abandon editing for 1-2 months without notice. I would say 1 month seems like a more reasonable guidline, unless, of course, they leave a goodbye message or retirement template, in which case I think the editor should be added to the list after 2 weeks of inactivity. Regards. [[User:Immunize|Immunize]] ([[User talk:Immunize|talk]]) 19:33, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

:2 weeks is far too small. There are vacations which are longer than that, especially in conjunction with finals or projects. --[[User talk:Gwern |Gwern]] [[Special:Contributions/Gwern | (contribs)]] 01:42 14 February 2010 (GMT)

Actually, I feel that it depends on the actual contributor. Some contributors (including myself) are on almost every day, thus a 2 week break would be highly unusual. Other editors are less reliable-they come for a week-they go for a week. I feel that you should wait at least 1 month if an editor is in the latter group, but that they may be put into the list ''if'' they are in the former group and disappear for 2-3 weeks. Regards. [[User:Immunize|Immunize ]] ([[User talk:Immunize|talk]]) 15:56, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

== Possible new ones to list? ==

A couple decently established editors who haven't edited in at least a month include the following whom I just requested a status update from: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Pixelface&diff=prev&oldid=315222487] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thanos6&diff=prev&oldid=315222919]. Both were assets to our project and I am concerned what happened, i.e. no dramatic departure, they just stopped. A couple others who stopped editing unannounced include [[User:Randomran]] and [[User:Sephiroth BCR]]. Anyway, at least a few editors with whom I had many interactions and who were not like on the verge of being banned, so, just a bit concerned. Sincerely, --[[User:A Nobody|A Nobody]]''[[User talk:A Nobody|My talk]]'' 03:02, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

== Should we list those who invoke [[Wikipedia:Right to vanish]]? ==

I don't think we should be listing any users who have requested [[meta:Right to vanish]]. I'm assuming they would not want to be listed. Thoughts? Anyone agree/disagree? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:42, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

:None of them have ever objected AFAIK, and their names still appear in edit histories, as well as in the project's collective memory. Badlydrawnjeff may have invoked his, but an ArbCom case (a key one, at that) still has his name, after all. If the ArbCom isn't going to change the name of the case, we should have no problems listing "vanished" users here. [[User:Daniel Case|Daniel Case]] ([[User talk:Daniel Case|talk]]) 03:59, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

::Good point. Plus if they don't want to be listed they can just remove their name. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 03:37, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

== {{User|Extraordinary Machine}} ==

{{User|Extraordinary Machine}}, who had not edited since August 13, 2009, made a number of edits on January 30,2010, so I removed him from the list of missing wikipedians. [[User:Immunize|Immunize]] ([[User talk:Immunize|talk]]) 00:12, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
* I have re-instated Extraordinary Machine - Last edit 6 May 2013. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 15:18, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

== {{User|Emmanuelm}} has not edited since December 20,2009 ==

I intend to add {{User|Emmanuelm}} to the list of missing wikipedians,as he has made no contributions since December 20.He left no indications of a wikibreak prior to his departure. [[User:Immunize|Immunize]] ([[User talk:Immunize|talk]]) 16:00, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

== Thinking about being missing... ==

I get a little pissed off from time to time and sometimes I think about tossing in the towel and leaving. Can I get a listing on this page... or do I have to wait until I'm so pissed off that I really do leave for good? [[User:Jbarta|JBarta]] ([[User talk:Jbarta|talk]]) 18:13, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
:The latter. Now don't let the door hit you on the way out! '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' ([[User talk:Lugnuts|talk]]) 18:22, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
::I might have worded that differently, since Jbarta may be in a place to interpret that comment as uncivil. How about: one can't add oneself to this page since you wouldn't yet have become missing. However, you might consider a [[WP:wikibreak]] to clear your head, There are oodles of reasons to get angry while working on this project but it's probably healthier to leave any negative feelings behind if you choose to go.--[[User:Otherlleft|otherl]][[User talk:Otherlleft|left]] 18:37, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
:::Actually that was just a joke. Geez, it's a tough crowd around here. [[User:Jbarta|JBarta]] ([[User talk:Jbarta|talk]]) 18:53, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

== Reasons for leaving ==

Among those users that retired or left rather than just 'disappeared', many of them leave statements and good-bye letters on their user pages stating why they chose to leave. If someone could sort through and arrange all these various reasons this would provide useful insight on what we're doing wrong, what we could do better, and could make for a good report for the [[Strategy:Task force/Community Health|Community Health Task Force]] at the Strategy Wiki site, or at least some interesting statistical information to display on a subpage here. Thoughts? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 08:41, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
:I'll see if I can get something together. [[User:Useight|Useight]] ([[User talk:Useight|talk]]) 17:17, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
:I've got something started at [[User:Useight/Sandbox 2]]. [[User:Useight|Useight]] ([[User talk:Useight|talk]]) 19:12, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
:: Really interesting! Thanks to [[User:OlEnglish]] for pointing me to this. I'd love to see more analysis like what's started... it's not something I can personally help with right now, but I think it's fascinating. [[User:Philippe (WMF)|Philippe Beaudette, Facilitator, Strategy Project]] ([[User talk:Philippe (WMF)|talk]]) 21:29, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
:Thanks Useight! that's a great start. I should be free sometime this week so i'll make some time to add on to it. And I'm glad you find this interesting Philippe. This is exactly the kind of data the community health task force needs. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:47, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Some relevant links:
*[[strategy:Editor Trends Study#Previous Researches]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia Reform/Attrition/Study/Reasons for leaving]]

Another good resource to discover reasons why certain Wikipedians leave is the history of the [[Wikipedia:Stress alerts]] page. For instance, have a look at this particular revision: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Stress_alerts&diff=prev&oldid=39921310] where a number of Wikipedians explain their issues. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 12:24, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

== HighinBC ==

HighinBC mostly made edits favourable to cannabis, which led to threats against
his family. Cannabis causes much crime and the like. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.177.55.93|86.177.55.93]] ([[User talk:86.177.55.93|talk]]) 11:50, 12 March 2010 (UTC) 

:Actually, my understanding was that he, as an admin, deleted the Gay Nigger Association of America article after one of its AfDs (not the last one) came out in favor. This so enraged the hackers behind it that they found out personal info on him, which was what led to threats on his family and his ultimate departure. [[User:Daniel Case|Daniel Case]] ([[User talk:Daniel Case|talk]]) 06:01, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

== Admin bullet? ==

Is there any particular logic to when this should be used? It seems decently consistent for those who still have the admin bit, but much more random for former admins. 「[[User:Dinoguy1000|ダイノガイ]][[Special:Contributions/Dinoguy1000|千？！]]」[[Help:IJP|?]] · [[User talk:Dinoguy1000#top|Talk⇒Dinoguy1000]] 05:24, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

:I think the mop icon should be used for all former admins as well. Given the fact that they're missing and no longer editing it really makes no difference if they had their bit removed, so if they were an admin for an extended period at some point in their wiki 'career' they should still be marked as such. It can be noted in their description if and why their bit was removed. Also, the {{tl|Admin}} template should be used for all former admins because it still lets us view their admin actions from when they were an admin. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:17, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

== Accessibility problem with the use of the admin bullet ==

The use of the admin bullet causes an accessibility problem for me as a [[screen reader]] user since it doesn't contain a "*" to signify the start of a list item. I would like to be able to move through the list by pressing "i" to get to the next list item, but I can't do that reliably because of the mop icon. The best way of illustrating this problem is with an example. In the "c" section I hear: "list of 2 items, Camptown, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, list end; mop icon: CanadianCaesar; list of 7 items, Cantthinkofagoodname ..." and so on. Ideally I'd like to have all the names in each section as one long HTML list. How can this problem be resolved? '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 03:48, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
:Yes, the {{tl|mop}} produces a floated div and without a "*", it closes the unordered list. The rest of the line is a paragraph in its own right, and then a new list starts with the next entry. I guess somebody thought that mimicking a bullet point with an icon would be the same for everybody – as we know, it isn't. I'd suggest simply adding a "*" before the <nowiki>{{mop}}</nowiki>, but we'd also need to reduce the size of the mop icon slightly as it's too tall and would then indent the following line. --[[User:RexxS|RexxS]] ([[User talk:RexxS|talk]]) 04:43, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

::I implemented the mop icon just as a way of visually enhancing the list and having former admins stand out more. I wasn't even thinking about accessibility, it just didn't occur to me at the time. Now that I'm aware that this issue exists, I fully support any proposal to fix this problem. Please feel free to take whatever steps you deem necessary to make the list accessible to screen readers. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 12:44, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
:::Thanks. I think that the mop icon is a good idea, but I hope it can be made more accessible. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 13:42, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

:[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&oldid=427664619 This version] seems to keep the lists together, without affecting the position of the next entry after each mop icon. The indents within entries are sometimes inconsistent, but they don't line up correctly even when the mop is used without the bullet point. [[User:Peter E. James|Peter E. James]] ([[User talk:Peter E. James|talk]]) 23:17, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

::Thanks, that version sounds good to me. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 00:55, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

re: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=427664619&oldid=427593052] .. Actually, the {{tl|mop}} icon was intended to function as a stylized bullet itself, but oh well, I guess this'll work too. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:31, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

==Hanging indent style==
Because some entries are 3 lines or more I think it would look neater and read more clearly if this list could be formatted with the [[hanging indent]] style; similar to how [[WP:Wikipedians with articles]] does it. Anyone know if this could be done in conjunction with the {{tlf|mop}} icon and also without causing any accessibility headaches? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 17:27, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

<s>Or we could just drop the mop icon altogether,</s> (Just found out that the mop icon CAN work with the handing indent style!) in which case here is an example of how the list would look like with hanging indent: [[User:OlEnglish/test]]. What do guys think? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 17:33, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

::Sounds OK to me, except the mop icon still breaks up the definition list because it occurs before the list markup, so it comes out as "definition list of 5 items, admin mop, defenition list of 2 items ..." and so on. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 02:58, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

:::Hmm, so I guess there's no way around this particular problem? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 16:20, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

::::Not that I know of, unfortunately. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 05:13, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
:::::Would it solve the problem to put the mop icon ''after'' the name?--'''~[[User:True Pagan Warrior|T]][[User talk:True Pagan Warrior|P]][[Special:Contributions/True Pagan Warrior|W]]''' 15:20, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
::::::Yes, it would. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 02:03, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

==Depressing==
I just looked over this list and it's depressing to see how many of my wiki-friends circa 2003/2004 are on here. [[User:Raul654|Raul654]] ([[User talk:Raul654|talk]]) 09:53, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
:Yeah, I haven't been on that long and I can still remember ''many'' of these people. You can easily feel like "[[The Wanderer (poem)|The Wanderer]]" reading it, and maybe we should use that once-popular yearbook quote from Genesis's "[[Wind & Wuthering|Afterglow]]" ("''The ways and holes that used to give me shelter / Are all as one to me now. / But I, I would search everywhere / Just to hear your call. / And walk upon stranger roads than this one / In a world I used to know before / I miss you more.''") as an epigraph. However, I also balance it with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young: "''[[Suite: Judy Blue Eyes|Don't let the past remind us of what we are not now]]'' ..." [[User:Daniel Case|Daniel Case]] ([[User talk:Daniel Case|talk]]) 14:08, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
::Same, all those people I'd talk to in the chatroom when Wikipedia had less than 250,000 articles. I don't see how anyone can stop editing completely...my edit count has been way down these last three years but I still fix a page when I see one. Maybe they just don't bother logging in anymore? [[User:BillyH|Billy]][[User talk:BillyH|H]] 17:45, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

==Edit(s) request==
Change the "[[Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians##|#]]" header to a level 2 header, titled "0-9" (to fit the coding, because <nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians##]]</nowiki> doesn't work with coding when typed). Also, "'''Index'''" box at the top should include "<nowiki> [[##|#]] </nowiki>". Change 
:<nowiki> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;" border="0" align="center" </nowiki> <nowiki> | '''Index'''
[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] </nowiki> <nowiki> |} </nowiki> 
::which shows as 
:{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;" border="0" align="center"
| '''Index'''
[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|} 
::to 
:<nowiki> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;" border="0" align="center" </nowiki> <nowiki> | '''Index'''
[[##|#]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] </nowiki> <nowiki> |} </nowiki> 
::which shows as 
:{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;" border="0" align="center"
| '''Index'''
[[##|#]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|} 
to include "[[##|#]]" before the "[[#A|A]]". Also, change the "[[Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians#Missing Wikipedians|Missing Wikipedians]]" header to a level 1 header, to fit the below alphabetical headers. [[Special:Contributions/71.146.20.62|71.146.20.62]] ([[User talk:71.146.20.62|talk]]) 00:21, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

:{{EP|pd}} I've updated the index and I do see the problem with linking to the # section, it doesn't work. I'm not sure if 0-9 works though, it doesn't accomodate all the usernames under the current section. Can you think of an alternative? [[User:Steven Zhang|Steven Zhang]] [[User talk:Steven Zhang|The clock is ticking....]] 00:42, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
::How about one section titled "special characters" and another titled "0–9"? '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 01:51, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

== Missing Wikipedians with a small number of edits ==

Just wondering if anyone cares to try and assess statistics of Wikipedians who made a very small, but important contribution to Wikipedia, such as this one for example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rtseosupermario [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 18:56, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
: or this one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Liam_Braithwaite [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 17:58, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

I have just moved the entry [[user:Giovanni Camporeale]] to have it properly sorted. Afterwards I noticed that this editor has less than the required number of edits to be included in the list - yet this entry has been around for a while (btw how can I find out when this entry was created?). X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 13:46, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
:Using [[Wikipedia:WikiBlame|WikiBlame]], I discovered that this user was added to the Missing Wikipedians page in [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=prev&oldid=358043313 this edit in April 2010]. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 14:23, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

I know the edit threshold is meant to keep people from adding others willy-nilly, but I think we could make some exceptions for those who were quite active and made huge, even if few, contributions in their areas of interest. I just came back from seeing a guy's page with a barnstar on it for working hard to promote [[Christina Aguilera]]'s articles to GA, and he's only made 942 edits ATM. ''If he were to leave right now'', I'd say he could be put here because apparently he's had a huge impact on Wikipedia, even if he wasn't the only one responsible for those GAs. '''[[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|LazyBastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 04:52, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
:: Yes, I often come across editors who obviously put a lot of effort into Wikipedia even though, technically, they cannot be classified as a Missing Wikipedian. A good example is Fortibus [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Editor_Retention/Archive_3#SPAs_-_should_we_work_on_retaining_them.3F|(see earlier discussion)]] who was the main contributor to [[Malala Yousafzai]]. This article was featured on the main page on October 11, 2013 and has garnered well over [http://stats.grok.se/en/201210/Malala_Yousafzai a million views] on Wikipedia since it was created in December 2011. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 20:38, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

== Esperanza and Eequor ==

I have come across a few mentions of [[Esperanza]], but don't know what it was. I see on the [[Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians|article page]] the mention that
Eequor (Last edit February 16, 2006) left a note at Esperanza that said "I don't expect to come back again."

I would like to read this discussion but don't know how to find it. Is there a way, or is it one of those topics that only admins can see? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 15:08, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

:[[Wikipedia:Esperanza|Esperanza]] was an organisation that began in August 2005 to support Wikipedians in need and increase the sense of community on the site. It had several major, major problems, so was disbanded in January 2007 (see the links from the main Esperanza page). Eequor made her [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Stress_alerts&diff=prev&oldid=39921310 last edit] to [[Wikipedia:Stress alerts|Stress alerts]], which used to be part of Esperanza. Btw, her [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Eequor (2nd)|second RFA]] is a fascinating read. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 03:06, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

::Thanks Graham for this information. Seems to me that :[[Wikipedia:Esperanza]] had similar objectives to the newly formed [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention]], but I may be wrong. In any event I hope the new project fares better than the predecessor :-) [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 01:21, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

:Esperanza - which means "hope" was taken down by people who believed that it was too powerful, had a hierarchy, contrary to the flat structure of Wikipedia and was hence dangerous. Some parts survived, others were deleted with prejudice. While I was not paying attention at the time, it seemed a terrific shame. Since then (and probably before) the process of destroying rather than salvaging and improving has continued to be a common reaction to things not appreciated or understood. ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'', 23:50, 16 December 2012 (UTC). 

== Fastily ==

Apparently Fastily stated that he/she is quitting English Wikipedia, not Wikipedia at all. He/she is still active in [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?limit=50&tagfilter=&title=Special%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=Fastily&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=&month=-1 Commons] and [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?limit=50&tagfilter=&title=Special%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=Fastily&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=&month=-1 Meta]. [[User:SpartacksCompatriot|Spartacks]][[User_talk:SpartacksCompatriot|Compatriot]] 11:09, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

:They're not part of Wikipedia, though. IMO we should keep details like that to a minimum, to reduce the number of statements that could potentially go out of date. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 09:13, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

:: Actually, I wonder if it is a good idea to standardize the information that we keep on this page. Would it encourage more wikipedians to contribute here if we had a template to fill out? Do we want more participants?... [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:37, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

::: It might encourage some users who like templtes, but it would also dissuade users who aren't comfortable with templates – many experienced editors would fall into the latter category. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 05:51, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

== One's own version of Missing Wikipedians ==

I happened to visit another wikipedian's user page and [[User:Smallman12q#Missing_Wikipedians|found this]]. I wonder if others also keep track of their own MW's? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:27, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

== Cannot get count ==

I have been gtetting a lot of error messages recently when I try to see someone's count. This should be a problem for anyone browsing/contibuting to this wiki-page? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:34, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

:No problems with the count link here, that would be an issue with the toolserver. Although I have been experiencing a different problem: unusually long load times for this page. Once it's cached it's fine, and I realize it could just be because of the overall length and large amount of template transclusions. But is anyone else finding it's taking an excessively long time for the page to load? Is there a way to fix this problem? -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 19:51, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
:* Don't know how to fix it, but yes, I am also having trouble loading this page, and, in general my editing access to Wikipedia has been really slow the last couple of days culminating today with an old familiar ERROR message:
::::'''Wikimedia FoundationError'''
::::'''Our servers are currently experiencing a technical problem. This is probably temporary and should be fixed soon. Please try again in a few minutes'''
::::x[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:34, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

== TOC position ==

See [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=553715354&oldid=553672695 my edit summary here], regarding [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=553649151&oldid=553648270 this edit]. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 02:09, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

== Can blocked editors be listed as missing? ==

This is the second time that I added a blocked editor to the list. The first time my edit was removed by someone who had first hand recollections of frustrations involved with the particular editor, so it appears that the editor was not really missed.

The editor I inserted recently seems to have a number of talk-page supporters, so I thought it would be interesting to see if anyone here objects to this entry and to see the reasoning. After all there are thousands (I think) of blocked editors, so I assume some are missed? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 15:08, 18 May 2013 (UTC)
:I guess there are two ways we can read "missing". My first assumption was that it should be read as a "missing person", in which case blocked editors aren't missing. In the second sense, that of being missed, Penylup is still regularly engaging other editors through his talk page, and contributing images that he generates for use on WP. They are uploaded to Commons, but discussed here. So while I guess some may miss his presence in mainspace, his ongoing engagement through his user talk seems to question listing him here. - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 02:18, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

:* Thanks for responding, Bilby. As far as a "missing person", "Retired" editors are also not "missing", yet we routinely add them to the list. As far as your second point, I don't believe that allowing [[user: Penyulap]] access to his/her talk page is substitute for editing.
:: Since no one else has joined this discussion, I have gone ahead and reverted your correction. I hope you don't feel too strongly about it. I do believe blocking certain contributors has detrimental effects on the community. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 01:28, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
:::I don't feel ''that'' strongly about it, but I think it is important to understand what is meant by "missing". We do need figure out if this is a list of people who are "missed" on Wikipedia, or people who have stopped editing, and what the rules are in each case.
:::In regard to stopping editing, Penylup has not stopped - he has been blocked as a result of a community discussion, but has continued to be active on his talk page. To the extent that he was specifically returned access to it so he could continue to engage in discussions about WP. So the questions are a) whether or not this list should include people who are still actively contributing through their talk pages, even if they don't or can't edit mainspace, and b) if we should count blocked and banned editors as missing.
:::In regard to being missed, the problem there is that many editors are missed by someone when they stop. But that's inherently subjective - while I understand that there are editors who clearly want Penylup back, I assume that as he was blocked as a result of a community discussion for disruption, there are also a number of editors who feel the opposite. So do we use a subjective criteria for this list, given that there will be very diverse opinions? - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 03:58, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
:::Just to clarify one element of the rules, apparently we shouldn't list editors if they continue to edit. So I guess in that sense Penylup isn't missing, as he hasn't ceased editing. - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 04:36, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
:::: Regarding "We do need figure out if this is a list of people who are "missed" on Wikipedia, or people who have stopped editing, and what the rules are in each case."
:::: I understood it both ways, that is, we only list editors here which have stopped editing *and* are being respectfully remembered for their work at least by the person who adds them to the list. Editors, who are at least partially active (f.e. on talk pages), are not missing, and personally I would not count indefinitely blocked editors as being missing as well - perhaps with very few exceptions: Someone, who has asked to become blocked himself (does this case exists?), or someone, who has successfully contributed without problems for years, and then has a sudden mental breakdown (f.e. as part of a serious illness such as a brain tumor) leading to behaviour which makes it impossible for the community not to indef block the user. Such a user may act unpredictably unconstructive and have to be blocked indefinitely but still is not really ''guilty'' for the actions, so that his/her previous contributations are not invalidated by the new behaviour, which leads to the block.
:::: I see this list as a way to honor previous good editors which have left the project due to changes in life, changes in their scope of interest, out of frustration with some WP issues or because they died. A last way to say "Thank you" for us, and if they left for some WP issues also a remainder for things we should try to avoid and improve in order to make this a more friendly and satisfactory place for valuable contributors to stay.
:::: --[[User:Matthiaspaul|Matthiaspaul]] ([[User talk:Matthiaspaul|talk]]) 10:00, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
:::* '''Question''': There is mention of a community discussion that takes place when someone is indefinitely blocked, but in my experience this is not always the case. Was there such a discussion in [[user: Penyulap]]'s case? - If so where can I find it? Thanks in advance. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 03:18, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
:::::That took place over at ANI: [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive762#User:Penyulap]] - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 03:25, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
:::::* Thanks so much for providing this information, [[User:Bilby]]. It was interesting to read [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Penyulap]]. How did you find [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive762#User:Penyulap]] - is there a standardized link to follow when one sees a blocked editor? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 15:10, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
:::::::No, although sometimes a link is provided in the block log as mart of the summary. In this case I just recalled the discussion was on ANI. - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 14:01, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

===Mentioning blocked users on Missing Wikipedians===
I have just had another addition of a [[wp:block]]ed user reverted. This one was not a [[wp:Sock Puppet]] but was [[wp:indefntiely block]]ed after making more than fifty thousand edits on Wikipedia. I had come across this editor myself a few times, and he seemed to be a serious contributor. I was shocked when I found out he was blocked indefinitely. There is no block notices on his user or talk pages and no explanation/reason for the block.

Is there a way to tell which blocked editors are acceptable to include in this list and which ones are not? Thanks in advance, X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 16:15, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

:And yet another one you added was just removed [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AMissing_Wikipedians&diff=561837505&oldid=561835349]. (This user was indefinitely blocked by the Arbitration Committee, but then again, so are many other users who ''are'' listed on the page.) I can only conclude that either the criteria for this list are not sufficiently explained on the page, or else they are not being applied consistently. —[[User:Psychonaut|Psychonaut]] ([[User talk:Psychonaut|talk]]) 16:52, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
::[[User:Meco]] was not blocked by ArbCom or on behalf of ArbCom, although only ArbCom can hear appeals from that user. As for the general issue of listing blocked users, it seems to be that dormant or retired users may return, but indef blocked users are not likely to return (using the same username, at least). I'm not entirely sure what purpose this list serves, but I would be wary of including indef blocked users, especially those with blocks that can only be removed by ArbCom. [[User:Delicious carbuncle|Delicious carbuncle]] ([[User talk:Delicious carbuncle|talk]]) 17:05, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
:::In cases where people were given fixed term blocks and then chose to stop editing, even if the block was in place when they left, I don't see a problem with including them here. But where the block is indefinite, or where it is a ban, then they are not missing from the community so much as no longer permitted to be a part of the community. They haven't left, as such, but have been prevented from staying. Meco's case is more serious than most: no admin can lift the block without the permission of ArbCom, and ArbCom are extremely unlikely to permit the block to be lifted, so it is best viewed as a de facto ban. - [[User:Bilby|Bilby]] ([[User talk:Bilby|talk]]) 23:20, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
::::What Bilby said. [[User:Jclemens|Jclemens]] ([[User talk:Jclemens|talk]]) 02:37, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
::::: Indef blocked users are literally 'missing' as other users have 'missed' them. Many indef blocks are subsequently lifted, and it is not possible to determine whether or not any given indef blocked user will subsequently be unblocked or not. Therefore since these users are perceived as missing, they should be included on the list of missing wikipedians. [[User:Thom2002|Thom2002]] ([[User talk:Thom2002|talk]]) 14:10, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

::::::No, they aren't "missing", any more than a child is "missing" from recess when they've been put in time-out. They are people who are either unwilling or unable to play nice with others, thus earning a boot, they don't get to be listed here.

::::::But anyways, as I read through this list I'm struck by how dippy and pointless this is, honestly. These people left of their own volition, either via frustration with the project, lack of interest, or found better uses for their time and energy. I'd wager that if some of these people...esp the ones gone ~2004 or earlier, knew that a website they used to contribute to maintains a weird face-on-the-milk-carton eulogy of their departure, the reaction would range from slight bemusement to eyerolls to "now I remember why I left in the first place" sentiments. [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 16:23, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::You appear to be confusing a block with some form of punishment, which according to WP:BLOCK, it explicitly isn't. [[User:Thom2002|Thom2002]] ([[User talk:Thom2002|talk]]) 16:54, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
::::::::We all know the difference between the company line and the de facto reality, though, of course blocks are punishment. Vandalize too many pages? Block. Curse out the wrong user at the wrong time? Block. Dragged before Arbcom, who decides you're a problem that should be removed? Blocked. [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 17:27, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::I'm not sure that your punishment-based reality is quite the same as mine... [[User:Thom2002|Thom2002]] ([[User talk:Thom2002|talk]]) 18:50, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::: Comment: I happened to see another discussion that mentions blocking as punishment, and thought I would [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)#G5._Creations_by_banned_or_blocked_users.|share it]] with those interested. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 01:58, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
::::::Thom2002, I interpret "missing" to mean that we do not know where they are. You seem to be treating this as "missed", not missing, Wikipedians. In either case, this list is unlikely to be seen by "missing Wikipedians" unless they return to WP, so this list doesn't exist for those people. If there is a point to this, what is it? And why couldn't a bot maintain this list? [[User:Delicious carbuncle|Delicious carbuncle]] ([[User talk:Delicious carbuncle|talk]]) 19:45, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::Well, the project page says that, "the purpose of this list is to provide a reminder to us of those who have left and their reasons for doing so", and I think indef blocked users (particularly those who have chosen not to attempt to become unblocked) can be remembered in this way. [[User:Thom2002|Thom2002]] ([[User talk:Thom2002|talk]]) 21:35, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::I agree. And, if I may add, many indef blocked users have also been prodigious content contributors (I can think of quite a few) and it would be a shame to ignore that. --[[User:RegentsPark|regentspark]] ([[User talk:RegentsPark|comment]]) 01:28, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::Indef blocked users have not "left", they have been escorted out of the building. Someone should update the preamble to reflect whether indef'd users are included or not. I'm probably going to go back to ignoring this page again (I was only drawn here by my interest in [[User:Meco]]), so feel free to ignore my opinion. [[User:Delicious carbuncle|Delicious carbuncle]] ([[User talk:Delicious carbuncle|talk]]) 16:16, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

*Ok, blocked users is one issue, but ''banned'' is IMO non-negotiable; There is no way on God's green earth that a harassing, grudge holding troll like "Mbz1" [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard&diff=476523642&oldid=476521896 (ban link)] is going to be listed as a "Missing Wikipedian". It is really time for a cold bit of common sense here; anyone listed at [[WP:BANNED]] should never, ever, ever be listed on THIS page. [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 20:27, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
**I agree that banned users, especially the ones who were banned with no opportunity to say a single word in their defense, should not be listed in this list. Banned users are no longer Wikipedians, they are simply humans. What I do not understand is the hater one and a half year after the ban! So, I too see a harassing, grudge holding troll here, and even an orc except it is not me, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AYoureallycan&diff=534671717&oldid=534664095 tarc]. Too bad there are no humans to stop these stinky orcs. Cheers. [[Special:Contributions/71.198.250.51|71.198.250.51]] ([[User talk:71.198.250.51|talk]]) 16:30, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
**In any case, I'm fairly certain that Mbz is [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mark_Arsten&diff=543912478&oldid=543905948 still editing via IP] from time to time. So she may not have ever really left. [[User:Mark Arsten|Mark Arsten]] ([[User talk:Mark Arsten|talk]]) 20:40, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

== Revolution1221 ==

[[User:Revolution1221|Revolution1221]] left a template and message on his user page, stating he was abruptly leaving. [[Special:Contributions/173.73.64.153|173.73.64.153]] ([[User talk:173.73.64.153|talk]]) 21:33, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
:He shouldn't be listed here until he has made no edits for three months. People can and do change their mind about these things. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 04:03, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

== Diffs of last contribution ==

My general thought about the idea is [[meh]] ... it could be marginally useful, but it would also make it harder to update the list (especially for newer users). I left it there after [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Missing_Wikipedians&diff=556984767&oldid=556909620 this edit] because I didn't want to interfere with the "style" of each individual's entry, if you know what I mean. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 02:40, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

== Count not available ==

I Have been getting a message:
::'''Page not found (404)'''
When I try to get an [http://toolserver.org/~tparis/pcount/index.php?name=%C2%BA%C2%A1%C2%BA&wiki=wikipedia&lang=en editor's count]. Anyone else? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 21:12, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
* Update: Count is now working, but it seems that everyone's '''Deleted edits:''' are now zero? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 13:02, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
**{{ec}} Yes, [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Toolserver issues|The edit counter has moved to Wikimedia Labs]]. I've just updated the [[Template:User-multi/ct|appropriate template]], and therefore the edit count links should work now. As it says on the linked village pump discussion, the edit counter doesn't yet have access to information about deleted edits, but that should be resolved soon. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 13:08, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
*** Looks like the Helpdesk is also on to it: [[Wikipedia:Help_desk#Edit_count_on_User_contributions_page_does_not_work]] X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:43, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

== Wikimedia FoundationError ==

I got this error message when trying to add [[user: Gungadin]] to the list of MWs:
:: '''Our servers are currently experiencing a technical problem. This is probably temporary and should be fixed soon. Please try again in a few minutes...'''

But it looks like the entry was added anyway. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 20:19, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
:Yeah, that happens sometimes. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 09:10, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

== Off topic here? ==

While notifying one of the editors that he was added to the list of missing wikipedians, I noticed an older message that may need some action:

: [[User_talk:CliffC#Spam_created_by_a_former_employee]]. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 04:51, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
:I've responded there, for whatever it's worth. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 15:00, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

== Noetica ==

The last edit by Noetica as a Wikipedian was in early February 2013. Editors can check his contributions at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Noetica, but they may wish to avoid seeing the last three posts that he made, in April 2013, "as a consumer", where a profane expression was discussed in the second post. At 11:37, 3 February 2013, Noetica [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Noetica&diff=prev&oldid=536342519 posted] in reference to his talk page "I would prefer that it be kept very bare. I do not want notifications of any kind here". 
—[[User:Wavelength|Wavelength]] ([[User talk:Wavelength|talk]]) 04:22, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

== Admins who do not always use admin template on this page? ==

There are plenty of users listed here who were admins but whose username templates here are not the admin variety. May I ask why that is? '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 18:36, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
: @[[user:LazyBastardGuy|LazyBastardGuy]], I can only speculate: there seems to be no standard way to identify former admins (I think?) since the [http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php count] tool only separates admins from non-admins, which makes this a trial and error proposition. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 01:09, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
::::{{reply to|Ottawahitech}} Note that you can use [[Special:Log]] or [[Special:UserRights]] to determine if a user once had admin rights. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 03:43, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
::I say this because there are users listed here who are clearly identified as former admins, yet these items do not use the admin username templates. Oh well. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 01:14, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
:::I should have elaborated: what I meant by trial and error is that some former admins mention it on their user page but some do not, some admins do deletions/blocks/etc but some do not. If all fails one can always delve into old talk pages... In other words it takes a lot of time to check all the possibilities, and if we insist that everyone does this before adding an entry we will discourage editors from participating in building up this list.
:::Having said this there is nothing stopping anyone from correcting existing entries - there may even be editors who like doing this sort of thing? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 03:17, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
::::One could always check through [[Wikipedia:Former administrators]]. I don't hink fixing this is that high a priority, but if somebody wants to do it, go ahead. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 04:10, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
::::All I wanted to know was whether this page adhered to a uniform standard that was enforced with any amount of strength. If it doesn't, that's fine. I asked because I added a former admin who was desysopped only for not being active as a user, and was not sure as to whether this template was what I should have used. Subsequent edits corrected my mistake (I had not used it). That's all I was asking. Thank you. I'm done here. In future I will use it for any and all missing users who are or ever were admins if I can substantiate. I mainly asked out of curiosity. I don't care either way, just wanted to know. That said, I might do it if I find I have sufficient time on my hands, just because I'm always looking for something to do. Take care. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 04:17, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

== Scope of entries ==

[[Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians]] apparently does not specify whether or not other Wikimedia projects should be counted, or whether or not other languages should be counted. Something definitive might be added to the introduction. We can use [https://toolserver.org/%7Eluxo/contributions/contributions.php this tool] to check the global contributions of an editor who seems to have retired, but whose activity may be concentrated elsewhere among [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix Wikimedia wikis]. 
—[[User:Wavelength|Wavelength]] ([[User talk:Wavelength|talk]]) 15:25, 19 August 2013 (UTC) 

[[:Category:Wikipedians by other Wikimedia projects]] is a useful category. 
—[[User:Wavelength|Wavelength]] ([[User talk:Wavelength|talk]]) 00:08, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
:IMO contribution to other projects should be taken into consideration. All the project are combined to a big network of data, media etc. etc. If someone contribute mainly to one Wikipedia, It doe's not mean that he is a "Missing Wikipedian". Every Wikipedia is a version of the same projects. [[User:ברוקולי|Broccolo]] ([[User talk:ברוקולי|talk]]) 20:56, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

:I would agree, actually. I mean, someone's "missing" if they're not here {{em|and}} we have no idea what they're up to or what happened to them (even if they retire and tell us why). If someone's still active on some other Wikimedia project (and has clearly indicated they are the same person for both accounts) then that doesn't mean they're "missing", it just means they're busy someplace else. Admittedly, that does mean I am guilty of adding a few people to this list that may or may not have been active on other projects and I just don't know. (I feel pretty confident about at least a few of them, though.) '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 03:56, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

:Just to play devil’s advocate, I am not so sure I agree with the what the consensus here seems to be so far. I am not sure that an individual who was very active on the English Wikipedia but decided to start contributing to another Wikimedia project is not a loss to us here. It could very well be a result of something specific that drove them away? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:05, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

::From my point of view, this list is of people who contributed significantly to the well-being of Wikipedia and without whom Wikipedia would not be where it is today. However, it appears the list only counts the English Wikipedia, which is problematic on two counts: 1) there are dozens of languages in which Wikipedia is published, and 2) there are dozens of other Wikimedia projects, of which there are still many more languages.

::When we say these people are "missing", I understand that to mean we don't know where they are, which is the common interpretation associated with real-life missing persons reports (even if they have explicitly retired for one reason or another - all that tells is us when they left and why, not what they're doing afterwards). If they are active on some other Wikimedia project or even another language edition of Wikipedia itself, does that mean they're "missing"? If we know where they are, and they have only ceased activity on the English Wikipedia, do we include them here or perhaps start another list with people who basically migrated from one project to the next? To lump individuals whose whereabouts are known with those whose whereabouts are not is a bit of an insult, devaluing their contributions to the Wikimedia Foundation as a whole. I'm personally in favor of a split. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 19:14, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
::: To me, "missed" sounds better - meaning there is someone who misses them.--[[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|talk]]) 19:20, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
::My thoughts on the matter is that this is "Missing WikiPEDIANS" not WikiMEDIANS so other Wikimedia projects shouldn't apply, otherwise this list should be on [[meta:|Meta]]. Same goes for other languages, each language should have their own 'missing' list. This page being on the English Wikipedia should only list users missing from 'this' Wikipedia, and renaming this list to something like [[Wikipedia:Missing English Wikipedians]] could be confusing. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 04:17, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
:::I think a good solution would be this: Keep only English Wikipedians on this list, '''but''' only add them in the first place if and only if they are not presently active on any other Wikimedia project. That way we can retain the more-manageable scope of this page and we don't ignore whatever else they've contributed to the Wikimedia Foundation. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 04:02, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
::::I agree with LazyBastardGuy. They are not missing if they are active on another project, because we know what they are doing. — [[User:TheJJJunk|JJJ]] ([[User talk:TheJJJunk|say hello]]) 14:57, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
::::Limiting it to this scope sounds wise. Feel free to update the "Purpose of this list" section to reflect this. -- [[User:OlEnglish|&oelig;]][[User talk:OlEnglish|™]] 05:43, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
:::::How's this sound? "Do not add someone without being certain that they did not merely leave the English Wikipedia for some other Wikimedia project, including another language-edition of Wikipedia, and do not add Wikipedians who never substantially contributed to the English Wikipedia." I'd put it right after "...and do not add yourself." I would have done this already except this is going to require a check of every name on the list to make sure they didn't just leave the English WP for some other project. (I just added a name myself before seeing this post.) '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 22:54, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

===Proposal===
I'm rewriting and somewhat simplifying the language of the intro. As a test, I checked the entries in the "Numbers and other characters" section and as of this writing all entries are complicit with how I've currently written it. I wanted to run this by you guys first, because this is {{em|just a proposal}} and I want some feedback here. The only new thing I've added is what the consensus of this section {{em|seems to be}} at this point, and I've made a big change overall, which is why I'm very hesitant to make this change myself. Here is the new intro I've written:

The purpose of this list is to provide a reminder to us of key contributors who have left and their reasons for doing so.

However, this list is '''only''' for Wikipedians who once edited on the English Wikipedia but who do not edit at all on {{em|any}} Wikimedia project any longer, including other language editions. If you want to add someone to this list, please follow this procedure:

Access [https://toolserver.org/~luxo/contributions/contributions.php?user=52+Pickup&lang= this tool] and enter the username in question. Verify that one of the following is true:
*They have not edited any Wikimedia project in the last 90 days (in other words, since {{template of the current date & time minus 90 days}} as of today); you may add them sooner if and only if you are {{em|absolutely}} certain they left for good and can explain why.
*They left some form of notice that they would retire (e.g. a retirement notice on their userpage, an announcement of permanent departure, etc.) and have not edited any Wikimedia project within the last 3 weeks (in other words, since {{template of the current date & time minus 21 days}} as of today). In such a case, a retired Wikipedian is likely to have left permanently.

The user is only eligible to be added if one of the above two conditions is met '''and''' if {{em|all}} of the following are true:
*They were not known only by anonymous IP addresses (they could have created an account and still be contributing, or they might have a roaming IP address)
*They had at least ~1,000 edits on the English Wikipedia (use [http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/ this tool] to check), even if this is spread across different usernames (in such a case add only the last one used and make sure to list others the person used in the entry itself; do {{em|not}} add IP addresses)
*They are not {{em|currently}} blocked or banned, even if they were the last time they were seen (as in they could come back now if they wanted to)
*They have not simply changed user accounts and are still active on a new one (this can be harder to verify as a user does not always list names they previously edited under but retired later)
*They are not yourself (you cannot add yourself to this list because it is theoretically impossible for a "missing" Wikipedian to do so; it {{em|will}} be reverted)

If a user has made a habit of going on long breaks without editing, please refrain from adding them to the list until it can be reasonably said they have ceased activity.

Always leave a notice on the user's talk page to inform them that you have put their name here, so if they come back they can remove their name (they may even remove their name during their inactivity and request that it be kept off the list if they feel it is necessary). If someone has returned and not removed their name, please do so for them.

This page was mentioned in [http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354 an Economist article] on March 6, 2008: "Many who are excited about contributing to the site end up on the “Missing Wikipedians” page: a constantly updated list of those who have decided to stop contributing. It serves as a reminder that frustration at having work removed prompts many people to abandon the project."

The entries with the mop icon [[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|16px|link=]] beside their name are Wikipedia [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]], or have been at one time.

All dates featured on this page correspond with [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] times.

How's that? '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 19:03, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

: My initial reaction (have not had time to read it carefully) is that this is VERY complicated. In my opinion it is hard enough to get more editors contributing to this list, so I do not believe that anything that makes it harder is a good thing to do. What are the issues you are trying to address? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 16:09, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
::Well, that's why I put it here for discussion. We're trying to weed-out the entries that don't belong; consensus so far ''seems'' to be that only those who had a substantial impact on the English WP '''and''' left Wikimedia altogether should be listed here (someone who simply migrated from this wiki to another by Wikimedia is not "missing" in the usual sense of the term). I've just taken some of the stuff on the page already and reorganized it to the best of my ability. It seems kind of chaotic, the way it's written now, so I feel a list form like this would be better. I hope this will be a better litmus test for potential candidates for this list; I hope it will make anyone who wants to contribute think critically about what they hope to add. If I may ask, what about this makes it intimidating? Perhaps there is something I can remove or reword? I did make a change to it just now, hopefully that sounds better. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 23:23, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
:::Actually, I got rid of something else - the bit about Deceased Wikipedians. "Missing" implies we don't know if they're alive or dead either, as grim as that thought may be, and it's not as if anyone who adds to this list is going to have access to that either. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 23:26, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
:::I also got rid of the bit about taking long breaks (actually, I replaced it with something better). '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 02:40, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

== Opinions please - what info should be displayed? ==

As the list grows longer and more editors contribute to it - what information should be included for each entry, and what can be omitted?
For example:
* Links to userpage, talkpage, contributions
:plus
:* For admins (and former admins): blocks, protections, deletions, page moves, rights, RfA
:* For non-admins: edit count
* Date of last edit
* Number of edits (approximate)
* Date of first edit
* Left retiremnet note on talk page
* Blocked
* Remains active on sister projects
* Other?
Please voice your wishes -- what is important for you to know? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 21:55, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

:The instructions imply that blocked accounts aren't in the scope of this page. I'm sure there's a concern about glorifying whatever behaviour led to the block. However, when someone makes extensive contributions but is blocked anyway, that may reveal deficiencies in the Wikipedia culture or processes. We can learn and improve from their stories.

:The data you listed looks suitable. I've seen entries containing pithy summaries of writers' activities and the circumstances of their departures. Those don't need to be in every entry. I'm guessing you're working on a template that would display the information you listed. If so, it looks perfect as it is. —[[User_talk:Rybec|rybec]] 23:04, 2 September 2013 (UTC)
::I think the entries should contain links to a user's user page and actions, the date of their last contribution, a brief description of what they did (including edit count or length of service where relevant), and why they thleft if known. Therefore the info on most f the entries is adequate is it is, in my opinion. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 15:08, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
:::And info about what the users are doing on sister projects wouldn't hurt, too, in certain cases. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 15:09, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

:Consensus in the previous section seems to be that they do not belong on this list if they are active on sister projects, so I would take that out, personally. But then again we're still mulling it over. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 22:56, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

== Junglejill ==

Seems[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Junglejill] to have disappeared. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:35, 5 September 2013 (UTC)
:She seems to have made less than 800 edits and contributed for a shade under two weeks with her account. I'm not sure if she should be listed here for that reason. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 14:53, 5 September 2013 (UTC)
::Ah, ok, she seemed quite established back when I interacted with her. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:05, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

== Jorgenev ==

When you encounter a missing Wikipedian who seems very well established, what should you do about them (other than adding them to the list)? This one is {{user|Jorgenev}} [[User:Simply south|Simply]][[User talk:Simply south| south]]....[[User:Simply south/Poem|..]] ''cooking letters for just 7 years'' 15:03, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

== Removing someone from the list ==
I sometimes see a Missing Wikipedians making a one-time edit here and there. [[User:Henrik|Henrik]] is a good example of someone who is sorely missed by many, who apparently still keeps an eye on things and returns infrequently to put out fires, but has really left Wikipedia for all intents and purposes. As long as they have been notified on their talkpage about their inclusion in the list, I prefer to let them remove themselves if they are active again. Any other views? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 16:12, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

:Other than expressing a desire to have this dippy page of self-indulgent navel-gazing nuked from high orbit, no, not really. [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 16:19, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

::Fffffeeeeelllllllllliiiiinnnnnggggg a little tetchy today, Tarc? [[Special:Contributions/31.109.249.167|31.109.249.167]] ([[User talk:31.109.249.167|talk]]) 21:31, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
:: {{reply to| Tarc}} OK - I will bite: what is so "dippy" about [[wp:MW]]? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 14:06, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:Well ... one of the bullet points at the start of the page says "In most cases, editors who have gradually adopted a pattern of occasional editing interspersed with long breaks should not be listed merely because they are on one of their long breaks." I'd lean towards not including these people because they're not "missing" in the sense that we know where they are, and can contact them if need be. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 07:30, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:: '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]''', if someone hasn't edited since last spring, I'm not sure if we "know where they are, and can contact them if need be". Not every Editor posts their email on their User Page and we can't expect those who do to respond to messages coming from Wikipedia.
:: I think what the bullet point refers to is, if an Editor edited from 2006-mid-2007 and then again from 2010 to 2012. It doesn't happen often but I've noticed it in about a dozen profiles I've looked at. Since that user took one long break for a few years and then returned, he or she could just be on another break. But I think if a user last edited in March 2013, returns and makes one edit in September and then disappears again, that still qualifies as "Missing".
:: As for criticism of this article, navel-gazing usually refers to being self-absorbed in ones own problems. I think this page is the opposite, it's taking note of Editors who have made a contribution but then left or retired. I've found it useful to refer to when I'm looking at the Contributions of a formerly active Editor and I wonder what happened to them. Not everyone has been around Wikipedia for 5 or more years and knows the backstories of different Editors' departures. Except for major controversies with a few users like Essjay, this is the only article that notes what happened to Editors who made significant contributions. It's part of Wikipedia's history. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 14:27, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
::::Going on what Liz said, this page is in many ways the {{em|opposite}} of "dippy self-indulgent navel-gazing [that should be] nuked from high orbit", as Tarc so eloquently put it. We even have a rule in place that prohibits it being such: that you can't add yourself as one of your last edits; in fact, since one has no control over the epitaph that gets put here for them, this is the last place on Wikipedia that could be construed as... well, whatever Tarc said. I don't feel like repeating it. '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 21:47, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:::{{replyto|Liz}} Yes, :::I also read that point as applying to users like Henrik (and other editors like him who come by every now and then when their specialist knowledge is required). There as in-touch with the Wikipedia community as they want to be (whether through their talk page, email, IRC, or other means). I can only think of a handful of users like this, but they do exist. I actually [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Graham87&offset=20071107133208&limit=4&action=history&tagfilter= tried (perhaps half-heartedly) to set up a similar arrangement once], but I just couldn't keep myself away from Wikipedia.
:::'''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 15:49, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:::: The only problem with this, '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]''', is that this depends on individual's (in this case, your) knowledge of the other Editor's real-life situation. It's great that you have connections with other Editors so you can know their circumstances and so can edit [[Missing Wikipedians]] appropriately. But maybe you could include a brief note about this on their listing here (that is if their name is not taken off the list). [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 17:51, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:::::I don't know these particular editors personally; I just know these things because I often read the [[WP:VPT|technical village pump]]. I'll edit the list accordingly. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 04:04, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

== Question about Admin listings ==
I have a question for [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] and '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]''' who are more experienced here than I. Should an Editor be given a mop if they were once an Admin but weren't when they quit editing WP? 
Here's an example: User joins in 2005, is an Admin from 2006-2008, quits WP in 2010 (this is by their own account). No information about whether a) they were desysop'd by ARBCOM, b) they requested to be desysop'd or c) they simply stopped doing Admin responsibilities, they stopped acting as an Admin. 
In this example, the Editor was not an Admin longer than they were an Admin. So, should their name be marked with a mop because they were once an Admin or not because they were not an Admin when they left? 
I should add that I have no stake in this, I just want to know if there is a guideline that decides this that I should be aware of. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 23:26, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
:From what I've been told, we add mop icons and use the admin version of the username template for users that have ever been admins. I was told this when I added someone who'd been desysopped during their absence from which they've yet to return. So if it were me I would put it like that. I think it's that way so their administrative actions can also be perused, which may be part of what made them so valuable to Wikipedia (which is why we commemorate them with this list). '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 23:43, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
::Yes, this is correct. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 04:05, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
:::I have not had time to research this, but isn’t there another [[template: former admin]]? X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 16:05, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
::::I don't recall ever seeing this used, do you suppose we should? '''[[Special:Contributions/LazyBastardGuy|Lazy]][[User talk:LazyBastardGuy|Bastard]][[User:LazyBastardGuy|Guy]]''' 19:30, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

== IFCAR ==

Hi. I've noticed something that I don't think anyone else has noticed; it's been almost a year since IFCAR, the user known for uploading a bunch of car photos (any car with a blurred Maryland or DC plate is basically his image, but there are many more), and he hasn't edited mainspace actively since November 2012 (he made a minor edit on a non-car related page in March). Within the past year, there haven't been NA spec photos of new vehicles (Kia Cadenza, Toyota RAV4, and others). So, since his disappearance is pretty major, should he be listed as disappeared? Thanks. [[User:Atum World|'''Atum World''']] [[User Talk:Atum World|'''There's an Acadia for that too!''']] 02:20, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
*{{reply to|Atum World}} thanks for bringing [[user: IFCAR]] to out attention. I see [[user:Graham87]] added an entry to MW. As suggested it may be a good idea to leave a message on IFCAR’s talkpage to let them know they are missed. X[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 16:21, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
**Oops, I was going to leave a reply to this message as well but forgot about it. Thanks, Ottawahitech. '''[[User:Graham87|Graham]]'''[[User talk:Graham87|87]] 04:29, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
***It's true -- my real-life life got more exciting, and I decided to drop off the Wikipedia Earth. I have still been taking photos of certain cars for work, so maybe I'll try to get back into the habit of uploading those that come out especially well or that might be of particular value. I do indeed have pictures of the Cadenza and RAV4.
***And my goodness, when did asterisks replace colons for indenting on talk pages? [[User:IFCAR|IFCAR]] ([[User talk:IFCAR|talk]]) 04:24, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

Muriel Bowser

2013-03-24T17:56:02Z

IFCAR: /* 20014 mayoral election */

'''Muriel Bowser''' (born c. 1972) is a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician in [[Washington, D.C.]] She is a member of the [[Council of the District of Columbia]] representing [[List of neighborhoods of the District of Columbia by ward#Ward 4|Ward 4]].

==Early life==
Bowser grew up in [[North Michigan Park, Washington, D.C.|North Michigan Park]] in northeast DC.<ref name=asserts>Stewart, Nikita. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/19/AR2008081902822.html?hpid%3Dmo168%26shttp://www.washingtonpost.com:80/ac2/wp-dyn?node=admin/registration/register&sub=AR In Primary, Bowser Asserts Independence]. ''The Washington Post''. August 20, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.</ref> In 1990, Bowser graduated from [[Elizabeth Seton High School]], a private all-girls Catholic high school located in [[Bladensburg, Maryland]].<ref>[http://www.elizabeth-seton.pvt.k12.md.us/docs/Annual%20Report%2006-07.pdf Annual Report, 2006-2007]. ''Elizabeth Seton High School''.</ref> She received a college scholarship due to her excellent grades.<ref>{{cite news |title= Academics Pay Off for Teen Individualists |first= Keith |last= Harriston |date= May 19, 1990 |work= The Washington Post |page= B1 |url= http://search.proquest.com/hnpwashingtonpost/docview/140204721/136F083BE613783C97D/4?accountid=46320 }}</ref> Bowser graduated from [[Chatham College]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a bachelor's degree in history, and graduated from [[American University]] with a Masters in Public Policy.<ref name=wplocal>[http://projects.washingtonpost.com/votersguide/2007/dc/candidates/muriel-bowser/ Local elections 2008: Muriel Bowser]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 2008-06-27.</ref><ref>Jaffe, Harry. [http://www.examiner.com/a-677967~Why_vote_Muriel_Bowser_in_the_Ward_4_race_.html Why vote Muriel Bowser in the Ward 4 race?] ''The Examiner''. 2007-04-17.</ref> She moved to Ward 4 in 2000.<ref>Drake, Ingrid. [http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/publications/dcnorth/2007_Jan/34-39-DCN-0107.pdf Possible Contenders in the Ward 4 Race] (pdf). ''DC North''. January 2007.</ref>

==Political career==
===Advisory Neighborhood Commission===
Bowser began her political career in 2004, running unopposed for [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]] (ANC) representing Single Member District 4B09, which includes the neighborhood of [[Riggs Park]].<ref name=2004g/><ref name=hopefuls>Woodlee, Yolanda; Silverman, Elissa. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/19/AR2006091901941.html Hopefuls Begin Staking Out Fenty's and Gray's Seats]. ''The Washington Post''. 2006-09-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.dcboee.org/serv/maps/maps_index.shtm Ward 4 with ANC & SMD Boundary]. ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. Retrieved 2008-06-30.</ref> She was unopposed again in 2006 when she ran for reelection for the position.<ref name=2006g/>

===Council of the District of Columbia===
====2007 election====
[[Adrian Fenty]], member of the Council of the District of Columbia representing Ward 4, ran for mayor of the District. Bowser was his campaign coordinator for Ward 4.<ref name=crowded>Silverman, Elissa. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/22/AR2007012201277.html Fenty a Strong Presence in Crowded Ward 4 Race to Replace Him]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-01-23.</ref> When Fenty was elected mayor, a special election was called to fill his council seat. Bowser, among many others, announced her candidacy for it.<ref name=crowded/>

During a political forum with 17 of the 19 council candidates in attendance, Bowser was the only candidate present who supported Fenty's proposed takeover of the District public school system, saying that the school system needed to change.<ref name=takeover>Silverman, Elissa; Woodlee, Yolanda. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030101078_pf.html Fenty's School Takeover Plan Gets Rough Reception]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-03-02.</ref>

When Fenty announced his support of Bowser,<ref>Chen, Eve. [http://www.wtopnews.com/?nid=25&sid=1038361 Fenty Supports ANC Commissioner as Successor]. ''[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]''. 2007-01-20.</ref> some critics claimed that, if elected, she would always vote as Fenty wished, ignoring the needs of her constituents.<ref name=hopefuls/><ref name=focus>Woodlee, Yolanda. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501442.html Candidates Focus On Fundraising In Wards 4, 7]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-03-06.</ref>

Other critics took note of developers who had contributed to Bowser's campaign, claiming she would favor developers over her constituents.<ref name=heat>Woodlee, Yolanda. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/26/AR2007042602963_pf.html Top Fundraisers Feel The Heat in Ward 4]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-04-27.</ref> While an ANC commissioner, Bowser had voted in favor of a zoning variance for a condominium development to be built by a developer who had contributed several hundred dollars to her campaign, which some critics derided as a conflict of interest.<ref name=support>Woodlee, Yolanda; Silverman, Elissa. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/07/AR2007030700874_pf.html Who Will Fenty Support in Ward 7?] ''The Washington Post''. 2007-03-08.</ref> Bowser maintained that she had supported the development project before running for Council.<ref name=heat/>

The editorial page of ''The Washington Post'' favored Bowser in the election.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/14/AR2007041401205.html The D.C. Special Election: Muriel Bowser in Ward 4 and Victor Vandell in Ward 7 are the best bets for council]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-04-15.</ref> The local councils of the [[AFL-CIO]], [[Service Employees International Union]], and the [[Fraternal Order of Police]] also endorsed Bowser in the election, but the [[American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees]] endorsed her opponent, [[Michael A. Brown (Washington D.C. politician)|Michael A. Brown]].<ref>[http://www.murielbowser2008.com/news/pr-AFLCIOEndorsesMuriel.pdf Muriel Bowser Receives the Metropolitan Council, AFL-CIO Endorsement] (pdf). ''Muriel Bowser for Ward 4 2008''. [[news release|Press release]]. 2007-04-10.</ref><ref name=dueling>Silverman, Elissa; Labb, Theola. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/21/AR2007032100822_pf.html Dueling Endorsements for Vacant Seats]. ''The Washington Post''. 2007-03-22.</ref><ref>[http://www.murielbowser2008.com/news/news-fop-endorsement.pdf Muriel Bowser Endorsed By The Fraternal Order of Police, Metropolitan Police Department Labor Committee] (pdf). ''Fraternal Order of Police, Metropolitan Police Department Labor Committee''. [[news release|Press release]]. 2007-03-15.</ref>

Bowser won the special election with 40% of the vote.<ref name=2007g/>

====2008 election====
In 2008, Bowser announced her reelection campaign for the Council. Three individuals ran against her in the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[primary election|primary]],<ref name=2008opponents>[http://www.dcboee.org/nws/pdf_files/pn_146.pdf List of Candidates for the September 9, 2008 Congressional and Council Primary Election] (pdf). ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. 2008-07-03.</ref> namely: Baruti Akil Jahi, former president of the [[Shepherd Park]] Citizens Association;<ref>Stewart, Nikita. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/10/AR2008051002624.html Local Election Season Quietly Kicks Off]. ''The Washington Post''. 2008-05-11.</ref> Malik Mendenhall-Johnson, then serving as Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner of [[Manor Park, Washington, D.C.|4B04]];<ref>[http://app.anc.dc.gov/wards.asp?ward=4&office=%27B%27 Advisory Neighborhood Commission 4B]. ''Government of the District of Columbia''. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref> and Paul E. Montague, who was Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner of [[Riggs Park|4B07]] before being [[recall election|recalled]] in 2004.<ref>Stewart, Nikita R. [http://blog.washingtonpost.com/dc/2008/05/and_theyre_off.html And They're Off!] ''The Washington Post''. 2008-05-11.</ref> Both Jahi and Mendenhall-Johnson criticized Bowser, saying she was a rubber stamp for Mayor Fenty and that she was unconcerned with her constituent's needs.<ref>Stewart, Nikita. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/19/AR2008081902822.html "In Primary, Bowser Asserts Independence"]. ''The Washington Post''. August 20, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref>

No candidates' names were on the ballot for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] or [[D.C. Statehood Green Party|D.C. Statehood Green]] primaries.<ref name=2008opponents/>

The Washington Post's editorial department endorsed Bowser's candidacy.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/02/AR2008090202444.html "The D.C. Council Primary: Our choices in next Tuesday's election"]. ''The Washington Post''. September 3, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref> The Gertrude Stein Democratic Club also voted to endorse Bowser's reelection.<ref>DeBonis, Mike. [http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2008/06/19/incumbents-rake-in-stein-club-endorsements/ Incumbents Rake In Stein Club Endorsements]. ''Washington City Paper''. 2008-06-19.</ref>

Bowser won the Democratic Party primary election, receiving 75 percent of votes.<ref name=2008p/> Jahi received 19%, Montague received 3%, and Mendenhall-Johnson received 2%.<ref name=2008p/> With no one else appearing on the subsequent general election ballot,<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Candidates in Ballot Order for the November 4, 2008 General Election |work=District of Columbia Board of Board of Elections and Ethics |format=PDF |url=http://www.dcboee.org/pdf_files/November_2008_Presidential_Election_List.pdf }}</ref> Bowser won the general election with 97 percent of the vote.<ref name=2008g/>

====2014 mayoral election====
On March 23, 2013, Bowser announced that she would run for mayor of the District of Columbia. She made the announcement outside her parent's home in the North Michigan Park of the city.

====Council Period 18====

Now in her first full term on the Council, Councilmember Bowser is Chairwoman of the Committee on Public Services and Consumer Affairs. This committee is responsible for matters related to consumer and regulatory affairs, public utilities, and insurance, banking, and securities regulation. The Councilmember champions consumer protection, while maintaining a keen focus on building a supportive business environment, which requires regulatory efficiency and predictability.

==Election history==

'''2004 [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]], [[Riggs Park|4B09]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2004g>[http://www.dcboee.org/pdf_files/Summary_2.pdf Certified Summary Results] (pdf). ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. 2004-11-18.</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel E. Bowser''' 98%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 2%
|}

'''2006 [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]], [[Riggs Park|4B09]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2006g>[http://www.dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_93.pdf&mid=11&yid=2006&type=Public%20Notices&hl=t Certified Official Results Report] (pdf). ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. 2006-11-21.</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel E. Bowser''' 90%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 10%
|}

'''2007 [[Council of the District of Columbia]], [[List of neighborhoods of the District of Columbia by ward#Ward 4|Ward 4]], Special Election'''<ref name=2007g>[http://www.dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_111.pdf&mid=5&yid=2007&type=Public%20Notices&hl=t Certified Official Results Report] (pdf). ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. 2007-05-11.</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel Bowser''' ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 40%
|-
|[[Michael A. Brown (Washington D.C. politician)|Michael A. Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 27%
|-
|Charles Gaither ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 5%
|-
|Dwight E. Singleton ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 5%
|-
|Renee Bowser ([[D.C. Statehood Green Party|STG]]) 5%
|-
|Graylan Scott Hagler ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 4%
|-
|Tony Towns ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 3%
|-
|Robert G. Childs ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 3%
|-
|Artee Milligan ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Judi Jones ([[Independent (politician)|I]]) 1%
|-
|Carroll Green ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Lisa P. Bass ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Douglas Ned Sloan ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Marlena D. Edwards ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|T. A. Uqdah ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Lisa Comfort Bradford ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 1%
|-
|Michael T. Green ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 0%
|-
|James Clark ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 0%
|-
|Roy Howell ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 0%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 0%
|}

'''2008 [[Council of the District of Columbia]], [[List of neighborhoods of the District of Columbia by ward#Ward 4|Ward 4]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[Primary Election]]'''<ref name=2008p>[http://www.dcboee.org/election_info/election_results/election_result_new/results_final.asp?electionid=1&prev=0&result_type=3 Certified Results]. ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. September 26, 2008.</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel Bowser''' ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 75%
|-
|Baruti Jahi ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 19%
|-
|Paul E. Montague ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 3%
|-
|Malik F. Mendenhall-Johnson ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 2%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 2%
|}

'''2008 [[Council of the District of Columbia]], [[List of neighborhoods of the District of Columbia by ward#Ward 4|Ward 4]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2008g>[http://www.dcboee.org/election_info/election_results/election_result_new/results_final_gen.asp?prev=0&electionid=2&result_type=3 Certified Results]. ''District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics''. November 24, 2008.</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel Bowser''' ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 97%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 3%
|}

'''2012 [[Council of the District of Columbia]], [[List of neighborhoods of the District of Columbia by ward#Ward 4|Ward 4]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[Primary Election]]'''<ref name=2010p>{{cite web |date= April 19, 2012 |title= Council Primary Official Results |work=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics |format= pdf |url= http://www.voteresults.org/Results2012/DCBOEEApril32012Summary.pdf }}</ref>
{|
|'''Muriel Bowser''' ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 66%
|-
|Renee L. Bowser ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 13%
|-
|Max Skolnik ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 9%
|-
|Baruti Jahi ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 5%
|-
|Judy Jones ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 3%
|-
|Calvin Gurley ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) 2%
|-
|[[Write-in]] 0%
|}

==Committees==
*Committee on Public Services and Consumer Affairs (Chair)
*Committee on Economic Development
*Committee on Human Services
*Committee on Public Works and Transportation

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dcclims1.dccouncil.us/bowser/ Official site]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-dc}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Adrian Fenty]]}}
{{s-ttl
|title=Ward 4 Member, {{nowrap|[[Council of the District of Columbia]]}}
|years=2007 – present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{end}}
{{Current Council of the District of Columbia}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bowser, Muriel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowser, Muriel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. City Council members]]
[[Category:African-American politicians]]
[[Category:African-American women in politics]]
[[Category:Chatham University alumni]]
[[Category:Women in District of Columbia politics]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats]]
[[Category:2008 United States presidential electors]]

Daewoo Lacetti

2012-11-28T04:14:11Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 524597184 by Bob1370 (talk), the first claim is untrue and the second irrelevant in a global article

{{Infobox automobile
|image = Daewoo Lacetti front 20080709.jpg
|name = Daewoo Lacetti
|manufacturer = [[GM Daewoo]]
|production = 2002–present
|class = [[Compact car|Compact]]
|predecessor = [[Daewoo Nubira]]
|layout = [[FF layout]]
|assembly = [[Bupyong]], [[South Korea]] [[Bogota]], [[Colombia]] [[Halol]], [[India]] [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] [[Miaoli City|Miaoli]], [[Taiwan]] [[Rayong]], [[Thailand]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] [[Ha Noi]], [[Vietnam]] [[Asaka]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|successor = [[Chevrolet Cruze]]
}}

The '''Daewoo Lacetti''' is a [[compact car]] made by the [[South Korea]]n automaker [[GM Daewoo]] since 2002. The first-generation Lacetti was available as a four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]], a five-door [[hatchback]] or a five-door [[station wagon]]. The sedan and wagon were designed by [[Pininfarina]], and the hatchback by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]. The hatchback, known as '''Lacetti5 in South Korea''', was introduced in summer 2004.

In November 2008 the second-generation Lacetti was launched under the name '''Lacetti Premiere''', being a badge-engineered version of the [[Chevrolet Cruze]]—though co-developed by GM Daewoo and Chevrolet.

== First generation (2002–2008) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image = Daewoo Nubira Sedan front.jpg
|name = First generation
|production = 2002–2008 Uzbekistan: 2008–present Russia: 2007–2012
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] 5-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[wagon]]
|aka = Hatchback: [[Buick Excelle HRV]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]]5 Daewoo Lacetti [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Reno]] Sedan: [[Buick Excelle]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Forenza]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] Magnum Wagon: [[Buick Excelle]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] XL [[Chevrolet Nubira]] Chevrolet Estate ([[Indonesia]]) [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Forenza]]
|designer = [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] [[Pininfarina]]
|assembly = [[Bupyong]], [[South Korea]] [[Bogota]], [[Colombia]] [[Halol]], [[India]] [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] [[Miaoli City|Miaoli]], [[Taiwan]] [[Rayong]], [[Thailand]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] [[Ha Noi]], [[Vietnam]] [[Asaka]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|102.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight = 2,756–2,855 lbs (1,220–1,290 kg)
|length = {{convert|177.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|169.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (hatchback) {{convert|179.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Forenza station wagon) {{convert|180.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Optra station wagon)
|height = {{convert|56.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan & hatchback) {{convert|59.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (station wagon)
|width = {{convert|67.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|engine = 1.4 L {{convert|93|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.6 L {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.8 L {{convert|120|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|132|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Diesel [[Straight-4|I4]]
|transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
}}

=== Market ===

==== South Korea ====
In South Korea, the 4-door Daewoo Lacetti was released in 2002. The 5-door hatchback showed off only after the 2004 facelift of the sedan, which mainly included a new front grill, switching from a three-part corporate Daewoo grill to a simpler, Chevrolet-style grill. The hatchback name was Lacetti5, offering a specific design for the front, rear and dashboard.

The wagon version, called simply the Lacetti Wagon, was introduced in late 2007—though it was already sold in many other countries. It had the same dashboard than the hatchback, with the sedan front end. At the same time, GM Daewoo introduced the [[VM Motori]] Diesel engines on the Lacetti range.

When the [[Chevrolet Cruze|Lacetti Premiere]] was introduced in November 2008, the sedan and wagon version sales were discontinued, leaving the only hatchback in the range, renamed Lacetti EX. The Lacetti EX was discontinued in October 2009.

==== Australia ====
In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the Daewoo Lacetti was briefly sold between 2003 and 2004 as a four-door sedan. During the 'Asian Economic Crisis', Daewoo became technically insolvent and the company withdrew from the Australian market.

[[File:2007-2008 Holden Viva (JF MY08) sedan (2011-01-05).jpg|thumb|left|Holden Viva (JF) sedan]]

From 2005, the Lacetti (sedan and wagon) and Lacetti5 were sold together as the Holden Viva. It was introduced at around the same time as the [[Daewoo Gentra]]-based [[Holden Barina]]. Unlike the current Barina, however, the Viva was meant to be below the premium [[Holden Astra]] as a budget alternative.

Despite the Viva's lower price compared to the Astra (A$17,990 compared to [[Australian dollar|A$]]21,990), the Astra continued to outsell the Viva by a factor of about two-to-one.<ref name="drive.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=40283&comparisonID=1033|title=New Car Comparison|accessdate=2008-06-14|publisher=drive.com.au}}</ref>

With the release of the all new [[Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (2008–present)|Holden Cruze]] in mid-2009 the Viva ceased to be sold in Australia.

==== Canada ====
The Lacetti was available in [[Canada]] as the Chevrolet Optra in two models, a four-door hatchback (the Optra5), and an Optra Wagon, all in LS or LT trim levels (2005 Wagon only had Base or LS trim levels) . The sedan was available in 2004 and 2005, but was removed in 2006. All are powered by the 2.0 L inline-4 D-TEC engine, rated at 119 hp (89 kW) at 5400 rpmand 126 lb·fts (171 N·m) of torque at 4000 rpm, driving the front wheels through either a 5-speed [[manual transmission]] or a 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. Despite its compact size and the 2.0L engine, fuel economy was poor rated at 10.7L/ 100 km for city and 7.4 for highway driving which was worse than midsize cars like the [[Toyota Camry]] or [[Honda Accord]], considering that the Optra was a compact car.<ref name="canadiandriver.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2008/08/21/used-vehicle-review-chevrolet-optra-2004-2007.htm |title=Chevrolet » Used Vehicle Review: Chevrolet Optra, 2004–2007 |publisher=CanadianDriver |date=2008-08-21 |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref>

The car was positioned as a versatile and fun to drive but affordable budget compact family car. Brakes are disc, front and rear. The Optra slotted between the [[Chevrolet Cobalt|Cobalt]] and the [[Chevrolet Aveo|Aveo]], and it replaced the [[Daewoo Nubira]].

[[File:Chevrolet Optra5 (Rear).JPG|thumb|left|Chevrolet Optra5 (Canada)]]

Independent suspension, 15-inch wheels, and [[CD player]] were standard on the LS sedan, with optional [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] and air conditioning; the LT adds standard air conditioning and cruise control, Standard Fog Lamps on both LS & LT, and an optional sunroof. Length is 177.7 in (4515 mm) on a 102.4 in (2600 mm) wheelbase; width is 67.9 in (1725 mm), height 56.9 in (1445 mm) and weight 2756 lb (1250 kg). The sedan is rated as an Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle.

The Optra5 hatchback was added to the lineup in 2004 and was more contemporary in styling and equipment, with projector type headlights and fog lamps, clear taillight lenses, blackout grille, and minimal front and rear overhang with length only 169 in (4295 mm) on the same wheelbase, height, and width. Weight is 2765 lb (1254 kg). In addition to the same options available on the sedan LS and LT models, an options package containing alloy wheels, sunroof, spoiler, leather steering wheel and shift knob, and steering wheel mounted controls for the 8 speaker audio system was in keeping with the younger enthusiast market.

The Optra Wagon was also added to the lineup in 2005 but shares styling with the sedan. While wheelbase and width are also shared with the sedan, the wagon is taller at 59.1 in (1500 mm) and slightly longer at 179.7 in (4565 mm), and heavier at 2855 lb (1295 kg). The wagon has standard alloy roof rails, 60/40 folding rear seat, and a 12-volt power outlet in the rear compartment, in addition to the same options available on the sedan LS and LT models.

[[General Motors Canada]] discontinued the importation of Optra for 2008.<ref name="canadiandriver.com"/>

==== China ====
[[File:Buick Excelle 2.jpg|thumb|2008 Buick Excelle HRV]]
In [[China]], the cars are marketed as the [[Buick]] Excelle sedan or wagon and Excelle HRV (hatchback). The sedan, which is also assembled in China, features an updated exterior.

The successor to the Daewoo Lacetti based ''Buick Excelle'' is based on the global [[GM_Delta_II_platform#Delta_II|GM Delta II platform]], like the [[Opel Astra#Astra J|Opel Astra]] and [[Chevrolet Cruze]] and their derivatives. The development center at the [[Opel]] plant in [[Rüsselsheim]], [[Germany]], leads the development of this platform. This second generation hatchback [[Buick Excelle#Buick Excelle (Second generation)|Buick Excelle XT]], making its debut in 2009, is actually a replica of the [[Opel Astra]] hatchback adapted to Chinese conditions. The corresponding sedan (Excelle GT) made its debut in China in 2010. A version of this sedan for North America is being introduced in 2012 as [[Buick Verano]], and as Opel Astra Limousine in other parts of the world.

{{Main|Buick Excelle}}

==== Europe ====
In [[Europe]], the car was initially sold as the Daewoo Nubira, with the production model being introduced at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in September 2003. However, by the end of 2004, it was rebadged [[Chevrolet]] Lacetti throughout the continent. As with its home market, in some European markets, the ''Lacetti'' name is also used for the entire range of sedan, station wagon and hatchback models on the same J-series platform. In Finland and Germany, for example, only the hatchback is sold under the Lacetti name.

[[File:Chevrolet Nubira Kombi CDX rear.JPG|thumb|right|Euro-spec Chevrolet Nubira CDX Kombi]]

The European models were initially only available with the following [[gasoline]]-powered [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engines:
* 1.4 L [[E-TEC II]]—93 hp (69 kW) at 6300 rpm
* 1.6 L [[E-TEC II]]—109 hp (80 kW) at 5800 rpm
**1.6L [[DOHC]] engine sedan (4-Door) {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 10.9 sec., top speed: {{convert|186|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT 10–12 km/lite in the city. 13–15 km/lite on the highway.
**1.6L [[DOHC]] engine hatch (5-Door) {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 10.6 sec., top speed: {{convert|184|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT
* 1.8 L [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]]—120 hp (90 kW) at 5800 rpm
**8.5–9.5 km/lite in the city. 12–14 km/lite on highway.
* 2.0 L [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]]—132 hp (101 kW) at 5800 rpm{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
**8.5–9 km/lite in the city. 12–13.5 km/lite on the highway.
* 2.0 L [[DOHC]] engine sedan (4-Door) {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 9 sec., top speed: {{convert|202|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

A [[diesel engine|diesel]]-powered version was later added to the line-up with these specifications:
* 2.0 L [[SOHC]] turbo diesel engine, under [[VM Motori]] licence of RA 420 SOHC (see [[List of VM Motori engines]]), {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, 280 Nm torque from 2000 rpm, 0–100 km/h in 9 sec, 200 km/h top speed. This engine is available with 5-speed manual gear box and 5-speed automatic gear box. Consumption was declared between 5 and 7 l/ 100 km.<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 CHEVROLET LACETTI 2.0 D CDX Hatchback specs, photo & performance data (up to late-year 2010 for Europe )|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2010/558440/chevrolet_lacetti_2_0_d_cdx_hatchback.html|publisher=Automobile-Catalog|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref>

In [[Europe]], the sedan version was initially sold as the Daewoo Nubira. However, in late 2003, it was announced that Daewoo will be rebranded Chevrolet in some European markets. The Chevrolet Nubira went on sale in early 2004, initially only in [[Eastern Europe]]. When Daewoo was rebranded Chevrolet across Europe by the end of 2004, the Chevrolet Nubira was renamed Chevrolet Lacetti in some markets for the 2005 model year, which expanded the Lacetti line-up to include both the sedan and station wagon versions in addition to the 5-door hatchback version, in line with Korea.

The engines built for the Nubira and its [[badge engineering|badge-engineered]] twins are the same as in the Lacetti hatchback and its badge-engineered versions. The 1.8L [[Inline-four engine|4-cylinder]] engine is sourced from the Australian car maker [[Holden]] and is identical to the engine used in the 2004 [[Holden Astra|Astra]]. It is commonly known as the "Family 2 unit". All of them are [[gasoline]]-powered 4-cylinder engines.

==== India ====
In 2002, The Lacetti is manufactured in India and sold as the Optra and the [[hatchback]] version is sold as the Chevrolet Optra SRV (formerly known/sold as Chevrolet SRV), which they plan to get out with a 2L diesel engine in the near future.

The Optra is sold with two engine options, 1.6 L and 1.8 L. In the first option it is available in three trim levels, the Elite, the Elite LS, and LT Royale. In the second engine option it is available in two levels, the LT and the LT AT, the latter coming with automatic transmission.

In 2007 GM India came out with a diesel-engined Optra called the Optra Magnum. The Magnum had a different nose, and interiors as compared to the petrol version. Subsequently the petrol version got the new nose treatment(like that of the Optra SRV but with a slightly different front grill) and tail lights, and are sold as Optra Magnum petrol/diesel.

==== Pakistan ====
In Pakistan, the car comes in three trim levels, 1.6L SE, 1.6L LS and 1.8L CDX. SE trim comes in manual transmission only, while LS and CDX trim come in 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.

==== Japan ====
In Japan, Suzuki briefly distributed the Lacetti as the Chevrolet Optra Wagon. It was available in two trim levels, the LS and the LT. Both came with either a 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] or 4-speed [[automatic transmission]] with a [[Manual transmission#Console-mounted shifter|console shift]]. The Optra Wagon was powered by a 1.6 L or 1.8 L engine.

==== Mexico ====
[[File:'07-'09 Chevrolet Optra.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Optra (Mexico)]]
In [[Mexico]], the Lacetti came to the market in 2006 as Optra to replace the [[Chevrolet Cavalier]], and it was sold only as a sedan. The Optra was phased out after the 2009 model year in favour of the [[Chevrolet Cruze]], although for now, the Mexican Cruze is an imported model from [[South Korea]]. As the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] got the Lacetti for the 2004 model year, Mexico got the car 2 years later, making Mexico the last [[North America]]n country to get the car.

==== Colombia ====
In [[Colombia]], under the Chevrolet brand, was launched in 2004 with the sedan version of the following engine:

* 1.4 L GM Family I engine E-TEC II, 94 hp (69 kW) at 6300 rpm
* 1.8 L GM Family II engine E-TEC II, 121 hp (90 kW) at 5800 rpm
* Optra 1800 cc 2007 in Colombia, Optra CO

In 2006 it introduced the hatchback version, with the aforementioned 1.8-liter-engine-only option.

By the end of 2007, replaces the 1.4-liter engine with the following:

* 1.6 L GM Family I engine E-TEC II, 109 hp (80 kW) at 5800 rpm
In addition, updated the design of wheels for all models offered.

In 2008, the saloon version got a facelift, with a sportier interior and a front styling similar to the hatchback version.

Can be worth from $ 43,290,000 to $ 51,990,000 pesos.

==== Southeast Asia ====
[[File:Chevy optra 2004.jpg|thumb|right|2004 Philippine Market Chevrolet Optra]]
[[File:Chevrolet Optra (first generation) (front), Serdang.jpg|thumb|left|2004 Malaysian Chevrolet Optra]]
In Singapore, Chevrolet replaced the Daewoo nameplate after GM bought Daewoo. It still offers the same line-up than GM Daewoo, naming the Optra sedan, Optra station wagon and Optra5 hatchback in [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Philippines]]. In [[Indonesia]], the sedan is simply called Optra or Optra Magnum for the facelift model, and Estate for the station wagon. The vehicles use the 1.6 L or 1.8 L engine with an automatic transmission available for selected models.

==== United States ====
[[Suzuki]] marketed a rebadged Lacetti as the Forenza and Reno beginning in the United States in 2004—following the end of Daewoo's [[North America]]n operations in 2002 and replacing the [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[station wagon]] and [[sedan (car)|sedan]]. The Forenza/Reno falls between the [[Suzuki Aerio|Aerio]] (later [[Suzuki SX4|SX4]]) and the now-discontinued [[Daewoo Magnus|Verona]]. In the territories of [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]], it was sold as a Chevrolet Optra, but it was only available as a sedan.

The US model line features the 2.0 L 4-cylinder [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]] made by Holden, developing a maximum power of {{convert|126|hp}} at 5600 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]].

''Automotive News'' says the Forenza and Reno will be discontinued within the 2008 model year, and the Reno has been replaced by the [[Suzuki SX4]] sedan after the 2008 model year. The Forenza has been replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze.

==== Iraq ====
The Chevrolet Optra entered the Iraqi market in 2004 with the 1.6 engine; a few years later the LS term version was used as a traffic police patrol.

==== Russia ====
It is sold as the Chevrolet Lacetti and includes 5-door [[hatchback]], sedan and station wagon models.
The entire line of models are produced at the [[Avtotor]] plant in [[Kaliningrad]] with full cycle of manufacturing.

The Russian models are available with the following [[gasoline]]-powered [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engines:
* 1.4 L—95 hp; MT; not available for Station Wagon
* 1.6 L—110 hp; AT(4) and MT; for Station Wagon MT only
* 1.8 L—122 hp; AT(4) and MT; for Station Wagon MT only

== Second generation (2009–2011) ==
[[File:LACETTI PREMIERE.jpg|thumb|2008–2009 [[Chevrolet Cruze#Daewoo Lacetti Premiere|Daewoo Lacetti Premiere]] (J300) CDX sedan.]]

{{main|Chevrolet Cruze}}

The second-generation, known as the Lacetti Premiere in South Korea, built on the [[GM Delta II platform]] is sold in most markets as the [[Chevrolet Cruze]].

For the Chinese successor of the Lacetti based ''Buick Excelle'', see [[Buick Excelle XT]] and [[Buick Excelle GT]], which are twins of [[Opel Astra#Astra J|Opel Astra]] hatchback and sedan respectively.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:2007-2008 Chevrolet Optra Magnum 01.jpg|Chevrolet Optra 2.0 Magnum sedan (India)
File:Chevrolet Optra SRV 01.jpg|Chevrolet Optra SRV (India)
File:04-05 Suzuki Forenza sedan .jpg|2004–2005 Suzuki Forenza sedan
File:2006-2008 Suzuki Forenza sedan -- 09-03-2010.jpg|2006–2008 Suzuki Forenza sedan
File:Suzuki-Reno.jpg|2006–2008 Suzuki Reno
</gallery>

== Top Gear ==
The Chevrolet Lacetti was picked as the new "reasonably-priced car" in [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'s "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car"<ref name=Top_Gear>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/topgear/show/celebritylaps.shtml |title=Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=2008-10-16 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref> segment for season 8 in 2006, replacing the [[Suzuki Liana]], which had ceased production. In this segment of the show, celebrity guests set timed laps of the [[Top Gear test track]] driving the Lacetti.

In the first episode of series 15 of [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]], broadcast on BBC2 on 27 June 2010, the Lacetti that was used for the power laps was given a 'Viking Burial' by presenter [[Richard Hammond]] when an industrial chimney was demolished, knocking it over and burying the Lacetti in the process. Soon afterwards, the new reasonably priced car (a [[Kia Cee'd]]) was unveiled to the audience.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.chevrolet.co.in/vehicles/showroom/cars/optra_magnum/index.html Official Chevrolet Optra site]
*[http://www.suzukiauto.com/sr_08/ Suzuki 2008 models] (US distributor)
*[http://www.gmcanada.com/english/vehicles/chevrolet/optra/index.jsp GM Canada's Optra site]
*[http://www.chevroletoptramagnum.in/ Chevrolet India's Optra Magnum site]
*[http://www.srvchillzone.com/ Chevrolet India's Optra SRV site]

{{GM Daewoo timeline}}
{{Suzuki North America}}
{{Buick China timeline}}
{{Chevrolet vehicles}}
{{Suzuki vehicles}}

[[Category:Daewoo vehicles|Lacetti]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2003]]

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Volkswagen Passat

2012-11-28T01:42:00Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 524415875 by Ergulerhan1907 (talk), rv copyvio photo

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Passat
| image = 2006-2010 Volkswagen Passat (3C) sedan (2011-07-17) 01.jpg
| caption = 2006–2010 Volkswagen Passat B6
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]
| aka = Volkswagen Dasher Volkswagen Quantum Volkswagen Santana Volkswagen Corsar Volkswagen Magotan Volkswagen Carat
| production = 1973–present
| predecessor = [[Volkswagen Type 4]] [[Volkswagen Type 3]] [[Volkswagen K70]]
| class = [[Large family car]] / [[Mid-size car]]
| layout = [[Front-engine design]]
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group B platform]] series
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Volkswagen Passat''' is a [[large family car]] marketed by [[Volkswagen]] through six design generations since 1973. Between the [[Volkswagen Golf]] / [[Volkswagen Jetta]] and the [[Volkswagen Phaeton]] in the current Volkswagen line-up, the Passat and its derivatives have been badged variously as '''Dasher''', '''Santana''', '''Quantum''', '''Magotan''', '''Corsar''' and '''Carat'''. The successive generations of the Passat carry the VW internal designations B1, B2, etc.

In 2008, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the [[Volkswagen Passat CC|Passat CC]], a "four-door coupé" version of the Passat.

Volkswagen currently markets two variants of the Passat globally. In January 2011, Volkswagen announced that the new mid-size sedan (NMS) being built at the [[Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant]] for the North American market would be named the [[Volkswagen Passat (North America)|Passat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/jan/10/vw-new-chattanooga-passat-volkswagen/?business |title=VW turns to old name for new Chattanooga-made car |publisher=Timesfreepress.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> [[Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive]] also manufactures the Passat NMS in its Nanjing factory. The NMS is not going to be sold outside the North American, South Korean, and Chinese Markets.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} A different B7 Passat model is sold outside of these markets. The Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]].

== History ==
Following the [[Volkswagen Group]]'s acquisition of [[Audi]] in 1964, Volkswagen used new engineering expertise to develop a modern [[front-wheel drive]] car with a [[watercooling|water-cooled]] engine, and thus the Passat and Golf (the latter being introduced in 1974) were the first of a new generation of Volkswagen cars. The first Passat was developed partly from the [[Audi 80|Audi 80/Fox]] and, until 2005, the two shared a history.

During its development phase, the Passat was designated internally as EA400 (''Entwicklungsauftrag'' 400, or "Development Order 400"), and well before its launch, production of the [[Volkswagen Type 3]] at the [[Wolfsburg]] plant had been stopped in order to free up capacity for the new car.<ref name="Autocar1973">{{cite journal|title=New Models from Volkswagen: A reversal of Wolfsburg's Design Policy| journal = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume= 138 (nbr 4019)|page=15|date=7 June 1973}}</ref> Wolfsburg was able to ramp up production carefully: directly before Passat production started the lines were used to assemble small volumes of the car's [[Audi 80]] sibling which had been launched a year earlier.<ref name="Autocar1973" />

The nameplate Passat derives from the German word for [[trade wind]] — and the period in its history when Volkswagen named vehicles after prominent winds, including also Golf (after the [[Gulf stream]]), Jetta (after [[Jet stream]]), and [[Volkswagen Scirocco|Scirocco]] (after [[Sirocco]]).

== B1 (''Typ 32'', 1973–1981){{anchor|B1}} ==
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B1)}}
[[File:Vw passat b1 facelift v sst.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B1 3-door (Europe)]]
The original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door sedans and similar looking three- and five-door versions. Externally all four shared a modern [[fastback]] style design, styled by the Italian designer [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]. In essence, the first Passat was a fastback version of the mechanically identical [[Audi 80]] sedan, introduced a year earlier. A five-door [[station wagon|station wagon/estate]] was introduced in 1974. In Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5.5-inch [[headlights]] depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, and was intended as a replacement for the aging Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4.

The Passat originally used the [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] [[OHC]] 1.3 l ({{convert|55|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}) and 1.5 l ({{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|85|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}) petrol engines also used in the Audi 80—[[longitudinal engine|longitudinally mounted]] with [[front-wheel drive]], in Audi tradition, with either a four-speed [[manual transmission]] or three-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. It had a [[MacPherson strut]] front [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] with a [[solid axle]]/[[coil spring]] setup at the rear.

The [[SOHC]] 1.5 was enlarged to 1.6 l in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the [[VW Golf]]`s 1.5  l Diesel ({{convert|50|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}), followed in February 1979 by the Passat GLI with a fuel-injected version of the 1.6 l engine.

The whole range received a facelift in 1977 (launched 1978 outside Europe), featuring an interior upgrade and subtly revised styling including repositioned indicators and depending on model, either four round or two rectangular headlights.<ref>Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945-1990''. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2003 (2nd ed.), ISBN 3-613-02116-1, pp. 94-101</ref>

In North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher.<ref>''The Montreal Gazette'' February 8, 1974</ref> The three- and five-door hatchback and a station wagon model were launched in North America for and during the 1974 [[model year]]. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1.5 l inline-four developing {{Convert|75|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (or {{Convert|70|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} in 1975), supplanted from model year 1976 by a [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] fuel-injected 1.6 l four {{Convert|78|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights.

In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with quad sealed beam headlights and big polyurethane covered bumpers. The trim was also upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1.5 l [[diesel engine]], which produced just 48 PS (35 kW) in the {{convert|1130|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} car. 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds, 6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline (petrol) engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation.<ref>Mike Covello, ''Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946-2002''. Krause Publications, Iola 2002, ISBN 0-673-41605-8 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (8) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}, pp. 824-826</ref>

In Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audi's different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979. Originally with a 1.5 liter engine, during its long life cycle many improvements from the B2 platform were later introduced, like its 1.6 and 1.8-liter engines, a Brazil-specific face-lift in 1985, and a five-speed gearbox. A sports version, named Passat TS 1.6 and later Passat GTS 1.8 Pointer was also introduced.

== B2 (''Typ'' 32B, 1981–1988){{anchor|B2}} ==
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B2)}}
{{See also|Volkswagen Santana}}

[[File:Volkswagen B2 Passat Bielefeld.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B2 wagon (Europe)]]

The second generation Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1981. The platform, named [[Volkswagen Group B platform#B2|B2]], was slightly longer and the car's updated styling was instantly recognisable as a Passat, with the most obvious difference being the rectangular headlights.
In addition to the Passat hatchbacks and Variants (estate/wagon), there was also a conventional [[three-box styling|three-box]] saloon, which until the 1985 facelift was sold as the Volkswagen Santana in Europe. In North America, the Passat/Santana was sold as the Volkswagen Quantum, available in three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and a wagon model, but the five-door hatchback was never sold there and the three-door hatchback was dropped after less than two years. The four-wheel drive Syncro version was introduced in October 1984, initially only with the more powerful five-cylinder engine.

The Santana was also produced in China, Brazil, Mexico (as the Corsar, from 1984 and 1988) and [[Argentina]] (as the Carat between 1987 and 1991). In Brazil, the Santana station wagon was sold as the Quantum. The Passat saloon and estate were produced in South Africa for their local market until 1987.

Like the previous generation, the B2 Passat was mainly sold with four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. Unlike its predecessor, however, top-of the line versions received [[straight-five engine|five-cylinder]] Audi or VW engines of 1.9–2.2 litres.<ref name="StandardCatalog">{{cite book | title = Standard Catalog of Imported Cars, 1946-1990 | author = James M. Flammang | publisher = Krause Publications, Inc. | location = Iola, Wisconsin | pages = 639–642 | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-87341-158-7 }}</ref><ref name="WorldCars1982">{{cite book | title = World Cars 1982 | publisher = The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books | location = Pelham, New York | pages = 135–137 | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-910714-14-2 }}</ref> The 5-cylinder version was sold in the U.S. as the Quantum GL-5. In addition to four- and five-speed manuals and three-speed automatic gearboxes, the Passat/Santana was also available with the VW concern's interesting 4+E transmission. This, also called the "Formel E" had a particularly high top gear, which combined with a freewheeling mechanism, provided better gas mileage. An automatic stop/start was also available in some markets. The four-wheel-drive system used in the Passat Variant Syncro shared the mechanics of the [[Audi 80|Audi 80 quattro]] and not the [[Volkswagen Golf]] Syncro. The Syncro's bottom plate was almost entirely different, requiring a transmission tunnel, a relocated gas tank and no spare tire well (to make room for the complex rear axle assembly). Only the more popular estate was reengineered. Syncro was also available in the North American market, only with the five-cylinder engine.

In 1985 the range received a slight facelift, consisting of new, larger bumpers, interior retouches, a new front grille and new taillights on the hatchback versions. The two-door hatchback was discontinued while the Santana nameplate was dropped in Europe. The saloon's front end was now the same as the [[hatchback]] and estate. The North American version, still known as the Quantum, gained European-style composite headlamps.

On March 31, 1988 production ended (although Syncro models continued in production until June) with 3,345,248 built in Germany. World production totals amount to at least 4.5 million units.
{{-}}

== B3 and B4 (''Typ'' 35i, 1988–1996) {{anchor|B3}} ==
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B3)}}
[[File:VW Passat B3 front 20071205.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B3 sedan (Europe)]]
The third generation Passat was introduced in March 1988 in Europe, 1990 in North America, and 1995 in South America. The lack of a grille made the car's front end styling reminiscent of older, rear-engined Volkswagens such as the [[Volkswagen Type 4|411]], and also doubled as a modern styling trend. The styling was developed from the 1981 aerodynamic (cd 0.25) Auto 2000 concept car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=de&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fautomuseum.volkswagen.de%2F98.html |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automuseum.volkswagen.de/98.html |title=:: Volkswagen AutoMuseum :: Auto 2000 (1981) |publisher=Automuseum.volkswagen.de |date= |accessdate=2012-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carstyling.ru/en/car/1981_volkswagen_auto_2000/ |title=1981 Volkswagen Auto 2000 - Concepts |publisher=Carstyling.ru |date=2007-07-02 |accessdate=2012-04-09}}</ref>

At the time it was the first Passat to be built on a Volkswagen-designed platform, rather than sharing one with an Audi saloon. The car, although designated [[Volkswagen Group B platform#B3|B3]] in Volkswagen's platform nomenclature, was based largely on the [[Volkswagen Group A platform|A platform]] as used for the smaller Golf model, but was stretched in all directions. Many components are shared directly between these vehicles. Only 4-door saloon and 5-door estate versions were available, without the [[fastback]] option of previous models. It was marketed under the Passat name in all markets; in North America, this was a first.

The fuel-injected [[petrol engine]]s gave better performance and refinement than the [[carburettor]] units previously used. They were mounted [[transverse engine|transverse]]ly, and the floorpan was engineered to accept Volkswagen's '[[4motion|Syncro]]' [[four-wheel drive]] system. Engine options were the 2.0 [[litre]] [[multi-valve|16-valve]] engine in the GL model, 1.8-litre engine in the CL model (not available in North America, all CLs, GLs, and GLSs had the 2.0 16v), Volkswagen's new 2.8-litre [[VR6 engine]] (also used in the Golf and [[Volkswagen Corrado|Corrado]]) in the GLX/GLS model (introduced in 1991 in Europe and 1992 in North America), and the [[G60]] engine (only available on the Syncro model in Canada for the North American market). The VR6 engine gave the top-of-the-range Passat a top speed of {{convert|224|km/h|0}}. The 1.9-litre [[diesel engine]] was also available as an option.

{{clear}}

=== 1993 facelift (Passat B4){{anchor|B4}} ===
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B4)}}
[[File:Volkswagen Passat Variant B4.JPG|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat Variant (Version B4)]]
The B3 Passat was heavily facelifted in 1993 and although it was designated B4, it was not an all-new model. The facelift revised external body panels except for the roof and glasshouse, with most obvious exterior change seeing the re-introduction of a grille to match the style of the other same-generation Volkswagen models of the era, such as the Mk3 Golf and Jetta. The interior was mildly updated and included safety equipment such as dual front [[airbag]]s and seat belt pre-tensioners, although the basic dashboard design remained unchanged.

The car was available with a [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] - an inline four-cylinder 1.9 [[litre]] [[turbodiesel]], generating {{convert|210|Nm|0|lk=on}} of [[torque]] at 1,900 rpm, {{convert|66|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} at 3,750 rpm. It carried a [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]] [[fuel efficiency]] rating for the sedan of {{convert|45|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} highway. Combined with a {{convert|98|L|impgal usgal|1}} -{{convert|28|L|impgal usgal|1}} reserve option fuel tank, the B4 TDI wagon had a 1800+ km (1200+ mi) range on a single tank of fuel. The B4 TDI wagon saw less than 1,000 sales in the U.S. during its 1996 to 1997 lifespan.

{{clear}}

== B5 and B5.5 (''Typ'' 3B/3BG, 1996–2005){{anchor|B5}} ==
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B5)}}
[[File:1998-2001 Volkswagen Passat wagon -- 01-07-2012 front.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B5 wagon (US)]]

An all-new Passat, based on the [[Volkswagen Group B platform#B5|Volkswagen Group B5 platform]], was launched in 1996 in Europe, and 1998 in North America. Its [[Volkswagen Group B platform#PL45|PL45]] platform was shared with the first-generation "Typ 8D" [[Audi A4]], which was unveiled 2 years earlier, and saw a return to the Passat sharing its platform with Audi's equivalent model for the first time since the second-generation (B2) Passat, which shared its platform with the second-generation "Typ 81" [[Audi 80]]/[[Audi 90]] (the A4 is the successor to the Audi 80 line).

The Passat introduced a new design language, first seen on the [[Volkswagen Concept 1|Concept 1]] concept car, for the latest generation of Volkswagens such as the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4|Mk4 Golf]], [[Volkswagen Bora|Bora]] and [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4|Polo Mk4]]. Aerodynamic work gave the B5 Passat a coefficient of drag of 0.27 (saloon model).

The car featured fully independent four-link front [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]; and a semi-independent torsion beam for front-wheel-drive models or a fully independent suspension on the [[4motion]] 4WD models. 4WD was introduced in 1997 as an option for the 1.8, 2.8 V6, 1.9 TDI and 2.5 V6 TDI engines, using a second-generation [[Torsen]] T-2 based 4WD system to minimise loss of traction. The 1.8 [[litre]] [[petrol engine]] in the Passat and Audi A4 has a lower [[motor oil|oil]] capacity than transverse applications of the same engine (4.6 quarts in transverse, 4.3 quarts longitudinal), and may suffer from [[oil sludge]] problems as a result, if not changed at regular intervals with fully [[synthetic oil]]s. Three transmission options were available: a 5-speed manual transmission, a 6-speed manual transmission (codename 01E) and a 5-speed automatic transmission with [[tiptronic]].

=== 2001 facelift (Passat B5.5){{anchor|B5.5}} ===
[[File:Volkswagen Passat sedan -- 08-12-2010.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B5.5 sedan (US)]]

'''B5''' Passat models built after late 2000, also known as B5.5 models, received minor styling and mechanical revisions including revised [[Headlamp#Projector (polyellipsoidal) lamps|projector-optic headlights]], bumpers, tail lights, and chrome trim.

A 4.0 [[litre]] [[W8 engine]] producing {{convert|275|PS|kW|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} was introduced in 2001 in a [[Luxury Vehicle|luxury]] version of the car that included standard [[4motion]] [[all-wheel drive]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Passat W8 4motion|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/102042211769/vw-passat-w8-4motion|date=22 April 2002|work=worldcarfans.com|accessdate=30 December 2009}}</ref> This engine was intended to be a test bed for Volkswagen Group's new [[W engine]] technology, which would later make an appearance on the W12 in the Phaeton and [[Audi A8]], and the [[W16 engine]] in the [[Bugatti Veyron]]. The engine was discontinued in 2004.

In 2003, a powerful 2.0-litre [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] producing {{convert|136|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} was added (making the Passat the only mid-sized diesel powered car sold in the U.S.). This variant was sold from 2004 to 2005.

A lengthened platform went on to underpin the 'Passat' that was introduced in China in late 1999 by Shanghai-Volkswagen. This long-[[wheelbase]] version was rebadged and launched in Europe as the [[Škoda Superb]] in 2001. Both have a {{convert|100|mm|1}} longer wheelbase and length than the standard B5 Passat. An updated version called the Passat Lingyu was released in 2005. This receives the 2.0-litre, 1.8-litre Turbo, and 2.8-litre V6 [[petrol engine]]s. At the 2009 Shanghai Motor Show, an updated Passat Lingyu was shown.

== B6 and B7 (''Typ'' 3C, 2005–2011){{anchor|B6|PQ46}} ==
{{main|Volkswagen Passat (B6)}}

[[File:VW Passat B6 Variant front 20090412.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat B6 wagon (Europe)]]

The B6 Passat was first displayed at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2005, and launched in Europe in the summer of 2005. Unlike its predecessor, the B6 Passat no longer shared its platform with Audi's equivalent model (the [[Audi A4]]). Based on a modified version of the Mk5 Golf's PQ46 platform, the B6 featured a transverse rather than longitundinal engine layout of its predecessor, like the previous B3 and B4 generations, which were related to the A2 (Golf) platform.

The transverse-engine layout of the [[four-wheel drive]] version, marketed as [[4motion]], dictated a switch from the [[Torsen]] centre differential of the B5, to the [[Haldex Traction]] [[multi-plate clutch]]. The change to the Haldex system also changes the handling closer to a [[front-wheel drive]] car. Compared to the Torsen, the Haldex can direct [[torque]] more unequally to the front wheels (from 100:0 to 50:50 front-to-rear bias), thus providing a wider bias range than the 75:25 to 25:75 of the B5 Passat. Haldex is a reactive-type system, behaving as a front-wheel-drive vehicle until slippage is detected, at which point up to a maximum of 50% of the torque can be transmitted to the rear axle. See the [[Audi]]-related [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)]] article for more information.

[[Gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] is used in nearly every [[petrol engine]]d version of the Passat, ranging from 1.6 to 3.6 [[litre]]s (the 1.6-litre [[DOHC]] can reach {{convert|100|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}} in 11.5 seconds, and {{convert|200|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}} for manual transmission versions), but the [[multi-valve]] 2.0-litre [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) diesel is the most sought after version in Europe (available in both {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} variants). In the U.S. market, a {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 2.0-litre turbocharged I4 is the base engine, or a {{convert|280|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 3.6-litre [[VR6 engine]] as the upgrade, with six-speed manual (only available on the base 2.0 T model) and automatic transmissions. As of the 2009 model year, the VR6 engine and 4motion option were no longer available in the US on the Passat sedan and wagon, but are available on the [[Volkswagen Passat CC|Passat CC.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132949/ |title=What's New for Every 2009 Volkswagen Car, Truck, Crossover and SUV |work=edmunds.com |date=2008-10-03 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

In February 2008, the 2.0 FSI was replaced with the new [[Audi]]-developed 1.8 TSI engine and 6-speed automatic transmission. The 1.8 T is rated at {{convert|160|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|250|Nm|0|lk=on}} and reaches 0–100 km/h in 8.6 seconds, reaching a top speed of {{convert|220|km/h|1}}. At the same time the 2.0 TDI engine from the Audi range incorporating common rail injection technology superseded the existing 2.0 TDI units. The common rail technology uses less fuel and is quieter in operation. This engine is part of the wider Volkswagen Group policy for engine sharing.

The Passat Estate won overall winner of Practical Caravans ''Towcar of the Year Awards 2008'' for its array of towing features such as its [[Trailer Stability Programme]].

In Asia, the PQ46 Passat was released by [[FAW-VW Automobile|FAW-VW]] as the '''Magotan''', after Volkswagen's other joint venture [[Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive|Shanghai Volkswagen]] had decided to continue using the B5 platform for the Passat and the Passat Lingyu (long-wheelbase Passat).<ref name="CC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/volkswagen-to-unveil-china-created-cc/ |title=Volkswagen To Unveil China Created CC |work=The Truth About Cars |date=2010-06-24 |accessdate=2010-07-03}}</ref> Since August 2010 the wagon version of Passat B6 will be offered in Asia, which is a fully imported model. But this car is simply called '''Volkswagen Variant''' in China, in order not to refer the name "Passat" or "Magotan".

=== Passat CC{{anchor|CC}} ===
{{Main|Volkswagen Passat CC}}

[[File:VW Passat CC R-Line – Frontansicht, 7. April 2011, Velbert.jpg|thumb|right|Volkswagen Passat CC R-Line (Europe)]]

The CC ("Comfort Coupé")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.de/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/de3/modelle/passat_cc.html?csref=home-teaser-links-passat_cc,Show |title=Passat CC > Modelle > Volkswagen Deutschland |work=volkswagen.de |date=2010-06-14 |accessdate=2010-07-11}}</ref> is a 4-door "coupé" version of the Passat. It debuted at the 2008 [[North American International Auto Show]] in [[Detroit]]. Originally aimed at competing with the similarly styled Mercedes CLS, the Passat CC intends to be more stylish and luxurious than the previously released Passat B6. In the U.S., the name "Passat" was dropped, and the car is being sold as "CC".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw.com/en/models/cc/features.html |title=Volkswagen CC Home |work=www.vw.com |date=2012-03-06 |accessdate=2012-03-06}}</ref> Some options specific to the CC include hands-free parking, lane-departure prevention, intelligent cruise control, and adaptive suspension. Engines offered in the CC mirror those of the regular Passat, with options of the base 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder, or the optional 3.6-liter V-6, which includes 4-motion all-wheel drive. Although the CC is marketed as a more luxurious Passat B6, it comes in with a lower price tag. While the MSRP of a Passat B6 is $28,300, the CC comes with a base price of $27,100.

The Chinese-made CC was released by FAW-VW on July 15, 2010. Two engine options are provided: 1.8T and 2.0T.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/07/faw-vw-releases-passat-cc/ |title=FAW-VW Releases Passat CC |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref>

Volkswagen facelifted the Passat CC in late 2011 for the 2012 year with styling updates akin to those of the larger [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]. For the updated model, Volkswagen has dropped the "Passat" name for all markets, now matching the "Volkswagen CC" branding used since 2008 in North America.<ref>{{cite web | last = Costello | first = Mike | date = 2011-11-17 | url = http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/5135410475920F9ACA25794B001D5CDE | title = LA show: VW takes the Passat out of Passat CC | work = GoAuto | publisher = John Mellor | accessdate = 2011-12-26}}</ref>

=== 2010 facelift (Passat B7){{anchor|B7}} ===
[[File:2011 Volkswagen Passat (3C) 118TSI station wagon (2011-04-22).jpg|thumb|2011 Volkswagen Passat 118TSI wagon (Australia)]]

The B6 Passat was facelifted by Klaus Bischoff and [[Walter de Silva]],{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} and was unveiled at the [[2010 Paris Motor Show|Paris Motor Show]] in September 2010. Although designated "B7", the car is not an all-new model. The facelift resulted in new external body panels except for the roof and glasshouse, with the prominent changes to the grille and headlights. Overall height and width dimensions are unchanged from the B6 Passat, while length increases by 4 mm. New features include a fatigue detection system and an automatic "city emergency braking" system.<ref name="autocar-paris2010">{{cite news|title=Paris motor show: new VW Passat|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/253049/|accessdate=30 September 2010|newspaper=[[Autocar]]|date=30 September 2010}}</ref> It arrived at dealerships in mid-November 2010.

The interior featured minor detail changes from the B6, although the basic dashboard design remain unchanged.

In India, the B6 version is supposed to be replaced with B7 version. Also the [[FAW-VW]]-built Magotan will also be replaced by a long-wheelbase version of the Passat B7. The new model will be exclusive to the Indian market, and at least 100 mm longer than the European B7. The Indian market is also likely to get the B7 which appears to be only a facelift of B6 and not a new platform.<ref name="IndianAutoMarket">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianauto.com/cars-in-india/volkswagen/volkswagen-passat.html|title=B7 to replace B6 in India |publisher=Indianauto.com}}</ref>

In China, the [[FAW-VW]]-built Magotan will also be replaced by a long-wheelbase version of the Passat B7. The new model will be exclusive to the Chinese market, and at least 100 mm longer than the European B7.<ref name="chinaautoweb2010">{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/both-vw-nms-and-seventh-generation-passat-are-coming-to-china/ |title=Both VW NMS and Seventh Generation Passat Are Coming to China |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref> Engines available for Magotan B7L are ranging from 1.4T, 1.8T to 2.0T, a special-developed EA390 3.0L VR6 FSI engine is opted for the top model.

===Passat Alltrack===
[[File:Volkswagen Passat Alltrack concept -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG|thumb|left|Volkswagen Alltrack concept at NYIAS 2012]]
In October 2011 Volkswagen presented at the 2011 [[Tokyo Motor Show]] the Passat Alltrack. The Passat Alltrack bridges the gap between the passenger VW range and the SUV range comprising the [[Volkswagen Tiguan|Tiguan]] and [[Volkswagen Touareg|Touareg]].

The Passat Alltrack has raised ground clearance from 135 to 165 mm which improves approach angle from 13.5 to 16 degrees, departure angle from 11.9 to 13.6 degrees and ramp angle from 9.5 to 12.8 degrees when compared to the standard Passat wagon.
Passat Alltrack is the only VW in the passenger range to offer 4Motion with off road driving programme, the off road system works in conjunction with the ABS, electronic differential lock (EDL), DSG & hill descent assist system to control the vehicle in an off road expedition.

The engine range of the Passat Alltrack comprise of two 2.0L TDI with outputs of 103 kW/140 hp & 125 kW/170 hp and two petrol engines, 1.8L producing 118 kW/160 hp and 2.0L TSI producing 155 kW/207 hp. The TDI models come standard with BlueMotion Technology packages with Stop/Start system and battery regeneration mode for recovering braking energy. The two lesser powered engine variants 2.0L TDI and 1.8L TSI are only available in front wheel drive format with a manual 6 speed transmission. The rest of the range with 4Motion has a 6 speed DSG automated manual transmission, except the 2.0L TDI with 103 kW/140 hp has an option of 6 speed manual.

In 2012 at the [[New York Auto Show]], VW showed a Passat Alltrack with 2.0L TDI 125 kW/170 hp under Alltrack Concept nameplate to gauge response for a future market in the offroad wagon segment.

== Passat (North American, South Korean and Chinese markets) (2011–present) ==
[[File:2012 Volkswagen Passat -- NHTSA 2.jpg|thumb|right|2012 Volkswagen Passat S (US)]]

{{main|Volkswagen Passat NMS}}

Known as the New Midsize Sedan (NMS) before its unveiling in January 2011, this unique larger model designed specifically for the North American market replaces the B6 Passat sedan and wagon for the 2012 model year in Canada, the United States and Mexico. It is also sold in China alongside the Passat Lingyu and [[Volkswagen Passat (B6)|Magotan]]. North American and South Korean models will be built at its [[Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant|Chattanooga Assembly Plant]],<ref name="nms-pr">{{cite web|url=http://media.vw.com/press_releases/volkswagen-reveals-the-all-new-passat-a-first-in-class-vehicle-that-delivers-german-engineering-and-is-built-in-america |title=— A First-in-Class Vehicle that Delivers German Engineering and is Built in America |publisher=Media.vw.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> while Chinese market versions are built by 上海大众汽车[[Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive|Shanghai-VW]] in 2011.<ref name="chinaautoweb2010"/>

The Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]].
{{-}}

== Middle East market (2013 models) ==
The American version of the 2013 Volkswagen Passat made its way to Middle Eastern markets, namely Saudi Arabia, Oman and United Arab Emirates, by the summer of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chattanooga-made Volkswagen Passat to be exported to Middle East {{!}} Nooga.com|url=http://www.nooga.com/153310/chattanooga-made-volkswagen-passat-to-be-exported-to-middle-east/|publisher=Nooga}}</ref> The 5-seater sedan is available in four trim levels, all with a 170 hp 2.5-litre 5-cylinder engine and an automatic transmission only.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Passat 2012 now in UAE, KSA, Oman and GCC {{!}} DriveArabia|url=http://www.drivearabia.com/news/2012/06/25/volkswagen-passat-2012-now-in-uae-saudi-qatar-bahrain-kuwait-oman-and-gcc/|publisher=DriveArabia}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.vw.com/en/models/passat/gallery.html Official website]
* {{dmoz|/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Volkswagen/Passat/|VW Passat}}

{{Volkswagen}}
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[[Category:Volkswagen vehicles|Passat]]
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Chevrolet Malibu

2012-11-14T01:44:55Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 522855112 by Footballmaniac21 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
| image = 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco 1SA -- 02-29-2012 1.JPG
| name = Chevrolet Malibu
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| model_years = 1964–1983 1997–present
| class = [[Mid-size]]
}}
The '''[[Chevrolet]] Malibu''' (named after [[Malibu, California]]) is a [[mid-size car]] produced by [[General Motors]]. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the [[Chevrolet Chevelle]], but became its own model line beginning in the 1978 [[model year]]. Originally a [[Rear wheel drive#Rear wheel drive layouts|rear-wheel drive]] intermediate, GM revived the Malibu nameplate as a [[front-wheel drive]] car for [[model year|MY]] 1997.

Traditionally, the Malibu was marketed primarily in [[North America]], but the new Malibu model introduced in [[Calendar year|CY]] 2012 will be sold in most global markets.

==First generation (1964–1967)==



{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}

The first Malibu was a top-line subseries of the mid-sized [[Chevrolet Chevelle]] from 1964 to 1972. Malibus were generally available in a full-range of bodystyles including a four-door sedan, two-door Sport Coupe hardtop, convertible and two-seat station wagon. The Malibu was genuinely created and marketed for Chevrolet. Interiors were more lavish than lesser Chevelle 300 and 300 Deluxe models thanks to patterned cloth and vinyl upholstery (all-vinyl in convertibles and station wagons), deep-twist carpeting, deluxe steering wheel and other items. The Malibu SS was available only as a two-door Sport Coupe hardtop or convertible and added bucket seats, center console (with optional four-speed manual or Powerglide transmissions), engine gauges and special wheelcovers, and offered with any six-cylinder or V8 engine offered in other Chevelles - with the top option being a {{convert|300|hp}} 327 in 1964.

For 1965, Malibus and other Chevelles received new grilles and revised tail sections and had the exhaust pipes replaced but carried over the same basic styling and bodystyles from 1964. The Malibu and Malibu SS models continued as before with the SS featuring a blacked-out grille and special wheelcovers. Top engine option was now a {{convert|350|hp}}327.
[[File:Chevelle 006.jpg|250px|thumb|right|1965 Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Convertible]]

The Malibu SS was replaced in 1966 by a new Chevelle SS-396 series that included a big-block {{convert|396|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 engine, heavy duty suspension and other performance equipment. Other SS-396 equipment was similar to Malibu Sport Coupes and convertibles including an all-vinyl bench seat. Bucket seats and console with floor shift were now optional on the SS and for 1966 with the SS now denoting a car with a big-block engine, the bucket seats became a new option on the regular Malibu Sport Coupe and convertible, upon which any six-cylinder or small-block V8 could be ordered. Also new for 1966 was the Chevelle Malibu four-door Sport Sedan hardtop. Styling revisions on all 1966 Chevelles including more rounded styling similar to the full-sized Chevys with sail panels and tunneled rear windows featured on two-door hardtop coupes.

For 1967, the same assortment of bodystyles were continued with styling changes similar to all other Chevelles including a new grille and revised tail section with taillights that wrapped around to the side. New this year was a Chevelle Malibu Concours station wagon with [[Woodie#Simulated woodgrain|simulated woodgrain]] exterior side panel trim. Front disc brakes were a new option along with a stereo 8-track tape player. The same assortment of drivetrains carried over from 1966 with the top {{convert|327|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 dropped from {{convert|350|to|325|hp}}. It made 0- 60 in 6.2 seconds.

==Second generation (1968–1972)==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}

{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Coupe.jpg
| model_years = 1966–1972
| related = [[Buick Century]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Chevrolet El Camino]] [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]] [[Pontiac Grand Prix]] [[Pontiac LeMans]]
| aka = [[Chevrolet Chevelle]]
| assembly
| body_style = four-door [[station wagon]] four-door sedan two-door [[coupe]] two-door [[convertible]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| platform = [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]]
}}

Malibus and all other Chevelles were completely restyled for 1968 with semi-fastback rooflines on two-door hardtops and wheelbases split to {{convert|112|in|mm}} on two-door models and 116 for four-door sedans and station wagons. Engine offerings included a new {{convert|307|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|200|hp}} that replaced the {{convert|283|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 that had served as the base V8 since the Chevelle's introduction in 1964. Inside was a new instrument panel featuring round gauges in square pods similar to what would appear in Camaros the following year. New for 1968 was the Concours luxury option for Malibu sedans and coupes that included upgraded cloth or vinyl bench seats, carpeted lower door panels, woodgrain trim on dash and door panels, and Concours nameplates. There was again a top-line Concours Estate wagon with simulated woodgrain trim that had the same interior and exterior appointments as the Malibu sedans.

New grilles and rear decks with revised taillights highlighted the 1969 Malibus and other Chevelles. Instrument panels were revised and front seat headrests were now standard equipment due to federal safety mandate. The ignition switch moved from the instrument panel to the steering column and also doubled as a steering wheel lock. The 307 continued as the base V8, but the 327 engines were replaced by new {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8s of {{convert|255|and|300|hp}}. GM's three-speed Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission, previously only offered on SS-396 Chevelles, was now available on all models with all engines, including the six-cylinder and small-block V8s which in previous years were only available with the two-speed Powerglide.

For 1970, the Malibu was initially the only series of Chevelle offered, aside from the SS-396 and new SS-454, as the low-line 300 and 300 Deluxe models were discontinued, which also eliminated the two-door pillared coupes from the Chevelle lineup – which were never included in the Malibu series. New grilles, rear decks with taillights moved into the bumper and revised Sport Coupe roofline highlighted this year's changes. The standard six-cylinder engine was punched up from {{convert|230|CID|L|1|adj=on}} to{{convert|250|CID|L|1|adj=on}} and {{convert|155|hp}}, while the same assortment of V8s carried over with the addition of a {{convert|330|hp}}, {{convert|400|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 on non-SS Chevelles. At mid-year, the Malibu was rejoined by lower-line Chevelle models that were simply called the base Chevelle in both four-door sedans and two-door hardtops.

In 1971, Malibus and all other Chevelles got a new grille surrounded by single headlamps replacing the duals of previous years, and four round taillights similar to Camaros and Corvettes were located in the bumper. All engines were detuned to use lower-octane unleaded gasoline this year per GM corporate policy as a first step toward the catalytic converter-equipped cars planned for 1975 and later models which would require no-lead fuel.

Only new grilles highlighted the 1972 Malibu and other Chevelles. All bodystyles were carried over from 1971, but 1972 would be the final year for hardtops and convertibles as the redesigned Chevelles originally planned for this year, but delayed until 1973, would feature Colonnade styling with side pillars and frameless door windows.

<gallery>
File:Chevrolet Malibu 2-door mid 1970s model.jpg|1970 Chevelle Malibu 2-door sport coupe
</gallery>

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

==Third generation (1973–1977)==
{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}

[[File:Sue K Car.jpg|thumb|250px|right|1977 Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Classic Landau Coupe]]

The Malibu was redesigned for the 1973 model year. Models included the base '''Chevelle Deluxe''', mid-range '''Malibu''' and the top-line '''Laguna'''.

For 1974, the Deluxe was dropped, and the Malibu became the entry-level Chevelle. The Laguna trim package was replaced with the Malibu Classic that had the unusual arrangement for that time of 4 square headlights and made its way to the dealers in 1977 year model, offering the Chevy built inline six 250 CID as the base engine. The Laguna S-3 model was introduced to replace the [[Super Sport|SS]], and continued through 1976.

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

{{-}}

==Fourth generation (1978–1983)==
{{refimprove section|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1983 Chevrolet Malibu.jpg
| production = 1978–1983
| successor = [[Chevrolet Celebrity]]
| related = [[Buick Century]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Chevrolet El Camino]] [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] [[GMC Caballero]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] [[Pontiac Bonneville]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]] [[Pontiac Grand Prix]] [[Pontiac LeMans]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|108|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Oshawa, Ontario]], [[Canada]] [[Ramos Arizpe]], [[Mexico]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] Arlington, Texas

| transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed automatic 3-speed manual
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| platform = [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]] (1978–1981) [[GM G platform (RWD)|G-body]] (1982–1983)
}}

For the 1978 model year, the Malibu name, which had been the bestselling badge in the lineup, replaced the [[Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevelle]] name. This was Chevrolet's second [[downsize (automobile)|downsized]] nameplate, following the lead of the 1977 [[Chevrolet Caprice]]. The new, more efficient platform was over a foot shorter and had shed {{convert|500|to|1000|lb|}} compared to previous versions, yet offered increased trunk space, leg room, and head room.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/chevrolet-malibu15.htm|title=How Stuff Works 1978 Chevrolet Malibu|publisher=How Stuff Works}}</ref> Only two trim levels were offered - Malibu and Malibu Classic. The Malibu Classic Landau series had a two-tone paint job on the upper and lower body sections, and a vinyl top.

Three bodystyles were produced ([[station wagon]], [[sedan (car)|sedan]], and [[coupe]]). The sedan initially had a conservative six-window [[notchback]] roofline, in contrast to the unusual fastback rooflines adopted by Oldsmobile and Buick divisions. To reduce cost, the windows in the rear doors of 4-door sedans were fixed, while the wagons had small moveable vents. No doubt this design contributed to the number of factory air conditioning units sold with the cars, to the benefit of General Motors and Chevy dealers. In 1981, sedans adopted a four-window profile and "formal" pillared upright roofline. The 2-door coupe was last produced in 1981. The 1982 Malibu was facelifted with more squared-off front styling marked by quad headlights with long, thin turn signals beneath them. The look was very reminiscent of the recently facelifted Chevrolet Caprice. For 1983, Malibus gained a block-style "Malibu" badge on the front fenders to replace the cursive-style script located on the rear quarter panels of previous model years.

The 4-door Malibu was also used in fleets, especially for law enforcement usage. After the [[Chevrolet Nova]] ceased production in 1979, the mid-size '''9C1''' [[police car|police]] option (not to be confused with the full-size [[Chevrolet Impala]] '''9C1''' which was also available) was transferred to the Malibu, filling a void for mid-sized police vehicles. A 9C1-equipped Malibu with an LT-1 Z-28 Camaro engine driven by [[E. Pierce Marshall]] placed 13th of 47 in the 1979 [[Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash]], better known as the Cannonball Run.<ref>[[Brock Yates|Yates, Brock]] (2002) "Cannonball!: Worlds's Greatest Outlaw Road Race" MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1090-4</ref>

There was no factory Malibu SS option available from 1980. The SS only came in the [[Chevrolet El Camino|El Camino]].
The very rare 1980 Malibu M80 was a dealer package for only North and South Carolina in an effort to revive the muscle car era. It was, however, mostly aimed at NASCAR fans who regularly traveled to Darlington Raceway. To this day, the number actually produced is unknown; estimates place this around 1,901 cars. All M80s had to be white with dark blue bucket seats and center console interior. The base of the M80 was a 2-door sport coupe equipped with the F41 Sport Suspension package and the normal V8 (140 hp) drive train. The M80 option added two dark blue skunk stripes on top and a lower door stripe with the M80 identification. The package also added front and rear spoilers and 1981 steel rally wheels.

In Mexico, General Motors produced this generation in the [[Ramos Arizpe]] plant, which was sold during three years (1979 to '81). Mexican versions came in three trim levels (Chevelle, Malibu and Malibu Classic) and two body styles (sedan and coupe) with the {{convert|250|CID|L|1|adj=on}} I-6 as basic engine and the {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} {{Convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} V-8 as the optional; this engine was standard on Malibu Classic models during those three years. This was possible because the Mexican emissions regulations remained relatively free at the time.

===Iraqi taxi===
In 1981, [[General Motors Canada|General Motors of Canada]] in [[Oshawa]] produced a special order of 25,500 4-door Malibu sedans for [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Iraq]]i government. The deal was reportedly worth well over $100 million to GMCL. These special-order Malibus carried the unusual combination of GM's lowest-power carburated V6, the {{convert|110|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|229|CID|L|1|adj=on}} engine mated to 3-speed transmission with a unique on-the-floor stick shifter. All of the cars were equipped with air conditioning, heavy duty cooling systems, AM/FM cassette decks, front bench seats, 200 km/h speedometers, tough tweed and vinyl upholstery and {{convert|14|in|mm|sing=on}} stamped steel wheels with "baby moon" hubcaps.

However, only 13,000 units ever made it to Iraq, with the majority of the cars becoming taxis in [[Baghdad]] (once the cab-identifying orange paint was added to the front and rear fenders){{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}. With the remaining balance of about 12,500 additional Malibus either sitting on a dock in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] or awaiting port shipment in [[Oshawa]], where they were built, the Iraqis suddenly cancelled the order in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E3D71439F933A05750C0A964948260 |title=G.M. Canada Files Insurance Claim |publisher=New York Times |date=1982-03-30 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref> Excuses reportedly included various "quality concerns", including the inability of the local drivers to shift the finicky Saginaw [[manual transmission]]. This issue was eventually identified as being due to an apparent clutch release issue that eventually required on-site retrofitting by a crew of Canadian technicians sent to Iraq to support the infamous "Recall in the Desert". Later speculation was that the Iraqis were actually forced to back out for financial reasons, due to their escalating hostilities with [[Iran]] requiring the immediate diversion of funds to support the Iraqi war effort. Then GM of Canada President Donald Hackworth was initially quoted as stating GMCL intended to still try to sell the Malibus overseas in other Middle East markets; however in the end, the orphaned "Iraqi Taxi" Malibus were all sold to the Canadian public at the greatly reduced price of about [[Canadian dollar|C$]]6,800. Over the years, they have acquired a low-key 'celebrity' status, sometimes being colloquially referred to as "Iraqibu".

===NASCAR===
The Malibu was an extensively used body style in [[NASCAR]] competition from 1973 to 1983. The [[Laguna S-3]] variant, in particular, was extremely successful during the 1975-77 racing seasons, allowing [[Cale Yarborough]] to win 20 races in those years as well as winning the NASCAR championship one year. As it was considered a limited edition model, NASCAR declared it ineligible for competition following the 1977 season, even though (given NASCARs three-year eligibility rule) it should have been allowed to run through 1979. Beginning in 1981, the downsized Malibu body style was eligible to run, but given its boxy shape, only one driver [[Dave Marcis]] ran it in 1981 and 1982, with one victory in a rain-shortened [[Capital City 400|Richmond 400]] at [[Richmond International Raceway|Richmond]] in 1982, the popular independent driver's last win.

===Gallery===

<gallery>
File:'79 Chevrolet Malibu Sedan (Orange Julep).JPG |1979 Chevrolet Malibu sedan
File:Chevrolet Malibu Coupe (Orange Julep).jpg|Chevrolet Malibu coupe
File:3rd-Chevrolet-Malibu-police.jpg|1983 Chevrolet Malibu police car
File:'80 Chevrolet Malibu Wagon (Rear, Auto classique).JPG|1980 Chevrolet Malibu wagon
File:'81 Chevrolet Malibu Coupe (Orange Julep).jpg|1981 Chevrolet Malibu coupe
File:Chevrolet_Malibu_classic.jpg|Chevrolet Malibu Classic made and sold in Mexico
</gallery>

===Engines===

The base {{convert|200|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V-6 engine for the 1978 Chevrolet Malibu developed just {{convert|95|hp}} with optional upgrade to a {{convert|105|hp}} V-6, or {{convert|145|hp}} V-8. The largest {{convert|170|hp}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V-8.

Year Model Available Engines 
'''78''' = 200 V6 (95 hp), 231 (3.8 L) [[V6]] (105 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (165 hp) 
'''79''' = 200 V6 (95 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (115 hp), 267 V8 (125 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (165 hp) 
'''80''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 267 V8 (115 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (170 hp) 
'''81''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 267 V8 (115 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (170 hp) 
'''82''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 4.3 L V6 Diesel (85 hp), 305 V8, 350 V8 Diesel (105 hp) 
'''83''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 4.3 L V6 Diesel (85 hp), 305 V8, 350 V8 Diesel (105 hp)

===G platform===
Beginning in 1982, the Malibu shared GM's redesignated [[rear-wheel drive]] [[GM G platform (RWD)|G platform]] with cars like the [[Pontiac Grand Prix]], [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] and [[Buick Regal]]. The Malibu Classic was last marketed in 1982; Malibus were produced as 4-door sedans until 1983, and as station wagons until 1984, at which time it was fully replaced by the [[front-wheel drive]] [[Chevrolet Celebrity]]. Although the sedan and wagon were phased out, the [[Chevrolet El Camino|El Camino]] [[Coupé utility|utility]], which shared styling with the Malibu, remained in production until 1987.

===Scale models===
GM commissioned 1/25 scale plastic [[model car]]s of the El Camino from [[Model Products Corporation]] (MPC) as [[promotional merchandise]]. These were updated annually from 1978 to at least 1982. Kit versions of it were also made, and the tooling was later modified to an El Camino SS. Monogram also produced a 1978 El Camino in their then-usual, slightly larger 1/24 scale, as well as a 1979 police package sedan as a simplified 1/32 scale snap-together kit. Both have been reissued multiple times.

While the second generation body was widely replicated in many scales as die cast models and toys, this downsized generation was rarely represented, with Maisto producing an El Camino with quad headlights.

==Fifth generation (1997–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation
| image = 1997-1999 Chevrolet Malibu -- 03-21-2012.JPG
| model_years = 1997–2003 as Chevrolet Malibu 2004–2005 as Chevrolet Classic
| predecessor = [[Chevrolet Corsica]]/[[Chevrolet Beretta|Beretta]]
| related = [[Buick Skylark]] [[Oldsmobile Achieva]] [[Oldsmobile Alero]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]]
| engine = 2.2 L ''[[GM_Family_II_engine#L61|L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.4 L ''[[GM Quad-4 engine#LD9|LD9]]'' I4 3.1 L ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#L82|L82]]'' [[V6]] 3.1L ''[[GM LG8 engine|LG8]]'' V6
| wheelbase = {{convert|107|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|56.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 4-speed [[GM_4T40-E_transmission#4T40|4T40-E]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|69.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|190.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| aka = [[Chevrolet Classic]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| assembly = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, DE]], [[United States]] [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, MI]], [[United States]] [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, OK]], [[United States]]
| platform = [[GM N platform|N-body]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
}}

A new [[front-wheel drive]] Malibu was introduced in 1997 on an extended wheelbase version of the [[GM N platform]] shared with the [[Buick Skylark]], [[Oldsmobile Achieva]], [[Oldsmobile Alero]] and [[Pontiac Grand Am]]. All N-body Malibus were produced at the [[Oklahoma City Assembly]] plant (after 2002 it was retooled to build the [[GM GMT platform#GMT 360|GMT360]] [[SUV]]s) and the [[Wilmington Assembly]] plant (1997 to 1999), before moving production to [[Lansing, Michigan]]. The Wilmington plant was retooled to build the [[Saturn L-Series]] in 1999. The [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] was a rebadged, slightly more upscale version of the Malibu, produced from 1997-1999. It was intended as a placeholder model to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the aging [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]], before the all-new 1998 [[Oldsmobile Intrigue|Intrigue]] and 1999 [[Oldsmobile Alero|Alero]] arrived. The Malibu itself replaced the [[compact car|compact]] [[Chevrolet Corsica]]. Power came from a 2.4 L 150 hp (112 kW) [[Straight-4|I4]] or 3.1 L 155 hp (116 kW) V6. The Malibu was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year]] for 1997; this was later criticized by ''[[Car and Driver]]'' in 2009, citing that the Malibu was insufficiently distinguishable in terms of performance or interior quality to warrant such praise in hindsight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autos.yahoo.com/articles/autos_content_landing_pages/846/dishonorable-mention-the-10-most-embarrassing-award-winners-in-automotive-history/ |title=Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History- Yahoo! Autos Article Page |publisher=Autos.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

[[File:2000 Chevrolet Malibu.jpg|thumb|left|2000 Chevrolet Malibu]]

The 1997 to 1999 Malibus had a front grille with the Malibu logo in silver in the center; 2000 to 2003 models, and the Classic, had the blue Chevrolet emblem on the front grille. The 1997 to 1999 LS models were sometimes equipped with special gold-colored badges (the rear Malibu lettering and logo).

When a new Malibu was introduced on the Epsilon platform for 2004, the N-body Malibu was renamed [[Chevrolet Classic]] and remained in production for the 2004 and 2005 model years, being restricted to rental car companies and fleet orders.

The 3.1 L V6 was updated in 2000 with a new power rating of 170 hp (127 kW), and the 2.4 L 4-cylinder was dropped after that year. However, a 4-cylinder was reintroduced in 2004 when the 2.2 L [[Ecotec]] was offered on the Classic. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] fuel mileage estimates for the 2.2L Ecotec engine are {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}-{{convert|34|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}.

===Engines===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 1997–1999.5
| 3.1 L ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#L82|GM 60° L82]]'' V6
| {{Convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|185|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 1999.5–2003
| 3.1 L ''[[GM LG8 engine|GM 60° LG8]]'' V6
| {{Convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|190|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 1997–2000
| 2.4 L ''[[GM Quad-4 engine#LD9|TwinCam LD9]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 2004–2005
| 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]]'' I4
| {{Convert|144|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|}

===Malibu Cruiser===

<gallery>

</gallery>
The February 2002 issue of ''HCI: Hot Compact & Imports'' magazine featured the Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser concept that [[GM Performance Division]] built for the [[SEMA]] show in 2001. The car was painted in "Sublime Lime" by [[BASF]]<ref name="Sublime">{{cite web |title=Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser Concept |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/357.html |date= |work= |publisher=supercars.net |accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref> and featured a highly modified [[turbocharged]] 3500 [[MPFI|SFI]] 60-degree V-6 (producing {{convert|230|hp|kW|abbr=on|lk=out}} at 5,000 rpm and {{convert|280|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on|lk=out}} of torque at 2,900 rpm), a 4T65-E [[manual transmission|four-speed transmission]] with [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]], a set of 19x8-inch wheels by Evo wrapped in [[Toyo Tire & Rubber Company|Toyo]] Proxes T1-S high-performance tires. Numerous interior modifications included a full-length custom center console, four black leather [[Sparco]] racing seats, and a [[Kenwood Corporation|Kenwood]] entertainment center (with radio, [[compact disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[television|TV]], 10-disc [[Compact disc player#CD changer|changer]] and numerous [[Automobile audio#Amplifiers|amps]] and speakers). Exterior modifications included custom [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] headlamps (both low and high beams), "Altezza" style taillights, and a custom bodykit.<ref name="SEMA">{{cite web |title=Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser — 2001 SEMA Auto Show |url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/autoshows/sema/2001/chevroletmalibucruiser.html |date= |work= |publisher=edmunds.com |accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref>

Chevrolet produced the Cruiser as a [[concept car|concept]], and it was therefore never available for purchase. Their intent was to attract younger buyers to the stock model and demonstrate that [[aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] modifications could be made.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==Sixth generation (2004–2008)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation
| image = 2004-2005 Chevrolet Malibu -- 05-01-2010.jpg
| model_years = 2004–2007 and 2008 as Chevrolet Malibu Classic<ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/chevrolet_malibu_classic/ 2008 Chevrolet Malibu – New Chevy Sedans — Yahoo! Autos]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref>
| aka = [[Chevrolet Classic|Chevrolet Malibu Classic]] Chevrolet Malibu Maxx
| related = [[Saab 9-3]] [[Pontiac G6]] [[Saturn Aura]] [[Cadillac BLS]] [[Fiat Croma]] Maxx Model [[Opel Vectra|Holden/Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]
| engine = 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LX9|LX9]]'' [[V6]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]]'' [[V6]] 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|LZ9]]'' [[V6]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|112.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| height = {{convert|57.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|58.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|69.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon) {{convert|69.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan)
| length = {{convert|187.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon) {{convert|188.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan)
| assembly = [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), [[United States]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon platform]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 5-door [[Station Wagon]]
}}
[[File:2004-2005 Chevrolet Malibu MAXX LS.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Malibu MAXX LS]]
The Malibu name was moved to the new [[GM Epsilon platform|Epsilon platform]] based on the 2002 [[Opel Vectra]] C for 2004. The Epsilon-based Malibu came in two bodystyles, a standard 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] and a 5-door '''Malibu Maxx''' [[station wagon]]. The Maxx was advertised as a "five-door extended sedan", designed to have the utility but not the stigma of station wagons, and it was the first mid-size Chevrolet hatchback since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/chevrolet/malibumaxx/review.html |title=Chevrolet Malibu Maxx Review |publisher=Edmunds.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cars.about.com/od/2001/fr/05MalibuMaxx_ts.htm |title=2005 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx - Test drive and new car review - 2005 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx |publisher=Cars.about.com |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

Base power came from a 2.2 L [[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]] [[Straight-4|I4]] producing 144 hp (108 kW). ''LS'' and ''LT'' trims originally had a 3.5 L 201 hp (149 kW) [[GM High Value engine#LX9|High Value LX9]] [[V6]] while both sedan and Maxx SS models were powered by the 3.9 L {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[GM High Value engine#LZ9|High Value LZ9]] V6.<ref name="2006specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2006/specs/|title=2006 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> For 2007, the LX9 was replaced with the [[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]] V6, which in the Malibu produced 217 hp (162 kW). The L61 Ecotec was also updated for the 2007 model year with many improvements. A remote starter was also available, which was introduced on several other GM vehicles for 2004.

[[File:2007 Chevrolet Malibu LT sedan.jpg|thumb|left|2007 Chevrolet Malibu LT sedan]]This generation of the Malibu initially debuted with a front fascia design featuring a wide [[grille]] split horizontally by a prominent chrome bar that ran the entire width of the car, which was intended to make it resemble Chevrolet's [[truck]]s. However, for 2006, the front end was updated with more conventional styling: the chrome bar was removed, and the grille itself was made smaller, bearing a resemblance to the grille on the previous Malibu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2006/|title=2006 Chevrolet Malibu Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The car also added GM badges near the front doors.

The Malibu Maxx was discontinued for 2008. However, the Malibu sedans remained in production for fleet orders for the 2008 [[model year]]. GM refers to these models as the '''[[Chevrolet Classic|Malibu Classic]]'''. The cars themselves bear Malibu badges, unlike the past generation Classic. In 2006, "HIT WITH the ugly stick," Motor Trend blogs editor-in-chief Angus MacKenzie said of the 2004 Chevy Malibu: "The Chevy Malibu – fundamentally the same car [as the Opel Vectra] – had all the sex appeal of a wet Tuesday afternoon in Cleveland."<ref>{{cite web|title=http://blogs.motortrend.com/seven-cars-that-should-have-never-left-the-design-studio-194.html|url=http://blogs.motortrend.com/seven-cars-that-should-have-never-left-the-design-studio-194.html}}</ref>

===Engines===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
|-
|
| 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| {{Convert|144|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LX9|High Value LX9]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|High Value LZ4]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|217|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|High Value LZ9]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|}

[[File:Chevrolet Malibu SS.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Chevrolet Malibu SS]]

===SS===

A special ''[[Super Sport|SS]]'' trim was available on the Malibu and Malibu Maxx with the 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|LZ9]]'' V6 from 2006 to 2007, developing {{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} and channeled through a [[GM 4T65-E transmission|4T65-E]] four-speed automatic. Changes to differentiate the SS from the lower trims include side skirts, more aggressive front and rear clips, 18" wheels, and fog lights.

{{Clear}}

==Seventh generation (2008–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Seventh generation
| image = 2008 Chevrolet Malibu LS -- 11-25-2009.jpg
| model_years = 2008–2012
| engine = 2.4 L ''[[GM Family II engine#LE5|LE5]]'' {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]]'' {{convert|217|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 3.6 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LY7|LY7]]'' {{convert|252|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]] Hybrid:LAT 2.4L {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|112.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|57.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed ''[[GM 6T40 transmission|6T40]]'' automatic 4-speed ''[[GM 4T45-E transmission#4T45|4T45]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), [[United States]] [[Orion Assembly]] ([[Orion Township, Michigan]]), United States
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon platform]]
| related = [[Saab 9-3]] [[Pontiac G6]] [[Saturn Aura]] [[Cadillac BLS]] [[Fiat Croma]] [[Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]
}}

The '''Malibu''' was redesigned for the 2008 [[model year]] by [[Bryan Nesbitt]],<ref name="projo">{{cite web
| title = 51st New England International Auto Show
| publisher =Providence Journal, Projo Cars, C.T. Elsworth, December 1, 2007
| url = http://www.projo.com/projocars/content/CA-SHOW2_12-01-07_K583A1O_v25.141dfab.html}}</ref> under the direction of GM Vice Chairman [[Bob Lutz (businessman)|Robert Lutz]] — who was determined to make the nameplate competitive with Japanese mid-size cars. Extensive engineering and design went into the remodel.<ref name="article1">{{cite web|last=Helliker |first=Kevin |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123854495134475899.html?mod=article-outset-box |title=Malibu Shows Road to Revival Is Bumpy - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2009-04-01 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

The seventh generation Malibu is built on a revised version of the long-[[wheelbase]] [[GM Epsilon platform|Epsilon]] platform shared with the [[Saturn Aura]], the [[Opel Signum]], and [[Pontiac G6]]. It is assembled in [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. Overall, it is three inches (76 mm) longer, with a six inches (152 mm) longer wheelbase. Interior room remains mid-size, like the previous Malibus, and has been decreased from {{convert|101|cuft|m3|1}} to {{convert|97.7|cuft|m3|1}}, despite having a longer wheelbase, although front legroom has increased from {{convert|41.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|42.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2006specs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2008/specs/|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> Rear legroom has decreased from {{convert|38.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|37.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cargurus.com/Cars/Specs-c8190-2008-Malibu.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=CarGurus}}</ref> The interior design has also been completely reworked, with a selection of two-tone color combinations (brick and tan two-tone), telescoping steering wheel, higher-quality materials and a twin-cowl dash design.<ref name="jb2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2008/|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> Drag (Cd) is at 0.33.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/content/download/82857/1050463/version/1/file/chemal_ltz_08_ss.pdf|format=PDF|title=Chevrolet Malibu LTZ Specs|publisher=Car and Driver}}</ref>

===Powertrain===
The seventh generation Malibu offered these engine choices:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years !! Disp. !! Series !! HP !! Torque (Lb-ft) !! Description !! Transmission !! EPA City !! EPA Hwy
|-
| 2008–2010 || 2.4L || LE5 || 169 || 162 || Ecotec inline-4 || 4-speed automatic || 22 || 30
|-
| 2008–present || 2.4L || LE5 || 169 || 162 || Ecotec inline-4 || 6-speed automatic || 22 || 33
|-
| 2008–2009 || 2.4L || LAT || 164 || 159 || Ecotec Hybrid inline-4 || 4-speed automatic || 26 || 34
|-
| 2008–2010 || 3.5L || LZ4 || 217 || 214 || High Value V6 || 4-speed automatic || 19 || 29
|-
| 2008–present || 3.6L || LY7 || 252 || 251 || High Feature V6 || 6-speed automatic || 17 || 26
|}

The 2.4L I4 and 3.6L V6 engine have [[aluminum]] blocks and heads, [[dual overhead cams]], four valves per cylinder, twin [[balance shafts]], and [[variable valve timing]]. The 3.5L V6 has aluminum heads, an iron block, overhead valves, and limited variable valve timing. The 3.5L V6 was offered as an upgrade for special-order fleet vehicles, to replace the Ecotec engine, and generally was not available for retail customers. The 3.5L V6 was not available in the LTZ. The 3.5L V6 with 4-speed transmission has been the only drivetrain available in the 2008, 2009 and 2010 models in Israel. Partway through the 2008 model year, the 2.4L Ecotec was offered with a 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] to improve performance and fuel economy.<ref name="jb2008"/>

For 2009 models, the six-speed transmission mated to the 2.4L 4-cylinder engine or the 217 horsepower 3.5L V6 mated to the 4-speed automatic were made available on the 1LT; the 6-speed is now standard on 2LT models. LS models were equipped with the 4-speed transmission only. A [[manual transmission]] is not offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/autoshows/12210/2008-chevrolet-malibu.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu - Auto Shows|publisher=[[Car and Driver]] |accessdate=4 July 2010}}</ref> All models are [[front-wheel drive]] sedans, as Chevrolet dropped the Malibu MAXX [[station wagon]] model.

Partway through the 2010 model year, the GM badges were removed from the front doors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eogld.ecomm.gm.com/NASApp/domestic/proddesc.jsp?year=2010&butID=1&regionID=1&divisionID=3&vehicleID=8781&type=0# |title=Model Information – Online Ordering Guide |publisher=Eogld.ecomm.gm.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090825/AUTO01/908250320/1148/rss25 |title=GM to drop corporate logo from vehicles – Detroit News |publisher=The Detroit News |date= |accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref>

[[OnStar#Overview|OnStar]] is now standard on all Malibu models (excluding fleet vehicles, where this feature is optional). Six air bags are also now standard: two dual-stage front bags, two side-impact curtain air bags protecting the heads of both front and rear passengers, and two side-impact thorax bags mounted in the front seats. [[Traction control system|Traction control]], electronic [[tire pressure monitoring system]], four-wheel [[disc brakes]], [[antilock brakes]], and [[daytime running lamps]] are now all standard included safety features on all Malibus. GM's [[StabiliTrak]] brand [[electronic stability control]] is standard on all models including the very base LS model.

For 2011, the four-speed automatic transmission was dropped from the Malibu powertrain lineup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chevrolet-malibu-loses-four-speed-automatic.html|title=2011 Chevrolet Malibu loses four-speed automatic|work=Leftlanenews|accessdate=28 July 2010}}</ref>

===Malibu Hybrid===
A [[Belt alternator starter|BAS]] [[mild hybrid]], with the base inline-4 like the [[Saturn Aura]] Green Line, is available offering an increased fuel economy of {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}, which for the 2009 model, is now {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|34|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}. The Malibu hybrid was dropped for the 2010 model year.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/earth2Tech/idUS243003717520090611 ]{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/automobiles/autoreviews/21malibu.html | work=The New York Times | title=A G.M. Hybrid That Misses the High Notes | first=Lawrence | last=Ulrich | date=2009-06-21 | accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>

===Reception===
The 2008 Malibu has received critical praise from the automotive press, with ''[[The New York Times]]'' referring to it as being "like a super [[Honda Accord|Accord]], but from GM" and ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine declaring, "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]], Beware." It also garnered high praise from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine, being rated higher than the Honda Accord and [[Nissan Altima]] in the magazine's 2008 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of The Year]] competition. Kelley Blue Book named it the "2008 best redesigned vehicle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediaroom.kbb.com/index.php?s=43&item=21|title=Kelley Blue Book's Kbb.Com Names Chevrolet Malibu '2008 Best Redesigned Vehicle'|publisher=KBB}}</ref> Car and Driver stated that while it would not be "enough to steal the top-dog sales title from the perennial Honda and Toyota mid-sizers", they noted "for the first time since Chevrolet revived the storied nameplate in 1997, it has enough of what it needs to sell in significant numbers to the public, not just rental fleets".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/family_four_doors/2008_chevrolet_malibu_lt_short_take_road_test+t-engine_choices+page-3.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu LT - Short Take Road Test - Engine Choices |publisher=Car and Driver |date=2008-03-23 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

[[Edmunds.com]] has praised the Malibu's interior and exterior styling, quietness, and balance between ride and handling, while criticizing the thick [[C-pillar]]s that obstruct the driver's view, the narrower chassis compared to other midsize cars<ref>{{cite web|last=Karesh |first=Michael |url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/chevrolet-malibu-review/ |title=Chevrolet Malibu Review |publisher=The Truth About Cars |date=2007-11-09 |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</ref> (which reduces rear seating room and also lacks a center armrest) and lack of features such as dual-zone HVAC, Bluetooth compatibility, and keyless ignition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/Comparos/articleId=123842 |title=Comparison Test: 2007-2008 V6 Family Sedans |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2007-12-09 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

While related platform-mate [[Saturn Aura]] was criticized particularly for using cheap interior materials (long considered by critics as a problem area on many GM cars), this seemed to be improved in the Malibu.<ref name = "Automobile">Automobile Magazine: By Design, Robert Cumberford, December 2006 issue</ref><ref name = "CNN">{{cite web|author=By Peter Valdes-Dapena, CNNMoney.com staff writer |url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/02/autos/saturn_aura/index.htm?postversion=2006100417 |title=Saturn Aura aims high, scores big. CNN Money |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2006-10-10 |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref> Writers of various reviews for the 2008 Malibu believe Chevy may finally be getting back on track in quality and excitement in the mid-size segment after a history of ordinary, bland offerings, such as the [[Chevrolet Celebrity|Celebrity]], [[Chevrolet Corsica|Corsica]], [[Chevrolet Lumina|Lumina]], and even the previous two generations of Malibu since its 1997 revival.

In January 2008, the new Malibu received the [[North American Car of the Year]] award at the [[North American International Auto Show]] in Detroit in voting among a panel of 50 automotive journalists in a field of entries, with the runners up being the 2008 Cadillac CTS and the 2008 Honda Accord. The Malibu's win marks the second straight year a car built on GM's Epsilon platform has won the North American COTY award with the 2007 North American COTY award having gone to the 2007 [[Saturn Aura]].

Initial sales results have been positive, with the Malibu joining the [[Cadillac CTS]] and [[Buick Enclave]] on a list of GM vehicles whose sales have exceeded expectations. The redesigned Malibu sold more than 50% more units in 2008 than in 2007, increasing GM's mid-size market share to 8.4% from 5.7%, while the Camry and Accord percentages remained flat at about 21% and 17.5%, according to GM. Sales to rental customers dropped to 27% of the total, as GM limited sales to rental fleets.<ref name="article1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gm.com/corporate/investor_information/docs/sales_prod/07_12/pressrelease_0712.doc|title=GM Reports 323,453 December Deliveries|publisher=GM}}</ref>

The short-lived Malibu Hybrid, along with its sister, the [[Saturn Aura]] Green Line, which share the powertrain and other major components, was particularly criticized due to its lack of fuel savings and cost (relative to a standard 4-cylinder Malibu), plus the Hybrid's worsened driving dynamics.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/09q1/2010_ford_fusion_hybrid_vs._camry_hybrid_altima_hybrid_and_malibu_hybrid-comparison_tests |title=2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs. Camry Hybrid, Altima Hybrid, and Malibu Hybrid - Comparison Tests |publisher=Caranddriver.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>

===Recall===
On September 21, 2012. General Motors recalled 473,841 vehicles involving the Chevy Malibu, [[Pontiac G6]] and [[Saturn Aura]] from model years 2007 through 2010 equipped with four-speed automatic transmissions. The problem is a condition that could make cars roll when in park. The recall affects 426,240 in the United States, 40,029 in Canada and 7,572 in other markets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Klayman|first=Ben|title=GM recalls nearly 474,000 cars over gear shift problem|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/21/us-gm-usrecall-idUSBRE88K0II20120921|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref>

==Eighth generation (2013–)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Eighth generation
| image = 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco 2SA -- 02-29-2012.JPG
| model_years = 2013–
| production = Oct 18, 2011–present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2013.tab1.html |title=2013 CHEVROLET MALIBU SPECIFICATIONS |publisher=General Motors |accessdate=2012-07-17 }}</ref>
| aka = Holden Malibu
| predecessor = [[Chevrolet Epica]] ([[European Union|EU]], [[China|CN]]) [[Daewoo Tosca]] ([[South Korea|KR]]) [[Holden Epica]] ([[Australia|AU]])
| engine = 2.4L [[GM Family II engine#LUK|''LUK'']] I-4 with [[BAS Hybrid#Generation II BAS (eAssist)|''eAssist'']] 2.4L [[GM Family II engine|''Ecotec'']] I-4 2.5L [[Ecotec 2.5|''LCV'']] I-4 2.0L [[GM Family II engine#LTG|''LTG'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]] 2.0L [[GM Family Z engine|''VCDi'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]] 
| wheelbase = {{convert|107.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|57.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[GM 6T40 transmission|6T40]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed ''[[GM 6T70 transmission|6T70]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|73.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|191.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]] ([[Detroit]]), [[United States]] [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), United States [[Bupyeong]], [[South Korea]] [[Jingjiao]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon II platform]]
| related = [[Buick LaCrosse]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] [[Saab 9-5]]
}}

The next generation Malibu moves to [[GM Epsilon II platform]] and debuts in the 2013 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2010/03/2012-chevy-malibu-revealed-in-patent-drawings.html |title=2012 Chevy Malibu Revealed in Patent Drawings? : Auto News |publisher=Autoguide.com |date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref> The new Malibu will become a global vehicle, replacing both the North American Malibu and [[GM Korea]] vehicles previously sold around the world. The Malibu was unveiled as a show car simultaneously at [[Auto Shanghai]] in [[People's Republic of China|China]] (written as "Mai Rui Bo"<ref name="ChinaCarTimes_2011-04-01_10-48">{{cite web
|url= http://www.chinacartimes.com/2011/04/01/chevrolet-malibu-teaser-revealed-to-be-known-as-mai-rui-bao-in-china/
|title=Chevrolet China | Chevrolet Malibu teaser revealed, to be known as Mai Rui Bao in China |
|publisher=China Car Times - China Auto News
|first=Ashley|last=Sutcliffe|work=chinacartimes.com |date=1st April 2011|accessdate=2 October 2012}}</ref>), and on Facebook, on April 18, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news.detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Mar/0331_malibu |title=All-New Chevrolet Malibu Set for Global Premiere |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/chevrolet-malibu-2012.html |title=Spied: First images of 2012 Chevrolet Malibu |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref> It was also shown at the [[New York International Auto Show]] in [[New York City]] later in April.

===Features===
The Malibu will be offered with [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engines and six-speed [[automatic transmission]]s. It will feature the [[Chevrolet MyLink]] touch-based system which connects electronic devices wirelessly and features a storage compartment behind the screen.

The European version is offered with a 2.4 L [[GM Family II engine|Ecotec]] engine, which uses cast-iron block and aluminum cylinder head and a [[[GM Family B engine|2.0L Diesel]]] (1,956 cc) VCDi developing 160 hp (120 kW) (this is the only engine available in Italy). <ref>http://media.chevroleteurope.com/media/intl/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2011.html</ref><ref>http://chevroleteurope-pr.com/malibu-2012/downloads/press-releases/</ref>

===Safety===
Standard safety features on the Malibu include dual-stage front airbags for the driver and front passenger, along with pelvic/thorax side-impact and knee airbags up front also. Roof rail airbags with rollover protection will also be standard. Also available as option extras are second-row head/thorax side-impact airbags, lane departure warning system with forward collision alert and a rearview camera system.<ref>[http://www.themotorreport.com.au/51697/2012-chevrolet-malibu-revealed-previews-holden-malibu The Motor Report], Holden Malibu Shown as 2012 Chevrolet Malibu.</ref>

===Markets===
The Malibu will be available in "nearly 100 countries on six continents". In the United States, it will be manufactured in two plants, [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax, KS]] and [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit-Hamtramck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Apr/0418_malibu_reveal |title=All-New 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Gives Customers More |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-04-18 |accessdate=2011-04-22 }}</ref> In Australia, the Malibu will replace the [[Holden Epica]], and debut in 2012 as the Holden Malibu. It will fit between the [[Holden Cruze]] and [[Holden Commodore]].<ref name="Holden Malibu">[http://www.themotorreport.com.au/51603/holden-malibu-teased-ahead-of-2012-launch The Motor Report], Holden Malibu teased ahead of 2012 launch.</ref> In [[South Korea]], the Malibu replaces the [[Daewoo Tosca]], as GM has phased-out the [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]] brand in favor of Chevrolet. Korea was the first market to get the Malibu, in late 2011, followed by China later in 2011 and North America beginning in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news.detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Apr/0429_malibu |title=Chevrolet Malibu Expands Global Reach |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-04-29 |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>

===Reception===
In a March 2012 comparison test by Car and Driver, the Chevrolet Malibu Eco came in sixth place out of six cars behind the first place [[Volkswagen Passat NMS|Volkswagen Passat]], second place [[Honda Accord]], third place [[Kia Optima]], fourth place [[Hyundai Sonata]], and fifth place [[Toyota Camry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2013-chevrolet-malibu-eco-vs-2012-honda-accord-ex-l-2012-hyundai-sonata-se-2012-kia-optima-ex-2012-toyota-camry-se-2012-volkswagen-passat-25-se-comparison-tests |title=2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco vs. 2012 Honda Accord EX-L, 2012 Hyundai Sonata SE, 2012 Kia Optima EX, 2012 Toyota Camry SE, 2012 Volkswagen Passat 2.5 SE }}</ref> Motor Trend also placed the new Malibu sixth out of six, behind the first place VW Passat, second place Honda Accord, third place [[Ford Fusion]], fourth place [[Nissan Altima]], and fifth place Toyota Camry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/1212_2012_2013_midsize_sedan_comparison/viewall.html?ti=v2 |title=Comparison:
2012-2013 Midsize Sedan, Battle of the Best-Sellers }}</ref>

===Engines===
{| class = "wikitable" cellpadding = "0" style
|-
! colspan = "6;" style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Gasoline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2013.html |title=2013 Malibu |publisher=Media.gm.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Type
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Power
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Torque
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Years
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | EPA-estimated fuel economy (city/hwy)
|-
|2.4L (2,384 cc) [[GM Family II engine#LUK|LUK]] I-4 with [[BAS Hybrid#Generation II BAS (eAssist)|''eAssist'']]|| {{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm || {{convert|172|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 4900 rpm || 2013- || 25 / 37
|-
|2.4L (2,384 cc) [[GM Family II engine|Ecotec]] I-4 ||{{convert|167.2|PS|kW hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4600 rpm || 2013- (Europe) ||
|-
|2.5L (2,499 cc) [[Ecotec 2.5|LCV]] I-4|| {{convert|197|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6300 rpm || {{convert|191|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || 2013- || N/A
|-
|2.0L (1,998 cc) [[GM Family II engine#LTG|LTG]] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]]||{{convert|259|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|260|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 1700-5500 rpm || 2013- || N/A
|-
 
! colspan = "6;" style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Diesel (European Market Only)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobytel.com/chevrolet/malibu/2012/news/chevrolet-malibu-diesel-confirmed-for-europe-hopeful-for-u-s-103107/ |title=Chevrolet Malibu Diesel Confirmed for Europe, Hopeful for U.S. |publisher=Autobytel.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Type
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Power
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Torque
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Years
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Notes
|-
|2.0L (1,956 cc) [[GM Family B engine|''VCDi'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]]|| {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1750 ||2013- <ref>http://www.chevrolet.de/eap/malibu-4d.pdf</ref>||
|}

==Yearly American sales==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Total American sales
|-
| 2000<ref>[http://www.media.gm.com/news/releases/020103decembersales.html ]{{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>
| 207,376
|-
| 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html |title=mediaOnline |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2009-04-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080327035819/http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html |archivedate = March 27, 2008}}</ref>
| 176,583
|-
| 2002
| 169,377
|-
| 2003
| 122,771
|-
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/05/205609.html|title=GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results|publisher=The Auto Channel}}</ref>
| 179,806
|-
| 2005
| 203,503
|-
| 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2007-01-03 |accessdate=2009-04-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070621063220/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596 |archivedate = June 21, 2007}}</ref>
| 163,853
|-
| 2007
| 128,312
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-04-23}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 178,253
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls |title=Deliveries December 2009 |publisher=General Motors |date= |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>
| 161,568
|-
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2011/DeliveriesDecember2010.pdf |title=GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2010 |publisher=General Motors |date= |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>
| 198,770
|-
|2011<ref>[http://investor.gm.com/sales-production/docs/sales_prod/11_12/DeliveriesDecember2011.pdf ]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref>
| 204,808
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chevrolet Malibu}}
* [http://www.chevrolet.com/malibu The official website of the Chevrolet Malibu and Malibu Maxx]
* [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/Chevrolet1960m.htm Automotive History Online] Chevrolet Malibu history & photos
* [http://www.chevyresource.com/chevelle.html Online Chevelle Malibu Information & Resource Portal]
* [http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/13/autos/car_of_the_year/index.htm?postversion= CNN Money: Chevy Malibu Wins Car of the Year]
* [http://www.chevroletproblems.com/Malibu/ ChevroletProblems.com: Chevrolet Malibu]
* [http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/ JB car pages: Chevrolet Malibu]
* [http://www.malibuclub.ca Chevy Malibu Forum]
* [http://www.unitedmalibus.ca Chevy Malibu Forum]

{{Chevrolet vehicles}}
{{Early Chevrolet cars}}
{{Chevrolet}}

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Kia Carnival

2012-11-14T01:44:16Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 522838684 by Connor.johnson (talk), rv vague claim

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Kia Carnival
|image=2011 Kia Sedona EX -- 04-22-2011.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Kia Motors]]
|aka=Kia Sedona
|production=1998-2012 (U.S) 1998-present (International)
|class=[[Minivan]]
|body_style=4-door [[minivan]]
|assembly=
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|also called=
}}

The '''Kia Carnival''' is a [[minivan]] manufactured by [[Kia Motors]], introduced in September 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sedona-98-10-Trupart-Wiper-Blade/dp/B00493N3BM |title=Kia Sedona 98-10/01 Trupart Rear Wiper Blade: Amazon.co.uk: Car & Motorbike |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref> and marketed globally under various [[nameplate]]s – prominently as the '''Kia Sedona.'''

First generation models remain in production (e.g., in China). Second generation models have been marketed since model year 2006 – including as a [[badge engineering|rebadged]] variant<ref name="nyt2">{{cite news
| title = Hyundai Entourage and Kia Sedona: American Pie From a Korean Kitchen
| publisher = The New York Times, Michelle Krebs, November 12, 2006
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/automobiles/autoreviews/12AUTO.html?_r=1&scp=12&sq=kia&st=cse
| date=November 12, 2006}}</ref> in the United States, the [[Hyundai Entourage]] for model years 2007–2009.

Beginning in 2010 certain global markets (e.g., the UK) of the second generation model began receiving updated equipment, engine choices and Kia's corporate grille, known as the [[Kia Motors#Design emphasis|Tiger Nose]], as designed by Kia's design chief, [[Peter Schreyer]].

==First generation (1998–2006)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=First generation
|image=2002 Kia Sedona LX.jpg
|aka=Kia Sedona Naza Ria (Malaysia)
|related=[[Hyundai Trajet]] [[Kia Credos]] [[Kia Optima]] (facelift){{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
|production=September 1998–2006
| model_years = 1998 – 2005
|platform= [[Hyundai-Kia Y3/Y4 platform|Hyundai-Kia Y4]]
|assembly = [[Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Sohari Plant]], [[Gwangmyeong]], [[South Korea]] [[Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Yancheng Plant|Yancheng Plant]], [[Jiangsu]], [[China]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]<ref>[http://www.avtotor.ru/kia/ ]{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref> [[Serdang, Selangor]], [[Malaysia]] (Naza Ria)
|engine=2.5 L [[Rover KV6 engine|''Rover KV6'']] 3.5 L [[V6]] 2.9 L [[CRDi]]
|wheelbase=2910 mm (114.6 in)
|length=1998–2001: 4890 mm (192.5 in) 2001–2005: 4930 mm (194.0 in)
|width=1895 mm (74.6 in)
|height=1998–2001: 1730 mm (68.1 in) 2001–2005: 1770 mm (69.6 in)
|transmission=4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
}}

The Kia Sedona first generation was marketed globally, for example as the '''Naza Ria''' in [[Malaysia]]. The first generation model is currently manufactured and marketed in specific regions, including under a [[joint venture]] in the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] market with [[Dongfeng Yueda Kia Automobile Company]].

In the United States, the first generation Sedona competed with the minivan segment of [[Toyota Sienna]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]], [[Ford Windstar]]/[[Ford Freestar]] and the [[Chrysler S platform|Chrysler minivans]] – and was Kia's top-selling vehicle when it launched.

With a 3.5 L V6 engine making 195 hp (145 kW) and a 4-speed automatic (later a 5-speed automatic transmission), the Sedona lacked features that other minivans had such as power sliding doors and power liftgate, a fold flat third row seat, navigation system, rear-view camera, and backup sensors. Early Sedonas were rated at 15.6 L/100 km (15.1 mpg) (city) and 10.9 L/100 km (21.6 mpg) (highway), but the numbers improved slightly to 14.8 L/100 km (15.9 mpg) (city) and 9.6 L/100 km (24.5 mpg) (highway) for 2005 models.

In [[Australia]], the Kia Carnival went on sale in 1999, with a standard 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] and 2.5 L V6 producing 177 hp (132 kW). A 4-speed automatic was optional. In 2001, it outsold the [[Toyota]] Tarago, becoming the top-selling minivan in the country. It was sales leader again in 2004 and 2005, when sales peaked at 5,259 units, which in itself was a record for any minivan.

[[File:2004-05 Kia Sedona LX.jpg|thumb|left|2004-2005 Kia Sedona LX (US)]]
[[File:2005 Kia Sedona EX (US).jpg|thumb|left|2005 Kia Sedona EX (US)]]

In Europe is available only with the 2.5 [[Rover KV6 engine]]<ref>[http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?powertrain_02f.htm Rover KV6 engine]</ref> 24V petrol with 163 PS and [[Euro 2]] standard emission level and the 2,9 litres turbo[[diesel engine]] with 126 PS. From 2001 Kia Motors introduce the 2.5 ''KV6'' [[Euro 3]] with 150 PS and the new 2.9 [[CRDI]] [[common rail]] diesel engine with 144 PS.

Shown left is the 2005 Kia Sedona EX (US), the EX is the highest body style with all the amenities such as interior and exterior chrome accents, interior wood grain, leather wrapped steering wheel and gear shift knob and alloy wheels, with optional leather appointed seating, sunroof, DVD player and much more.
{{clear}}

==Second generation (2006–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|image=2009 Kia Sedona LX -- 11-25-2009.jpg
|aka=Kia Grand Carnival (LWB) Kia Sedona Kia VQ (China) Kia Carnival R (South Korea)
|related=[[Hyundai Entourage]] (2007-09)
|production = 2006 - 2012
| model_years = 2006 - 2012
|related=[[Hyundai Entourage]]
|assembly = [[Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Sohari Plant]], [[Gwangmyeong]], [[South Korea]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]<ref>[http://www.avtotor.ru/kia/ avtotor.ru]</ref> Bicutan, [[Parañaque City]], [[Philippines]]
|platform= VQ
|transmission=5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|engine=2.7L [[Hyundai Mu engine|''Mu'']] [[V6]] [[petrol]] 3.5L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda'']] [[V6]] [[petrol]] 3.8L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda'']] [[V6]] [[petrol]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] [[Hyundai R engine|''R-Line'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.9L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|length=4810 mm (189.4 in) (SWB) 5130 mm (202.0 in) (LWB)
|width=1985 mm (78.1 in)
|height=1760 mm (69.3 in) (SWB & 2011- LWB LX) 1780 mm (70.1 in) (LWB) {{convert|69.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2011- EX)
|wheelbase=2890 mm (113.8 in) (SWB) 3020 mm (118.9 in) (LWB)
}}

Kia introduced the second generation Carnival/Sedona worldwide for model year 2006 – in short (SWB) and long-wheelbase (LWB) models – with a 2-inch-wider front track, 3-inch-wider rear track and reduced turning radius<ref name="firstdrive">{{cite web
| title = First Drive: 2006 Kia Sedona
| publisher = Edmunds, Insideline.com, Erin Riches, Feb 9, 2006
| url = http://www.insideline.com/kia/sedona/2006/first-drive-2006-kia-sedona.html}}</ref> than the first generation. The SWB model shares its [[automobile platform|platform]] with the [[Kia Magentis]]<ref name="blogtorque">{{cite web
| title = New Kia Sedona - 1 July
| publisher = Blogtorque.co.uk
| url = http://www.blogtorque.co.uk/default.asp?article=New_Kia_Sedona_-_1_July&display=250}}</ref> – and was specially designed for the European market,<ref name="blogtorque"/> where it falls in the [[Minivan#The term|large MPV]] class.

With a lighter engine, greater use of high-tensile steel in the body, and a lighter transmission and rear suspension, the minivan lost approximately 400 lbs in the redesign.<ref name="autoweek1">{{cite web
| title = Higher prices and better quality push redesigned Sedona up-market
| publisher = Autoweek, Feb 14, 2006
| url = http://www.autoweek.com/article/20060214/FREE/60213004}}</ref>

In certain markets, Kia offers the minivan in both wheelbases (e.g., in North America, Australia) or in other markets, simply as the short-wheelbase configuration (e.g., UK, France). Globally, the minivan has been offered with four engines as well as manual and automatic transmissions.

Equipment content varies widely by market – including such features as six airbags (front, front side and air curtain), [[Anti-lock braking system|Anti-Lock Braking System]] (ABS) with [[Electronic Brakeforce Distribution]] (EBD), [[Electronic Stability Control]] (ESC) with [[Traction Control]] System (TCS) & Brake Assist System (BAS), dual or tri-zone heating and cooling, "walk through" aisle between the front seats with fold-down tray, tilt/height adjustable steering wheel, [[Isofix|ISOFIX]] anchor points, rear side sliding doors with "hold open" locking feature (to prevent an open door from inadvertently closing), second row power roll-down windows, third row 60/40 fold-in-floor seat (LWB only), power sliding doors and liftgate, backup sensors, and in-dash navigation.

In European and Asian markets, the SWB models offer a full-range of options and available equipment, with a 2+3+2 seating configuration (an essential format in a large MPV for Europe).<ref name="carpages1">{{cite web
| title = Kia Sedona Review
| publisher = Carpages.co.uk, 10th November 2006,
| url = http://www.carpages.co.uk/kia/kia-sedona-review-part-1-10-11-06.asp}}</ref> By contrast, in the U.S. the SWB model is offered only in a base equipment level with a 2+2+3 seating configuration – and high-end options exclusive to LWB models.

===United States===
[[File:Kia Sedona LX SWB.jpg|thumb|left|Kia Sedona SWB (US)]]

Kia introduced the second generation Sedona to the North American market at the 2005 Chicago Auto Show<ref name="autoweek2">{{cite web
| title = 2005 Chicago: Kia keeps pressure on minivan leaders with redesigned Sedona
| publisher = Autoweek, Dale Jewett, Feb 11, 2005
| url = http://www.autoweek.com/article/20050211/FREE/502110703}}</ref> for model year 2006 offering a single engine/transmission choice, the 240 hp 3.8-liter [[V6]] [[Hyundai Lambda engine]] with continuously variable intake valve timing and a five-speed [[Kick-down|manumatic automatic transmission]].<ref name="autoweek2"/>

[[File:2011 Kia Sedona LX -- 04-22-2011.jpg|thumb|left|2011 Kia Sedona LX (US)]]

Initially offered only in long-wheelbase (LWB) form, the short-wheelbase (SWB) model followed for model year 2007.<ref name="autoweek2"/> Trim levels include ''Sedona'' (SWB), ''Sedona LX'' (LWB), and ''Sedona EX'' (LWB). The van was updated for the 2011 model year with a new ''Tiger Nose'' grille and taillights, a more powerful engine and a six-speed automatic transmission, but dropped the short-wheelbase version because of poor sales.

A [[badge engineering|rebadged]] version of the Sedona was offered from 2007-2009 as the [[Hyundai Entourage]].

In May 2012, [[Kia Motors|Kia]] told The Car Connection that the Sedona will be discontinued in the U.S. market after the 2012 model year, but a company spokesperson said the company doesn't expect to permanently exit the minivan market.<ref name="carconnection">{{cite web
| title = Kia Sedona Minivan Won't Return For 2013; 2014 Replacement Likely
| publisher = The Car Connection, Bengt Halvorson, May 4, 2012
| url = http://www.thecarconnection.com/news/1075956_kia-sedona-minivan-wont-return-for-2013-2014-replacement-likely}}</ref>

:[http://media.il.edmunds-media.com/kia/sedona/2006/ns/2006_kia_sedona_oth_ns_1_717.jpg '''See:''' Kia Sedona reveal rendering for the 2005 Chicago Auto Show]

The American configuration earned a five-star safety rating from the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] for all seating positions in frontal and side-impact crashes. The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] also rates the Sedona "Good" – its highest rating – in front, side and rear impacts. The IIHS has christened the 2006 Sedona a "Gold Top Safety Pick", making the Sedona (and the similar Hyundai Entourage) the safest minivan currently tested.<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr112106.html] Kia Sedona, Hyundai Entourage Sweep IIHS Minivan Safety Awards</ref><ref>[http://minivans.about.com/b/a/000054.htm] 2007 Top Safety Pick award winners: award criteria are tougher; SUVs eligible for first time</ref> Kia has announced that the 2012 Kia Sedona will be the last Sedona for the American market.

===United Kingdom===
The Sedona has been the second top selling large MPV in the UK market, and in 2010 received a new grill, new equipment (including a reversing camera built into the rear-view mirror) and a single engine choice, a 192PS 2.2 CRDi [[Inline-four engine|I4]] replacing the 183PS 2.9 CDRi.<ref name="buscar">{{cite web
| title = Kia Sedona: Test Drive Review
| publisher = BusinessCAR, 2010, Tristan Young
| url = http://www.businesscar.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=2&storycode=5201}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.covercars.com/cars/36126 |title=Bargin Hunter: Kia Sedona MPV | date=2011-02-22 |author=Daniel Cobbs |publisher=CoverCars}}</ref> The Sedona is marketed in three trim levels (1,2 & 3) with a 5-speed manual transmission or six-speed automatic gearbox. Trim level 1 includes air-conditioning, electric windows. Trim level 2 receives alloy wheels, rear parking camera with the display incorporated into the rear-view mirror, and climate control. Trim level 3 adds electronic stability control, leather seats, heated front seats, power tail gate and powered folding door mirrors.

[http://www.motoring.co.uk/images/newsImages/c606b9b4-ace2-11de-9156-001ec9bb7bcb.jpg '''See:''' 2010 UK Sedona] with "tiger nose" corporate grille by designer [[Peter Schreyer]].<ref name="Kpress2">{{cite web
| title = Interview with Peter Schreyer, Chief Design Officer
| publisher = Kia Press, 2 March 2010
| quote = The Kee concept that we showed at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007 was the first car that introduced our distinctive new grille – the 'tiger nose' as it's now known," explains the 57-year-old German. "When we started on this tiger nose," he reaches for pencil and paper and begins to sketch the Kia face with swift and assured strokes, "I wanted a powerful visual signal, a seal, an identifier. The front of a car needs this recognition, this expression. A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive. Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance.
| url = http://www.kia-press.com/presskits/motorshows/geneva%202010/interview%20with%20peter%20schreyer.aspx}}</ref>

===Australia===
[[File:2010 Kia Grand Carnival (VQ MY11) Platinum van (2010-10-16) 02.jpg|thumb|Interior]]

The second generation Carnival went on sale in Australia in January 2006. Initially, the long-wheelbase 3.8L V6 5-speed automatic Grand Carnival was sold alongside the previous generation 2.5L V6 Carnival, until the second-generation SWB Carnival arrived in August of that year, available in both 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic, and new 2.7L V6 engine. Both models seat 8 passengers. A 2.9L turbo diesel engine was introduced in the Grand Carnival in March 2009. In June 2010, the Carnival and Grand Carnival underwent a mild facelift, the manual transmission was dropped from the SWB model, and the LWB model received a new 3.5L V6 and 6-speed automatic. In 2011, the SWB Carnival was dropped entirely, while the LWB model gained the new 2.2L "R" series diesel engine, replacing the previous 2.9L engine. The Carnival has been Australia's best-selling people mover since 2007.

===Reception===
The Kia Sedona (Carnival) has received the 2007 MotorWeek "Best Minivan" award in its 2007 Drivers' Choice Awards and ''The Car Book'''s 2007 "Best Bet" distinction. Overall, Kia models improved 22% in J.D. Power and Associates 2006 Initial Quality Study (IQS), and improved twice as much as any competitor in the last 3 years.<ref>[http://www.kiamotors.com/Inter_Corp/Pr/News/ReadPress.aspx?Index=377] Kia Sorento and Sedona Top Quality Index</ref>

The Kia Sedona ranked 4th the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com.<ref>[http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/daily-news/090603-The-Most-Expensive-Cars-to-Insure/] The Most Expensive Cars to Insure</ref> [[Edmunds.com]] names Kia Sedona as one of the "Top Recommended" Vehicles for 2010.<ref>[http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/kia/41942/ EDMUNDS.COM NAMES 2010 KIA SOUL AND SEDONA "TOP RECOMMENDED" VEHICLES FOR 2010] January 19, 2010. PRNewswire</ref>

===Reliability===
*In the 2007 reliability report published by [[TÜV]], 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 113th out of 113 in the 2 to 3-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 25.1%.<ref>[http://www.autobild.de/artikel/auto-bild-tuev-report-2007_59351.html] TUV article (German language)</ref> In the 2008 TÜV report, 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 116th out of 116 in the same category, with a defect rate of 19.70%, and also placed 111th out of 111 in the 4 to 5-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 27.60%.<ref>[http://www.autobild.de/artikel/auto-bild-tuev-report-2008_522911.html] Von Zwergen und Riesen (German language)</ref>

*According to [[MSN]] autos reliability survey, 2006 Kia Sedona reliability rated as good, overall 5/5. It rated as "Minimal Problems", and comment as "Infrequent problems reported, all with low repair costs."<ref>[http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/reliability.aspx?year=2006&make=Kia&model=Sedona] 2006 Kia Sedona Reliability Rating</ref> MSN Autos use industry-leading Identifix for reliable data on all automobiles.<ref>[http://autos.msn.com/home/reliability_ratingsinfo.aspx] MSN Autos' Reliability Ratings Come From Experts</ref>

*According to MyRide.com reliability survey,<ref>[http://www.myride.com/content/research/vir/index.cfm/vehicle_number_int/1026635/Action/Reliability] Myride survey</ref> The MyRide Reliability Ratings are collected from visitors and past customers of Autobytel Inc.'s websites (Autobytel.com, Autoweb.com and CarSmart.com) who own vehicles from model year 2001 and newer via an online survey conducted by an independent third party.
:Durability scored 86 (Industrial average 80)
:Mechanical Quality scored 89 (Industrial average 80)

*The 2009 Kia Sedona's JD Power reliability score is same as the 2009 Honda Odyssey<ref>[http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/Honda_Odyssey/2009/] 2010 Honda Odyssey</ref> and 2009 Dodge Grand Caravan.<ref>[http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/Dodge_Grand-Caravan/Reliability/] 2009 Dodge Grand Caravan</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.kia.com/#/sedona/explore/ Official Kia Sedona Website (Kia Motors America)]

{{Commons category|Kia Sedona}}
{{Commons category|Kia Carnival}}
{{Kia Motors}}
{{Kia North America}}
{{Kia}}

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Ford Explorer

2012-11-14T01:42:20Z

IFCAR: /* First generation (1991–1994) */ rm photo of modified car; Explorer Sport has its own section elsewhere in the article

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
:''See also [[Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] for the Explorer-based pickup truck''
{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2011 Ford Explorer XLT -- 05-18-2011.jpg
|name = Ford Explorer
|manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
|class = Mid-size [[SUV]] (1991–2010) Full-size [[crossover SUV]] (2011–)
|production = 1990–present
|model_years = 1991–present
|predecessor = [[Ford Bronco II]]
}}
The '''Ford Explorer''' is a [[sport-utility vehicle]] sold in North America and built by the [[Ford Motor Company]] since 1990, as a replacement for the smaller but related [[Ford Bronco II]]. It is manufactured in Chicago, Illinois (it was also assembled in [[Hazelwood, Missouri]] until the plant closed on March 10, 2006). The Ford Explorer was instrumental in turning the SUV from a special-interest vehicle into one of the most popular vehicle types on the road. Model years through 2010 were traditional mid-sized [[SUV]]s, with the redesign for the 2011 model year classifying it as a full-sized [[crossover SUV]]. It is slotted between the larger [[Ford Expedition]] and the smaller [[Ford Escape]]. Although outwardly similar, the Explorer and [[Ford Edge]] do not share platforms.

The Explorer has also been involved in controversy, after a spate of fatal rollover accidents in the 1990s involving Explorers fitted with [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] [[tire]]s. Both two-door ''Explorer Sport'' and four-door models of Explorer have been sold. Part-time [[four-wheel drive]] is an available option, and since 1995 this has been a 'shift on the fly' system with full protection against being engaged at high speed. A specially modified ''Special Service Vehicle'' version is also available from Ford Fleet for [[law enforcement agencies]], [[Firefighting worldwide|fire departments]], and [[Emergency medical services|EMS agencies]]. Explorer was also the name of a trim package offered on the [[Ford F-Series]] trucks from 1968 to 1986. The 2011 Ford Explorer was named North American Truck of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coalgeology.com/new-2011-ford-explorer-north-american-truck-of-the-year-nyse-f/12883/ |title=New 2011 Ford Explorer: North American Truck of the Year |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=February 3, 2011 |accessdate=April 19, 2011}}</ref>

==First generation (1991–1994)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = First generation (UN46)
| image = 1st Ford Explorer Eddie Bauer.jpg
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly = [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Kentucky, United States [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], Missouri, United States [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], Venezuela
|production = 1991–1994
|body_style = 3-door [[SUV]] 5-door [[SUV]]
|engine = 4.0 L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#4.0|Cologne]]'' [[V6]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[Mazda M5OD transmission|M5OD-R1]] manual 4-speed ''[[Ford C3 transmission#A4LD|A4LD]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = 3-Door: 102.1 in (2593 mm) 5-Door: 111.9 in (2842 mm)
|length = 3-Door: 174.5 in (4419 mm) 5-Door: 184.3 in (4673 mm)
|width = 70.2 in (1778 mm)
|height = 3-Door: 67.5 in (1714 mm) 5-Door: 67.3 in (1709 mm) Eddie Bauer 4-Door 4WD: 68.3 in (1735 mm)
|related = [[Mazda Navajo]] [[Ford Ranger (North America)#First generation|Ford Ranger]]
}}
The Explorer was released in March 1990 as a 1991 model. It was equipped with a 4.0-liter OHV {{convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6 engine]] manufactured in Cologne Germany, and either the 4-speed A4LD [[automatic transmission]] or (Mazda) 5-speed M5OD [[manual transmission]]. Like the [[Ford Bronco II|Bronco II]] it replaced, it was an SUV derivative of the [[Ford Ranger|Ranger pickup]], and came equipped with many of the Ranger's optional features. Like its direct competitor, the [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]], it was available in both 2-door and 4-door body styles, and with rear or four-wheel drive. The four-wheel-drive versions were equipped with a Borg Warner 13–54 part-time four-wheel-drive transfer case. The 13–54 was available with "Touch Drive" electronic push-button shifting or manual lever-operated shifting. Both were "shift-on-the-fly" designs that allowed the Explorer to be shifted from two-wheel drive to "four-high" at any speed, although "four-low" was only available when the vehicle was stopped. All Explorers were equipped with the [[Ford 8.8 axle]] in either a limited slip or open version with a variety of available gear ratios. Four-wheel-drive front axles were the TTB ("[[Twin Traction Beam]]") [[Dana 35]] with some [[Dana 44|Dana 44-spec]] components.

[[File:1993 Explorer Interior.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of 1st Gen Explorer (2dr Sport Cloth)]]
Explorers initially came in 4 trim levels: base XL, XLT, Sport (only available on the two-door version), and the upscale Eddie Bauer edition. For the 1993 model year, engine output was increased by {{convert|5|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} for a total of {{convert|160|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The Limited edition, added for 1993, was available only in the 4-door body style and was positioned at the top of the lineup above the Eddie Bauer edition. It featured automatic headlights, an auto-dimming [[rear-view mirror]], foglamps, a center roof console with compass and outside thermometer, unique wheels and [[grille]], and an [[automatic transmission]] as standard equipment. Both the grill and headlight trims on the Limited model were paint-matched to the body color, unlike the chrome or black versions on other trim levels.

Technically similar to the 4-door Ford Explorer, the 2-door Explorer came in both [[rear-wheel drive]] and [[four-wheel drive]] variants. It replaced the 2-door [[Ford Bronco II]], and was larger than the Bronco II. A variant of the 2-door Explorer Sport was sold by [[Mazda]] as the [[Mazda Navajo|Navajo]], which won Motor Trend's Truck of the Year award but was discontinued in 1994. Many, but not all 2-door Explorers are badged as Sport models.

Common complaints about the first generation models mostly came from the A4LD automatic transmission, which was not well-suited for towing and was unable to cope with higher power output from modified engines; improved fluid cooling using aftermarket transmission coolers can alleviate these issues. The automatic locking front hubs also tended to fail prematurely; the manual versions, made for Ford by Warn, suffered from fewer reliability problems.
{{Clear}}

==Second generation (1995–2001)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Second generation (UN105/UN150)
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly = [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Kentucky, United States [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], Missouri, United States [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], Venezuela
|image = 95-98 Ford Explorer.jpg
|production = November 1994–2001<ref>nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA146EA867E34&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM</ref> November 1994–2003 for Sport
|body_style = 3-door [[SUV]](1995–2001) 5-door [[SUV]](1995–2001)|engine = 4.0 L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#4.0|Cologne]]'' [[V6]] 4.0 L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#SOHC|Cologne SOHC]]'' [[V6]] 5.0 L ''[[Ford Windsor engine#302|Windsor]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
|transmission=5-speed [[Mazda M5OD transmission|M5OD-R1]] manual 4-speed ''[[Ford C3 transmission#4R55E|4R55E]]'' automatic 4-speed ''[[Ford AOD transmission|4R70W]] automatic 5-speed ''[[Ford C3 transmission#5R55E|5R55E]]'' automatic
|wheelbase = 1995–97 5-door: 111.5 in (2831 mm) 1998–2001 5-door: 111.6 in (2834 mm) 1995–99 3-door: 101.7 in (2565 mm) 2000–03 3-door: 101.8 in (2568 mm)
|length = 1998–2001 5-door: 190.7 in (4826 mm) 1998–99 3-door: 180.8 in (4572 mm) 1995–97 5-door: 188.5 in (4788 mm) 1995–97 3-door: 178.6 in (4536 mm) 2000–03 3-door: 180.4 in (4562 mm)
|width = 70.2 in (1778 mm)
|height = 67.0–68.3 in (1702–1735 mm)
|related = [[Mercury Mountaineer#First generation (1997.E2.80.932001)|Mercury Mountaineer]] [[Ford Ranger (North America)#Second generation|Ford Ranger]] [[Ford Ranger (North America)#Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]
}}
The Explorer saw significant exterior, interior and suspension updates in 1994. The [[Ford_Cologne_V6_engine#4.0|4.0L Cologne OHV V6]] from the previous generation Explorer carries over. The former "Twin Traction Beam" (TTB) front suspension was replaced with a more carlike independent front suspension. The Explorer lineup now consisted of two models: 2-door ''Explorer Sport'' and the 4-door ''Explorer''. The ''Limited'' was a higher end 4-door. Selectable automatic [[Control trac|ControlTrac]] four-wheel drive debuted with a two-speed dual range transfer case featuring three drive modes: Two High, Auto, and Four Low. The 1995 Explorer was the first production vehicle to use a neon center high mount stop lamp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/1084360/Ford-Explorer.html |title=1995 Explorer first production vehicle to use a neon stoplamp |accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> It also was the first vehicle in its segment to have dual front airbags. Like the basic Explorer, the '''Explorer Sport''' was significantly redesigned for 1995. The ''Eddie Bauer'' trim level was replaced with ''Expedition'' on 2-door Explorers (1995 only, the name would be reused on the 1997 [[Ford Expedition]]).

The 5.0L V8 powered Explorer has become favored in the high performance SUV crowd, with many performance parts available. This is due to the fact that many aftermarket 5.0 L Ford Mustang parts are interchangeable with the Explorer variant. There are aftermarket parts available for 2nd generation Explorers including superchargers, nitrous kits, and headers.

2001 saw the introduction of the '''[[Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Explorer Sport Trac]]''', which put a small [[Pickup truck|pickup]] bed behind the four normal SUV doors.

In 2009, this generation Explorer had five of the top seven spots for vehicles traded in under the [[Car Allowance Rebate System|"cash for clunkers"]] program, with the 1998 model topping the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsbtv.com/automotive/20289907/detail.html |title=Ford Explorer, Other SUVs Lead 'Clunkers' |work=WSB TV |date=August 5, 2009 |accessdate=October 15, 2009}}</ref> The 1994 model from the previous generation also had the eighth spot on the list.

===Significant year to year changes===

1996

* 5.0-liter [[Ford Windsor engine#302|Windsor]] [[V8 engine]] and heavy-duty 4-speed [[Ford_AOD_transmission#4R70W|4R70W]] transmission added
* "Full time" [[all-wheel-drive]] system becomes available only for V8 powered models

1997

* Seats are redesigned
* Saddle Tan interiors are discontinued and replaced with a lighter color, Medium Prairie Tan
* An updated, more powerful version of the current pushrod V6 added to option list for all models ; the [[Ford Cologne V6 engine#SOHC|4.0L Cologne SOHC V6]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/ford/explorer/1997/ |title=1997 Explorer available with new SOHC V6 engine |accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref>
* A new 5 speed automatic transmission, the [[Ford_C3_transmission#5R55E|5R55E]], is now the only available automatic transmission for all V6 powered Explorers. It's the first 5 speed automatic transmission in any North American automobile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/ford/explorer/1997/|title=Explorer first to use 5 speed auto in North America|accessdate=June 5, 2012}}</ref>
* V6 powered Explorers receive a new electronic transfer case. The transfer case selection knob on the dash no longer has a "2WD" option, and is replaced with "Auto"
* The Explorer's twin, the [[Mercury_Mountaineer#First_generation_.281997.E2.80.932001.29|Mercury Mountaineer]] debuts
* In early 1997, the 5.0 L V8 received new cylinder heads (GT-40P series), which upped power to {{convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}

1998

* Lift-gate redesigned
* Rear bumper redesigned
* Tail lights redesigned
* Seats are redesigned again
* Dashboard's back-lighting is changed from blue to green
* Eddie Bauer and Limited models get a new steering wheel with integrated audio controls
* The neon center high mount stop lamp is no longer and is replaced with a more conventional [[LED]] lamp
* Rear privacy glass color is changed from bronze to black
* New 16" aluminum alloy wheels are now optional on XLT models, and standard on Eddie Bauer models

1999

* Fog lights redesigned
* Front bumper redesigned
* Quarter panels are slightly redesigned
* An XLS appearance package is offered on base XL models
* Limited models get new 5 spoke 16" alloy wheels
* Limited models no longer have a unique grill
* A new interior color, Dark Graphite, is added to the option list

2000

* Base XL models are renamed XLS

2001

* The Cologne OHV V6 is discontinued, making the Cologne SOHC V6 the standard engine

===Engine specifications===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!colspan=2|Ford 4.0L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#4.0|Cologne]]'' OHV V6
|-
| Model years || 1995–2001
|-
| Power (SAE net)|| {{Convert|160|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Torque (SAE net)|| {{convert|220|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!colspan=2|Ford 4.0L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#SOHC|Cologne SOHC]]'' V6
|-
| Model years || 1997–2001
|-
| Power (SAE net)|| {{Convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Torque (SAE net)|| {{convert|245|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!colspan=2|Ford 5.0L ''[[Ford windsor engine|Windsor]]'' OHV V8
|-
| Model years || 1996–2001
|-
| Power (SAE net)|| {{Convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Torque (SAE net)|| {{convert|280|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}}
|}

==Third generation (2002–2005)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Third generation (U152)
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly = [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Kentucky, US [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], Missouri, US [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], Venezuela
|image = Ford Explorer XLT.jpg
|production = 2002–2005 (up to 2006 in the [[Philippines]])
|body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
|engine = 4.0 L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#SOHC|Cologne]]'' [[V6]] 4.6 L ''[[Ford Modular engine#2-valve|16-valve Modular]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[Mazda M5OD transmission|M5OD-R1HD]] [[Manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed ''[[Ford C3 transmission#5R55E|5R55W]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[Ford C3 transmission#5R55E|5R55S]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = 2002–03: 113.7 in (2888 mm) 2004–05: 113.8 in (2890 mm)
|length = 189.5 in (4800 mm)
|width = 72.1 in (1828 mm)
|height = 71.4  in (1803 mm)
|related =[[#Explorer Sport variation|Ford Explorer Sport]] [[Ford Explorer Sport Trac#First generation (2001.E2.80.932005)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] [[Lincoln Aviator]] [[Mercury Mountaineer#Second generation (2002.E2.80.932005)|Mercury Mountaineer]]
}}
The 4-door Explorer and companion Mercury Mountaineer were redesigned entirely in 2002, losing all design similarity with the [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]] while gaining a similar appearance to the [[Ford Expedition]] (the third generation Explorer is frequently confused with the second generation Expedition, having rounded wheel sockets and "larger" back lights along with a more rounded appearance overall) and the still in production, second generation inspired Explorer Sport Trac. Engines were either the {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} SOHC 4.0L V6 with {{convert|254|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque or a 4.6-liter [[SOHC]] V8 producing {{convert|239|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|282|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque. The 4.0-liter 16-valve [[SOHC]] V6 producing {{convert|203|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|240|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque still available on the Explorer Sport. A third-row seat became available for the first time, bringing total passenger capacity to seven. Both manual and automatic transmissions and all-wheel drive were available (with 2002 being the last year of being able to order a 4-door and manual transmission). Trim lines were the base ''Sport Value'', ''Sport Choice'', ''XLS'', ''Sport Premium'', ''XLT'', ''Eddie Bauer'', and top ''Limited''. ''AdvanceTrac'' with ''Roll Stability Control'' were standard for 2005 but an option from 2002 and on.

Beginning with the 2002 model year, Ford installed a fully independent rear suspension in the Explorer and Mercury Mountaineer (but not in the 2-door Explorer Sport). This replaced the non-independent ("live-axle") rear suspension used in previous model year Explorers. In the fully independent rear suspension each rear wheel connects to the rear differential via a half-shaft drive axle. The benefits of a fully independent rear suspension for ride comfort, handling, and vehicle stability have been known for many years, and many rear- or 4-wheel-drive vehicles (cars and SUVs) use this type of suspension; for example, the Hummer H1, and the Mercedes-Benz ML SUV. Ford installed the independent rear suspension in the Explorer beginning with the 2002 model year because of the well-publicized vehicle rollovers and resulting fatalities that occurred with previous-edition Ford Explorers. All of the Explorers involved in the rollovers had non-independent rear suspensions, and many of the vehicles had tires which Ford judged to be defective [[Ford Explorer#Rollover and Firestone Tire controversy|see below]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/business/explorer-model-raises-doubts-about-safety.html?p=&pagewanted=all |work=New York Times |title=Explorer Model Raises Doubts About Safety |date=April 26, 2001 |author=Bradsher, Keith}}</ref>

All three SUVs use code ''U6'' (for rear-wheel drive), ''U7'' (for four-wheel drive), and ''U8'' (for all-wheel drive) in the 5th, 6th, and 7th positions of the [[VIN]].

When the Explorer was redesigned for 2002, the '''Explorer Sport''' continued unchanged for 1 more year. Due to the decline of 2-door SUVs, the 2-door Explorer Sport was discontinued in 2003.

{{clear}}

==Fourth generation (2006–2010)==
{{Infobox automobile
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly = [[Louisville, Kentucky]], US [[St. Louis, Missouri]], US [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], Venezuela
|name = Fourth generation (U251)
|image = 2006-2010 Ford Explorer -- 01-07-2012.jpg
|production = 2006 – December 2, 2010
|body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
|engine = 4.0 L ''[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#SOHC|Cologne]]'' [[V6]] 4.6 L ''[[Ford Modular engine#3-valve|24-valve Modular]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
|transmission=5-speed ''[[Ford C3 transmission#5R55E|5R55S]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed ''[[Ford 6R transmission|6R]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = 113.7 in (2890 mm)
|length = 193.4 in (4902 mm)
|width = 73.7 in (1854 mm)
|height = 2006–07: 71.2 in (1803 mm) 2008: {{convert|72.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2009–10: {{convert|71.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|related = [[Ford Explorer Sport Trac#Second generation (2007.E2.80.932010)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] [[Mercury Mountaineer#Third generation (2006.E2.80.932010)|Mercury Mountaineer]]
}}
The Explorer and the Mountaineer were updated for 2006 on a new frame, produced by [[Magna International]] rather than [[Tower Automotive]]. It was upsized, because the [[Ford Freestyle]] (later called [[Ford Taurus X]]), slotted between it and the [[Ford Escape|Escape]]. Along with this new, stronger{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} base were a new interior, redesigned rear suspension, and power-folding third-row seats. A tire-pressure monitoring system and [[Electronic stability control]] were standard. Power running boards (like those on the [[Lincoln Navigator]]) that lower to allow easier to access for someone entering the vehicle and then later retract upon door closure were available. Unlike previous Explorers, there was no [[right-hand drive]] version. The new Explorer was marketed in Japan in a [[left-hand drive]] configuration, as LHD vehicles are considered prestigious there.

Ford reverted to a one piece rear door due to reports of cracks that appeared on the plastic panel below the rear window. Third-generation Explorers and Mercury Mountaineers can sometimes be seen with a single crack vertically, close to the center Ford oval badge.

A {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 4.0-liter 18-valve [[SOHC]] V6 was the base engine, with the {{convert|292|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[multi-valve|24-valve]] [[SOHC]] V8, similar to the [[Fifth-generation Ford Mustang|Mustang]] engine, as the top choice. A six-speed automatic transmission was available with this engine as well.

The Explorer was nominated for the ''[[North American Car of the Year|North American Truck of the Year]]'' award for 2006.

A new '''[[Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Sport Trac]]''' was added to the Explorer line in early 2006 for the 2007 [[model year]]. Unlike its predecessor sold through 2005, it featured the V8 engine as an option, and was based on the new, larger Explorer platform. ''AdvanceTrac'' with ''Roll Stability Control'' was standard in the Sport Trac.

A special 2007 [[Special Vehicle Team|SVT]] model called the ''Sport Trac Adrenalin'' was to use a [[supercharged]] version of the 4.6 L ''[[Ford Modular engine|Modular]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], with {{convert|390|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and featuring {{convert|21|in|mm|sing=on}} wheels. It was to be a successor to the [[Ford F-Series|F-Series Lightning]] pickup. However, it was cancelled in a cost-cutting move, as part of ''[[The Way Forward]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=109191 |title=Death Row: Ford Pulls Plug on GT Supercar, Lincoln LS and Explorer Sport Trac Adrenalin |work=Edmunds Inside Line |date=February 6, 2006 |accessdate=October 15, 2009}}{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, Ford added side curtain airbags across the range. The satellite navigation system was upgraded with voice control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/ford/explorer/2008/review.html |title=2008 Ford Explorer Review |publisher=Edmunds.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref> In 2009, the Explorer got trailer sway control standard and the navigation system got traffic flow monitoring with updated gas prices from nearby stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/ford/explorer/2009/review.html |title=2009 Ford Explorer Review and Specs |publisher=Edmunds.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref> For the 2010 model year, Ford's [[MyKey]] became standard on all Explorer trims.

===Explorer America concept===

[[File:Ford Explorer America NY.jpg|thumb|left|Ford Explorer America concept]]
Ford unveiled an '''Explorer America''' concept vehicle at the 2008 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autospies.com/news/photo.aspx?photoId=29326&galleryId=1285 |title="Tags: 2010 Explorer" – 6 January 2008 |publisher=Autospies.com |date=January 5, 2008 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neff |first=John |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/10/23/spy-shots-next-gen-unibody-ford-explorer-mules-caught/ |title="Spy Shots: Next Gen Unibody Ford Explorer Mules Caught" from Autoblog (October 23, 2008) |publisher=Autoblog |date=October 23, 2008 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=27456 |work=Media.Ford.com |title=Ford to reveal new fuel-saving concept in Detroit |date=January 6, 2008}}</ref> The Explorer America concept is built on a unibody platform to reduce weight and improve driveability, migrating from the body-on-frame platform of the fourth generation Explorer. It is designed for up to six passengers while improving fuel economy by 20 to 30 percent relative to the current V6 Explorer. The [[powertrain]] packages in the concept vehicle include a two-liter four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection ''[[Ford EcoBoost engine|EcoBoost]]'' gas engine with {{convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|280|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque, and a 3.5L V6 version ''EcoBoost'' with {{convert|340|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and up to {{convert|340|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=27455 |work=Media.Ford.com |title=Ford to equip half a million vehicles with EcoBoost engine technology for up to 20% better fuel economy |date=January 6, 2008}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==Fifth generation (2011–)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Fifth generation (U502)
|image = 2011 Ford Explorer Limited -- 02-07-2011.jpg
|production = December 3, 2010–present
|body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|platform = [[Ford D3 platform#D4|Ford D4 platform]]
|engine = 2.0 [[EcoBoost]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 3.5 Duratec [[V6]] 3.5 [[EcoBoost]] [[V6]]
|transmission= 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|assembly = Chicago, Illinois, United States [[Valencia, Venezuela]] [[Tatarstan]], Russia<ref>http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=35373</ref>
|wheelbase = {{convert|112.6|in|mm|abbr=on}}<ref name="fordvehicles.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/specifications/exterior/ |title=2011 Ford Explorer, View Exterior Specifications |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
|length = {{convert|197.1|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|78.9|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|70.4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|related = [[Ford Flex]] [[Lincoln MKT]]
}}

The fifth generation 2011 Explorer takes cues from the Explorer America concept's construction, and includes a [[monocoque]] (unibody) structure based on the [[Ford D3 platform#D4|D4 platform]], a modified version of the D3 platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/future_cars_2010_and_beyond/2011_ford_explorer_car_news |title=2011 Ford Explorer – Car News |author=Quiroga, Tony |work=Car & Driver |month=May | year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/03/31/2011-ford-explorer-reportedly-to-be-built-in-chicago-on-taurus-x/ |title=2011 Ford Explorer reportedly to be built in Chicago on Taurus X platform |work=Autoblog |date=March 31, 2009 |author=Shunk, Chris}}</ref> The new Explorer features blacked-out A, B, and D-pillars to produce a ''floating roof'' effect similar to Land Rover’s floating roof design used on its sport utility vehicles. Ford already uses this floating roof design on the [[Ford Flex]]. The Explorer's C-pillar remains body colored. It also gets sculpted body work with stepped style headlamps similar to the [[Ford Flex|Flex]], [[Ford Edge|Edge]], [[Ford Escape#2008–present|Escape]], [[Ford Expedition#Third generation (2007–Present)|Expedition]] and [[F-150]]. In addition, the Explorer receives new stepped style tail lamps. The grille will receive the corporate three-bar design with upper and lower perforated mesh work, similar to that of the sixth-generation [[Ford Taurus|Taurus]].

The Explorer's chief [[design engineer]] is Jim Holland, who was also a chief design engineer for [[Land Rover]]. Holland is responsible for the design of the current generation Land Rover [[Range Rover#Third generation (2002-)|Range Rover]] (L322). Holland also worked on the outgoing Ford Expedition (U324) during its initial development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=32661 |title=Jim Holland: Bringing Luxury Levels Of Content, Craftsmanship To Reinvigorated Ford Explorer, Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

The fifth generation 2011 Explorer, developed under the U502 program code name,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allworldcars.com/wordpress/?p=13353 |title=Followup: Ford says Explorer replacement still on track – World Auto News & Reviews |publisher=Allworldcars.com |date=June 28, 2009 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref> made its debut online on July 26, 2010. Ford had set up a Ford Explorer Facebook page ahead of its debut.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/mashable/20100721/tc_mashable/ford_to_unveil_2011_explorer_on_facebook_1 "Ford to Unveil 2011 Explorer on Facebook"]{{dead link|date=April 2011}} from Yahoo.com (July 21, 2010).</ref> Assembly of the fifth-generation Explorer moved to Ford's [[Chicago Assembly]] plant, where it is built alongside the Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKS. The Louisville plant, where the previous generation was built, was converted to produce cars based on Ford's global [[Ford C1 platform|C platform]] (potentially including the [[Ford Focus (international)|Ford Focus]], [[Ford C-Max]], and [[Ford Kuga]]).<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31941|publisher=Ford Motor Company|date=January 26, 2010|title=FORD TO BRING NEXT-GENERATION FORD EXPLORER, 1,200 JOBS TO CHICAGO MANUFACTURING FACILITIES}}</ref> Like the Escape, the Explorer will continue to be marketed as an "SUV" rather than a "crossover SUV". It went on sale in early 2011; pre-launch sales had by the end of November 2010 totaled around 15,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report: Ford Explorer orders nearly double expectations|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/11/28/report-ford-explorer-orders-nearly-double-expectations/|publisher=Autoblog|date=November 28, 2010|accessdate=November 28, 2010}}</ref>

===Features===
Available features include intelligent access with push button start, remote engine start, power liftgate, power adjustable pedals with memory, premium leather trimmed seating, heated and cooled front seats, dual headrest DVD entertainment system, [[adaptive cruise control]], active park assist, [[Sirius XM|SIRIUS Travel Link]], [[MyFord Touch]], [[Ford SYNC]] by [[Microsoft]], [[Sony]] audio system with [[HD radio]] and [[Apple iTunes]] tagging, in-dash advanced [[GPS navigation device|navigation system]], SoundScreen laminated [[Acoustics|acoustic]] and solar tinted [[windshield]] with [[rain-sensing]] wipers, 20-inch polished V-spoke aluminium wheels, [[high intensity discharge]] (HID) headlamps and [[LED]] tail lamps.

===Capability===
The Explorer is available in either [[front-wheel-drive]] or full-time [[four-wheel-drive]]. Only one engine was initially available: a standard 3.5L TiVCT twin independent [[variable camshaft timing]] V6 ({{convert|290|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|255|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque) mated to a 6-speed 6F automatic with a 6-speed 6F ''SelectShift'' automatic as an option.

A second optional engine has less horsepower, but gets better mpg: a 2.0L ''EcoBoost'' [[turbocharged]], [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injected]] I-4 ({{convert|237|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|250|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque) mated to a 6-speed 6F automatic. The I-4 engine will not be available with the optional 6-speed 6F SelectShift automatic and will only be available in front-wheel-drive form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/features/#page=Feature10 |title=Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers, Ford Vehicles, The Official Site of Ford Vehicles |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/specifications/engine/ |title=2011 Ford Explorer, View Full Engine Specifications |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

The Explorer is available with automatic Intelligent [[four-wheel drive]] featuring an variable center [[Electromagnetic clutch#Multiple disk clutches|multi-disc differential]] with computer controlled lock.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703727804576017951373275340.html |title=The Pioneering SUV Isn't One Anymore |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> Conventional front and rear [[Differential_(mechanical_device)|differentials]] are used with 3.39:1 gearing. The center multi-disc differential controls the front-to-rear [[torque]] split, biasing as much as 100 percent of torque to either the front or rear wheels.<ref name="ReferenceI">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/sports/football/edmonton-eskimos/Road+test+2011+Ford+Explorer/4920809/story.html |title=Road test: 2011 Ford Explorer |publisher=www.canada.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> Depending on the Terrain Management mode selected, the center multi-disc differential's intelligent lock will allow for a 50:50 torque split in off road conditions.<ref name="ReferenceI">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/sports/football/edmonton-eskimos/Road+test+2011+Ford+Explorer/4920809/story.html |title=Road test: 2011 Ford Explorer |publisher=www.canada.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> The [[power take off]] (PTO) unit includes a heavy-duty dedicated cooling system to allow the four-wheel drive system to supply continuous non-stop torque delivery to all four wheels indefinitely, without overheating.<ref name="motortrend1">{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/suvs/1008_2011_ford_explorer_ride_with_video/powertrain.html |title=2011 Ford Explorer Powertrain |publisher=Motor Trend |accessdate=January 4, 2011}}</ref> "4WD" badging is also included on the rear [[liftgate]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/07/26/2011-ford-explorer-puts-four-cylinder-ecoboost-engine-above-v6/ |title=2011 Ford Explorer puts four-cylinder EcoBoost engine above V6 in pecking order – Autoblog |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=July 26, 2010 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/features/ |title=Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers, Ford Vehicles, The Official Site of Ford Vehicles |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref> Explorer’s overall off road [[crawl ratio]] is 15.19:1 with high range gearing only.

Off road electronics include [[Hill Descent Control system|Hill Descent Control]] (HDC), [[Hill-start_assist|Hill Ascent Assist]] (HAA), [[Traction control system#Use of traction control|four-wheel electronic traction control]] and Terrain Management.

Four-wheel electronic traction control (ABS braking) is employed to simulate front and rear [[Locking_differential#Alternatives|differential locks]] via aggressively "brake locking" the front or rear differentials, transferring up to 100 percent of torque from side-to-side.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703727804576017951373275340.html |title=The Pioneering SUV Isn't One Anymore |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceDD">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecarconnection.com/review/1065366_2012-ford-explorer_performance_3 |title=2012 Ford Explorer |publisher=www.thecarconnection.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref><ref name="motortrend1"/> In the right conditions, the Explorer can keep moving even if only one wheel has traction, regardless of which wheel it is.

Terrain Management will include four selectable modes. Each mode can be selected via a rotary control dial on the center console, aft of the transmission shifter.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Terrain Management System<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/features/#page=Feature1 |title=Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers, Ford Vehicles, The Official Site of Ford Vehicles |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Default start selection:'''
| ''[[Road|Normal Driving]]'' mode
|-
!colspan=2|Subsequent modes are selected by turning the control dial [[clockwise]].
|-
| '''Second selection:'''
| ''[[Mud]] & [[Rut (roads)|Ruts]]'' mode
|-
| '''Third selection:'''
| ''[[Sand]]'' mode
|-
| '''Fourth selection:'''
| ''Grass/[[Gravel]]/Snow'' mode
|}

Depending on the mode selected, Terrain Management will control, adjust, and fine tune the [[Engine#Internal combustion engine|engine]], [[Automatic transmission|transmission]], center multi-disc differential lock, throttle response, [[Traction control system#Use of traction control|four-wheel electronic traction control]] and [[electronic stability control]] (ESC) to adapt the SUV for optimal performance on the corresponding [[terrain]].

Off road [[geometry]] figures for approach, departure and ramp brakeover angles are 21°, 21° and 16° respectively.<ref name="fordvehicles.com"/> Minimum running ground clearance is {{Convert|7.6|in|mm|0}}.<ref name="fordvehicles.com"/> Standard running ground clearance is {{Convert|8.2|in|mm|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/2011-ford-explorer-revealed |title=2011 Ford Explorer Revealed – Kelley Blue Book |publisher=Kbb.com |date=July 26, 2010 |accessdate=January 4, 2011}}</ref> Low hanging running boards are no longer offered from the factory to help increase side obstacle clearance.

Unlike the Explorer America concept vehicle which only seats five occupants, the production Explorer will have two rows of seating with available ''PowerFold'' fold flat third row seating (like the previous generation) and will be able to accommodate up to seven occupants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/features/#page=Feature2 |title=Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers, Ford Vehicles, The Official Site of Ford Vehicles |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

Moving to a monocoque body usually has a negative impact on towing capacity{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}. The new Explorer will be available with an optional trailer tow package. The package includes a Class III [[trailer hitch]], engine oil cooler, trailer electrics connector, trailer sway control (TSC), [[wiring harness]] and a rear-view camera with trailer alignment assistance to help in backing up to a trailer. If equipped with the trailer tow package the new 2011 Explorer will be able to tow up to {{Convert|5000|lb|abbr=on}} of braked trailer. That’s {{Convert|1500|lb|abbr=on}} greater than the towing capacity stated for the Explorer America concept and {{Convert|2115|lb|abbr=on}} less than the outgoing Explorer’s towing capacity, although that was only available with the 4.6 L V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/features/#page=Feature11 |title=Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers, Ford Vehicles, The Official Site of Ford Vehicles |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/specifications/towing/ |title=2010 Ford Explorer, View Towing Specifications |publisher=FordVehicles.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

===Safety and security===

Safety features include: Dual front adaptive SRS air bags, dual front seat side impact air bags, dual rear safety belt air bags (available first quarter, 2011) and side curtain head, torso and rollover protection air bags. Other safety features include BLIS blind spot information system with cross traffic alert, collision warning with brake support [[precrash system]], Roll Stability Control (RSC), [[Electronic stability control]] (ESC) and Curve Control.

The fifth-generation Explorer will be the first-ever vehicle to be equipped with inflatable dual rear [[safety belt]] air bags. Air bags are sewn into the inside of the seat belts, and inflate with cold air to prevent burns. Ford claims it will be released as an option and to introduce inflatable seat belts on other Ford models eventually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6574402/news/2011-ford-explorer-will-offer-inflatable-seatbelts-to-rear-seat-passengers/index.html |title=2011 Ford Explorer Will Offer Inflatable Seatbelts to Rear Seat Passengers – Automotive News & Car Rumors at Automobile Magazine |publisher=Rumors.automobilemag.com |date=November 5, 2009 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

The current generation Ford Explorer earned the 2011 ''[[North American Car of the Year|North American Truck of the Year]]'' award. The rear inflatable seat belts won the 2011 Best New Technology Award from the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-fords-rear-inflatable-seat-belt-34081|title=Ford's Rear Inflatable Seat Belt Wins '2011 Best New Technology' Award|publisher=Ford Motor Company|accessdate=May 23, 2011}}</ref>

===2013 Ford Explorer Sport===

[[File:2013 Ford Explorer Sport -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG|thumb|right|2013 Ford Explorer Sport]]

The Ford Explorer Sport was announced March 28, 2012 as an option for the 2013 model year and went on sale in June 2012. The "Sport" trim level comprises blackened exterior treatments, stiffened chassis and suspension, larger brakes and the installation of the [[EcoBoost]] 3.5L Twin Turbo V6 rated at 350 hp, and is the only version to feature a combined 4WD/EcoBoost option (a FWD version is not being offered for the Sport trim), allowing its MPG to average between 16/city and 23/highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=36269 |title=New Ford Explorer Sport: Fuel-Efficient, High-Performance SUV Features Inspired Design Cues, EcoBoost V6 Engine |publisher=media.ford.com |date=March 28, 2012 |accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref> This version will be slotted above the Limited trim and is expected to compete in this segment against [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]]'s SRT Sport and [[Dodge Durango]]'s R/T trims<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/03/28/2013-ford-explorer-sport-presages-running-changes-for-entire-ran/ "2013 Ford Explorer Sport presages running changes for entire range"] from Autoblog (March 28, 2012)</ref> and a newly updated 2013 [[Chevrolet Traverse]], the latter of which unveiled their new look on the same day as the Explorer Sport as their response to Ford's news.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/03/28/2013-chevy-traverse-debuts-with-new-face-minor-tweaks/ "2013 Chevy Traverse debuts with new face, minor tweaks"] from Autoblog (March 28, 2012)</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Explorer Sport variation==
The '''Ford Explorer Sport''' was a 2-door version of the Ford Explorer, designed to take the place of the Bronco II in Ford's model line, and was produced from 1991 to 2003. The Sport began as a trim level of the Ford Explorer, but it eventually became its own model. It rode on a 10" shorter wheelbase. There was only one Sport, but there were several other trim levels of the Explorer that were available with 2-doors [http://www.edmunds.com/used/1991/ford/explorer/index.html (edmunds trim levels)]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}, such as the XL (1991–1997), the Eddie Bauer (1991–1994), and the Expedition (1995). In 1998 the Explorer Sport became the only 2-door trim level of the Explorer, and in 2001 it became its own model, as the second generation Explorer moved on to a 4-door-only 3rd generation. As mentioned above, the Explorer Sport will return as an upgraded 4-door trim for the 2013 model year.

<gallery>
File:1st Ford Explorer -- 03-14-2010.jpg|1st-gen Explorer 2-door
File:99-01 Ford Explorer Sport.jpg|1998–2000 Explorer Sport
File:2001-2003 Ford Explorer Sport -- 03-19-2012.JPG|2001–2003 Explorer Sport</gallery>

==Special Service Vehicle==
[[File:NYPD-SUV.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A NYPD Ford Explorer Special Service Vehicle.]]
To compete with other police SUVs that are sold by other automobile companies, Ford has made a special version of the Explorer that's only available to [[law enforcement agencies]], [[Firefighting worldwide|fire departments]], and [[Emergency medical services|EMS agencies]]. Ford calls it the '''''Explorer Special Service Vehicle''''' (SSV). The only differences between the standard Explorer and the Special Service Vehicle Explorer are provisions for emergency services related equipment such as [[Walkie talkie|radio]]s, [[lightbar]]s and [[Siren (noisemaker)|siren]]s. There are also options designated fleet only such as custom 2 tone paint arrangements that are available to the Explorer Special Service Vehicle.

The 2013 Explorer will have a Police Interceptor variant for police use.

==Export sales==

===UK models===
In the UK, the Ford Explorer was initially available as just one model, with the 4.0-litre engine and with a high specification – the only dealer options being leather interior. In 1998, a facelifted Explorer was available with minor cosmetic interior changes and a revised rear tail lift which centered the rear number plate. In 1999 the model range was revamped slightly, the base model becoming the XLT and a special edition North Face version marketed with a tie in to North Face outdoor clothing. The North Face version was available in a dark green or a silver, with body-colored bumpers, heated leather seats and a CD multichanger as standard. In 2000, the North Face was also available in black. With the introduction of the all-new platform in 2002, Ford withdrew the Explorer from the UK market.

===Middle East===
In the Middle East, the 2012 Ford Explorer is currently available in several trims, all of which have a 3.5-liter V6 engine and an automatic gearbox. Some GCC markets offer the front-wheel-drive version as a base model, while most of the trims have standard all-wheel-drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford Explorer 2011-2012 full GCC spec-sheets - DriveArabia.com|url=http://www.drivearabia.com/news/2011/08/24/ford-explorer-2011-2012-gcc-specifications-dubai-uae-gcc/}}</ref>

===Current exports===
As of 2009, the Explorer Made in North America is exported to Bolivia, Canada, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Japan, South Korea, Israel, The Philippines, Russia, Iceland, the Middle East, and certain countries in South America and Africa.

==Controversies==

===Rollover and Firestone Tire controversy===
{{Main|Firestone vs Ford Motor Company controversy}}

Rollover risk is inherently higher than cars in many truck-based vehicles if they are driven unsafely, as modification for bulky 4-wheel-drive hardware requires increases in height to avoid compromising ground clearance (raising the center of gravity), while a short wheelbase further reduces stability. The previous Bronco II had already been cited by Consumer Reports for rollover tendencies in turns; as with the Explorer, however, it was cleared by the NHTSA as being no more dangerous than any other truck when driven unsafely. With a longer passenger compartment, the Explorer added 600 pounds, but Ford did not deem it necessary to revise the suspension or tires to carry the bigger load. It used the same tires as the Ford Ranger with a relatively low rating for high temperatures. Lowering tire pressure recommendations softened the ride further and improved emergency stability through increased traction, but increased the chances of overheating tires. A 1995 redesign with a new suspension slightly raised the Explorer's center of gravity, but it was called inconsequential by a Ford spokesman. Memos by Ford engineers suggested lowering the engine height, but it would have increased the cost of the new design.

In May 2000, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) contacted Ford and [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] about a higher than normal incidence of tire failures on Ford Explorers, [[Mercury Mountaineer]]s, and [[Mazda Navajo]]s fitted with Firestone tires (later including Ford Ranger and Mazda B-Series pickup trucks). The failures all involved ''tread separation'', in which the outer tread carcass would delaminate and cause a rapid loss of tire pressure. Ford investigated and found that several models of {{convert|15|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Firestone tires (''ATX'', ''ATX II'', and ''Wilderness AT'') had higher failure rates, especially those made at Firestone's [[Decatur, Illinois]] plant.

Ford recommended a tire inflation of only {{convert|26|psi|0}} likely contributing to the tread separation problem by causing the tires to operate at higher than normal temperatures. However, Ford argued that Firestone was at fault, noting that its SUVs and pickups equipped with [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] tires experienced no [[rollover]] issues, even when inflated at low air pressure. Nevertheless, Ford subsequently recommended that front and rear tires should be inflated to {{convert|30|psi|0}} on all Explorer models and mailed a replacement tire pressure door sticker indicating the same to all registered owners.

Part of the rollover issue was poor driver reaction to the tire blowout.<ref name="Wards">"Bad Drivers, Good Credibility – car makers face uphill struggle against public perception", ''Ward's Auto World'', April 2001</ref> When a tire blew, the vehicle would experience a sudden sharp jerk, and many drivers reacted by counter-steering in an attempt to regain control. This action would cause a shift of the vehicle's weight, resulting in a rollover especially at higher speeds (many reports of rollovers were of vehicles being driven at speeds of {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and above). In a test simulating dozens of tire blowouts, Larry Webster, a test-driver for ''[[Car and Driver|Car & Driver]]'' magazine, was repeatedly able to bring a 1994 Explorer to a stop without a single rollover, even at speeds of {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Wards"/><ref>[[Doron Levin]] column, ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'', October 27, 2000</ref> According to ''Forbes'' magazine, car experts and NHTSA claim that the vast majority of crash accidents and deaths are caused not by the vehicle, but by the driver, by road conditions or some combination of the two.<ref>Dan Ackman, "Ford, Firestone Face Off", ''[[Forbes]]'', June 19, 2001</ref>

In response to Firestone's allegations of the Explorer's design defects, NHTSA undertook a preliminary investigation and reported that further action was not required. Its conclusion was that the Explorer was no more prone to rollover than other SUVs given their high [[center of gravity]].<ref>[http://www.dot.gov/affairs/nhtsa01102.htm NHTSA Denies Firestone Request For Ford Explorer Investigation]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> The subsequent introduction and proliferation of [[Electronic stability control#Effectiveness|electronic stability control]] systems have essentially addressed and mitigated this shortcoming{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}.

===U-Haul trailers===
On December 22, 2003, [[U-Haul]], the largest North American equipment rental company, announced that they would prohibit their outlets from renting trailers to persons planning to tow behind Ford Explorers due to liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate their claim.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2004-01-08-uhaul-ford_x.htm | work=USA Today | title=U-Haul rejects Explorers | first=Eric | last=Mayne | date=January 14, 2004 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> U-Haul did not alter their policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the [[Mercury Mountaineer]], [[Mazda Navajo]] or earlier versions of the [[Lincoln Aviator]], which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2004-01-08-uhaul-ford_x.htm | work=USA Today | title=U-Haul rejects Explorers | first=Eric | last=Mayne | date=January 14, 2004 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> Currently, U-Haul still does not allow Ford Explorers to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhaul.com/trucks/faq.aspx#equipment |title=Frequently asked questions: Truck rentals |publisher=U-Haul |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

==Sales==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Total sales
|-
| 1998
| 431,488
|-
| 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466.html |title=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
| 428,772
|-
| 2000
| 445,157
|-
| 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/Dec2002sales.pdf |title =Ford Motor Company's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent |publisher=Ford Motor Company}}</ref>
| 415,921
|-
| 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175829.html |title=Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=September 13, 2010 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
| 433,847
|-
| 2003
| 373,118
|-
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=September 13, 2010 |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
| 339,333
|-
| 2005
| 239,788
|-
| 2006<ref>http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379</ref>
| 179,229
|-
| 2007
| 137,817
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |title=NEWS |format=PDF |accessdate=January 4, 2011}}</ref>
| 78,439
|-
| 2009<ref>http://media.ford.com/images/10031/December09sales.pdf</ref>
| 52,190
|-
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33704 |title=FORD’S 2010 SALES UP 19 PERCENT – LARGEST INCREASE OF ANY FULL-LINE AUTOMAKER; FOUNDATION SET FOR GROWTH IN 2011 | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=January 4, 2011 |accessdate=January 6, 2012}}</ref>
| 60,687
|-
| 2011<ref>http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec11sales.pdf</ref>
| 135,179
|}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[Ford Explorer Sport Trac]]
*[[Mercury Mountaineer]]
*[[Lincoln Aviator]]
*[[Saleen XP6]]
*[[Saleen XP8]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ford Explorer}}
*Ford Explorer official websites: [http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/ U.S.A. (2010 Model)] | [http://www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/explorer/2011/ (2011 Model)] | [http://www.ford.ca/app/fo/en/suvs_crossovers/explorer.do Canada]
*[http://autoshows.ford.com/194/2008/01/13/sustainability-display-ford/ ''Ford Explorer America Concept SUV''] at Ford Auto Shows
*[http://ford.digitalsnippets.com/environment/ ''Ford Explorer America Concept SUV''] On Ford and the Environment SMPR
*[http://www.explorer4x4.com/1stexplorer.html History of the 1st Ford Explorer]
*[http://www.explorerforum.com/ Serious Explorations] – Ford Explorer Enthusiast Website

{{Ford vehicles}}
{{Modern North American Ford trucks}}
{{Ford Australia timeline}}

[[Category:Ford vehicles|Explorer]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Crossover SUVs]]
[[Category:Mid-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Flexible-fuel vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1991]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]

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Chrysler Aspen

2012-11-14T01:40:36Z

IFCAR: removed references to "luxury"; fixed grammar

{{About|2007 model year Chrysler SUV|the 1970s car made by Dodge Division|Dodge Aspen}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = Chrysler 012.jpg
| name = Chrysler Aspen
| manufacturer = [[Chrysler]] (2007–2009)
|production=2006–2008
| model_years = 2007–2009
| class = [[Full-size car|Full-size]] [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[automobile layout|rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| body_style = 5-door SUV
| assembly = [[Newark, Delaware]], [[United States]]
| engine = {{nowrap|4.7 L (287 cu in) ''[[Chrysler PowerTech engine|PowerTech]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]}} {{nowrap|5.7 L (345 cu in) ''[[Hemi engine|Hemi]]'' V8}}
| transmission = 5-speed ''[[Chrysler RFE transmission|545RFE]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| related = [[Dodge Durango]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|119.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|200.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|202.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|76.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|74.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|73.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Chrysler Aspen''' is a full-size [[sport utility vehicle]] from [[Chrysler (division)|Chrysler]]. Launched for the 2007 model year, the Aspen was based on the [[Dodge Durango]] SUV. Together with the Durango, it was the first production hybrid vehicle from the company.
It was discontinued in late 2008. The Aspen name [[Dodge Aspen|was previously used]] by [[Dodge]] (on a twin of the [[Dodge Aspen|Plymouth Volaré]]) from 1976 to 1980.

== Features ==
The Aspen was the first truck-based Sport Utility Vehicle commercialized under the Chrysler brand, although the [[Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]] was the first truck-based Chrysler brand vehicle as classified under [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy]]'s (CAFE) regulation. With this introduction, as of 2006, all American automobile brands had an SUV in their range.<ref>
{{cite web| url=http://www.redsofts.com/articles/read/329/59178/Chrysler_Aspen_Boasting_the_Chrysler_Design.html |title=Chrysler Aspen Boasting the Chrysler Design |accessdate= 2008-04-27 |first= Jenny | last=McLane|year= 2006 |quote= As per the Chrysler Aspen’s introduction, all American automobile brands have a SUV under their wings.}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=May 2012}} The truck was unveiled at the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]]. The Aspen came equipped with three rows of seating for 8 passengers and available [[four-wheel drive|all-wheel drive]].<ref>[http://www.chrysler.com/en/2008/aspen/driving_dynamics/drive_options/ 2008 Chrysler Aspen - Driving Dynamics - Drivetrain]</ref>{{dead link|date=May 2012}}

The Aspen came in one series, the Limited, with several optional equipment packages to customize the vehicle.

The Aspen had three engines available, a flex-fuel {{convert|4701|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on}} V8 engine (capable of running on [[E85]] or gasoline in states where E85 ethanol is legal under emission standards), a gasoline 4.7 L V8 (for [[California]] and other states where the E85 4.7 L V8 will not meet emissions requirements){{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}, and the {{convert|5654|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on}} [[Chrysler Hemi engine|Chrysler Hemi]] V8 with [[Multi-Displacement System|MDS]].<ref name="2009specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.media.chrysler.com/dcxms/assets/specs/2009_ChryslerAspenSpecifications_WN.pdf |title=Draft 1 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref>

==Hybrid==
A [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] version of the Aspen was introduced for the 2009 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrysler.com/en/2009/aspen_hybrid/ |title=2009 Aspen HEMI Hybrid - SUV, Sport Utility Vehicle, Hybrid |publisher=Chrysler |date= |accessdate=2010-09-03}}</ref> It was the first production hybrid vehicle from Chrysler, released at the same time as its lower priced cousin, the Dodge Durango.<ref name=Insideline/> It had the {{Convert|340|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|345|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler Hemi engine#5.7|Hemi]] [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] with [[Multi-Displacement System|MDS]], as well as the new [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|Two-Mode Hybrid]] system developed with [[General Motors]] and [[BMW]]. Reports by Chrysler<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrysler.com/en/2009/aspen_hybrid/overview/benefits/ |title=2009 Aspen HEMI Hybrid - Benefits |publisher=Chrysler |date= |accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref> indicated a 25% gain in highway fuel economy and a 40% gain in the city.

Chrysler announced that the 2009 Chrysler Aspen Hybrid would have a starting [[suggested retail price|MSRP]] of $45,570.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.autotropolis.com/cs/blogs/auto-news/archive/2008/06/17/Chrysler-prices-hybrid-SUVs-under-_2400_46_2C00_000.aspx | title=Chrysler announces starting MSRP for 2009 Chrysler Aspen HEMI Hybrid | author=Ross, Jeffrey N. | publisher=Autotropolis.com | date=2008-06-17 | accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>

The hybrid was discontinued a few months after production started in 2008.<ref name=Insideline/>

==Total U.S. sales==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Sales
|-
| 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/55253-total-chrysler-llc-december-2007-sales-up-1-percent-on-the-strength-of-retail/ |title=Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail |publisher=CheersandGears.com |date=2008-01-03 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
| 28,788
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/27526-december-2008-sales-chrysler-llc/ |title= December 2008 Sales: Chrysler LLC |publisher=CheersandGears.com |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
| 22,254
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/50556-chrysler-group-llc-december-2009/ |title= Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales |publisher=CheersandGears.com |date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>
| 5,996
|-
| 2010<ref>http://www.autospies.com/news/Chrysler-Sales-End-The-Year-Up-17-December-Sales-Rose-16-60590/ Chrysler Sales End The Year Up 17% - December Sales Rose 16%</ref>
| 30
|}

==Discontinuation==
In October 2008, as demand for full-size SUVs dropped off, Chrysler announced that the shutdown of the [[Newark Assembly]] facility, which produced the Aspen as well as the Dodge Durango, would move one year early to the end of 2008, effectively ending production of the Aspen and Aspen Hybrid for the 2009 model year.<ref name=Insideline>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/chrysler/aspen/2009/chrysler-kills-durango-and-aspen-hybrids.html |title=Edmunds Insideline: Chrysler Kills Durango and Aspen Hybrids |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2008-10-23 |accessdate=2010-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aZcLz3jeCj3c |title=Chrysler to Cut 1,825 Jobs on Early Plant Closure, Output Trim |date=2008-10-23 |author=Mike Ramsey |publisher=Bloomberg }}</ref> Production ceased on December 19, 2008.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Chrysler Aspen}}

{{Chrysler timeline}}
{{Chrysler}}

[[Category:Chrysler vehicles|Aspen]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:Full-size SUVs]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2006]]
[[Category:Flexible-fuel vehicles]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]

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Dodge Durango

2012-11-14T01:39:06Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 522372090 by 69.253.7.196 (talk), not luxury

{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2011 Dodge Durango Citadel -- 06-16-2011.jpg
|boxcolor = darkgreen
|name = Dodge Durango
|class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[sport utility vehicle]] (1998–2003) [[Full-size car|Full-size]] SUV (2004–2009) Full-size [[crossover (automobile)|Crossover]] (2011–)
|manufacturer = [[Daimler AG|DaimlerChrysler]] [[Chrysler|Chrysler LLC]] [[Chrysler|Chrysler Group]] (2010–present)
|production = 1998–2008 2010-present
|body_style = 4-door [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|predecessor = [[Dodge Ramcharger]] [[Dodge Journey]] ([[Europe]])
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[automobile layout|rear-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Dodge Durango''' is a full-size [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) from the [[Dodge]] division of [[Chrysler]]. It was introduced in 1998 as a mid-size SUV, a replacement for the [[Dodge Ramcharger|Ramcharger]] which was discontinued in the North American market in 1993. It was redesigned as a full-size SUV for 2004.

The hybrid model, which was introduced in October 2008, and its twin, the [[Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen hybrid]], were Chrysler's first production hybrid vehicles.

The Durango was produced at the [[Newark Assembly]] plant in [[Newark, Delaware]] until the end of 2008. It then returned in late 2010 and built on a [[crossover SUV|crossover]] (CUV) platform shared with the 2011 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]] and is currently being assembled in [[Detroit, Michigan]].

{{tocleft}}
{{clear}}

==First generation (1998–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image = 98-03 Dodge Durango.jpg
|name = First generation
|production = 1997–2003
|Model Years = 1998-2003
|assembly = [[Newark, Delaware]], [[United States]]
|class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|platform = [[Chrysler N platform|Chrysler DN platform]]
|engine = {{convert|238|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 3.9|Magnum]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] {{convert|287|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] {{convert|318|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.2|Magnum]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] {{convert|360|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
|transmission = 4-speed ''[[TorqueFlite]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (3.9L, 5.2L, & 5.9L engines)

4-speed ''[[Chrysler RFE transmission|RFE]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2000-2002 w/4.7L engine)
5-speed ''[[Chrysler RFE transmission|RFE]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2003 w/4.7L engine)
|related= [[Dodge Dakota]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|116.2|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|193.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} (2001-2003) {{convert|193.3|in|mm|abbr=on}} (1998–2000)
|width= {{convert|71.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} (1998–2000) {{convert|71.3|in|mm|abbr=on}} (2001-2003)
|weight= {{convert|4500|lbs|kglabbr=on}} (1998-2000) {{convert|4520|lbs|kg|abbr=on}} (2001-2003)
|height= {{convert|70.0|in|mm|abbr=on}} (2001-2003) {{convert|72.9|in|mm|abbr=on}} (1998–2000)
|
|
}}

The Durango was marketed as a sturdy truck-based SUV designed to hold up to eight passengers and tow up to {{convert|8950|lb|kg|abbr=on}} when properly equipped.<ref>[http://www.edmunds.com/reviews/list/top10/102426/article.html "Top 10 Vehicles for Towing" Edmunds.com], retrieved on 2010-02-08.</ref> The 4.7 L [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]] [[V8 engine|V8]] replaced the 5.2 L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.2|Magnum]] V8 engine for 2000; however, the 5.2 was still available in the early 2000 models. In that same year a special AWD performance version called the R/T was released with a 5.9 L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] V8. In 1999 and 2000, a limited edition Shelby S.P.360 version was offered that featured a supercharged version of the 5.9 L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] V8 engine. Output is {{convert|360|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|412|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque. Exterior modifications include unique wheels, tires, suspension, and bumpers. It came standard with Viper blue paint with two racing stripes down the center of the truck. It boasted a [[0 to 60 mph]] time of 7.1 seconds. The top speed was {{convert|142|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.

1998: First model year for Durango, available only in 4WD.

1999: The Durango was made available with 2WD. A 3.9L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 3.9|Magnum]] V6 engine was available, however few were sold. Minor changes were made for the 2nd year, two new paint colors and notable options available including {{convert|6|x|9|in|mm|abbr=on}} heated rear view mirrors and steering wheel-mounted radio controls. Leather seats became standard on SLT Plus models, and body-color wheel flares became standard on SLT Plus and 4WD Models.

2000: The new 4.7 L [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]] V8 engine replaced the 5.2 L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.2|Magnum]] V8 as the standard engine for 4WD models. The 3.9L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 3.9|Magnum]] V6 engine was no longer available, leaving only V8s for the rest of the production run. The high performance Durango R/T came equipped with a performance tuned 5.9 L [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] V8 and AWD.

2001: Dodge focused on interior upgrades as Durango's interior trim panels, dash mounted controls, instrument panel, overhead console, and steering wheel were all redesigned. The transfer case selector on 4X4 models changed from a manual lever on the console to a switch on the dash. The instrument cluster was updated and a electronic vehicle information center (EVIC) was incorporated into the overhead console. For improved rear passenger comfort, a dual-zone climate control system was added as standard equipment. Sound systems were improved on all models and now came standard with SX speakers. Other minor changes include door panels, revised seats, aluminium wheels, and minor changes to trim options.

2002: The new SXT version of the Durango was offered as the entry-level trim package. Optional side curtain airbags were added for safety.

2003: Durango featured minor mechanical changes, most notable was the addition of 4-wheel disc brakes.

===Trim levels===
*1998–2003 - SLT
*1998–2003 - SLT PLUS
*1999–2000 - S.P. 360
*2000–2003 - Sport
*2001–2003 - SXT
*1999–2003 - R/T.

===Engines===
*1998–2000 — {{convert|318|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.2|Magnum]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|230|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 300 lb-ft (410 N-M) of torque
*1999 — {{convert|238|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 3.9|Magnum]] [[V6 engine|V6]], {{convert|175|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 225 lb·ft (305 N·m) of torque
*1998–2003 — {{convert|360|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|245|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 330 lb·ft (449 N·m) of torque
*2000–2003 — {{convert|360|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|250|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 345 lb·ft (469 N·m) of torque
*1999–2000 — {{convert|360|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Supercharged [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 5.9|Magnum]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|360|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 412 lb·ft (559 N·m) of torque
* 2000–2003 — {{convert|287|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|235|hp|kW|abbr=on}} & 295 lb·ft (400 N·m) of torque

==Second generation (2004–2009)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image = 04-06 Dodge Durango .jpg
|name = Second generation
|production = 2003–2008
|assembly = [[Newark, Delaware]], [[United States]]
|model_years = 2004–2009
|class = [[Full-size car|Full-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|engine = {{convert|226|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|PowerTech]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] {{convert|287|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] {{convert|345|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler Hemi engine#5.7|Hemi]]'' V8
|transmission = 4-speed ''[[Ultradrive|42RLE]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed ''[[Chrysler RFE transmission|545RFE]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|related = [[Chrysler Aspen]] [[Dodge Dakota]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|119.2|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|200.8|in|mm|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|202.1|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|76.0|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|74.3|in|mm|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|73.6|in|mm|abbr=on}}
}}

===2004–2006===
The second generation Durango debuted shortly before the companion Dakota. Like the Dakota, it has much in common with the large [[Dodge Ram]] pickup, including a fully boxed frame. It is {{convert|7|in|mm|abbr=on}} longer, {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} wider, and {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} taller than the previous model. It also offered a third row bench with three seats, giving it an eight-seat capacity. The design took its styling primarily from the [[Dodge Powerbox]] concept which was itself based on the 1999 [[Dodge Power Wagon Concept]].

Debuting for 2004 was a new coil-spring rear suspension and a solid rear axle. A Watt linkage system is fitted to the rear axle, centering the axle and reducing rear-end skate over rough surfaces, and allowing a lower and wider cargo floor.

===2007–2009===
[[File:2007-2009 Dodge Durango -- 08-16-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2007-2009 Dodge Durango]]

The 2007 model was reworked to halt a sales decline, debuting at the [[Dallas Auto Show]] in April 2006. It featured a redesigned grille, hood, headlamps, fenders and wheels. New features included [[electronic stability control]], a [[tire pressure monitoring system]], [[rear park assist]], and a one-touch turn signal. The 2007 model also featured a reworked floor and an electrical system in preparation for the 2009 [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] version.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

In 2007, Chrysler introduced its own version of the Durango, called the [[Chrysler Aspen]].

In October 2008, as demand for full-size SUVs fell off, Chrysler announced that the shutdown of the [[Newark Assembly]] facility, which produced the Dodge Durango and Chrysler Aspen, would be moved up to the end of 2008, effectively ending production of the Durango and Durango Hybrid for the 2009 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/chrysler/aspen/2009/chrysler-kills-durango-and-aspen-hybrids.html |title=Edmunds Insideline: Chrysler Kills Durango and Aspen Hybrids |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2008-10-23 |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref>

===Hybrid=== 
Chrysler started to build the Dodge Durango Hybrid 2009 in fall 2008,<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsey |first=Mike |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aoEM.2RDUzU8&refer=home# |title=Chrysler to Drop First Hybrids, After October Debut (Update2) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2008-10-28 |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref> featuring the {{convert|340|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|345|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} ''[[Chrysler Hemi engine#5.7|Hemi]]'' engine with [[Multi-Displacement System|MDS]] as well as the new [[Global Hybrid Cooperation|Two-Mode Hybrid]] system developed with [[General Motors]] and [[BMW]]. The manufacturer claimed an almost 25% gain overall fuel fuel economy and an almost 40% gain in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodge.com/en/2009/durango/hybrid/two_mode_system/|title=hybrid: two-mode system| accessdate=2008-11-20|author=|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=|month=|work=| publisher=Dodge.com|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=The 2009 Durango HEMI Hybrid takes that a step further with its two-mode system that integrates a hybrid-electric drive system – which reduces fuel consumption by almost 40 percent[1] while running errands in town<...> The payoff is an increased overall fuel economy of nearly 25 percent.}}</ref> EPA testing on the Hybrid Durango with the Hemi [[V8 engine|V8]] engine indicates fuel mileage to be about {{convert|20|mpgus}} (city) and {{convert|22|mpgus|abbr=on}} (highway) for 2009 model.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/10/17/chryslers-new-hybrid-suvs-score-a-20-22-mpg-from-the-epa/ |title=Chrysler's new hybrid SUVs score a 20/22 mpg from the EPA |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2008-10-17 |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref> The normal (non-hybrid) Durango with the {{convert|345|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Hemi and 4WD gets {{convert|13|mpgus|abbr=on}} (city) and {{convert|19|mpgus|abbr=on}} (highway).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/compx2008f.jsp?year=2009&make=Dodge&model=Durango%204WD&hiddenField=Findacar |title=www.fueleconomy.gov, 2009 Dodge Durango 4WD |publisher=Fueleconomy.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref>

Chrysler want to position the hybrids as a less expensive alternative to GM's hybrid [[Chevrolet Tahoe]] and [[GMC Yukon]], which use a similar hybrid system.

The 2009 Dodge Durango Hybrid had a starting [[suggested retail price|MSRP]] of $45,340.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autotropolis.com/cs/blogs/auto-news/archive/2008/06/17/Chrysler-prices-hybrid-SUVs-under-_2400_46_2C00_000.aspx |title=Chrysler announces starting MSRP for 2009 Dodge Durango HEMI Hybrid|author=Ross, Jeffrey N.|publisher=Autotropolis.com|date=2008-06-17| accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> Production of the hybrid models (including the [[Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen Hybrid]] as well) began on August 22, 2008.<ref name=NYT2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/automobiles/16ASPEN.html |title=Here Today, Gone Tomorrow |date=2008-11-13 |author=Eddie Alterman |publisher=The New York Times }}</ref> The hybrid became available at dealerships in early October, the same month Chrysler announced the termination of its production.<ref name=NYT2008/> It was one of the shortest-lived model from a major automaker in modern times.<ref name=NYT2008/>
Chrysler received approximately 3,000 pre-orders fro both models from dealers. It was uncertain if the automaker filled those orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoobserver.com//2008/10/chrysler-to-discontinue-dodge-durango-and-chrysler-aspen-hybrids-shutter-plant-move-not-seen-as-indicator-of-a-hybrid-collapse-amid-industrys-financial-turmoil.html |title=Chrysler to Discontinue Dodge Durango and Chrysler Aspen Hybrids, Shutter Plant; Move Not Seen As Indicator of a Hybrid Collapse Amid Industry's Financial Turmoil |date=2008-10-23 |author=Scott Doggett and John O'Dell |publisher=Edmunds Auto Observers }}</ref>
By early November 2008, 400 of the hybrid SUVs, including Chrysler Aspen, had already been built.<ref name=NYT2008/>

*'''SXT''' 2004–2009
*'''SLT''' 2004–2009
*'''SLT Plus''' 2004–2009
*'''Night Runner ''' 2005–2007
*'''Limited''' 2004–2009
*'''Adventurer''' 2005–2008

===Engines===
*2004–2009 - {{convert|226|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|PowerTech]] [[V6 engine|V6]], {{convert|210|hp|kW|abbr=on}} at 5200 rpm and {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 4000 rpm
*2004–2007 - {{convert|287|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|235|hp|kW|abbr=on}} at 4500 rpm and {{convert|300|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3600 rpm
*2004–2009 - {{convert|345|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler Hemi engine#5.7|Hemi]] V8, {{convert|335|hp|kW|abbr=on}} at 5200 rpm and {{convert|370|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 4200 rpm ([[Multi-Displacement System|MDS]] equipped for 2006+ 5.7 L engines for improved fuel mileage)
*2008–2009 - {{convert|287|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|PowerTech]] V8, {{convert|303|hp|kW|abbr=on}} at 5,650 rpm and {{convert|330|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3,950 rpm

<gallery>
File:2009 durango slt.jpg|2009 Durango SLT
File:2009 durango ltd.jpg|2009 Durango Limited
</gallery>{{-}}

==Third generation (2011)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation
|image=2011 Dodge Durango -- 03-09-2011.jpg
|production=2010–present
|model_years = 2011–present
|engine=3.6 L [[Chrysler pentastar engine|Pentastar]] [[V6 engine|V6]] 5.7 L [[Chrysler_Hemi_engine#5.7|Hemi]] [[V8 engine|V8]]
|assembly=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[United States]] 
|class = [[Full-size car|Full-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|related=[[Mercedes-Benz M-Class]] [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] [[Mercedes-Benz GL-Class]] [[Jeep Grand Cherokee#WK2|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]
|transmission=5-speed [[W5A580]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[Chrysler RFE transmission#545RFE|545RFE]] automatic 6-speed [[Chrysler RFE transmission#645RFE|645RFE]] automatic 8-speed [[ZF 8HP transmission|845RE]] automatic(2014-)
|wheelbase={{convert|119.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|199.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|75.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|70.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}
On August 16, 2010, Dodge released an Internet site and teaser photos of the third generation of Dodge Durango. The new Durango is built along side of the 2011 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]] at the Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant in Detroit, Michigan. The new Durango shares not only the assembly line with the Grand Cherokee, but also the running gear, powertrains, and chassis parts. The new Durango features two engines. The base engine is a new 3.6-liter V6 engine producing {{convert|290|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|260|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque at 4,800 rpm; 90% of peak torque is available from 1,600 to 6,400 rpm. The [[Chrysler Pentastar engine|Pentastar]] [[V6]] is attached to the Mercedes W5A580 five-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]], with Chrysler's controls and the driver-interactive control. The 5.7 L Hemi [[Variable valve timing|VVT]] [[V8 engine|V8]] returns with {{convert|360|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} and {{convert|390|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque, which features the 545RFE 5-speed automatic. The HEMI V8 also comes with a "fuel-saver"(cylinder deactivation) mode. This feature is primarily used when the vehicle is cruising at constant speeds on level ground.

The wheelbase of the new Durango is longer than that of the Grand Cherokee. It features three rows of seating compared to the Grand Cherokee's two rows.

The 2011 Dodge Durango entered production on December 14, 2010,<ref name="media.chrysler.com">{{Cite web|url=http://media.chrysler.com/newsrelease.do?id=10390&mid=287|title=Chrysler Group LLC Celebrates Start of Production of 2011 Dodge Durango at its Jefferson North Assembly Plant|accessdate=2010-12-28|work=media.chrysler.com}}</ref> alongside the second generation [[Dodge Charger (LX)|Charger]] in the 2011 vehicle lineup. It went on sale for general dealership availability in mid-January 2011.

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Model
!Engine
!Displacement
!Power @ rpm
!Torque @ rpm
!Years
!Note
|-
| Express
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;|3.6 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Chrysler Pentastar engine|Pentastar]]
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;|{{convert|3604|cc|cuin||abbr=on}}
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;|{{convert|290|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} @ 6400 rpm
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;|{{convert|350|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @4800 rpm
|MY2011-
|
|-
|Crew
|MY2011-
|option 5.7 V8 HEMI
|-
|CrewLux
|MY2011-
|option 5.7 V8 HEMI
|-
|Citadel
|MY2011-
|option 5.7 V8 HEMI
|-
|Heat
|MY2011-
|
|-
|R/T
| 5.7 [[V8 engine|V8]] [[Chrysler Hemi engine#5.7|HEMI]]
|{{convert|5654|cc|cuin||abbr=on}}
|{{convert|360|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} @ 5150 rpm
|{{convert|530|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @4250 rpm
|MY2011-
|[[Multi-Displacement System|MDS]]
|}{{-}}

==Total American sales==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Calendar Year
!Sales
|-
|1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033497.html| title=Chrysler Group Announces Year-End and December Sales|publisher=Theautochannel.com|date=| accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|189,840
|-
|2000
|173,567
|-
|2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2003/01/04/152240.html|title=Chrysler Group Reports U.S. December Sales|publisher=Theautochannel.com|date=|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|130,799
|-
|2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175827.html|title=Chrysler Group Reports December 2003 Sales Increase of 2 Percent|publisher=Theautochannel.com|date= 2004-11-17|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|106,925
|-
|2003
|108,010
|-
|2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-04-2006/0004242655&EDATE|title=Chrysler Group 2005 U.S. Sales Rise 5 Percent, Highest Since 2000; December Sales Decline In Line with Overall Industry|publisher=Prnewswire.com|date=| accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|137,148
|-
|2005
|115,439
|-
|2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS217066+03-Jan-2008+PRN20080103|title=Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail; Demand...|publisher=Reuters|date=2008-01-03|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|70,606
|-
|2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.prnewswire.com/DisplayReleaseContent.aspx?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-05-2009/0004949198&EDATE=|title=Chrysler LLC Reports December 2008 U.S. Sales| publisher=News.prnewswire.com|date=|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
|41,420
|-
|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/50556-chrysler-group-llc-december-2009/|title=Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2009 U.S. Sales|publisher=www.CheersandGears.com| date=|accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>
|3,521
|-
|2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/74955-december-2010-sales-chrysler/|title=Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2010 U.S. Sales|publisher=www.CheersandGears.com| date=|accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref>
|572
|-
|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allpar.com/news/index.php/2012/01/chrysler-sales-shoot-up-37-26-for-2011| title=Chrysler sales shoot up 37% (26% for 2011)|publisher=allpar.com|date=| accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref>
|51,697
|}

==Recall==

On August 16, 2012, Chrysler recalled 1,661 2013-model Dodge Durango sport utility vehicles in the United States and Canada because some airbags may not deploy in an accident.
The recall affects 1,449 of the seven-passenger versions of the SUVs in the United States and 212 in Canada and other markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chrysler recalls 1,661 Dodge SUVs for airbag issue|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/16/us-chrysler-usrecall-idUSBRE87F0IC20120816|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dodge Durango}}
*[http://www.dodge.com/en/2011/durango/ Official site]

{{Dodge Truck Timeline}}
{{Dodge}}

[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Dodge vehicles|Durango]]
[[Category:Full-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Hybrid SUVs]]
[[Category:Mid-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1998]]

[[de:Dodge Durango]]
[[es:Dodge Durango]]
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[[fr:Dodge Durango]]
[[id:Dodge Durango]]
[[it:Dodge Durango]]
[[lt:Dodge Durango]]
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[[ja:ダッジ・デュランゴ]]
[[pl:Dodge Durango]]
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[[uk:Dodge Durango]]

Lincoln MKZ

2012-11-10T05:08:18Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 522210934 by Icexredbull (talk)

{{redirect|Lincoln Zephyr|the 1936-1942 car|Lincoln-Zephyr}}
{{Infobox automobile
|image=06ZephyrExt.jpg
|name=Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ
|manufacturer= [[Ford Motor Company]]
|production=August 1, 2005–present<ref name=Wards06>{{cite book |title=Ward's Automotive Yearbook 2006 |publisher=Ward's Communications, Inc |editor=Binder, Alan K |year=2006 |page=102}}</ref>
|model_years=2006–present
|predecessor=[[Lincoln LS]]
|class= [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Luxury vehicle|luxury car]]
|body_style=4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
|assembly=[[Hermosillo]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Lincoln MKZ''', initially named the '''Lincoln Zephyr''', is a [[Mid-size car|mid-size]], entry-level [[Luxury vehicle|luxury car]] from the [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] division of the [[Ford Motor Company]]. The MKZ was the first in a series of new "MK"-named Lincolns, and has since been followed by the [[Lincoln MKX|MKX]], [[Lincoln MKS|MKS]], and [[Lincoln MKT|MKT]].

A hybrid version was launched in the U.S. market in September 2010. The MKZ Hybrid was the first (and as of July 2011, the only) hybrid in the market priced the same as its conventional gasoline-engine version (although the hybrid model's engine has two fewer cylinders than the gasoline-engine model).<ref name=NYTMKZ/>

Since 2008, the MKZ has been Lincoln's best selling vehicle. An all-new second generation MKZ is expected in dealer showrooms by the fall of 2012.

{{tocleft}}
{{clear}}

==First generation (2006-2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=2009 Lincoln MKZ.jpg
|name=First generation
|aka=Lincoln Zephyr (2006)
|production=August 1, 2005–2012<ref name="Wards06"/>
|model_years=2006–2012
|related=[[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] [[Mazda6]] [[Mercury Milan]]
|platform=[[Ford CD3 platform]]
|engine= 2.5 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 25|Duratec 25]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 3.0 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 30|Duratec 30]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] 3.5 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 35|Duratec 35]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]]
|transmission=6-speed [[Aisin]] [[AWTF-80 SC|TF-80]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2006-2009) 
6-speed ''[[Ford 6F transmission|6F]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2010-Present)
|wheelbase= {{Convert|107.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= 2006–09 {{Convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{Convert|189.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{Convert|72.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height=2006: {{Convert|57.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2007–09: {{Convert|57.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{Convert|56.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2011–12 Hybrid: {{Convert|56.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight=2006: {{convert|3438|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2007–09: {{convert|3469|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{convert|3598|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2011–12 Hybrid: {{convert|3756|lb|kg||abbr=on}}
}}

[[File:Lincoln Zephyr .jpg|thumb|left|2006 Lincoln Zephyr]]

The 2006 Lincoln Zephyr was initially unveiled in [[Concept vehicle|concept]] form at the 2004 [[New York International Auto Show]] as a new entry-level luxury sedan intended to appeal to a younger generation of luxury car buyers. Many of the design elements of the Zephyr concept made their way into the production model, albeit with some revision. The front fascia of the Zephyr's exterior was adorned with Lincoln's signature waterfall grille and jeweled quad projector beam headlights ([[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]] were available). Chrome trim extends along the Zephyr's beltline while the car's rear fascia features wing-shaped [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] taillights and dual chrome exhaust tips. All Zephyrs featured low-profile tires on 17x7.5-inch wheels with painted aluminum versions standard and chrome versions optional.

Lincoln officially revived [[Lincoln-Zephyr|the Zephyr name]] in the fall of 2005 as a platform-mate for the [[Ford Fusion (North American)|Ford Fusion]] and [[Mercury Milan]]; the vehicles were based on the [[Ford CD3 platform|CD3 platform]], which was derived from the [[Mazda 6]]. The Zephyr's sole powertrain was a 3.0 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]] mated to an [[Aisin Seiki Co.|Aisin]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission]]; identical to the V6 powertrain that was optional in the Fusion and Milan. Visually, the Zephyr could be easily distinguished from its Ford and Mercury siblings thanks to unique [[Fascia (car)|fascias]] and other stylistic elements, but as much as 35% of its body panels were shared with the other cars. However, the interior is entirely unique to the Lincoln, and this, along with different equipment packaging, helped differentiate the brands. Reflecting its entry-level luxury position, the 2006 Zephyr started at a base [[Suggested retail price|MSRP]] of $29,995 [[United States dollar|USD]], ranging up to $35,575 [[United States dollar|USD]] when fully optioned.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Pricing." Ford Media. Jun. 16 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3998&press_section_id=2877</ref>

Though slightly smaller and natively [[front-wheel drive]], the Zephyr was marketed as a replacement for Lincoln's previous entry level mid-size, the [[Automobile layout|rear-wheel drive]], [[V8 engine|V8]]-equipped [[Lincoln LS]]. To facilitate a smooth transition, the Zephyr and LS were sold parallel to each other during the 2006 model year, the first model year of the Zephyr and the last for the LS. Ironically the Zephyr's first model year was also its last for the nameplate. For 2007 the car was renamed MKZ, and took over the LS' market with sales beginning in September 2006. Lincoln's decision to resurrect the Zephyr name refers to the very early days of Lincoln before World War II. At that time, the only Lincoln manufactured was the [[Lincoln K-series]] which was a full-size sedan, and Lincoln, under the direction of [[Edsel Ford]], Henry Ford's only son, hoped to introduce a smaller product to compete with the [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]], a smaller sibling offered at Cadillac dealerships.

Inside the Zephyr was an interior design that was thoroughly distinctive relative to the Fusion or Milan, almost shadowing the 2005 to 2009 Ford Mustang. The upscale design featured rectangular shapes in the dashboard surfaces and door panels with real [[ebony]] or [[maple]] wood inserts (depending on desired trim) in metallic frames. These surfaces were contrasted with chrome-bezeled gauges, circular, chrome-finished vents and a metallic center stack where the radio and climate controls are housed. The Zephyr's steering wheel was leather-wrapped with real wood grips and satin-nickel audio, climate, and cruise control buttons. White LED backlighting was used for the Zephyr's controls and instrumentation. Leather seating surfaces were standard in all models.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Exterior/Interior." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3864&press_section_id=2869</ref>

In terms of luxury and convenience features there was little that distinguished the Zephyr from the Fusion or Milan. Most of the features that were optional in the Fusion or Milan were simply standard in the Zephyr. Some of these standard features in the Zephyr include: [[cruise control]], automatic headlights, fog lights, power door locks, "global" power windows (all windows can lower simultaneously at the push of a button), power adjustable and heated mirrors with puddle lamps, remote keyless entry, a tilt and telescoping steering wheel with redundant audio and climate controls, dual-zone automatic climate control, a universal garage door opener, 10-way power driver and front passenger seats, rear-seat reading lamps, and a six-speaker audio system with an AM/FM stereo radio and a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer. Optional in the Zephyr was a power moonroof, a DVD-based satellite navigation system, [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]], heated and cooled front seats, and an industry-first [[THX]] II-Certified audio system with a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer and ten speakers. Safety features include standard dual front-side airbags, front seat-deployed side airbags, and curtain airbags that extend from the front to rear seats.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Technical Specifications." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3863&press_section_id=2878</ref> [[File:06ZephyrInt.jpg|thumb|right|Front interior area of a 2006 Lincoln Zephyr]]

Mechanically the Zephyr was closely related to the Fusion and Milan. As mentioned, all three cars were based on Ford's [[Ford CD3 platform|CD3 platform]], which was in turn derived from the [[Mazda Atenza|Mazda 6]]. Like these cars the Zephyr is natively [[front-wheel drive]] (FWD). The Zephyr uses a coil-over damper, short- and long-arm ([[Double wishbone suspension|SLA]]) front suspension with double-ball-joint control arms while the rear suspension is an independent multi-link design with lower control arms and a {{convert|17|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} stabilizer bar. Spring rates, bushings, and dampers have been specially tuned for the Zephyr to provide excellent ride comfort without compromising handling. All Zephyrs feature standard four-wheel [[Anti-lock braking system|anti-lock]] disc brakes with [[Traction control system|traction control]]. The sole engine offered in the Zephyr was an all-aluminum 3.0 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]] producing 221 hp (165 kW) at 6250 rpm and 205 lb·ft (278 N·m) of torque at 4800 rpm. This engine was mated to an [[Aisin Seiki Co.|Aisin]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] and had a final drive ratio of 3.46:1. This powertrain was identical to the V6 powertrain available in the Fusion and Milan from 2006-2009.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Powertrain." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3865&press_section_id=2858</ref> With this powertrain the Zephyr could accelerate from zero to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 7.5 seconds.<ref>Russ, Carey. "2006 Lincoln Zephyr Review." The Auto Channel. 2006. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/04/09/003548.html</ref> The Zephyr came with a {{Convert|17.5|usgal|L impgal|0|abbr=on}} fuel tank and is rated to deliver {{convert|17|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in city driving and {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} on the highway based on the revised 2008 [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] fuel efficiency measurement standards.<ref>United States. "2006 Lincoln Zephyr." Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorSelectEngine.jsp?year=2006&make=Lincoln&model=Zephyr</ref>

===2007 revision===
[[File:Lincoln MKZ.jpg|thumb|left|2007–2009 Lincoln MKZ]]

For 2007, just one year after its introduction, due to its poor reception in the marketplace, (see first year sales figures below), the Zephyr was refreshed and renamed to follow a new [[nomenclature]] developed by Lincoln that mimics the [[alphanumeric]] naming schemes used by other luxury automakers like Mercedes-Benz, the Zephyr was renamed ''MKZ''. Management at Lincoln originally announced the MKZ with a "Mark-Zee" pronunciation during the 2006 auto show circuit, but eventually changed it to the phonetic "em-kay-zee" due to confusion observed among focus groups and dealership personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2006/07/lincoln_mkx_mkz.html|title=Lincoln Dealer Confusion Forces Model Name Changes|publisher=Cars.com|date=2006-07-24|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref>

The 2007 MKZ was first shown at the [[Chicago Auto Show]] in February 2006. Other than its new name, the MKZ gained a number of substantial changes over its predecessor. Stylistically, the MKZ's grille was revised, with the "waterfall" becoming longer. The lower front fascia below the grille was also redesigned. The standard and optional versions of the MKZ's 17x7.5-inch wheels were restyled. An intelligent all-wheel drive system was now available, seamlessly distributing power to each wheel for optimum traction. Powering the MKZ, and taking a large step toward further differentiating the car from the Fusion and Milan, was Ford's new, all-aluminum 3.5 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. The engine was tuned to produce 263 hp (196 kW) at 6250 rpm and 249 lb·ft (337 N·m) of torque at 4500 rpm. Significantly, the new engine needed only 87-octane regular grade gasoline to achieve its output.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2007 MKZ Overview." Ford Media. 2006. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1378&item_id=4280&press_section_id=2870</ref> Also, in spite of the MKZ's power advantage over the 3.0 L DOHC V6-equipped Zephyr, the fuel economy of the MKZ rivals that of the Zephyr at {{convert|17|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in city driving and {{convert|25|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} on the highway in front-wheel drive models.<ref>United States. "2007 Lincoln MKZ." Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorSelectEngine.jsp?year=2007&make=Lincoln&model=MKZ%20FWD</ref> A road test by [[Motor Trend]] found that an MKZ equipped with all-wheel drive could accelerate from zero to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 6.8 seconds and complete a quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at {{convert|93.4|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} thanks to the more powerful engine and extra traction.<ref>Stone, Matt. "First Test: 2007 Lincoln MKZ AWD." Motor Trend. 2006. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/112_0703_2007_lincoln_mkz/index.html</ref> One of the few other changes that was applied to the 2007 MKZ was a revision to the available [[THX]] II-Certified audio system to increase its speaker amount to 14 and its peak output to 600 [[Watt]]s. Beyond the MKZ's changes, the car remained positioned as an entry-level luxury sedan with base models still starting at just under $30,000 [[United States dollar|USD]] and fully optioned models remaining well below $40,000 [[United States dollar|USD]].

For 2008 the MKZ received new standard features as a part of Lincoln's continued effort to refine the car. [[Sirius satellite radio]], perforated leather seats, a reverse sensing system, a tire pressure monitoring system, and [[Ford Sync|Lincoln SYNC]] (late availability) were all newly standard.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2008 MKZ Overview." Ford Media. 2007. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1620&item_id=5063&press_section_id=2870</ref> For 2009, Ford's ''AdvanceTrac'' [[Electronic stability control|stability control]] system became standard while a special edition "Midnight Black" package was available, featuring black leather seating surfaces and panels contrasted with [[maple]] wood and satin nickel inserts.

===2010 revision===
[[File:2010 Lincoln MKZ 3.jpg|thumb|right|2010 Lincoln MKZ]]
The 2010 MKZ was unveiled at the 2008 [[Greater Los Angeles Auto Show|Los Angeles International Auto Show]], revealing an extensive update with a revised interior and exterior in addition to new features. The MKZ's exterior was updated with an emphasis on the front and rear fascias. In the front, the MKZ's headlights are new while its fascia and split-wing grille closely resembles that of the [[Lincoln MKR]] concept, a new approach towards giving all Lincolns a shared appearance inspired by Lincolns during the late 1930s, as demonstrated by the 1936 [[Lincoln-Zephyr]]. In the rear, the taillights have been revised to be longer and thinner, similar to the original Zephyr concept. The MKZ's standard and optional 17-inch wheels have been restyled again and are supplemented with a new 18-inch wheel option. Inside, the MKZ's interior is all-new stylistically but continues to extensively use real wood accents and metal surfaces. Higher quality ''[[Bridge of Weir]]'' leather seating surfaces are standard. Other features new for 2010 include a reverse camera system, [[Sirius satellite radio|Sirius]] Travel Link, a DVD-based satellite navigation system updated to accept voice commands, rain-sensing windshield wipers, a cabin air filter, and adaptive [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]]. Mechanically, the MKZ features new suspension tuning to further improve ride quality and handling and a new ''SelectShift'' 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] that improves acceleration. The 2010 MKZ was released during the Spring of 2009.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2010 Lincoln MKZ Builds on Success with New Face, New Interior, More Features, Quieter Experience." Ford Media. Nov. 19 2008. http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29458</ref>

===MKZ Hybrid (2011)===
[[File:2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid with badging WAS 2011 859.jpg|thumb|left|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid with leaf road logo badging used in the hybrid version.]]
The 2011 MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 [[New York International Auto Show]]<ref name=GCC0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/mkzhybrid-20100330.html|title=Ford Introduces 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid; Projected 41 mpg City|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]] |date=2010-03-31|accessdate=2010-04-05}}</ref> and sales began in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/september-2010.html|title=September 2010 Dashboard: Hybrid Sales Slide, While Clean Diesel Continues Growth|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-10-05|accessdate=2010-10-05}}</ref> It is the first Lincoln [[hybrid electric vehicle]] and the first Lincoln model with a 4-cylinder engine and delivers an [[U.S. EPA|EPA]] city rating of {{convert|41|mpgUS|abbr=on}} and a highway rating of {{convert|36|mpgUS|abbr=on}}, which made it the most [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel efficient]] [[Luxury vehicle|luxury sedan]] in the U.S. until the release of the 2011 [[Lexus CT|Lexus CT 200h]] in March 2011.<ref name=GCC_EPA>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/06/2011-lincoln-mkz-hybrid-eparated-at-41-mpg-city36-mpg-highway-most-fuel-efficient-luxury-sedan-in-us.html#more|title=2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid EPA-Rated at 41 mpg City/36 mpg Highway; Most Fuel Efficient Luxury Sedan in US |publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-06-16 |accessdate=2010-06-16}}</ref> The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid carries over the [[hybrid powertrain]] from the [[Ford Fusion Hybrid|Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids]], including the 2.5 L [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] with electric motor producing a total of {{convert|191|hp|abbr=on}}.<ref name=GCC0310/><ref name=MT0310/>
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has an [[all-electric range|E.V. mode]] that allows the car to travel short distances on electricity alone, at speeds up to {{Convert|47|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The MKZ Hybrid offers an improvement of Ford's [[Ford Fusion Hybrid#SmartGauge for eco driving|Smart Gauge with EcoGuide]], first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid.The MKZ Smart Gauge version offers a new "Flower" design compared to the "Leaf" design of the Fusion. In essence, the car rewards you with flower blossoms for economic driving/driving habits.<ref name=GCC0310/><ref name=MT0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/auto_shows/new_york/2010/1003_2011_lincoln_mkz_hybrid/index.html |title=2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid|publisher=[[Motor Trend]]|date=March 2010|author=Mike Floyd|accessdate=2010-04-05}}</ref>
[[File:2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid WAS 2011 861.JPG|thumb|180px|The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.]]
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is marketed by [[Ford]] as a competitor to the [[Lexus HS 250h]], and as of July 2011 it is the only hybrid in the market with the same price as its conventional gasoline-engine version of the car.<ref name=NYTMKZ>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/automobiles/upwardly-mobile-hybrids-splurging-while-saving-gas.html?_r=1&emc=eta1|title=Upwardly Mobile Hybrids: Splurging While Saving Gas |author=Jerry Garrett|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2011-07-22|accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/22/is-this-the-end-of-the-hybrid-price-premium/?hpw|title=Is This the End of the Hybrid Price Premium? |author=Jim Motavalli|publisher=New York Times|date=2010-07-22|accessdate=2010-07-25}}</ref> Ford reported that until June 2011, about 20% of 2011 MKZ sales have been hybrids, and the market share is even higher in markets where hybrids in general sell well, such as the [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Los Angeles region]], where sales of the hybrid model represent 44%, and the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco area]], with a market share of 66%.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The MKZ Hybrid base price is {{USD|35,520}}, and with popular options including a [[sunroof]], [[navigation system]], [[blind spot monitor]]s, a [[THX]] surround-sound stereo and a [[backup camera]] the price rises to {{USD|41,370}}.<ref name=NYTMKZ/>

A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion line-up is scheduled for the 2013 [[model year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordautoshow.com/car/2012-ford-fusion-review/|title=2012 Ford Fusion Review|publisher=Ford Auto Show|date=2011-05-27|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> Both the Lincoln MKZ and the Fusion Hybrid are expected to use a new compact [[lithium-ion battery]] pack and an updated powertrain that is expected to deliver a higher [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of up to 47 to 48 mpgUS (4.9 to 5.0 L/100 km; 56 to 58 mpgimp) highway. The next generation Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is expected to be launched by mid-2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/13/report-next-gen-ford-fusion-hybrid-to-get-up-to-48-mpg-highway/|title=Report: Next-gen Ford Fusion Hybrid to get up to 48 mpg highway|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-13|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1061471_all-new-2013-ford-fusion-hybrid-to-get-47-48-city-mpg-report|title=All-New 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid To Get 47-48 City MPG: Report|author=John Voelcker|publisher=GreenCarReports|date=2011-06-13|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> The 2013 MKZ [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1064851_2013-lincoln-mkz-concept-coming-to-2012-detroit-auto-show|title=2013 Lincoln MKZ Concept Coming to 2012 Detroit Auto Show |author=Kurt Ernst|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2011-08-12|accessdate=2011-08-13}}</ref>

The MKZ Hybrid was one of the five finalists for the 2011 [[Green Car of the Year]] awarded by the [[Green Car Journal]] in November 2010, which was won by the [[Chevrolet Volt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php|title=Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2010-11-18|accessdate=2010-11-18}}</ref> In its 2011 [[Hybrid Scorecard]], the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] (UCS) ranked the MKZ Hybrid, together with the [[Lexus CT200h]], as the top luxury hybrid models in the scorecard’s environmental improvement category, an achievement the UCS attributed to their relatively small gasoline engines.<ref name=NYTUCS11>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/scientists-demand-improved-hybrid-performance-from-automakers/?emc=eta1|title=Scientists Demand Improved Hybrid Performance From Automakers |author=Cheryl Jensen |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2011-07-07 |accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid ranked higher than the Lexus on all factors: consumer value, hybrid technology, fuel efficiency and pollution reduction. Also, the UCS praised the MKZ Hybrid, together with the [[Hyundai Sonata Hybrid]], because both hybrids are available with few or no forced features that inflate the cost without adding to fuel savings or reducing emissions.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The UCS's Hybrid Scorecard ratings for the MKZ Hybrid are higher than the non-luxury [[Toyota Prius]] for environmental performance, and hybrid vale; both are rated the same for forced features; and the Prius scores higher in fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard|title=Hybrid Scorecard|author= [[Union of Concerned Scientists]]|publisher=HybridCenter.org|accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref>

==Second generation (2013)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|image= 2013 Lincoln MKZ -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG
|related=[[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]]
|model_years=2013-
|engine=2.0L [[Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L EcoBoost I-4|EcoBoost]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 3.7L [[Ford Cyclone engine#Duratec 37|Duratec 37]] [[V6]] 2.0L [[Hybrid vehicle|Hybrid]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
|transmission=6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase={{convert|112.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|194.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|58.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

Ford redesigned the Lincoln MKZ for the 2013 model year. The [[concept car|concept model]] was presented at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/mkz-concept-is-the-next-step-in-lincolns-reinvention/?emc=eta1 |title=MKZ Concept Is the Next Step in Lincoln’s Reinvention |author=Jerry Garrett|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-01-10|accessdate=2012-01-23}}</ref>

The production version of the second generation MKZ was unveiled at the 2012 [[New York Auto Show]]. It follows the general concept idea released in the model displayed at the 2012 Detroit Auto Show. Ford will also offer the 2013 MKZ with three powertrains: a 240-horsepower EcoBoost 2-liter [[4-cylinder]], a 300-horsepower 3.7-liter [[V6]], and a hybrid system based on the 2-liter power plant. The hybrid option is expected to be available by late 2012, and like the previous MKZ generation, the MKZ Hybrid will be available for the same price as the non-hybrid model.<ref name=AG101612>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/10/16/lincoln-mkz-hybrid-rated-at-45-mpg-below-47-mpg-fusion-hybrid/|title=Lincoln MKZ Hybrid rated at 45 mpg, below 47-mpg Fusion Hybrid |author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[Autoblog.com]] |date=2012-10-16|accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/in-new-york-lincoln-mkz-makes-a-proposition/?emc=eta1|title=In New York, Lincoln MKZ Makes a Proposition |author=Tamara Warren|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-04-03|accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref>

===EPA ratings===
[[File:Lincoln MKZ concept WAS 2012 0509.JPG|thumb|left|The Lincoln MKZ [[concept car|concept]] was unveiled at the 2012[[North American International Auto Show]].]]
The [[US Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) rated the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at {{convert|45|mpgus|abbr=on}} with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. The 2013 model year 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder FWD automatic MKZ rating is {{convert|26|mpgus|abbr=on}} combined, {{convert|22|mpgus|abbr=on}} in the city, and {{convert|33|mpgus|abbr=on}} on the highway. The 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder AWD automatic model rating is {{convert|25|mpgus|abbr=on}} combined, {{convert|22|mpgus|abbr=on}} in the city, and {{convert|31|mpgus|abbr=on}} on the highway.<ref name=EPAratings>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=33295&id=33292&id=33291|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid FWD/MKZ AWD/MKZ FWD
|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] and [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref>

These ratings allowed the 2013 MKZ Hybrid to become the most fuel efficient luxury vehicle in the U.S. and improve the fuel economy of the [[Lexus ES#Sixth generation|Lexus ES 300h]] hybrid by 5 mpg-US on the combined cycle. Despite sharing the same powertrain, the 2013 MKZ Hybrid rated 2 mpg-US combined less than its sibling the second generation [[Ford Fusion Hybrid#Second generation|Ford Fusion Hybrid]] at {{convert|47|mpgus|abbr=on}}.<ref name=AG101612/>
{{clr}}

==Sales==
{{wikinews|Ford's US auto sales spike, surpassing GM}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Calendar Year|| colspan="3"|U.S. sales (2005 - 2011)
|-
! Total (gas & hybrid)|| Hybrid-only||Hybrid share
|-align=center
| 2005|| 4,985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2006|| 33,114<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379 |title=Ford Motor Company 2007 sales|date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2007|| 34,363<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/December07sales.pdf |title=Crossovers, Lincoln Highlight Ford's 2007 Sales Performance|date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2008|| 30,117<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |format=PDF|title=F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2009|| 22,081<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31604 |title=FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE, FIRST FULL-YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995 | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com|date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2010|| 22,535<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/74946-december-2010-sales-ford-motor-company/ |title=December 2010 Sales: Ford Motor Company - Cheers & Gears Forums |publisher=Cheersandgears.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref>|| 1,192<ref name=Sales2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html|title=December 2010 Dashboard: Year End Tally|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2011-01-07|accessdate=2011-01-12}}</ref> ||5.3%
|-align=center
| 2011||27,529<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec11sales.pdf|title=2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S.|publisher=[[Ford Motor Company]]|date=2012-01-04|accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> ||5,739<ref name=Sales2011US>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/december-2011-dashboard-sales-still-climbing-35093.html |title=December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref>||20.8%
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lincoln Zephyr (2006)}}
{{Commons category|Lincoln MKZ}}
{{Commons category|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid}}
*[http://www.lincoln.com/mkz/ Official Lincoln MKZ Page]
{{Lincoln vehicles}}

[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Ford CD3 platform]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Lincoln vehicles|MKZ]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]

[[de:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[fa:لینکلن ام‌کی‌زی]]
[[fr:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[lt:Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ]]
[[ja:リンカーン・MKZ]]
[[pl:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[pt:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[ru:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[tr:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[uk:Lincoln MKZ]]

Daewoo Lacetti

2012-11-10T04:56:42Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 522007337 by 24.139.236.32 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|image = Daewoo Lacetti front 20080709.jpg
|name = Daewoo Lacetti
|manufacturer = [[GM Daewoo]]
|production = 2002–2011
|class = [[Compact car|Compact]]
|predecessor = [[Daewoo Nubira]]
|layout = [[FF layout]]
|assembly = [[Bupyong]], [[South Korea]] [[Bogota]], [[Colombia]] [[Halol]], [[India]] [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] [[Miaoli City|Miaoli]], [[Taiwan]] [[Rayong]], [[Thailand]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] [[Ha Noi]], [[Vietnam]] [[Asaka]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|successor = [[Chevrolet Cruze]]
}}

The '''Daewoo Lacetti''' is a [[compact car]] made by the [[South Korea]]n automaker [[GM Daewoo]] since 2002. The first-generation Lacetti was available as a four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]], a five-door [[hatchback]] or a five-door [[station wagon]]. The sedan and wagon were designed by [[Pininfarina]], and the hatchback by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]. The hatchback, known as '''Lacetti5 in South Korea''', was introduced in summer 2004.

In November 2008 the second-generation Lacetti was launched under the name '''Lacetti Premiere''', being a badge-engineered version of the [[Chevrolet Cruze]]—though co-developed by GM Daewoo and Chevrolet.

== First generation (2002–2008) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image = Daewoo Nubira Sedan front.jpg
|name = First generation
|production = 2002–2008 Uzbekistan: 2008–present Russia: 2007–2012
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] 5-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[wagon]]
|aka = Hatchback: [[Buick Excelle HRV]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]]5 Daewoo Lacetti [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Reno]] Sedan: [[Buick Excelle]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Forenza]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] Magnum Wagon: [[Buick Excelle]] [[Chevrolet Lacetti]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] [[Chevrolet Optra]] XL [[Chevrolet Nubira]] Chevrolet Estate ([[Indonesia]]) [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[Holden Viva]] [[Suzuki Forenza]]
|designer = [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] [[Pininfarina]]
|assembly = [[Bupyong]], [[South Korea]] [[Bogota]], [[Colombia]] [[Halol]], [[India]] [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Kazakhstan]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] [[Miaoli City|Miaoli]], [[Taiwan]] [[Rayong]], [[Thailand]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] [[Ha Noi]], [[Vietnam]] [[Asaka]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|102.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight = 2,756–2,855 lbs (1,220–1,290 kg)
|length = {{convert|177.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|169.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (hatchback) {{convert|179.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Forenza station wagon) {{convert|180.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Optra station wagon)
|height = {{convert|56.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan & hatchback) {{convert|59.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (station wagon)
|width = {{convert|67.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|engine = 1.4 L {{convert|93|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.6 L {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.8 L {{convert|120|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|132|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Diesel [[Straight-4|I4]]
|transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
}}

=== Market ===

==== South Korea ====
In South Korea, the 4-door Daewoo Lacetti was released in 2002. The 5-door hatchback showed off only after the 2004 facelift of the sedan, which mainly included a new front grill, switching from a three-part corporate Daewoo grill to a simpler, Chevrolet-style grill. The hatchback name was Lacetti5, offering a specific design for the front, rear and dashboard.

The wagon version, called simply the Lacetti Wagon, was introduced in late 2007—though it was already sold in many other countries. It had the same dashboard than the hatchback, with the sedan front end. At the same time, GM Daewoo introduced the [[VM Motori]] Diesel engines on the Lacetti range.

When the [[Chevrolet Cruze|Lacetti Premiere]] was introduced in November 2008, the sedan and wagon version sales were discontinued, leaving the only hatchback in the range, renamed Lacetti EX. The Lacetti EX was discontinued in October 2009.

==== Australia ====
In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the Daewoo Lacetti was briefly sold between 2003 and 2004 as a four-door sedan. During the 'Asian Economic Crisis', Daewoo became technically insolvent and the company withdrew from the Australian market.

[[File:2007-2008 Holden Viva (JF MY08) sedan (2011-01-05).jpg|thumb|left|Holden Viva (JF) sedan]]

From 2005, the Lacetti (sedan and wagon) and Lacetti5 were sold together as the Holden Viva. It was introduced at around the same time as the [[Daewoo Gentra]]-based [[Holden Barina]]. Unlike the current Barina, however, the Viva was meant to be below the premium [[Holden Astra]] as a budget alternative.

Despite the Viva's lower price compared to the Astra (A$17,990 compared to [[Australian dollar|A$]]21,990), the Astra continued to outsell the Viva by a factor of about two-to-one.<ref name="drive.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=40283&comparisonID=1033|title=New Car Comparison|accessdate=2008-06-14|publisher=drive.com.au}}</ref>

With the release of the all new [[Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (2008–present)|Holden Cruze]] in mid-2009 the Viva ceased to be sold in Australia.

==== Canada ====
The Lacetti was available in [[Canada]] as the Chevrolet Optra in two models, a four-door hatchback (the Optra5), and an Optra Wagon, all in LS or LT trim levels (2005 Wagon only had Base or LS trim levels) . The sedan was available in 2004 and 2005, but was removed in 2006. All are powered by the 2.0 L inline-4 D-TEC engine, rated at 119 hp (89 kW) at 5400 rpmand 126 lb·fts (171 N·m) of torque at 4000 rpm, driving the front wheels through either a 5-speed [[manual transmission]] or a 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. Despite its compact size and the 2.0L engine, fuel economy was poor rated at 10.7L/ 100 km for city and 7.4 for highway driving which was worse than midsize cars like the [[Toyota Camry]] or [[Honda Accord]], considering that the Optra was a compact car.<ref name="canadiandriver.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2008/08/21/used-vehicle-review-chevrolet-optra-2004-2007.htm |title=Chevrolet » Used Vehicle Review: Chevrolet Optra, 2004–2007 |publisher=CanadianDriver |date=2008-08-21 |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref>

The car was positioned as a versatile and fun to drive but affordable budget compact family car. Brakes are disc, front and rear. The Optra slotted between the [[Chevrolet Cobalt|Cobalt]] and the [[Chevrolet Aveo|Aveo]], and it replaced the [[Daewoo Nubira]].

[[File:Chevrolet Optra5 (Rear).JPG|thumb|left|Chevrolet Optra5 (Canada)]]

Independent suspension, 15-inch wheels, and [[CD player]] were standard on the LS sedan, with optional [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] and air conditioning; the LT adds standard air conditioning and cruise control, Standard Fog Lamps on both LS & LT, and an optional sunroof. Length is 177.7 in (4515 mm) on a 102.4 in (2600 mm) wheelbase; width is 67.9 in (1725 mm), height 56.9 in (1445 mm) and weight 2756 lb (1250 kg). The sedan is rated as an Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle.

The Optra5 hatchback was added to the lineup in 2004 and was more contemporary in styling and equipment, with projector type headlights and fog lamps, clear taillight lenses, blackout grille, and minimal front and rear overhang with length only 169 in (4295 mm) on the same wheelbase, height, and width. Weight is 2765 lb (1254 kg). In addition to the same options available on the sedan LS and LT models, an options package containing alloy wheels, sunroof, spoiler, leather steering wheel and shift knob, and steering wheel mounted controls for the 8 speaker audio system was in keeping with the younger enthusiast market.

The Optra Wagon was also added to the lineup in 2005 but shares styling with the sedan. While wheelbase and width are also shared with the sedan, the wagon is taller at 59.1 in (1500 mm) and slightly longer at 179.7 in (4565 mm), and heavier at 2855 lb (1295 kg). The wagon has standard alloy roof rails, 60/40 folding rear seat, and a 12-volt power outlet in the rear compartment, in addition to the same options available on the sedan LS and LT models.

[[General Motors Canada]] discontinued the importation of Optra for 2008.<ref name="canadiandriver.com"/>

==== China ====
[[File:Buick Excelle 2.jpg|thumb|2008 Buick Excelle HRV]]
In [[China]], the cars are marketed as the [[Buick]] Excelle sedan or wagon and Excelle HRV (hatchback). The sedan, which is also assembled in China, features an updated exterior.

The successor to the Daewoo Lacetti based ''Buick Excelle'' is based on the global [[GM_Delta_II_platform#Delta_II|GM Delta II platform]], like the [[Opel Astra#Astra J|Opel Astra]] and [[Chevrolet Cruze]] and their derivatives. The development center at the [[Opel]] plant in [[Rüsselsheim]], [[Germany]], leads the development of this platform. This second generation hatchback [[Buick Excelle#Buick Excelle (Second generation)|Buick Excelle XT]], making its debut in 2009, is actually a replica of the [[Opel Astra]] hatchback adapted to Chinese conditions. The corresponding sedan (Excelle GT) made its debut in China in 2010. A version of this sedan for North America is being introduced in 2012 as [[Buick Verano]], and as Opel Astra Limousine in other parts of the world.

{{Main|Buick Excelle}}

==== Europe ====
In [[Europe]], the car was initially sold as the Daewoo Nubira, with the production model being introduced at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in September 2003. However, by the end of 2004, it was rebadged [[Chevrolet]] Lacetti throughout the continent. As with its home market, in some European markets, the ''Lacetti'' name is also used for the entire range of sedan, station wagon and hatchback models on the same J-series platform. In Finland and Germany, for example, only the hatchback is sold under the Lacetti name.

[[File:Chevrolet Nubira Kombi CDX rear.JPG|thumb|right|Euro-spec Chevrolet Nubira CDX Kombi]]

The European models were initially only available with the following [[gasoline]]-powered [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engines:
* 1.4 L [[E-TEC II]]—93 hp (69 kW) at 6300 rpm
* 1.6 L [[E-TEC II]]—109 hp (80 kW) at 5800 rpm
**1.6L [[DOHC]] engine sedan (4-Door) {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 10.9 sec., top speed: {{convert|186|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT 10–12 km/lite in the city. 13–15 km/lite on the highway.
**1.6L [[DOHC]] engine hatch (5-Door) {{convert|109|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 10.6 sec., top speed: {{convert|184|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT
* 1.8 L [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]]—120 hp (90 kW) at 5800 rpm
**8.5–9.5 km/lite in the city. 12–14 km/lite on highway.
* 2.0 L [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]]—132 hp (101 kW) at 5800 rpm{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
**8.5–9 km/lite in the city. 12–13.5 km/lite on the highway.
* 2.0 L [[DOHC]] engine sedan (4-Door) {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 0–100 km/h: 9 sec., top speed: {{convert|202|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} MT{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

A [[diesel engine|diesel]]-powered version was later added to the line-up with these specifications:
* 2.0 L [[SOHC]] turbo diesel engine, under [[VM Motori]] licence of RA 420 SOHC (see [[List of VM Motori engines]]), {{convert|121|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, 280 Nm torque from 2000 rpm, 0–100 km/h in 9 sec, 200 km/h top speed. This engine is available with 5-speed manual gear box and 5-speed automatic gear box. Consumption was declared between 5 and 7 l/ 100 km.<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 CHEVROLET LACETTI 2.0 D CDX Hatchback specs, photo & performance data (up to late-year 2010 for Europe )|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2010/558440/chevrolet_lacetti_2_0_d_cdx_hatchback.html|publisher=Automobile-Catalog|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref>

In [[Europe]], the sedan version was initially sold as the Daewoo Nubira. However, in late 2003, it was announced that Daewoo will be rebranded Chevrolet in some European markets. The Chevrolet Nubira went on sale in early 2004, initially only in [[Eastern Europe]]. When Daewoo was rebranded Chevrolet across Europe by the end of 2004, the Chevrolet Nubira was renamed Chevrolet Lacetti in some markets for the 2005 model year, which expanded the Lacetti line-up to include both the sedan and station wagon versions in addition to the 5-door hatchback version, in line with Korea.

The engines built for the Nubira and its [[badge engineering|badge-engineered]] twins are the same as in the Lacetti hatchback and its badge-engineered versions. The 1.8L [[Inline-four engine|4-cylinder]] engine is sourced from the Australian car maker [[Holden]] and is identical to the engine used in the 2004 [[Holden Astra|Astra]]. It is commonly known as the "Family 2 unit". All of them are [[gasoline]]-powered 4-cylinder engines.

==== India ====
In 2002, The Lacetti is manufactured in India and sold as the Optra and the [[hatchback]] version is sold as the Chevrolet Optra SRV (formerly known/sold as Chevrolet SRV), which they plan to get out with a 2L diesel engine in the near future.

The Optra is sold with two engine options, 1.6 L and 1.8 L. In the first option it is available in three trim levels, the Elite, the Elite LS, and LT Royale. In the second engine option it is available in two levels, the LT and the LT AT, the latter coming with automatic transmission.

In 2007 GM India came out with a diesel-engined Optra called the Optra Magnum. The Magnum had a different nose, and interiors as compared to the petrol version. Subsequently the petrol version got the new nose treatment(like that of the Optra SRV but with a slightly different front grill) and tail lights, and are sold as Optra Magnum petrol/diesel.

==== Pakistan ====
In Pakistan, the car comes in three trim levels, 1.6L SE, 1.6L LS and 1.8L CDX. SE trim comes in manual transmission only, while LS and CDX trim come in 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.

==== Japan ====
In Japan, Suzuki briefly distributed the Lacetti as the Chevrolet Optra Wagon. It was available in two trim levels, the LS and the LT. Both came with either a 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] or 4-speed [[automatic transmission]] with a [[Manual transmission#Console-mounted shifter|console shift]]. The Optra Wagon was powered by a 1.6 L or 1.8 L engine.

==== Mexico ====
[[File:'07-'09 Chevrolet Optra.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Optra (Mexico)]]
In [[Mexico]], the Lacetti came to the market in 2006 as Optra to replace the [[Chevrolet Cavalier]], and it was sold only as a sedan. The Optra was phased out after the 2009 model year in favour of the [[Chevrolet Cruze]], although for now, the Mexican Cruze is an imported model from [[South Korea]]. As the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] got the Lacetti for the 2004 model year, Mexico got the car 2 years later, making Mexico the last [[North America]]n country to get the car.

==== Colombia ====
In [[Colombia]], under the Chevrolet brand, was launched in 2004 with the sedan version of the following engine:

* 1.4 L GM Family I engine E-TEC II, 94 hp (69 kW) at 6300 rpm
* 1.8 L GM Family II engine E-TEC II, 121 hp (90 kW) at 5800 rpm
* Optra 1800 cc 2007 in Colombia, Optra CO

In 2006 it introduced the hatchback version, with the aforementioned 1.8-liter-engine-only option.

By the end of 2007, replaces the 1.4-liter engine with the following:

* 1.6 L GM Family I engine E-TEC II, 109 hp (80 kW) at 5800 rpm
In addition, updated the design of wheels for all models offered.

In 2008, the saloon version got a facelift, with a sportier interior and a front styling similar to the hatchback version.

Can be worth from $ 43,290,000 to $ 51,990,000 pesos.

==== Southeast Asia ====
[[File:Chevy optra 2004.jpg|thumb|right|2004 Philippine Market Chevrolet Optra]]
[[File:Chevrolet Optra (first generation) (front), Serdang.jpg|thumb|left|2004 Malaysian Chevrolet Optra]]
In Singapore, Chevrolet replaced the Daewoo nameplate after GM bought Daewoo. It still offers the same line-up than GM Daewoo, naming the Optra sedan, Optra station wagon and Optra5 hatchback in [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Philippines]]. In [[Indonesia]], the sedan is simply called Optra or Optra Magnum for the facelift model, and Estate for the station wagon. The vehicles use the 1.6 L or 1.8 L engine with an automatic transmission available for selected models.

==== United States ====
[[Suzuki]] marketed a rebadged Lacetti as the Forenza and Reno beginning in the United States in 2004—following the end of Daewoo's [[North America]]n operations in 2002 and replacing the [[Daewoo Nubira]] [[station wagon]] and [[sedan (car)|sedan]]. The Forenza/Reno falls between the [[Suzuki Aerio|Aerio]] (later [[Suzuki SX4|SX4]]) and the now-discontinued [[Daewoo Magnus|Verona]]. In the territories of [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]], it was sold as a Chevrolet Optra, but it was only available as a sedan.

The US model line features the 2.0 L 4-cylinder [[GM Family II engine#E-TEC II|E-TEC II]] made by Holden, developing a maximum power of {{convert|126|hp}} at 5600 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]].

''Automotive News'' says the Forenza and Reno will be discontinued within the 2008 model year, and the Reno has been replaced by the [[Suzuki SX4]] sedan after the 2008 model year. The Forenza has been replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze.

==== Iraq ====
The Chevrolet Optra entered the Iraqi market in 2004 with the 1.6 engine; a few years later the LS term version was used as a traffic police patrol.

==== Russia ====
It is sold as the Chevrolet Lacetti and includes 5-door [[hatchback]], sedan and station wagon models.
The entire line of models are produced at the [[Avtotor]] plant in [[Kaliningrad]] with full cycle of manufacturing.

The Russian models are available with the following [[gasoline]]-powered [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engines:
* 1.4 L—95 hp; MT; not available for Station Wagon
* 1.6 L—110 hp; AT(4) and MT; for Station Wagon MT only
* 1.8 L—122 hp; AT(4) and MT; for Station Wagon MT only

== Second generation (2009–2011) ==
[[File:LACETTI PREMIERE.jpg|thumb|2008–2009 [[Chevrolet Cruze#Daewoo Lacetti Premiere|Daewoo Lacetti Premiere]] (J300) CDX sedan.]]

{{main|Chevrolet Cruze}}

The second-generation, known as the Lacetti Premiere in South Korea, built on the [[GM Delta II platform]] is sold in most markets as the [[Chevrolet Cruze]].

For the Chinese successor of the Lacetti based ''Buick Excelle'', see [[Buick Excelle XT]] and [[Buick Excelle GT]], which are twins of [[Opel Astra#Astra J|Opel Astra]] hatchback and sedan respectively.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:2007-2008 Chevrolet Optra Magnum 01.jpg|Chevrolet Optra 2.0 Magnum sedan (India)
File:Chevrolet Optra SRV 01.jpg|Chevrolet Optra SRV (India)
File:04-05 Suzuki Forenza sedan .jpg|2004–2005 Suzuki Forenza sedan
File:2006-2008 Suzuki Forenza sedan -- 09-03-2010.jpg|2006–2008 Suzuki Forenza sedan
File:Suzuki-Reno.jpg|2006–2008 Suzuki Reno
</gallery>

== Top Gear ==
The Chevrolet Lacetti was picked as the new "reasonably-priced car" in [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'s "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car"<ref name=Top_Gear>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/topgear/show/celebritylaps.shtml |title=Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=2008-10-16 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref> segment for season 8 in 2006, replacing the [[Suzuki Liana]], which had ceased production. In this segment of the show, celebrity guests set timed laps of the [[Top Gear test track]] driving the Lacetti.

In the first episode of series 15 of [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]], broadcast on BBC2 on 27 June 2010, the Lacetti that was used for the power laps was given a 'Viking Burial' by presenter [[Richard Hammond]] when an industrial chimney was demolished, knocking it over and burying the Lacetti in the process. Soon afterwards, the new reasonably priced car (a [[Kia Cee'd]]) was unveiled to the audience.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.chevrolet.co.in/vehicles/showroom/cars/optra_magnum/index.html Official Chevrolet Optra site]
*[http://www.suzukiauto.com/sr_08/ Suzuki 2008 models] (US distributor)
*[http://www.gmcanada.com/english/vehicles/chevrolet/optra/index.jsp GM Canada's Optra site]
*[http://www.chevroletoptramagnum.in/ Chevrolet India's Optra Magnum site]
*[http://www.srvchillzone.com/ Chevrolet India's Optra SRV site]

{{GM Daewoo timeline}}
{{Suzuki North America}}
{{Buick China timeline}}
{{Chevrolet vehicles}}
{{Suzuki vehicles}}

[[Category:Daewoo vehicles|Lacetti]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2003]]

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[[es:Chevrolet Optra]]
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[[id:Chevrolet Optra Magnum]]
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[[uz:Daewoo Lacetti]]
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Chevrolet Malibu

2012-11-04T13:29:31Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 521222665 by 68.116.123.27 (talk), rv, the top infobox information should apply to all generations

{{Infobox automobile
| image = 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco 1SA -- 02-29-2012 1.JPG
| name = Chevrolet Malibu
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| model_years = 1964–1983 1997–present
| class = [[Mid-size]]
}}
The '''[[Chevrolet]] Malibu''' (named after [[Malibu, California]]) is a [[mid-size car]] produced by [[General Motors]]. The Malibu began as a trim-level of the [[Chevrolet Chevelle]], but became its own model line beginning in the 1978 [[model year]]. Originally a [[Rear wheel drive#Rear wheel drive layouts|rear-wheel drive]] intermediate, GM revived the Malibu nameplate as a [[front-wheel drive]] car for [[model year|MY]] 1997.

Traditionally, the Malibu was marketed primarily in [[North America]], but the new Malibu model introduced in [[Calendar year|CY]] 2012 will be sold in most global markets.

==First generation (1964–1967)==



{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}

The first Malibu was a top-line subseries of the mid-sized [[Chevrolet Chevelle]] from 1964 to 1972. Malibus were generally available in a full-range of bodystyles including a four-door sedan, two-door Sport Coupe hardtop, convertible and two-seat station wagon. The Malibu was genuinely created and marketed for Chevrolet. Interiors were more lavish than lesser Chevelle 300 and 300 Deluxe models thanks to patterned cloth and vinyl upholstery (all-vinyl in convertibles and station wagons), deep-twist carpeting, deluxe steering wheel and other items. The Malibu SS was available only as a two-door Sport Coupe hardtop or convertible and added bucket seats, center console (with optional four-speed manual or Powerglide transmissions), engine gauges and special wheelcovers, and offered with any six-cylinder or V8 engine offered in other Chevelles - with the top option being a {{convert|300|hp}} 327 in 1964.

For 1965, Malibus and other Chevelles received new grilles and revised tail sections and had the exhaust pipes replaced but carried over the same basic styling and bodystyles from 1964. The Malibu and Malibu SS models continued as before with the SS featuring a blacked-out grille and special wheelcovers. Top engine option was now a {{convert|350|hp}}327.
[[File:Chevelle 006.jpg|250px|thumb|right|1965 Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Convertible]]

The Malibu SS was replaced in 1966 by a new Chevelle SS-396 series that included a big-block {{convert|396|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 engine, heavy duty suspension and other performance equipment. Other SS-396 equipment was similar to Malibu Sport Coupes and convertibles including an all-vinyl bench seat. Bucket seats and console with floor shift were now optional on the SS and for 1966 with the SS now denoting a car with a big-block engine, the bucket seats became a new option on the regular Malibu Sport Coupe and convertible, upon which any six-cylinder or small-block V8 could be ordered. Also new for 1966 was the Chevelle Malibu four-door Sport Sedan hardtop. Styling revisions on all 1966 Chevelles including more rounded styling similar to the full-sized Chevys with sail panels and tunneled rear windows featured on two-door hardtop coupes.

For 1967, the same assortment of bodystyles were continued with styling changes similar to all other Chevelles including a new grille and revised tail section with taillights that wrapped around to the side. New this year was a Chevelle Malibu Concours station wagon with [[Woodie#Simulated woodgrain|simulated woodgrain]] exterior side panel trim. Front disc brakes were a new option along with a stereo 8-track tape player. The same assortment of drivetrains carried over from 1966 with the top {{convert|327|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 dropped from {{convert|350|to|325|hp}}. It made 0- 60 in 6.2 seconds.

==Second generation (1968–1972)==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}

{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Coupe.jpg
| model_years = 1966–1972
| related = [[Buick Century]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Chevrolet El Camino]] [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]] [[Pontiac Grand Prix]] [[Pontiac LeMans]]
| aka = [[Chevrolet Chevelle]]
| assembly
| body_style = four-door [[station wagon]] four-door sedan two-door [[coupe]] two-door [[convertible]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| platform = [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]]
}}

Malibus and all other Chevelles were completely restyled for 1968 with semi-fastback rooflines on two-door hardtops and wheelbases split to {{convert|112|in|mm}} on two-door models and 116 for four-door sedans and station wagons. Engine offerings included a new {{convert|307|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|200|hp}} that replaced the {{convert|283|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 that had served as the base V8 since the Chevelle's introduction in 1964. Inside was a new instrument panel featuring round gauges in square pods similar to what would appear in Camaros the following year. New for 1968 was the Concours luxury option for Malibu sedans and coupes that included upgraded cloth or vinyl bench seats, carpeted lower door panels, woodgrain trim on dash and door panels, and Concours nameplates. There was again a top-line Concours Estate wagon with simulated woodgrain trim that had the same interior and exterior appointments as the Malibu sedans.

New grilles and rear decks with revised taillights highlighted the 1969 Malibus and other Chevelles. Instrument panels were revised and front seat headrests were now standard equipment due to federal safety mandate. The ignition switch moved from the instrument panel to the steering column and also doubled as a steering wheel lock. The 307 continued as the base V8, but the 327 engines were replaced by new {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8s of {{convert|255|and|300|hp}}. GM's three-speed Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission, previously only offered on SS-396 Chevelles, was now available on all models with all engines, including the six-cylinder and small-block V8s which in previous years were only available with the two-speed Powerglide.

For 1970, the Malibu was initially the only series of Chevelle offered, aside from the SS-396 and new SS-454, as the low-line 300 and 300 Deluxe models were discontinued, which also eliminated the two-door pillared coupes from the Chevelle lineup – which were never included in the Malibu series. New grilles, rear decks with taillights moved into the bumper and revised Sport Coupe roofline highlighted this year's changes. The standard six-cylinder engine was punched up from {{convert|230|CID|L|1|adj=on}} to{{convert|250|CID|L|1|adj=on}} and {{convert|155|hp}}, while the same assortment of V8s carried over with the addition of a {{convert|330|hp}}, {{convert|400|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 on non-SS Chevelles. At mid-year, the Malibu was rejoined by lower-line Chevelle models that were simply called the base Chevelle in both four-door sedans and two-door hardtops.

In 1971, Malibus and all other Chevelles got a new grille surrounded by single headlamps replacing the duals of previous years, and four round taillights similar to Camaros and Corvettes were located in the bumper. All engines were detuned to use lower-octane unleaded gasoline this year per GM corporate policy as a first step toward the catalytic converter-equipped cars planned for 1975 and later models which would require no-lead fuel.

Only new grilles highlighted the 1972 Malibu and other Chevelles. All bodystyles were carried over from 1971, but 1972 would be the final year for hardtops and convertibles as the redesigned Chevelles originally planned for this year, but delayed until 1973, would feature Colonnade styling with side pillars and frameless door windows.

<gallery>
File:Chevrolet Malibu 2-door mid 1970s model.jpg|1970 Chevelle Malibu 2-door sport coupe
</gallery>

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

==Third generation (1973–1977)==
{{See also|Chevrolet Chevelle}}

[[File:Sue K Car.jpg|thumb|250px|right|1977 Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu Classic Landau Coupe]]

The Malibu was redesigned for the 1973 model year. Models included the base '''Chevelle Deluxe''', mid-range '''Malibu''' and the top-line '''Laguna'''.

For 1974, the Deluxe was dropped, and the Malibu became the entry-level Chevelle. The Laguna trim package was replaced with the Malibu Classic that had the unusual arrangement for that time of 4 square headlights and made its way to the dealers in 1977 year model, offering the Chevy built inline six 250 CID as the base engine. The Laguna S-3 model was introduced to replace the [[Super Sport|SS]], and continued through 1976.

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

{{-}}

==Fourth generation (1978–1983)==
{{refimprove section|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = 1983 Chevrolet Malibu.jpg
| production = 1978–1983
| successor = [[Chevrolet Celebrity]]
| related = [[Buick Century]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Chevrolet El Camino]] [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] [[GMC Caballero]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] [[Pontiac Bonneville]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]] [[Pontiac Grand Prix]] [[Pontiac LeMans]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|108|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Oshawa, Ontario]], [[Canada]] [[Ramos Arizpe]], [[Mexico]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Venezuela]] Arlington, Texas

| transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed automatic 3-speed manual
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| platform = [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]] (1978–1981) [[GM G platform (RWD)|G-body]] (1982–1983)
}}

For the 1978 model year, the Malibu name, which had been the bestselling badge in the lineup, replaced the [[Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevelle]] name. This was Chevrolet's second [[downsize (automobile)|downsized]] nameplate, following the lead of the 1977 [[Chevrolet Caprice]]. The new, more efficient platform was over a foot shorter and had shed {{convert|500|to|1000|lb|}} compared to previous versions, yet offered increased trunk space, leg room, and head room.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/chevrolet-malibu15.htm|title=How Stuff Works 1978 Chevrolet Malibu|publisher=How Stuff Works}}</ref> Only two trim levels were offered - Malibu and Malibu Classic. The Malibu Classic Landau series had a two-tone paint job on the upper and lower body sections, and a vinyl top.

Three bodystyles were produced ([[station wagon]], [[sedan (car)|sedan]], and [[coupe]]). The sedan initially had a conservative six-window [[notchback]] roofline, in contrast to the unusual fastback rooflines adopted by Oldsmobile and Buick divisions. To reduce cost, the windows in the rear doors of 4-door sedans were fixed, while the wagons had small moveable vents. No doubt this design contributed to the number of factory air conditioning units sold with the cars, to the benefit of General Motors and Chevy dealers. In 1981, sedans adopted a four-window profile and "formal" pillared upright roofline. The 2-door coupe was last produced in 1981. The 1982 Malibu was facelifted with more squared-off front styling marked by quad headlights with long, thin turn signals beneath them. The look was very reminiscent of the recently facelifted Chevrolet Caprice. For 1983, Malibus gained a block-style "Malibu" badge on the front fenders to replace the cursive-style script located on the rear quarter panels of previous model years.

The 4-door Malibu was also used in fleets, especially for law enforcement usage. After the [[Chevrolet Nova]] ceased production in 1979, the mid-size '''9C1''' [[police car|police]] option (not to be confused with the full-size [[Chevrolet Impala]] '''9C1''' which was also available) was transferred to the Malibu, filling a void for mid-sized police vehicles. A 9C1-equipped Malibu with an LT-1 Z-28 Camaro engine driven by [[E. Pierce Marshall]] placed 13th of 47 in the 1979 [[Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash]], better known as the Cannonball Run.<ref>[[Brock Yates|Yates, Brock]] (2002) "Cannonball!: Worlds's Greatest Outlaw Road Race" MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1090-4</ref>

There was no factory Malibu SS option available from 1980. The SS only came in the [[Chevrolet El Camino|El Camino]].
The very rare 1980 Malibu M80 was a dealer package for only North and South Carolina in an effort to revive the muscle car era. It was, however, mostly aimed at NASCAR fans who regularly traveled to Darlington Raceway. To this day, the number actually produced is unknown; estimates place this around 1,901 cars. All M80s had to be white with dark blue bucket seats and center console interior. The base of the M80 was a 2-door sport coupe equipped with the F41 Sport Suspension package and the normal V8 (140 hp) drive train. The M80 option added two dark blue skunk stripes on top and a lower door stripe with the M80 identification. The package also added front and rear spoilers and 1981 steel rally wheels.

In Mexico, General Motors produced this generation in the [[Ramos Arizpe]] plant, which was sold during three years (1979 to '81). Mexican versions came in three trim levels (Chevelle, Malibu and Malibu Classic) and two body styles (sedan and coupe) with the {{convert|250|CID|L|1|adj=on}} I-6 as basic engine and the {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} {{Convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} V-8 as the optional; this engine was standard on Malibu Classic models during those three years. This was possible because the Mexican emissions regulations remained relatively free at the time.

===Iraqi taxi===
In 1981, [[General Motors Canada|General Motors of Canada]] in [[Oshawa]] produced a special order of 25,500 4-door Malibu sedans for [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Iraq]]i government. The deal was reportedly worth well over $100 million to GMCL. These special-order Malibus carried the unusual combination of GM's lowest-power carburated V6, the {{convert|110|hp|abbr=on}} {{convert|229|CID|L|1|adj=on}} engine mated to 3-speed transmission with a unique on-the-floor stick shifter. All of the cars were equipped with air conditioning, heavy duty cooling systems, AM/FM cassette decks, front bench seats, 200 km/h speedometers, tough tweed and vinyl upholstery and {{convert|14|in|mm|sing=on}} stamped steel wheels with "baby moon" hubcaps.

However, only 13,000 units ever made it to Iraq, with the majority of the cars becoming taxis in [[Baghdad]] (once the cab-identifying orange paint was added to the front and rear fenders){{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}. With the remaining balance of about 12,500 additional Malibus either sitting on a dock in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] or awaiting port shipment in [[Oshawa]], where they were built, the Iraqis suddenly cancelled the order in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E3D71439F933A05750C0A964948260 |title=G.M. Canada Files Insurance Claim |publisher=New York Times |date=1982-03-30 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref> Excuses reportedly included various "quality concerns", including the inability of the local drivers to shift the finicky Saginaw [[manual transmission]]. This issue was eventually identified as being due to an apparent clutch release issue that eventually required on-site retrofitting by a crew of Canadian technicians sent to Iraq to support the infamous "Recall in the Desert". Later speculation was that the Iraqis were actually forced to back out for financial reasons, due to their escalating hostilities with [[Iran]] requiring the immediate diversion of funds to support the Iraqi war effort. Then GM of Canada President Donald Hackworth was initially quoted as stating GMCL intended to still try to sell the Malibus overseas in other Middle East markets; however in the end, the orphaned "Iraqi Taxi" Malibus were all sold to the Canadian public at the greatly reduced price of about [[Canadian dollar|C$]]6,800. Over the years, they have acquired a low-key 'celebrity' status, sometimes being colloquially referred to as "Iraqibu".

===NASCAR===
The Malibu was an extensively used body style in [[NASCAR]] competition from 1973 to 1983. The [[Laguna S-3]] variant, in particular, was extremely successful during the 1975-77 racing seasons, allowing [[Cale Yarborough]] to win 20 races in those years as well as winning the NASCAR championship one year. As it was considered a limited edition model, NASCAR declared it ineligible for competition following the 1977 season, even though (given NASCARs three-year eligibility rule) it should have been allowed to run through 1979. Beginning in 1981, the downsized Malibu body style was eligible to run, but given its boxy shape, only one driver [[Dave Marcis]] ran it in 1981 and 1982, with one victory in a rain-shortened [[Capital City 400|Richmond 400]] at [[Richmond International Raceway|Richmond]] in 1982, the popular independent driver's last win.

===Gallery===

<gallery>
File:'79 Chevrolet Malibu Sedan (Orange Julep).JPG |1979 Chevrolet Malibu sedan
File:Chevrolet Malibu Coupe (Orange Julep).jpg|Chevrolet Malibu coupe
File:3rd-Chevrolet-Malibu-police.jpg|1983 Chevrolet Malibu police car
File:'80 Chevrolet Malibu Wagon (Rear, Auto classique).JPG|1980 Chevrolet Malibu wagon
File:'81 Chevrolet Malibu Coupe (Orange Julep).jpg|1981 Chevrolet Malibu coupe
File:Chevrolet_Malibu_classic.jpg|Chevrolet Malibu Classic made and sold in Mexico
</gallery>

===Engines===

The base {{convert|200|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V-6 engine for the 1978 Chevrolet Malibu developed just {{convert|95|hp}} with optional upgrade to a {{convert|105|hp}} V-6, or {{convert|145|hp}} V-8. The largest {{convert|170|hp}} {{convert|350|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V-8.

Year Model Available Engines 
'''78''' = 200 V6 (95 hp), 231 (3.8 L) [[V6]] (105 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (165 hp) 
'''79''' = 200 V6 (95 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (115 hp), 267 V8 (125 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (165 hp) 
'''80''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 267 V8 (115 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (170 hp) 
'''81''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 267 V8 (115 hp), 305 V8 (140 hp), 350 V8 (170 hp) 
'''82''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 4.3 L V6 Diesel (85 hp), 305 V8, 350 V8 Diesel (105 hp) 
'''83''' = 229 V6 (110 hp), 231 (3.8 L) V6 (110 hp), 4.3 L V6 Diesel (85 hp), 305 V8, 350 V8 Diesel (105 hp)

===G platform===
Beginning in 1982, the Malibu shared GM's redesignated [[rear-wheel drive]] [[GM G platform (RWD)|G platform]] with cars like the [[Pontiac Grand Prix]], [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] and [[Buick Regal]]. The Malibu Classic was last marketed in 1982; Malibus were produced as 4-door sedans until 1983, and as station wagons until 1984, at which time it was fully replaced by the [[front-wheel drive]] [[Chevrolet Celebrity]]. Although the sedan and wagon were phased out, the [[Chevrolet El Camino|El Camino]] [[Coupé utility|utility]], which shared styling with the Malibu, remained in production until 1987.

===Scale models===
GM commissioned 1/25 scale plastic [[model car]]s of the El Camino from [[Model Products Corporation]] (MPC) as [[promotional merchandise]]. These were updated annually from 1978 to at least 1982. Kit versions of it were also made, and the tooling was later modified to an El Camino SS. Monogram also produced a 1978 El Camino in their then-usual, slightly larger 1/24 scale, as well as a 1979 police package sedan as a simplified 1/32 scale snap-together kit. Both have been reissued multiple times.

While the second generation body was widely replicated in many scales as die cast models and toys, this downsized generation was rarely represented, with Maisto producing an El Camino with quad headlights.

==Fifth generation (1997–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation
| image = 1997-1999 Chevrolet Malibu -- 03-21-2012.JPG
| model_years = 1997–2003 as Chevrolet Malibu 2004–2005 as Chevrolet Classic
| predecessor = [[Chevrolet Corsica]]/[[Chevrolet Beretta|Beretta]]
| related = [[Buick Skylark]] [[Oldsmobile Achieva]] [[Oldsmobile Alero]] [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] [[Pontiac Grand Am]]
| engine = 2.2 L ''[[GM_Family_II_engine#L61|L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.4 L ''[[GM Quad-4 engine#LD9|LD9]]'' I4 3.1 L ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#L82|L82]]'' [[V6]] 3.1L ''[[GM LG8 engine|LG8]]'' V6
| wheelbase = {{convert|107|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|56.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 4-speed [[GM_4T40-E_transmission#4T40|4T40-E]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|69.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|190.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| aka = [[Chevrolet Classic]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| assembly = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, DE]], [[United States]] [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, MI]], [[United States]] [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, OK]], [[United States]]
| platform = [[GM N platform|N-body]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
}}

A new [[front-wheel drive]] Malibu was introduced in 1997 on an extended wheelbase version of the [[GM N platform]] shared with the [[Buick Skylark]], [[Oldsmobile Achieva]], [[Oldsmobile Alero]] and [[Pontiac Grand Am]]. All N-body Malibus were produced at the [[Oklahoma City Assembly]] plant (after 2002 it was retooled to build the [[GM GMT platform#GMT 360|GMT360]] [[SUV]]s) and the [[Wilmington Assembly]] plant (1997 to 1999), before moving production to [[Lansing, Michigan]]. The Wilmington plant was retooled to build the [[Saturn L-Series]] in 1999. The [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] was a rebadged, slightly more upscale version of the Malibu, produced from 1997-1999. It was intended as a placeholder model to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the aging [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]], before the all-new 1998 [[Oldsmobile Intrigue|Intrigue]] and 1999 [[Oldsmobile Alero|Alero]] arrived. The Malibu itself replaced the [[compact car|compact]] [[Chevrolet Corsica]]. Power came from a 2.4 L 150 hp (112 kW) [[Straight-4|I4]] or 3.1 L 155 hp (116 kW) V6. The Malibu was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year]] for 1997; this was later criticized by ''[[Car and Driver]]'' in 2009, citing that the Malibu was insufficiently distinguishable in terms of performance or interior quality to warrant such praise in hindsight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autos.yahoo.com/articles/autos_content_landing_pages/846/dishonorable-mention-the-10-most-embarrassing-award-winners-in-automotive-history/ |title=Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History- Yahoo! Autos Article Page |publisher=Autos.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

[[File:2000 Chevrolet Malibu.jpg|thumb|left|2000 Chevrolet Malibu]]

The 1997 to 1999 Malibus had a front grille with the Malibu logo in silver in the center; 2000 to 2003 models, and the Classic, had the blue Chevrolet emblem on the front grille. The 1997 to 1999 LS models were sometimes equipped with special gold-colored badges (the rear Malibu lettering and logo).

When a new Malibu was introduced on the Epsilon platform for 2004, the N-body Malibu was renamed [[Chevrolet Classic]] and remained in production for the 2004 and 2005 model years, being restricted to rental car companies and fleet orders.

The 3.1 L V6 was updated in 2000 with a new power rating of 170 hp (127 kW), and the 2.4 L 4-cylinder was dropped after that year. However, a 4-cylinder was reintroduced in 2004 when the 2.2 L [[Ecotec]] was offered on the Classic. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] fuel mileage estimates for the 2.2L Ecotec engine are {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}-{{convert|34|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}.

===Engines===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
|-
| 1997–1999.5
| 3.1 L ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#L82|GM 60° L82]]'' V6
| {{Convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|185|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 1999.5–2003
| 3.1 L ''[[GM LG8 engine|GM 60° LG8]]'' V6
| {{Convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|190|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 1997–2000
| 2.4 L ''[[GM Quad-4 engine#LD9|TwinCam LD9]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| 2004–2005
| 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]]'' I4
| {{Convert|144|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|}

===Malibu Cruiser===

<gallery>

</gallery>
The February 2002 issue of ''HCI: Hot Compact & Imports'' magazine featured the Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser concept that [[GM Performance Division]] built for the [[SEMA]] show in 2001. The car was painted in "Sublime Lime" by [[BASF]]<ref name="Sublime">{{cite web |title=Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser Concept |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/357.html |date= |work= |publisher=supercars.net |accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref> and featured a highly modified [[turbocharged]] 3500 [[MPFI|SFI]] 60-degree V-6 (producing {{convert|230|hp|kW|abbr=on|lk=out}} at 5,000 rpm and {{convert|280|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on|lk=out}} of torque at 2,900 rpm), a 4T65-E [[manual transmission|four-speed transmission]] with [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]], a set of 19x8-inch wheels by Evo wrapped in [[Toyo Tire & Rubber Company|Toyo]] Proxes T1-S high-performance tires. Numerous interior modifications included a full-length custom center console, four black leather [[Sparco]] racing seats, and a [[Kenwood Corporation|Kenwood]] entertainment center (with radio, [[compact disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[television|TV]], 10-disc [[Compact disc player#CD changer|changer]] and numerous [[Automobile audio#Amplifiers|amps]] and speakers). Exterior modifications included custom [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] headlamps (both low and high beams), "Altezza" style taillights, and a custom bodykit.<ref name="SEMA">{{cite web |title=Chevrolet Malibu Cruiser — 2001 SEMA Auto Show |url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/autoshows/sema/2001/chevroletmalibucruiser.html |date= |work= |publisher=edmunds.com |accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref>

Chevrolet produced the Cruiser as a [[concept car|concept]], and it was therefore never available for purchase. Their intent was to attract younger buyers to the stock model and demonstrate that [[aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] modifications could be made.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==Sixth generation (2004–2008)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation
| image = 2004-2005 Chevrolet Malibu -- 05-01-2010.jpg
| model_years = 2004–2007 and 2008 as Chevrolet Malibu Classic<ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/chevrolet_malibu_classic/ 2008 Chevrolet Malibu – New Chevy Sedans — Yahoo! Autos]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref>
| aka = [[Chevrolet Classic|Chevrolet Malibu Classic]] Chevrolet Malibu Maxx
| related = [[Saab 9-3]] [[Pontiac G6]] [[Saturn Aura]] [[Cadillac BLS]] [[Fiat Croma]] Maxx Model [[Opel Vectra|Holden/Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]
| engine = 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LX9|LX9]]'' [[V6]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]]'' [[V6]] 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|LZ9]]'' [[V6]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|112.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| height = {{convert|57.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|58.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|69.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon) {{convert|69.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan)
| length = {{convert|187.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (wagon) {{convert|188.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan)
| assembly = [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), [[United States]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon platform]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 5-door [[Station Wagon]]
}}
[[File:2004-2005 Chevrolet Malibu MAXX LS.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Malibu MAXX LS]]
The Malibu name was moved to the new [[GM Epsilon platform|Epsilon platform]] based on the 2002 [[Opel Vectra]] C for 2004. The Epsilon-based Malibu came in two bodystyles, a standard 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] and a 5-door '''Malibu Maxx''' [[station wagon]]. The Maxx was advertised as a "five-door extended sedan", designed to have the utility but not the stigma of station wagons, and it was the first mid-size Chevrolet hatchback since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/chevrolet/malibumaxx/review.html |title=Chevrolet Malibu Maxx Review |publisher=Edmunds.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cars.about.com/od/2001/fr/05MalibuMaxx_ts.htm |title=2005 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx - Test drive and new car review - 2005 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx |publisher=Cars.about.com |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

Base power came from a 2.2 L [[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]] [[Straight-4|I4]] producing 144 hp (108 kW). ''LS'' and ''LT'' trims originally had a 3.5 L 201 hp (149 kW) [[GM High Value engine#LX9|High Value LX9]] [[V6]] while both sedan and Maxx SS models were powered by the 3.9 L {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[GM High Value engine#LZ9|High Value LZ9]] V6.<ref name="2006specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2006/specs/|title=2006 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> For 2007, the LX9 was replaced with the [[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]] V6, which in the Malibu produced 217 hp (162 kW). The L61 Ecotec was also updated for the 2007 model year with many improvements. A remote starter was also available, which was introduced on several other GM vehicles for 2004.

[[File:2007 Chevrolet Malibu LT sedan.jpg|thumb|left|2007 Chevrolet Malibu LT sedan]]This generation of the Malibu initially debuted with a front fascia design featuring a wide [[grille]] split horizontally by a prominent chrome bar that ran the entire width of the car, which was intended to make it resemble Chevrolet's [[truck]]s. However, for 2006, the front end was updated with more conventional styling: the chrome bar was removed, and the grille itself was made smaller, bearing a resemblance to the grille on the previous Malibu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2006/|title=2006 Chevrolet Malibu Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The car also added GM badges near the front doors.

The Malibu Maxx was discontinued for 2008. However, the Malibu sedans remained in production for fleet orders for the 2008 [[model year]]. GM refers to these models as the '''[[Chevrolet Classic|Malibu Classic]]'''. The cars themselves bear Malibu badges, unlike the past generation Classic. In 2006, "HIT WITH the ugly stick," Motor Trend blogs editor-in-chief Angus MacKenzie said of the 2004 Chevy Malibu: "The Chevy Malibu – fundamentally the same car [as the Opel Vectra] – had all the sex appeal of a wet Tuesday afternoon in Cleveland."<ref>{{cite web|title=http://blogs.motortrend.com/seven-cars-that-should-have-never-left-the-design-studio-194.html|url=http://blogs.motortrend.com/seven-cars-that-should-have-never-left-the-design-studio-194.html}}</ref>

===Engines===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Engine
! Power
! Torque
|-
|
| 2.2 L ''[[GM Family II engine#L61|Ecotec L61]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| {{Convert|144|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|155|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LX9|High Value LX9]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|200|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|High Value LZ4]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|217|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|220|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|High Value LZ9]]'' [[V6]]
| {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
|}

[[File:Chevrolet Malibu SS.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Chevrolet Malibu SS]]

===SS===

A special ''[[Super Sport|SS]]'' trim was available on the Malibu and Malibu Maxx with the 3.9 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ9|LZ9]]'' V6 from 2006 to 2007, developing {{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} and channeled through a [[GM 4T65-E transmission|4T65-E]] four-speed automatic. Changes to differentiate the SS from the lower trims include side skirts, more aggressive front and rear clips, 18" wheels, and fog lights.

{{Clear}}

==Seventh generation (2008–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Seventh generation
| image = 2008 Chevrolet Malibu LS -- 11-25-2009.jpg
| model_years = 2008–2012
| engine = 2.4 L ''[[GM Family II engine#LE5|LE5]]'' {{convert|169|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[GM High Value engine#LZ4|LZ4]]'' {{convert|217|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 3.6 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LY7|LY7]]'' {{convert|252|hp|abbr=on}} [[V6]] Hybrid:LAT 2.4L {{convert|164|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|112.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|57.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed ''[[GM 6T40 transmission|6T40]]'' automatic 4-speed ''[[GM 4T45-E transmission#4T45|4T45]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|191.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), [[United States]] [[Orion Assembly]] ([[Orion Township, Michigan]]), United States
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon platform]]
| related = [[Saab 9-3]] [[Pontiac G6]] [[Saturn Aura]] [[Cadillac BLS]] [[Fiat Croma]] [[Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]
}}

The '''Malibu''' was redesigned for the 2008 [[model year]] by [[Bryan Nesbitt]],<ref name="projo">{{cite web
| title = 51st New England International Auto Show
| publisher =Providence Journal, Projo Cars, C.T. Elsworth, December 1, 2007
| url = http://www.projo.com/projocars/content/CA-SHOW2_12-01-07_K583A1O_v25.141dfab.html}}</ref> under the direction of GM Vice Chairman [[Bob Lutz (businessman)|Robert Lutz]] — who was determined to make the nameplate competitive with Japanese mid-size cars. Extensive engineering and design went into the remodel.<ref name="article1">{{cite web|last=Helliker |first=Kevin |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123854495134475899.html?mod=article-outset-box |title=Malibu Shows Road to Revival Is Bumpy - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2009-04-01 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

The seventh generation Malibu is built on a revised version of the long-[[wheelbase]] [[GM Epsilon platform|Epsilon]] platform shared with the [[Saturn Aura]], the [[Opel Signum]], and [[Pontiac G6]]. It is assembled in [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. Overall, it is three inches (76 mm) longer, with a six inches (152 mm) longer wheelbase. Interior room remains mid-size, like the previous Malibus, and has been decreased from {{convert|101|cuft|m3|1}} to {{convert|97.7|cuft|m3|1}}, despite having a longer wheelbase, although front legroom has increased from {{convert|41.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|42.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2006specs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2008/specs/|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> Rear legroom has decreased from {{convert|38.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|37.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cargurus.com/Cars/Specs-c8190-2008-Malibu.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Specs|publisher=CarGurus}}</ref> The interior design has also been completely reworked, with a selection of two-tone color combinations (brick and tan two-tone), telescoping steering wheel, higher-quality materials and a twin-cowl dash design.<ref name="jb2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/2008/|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> Drag (Cd) is at 0.33.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/content/download/82857/1050463/version/1/file/chemal_ltz_08_ss.pdf|format=PDF|title=Chevrolet Malibu LTZ Specs|publisher=Car and Driver}}</ref>

===Powertrain===
The seventh generation Malibu offered these engine choices:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years !! Disp. !! Series !! HP !! Torque (Lb-ft) !! Description !! Transmission !! EPA City !! EPA Hwy
|-
| 2008–2010 || 2.4L || LE5 || 169 || 162 || Ecotec inline-4 || 4-speed automatic || 22 || 30
|-
| 2008–present || 2.4L || LE5 || 169 || 162 || Ecotec inline-4 || 6-speed automatic || 22 || 33
|-
| 2008–2009 || 2.4L || LAT || 164 || 159 || Ecotec Hybrid inline-4 || 4-speed automatic || 26 || 34
|-
| 2008–2010 || 3.5L || LZ4 || 217 || 214 || High Value V6 || 4-speed automatic || 19 || 29
|-
| 2008–present || 3.6L || LY7 || 252 || 251 || High Feature V6 || 6-speed automatic || 17 || 26
|}

The 2.4L I4 and 3.6L V6 engine have [[aluminum]] blocks and heads, [[dual overhead cams]], four valves per cylinder, twin [[balance shafts]], and [[variable valve timing]]. The 3.5L V6 has aluminum heads, an iron block, overhead valves, and limited variable valve timing. The 3.5L V6 was offered as an upgrade for special-order fleet vehicles, to replace the Ecotec engine, and generally was not available for retail customers. The 3.5L V6 was not available in the LTZ. The 3.5L V6 with 4-speed transmission has been the only drivetrain available in the 2008, 2009 and 2010 models in Israel. Partway through the 2008 model year, the 2.4L Ecotec was offered with a 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] to improve performance and fuel economy.<ref name="jb2008"/>

For 2009 models, the six-speed transmission mated to the 2.4L 4-cylinder engine or the 217 horsepower 3.5L V6 mated to the 4-speed automatic were made available on the 1LT; the 6-speed is now standard on 2LT models. LS models were equipped with the 4-speed transmission only. A [[manual transmission]] is not offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/autoshows/12210/2008-chevrolet-malibu.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu - Auto Shows|publisher=[[Car and Driver]] |accessdate=4 July 2010}}</ref> All models are [[front-wheel drive]] sedans, as Chevrolet dropped the Malibu MAXX [[station wagon]] model.

Partway through the 2010 model year, the GM badges were removed from the front doors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eogld.ecomm.gm.com/NASApp/domestic/proddesc.jsp?year=2010&butID=1&regionID=1&divisionID=3&vehicleID=8781&type=0# |title=Model Information – Online Ordering Guide |publisher=Eogld.ecomm.gm.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090825/AUTO01/908250320/1148/rss25 |title=GM to drop corporate logo from vehicles – Detroit News |publisher=The Detroit News |date= |accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref>

[[OnStar#Overview|OnStar]] is now standard on all Malibu models (excluding fleet vehicles, where this feature is optional). Six air bags are also now standard: two dual-stage front bags, two side-impact curtain air bags protecting the heads of both front and rear passengers, and two side-impact thorax bags mounted in the front seats. [[Traction control system|Traction control]], electronic [[tire pressure monitoring system]], four-wheel [[disc brakes]], [[antilock brakes]], and [[daytime running lamps]] are now all standard included safety features on all Malibus. GM's [[StabiliTrak]] brand [[electronic stability control]] is standard on all models including the very base LS model.

For 2011, the four-speed automatic transmission was dropped from the Malibu powertrain lineup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/2011-chevrolet-malibu-loses-four-speed-automatic.html|title=2011 Chevrolet Malibu loses four-speed automatic|work=Leftlanenews|accessdate=28 July 2010}}</ref>

===Malibu Hybrid===
A [[Belt alternator starter|BAS]] [[mild hybrid]], with the base inline-4 like the [[Saturn Aura]] Green Line, is available offering an increased fuel economy of {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}, which for the 2009 model, is now {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|34|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}. The Malibu hybrid was dropped for the 2010 model year.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/earth2Tech/idUS243003717520090611 ]{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/automobiles/autoreviews/21malibu.html | work=The New York Times | title=A G.M. Hybrid That Misses the High Notes | first=Lawrence | last=Ulrich | date=2009-06-21 | accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>

===Reception===
The 2008 Malibu has received critical praise from the automotive press, with ''[[The New York Times]]'' referring to it as being "like a super [[Honda Accord|Accord]], but from GM" and ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine declaring, "[[Toyota Camry|Camry]], Beware." It also garnered high praise from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine, being rated higher than the Honda Accord and [[Nissan Altima]] in the magazine's 2008 [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of The Year]] competition. Kelley Blue Book named it the "2008 best redesigned vehicle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediaroom.kbb.com/index.php?s=43&item=21|title=Kelley Blue Book's Kbb.Com Names Chevrolet Malibu '2008 Best Redesigned Vehicle'|publisher=KBB}}</ref> Car and Driver stated that while it would not be "enough to steal the top-dog sales title from the perennial Honda and Toyota mid-sizers", they noted "for the first time since Chevrolet revived the storied nameplate in 1997, it has enough of what it needs to sell in significant numbers to the public, not just rental fleets".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/family_four_doors/2008_chevrolet_malibu_lt_short_take_road_test+t-engine_choices+page-3.html|title=2008 Chevrolet Malibu LT - Short Take Road Test - Engine Choices |publisher=Car and Driver |date=2008-03-23 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

[[Edmunds.com]] has praised the Malibu's interior and exterior styling, quietness, and balance between ride and handling, while criticizing the thick [[C-pillar]]s that obstruct the driver's view, the narrower chassis compared to other midsize cars<ref>{{cite web|last=Karesh |first=Michael |url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/chevrolet-malibu-review/ |title=Chevrolet Malibu Review |publisher=The Truth About Cars |date=2007-11-09 |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</ref> (which reduces rear seating room and also lacks a center armrest) and lack of features such as dual-zone HVAC, Bluetooth compatibility, and keyless ignition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/Comparos/articleId=123842 |title=Comparison Test: 2007-2008 V6 Family Sedans |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2007-12-09 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

While related platform-mate [[Saturn Aura]] was criticized particularly for using cheap interior materials (long considered by critics as a problem area on many GM cars), this seemed to be improved in the Malibu.<ref name = "Automobile">Automobile Magazine: By Design, Robert Cumberford, December 2006 issue</ref><ref name = "CNN">{{cite web|author=By Peter Valdes-Dapena, CNNMoney.com staff writer |url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/02/autos/saturn_aura/index.htm?postversion=2006100417 |title=Saturn Aura aims high, scores big. CNN Money |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2006-10-10 |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref> Writers of various reviews for the 2008 Malibu believe Chevy may finally be getting back on track in quality and excitement in the mid-size segment after a history of ordinary, bland offerings, such as the [[Chevrolet Celebrity|Celebrity]], [[Chevrolet Corsica|Corsica]], [[Chevrolet Lumina|Lumina]], and even the previous two generations of Malibu since its 1997 revival.

In January 2008, the new Malibu received the [[North American Car of the Year]] award at the [[North American International Auto Show]] in Detroit in voting among a panel of 50 automotive journalists in a field of entries, with the runners up being the 2008 Cadillac CTS and the 2008 Honda Accord. The Malibu's win marks the second straight year a car built on GM's Epsilon platform has won the North American COTY award with the 2007 North American COTY award having gone to the 2007 [[Saturn Aura]].

Initial sales results have been positive, with the Malibu joining the [[Cadillac CTS]] and [[Buick Enclave]] on a list of GM vehicles whose sales have exceeded expectations. The redesigned Malibu sold more than 50% more units in 2008 than in 2007, increasing GM's mid-size market share to 8.4% from 5.7%, while the Camry and Accord percentages remained flat at about 21% and 17.5%, according to GM. Sales to rental customers dropped to 27% of the total, as GM limited sales to rental fleets.<ref name="article1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gm.com/corporate/investor_information/docs/sales_prod/07_12/pressrelease_0712.doc|title=GM Reports 323,453 December Deliveries|publisher=GM}}</ref>

The short-lived Malibu Hybrid, along with its sister, the [[Saturn Aura]] Green Line, which share the powertrain and other major components, was particularly criticized due to its lack of fuel savings and cost (relative to a standard 4-cylinder Malibu), plus the Hybrid's worsened driving dynamics.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/09q1/2010_ford_fusion_hybrid_vs._camry_hybrid_altima_hybrid_and_malibu_hybrid-comparison_tests |title=2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs. Camry Hybrid, Altima Hybrid, and Malibu Hybrid - Comparison Tests |publisher=Caranddriver.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>

===Recall===
On September 21, 2012. General Motors recalled 473,841 vehicles involving the Chevy Malibu, [[Pontiac G6]] and [[Saturn Aura]] from model years 2007 through 2010 equipped with four-speed automatic transmissions. The problem is a condition that could make cars roll when in park. The recall affects 426,240 in the United States, 40,029 in Canada and 7,572 in other markets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Klayman|first=Ben|title=GM recalls nearly 474,000 cars over gear shift problem|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/21/us-gm-usrecall-idUSBRE88K0II20120921|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref>

==Eighth generation (2013–)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Eighth generation
| image = 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco 2SA -- 02-29-2012.JPG
| model_years = 2013–
| production = Oct 18, 2011–present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2013.tab1.html |title=2013 CHEVROLET MALIBU SPECIFICATIONS |publisher=General Motors |accessdate=2012-07-17 }}</ref>
| aka = Holden Malibu
| predecessor = [[Chevrolet Epica]] ([[European Union|EU]], [[China|CN]]) [[Daewoo Tosca]] ([[South Korea|KR]]) [[Holden Epica]] ([[Australia|AU]])
| engine = 2.4L [[GM Family II engine#LUK|''LUK'']] I-4 with [[BAS Hybrid#Generation II BAS (eAssist)|''eAssist'']] 2.4L [[GM Family II engine|''Ecotec'']] I-4 2.5L [[Ecotec 2.5|''LCV'']] I-4 2.0L [[GM Family II engine#LTG|''LTG'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]] 2.0L [[GM Family Z engine|''VCDi'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]] 
| wheelbase = {{convert|107.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|57.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed ''[[GM 6T40 transmission|6T40]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed ''[[GM 6T70 transmission|6T70]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| width = {{convert|73.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|191.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]] ([[Detroit]]), [[United States]] [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax Assembly]] ([[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]), United States [[Bupyeong]], [[South Korea]] [[Jingjiao]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[GM Epsilon II platform]]
| related = [[Buick LaCrosse]] [[Buick Regal]] [[Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] [[Saab 9-5]]
}}

The next generation Malibu moves to [[GM Epsilon II platform]] and debuts in the 2013 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2010/03/2012-chevy-malibu-revealed-in-patent-drawings.html |title=2012 Chevy Malibu Revealed in Patent Drawings? : Auto News |publisher=Autoguide.com |date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref> The new Malibu will become a global vehicle, replacing both the North American Malibu and [[GM Korea]] vehicles previously sold around the world. The Malibu was unveiled as a show car simultaneously at [[Auto Shanghai]] in [[People's Republic of China|China]] (written as "Mai Rui Bo"<ref name="ChinaCarTimes_2011-04-01_10-48">{{cite web
|url= http://www.chinacartimes.com/2011/04/01/chevrolet-malibu-teaser-revealed-to-be-known-as-mai-rui-bao-in-china/
|title=Chevrolet China | Chevrolet Malibu teaser revealed, to be known as Mai Rui Bao in China |
|publisher=China Car Times - China Auto News
|first=Ashley|last=Sutcliffe|work=chinacartimes.com |date=1st April 2011|accessdate=2 October 2012}}</ref>), and on Facebook, on April 18, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news.detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Mar/0331_malibu |title=All-New Chevrolet Malibu Set for Global Premiere |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/chevrolet-malibu-2012.html |title=Spied: First images of 2012 Chevrolet Malibu |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref> It was also shown at the [[New York International Auto Show]] in [[New York City]] later in April.

===Features===
The Malibu will be offered with [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engines and six-speed [[automatic transmission]]s. It will feature the [[Chevrolet MyLink]] touch-based system which connects electronic devices wirelessly and features a storage compartment behind the screen.

The European version is offered with a 2.4 L [[GM Family II engine|Ecotec]] engine, which uses cast-iron block and aluminum cylinder head. <ref>http://media.chevroleteurope.com/media/intl/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2011.html</ref><ref>http://chevroleteurope-pr.com/malibu-2012/downloads/press-releases/</ref>

===Safety===
Standard safety features on the Malibu include dual-stage front airbags for the driver and front passenger, along with pelvic/thorax side-impact and knee airbags up front also. Roof rail airbags with rollover protection will also be standard. Also available as option extras are second-row head/thorax side-impact airbags, lane departure warning system with forward collision alert and a rearview camera system.<ref>[http://www.themotorreport.com.au/51697/2012-chevrolet-malibu-revealed-previews-holden-malibu The Motor Report], Holden Malibu Shown as 2012 Chevrolet Malibu.</ref>

===Markets===
The Malibu will be available in "nearly 100 countries on six continents". In the United States, it will be manufactured in two plants, [[General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant|Fairfax, KS]] and [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit-Hamtramck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Apr/0418_malibu_reveal |title=All-New 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Gives Customers More |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-04-18 |accessdate=2011-04-22 }}</ref> In Australia, the Malibu will replace the [[Holden Epica]], and debut in 2012 as the Holden Malibu. It will fit between the [[Holden Cruze]] and [[Holden Commodore]].<ref name="Holden Malibu">[http://www.themotorreport.com.au/51603/holden-malibu-teased-ahead-of-2012-launch The Motor Report], Holden Malibu teased ahead of 2012 launch.</ref> In [[South Korea]], the Malibu replaces the [[Daewoo Tosca]], as GM has phased-out the [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]] brand in favor of Chevrolet. Korea was the first market to get the Malibu, in late 2011, followed by China later in 2011 and North America beginning in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news.detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Apr/0429_malibu |title=Chevrolet Malibu Expands Global Reach |publisher=General Motors |date=2011-04-29 |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>

===Reception===
In a March 2012 comparison test by Car and Driver, the Chevrolet Malibu Eco came in sixth place out of six cars behind the first place [[Volkswagen Passat NMS|Volkswagen Passat]], second place [[Honda Accord]], third place [[Kia Optima]], fourth place [[Hyundai Sonata]], and fifth place [[Toyota Camry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2013-chevrolet-malibu-eco-vs-2012-honda-accord-ex-l-2012-hyundai-sonata-se-2012-kia-optima-ex-2012-toyota-camry-se-2012-volkswagen-passat-25-se-comparison-tests |title=2013 Chevrolet Malibu Eco vs. 2012 Honda Accord EX-L, 2012 Hyundai Sonata SE, 2012 Kia Optima EX, 2012 Toyota Camry SE, 2012 Volkswagen Passat 2.5 SE }}</ref> Motor Trend also placed the new Malibu sixth out of six, behind the first place VW Passat, second place Honda Accord, third place [[Ford Fusion]], fourth place [[Nissan Altima]], and fifth place Toyota Camry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/1212_2012_2013_midsize_sedan_comparison/viewall.html?ti=v2 |title=Comparison:
2012-2013 Midsize Sedan, Battle of the Best-Sellers }}</ref>

===Engines===
{| class = "wikitable" cellpadding = "0" style
|-
! colspan = "6;" style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Gasoline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/malibu/2013.html |title=2013 Malibu |publisher=Media.gm.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Type
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Power
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Torque
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Years
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | EPA-estimated fuel economy (city/hwy)
|-
|2.4L (2,384 cc) [[GM Family II engine#LUK|LUK]] I-4 with [[BAS Hybrid#Generation II BAS (eAssist)|''eAssist'']]|| {{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm || {{convert|172|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 4900 rpm || 2013- || 25 / 37
|-
|2.4L (2,384 cc) [[GM Family II engine|Ecotec]] I-4 ||{{convert|167.2|PS|kW hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 4600 rpm || 2013- (Europe) ||
|-
|2.5L (2,499 cc) [[Ecotec 2.5|LCV]] I-4|| {{convert|197|hp|abbr=on}} @ 6300 rpm || {{convert|191|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || 2013- || N/A
|-
|2.0L (1,998 cc) [[GM Family II engine#LTG|LTG]] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]]||{{convert|259|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|260|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} @ 1700-5500 rpm || 2013- || N/A
|-
 
! colspan = "6;" style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Diesel (European Market Only)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobytel.com/chevrolet/malibu/2012/news/chevrolet-malibu-diesel-confirmed-for-europe-hopeful-for-u-s-103107/ |title=Chevrolet Malibu Diesel Confirmed for Europe, Hopeful for U.S. |publisher=Autobytel.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
|-
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Type
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Power
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Torque
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Years
! style = "background:#e8e8e8;" | Notes
|-
|2.0L (1,956 cc) [[GM Family B engine|''VCDi'']] I-4 [[turbocharger|(t/c)]]|| {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1750 ||2013- <ref>http://www.chevrolet.de/eap/malibu-4d.pdf</ref>||
|}

==Yearly American sales==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Total American sales
|-
| 2000<ref>[http://www.media.gm.com/news/releases/020103decembersales.html ]{{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>
| 207,376
|-
| 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html |title=mediaOnline |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2009-04-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080327035819/http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html |archivedate = March 27, 2008}}</ref>
| 176,583
|-
| 2002
| 169,377
|-
| 2003
| 122,771
|-
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/05/205609.html|title=GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results|publisher=The Auto Channel}}</ref>
| 179,806
|-
| 2005
| 203,503
|-
| 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2007-01-03 |accessdate=2009-04-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070621063220/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596 |archivedate = June 21, 2007}}</ref>
| 163,853
|-
| 2007
| 128,312
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-04-23}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 178,253
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls |title=Deliveries December 2009 |publisher=General Motors |date= |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>
| 161,568
|-
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2011/DeliveriesDecember2010.pdf |title=GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2010 |publisher=General Motors |date= |accessdate=2011-05-09}}</ref>
| 198,770
|-
|2011<ref>[http://investor.gm.com/sales-production/docs/sales_prod/11_12/DeliveriesDecember2011.pdf ]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref>
| 204,808
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chevrolet Malibu}}
* [http://www.chevrolet.com/malibu The official website of the Chevrolet Malibu and Malibu Maxx]
* [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/Chevrolet1960m.htm Automotive History Online] Chevrolet Malibu history & photos
* [http://www.chevyresource.com/chevelle.html Online Chevelle Malibu Information & Resource Portal]
* [http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/13/autos/car_of_the_year/index.htm?postversion= CNN Money: Chevy Malibu Wins Car of the Year]
* [http://www.chevroletproblems.com/Malibu/ ChevroletProblems.com: Chevrolet Malibu]
* [http://www.jbcarpages.com/chevrolet/malibu/ JB car pages: Chevrolet Malibu]
* [http://www.malibuclub.ca Chevy Malibu Forum]
* [http://www.unitedmalibus.ca Chevy Malibu Forum]

{{Chevrolet vehicles}}
{{Early Chevrolet cars}}
{{Chevrolet}}

[[Category:Police vehicles]]
[[Category:Chevrolet vehicles|Malibu]]
[[Category:GM Korea vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:1960s automobiles]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1964]]
[[Category:Vehicles built in Lansing, Michigan]]
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Volkswagen Golf

2012-11-04T00:39:17Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519474444 by SkydivingGiraffe (talk)

{{Distinguish|Volkswagen Gol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf
| image = 2011 Volkswagen Golf (5K) 90TSI Trendline 5-door hatchback (2011-10-12).jpg
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| aka = Volkswagen Rabbit
| production = 1974–present
| predecessor = [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
| class = [[Small family car]]
| body_styles = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]]
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
}}

The '''Volkswagen Golf''' is a [[small family car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) manufactured by [[Volkswagen]] since 1974, marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various [[nameplate]]s – as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada ''(Mk1 and Mk5)'', and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico'' (Mk1).

The original Golf Mk1, designed by the Italian [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]], was a [[front-wheel drive]], front-engined replacement for the [[air-cooled]], rear-engined, rear-wheel drive [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagen's best-selling model and the [[list of bestselling vehicle nameplates|world's second best-selling model]], with more than 29 million built by 2012.<ref name="carmagazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/VW-Golf-build-passes-25-million-/?&R=EPI-3666|title=VW Golf build passes 25 million| accessdate=11 March 2008|date=30 March 2007|author=Gareth Kent|work=carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref>

Most production of the Golf was initially in the 3-door [[hatchback]] style.<ref>Figures for 1974 to 1987: 4.7 million 3-door models, 2.55 million 5-doors, according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald |first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location= Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02116-1|pages=86–87}}</ref> Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, [[station wagon|estate/wagon]] ('''Variant''', from 1993), [[convertible]] ('''Cabriolet''' and '''Cabrio''', 1979–2002), and a Golf-derived notchback [[sedan (car)|saloon/sedan]], variously called '''[[Volkswagen Jetta]]''', '''Volkswagen Vento''' or '''Volkswagen Bora''' (from 1999). The cars have filled many market segments, from basic personal cars, to high-performance [[hot hatch]]es.

Every generation of Golf has been a runner-up in the [[European Car of the Year]] awards, but only one has been a winner, the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3|Golf Mk3]] in 1992.<ref name="coty">{{cite web|url=http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1992_1/coty |title=Previous Winners |language={{es icon}} |publisher=Car of the Year |date= |accessdate=2011-11-09}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Golf name is derived from the German word for [[Gulf Stream]]<ref name=CarpetBombGolfstrom>
* {{Citation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uRAgliO29ZwC&pg=PA7 |title=What's New; Minicar |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |date=August 1974 |page=76 |accessdate=2011-11-02 |quote= It's named for the Golfstrom — the Gulf Stream }}
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen plays Golf game |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160,3928061&dq=volkswagen+golfstrom&hl=en |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |newspaper= [[Milwaukee Sentinel]] |date= 19 June 1984 |page= 6 }}
* {{Citation |title= Introducing the VW 'Golf, |magazine= [[Motor Trend]] |first= Walter A. |last= Woron |year= 1974 |quote= The name originally stems from the Gulf Stream (spelled Golf Strom in German) }}
* {{Citation |newspaper= [[New York Times]] |title= New VW Car Named Golf |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/19/business/new-vw-car-named-golf.html |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |date= 28 June 1984 |quote= The name is drawn not from the game, but from Golf-Strom, which is German for Gulf Stream, the company said. }}
* {{Citation |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=YwGvdR-lloQC&pg=PA84 |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |magazine= [[Popular Science]] |date= December 1984 |title= Golf and Jetta Biggest Little Cars on the Road |page=84 |quote= The Golf, named after the Gulf Stream (''Golf-Strom in German)… |last=Keebler |first= Jack }}
* {{Citation |title= 2006 Volkswagen Golf |work= MSN Autos |publisher= [[MSN]] |url= http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?year=2006&make=Volkswagen&model=Golf |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |quote= The Golf takes its name from the German word Golfstrom, which means Gulf Stream. }}
</ref> and the period in its history when VW named vehicles after prominent winds, including also the [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (after the German word for [[Trade wind]]), [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] (after the [[Jet stream]]), [[Volkswagen Bora|Bora]] (after [[Bora (wind)|Bora]]) and [[Scirocco]] (after [[Sirocco]]).<ref name=Winds>
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen Has Another Car Named For The Wind -- And It's A Fresh Breeze |newspaper= [[Boston Globe]] |first= John R. |last= White |date= April 1, 1990 |page= A.69 |quote= VW likes to name things after wind. Remember Scirocco? That was a car named for a hot desert wind. Passat is more practical; in German it means trade wind. And, if there's anything Volkswagen needs, it's a fresh breeze in the trade department. }}
* {{Citation |title= International marketing management: strategies and cases |first1=Jean-Pierre |last1= Jeannet |first2= Hubert D. |last2= Hennessey |year= 1988 |page= 321 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |ISBN= 978-0-395-35675-3 |quote= This brought about Golf (the German word for the Gulf Wind), Scirocco (the Italian word for a hot wind that brings desert dust from the Libyan desert to Italy), and Passat (the German word for trade wind). }}
* {{Citation |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_12/b4076063825013.htm |magazine=[[Business Week]] |accessdate=2011-11-02 |title= One World, One Car, One Name;The Ford Fiesta, after flopping in the U.S. in the '70s and selling well in Europe ever since, is set to go global |first= David |last= Kiley |date= 13 March 2008 |quote= There was the Bora, which is also the wind that blows north by northeast across the Adriatic Sea. After complaints from dealers that Bora sounded "boring," VW eventually renamed the car the Jetta (as in Jet Stream) in the U.S. More recently, the automaker came out with the Touareg, which is also a nomadic African tribe that used to follow a certain wind pattern. }}
</ref> "Golf" is also a sport, a theme that is shared with the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]] and [[Volkswagen Derby|Derby]].

==First generation (A1/Typ 17, 1974–1983)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk1 (17)
|image=Vw golf 1 v sst.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|engine=1.1l, 1.3l, 1.5l, 1.6l, 1.7l 1.8l, 1.5l Diesel, 1.6l Diesel, 8v
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Beetle]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] Mk1/Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk1}}

In May 1974,<ref>All dates for Mk1 to Mk4 according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald|first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn= 3-613-02116-1|pages=72–137}} and {{cite book |title=Deutsche Autos seit 1990, vol.5|last=Kittler| first=Eberhard|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02128-5|pages= 266–313}}</ref> Volkswagen presented the first-generation Golf as a modern front-wheel-drive, long-range replacement for the [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Later Golf variations included the Golf GTI "[[hot hatch]]" (introduced in June 1976), a diesel-powered version (from September 1976), the [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] notchback saloon version (from October 1979), the [[Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet|Golf Cabriolet]] (from January 1980) and a Golf-based pickup, the [[Volkswagen Caddy]].

The '''Golf Mk1''' was sold as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico.

A facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the '''[[Volkswagen Citi Golf|Citi Golf]]''' from 1984 to 2009.<ref>[http://www.topcar.co.za/user-generated/goodbye-citi-golf topCar: Goodbye Citi Golf]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Second generation (A2/Typ 19E, 1983–1992)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk2 (19E)
|image=VW Golf II front 20080206.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|engine=1.3L, 1.6L, 1.8L, 1.8L 16v, 2.0L 16v, 1.6L Diesel, 1.6L Turbo Diesel, 1.8L G60
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Corrado]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk2}}

September 1983 saw the introduction of the second-generation '''Golf Mk2''' that grew slightly in terms of wheelbase, exterior and interior dimensions, while retaining, in a more rounded form, the Mk1's overall look. In 1985, the first Golfs with four-wheel-drive (Golf syncro) went on sale with the same Syncro four-wheel-drive system being employed on the [[G-Lader#Sizes and car models|supercharged G60 models]], exclusively released on the continent in 1989 with {{convert|160|bhp|kW|disp=flip|abbr=on}} and ABS braking.

A Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model; instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2's entire production run.
{{-}}

==Third generation (A3/Typ 1H, 1991–1999)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk3 (1H)
|image=1996-1998 Volkswagen Golf (1H) CL 5-door hatchback 03.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|related = [[Volkswagen Vento]]
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk3}}

The third-generation '''Golf Mk3''' made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged.

New engines included the first [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] in a Golf, and a narrow-angle 2.8 L [[VR6 engine]]. The VR6-engined version accelerated from {{convert|0|-|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 7.1 seconds, posting a record 15.5¼-mile time at {{convert|90.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} EPA estimate {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (city) or {{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (highway), with {{convert|261|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (city) and {{convert|363|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (highway). For the first time ever, a Golf estate (Golf Variant) joined the line-up in September 1993 (although most markets did not receive this model until early 1994), at the same time a completely new Mk3-derived [[Convertible|Cabriolet]] was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version. With a body style similar to that of the Golf, it was continued on until 2001 with only minor changes in the 1999 model year.
The notchback version, called VW Vento (or Jetta III in North America), was presented in January, 1992.

It was [[European Car of the Year]] for 1992, ahead of PSA's new [[Citroën ZX|ZX]] model and GM's new [[Opel Astra|Astra]] model.

The Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called "Mi" (Golf CL 4-door, added A/C, special interiors, OEM black tinted rear stop lights, and ABS, no OEM radio) ("Mi" ("i" in red) stands for Multipoint Injection and the 1.8 L engine was upgraded to 2.0).
{{-}}

==Fourth generation (A4/Typ 1J, 1997–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (1J)
|image=Volkswagen Golf IV 3-door.jpg
|Engine=1.8 8v, 1.9turbo diesel,1.9 tdi, 2.0 8v, 2.0 16v, 2.8 vr6,
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5]]
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk1 [[Audi TT]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Bora]] [[SEAT León]] Mk1 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk2 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk4}}

The '''Golf Mk4''' was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version (VW Bora or, in North America, again VW Jetta) in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant (estate) in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that comprised bumpers, grill and headlights similar to those of the Mark 4 models. {{-}}

==Fifth generation (A5/Typ 1K, 2003–2008)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (1K)
|image=2004-2007 Volkswagen Golf (1K) Sportline 2.0 TDI 5-door hatchback 01.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk6]]
|class=
|platform=
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk5}}

The '''Golf Mk5''' was introduced in Europe in 2003. In North America, Volkswagen brought back the '''Rabbit''' nameplate when it introduced the vehicle in 2006. The North American base model is powered by a 2.5 L five-cylinder engine, which produced {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in 2006 and 2007, but was upped to {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in the later models. A [[Grand Tourer Injection|GTI]] version is powered by a turbocharged version of the 2.0 TFSI engine, producing {{Convert|200|PS|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.

Volkswagen also introduced the "Fast" marketing ploy for the North American market, "dedicated to the 'fast' that lives inside every driver". Drivers who purchased new GTI Mk5s from a dealership were shipped a model of said Fast, which employs GTI-like features, and appears as a small robot thing in the commercials. The GTI version is the only version on sale in Mexico.

The saloon/sedan version, again called Volkswagen Jetta in most markets and assembled in Germany, South Africa, as well as Mexico (In Mexico this car is named Bora, in Europe it is now again named Jetta, as well), followed in 2004, a new Golf Variant inThe name is drawn not from the g the only variant, as the notchback version of the GTI can also be had in the GLI version. The front ends of the car are the same, with the only difference being that the GLI is a sedan, while the GTI is a hatchback.

Later models of the Mk5 introduced the 1.4 TSI [[turbocharged]] petrol engine with front-wheel drive.

In a comparison test conducted by ''Car and Driver Magazine'', the Volkswagen Rabbit S was named the winner among eight small cars. While it was praised for its excellent driving position, fine instruments, and strong engine, it was criticized for having high levels of road noise, uncomfortable seats, and poor fuel economy. Though, the final verdict stated, "This one is all about driving pleasure, so it wins." The Rabbit also placed first in their final comparison in December 2006.

The [[Volkswagen Golf Plus]] model was also introduced in 2004. This was a slightly larger version of the Golf Mk5 with a higher roofline.{{-}}

New high-performance models included the 3.2 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined [[4Motion|four-wheel-drive]] Golf "R32" introduced in 2004, its predecessor the 2.8 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined "Golf V6 [[4Motion]]" (succeeding the 2.9 L Mk3 "Golf [[VR6 engine|VR6]] [[4Motion|Syncro]]"), as well as use of the famous 1.8T (turbo) 4-cylinder used in various Volkswagen Group models.

As of 2008, certain variants of the Golf/Bora Mk4 were still in production in Brazil, China, and Mexico. Revised versions of the Mk4 were sold in Canada marketed as the Golf City and Jetta City from 2007 to 2010. The two models were VW Canada's entry-level offerings. They received a significant freshening for the 2008 model year, including revised headlamps, taillamps, front and rear fascias, sound systems, and wheels. Both models were offered only with the 2.0 L, 8-valve SOHC [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] gasoline engine, rated at {{convert|115|bhp|kW|disp=flip|0|abbr=on}}. They were the only entry-level offerings with an optional six-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. The production of Golf Mk4 for the U.S. market ended in 2006. But for the European markets, the production of the fourth generation ended in 2003.

When the Chinese market Bora received a July 2006 facelift, the Golf did too, becoming the "Bora HS" in the process.

Because of the MK4's popularity and low cost, it is still in production in several countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, slightly facelifted.

===VW Golf GTI W12===
{{Seealso|Volkswagen_Golf_Mk5#GTI_W12-650}}
In 2007, VW built a [[concept car]] based on the Golf Mk5 featuring a 6.0 litre [[W12 engine]] from the [[Volkswagen Phaeton]]. The engine was tuned to provide an extra 200 [[bhp]], giving 641 bhp. Volkswagen claimed that the car could accelerate from 0-62mph in 3.7 seconds. The Golf GTI W12 was [[rear wheel drive]] using a six-speed automatic gearbox.
The body was extensively modified to carry the engine, widened and given a rear spoiler to improve handling.
The W12 engine was placed in the middle of the car to improve the car's grip. <ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Dickson|url=http://cars.uk.msn.com/news/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=148151390 |title=Revealed: 641bhp VW Golf GTi |publisher=cars.uk.msn.com |date=18 May 2007|accessdate=2012-10-20}}</ref>

==Sixth generation (A6/Typ 5K, 2008–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (5K)
| image = 2009-2011 Volkswagen Golf (5K) 118TSI Comfortline 5-door hatchback (2011-11-08) 01.jpg
| manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| production = 2008–2012
|platform =
| related = [[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk6}}

Volkswagen based the latest '''Golf Mk6''' on the existing [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|PQ35 platform]] from the Golf Mk5.<ref>Wall Street Journal [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121295991392455457.html VW to Cut Costs to Produce Golf] 9 June 2008; pg B2</ref> This vehicle was debuted at the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobild.de/artikel/erste-fotos-vom-vw-golf-vi_759923.html|title=Erste Fotos vom VW Golf VI – Das ist der neue Golf – News|publisher=autobild.de |accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf was designed by Volkswagen's chief designer [[Walter de'Silva]]. The design is said to be more aerodynamic, helping fuel efficiency, and is quieter than its predecessor. Following criticism of the downgraded interior trim quality of the Mk5 Golf in comparison to the Mk4, Volkswagen opted to overhaul the interior to match the quality with the Mk4 Golf, while maintaining the same user friendliness from the Mk5. The car is also cheaper to build than its predecessor; Volkswagen claims it consequently will be able to pass these savings on to the customer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcar.com/news-special-report.aspx?NA=234338&EL=3253020| title=New VW Golf revealed – Introduction – Car and Car-Buying News – What Car?|publisher=Whatcar.com |date=6 August 2008|accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>
The MK6 Jetta was released in Mexico in mid 2010, and by late 2011 will be available in all markets around the globe.
[[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] [[diesel engine]]s which use the [[common rail]] direct injection will replace the longstanding Pumpe/Düse (PD) [[Unit Injector]] system. New on the Golf, is the optional Volkswagen Adaptive Chassis Control (not available in the North American market), which allows the driver to select between 'normal', 'comfort' and 'sports' modes, which will vary the suspension, steering and accelerator behavior accordingly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tan |first=Paul |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2008/08/06/6th-generation-volkswagen-golf-details-and-photos/ |title=6th Generation Volkswagen Golf Details and Photos |publisher=Paultan.org |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf is available with both 5- and 6-speed [[manual transmission]] [[gearbox]], and 6- or 7-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] ([[Dual clutch transmission|Dual Clutch]]). In America, the MK5 version was originally sold as the Rabbit from 2006-2009. in 2010, Volkswagen brought back the Golf nameplate with the mid-cycle refresh. With it brought a 170 hp, 2.5-liter I-5 with 177 lb-ft of torque and a 2.0-liter, 140-hp turbocharged clean diesel engine that makes 236 lb-ft of torque. The GTI gets a 200-hp, turbocharged gas engine and the Golf R a 256- horsepower version of that same engine. All three of these engines could be paired with a DSG dual-clutch 6-speed automatic transmission or 6-speed manual, in 3- or 5-door configuration. The Golf has been redesigned for 2014 with new engines, a new platform and a revised interior. The new GTI will now offer horsepower and torque in the 240-260 range, with the Golf R topping out at 290-300 horsepower and torque.

The car was introduced for sale in the UK in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |title=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |publisher=Uk.cars.yahoo.com |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The car was introduced in North America in October 2009 as the 2010 Golf, rather than Rabbit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Garrett J|title=VW kills Rabbit name, again|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/vw-kills-rabbit-name-again/|date=27 March 2009|accessdate=27 March 2009|work=New York Times}}</ref> The Mk6 also reintroduced a diesel engine option to the North American market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/08/06/2010-vw-golf-tdi-review/|title=2010 VW Golf TDI Review|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>{{-}}

==Seventh generation (A7/Typ 5G, 2013–){{anchor|A7}}==
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk7}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk7
|image= 12-10-03-autostadt-wob-by-RalfR-12.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]]
|aka=
|engine=
|production= 2012–
|related=[[Audi A3#Mk3|Audi A3 Mk3]] [[SEAT León#Mk3|SEAT León Mk3]] [[Škoda Octavia#Mk3|Škoda Octavia Mk3]]
}}

The new 2014 Volkswagen Golf is designed to be faster, safer, more stylish and lighter, with more power and better fuel efficiency. There is no news yet whether or not it retains the same high quality interior materials as the MK6, but there are a high amount of predictions leaning toward the confirmation of high quality materials.{{cn|date=October 2012}} In the US the new Golf will have a standard 1.8-liter turbocharged I-4 replacing the old 5-cyl, a more powerful and more efficient turbocharged clean diesel engine and the GTI will receive power gains anywhere from 40-50 hp and torque. The Golf R should receive power just shy from 300 horsepower and torque, to bring it in like with the likes of Subaru's Impreza WRX and Mitsubishi's Lancer EVO.{{cn|date=October 2012}}

The seventh-generation Golf had its début in late 2012 at the [[Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted: 27 Sep 2012 |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/paris-motor-show-2012/photos/new-volkswagen-golf-gti-concept-revealed-2012-09-27 |title=Paris 2012: the new Golf GTI - BBC Top Gear |publisher=Topgear.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-29}}</ref>

The '''Golf VII''', Typ 5G<ref>{{Citation | work = Volkswagen Elektronischer Teilekatalog|issue = 931|publisher=Lex-Com GmbH}}</ref> will use the new [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform|MQB platform]], shared with the new [[Audi A3]], new [[SEAT León]] and upcoming [[Škoda Octavia]].
{{-}}

==Electric versions==
{{See also|Electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle}}

The VW Golf has had several generations made into electric ''CityStromer'' models. The first of these was in the 1970s, when VW took a standard Golf Mk1 and converted it to electric power. By the time the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Golf Mk2]] came into production a limited number of electric Golfs were made, using [[lead–acid battery]] packs and a custom-made motor and controller{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. VW continued with the production of limited numbers of CityStromer electric cars with the introduction of the Golf Mk3. The electric CityStromer Mk3 included a Siemens based AC drive system, and lead–acid battery packs. They had a maximum speed of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a range of approximately {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citystromer.cz/index_en.html |title=CitySTROMer |publisher=Citystromer.cz |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> With a few exceptions, only left-hand drive Golfs were converted by VW into Citystromer models. These vehicles are still used today and have popularity in mainland Europe with only a few present in Great Britain. Only two right-hand drive Mk2 CityStromers were built for the UK market and it is believed only one remains today. It is owned by EV advocate and broadcaster [[Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield]], host of Transport Evolved. [http://www.aminorjourney.com/journal/2009/11/13/aminorjourneycom-on-positivetv.html The CityStromer EV on PositiveTV]

===Golf Variant Twin Drive===
As part of the "Fleet study in electric mobility" project that began in 2008, VW developed 20 Golf Variant twinDRIVE [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s. These research vehicles have an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|57|km|abbr=on}} and the [[internal combustion engine]] provides for a total range of {{Convert|900|km|abbr=on}}. The plug-in hybrid drive of the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is equipped with either an 11.2 [[kWh]] or a 13.2 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery]] pack, as Volkswagen is testing packs from two vendors. Ten vehicles are equipped with batteries from the American-German manufacturer GAIA with [[cathode]] type nickel cobalt aluminium dioxide (NCA). The other ten are powered by lithium-ion batteries with [[Lithium-ion battery#High power cathode using lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)|nickel manganese cobalt]] (NMC) cathodes from the Korean-German joint venture SB LiMotive ([[Samsung]] and [[Bosch]]). These 10 vehicles have been in use since early 2011. Both battery systems offer high power and energy density. They each weigh about 150 kg. The [[gasoline engine]] is used to support the electric heating system when outdoor temperatures are low.<ref name=GCC0611>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/vw-20110629.html|title=Volkswagen presents status of fleet study in electromobility; latest generation of twïnDRIVE plug-in hybrid|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2011-06-29|accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref>

Using guidelines for determining the fuel consumption of plug-in hybrids, VW estimates a fuel consumption of 2.1 L/100 km (112 mpg US), which is equivalent to 49 g/km CO2. When the battery is fully charged, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is design to maximize the share of pure electrical energy used for driving, and only when longer distances are driven does the share of supplemental gasoline fuel increase. Top speed of the car is {{Convert|170|km/h}} and it accelerates to 100 km/h in under 12 seconds. When operated in pure electric mode, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE can reach a top speed of {{Convert|120|km/h}}.<ref name=GCC0611/>

The production version is expected to be based on Mk6 Golf featuring a 1.5 L turbodiesel engine and electric motor, with estimated arrival date of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/volkswagen-twin-drive-plug-in-hybrids-not-due-until-2015.html |title=VW Twin Drive plug-in hybrids not due until 2015 |publisher=Motorauthority.com |date=4 September 2008 |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> A [[SEAT León]] prototype with the Twin Drive system is also under development.

===Golf blue-e-motion===
[[File:Volkswagen Golf Electric at the 2012 Stockholm Car Festival.jpg|thumb|Golf blue-e-motion electric engine.]]
At the ceremonial launching of Germany's "[[National Electric Mobility Platform]]" ([[NEMP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/germany-starts-national-electric-mobility-platform-19976.html |title=Germany Starts National Electric Mobility Platform |publisher=autoevolution |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> in Berlin, Volkswagen presented the Golf blue-e-motion [[electric car]] [[concept car|concept]] to German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]. NEMP is a German government initiative to develop Germany into a leading market for electric mobility.

The Golf blue-e-motion has a [[all-electric range|range]] of {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}. Sales are scheduled for 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/vw-provides-update-with-a-few-more-technical-details-on-golf-blue-e-motion-ev-market-debut-in-2014.html|title=VW provides update with a few more technical details on Golf blue-e-motion EV; market debut in 2014|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-11-09|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> and Volkswagen scheduled a field testing program with 500 units to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6637183/green/volkswagen-s-first-electric-car-will-be-based-on-2013-golf/index.html|title=Volkswagen's First Electric Car Will Be Based on 2013 Golf|publisher=Automobiles Magazine|author=Andrew Peterson|date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/01/volkswagen-announces-electrification-plan-500-golf-evs-in-2011/|title=Volkswagen announces electrification plan, 500 Golf EVs in 2011|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=1 March 2010|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> The first 10 units began field testing in [[Wolfsburg]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologicvehicles.com/en/green-transportation-news/826/test-fleet-of-the-golf-blue-e-motion-launched|title=Test fleet of the Golf blue-e-motion launched|publisher=TechVehi|date=2011-05-11|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in June 2011 in [[Berlin]], [[Hannover]] and Wolfsburg.<ref name=Autoweek110616>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110616/CARNEWS/110619900 |title=Volkswagen preps the Golf EV for 2013 launch |date=2011-06-16 |author=David Jolley |publisher=AutoWeek }}</ref> In February 2012, the first eGolf, as it is called in the United States, was delivered in [[Belmont, California]]. A total of 20 eGolfs will be allocated to the U.S. field testing program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073454_volkswagen-plugs-in-starts-egolf-test-fleet-in-california|title=Volkswagen Plugs In, Starts eGolf Test Fleet In California|author=Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield |publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-02-27|accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>

The Golf blue-emotion has a 26.5 kWh [[lithium-ion]] battery pack and is powered by an 85 kW electric motor which drives the front wheels through a single speed transmission. It will accelerate to {{convert|62|mph}} in 11.8 seconds and have a top speed of {{convert|86|mph}}.<ref name=Autoweek110616/> [[Paddle shift]]ers are used to adjust the amount of regenerative braking. The vehicle's PRNDL stick has an additional 'B' mode as found on some other electric vehicles to set the regenerative braking effort to the maximum for sustained downhill travelling.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Motorsport==
In [[auto racing]], [[Audi Performance and Racing|APR Motorsport]] has led two MKV VW GTI's to victory in the Grand-Am [[KONI Sports Car Challenge]] Street Tuner (ST) class.<ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=882 TheGlen.com 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=883 EMCO Gears Classic – Split Classes Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=884&sid=527 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=886 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the VW Golf TDI ([[clean diesel]]) among its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|month=April | year=2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=USA Today|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category|VW Golf GTI}}
* [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
* [[VDub]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[Hot hatch]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/models/golf_start.html Volkswagen Golf Website]


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Lincoln MKZ

2012-10-27T05:03:59Z

IFCAR: /* 2007 revision */

{{redirect|Lincoln Zephyr|the 1936-1942 car|Lincoln-Zephyr}}
{{Infobox automobile
|image=06ZephyrExt.jpg
|name=Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ
|manufacturer= [[Ford Motor Company]]
|production=August 1, 2005–present<ref name=Wards06>{{cite book |title=Ward's Automotive Yearbook 2006 |publisher=Ward's Communications, Inc |editor=Binder, Alan K |year=2006 |page=102}}</ref>
|model_years=2006–present
|predecessor=[[Lincoln LS]]
|class= [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Luxury vehicle|luxury car]]
|body_style=4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
|assembly=[[Hermosillo]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Lincoln MKZ''', initially named the '''Lincoln Zephyr''', is a [[Mid-size car|mid-size]], entry-level [[Luxury vehicle|luxury car]] from the [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] division of the [[Ford Motor Company]]. The MKZ was the first in a series of new "MK"-named Lincolns, and has since been followed by the [[Lincoln MKX|MKX]], [[Lincoln MKS|MKS]], and [[Lincoln MKT|MKT]].

A hybrid version was launched in the U.S. market in September 2010. The MKZ Hybrid was the first (and as of July 2011, the only) hybrid in the market priced the same as its conventional gasoline-engine version (although the hybrid model's engine has two fewer cylinders than the gasoline-engine model).<ref name=NYTMKZ/>

Since 2008, the MKZ has been Lincoln's best selling vehicle. An all-new second generation MKZ is expected in dealer showrooms by the fall of 2012.

{{tocleft}}
{{clear}}

==First generation (2006-2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=2009 Lincoln MKZ.jpg
|name=First generation
|aka=Lincoln Zephyr (2006)
|production=August 1, 2005–2012<ref name="Wards06"/>
|model_years=2006–2012
|related=[[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] [[Mazda6]] [[Mercury Milan]]
|platform=[[Ford CD3 platform]]
|engine= 2.5 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 25|Duratec 25]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 3.0 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 30|Duratec 30]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] 3.5 L ''[[Ford Duratec engine#Duratec 35|Duratec 35]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]]
|transmission=6-speed [[Aisin]] [[AWTF-80 SC|TF-80]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2006-2009) 
6-speed ''[[Ford 6F transmission|6F]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]] (2010-Present)
|wheelbase= {{Convert|107.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= 2006–09 {{Convert|190.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{Convert|189.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{Convert|72.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height=2006: {{Convert|57.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2007–09: {{Convert|57.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{Convert|56.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2011–12 Hybrid: {{Convert|56.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight=2006: {{convert|3438|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2007–09: {{convert|3469|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2010–12: {{convert|3598|lb|kg||abbr=on}} 2011–12 Hybrid: {{convert|3756|lb|kg||abbr=on}}
}}

[[File:Lincoln Zephyr .jpg|thumb|left|2006 Lincoln Zephyr]]

The 2006 Lincoln Zephyr was initially unveiled in [[Concept vehicle|concept]] form at the 2004 [[New York International Auto Show]] as a new entry-level luxury sedan intended to appeal to a younger generation of luxury car buyers. Many of the design elements of the Zephyr concept made their way into the production model, albeit with some revision. The front fascia of the Zephyr's exterior was adorned with Lincoln's signature waterfall grille and jeweled quad projector beam headlights ([[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]] were available). Chrome trim extends along the Zephyr's beltline while the car's rear fascia features wing-shaped [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] taillights and dual chrome exhaust tips. All Zephyrs featured low-profile tires on 17x7.5-inch wheels with painted aluminum versions standard and chrome versions optional.

Lincoln officially revived [[Lincoln-Zephyr|the Zephyr name]] in the fall of 2005 as a platform-mate for the [[Ford Fusion (North American)|Ford Fusion]] and [[Mercury Milan]]; the vehicles were based on the [[Ford CD3 platform|CD3 platform]], which was derived from the [[Mazda 6]]. The Zephyr's sole powertrain was a 3.0 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]] mated to an [[Aisin Seiki Co.|Aisin]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission]]; identical to the V6 powertrain that was optional in the Fusion and Milan. Visually, the Zephyr could be easily distinguished from its Ford and Mercury siblings thanks to unique [[Fascia (car)|fascias]] and other stylistic elements, but as much as 35% of its body panels were shared with the other cars. However, the interior is entirely unique to the Lincoln, and this, along with different equipment packaging, helped differentiate the brands. Reflecting its entry-level luxury position, the 2006 Zephyr started at a base [[Suggested retail price|MSRP]] of $29,995 [[United States dollar|USD]], ranging up to $35,575 [[United States dollar|USD]] when fully optioned.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Pricing." Ford Media. Jun. 16 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3998&press_section_id=2877</ref>

Though slightly smaller and natively [[front-wheel drive]], the Zephyr was marketed as a replacement for Lincoln's previous entry level mid-size, the [[Automobile layout|rear-wheel drive]], [[V8 engine|V8]]-equipped [[Lincoln LS]]. To facilitate a smooth transition, the Zephyr and LS were sold parallel to each other during the 2006 model year, the first model year of the Zephyr and the last for the LS. Ironically the Zephyr's first model year was also its last for the nameplate. For 2007 the car was renamed MKZ, and took over the LS' market with sales beginning in September 2006. Lincoln's decision to resurrect the Zephyr name refers to the very early days of Lincoln before World War II. At that time, the only Lincoln manufactured was the [[Lincoln K-series]] which was a full-size sedan, and Lincoln, under the direction of [[Edsel Ford]], Henry Ford's only son, hoped to introduce a smaller product to compete with the [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]], a smaller sibling offered at Cadillac dealerships.

Inside the Zephyr was an interior design that was thoroughly distinctive relative to the Fusion or Milan, almost shadowing the 2005 to 2009 Ford Mustang. The upscale design featured rectangular shapes in the dashboard surfaces and door panels with real [[ebony]] or [[maple]] wood inserts (depending on desired trim) in metallic frames. These surfaces were contrasted with chrome-bezeled gauges, circular, chrome-finished vents and a metallic center stack where the radio and climate controls are housed. The Zephyr's steering wheel was leather-wrapped with real wood grips and satin-nickel audio, climate, and cruise control buttons. White LED backlighting was used for the Zephyr's controls and instrumentation. Leather seating surfaces were standard in all models.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Exterior/Interior." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3864&press_section_id=2869</ref>

In terms of luxury and convenience features there was little that distinguished the Zephyr from the Fusion or Milan. Most of the features that were optional in the Fusion or Milan were simply standard in the Zephyr. Some of these standard features in the Zephyr include: [[cruise control]], automatic headlights, fog lights, power door locks, "global" power windows (all windows can lower simultaneously at the push of a button), power adjustable and heated mirrors with puddle lamps, remote keyless entry, a tilt and telescoping steering wheel with redundant audio and climate controls, dual-zone automatic climate control, a universal garage door opener, 10-way power driver and front passenger seats, rear-seat reading lamps, and a six-speaker audio system with an AM/FM stereo radio and a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer. Optional in the Zephyr was a power moonroof, a DVD-based satellite navigation system, [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]], heated and cooled front seats, and an industry-first [[THX]] II-Certified audio system with a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer and ten speakers. Safety features include standard dual front-side airbags, front seat-deployed side airbags, and curtain airbags that extend from the front to rear seats.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Technical Specifications." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3863&press_section_id=2878</ref> [[File:06ZephyrInt.jpg|thumb|right|Front interior area of a 2006 Lincoln Zephyr]]

Mechanically the Zephyr was closely related to the Fusion and Milan. As mentioned, all three cars were based on Ford's [[Ford CD3 platform|CD3 platform]], which was in turn derived from the [[Mazda Atenza|Mazda 6]]. Like these cars the Zephyr is natively [[front-wheel drive]] (FWD). The Zephyr uses a coil-over damper, short- and long-arm ([[Double wishbone suspension|SLA]]) front suspension with double-ball-joint control arms while the rear suspension is an independent multi-link design with lower control arms and a {{convert|17|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} stabilizer bar. Spring rates, bushings, and dampers have been specially tuned for the Zephyr to provide excellent ride comfort without compromising handling. All Zephyrs feature standard four-wheel [[Anti-lock braking system|anti-lock]] disc brakes with [[Traction control system|traction control]]. The sole engine offered in the Zephyr was an all-aluminum 3.0 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]] producing 221 hp (165 kW) at 6250 rpm and 205 lb·ft (278 N·m) of torque at 4800 rpm. This engine was mated to an [[Aisin Seiki Co.|Aisin]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] and had a final drive ratio of 3.46:1. This powertrain was identical to the V6 powertrain available in the Fusion and Milan from 2006-2009.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2006 Zephyr Powertrain." Ford Media. 2005. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1236&item_id=3865&press_section_id=2858</ref> With this powertrain the Zephyr could accelerate from zero to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 7.5 seconds.<ref>Russ, Carey. "2006 Lincoln Zephyr Review." The Auto Channel. 2006. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/04/09/003548.html</ref> The Zephyr came with a {{Convert|17.5|usgal|L impgal|0|abbr=on}} fuel tank and is rated to deliver {{convert|17|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in city driving and {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} on the highway based on the revised 2008 [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] fuel efficiency measurement standards.<ref>United States. "2006 Lincoln Zephyr." Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorSelectEngine.jsp?year=2006&make=Lincoln&model=Zephyr</ref>

===2007 revision===
[[File:Lincoln MKZ.jpg|thumb|left|2007–2009 Lincoln MKZ]]

For 2007, just one year after its introduction, due to its poor reception in the marketplace{{cn}}, the Zephyr was refreshed and renamed to follow a new [[nomenclature]] developed by Lincoln that mimics the [[alphanumeric]] naming schemes used by other luxury automakers like Mercedes-Benz, the Zephyr was renamed ''MKZ''. Management at Lincoln originally announced the MKZ with a "Mark-Zee" pronunciation during the 2006 auto show circuit, but eventually changed it to the phonetic "em-kay-zee" due to confusion observed among focus groups and dealership personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2006/07/lincoln_mkx_mkz.html|title=Lincoln Dealer Confusion Forces Model Name Changes|publisher=Cars.com|date=2006-07-24|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref>

The 2007 MKZ was first shown at the [[Chicago Auto Show]] in February 2006. Other than its new name, the MKZ gained a number of substantial changes over its predecessor. Stylistically, the MKZ's grille was revised, with the "waterfall" becoming longer. The lower front fascia below the grille was also redesigned. The standard and optional versions of the MKZ's 17x7.5-inch wheels were restyled. An intelligent all-wheel drive system was now available, seamlessly distributing power to each wheel for optimum traction. Powering the MKZ, and taking a large step toward further differentiating the car from the Fusion and Milan, was Ford's new, all-aluminum 3.5 L [[Dual overhead cam|DOHC]] [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[V6 engine|V6]]. The engine was tuned to produce 263 hp (196 kW) at 6250 rpm and 249 lb·ft (337 N·m) of torque at 4500 rpm. Significantly, the new engine needed only 87-octane regular grade gasoline to achieve its output.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2007 MKZ Overview." Ford Media. 2006. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1378&item_id=4280&press_section_id=2870</ref> Also, in spite of the MKZ's power advantage over the 3.0 L DOHC V6-equipped Zephyr, the fuel economy of the MKZ rivals that of the Zephyr at {{convert|17|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in city driving and {{convert|25|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} on the highway in front-wheel drive models.<ref>United States. "2007 Lincoln MKZ." Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorSelectEngine.jsp?year=2007&make=Lincoln&model=MKZ%20FWD</ref> A road test by [[Motor Trend]] found that an MKZ equipped with all-wheel drive could accelerate from zero to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in 6.8 seconds and complete a quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at {{convert|93.4|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} thanks to the more powerful engine and extra traction.<ref>Stone, Matt. "First Test: 2007 Lincoln MKZ AWD." Motor Trend. 2006. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/112_0703_2007_lincoln_mkz/index.html</ref> One of the few other changes that was applied to the 2007 MKZ was a revision to the available [[THX]] II-Certified audio system to increase its speaker amount to 14 and its peak output to 600 [[Watt]]s. Beyond the MKZ's changes, the car remained positioned as an entry-level luxury sedan with base models still starting at just under $30,000 [[United States dollar|USD]] and fully optioned models remaining well below $40,000 [[United States dollar|USD]].

For 2008 the MKZ received new standard features as a part of Lincoln's continued effort to refine the car. [[Sirius satellite radio]], perforated leather seats, a reverse sensing system, a tire pressure monitoring system, and [[Ford Sync|Lincoln SYNC]] (late availability) were all newly standard.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2008 MKZ Overview." Ford Media. 2007. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1620&item_id=5063&press_section_id=2870</ref> For 2009, Ford's ''AdvanceTrac'' [[Electronic stability control|stability control]] system became standard while a special edition "Midnight Black" package was available, featuring black leather seating surfaces and panels contrasted with [[maple]] wood and satin nickel inserts.

===2010 revision===
[[File:2010 Lincoln MKZ 3.jpg|thumb|right|2010 Lincoln MKZ]]
The 2010 MKZ was unveiled at the 2008 [[Greater Los Angeles Auto Show|Los Angeles International Auto Show]], revealing an extensive update with a revised interior and exterior in addition to new features. The MKZ's exterior was updated with an emphasis on the front and rear fascias. In the front, the MKZ's headlights are new while its fascia and split-wing grille closely resembles that of the [[Lincoln MKR]] concept, a new approach towards giving all Lincolns a shared appearance inspired by Lincolns during the late 1930s, as demonstrated by the 1936 [[Lincoln-Zephyr]]. In the rear, the taillights have been revised to be longer and thinner, similar to the original Zephyr concept. The MKZ's standard and optional 17-inch wheels have been restyled again and are supplemented with a new 18-inch wheel option. Inside, the MKZ's interior is all-new stylistically but continues to extensively use real wood accents and metal surfaces. Higher quality ''[[Bridge of Weir]]'' leather seating surfaces are standard. Other features new for 2010 include a reverse camera system, [[Sirius satellite radio|Sirius]] Travel Link, a DVD-based satellite navigation system updated to accept voice commands, rain-sensing windshield wipers, a cabin air filter, and adaptive [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID headlights]]. Mechanically, the MKZ features new suspension tuning to further improve ride quality and handling and a new ''SelectShift'' 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] that improves acceleration. The 2010 MKZ was released during the Spring of 2009.<ref>Ford Motor Company. "2010 Lincoln MKZ Builds on Success with New Face, New Interior, More Features, Quieter Experience." Ford Media. Nov. 19 2008. http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29458</ref>

===MKZ Hybrid (2011)===
[[File:2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid with badging WAS 2011 859.jpg|thumb|left|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid with leaf road logo badging used in the hybrid version.]]
The 2011 MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 [[New York International Auto Show]]<ref name=GCC0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/mkzhybrid-20100330.html|title=Ford Introduces 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid; Projected 41 mpg City|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]] |date=2010-03-31|accessdate=2010-04-05}}</ref> and sales began in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/september-2010.html|title=September 2010 Dashboard: Hybrid Sales Slide, While Clean Diesel Continues Growth|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-10-05|accessdate=2010-10-05}}</ref> It is the first Lincoln [[hybrid electric vehicle]] and the first Lincoln model with a 4-cylinder engine and delivers an [[U.S. EPA|EPA]] city rating of {{convert|41|mpgUS|abbr=on}} and a highway rating of {{convert|36|mpgUS|abbr=on}}, which made it the most [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel efficient]] [[Luxury vehicle|luxury sedan]] in the U.S. until the release of the 2011 [[Lexus CT|Lexus CT 200h]] in March 2011.<ref name=GCC_EPA>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/06/2011-lincoln-mkz-hybrid-eparated-at-41-mpg-city36-mpg-highway-most-fuel-efficient-luxury-sedan-in-us.html#more|title=2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid EPA-Rated at 41 mpg City/36 mpg Highway; Most Fuel Efficient Luxury Sedan in US |publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-06-16 |accessdate=2010-06-16}}</ref> The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid carries over the [[hybrid powertrain]] from the [[Ford Fusion Hybrid|Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids]], including the 2.5 L [[Ford Duratec engine|Duratec]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] with electric motor producing a total of {{convert|191|hp|abbr=on}}.<ref name=GCC0310/><ref name=MT0310/>
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has an [[all-electric range|E.V. mode]] that allows the car to travel short distances on electricity alone, at speeds up to {{Convert|47|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The MKZ Hybrid offers an improvement of Ford's [[Ford Fusion Hybrid#SmartGauge for eco driving|Smart Gauge with EcoGuide]], first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid.The MKZ Smart Gauge version offers a new "Flower" design compared to the "Leaf" design of the Fusion. In essence, the car rewards you with flower blossoms for economic driving/driving habits.<ref name=GCC0310/><ref name=MT0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/auto_shows/new_york/2010/1003_2011_lincoln_mkz_hybrid/index.html |title=2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid|publisher=[[Motor Trend]]|date=March 2010|author=Mike Floyd|accessdate=2010-04-05}}</ref>
[[File:2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid WAS 2011 861.JPG|thumb|180px|The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.]]
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is marketed by [[Ford]] as a competitor to the [[Lexus HS 250h]], and as of July 2011 it is the only hybrid in the market with the same price as its conventional gasoline-engine version of the car.<ref name=NYTMKZ>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/automobiles/upwardly-mobile-hybrids-splurging-while-saving-gas.html?_r=1&emc=eta1|title=Upwardly Mobile Hybrids: Splurging While Saving Gas |author=Jerry Garrett|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2011-07-22|accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/22/is-this-the-end-of-the-hybrid-price-premium/?hpw|title=Is This the End of the Hybrid Price Premium? |author=Jim Motavalli|publisher=New York Times|date=2010-07-22|accessdate=2010-07-25}}</ref> Ford reported that until June 2011, about 20% of 2011 MKZ sales have been hybrids, and the market share is even higher in markets where hybrids in general sell well, such as the [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Los Angeles region]], where sales of the hybrid model represent 44%, and the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco area]], with a market share of 66%.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The MKZ Hybrid base price is {{USD|35,520}}, and with popular options including a [[sunroof]], [[navigation system]], [[blind spot monitor]]s, a [[THX]] surround-sound stereo and a [[backup camera]] the price rises to {{USD|41,370}}.<ref name=NYTMKZ/>

A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion line-up is scheduled for the 2013 [[model year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordautoshow.com/car/2012-ford-fusion-review/|title=2012 Ford Fusion Review|publisher=Ford Auto Show|date=2011-05-27|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> Both the Lincoln MKZ and the Fusion Hybrid are expected to use a new compact [[lithium-ion battery]] pack and an updated powertrain that is expected to deliver a higher [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of up to 47 to 48 mpgUS (4.9 to 5.0 L/100 km; 56 to 58 mpgimp) highway. The next generation Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is expected to be launched by mid-2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/13/report-next-gen-ford-fusion-hybrid-to-get-up-to-48-mpg-highway/|title=Report: Next-gen Ford Fusion Hybrid to get up to 48 mpg highway|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-13|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1061471_all-new-2013-ford-fusion-hybrid-to-get-47-48-city-mpg-report|title=All-New 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid To Get 47-48 City MPG: Report|author=John Voelcker|publisher=GreenCarReports|date=2011-06-13|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> The 2013 MKZ [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1064851_2013-lincoln-mkz-concept-coming-to-2012-detroit-auto-show|title=2013 Lincoln MKZ Concept Coming to 2012 Detroit Auto Show |author=Kurt Ernst|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2011-08-12|accessdate=2011-08-13}}</ref>

The MKZ Hybrid was one of the five finalists for the 2011 [[Green Car of the Year]] awarded by the [[Green Car Journal]] in November 2010, which was won by the [[Chevrolet Volt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php|title=Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2010-11-18|accessdate=2010-11-18}}</ref> In its 2011 [[Hybrid Scorecard]], the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] (UCS) ranked the MKZ Hybrid, together with the [[Lexus CT200h]], as the top luxury hybrid models in the scorecard’s environmental improvement category, an achievement the UCS attributed to their relatively small gasoline engines.<ref name=NYTUCS11>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/scientists-demand-improved-hybrid-performance-from-automakers/?emc=eta1|title=Scientists Demand Improved Hybrid Performance From Automakers |author=Cheryl Jensen |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2011-07-07 |accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid ranked higher than the Lexus on all factors: consumer value, hybrid technology, fuel efficiency and pollution reduction. Also, the UCS praised the MKZ Hybrid, together with the [[Hyundai Sonata Hybrid]], because both hybrids are available with few or no forced features that inflate the cost without adding to fuel savings or reducing emissions.<ref name=NYTMKZ/> The UCS's Hybrid Scorecard ratings for the MKZ Hybrid are higher than the non-luxury [[Toyota Prius]] for environmental performance, and hybrid vale; both are rated the same for forced features; and the Prius scores higher in fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard|title=Hybrid Scorecard|author= [[Union of Concerned Scientists]]|publisher=HybridCenter.org|accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref>

==Second generation (2013)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|image= 2013 Lincoln MKZ -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG
|related=[[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]]
|model_years=2013-
|engine=2.0L [[Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L EcoBoost I-4|EcoBoost]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 3.7L [[Ford Cyclone engine#Duratec 37|Duratec 37]] [[V6]] 2.0L [[Hybrid vehicle|Hybrid]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
|transmission=6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase={{convert|112.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|194.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|73.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|58.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

Ford redesigned the Lincoln MKZ for the 2013 model year. The [[concept car|concept model]] was presented at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/mkz-concept-is-the-next-step-in-lincolns-reinvention/?emc=eta1 |title=MKZ Concept Is the Next Step in Lincoln’s Reinvention |author=Jerry Garrett|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-01-10|accessdate=2012-01-23}}</ref>

The production version of the second generation MKZ was unveiled at the 2012 [[New York Auto Show]]. It follows the general concept idea released in the model displayed at the 2012 Detroit Auto Show. Ford will also offer the 2013 MKZ with three powertrains: a 240-horsepower EcoBoost 2-liter [[4-cylinder]], a 300-horsepower 3.7-liter [[V6]], and a hybrid system based on the 2-liter power plant. The hybrid option is expected to be available by late 2012, and like the previous MKZ generation, the MKZ Hybrid will be available for the same price as the non-hybrid model.<ref name=AG101612>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/10/16/lincoln-mkz-hybrid-rated-at-45-mpg-below-47-mpg-fusion-hybrid/|title=Lincoln MKZ Hybrid rated at 45 mpg, below 47-mpg Fusion Hybrid |author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[Autoblog.com]] |date=2012-10-16|accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/in-new-york-lincoln-mkz-makes-a-proposition/?emc=eta1|title=In New York, Lincoln MKZ Makes a Proposition |author=Tamara Warren|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-04-03|accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref>

===EPA ratings===
[[File:Lincoln MKZ concept WAS 2012 0509.JPG|thumb|left|The Lincoln MKZ [[concept car|concept]] was unveiled at the 2012[[North American International Auto Show]].]]
The [[US Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) rated the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at {{convert|45|mpgus|abbr=on}} with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. The 2013 model year 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder FWD automatic MKZ rating is {{convert|26|mpgus|abbr=on}} combined, {{convert|22|mpgus|abbr=on}} in the city, and {{convert|33|mpgus|abbr=on}} on the highway. The 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder AWD automatic model rating is {{convert|25|mpgus|abbr=on}} combined, {{convert|22|mpgus|abbr=on}} in the city, and {{convert|31|mpgus|abbr=on}} on the highway.<ref name=EPAratings>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=33295&id=33292&id=33291|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid FWD/MKZ AWD/MKZ FWD
|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] and [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref>

These ratings allowed the 2013 MKZ Hybrid to become the most fuel efficient luxury vehicle in the U.S. and improve the fuel economy of the [[Lexus ES#Sixth generation|Lexus ES 300h]] hybrid by 5 mpg-US on the combined cycle. Despite sharing the same powertrain, the 2013 MKZ Hybrid rated 2 mpg-US combined less than its sibling the second generation [[Ford Fusion Hybrid#Second generation|Ford Fusion Hybrid]] at {{convert|47|mpgus|abbr=on}}.<ref name=AG101612/>
{{clr}}

==Sales==
{{wikinews|Ford's US auto sales spike, surpassing GM}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Calendar Year|| colspan="3"|U.S. sales (2005 - 2011)
|-
! Total (gas & hybrid)|| Hybrid-only||Hybrid share
|-align=center
| 2005|| 4,985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2006|| 33,114<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379 |title=Ford Motor Company 2007 sales|date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2007|| 34,363<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/December07sales.pdf |title=Crossovers, Lincoln Highlight Ford's 2007 Sales Performance|date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2008|| 30,117<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |format=PDF|title=F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2009|| 22,081<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31604 |title=FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE, FIRST FULL-YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995 | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com|date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref>|| ||
|-align=center
| 2010|| 22,535<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/74946-december-2010-sales-ford-motor-company/ |title=December 2010 Sales: Ford Motor Company - Cheers & Gears Forums |publisher=Cheersandgears.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref>|| 1,192<ref name=Sales2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html|title=December 2010 Dashboard: Year End Tally|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2011-01-07|accessdate=2011-01-12}}</ref> ||5.3%
|-align=center
| 2011||27,529<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec11sales.pdf|title=2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S.|publisher=[[Ford Motor Company]]|date=2012-01-04|accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> ||5,739<ref name=Sales2011US>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/december-2011-dashboard-sales-still-climbing-35093.html |title=December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref>||20.8%
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lincoln Zephyr (2006)}}
{{Commons category|Lincoln MKZ}}
{{Commons category|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid}}
*[http://www.lincoln.com/mkz/ Official Lincoln MKZ Page]
{{Lincoln vehicles}}

[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Ford CD3 platform]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Lincoln vehicles|MKZ]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]

[[de:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[fa:لینکلن ام‌کی‌زی]]
[[fr:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[lt:Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ]]
[[ja:リンカーン・MKZ]]
[[pl:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[pt:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[ru:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[tr:Lincoln MKZ]]
[[uk:Lincoln MKZ]]

Suzuki Aerio

2012-10-24T02:42:59Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519474972 by 24.139.236.32 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Suzuki Aerio
|image=02-04 Suzuki Aerio sedan.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Suzuki]]
|production=2001–2007 continues in China, Pakistan
|predecessor=[[Suzuki Esteem]] [[Suzuki Swift]]
|aka=Changhe-Suzuki Liana Suzuki Baleno New G Suzuki Liana
|assembly=[[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]], [[Japan]] [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]/[[Mini MPV]]
|body_style=5-door [[hatchback]] 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|successor=[[Suzuki SX4]]
|engine=1.3 L [[straight-4|I4]]; 1.5 [[Liter|L]] I4; 1.6 L I4; 1.8 L I4; 2.0 L I4; 2.3 L I4; 1.4 L [[Diesel engine|Diesel]] [[Straight-4|I4]]
|transmission=5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase={{convert|2480|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
|length={{convert|4230|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (hatchback) {{convert|4350|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan)
|width= {{convert|1690|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (hatchback) {{convert|1535|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan)
}}
The '''Suzuki Aerio''' (called the '''Liana''' – ''Life In A New Age'' – in [[China]], [[Europe]], [[South Asia]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Australia]]) is a [[compact car]] that was built by [[Suzuki Motor Corporation]]. It was introduced in 2001 as a replacement for the [[Suzuki Esteem|Suzuki Esteem/Baleno]], with a tall 5-door SX model [[hatchback]] (for maximum inner room efficiency) and a 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] body. It featured two different 16-valve gasoline [[straight-4]] engines, with 1.5 L and 1.8 L, this one capable of {{convert|125|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]]. Production was discontinued in 2007 around the world and replaced by the [[Suzuki SX4]], except in [[China]] where it is built by Changhe-Suzuki <ref name="ChinaAutoWeb.com">{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/changhe-suzuki-releases-1-4l-liana-hatchback-liana-a/ |title=Changhe-Suzuki Releases 1.4L Liana Hatchback–Liana a+ |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com |date=2010-10-18}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]] where it is still being assembled by [[Pak Suzuki Motor]].

==Overview==
Models in [[North America]] got a larger and more powerful 2.0 L engine with {{convert|145|hp|abbr=on}}. A 5-speed [[manual transmission]] was standard with a 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] optional. All-wheel-drive was available, but only with the automatic. American Aerios came in two trim levels: the S and GS (2002–2004), S and LX (2005), and Base and Premium (2006–2007). Key changes over the years included an upgrade to a new 2.3-liter {{convert|155|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} engine in 2004, a major styling and interior refresh in 2005 (replacing the digital instruments with conventional analog ones), and the standardization of antilock brakes in 2006. Only the Aerio sedan remained for 2007, as the hatchback had been shelved to make room for the new 2007 [[Suzuki SX4|SX4]] hatchback. Likewise, the Aerio sedan [called Baleno Next-G in Indonesia] bowed out at year's end, making way for the 2008 [[Suzuki SX4|SX4 Sport]] sedan [called Neo Baleno in Indonesia]. Throughout its run, the Aerio was distinct for being the most affordable car in America to offer [[all-wheel-drive]].

In [[Europe]], where the car was called Liana (an acronym for ''Life In A New Age''), it was seen as a more affordable alternative to [[small family car]]s or to [[mini MPV]]s, introducing a new generation of [[Suzuki M engine]]s, with 1.3 L and 1.6 L [[Straight-4|I4]] engine. [[All wheel drive]] was available on the bigger engine. In 2004 the car was restyled with a look that closer resembled the Japanese version, and also received a [[Diesel engine]], with a 16-valve version of the 1.4 L HDi engine supplied by [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], capable of {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} thanks to [[common rail]] direct injection and a [[variable geometry turbocharger]].

The Liana was best known<ref>{{cite web|title=Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mj59/features/celeblaps1-7|publisher=Top Gear|accessdate=2009-07-24}}</ref> for its appearances in the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]]'''s ''[[Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car]]'' segment, as the saloon model was used from its first show until the model's replacement by a [[Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]] in the show's spring 2006 season. Today, it enjoys a partial retirement, only being brought back when the guest is a Formula 1 driver.

Changhe-Suzuki in China released a new 1.4L Liana hatchback in October 2010, called Liana a+, which has been sold alongside 1.6L versions.<ref name="ChinaAutoWeb.com"/>

The Liana remains in production in Pakistan in 1.3L and 1.6L variants.

==Pikes Peak==
In 2001, Suzuki specially built spaceframe racing car for [[Hillclimbing|hillclimb]] races with a bodyshell to resemble the Aerio dubbed the ''Suzuki Aerio P950 [[Pikes Peak]] Special'' driven by its rally team manager and former rally driver, [[Nobuhiro Tajima]].

Tajima retired from the race, one mile (1.6 km) short of the finishing line suffering from mechanical failures,<ref name=suzukisport>{{cite web|title=2001 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb|url=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2001/0702.html|publisher=Global Suzuki|date=2001-07-02}}</ref> team-mate [[Yutaka Awazuhara]] took the fourth overall in a Grand Vitara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Driver's Profile - Nobuhiro "Monster" Tajima|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110722095559/http://www.suzukisport.com/motorsport/hillclimb/06/pikespeak/driver-e.html|publisher=PPIHC|accessdate=2007-11-19}}</ref>

Tajima would finish as runner up in the [[All Japan Dirt Trial Championship]] that year with the same car and won the [[Race to the Sky]] hillclimb in 2003,<ref name=suzukisport/> before it was rebuilt as a Grand Vitara, then in 2007 as an XL7, breaking the overall course record at Pikes Peak.<ref>{{cite web|title=2001 Suzuki Liana (Aerio) Pikes Peak Special|url=http://www.supercars.net/garages/EBoNix3000/60v2.html|publisher=Supercars.net|accessdate=2007-11-19}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Suzuki Aerio SX -- 01-30-2012.jpg|Suzuki Aerio SX (US)
File:'05-'06 Suzuki Aerio SX.JPG|2005-2006 Suzuki Aerio SX (North America)
File:2005-07 Suzuki Aerio Sedan.jpg|2005-2007 Suzuki Aerio sedan (North America)
File:Suzuki Liana Rear.jpg|Suzuki Liana
File:Suzuki_Liana_SE_UK_model.jpg|Suzuki Liana SE (special edition) saloon, UK model
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Suzuki vehicles}}
{{Suzuki North America}}

[[Category:Suzuki vehicles|Aerio/Liana]]
[[Category:Mini MPVs]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]

[[da:Suzuki Liana]]
[[de:Suzuki Liana]]
[[es:Suzuki Aerio]]
[[fa:سوزوکی آیرو]]
[[hu:Suzuki Aerio]]
[[nl:Suzuki Liana]]
[[ja:スズキ・エリオ]]
[[pl:Suzuki Liana]]
[[pt:Suzuki Aerio]]
[[ru:Suzuki Liana]]
[[sv:Suzuki Liana]]
[[tr:Suzuki Aerio]]

Nissan Quest

2012-10-24T02:38:55Z

IFCAR: replaced redundant image

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Nissan Quest
|image=2011 Nissan Quest SL -- 04-22-2011.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Nissan]] (2004–present) [[Ford Motor Company]] (1993–2002)
|production=Japan: 1992–1998 2011-present North America: 1992–2002 2003-2009 |class=[[Minivan]]
|predecessor=[[Nissan Axxess]] [[Nissan Van C22 (Vanette)|Nissan Vanette]]
|successor=
|layout=[[FF layout]]
}}

The '''Nissan Quest''' is a [[minivan]] manufactured since 1993 by [[Nissan]], and is now in its fourth generation. The first two generations of the Quest were a joint venture with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], which marketed a [[badge engineering|rebadged]] variant as the [[Mercury Villager]]. The vans debuted at the 1992 [[North American International Auto Show]] in [[Detroit]].

Both vehicles were initially powered by the 3.0 L Nissan [[VG30E]] [[V6]] until 1998, when the Quest received the 3.3 L version of the [[Nissan VG engine#VG33E|same engine]] and a few minor updates, including a driver side sliding door, and grill and rear redesigns. The Quest was later completely redesigned for 2004, while the Villager was discontinued and replaced with the [[Ford Freestar|Freestar]]-based [[Ford Freestar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]]. The third generation model was built on the [[Nissan FF-L platform|FF-L platform]], which it shares with the [[Nissan Altima|Altima]], [[Nissan Maxima|Maxima]], and [[Nissan Murano|Murano]]. It also shares the award-winning 3.5 L [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ engine]] with those cars. The fourth generation model is built on the same platform as the 2011 [[Nissan_Elgrand#E50_.22First_Generation.22|Nissan Elgrand]].

{{tocleft}}
{{clear}}

==History==

===First generation (1993–1998)===

{{Infobox automobile
|name=First generation
|assembly=Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corporation U.S.A. (NMMC) Ford's [[Ohio Assembly]], [[Avon Lake, Ohio]]
|image=93-95 Nissan Quest.jpg
|production=April 14, 1992 – 1998
|model_years = 1993 – 1998
| platform = [[Ford VX54 platform]] (1992–2002)
|body_style=3-door [[minivan]]
|aka=[[Mercury Villager]]
|engine=3.0 L ''[[VG30E]]'' [[V6]]
|transmission=4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase= {{Convert|112.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= {{Convert|189.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{Convert|73.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{Convert|67.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Cargo) {{Convert|65.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1993-95 XE) {{Convert|68|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (GXE & 1996-98 XE)
|designer=Thomas Semple (1989)
}}

In 1987, Ford and Nissan entered a joint agreement to develop an all-new vehicle to compete in the minivan segment scheduled for 1991. Development officially began later that year under the codename VX54, with the final designs being chosen in 1989. Prototypes went into initial testing in 1990 at Ford and Nissan test tracks, later real-world testing throughout 1991, with development concluding at the end of that year. On January 6, 1992, the 1993 Nissan Quest was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Unusually, its design patents were subsequently filed by design chief Thomas H. Semple for Nissan Motor Co. on March 5, 1992 rather than in advance of its introduction. The very first Nissan Quest rolled off the production line on April 14, 1992 at the Avon, Ohio plant sourced from Japanese production. While assembly took place at Ohio Assembly, initial production began in Japan and later at NMMC that August. NMMC production began in June 1992 on the main body components, with engine assembly beginning in August. The Quest was launched in September 1992 and sold 1,358 units during its first month.<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-05-04/business/8702020971_1_ford-and-nissan-mini-van-smyrna-plant</ref><ref>http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-12-07/topic/8912062887_1_aerostar-minivan-mercury</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-02-10/business/9101120827_1_general-motors-corp-new-front-drive-mercury-villager</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/USD347198</ref><ref>http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NISSAN+QUEST+PRODUCTION+BEGINS-a012048048</ref><ref>www.autointell.com/asian_companies/nissan/nissan-facilities/nissan-us-facilities.htm</ref><ref>www.thefreelibrary.com/NISSAN'S+ALTIMA+AND+QUEST+LAUNCH+FULL+SPEED+AHEAD+WITH+STRONG...-a012619058</ref>
The Quest was a successor to the [[Nissan Axxess|Axxess]], which was sold in the [[United States]] in 1990 only(ended production in 1989) and in [[Canada]] from 1990-1995. It also replaced the [[rear-wheel drive]] [[Nissan Van C22 (Vanette)|Vanette]], also discontinued in 1990. The Quest was initially powered by Nissan's 3.0 L VG30E [[SOHC]] engine that made {{Convert|151|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|182|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}. Ford required that Nissan make some design changes to the VG30E before they would agree to use it in the Villager and Quest. Changes included the addition of an oil level sensor and relocating the oil filter assembly for better access. The Quest was available as XE or GXE models. Because of manufacturing issues, Nissan had an arrangement for Ford to assemble the minivan in [[North America]], and in turn they were allowed to rebadge it and sell it under the Mercury brand as the [[Mercury Villager|Villager]]. Many of the interior parts, including the radio, heater controls and power windows controls were adapted from Ford, and were similar to the [[Ford Aerostar]]. This generation of the Quest and Villager was built at Ford's [[Ohio Assembly]] plant in [[Avon Lake, Ohio]]. The van shared the modified version of the VG30E from the U11, and early J30 Maximas, as well as the 4-speed [[automatic transmission]] from the Maxima.
The Quest/Villager engine seems to have a serious flaw in the crankshaft, as they break at the front stub. Nissan increased the diameter from 25 to 27 mm around 1995.
The Quest is distinguishable from the Mercury Villager by a different grille, side trim, front and rear bumpers, and tail lights.

[[File:96-98 Nissan Quest.jpg|thumb|left|1996-1998 Nissan Quest]]
Seating was for 7, with a removable 2-seater bench in the middle, allowing the third row bench of 3 seats to slide up (either folded up for more room or down for passengers) behind the front for more rear cargo room. In 1993, a driver's side airbag was made standard after early customer requests were made prior to the Quest's launch. A passenger airbag was later added in 1995 for the 1996 model year. That year saw the introduction of changes to the front and rear fascias, as well as headlights and tail lamps and the elimination of the motorized shoulder belts.

The headlamp assembly for 1996-1998 Quests will fit into 1993-1995 Quests. The only modification required is to the switch the low-beam (center pin) and ground pins on the light bulb socket. The newer assembly will also use the brighter 9007 bulb with ~1000 lumens vs ~700 of the 9004 bulb.
{{clear}}

===Second generation (1999–2002)===
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|image=2nd Nissan Quest.jpg
|production=August 1998–June 2002
|body_style=4-door [[minivan]]
|aka=[[Mercury Villager]]
|platform = [[Ford VX54 platform]] (1993–2002)
|engine=3.3 L ''[[Nissan VG engine|VG33E]]'' [[V6]]
|transmission=4-speed automatic
|wheelbase= {{Convert|112.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= {{Convert|194.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2001-02) {{Convert|194.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1999-2000)
|width= {{Convert|74.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Avon Lake, Ohio]], [[United States]]
|height= {{Convert|64.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} {{Convert|67.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

For 1999, the Quest was redesigned, and it gave the exterior a more aerodynamic look, and the driver's side sliding door. The Quest also got a power boost via the 3.3 L VG33E [[SOHC]] engine, making {{Convert|171|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|200|lbft|Nm|-1|abbr=on}} of [[torque]]. The XE trim was discontinued and the GXE was moved as the base model. Two new trim levels were also introduced: the top of the line GLE and the sport model SE. This Nissan Quest model became the first Nissan minivan with 4 doors since the 1995 [[Nissan Axxess]].

[[File:2001-2002 Nissan Quest GLE -- 03-16-2012 2.JPG|thumb|left|2001-2002 Nissan Quest GLE]]

In August 2000, the 2001 Quest received various minor improvements. Styling front and rear was updated, along with new alloy wheels on all models. The entry-level GXE gained a rear stabilizer bar, while the SE received acceleration-sensitive strut valving and a strut tower brace. New interior gauges and fabrics as well as a 130-watt sound system were standard on SE and GLE. Luxury GLE models also received an in-dash six-[[CD changer]] and a wood and leather-trimmed steering wheel. An optional overhead family entertainment system replaced the former floor-mounted model, though it could still be specified for SEs and GLEs equipped with a [[sunroof]]. Front [[seatbelt]]s were given pretensioners. The 2001 Quest was also slightly longer, with more cargo space than the initial models. The 2002 Nissan Quest was not sold in [[Canada]]. The Quest would not return to Canada until the third generation model arrived in 2003.

By the end of this generation, both [[Honda]] and [[Toyota]] marketed solely long-wheelbase minivans. No Quest models were marketed for the 2003 model year.

{{clear}}

===Third generation (2004–2009)===

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation
|image=3rd-Nissan-Quest.jpg
|production = May 27, 2003–2009
|model_years = 2004 – 2009
|assembly=[[Canton, Mississippi]], [[United States]]
|body_style=4-door [[minivan]]
|related=[[Nissan Altima]] [[Nissan Maxima]] [[Nissan Murano]] [[Nissan Teana]]
|engine=3.5 L ''[[Nissan VQ engine|VQ35DE]]'' [[V6]]
|platform=[[Nissan FF-L platform]]
|transmission=4-speed automatic 5-speed automatic
|wheelbase= {{Convert|124.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= {{Convert|204.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{Convert|77.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{Convert|70.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2004-06) {{Convert|71.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2007-2009)
}}
Development began in 1999 on the V42 alongside a proposed Ford replacement. In 2000, decisions were made by Ford and Nissan to abandon the joint venture, as both the Windstar and Quest replacements were in initial development and the design process. As a result Ford made plans to build a Mercury variant on the Windstar (WIN-96) successor's platform due in 2003 and Nissan on the Altima and Maxima platform. The design of the Quest was chosen in late 2000, with a concept vehicle being presented in January 2002 at [[NAIAS]] as a thinly veiled preview. The production third generation Quest was unveiled for the 2004 model year at the 2003 North American International Auto Show using the [[Nissan Altima]] and [[Nissan Maxima]] [[automobile platform|platform]], Nissan's FF-L platform, in a package slightly longer than the [[Chrysler]] long-wheelbase minivans. Production was moved to a new plant in [[Canton, Mississippi]] and started on May 27, 2003.<ref>http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/infiniti-goes-big</ref>

The Quest is powered by the oft-used 3.5 L [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]] engine from the Maxima, Altima, and others. In the Quest, it produces {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|242|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The Quest has a flat folding rear bench and the two middle chairs fold nearly flat into the floor. The interior volume is {{Convert|211.9|ft3|m3}}.

The third generation Quest features an unusual moonroof glass arrangement, and positions for 2 [[DVD]] screens with aux input, when the VHS shaped IWCC Xl systemn was discontinued. Also featured in the SE model were side front airbags, curtain airbags for all rows, VSC (Vehicle Stability Control), Traction Control, dual power doors and power rear hatch, Bose audio with RDS and folding second row seats, dual climate control, and rear backup sensors. Nissan redesigned the front grill and the dashboard for the 2007 model. They also moved the DVD player from under the front passenger seat to the IP stack.

The Quest did not return for the 2010 model year, with Nissan stating that the automaker needed room at the Canton plant for production of a commercial vehicle based on the Nissan NV2000 concept.<ref name="q2010" />

The Quest suffered from various quality issues in the 2004 model year. Most were addressed near the end of that model by an engineering team sent from Japan to help with the new plant in Canton. Vehicles already sold here fixed by dealers with many Technical Service Bulletins. Also produced in this plant were the Nissan Titan and Infiniti QX56, which also had various quality issues in the first year.

'''National Sales figures'''

2003 - 23,170 (From remaining 2002 & 2004 model early sales)

2004 - 46,430

2005 - 40,357

2006 - 31,905

2007 - 28,590

2008 - 18,743

2009 - 8,564
{{clear}}

===Fourth generation (2011-present)===
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Fourth Generation
|image=2011 Nissan Quest LE -- 12-22-2010.jpg
|production= December 2010- present
|model_years = 2011 – present
|assembly=[[Nissan Shatai|Shatai]], [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]
|body_style=4-door [[minivan]]
|platform=[[Nissan D platform]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|related=[[Nissan Altima]] [[Nissan Maxima]] [[Nissan Murano]] [[Nissan Teana]] [[Nissan Elgrand]]
|engine= [[Nissan VQ engine|VQ35DE]] 3.5L [[V6]]
|transmission=[[Continuously Variable Transmission]]
|wheelbase={{convert|118.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|200.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|77.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|71.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}
The fourth generation Quest is built at the [[Nissan Shatai|Shatai]] Kyūshū plant in Japan for 2011. The platform is shared with the current generation [[Nissan Elgrand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoincar.com/next-generation-nissan-quest-r42h-be-share-new-elgrand-j42h-body-component/ |title=Next Generation Nissan Quest (R42H) be share New Elgrand (J42H) body Component » Codename, Nissan, QuestElgrand, developingBoth, Shahai, Plant |publisher=Autoincar |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2010-05-10}}</ref> It is powered by Nissan's [[Nissan VQ engine|3.5L VQ series]] engine with {{Convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Front wheel drive is standard, and the USDM version has an extra full {{convert|5|in|cm}} of width to avoid the tall skinny look of Japanese vans. The Quest went on sale in North America in early 2011 as a 2011 model.<ref name="q2010">{{cite web|url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6592915/news/nissan-says-no-quest-for-2010/index.html |title=Nissan Says No Quest for 2010 – Automotive News & Car Rumors at Automobile Magazine |publisher=Rumors.automobilemag.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/nissan/quest/teased-nissan-quest.html |title=Teased: Nissan Quest |publisher=Insideline.com |date=2010-03-30 |accessdate=2010-05-10}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nissannews.com/newsrelease.do?id=1714&mid=1|title=The 2011 Nissan Lineup: Charting the Changes|publisher=Nissan News|date=2010-06-21|accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref> Nissan revealed five teaser images of the 2011 Quest revealing the exterior and interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/nissan-quest.html |title=LA Live: 2011 Nissan Quest makes world debut, pricing announced |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref> In Japan the Elgrand competes with the [[Toyota Alphard]] and the [[Honda Elysion]]. The 2011 Nissan Quest was unveiled at the 2010 [[Los Angeles International Auto Show]]. The automaker to make for the 2011 Nissan Quest is made with [[Brazil|Brasilian]] interior sounds and shapes e.g. a Brenmassan manacara... most notably used in the ''LE'' model.

[[File:2012 Nissan Quest SV rear.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of 2012 Quest SV]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
2009 Sales
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nissan-north-america-announces-december-sales-80720037.html

Canton Plant quality problems
http://detnews.com/article/20060107/AUTO01/601070335/Experts-cite-Mississippi-plant-as-problem-with-Nissan-reliability

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.nissanusa.com/quest Nissan USA Quest site]
*[http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/intellichoice/minivans/369_0506_nissan_quest/ AutomobileMagazine-2005 Nissan Quest (review)]
*[http://questdriver.com/ QuestDriver Forum Community]

{{nissan}}
{{Modern North American Nissan trucks}}

[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Quest]]
[[Category:Minivans]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1993]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

[[de:Nissan Quest]]
[[fa:نیسان کوئست]]
[[fr:Nissan Quest]]
[[ja:日産・クエスト]]
[[pl:Nissan Quest]]
[[pt:Nissan Quest]]
[[uk:Nissan Quest]]
[[zh:日产贵士]]

Volkswagen Jetta

2012-10-23T02:08:01Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519165581 by Hornymanatee (talk), rv lower-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta
|image = Volkswagen Jetta 2.5 sedan 2.jpg
|aka =
|manufacturer = [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]
|production = 1979–present
|class = [[Small family car]]
|predecessor = [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]] series
|sp = uk
}}
The '''Volkswagen Jetta''' is a [[compact car]], produced by German [[automotive industry|automaker]] [[Volkswagen Group]] for the [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]] marque since 1979. Positioned to fill a [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] niche above the firm's [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] hatchback offering, it has been marketed over six generations variously as the '''Atlantic''', '''Fox''', '''Vento''', '''Bora''', '''City Jetta''', '''Jetta City''', '''GLI''', '''Jetta''', and '''Sagitar'''.

The Jetta was originally adapted by adding a conventional trunk to the Golf hatchback, and some distinctive styling (usually the front end, and sometimes slight interior changes). It has been offered in two- and four-[[vehicle door|door]] saloon (sedan), and five-door [[station wagon|estate (station wagon)]] versions - all as five-[[car seat|seaters]]. As of 2005, over 6.6 million cars have been sold worldwide, over one-third in the United States alone. Since the original version in 1980, the car has grown in size and power with each successive generation.<ref>{{cite press release|title=ALL-NEW JETTA MAKES WORLDWIDE DEBUT AT L.A. AUTO SHOW|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group of America|Volkswagen of America]]|date=2005-01-05|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050724081414/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archivedate=2005-07-24|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> By mid 2011, almost 10 million Jettas have been produced and sold all over the world.

The Jetta nameplate is a reference to the Atlantic '[[jet stream]]', reflecting the period in Volkswagen's history when it named its vehicles after prominent winds. These also included the [[Volkswagen Passat]] (after the German word for [[trade wind]]), Volkswagen Bora (after [[bora (wind)|bora]]), and [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] (after [[sirocco]]).<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://media.vw.com|title=Jetta History|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2004-01-07|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9382|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043735/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9382|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>

==First generation (A1, ''Typ'' 16){{Anchor|A1|16}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta<ref name="Werner Oswald 2001. p. 72-87">Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 72-87.</ref><ref name="Mike Covello 2002. p. 826-829">Mike Covello: ''Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946–2002''. Krause Publications, Iola 2002. ISBN 0-87341-605-8, p. 826-829.</ref> (A1, ''Typ'' 16)
|image = JettaDiesel1.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Atlantic Volkswagen Fox
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|production = August 1979–February 1984<ref name="ETKA"/> 571,030 built<ref>Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 86. Note: German production only. Total production ca. 700,000 cars.</ref>
|assembly = [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Wolfsburg]], Germany [[Uitenhage]], South Africa [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], México
|body_style = 2-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door saloon/sedan
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A1|Volkswagen Group A1]]
|engine = '''''Europe and RoW''''': '''[[inline-four|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s''' 1.1[[litre|L]] 50 [[Horsepower#PS|PS]] (37 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]; 49 [[Horsepower#Mechanical horsepower|hp]]) 1.3L {{convert|60|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.5L {{convert|70|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|85|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|110|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.8L {{convert|112|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} '''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 
1.6L {{convert|54|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|70|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} [[turbodiesel|TD]] 
'''''North America/Japan''''': '''[[inline-four|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s''' 1.6L {{convert|76|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} ([[model year|MY]] 1980) 1.7L {{convert|74|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1981–1984) 1.8L {{convert|90|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1983–1984) '''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 1.6L {{convert|52|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1982–1984) 1.6L {{convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1983–1984)
|transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4270|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1600|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1300|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1|Volkswagen Golf Mk1/Rabbit]]
|designer = [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]
|sp = uk
}}

Although the Golf had reached considerable success, in the North American markets, Volkswagen observed that the [[hatchback]] body style lacked some of the appeal to those who preferred the traditional [[Three-box styling|three-box]] configuration. The styling of the 1970 [[AMC Gremlin]] was controversial for truncating the Hornet sedan, but Volkswagen stylists reversed the process by essentially grafting a new trunk onto the tail of the Golf to produce a larger Jetta saloon (sedan).<ref>{{cite book|last=Vack|first=Peter|title=Illustrated Volkswagen Buyer's Guide|publisher=Motorbooks International|year=1993|location=Osceola, Wisconsin USA|page=124|isbn=0-87938-724-6}}</ref> The Jetta became the best-selling European car in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<ref>{{cite press release|title=IN BRIEF: THE NEW JETTA|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2005-08-15|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9661|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216084644/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9661|archivedate=2005-12-16|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|author-link=http://www.CNNExpansion.com|title=Jetta arriba en julio y agosto|newspaper=CNN Expansion|date=2008-09-09|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/negocios/los-autos-mas-vendidos-en-julio-y-agosto/jetta-arriba-en-julio-y-agosto|postscript=}}</ref> The car is also popular in Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite press release|title=The Jetta|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2008-03-04|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2008/03/04/the_jetta.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref>

The Jetta was introduced to the world at the 1979 Frankfurt Auto Show.<ref>{{Cite document|title=Volkswagen writes history|publisher=Volkswagen Kommunikation Briefach|year=1998|location=D-28436 Wolfsburg|postscript=}}</ref> Production of the first generation began in August 1979<ref name="ETKA">[[ETKA]]{{Clarify|date=April 2010|reason=This is not a proper reference citation.Use {{tl|Cite web}} or similar to provide source details.}}</ref> at the Wolfsburg plant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grieger|first=Manfred|title=Volkswagen Chronicle Volume 7|publisher=Volkswagen AG, Group Communications, Corporate History Department|year=2003|location=Wolfsburg, Germany|page=107|isbn=3-935112-11-4}}</ref> In Mexico, the Mark 1 was known as the "Volkswagen Atlantic".

The car was available as a two-[[car door|door]] [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] (replacing the aging [[RR layout|rear-engined, rear-wheel drive]] [[Volkswagen Beetle]] 2-door sedan in the United States and Canada) and four-door saloon/sedan body styles, both of which shared a traditional [[Three-box styling|three-box design]]. Like the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]], its angular styling was penned at [[Italdesign Giugiaro|ItalDesign]], by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]. Styling differences could be found depending on the market. In most of the world, the car was available with [[Headlamp#International headlamp styling, 1983 to present|composite]] [[headlamp|headlights]], while in the USA, it was only available with rectangular [[sealed beam]] lamps due to [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108]] (FMVSS 108). The suspension setup was identical to the Golf and consisted of a [[MacPherson strut]] setup in front and a [[twist-beam rear suspension]] in the rear. It shared its 2.4 metre (94.5 in) wheelbase with its hatchback counterpart, although overall length was up by 380 millimetres (15 in). The capacity of the luggage compartment was 377 litres (13.3 ft3), making the Jetta reasonably practical.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robson|first=Graham|coauthors=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide|title=Volkswagen Chronicle|publisher =Publications International, Ltd.|year=1996|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois, USA|page=160|isbn=0-7853-1599-3}}</ref> To distinguish the car from the Golf, interiors were made more upscale in all markets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flammang|first=James M.|title=VOLKSWAGEN Beetles, Buses & Beyond|publisher=Krause Publications|year=1996|location=Iola, Wisconsin, USA|page=219|isbn=0-87341-419-5}}</ref> This included velour seating and color coordinated sill to sill carpeting.

Engine choices varied considerably depending on the local market. Most were based on [[Volkswagen 827 engine|827 engines]] of the era. Choices in [[petrol engine]]s ranged from a 1.1 [[litre]] [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engine producing {{convert|37|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}, to a 1.8-litre I4 which made {{convert|82|kW|PS bhp|0}} and {{convert|150|Nm|0|lk=on}} of torque. Some cars were equipped with [[carburetor]]s, while others were [[fuel injection|fuel-injected]] using [[Jetronic#K|K]] or [[Jetronic#KE|KE Jetronic]] supplied by [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. [[Diesel engine]] choices included a 1.6-litre making {{convert|37|kW|PS bhp|0}} and a [[turbocharged]] version of the same engine which produced {{convert|51|kW|PS bhp|0}} and {{convert|130|Nm|0}} of torque.
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta I Trumpington Road.JPG|thumb|left|Jetta (UK specification)]]

In 1984 Volkswagen offered the Jetta GLI in the US, adding many of the drivetrain features and improvements of the 1983–1984 US GTI, including the fuel-injected 90 hp engine, close-ratio 5-speed manual transmission, sport suspension, front and rear anti-sway bars, and ventilated front disc brakes. Externally, the Jetta GLI was distinguished by wide body-side moldings, a black airfoil on the driver's-side windshield wiper, black plastic trim panel between the rear taillights and GLI badging. The interior of the car sported leather 4-spoke steering wheel and shift knob, three additional gauges in the center console, sport seats similar to those in the GTI, and distinctive upholstery and interior trim. The Jetta GLI was offered in 5 colors, black, Atlas grey and red (with black interior) and white and Diamond silver (with blue interior).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Volkswagen briefly considered producing the Jetta in a plant located in [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]] in the USA.<ref>Robson, p.168</ref> However, due to declining sales in North America, the decision was postponed and finally abandoned in 1982.<ref>Grieger, p. 92</ref> [[Sterling Heights Assembly|The site]] was subsequently sold to [[Chrysler]] in 1983 and is still in operation as of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com|title=Sterling Heights Assembly Plant|publisher=DaimlerChrysler|month=July|year=2006|url=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0-5-8793-1-36910-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061017120906/http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0-5-8793-1-36910-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|archivedate=2006-10-17|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> This generation was also produced in Bosnia under the joint venture Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo (TAS) for the [[Balkan]] area.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.GlobalAutoIndex.com|title=Volkswagen|url=http://www.globalautoindex.com/maker.plt?no=1425|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927193134/http://www.globalautoindex.com/maker.plt?no=1425|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03|postscript=}}</ref>

===Safety===
Volkswagen was an early adopter of passive restraint systems. The first generation cars could be equipped with an "[[automatic seat belts|automatic]]" shoulder belt mounted to the door. The idea was to always have the belt buckled thereby doing away with the requirement that the driver and passenger remember to buckle up. Instead of a lap belt, the dashboard was designed with an integrated knee bar to prevent submarining underneath the shoulder belt.

In crash tests conducted by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]], the Mark 1 received five out of five stars in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test for both driver and passenger protection.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.SafeCarGuide.com|title=NHTSA crash-test Archive|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=1981|url=http://www.safecarguide.com/exp/archive/archive.htm|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
[[File:'83-'84 Volkswagen Jetta.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta (North American specification)]]
The first generation was met with generally positive reviews. Testers found the car handled precisely, although the lack of power steering contributed to heavy steering when parking.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=290|date=June 1981|postscript=}}</ref> The brakes worked well for a car of the day, but some [[brake fade]] was evident. The ride was taut but firm in the typical style of German cars, with large bumps being well absorbed by the suspension but smaller undulations coming through. Reviews differed on noise levels, some found the car fairly quiet, while others thought the engine contributed to higher noise levels.<ref>{{Cite news|last=White|first=John R.|title=VW'S JETTA A NIFTY LITTLE PACKAGE|newspaper=Boston Globe|page=1|date=1980-06-15|postscript=}}</ref> Critics found the seating comfortable, but noted that the rear seat lacked sufficient head room. Most major controls and displays such as the speedometer and climate controls were well liked, but some secondary switches were not well placed or intuitive. The aforementioned automatic seat belts in some markets that were attached to the door frame made it impossible to forget to buckle the belt, but it was difficult to enter the car with a package in hand. Writers liked that the luggage space was generous, especially for a car of its size. Additionally, numerous storage areas also gave practicality to the sedan. In one test, the car scored nearly as high as the more expensive [[Volkswagen Passat|Volkswagen Passat/Dasher]] and the [[Audi 80|Audi 80/4000]].<ref>CR, p.292</ref>

The Volkswagen Atlantic was introduced in the Mexican market in February 1981. The sole competition for the Atlantic in the Mexican market was the [[Renault 18]]. The Mark 1 continued to be manufactured and marketed in [[South Africa]] after the introduction of the Mark 2, badged as the "Fox".<ref>{{cite web|last= |first=Adam|coauthors=Conrad Baudin|title=South Africa's Volkswagen Fox|url=http://www.lunaticfringe.org/vwfox/specs/Fox-SouthAfrica.html|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref>{{-}}

{{Anchor|A2|1G}}

==Second generation (A2, ''Typ'' 16; 1G)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta<ref name="Werner Oswald 2001. p. 72-87" /><ref name="Mike Covello 2002. p. 826-829" /> (A2, ''Typ'' 1G)
|image = JettaMkII.JPG
|production = 1984–1992 1991-present (China) 1,708,390 built<ref>Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 86-87.</ref><ref>Eberhard Kittler:'' Deutsche Autos seit 1990'', vol. 5. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02128-5, p. 224. ''Note: 1984–1989 German production only, 1990–1992 worldwide deliveries''.</ref>
|assembly = [[Changchun]], China [[Chengdu]], China [[Lagos]], Nigeria [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Uitenhage]], South Africa [[Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant|Westmoreland]], USA [[Wolfsburg]], Germany
|body_style = 2-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door saloon/sedan
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A2|Volkswagen Group A2]]
|engine = '''''Europe and RoW''''': '''[[inline-four engine|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s'''
1.3[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.3[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|53|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|62|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Four-wheel-drive|4x4]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|72|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Multi-valve|16-valve]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|102|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Multi-valve|16-valve]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}

'''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|44|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} ECOdiesel 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} [[Turbodiesel]] 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|59|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} [[Turbodiesel]]

'''''North America:'''''

'''[[inline-four engine|I4]] [[gasoline engine]]s ([[Volkswagen EA827 engine|''EA827'']])'''

1.8L {{Convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} ([[model year|MY]] 1985–1987) 
1.8L non-cat, Canada only{{Convert|95|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1987) 
1.8L GLI {{Convert|102|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1987) 
1.8L {{Convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1988–1992) 
1.8L {{Convert|105|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1988–1992) 
1.8L 16V {{Convert|123|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1987–1989) 
2.0L 16V {{Convert|134|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1990–1992)

'''I4 [[diesel engine]] ([[Volkswagen EA827 engine|''EA827'']])'''

1.6L Diesel {{Convert|59|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1992) 
1.6L Turbo Diesel {{Convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1992) 
1.6L ECODiesel {{Convert|62|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1991–1992)
|transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2470|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 1985-88: {{convert|4346|mm|1|abbr=on}} 1989-92: {{convert|4385|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1680|mm|1|abbr=on}} 1985-88 base models: {{convert|1665|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1410|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|weight =
|related = [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]] [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Corrado]]
|designer =
|sp = uk
}}
The Mark 2 series is the longest running Jetta so far. Introduced to Europe in early 1984 and to North America in 1985, the second generation Jetta proved to be a sales success for Volkswagen. The car secured the title of best-selling European car in North America, Farmers Journal COTY 1991 and outsold the similar Golf by two-to-one in that market.<ref>Robson, p. 182</ref> Based on the all new second generation Golf platform, the car was larger, heavier, and could seat five people instead of four as in the Mark 1. Exterior dimensions increased in all directions. Overall length was up by 100 millimetres (3.9 in), the wheelbase grew 66 millimetres (2.6 in), and the width went up 53 millimetres (2.1 in). The suspension setup was basically unchanged from the first generation, although refined slightly, for example by the inclusion of a separate subframe for mounting the front control arms to help noise isolation, as well as improved rubber mountings for all components. Aerodynamics improved considerably, with a [[drag coefficient]] of 0.36.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David C.|title=Golf, Jetta much improved and, with them, VWA's hopes|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=December 1984|postscript=}}</ref> With a 470-litre (16.6 ft3) luggage compartment, the trunk had grown nearly as large as some full-sized American sedans.<ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=124|date=February 1986|postscript=}}</ref> Interior room was also increased 14%, which changed the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] class from sub-compact to compact.

Cars built in Germany were assembled in a brand new (at the time) plant at Wolfsburg in Assembly Hall 54. The plant was heavily robotised in an effort to make build quality more consistent.<ref>Robson, p. 186</ref> New innovations on the second generation included an optional [[trip computer]] (referred to as the MFA, German Multi-Funktions-Anzeige), as well as silicone dampened engine and transmission mounts to reduce [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] levels. In 1988, a more advanced fully electronic fuel injection system became available. This arrangement is known as the [[Digifant Engine Management system]].
[[File:'85-'87 Volkswagen Jetta Coupe.jpg|thumb|left|1985–1987 Volkswagen Jetta 2 door saloon (North American specification)]]

Like the Mark 1, the second generation was offered as a two-door or four-door saloon/sedan. External changes throughout the series' run were few: the front-quarter windows were eliminated in 1988 (along with a grille and door trim change), and larger body-colored bumpers and lower side skirts were added from 1990.

In 2007, [[Volkswagen Group of America|Volkswagen of America]] held a contest to find the diesel powered Volkswagen with the highest distance traveled on the original engine.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR OLDEST AND HIGHEST MILEAGE DIESEL VEHICLES|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-03-02|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10089|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043752/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10089|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> The winning car was a 1986 Jetta Turbodiesel found in [[Blue Rock, Ohio]] which had {{convert|562000|mi}}.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN DIESEL HERITAGE SEARCH FINDS HIGHEST MILEAGE DIESEL IN OHIO|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-08-23|url=http://www.vw.com/vwbuzz/browse/en/us/detail/Volkswagen_Diesel_Heritage_Search_finds_highest_mileage_diesel_in_Ohio/163|accessdate =2007-08-26}}</ref> A local dealer verified the [[odometer]] reading. Notable on this particular car was that it also had the original [[muffler]] despite being located in an area subject to [[road salt]] in the winter.

===Safety===
[[File:VW Jetta rear 20071212.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta 4-door (German specification)]]
In a crash test conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Jetta received three out of five stars for both driver and passenger protection in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test. The Highway Loss Data Institute (part of the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]) found the injury and collision losses for the Jetta to be among the best of the small 4-door sedan category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injury and Collision Loss Experience by Make and Model|page=3|publisher=Highway Loss Data Institute|date=September 1992|url=http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0992.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070703214322/http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0992.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-03|accessdate=2009-09-03 |format=PDF}}</ref> It was topped only by the Golf. Earlier models had the dubious distinction of having an especially high rate of radio theft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advisory|page=1|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highways Safety & Highway Loss Data Institute|date=February 1988|url=http://www.iihs.org/research/advisories/iihs_advisory_3.pdf|accessdate=2007-04-14 |format=PDF}}</ref> Apparently, the mounting of the radio made it especially easy to remove quickly. To correct the problem, Volkswagen introduced a theft protection system to all cars. When the power supply to the radio was removed, it automatically went into "safe" mode. When plugged back in, it would not work unless a secret code was entered. This made it essentially useless to thieves, although provided a hassle to customers who misplaced their code card. The dealership maintains a database of codes, and can replace a lost code if the radio serial number is provided.

===North America===
The Jetta did not differ greatly from its European twin (at least as much as the Golf did), besides requirements such as bumpers, glass, etc. Also, North American models in general have a narrower range of specification available. For example, most models had things like a bigger engine, full console, door panel pockets, velour seating, and, later on, power steering, height adjustable steering column, and tachometer, standard. They also lacked some higher level options of European variants. The Jetta was perceived as slightly upmarket from the Golf. The level of features always was a step above (standard passive restraint in 1988, standard power steering in 1990, 14-inch wheels available for most years, etc.).

Canadian spec models were even better equipped. Generally, the Canadian base models received the same level of options as an American GL, and the same with the GL and Carat. Other Canadian specification differences were diesel engines (both naturally aspirated and Turbo) available for all years (in the US, there was no diesel for 1988, and only the n/a for 1989 and 1990), a 2-door model for 1992 (it was dropped in the US), the early Carat model (which had heated velour sport seats, a GLi engine, and optional automatic), and color and trim differences.

===Testing and review===
The car received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the car's excellent handling, as well as a roomier interior compared to the last generation.<ref name="Smith" /> Stiff shifting manual transmissions were a downside, and braking worked reasonably well although some brake fade was evident in the lower trim lines equipped with solid [[disc brake|discs]] in front and [[drum brake|drums]] in back. A number of reviews noted that the ride was stiff and busy, even though it did have good control typical of German cars. Despite additional sound insulation, road noise was evident especially on coarse pavement.<ref>Consumer Reports, February 1986</ref> In top sport trim (sometimes called the GLI or GTX), some reviewers noted the car was a less expensive alternative to a BMW or Audi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jedlicka|first=Dan|title=Practically speaking, Volkswagen Jetta GLI at the top of its class|newspaper=Chicago Sun - Times|page=106|date=1986-08-07|postscript=}}</ref> The sport trim added larger wheels, a stiffer suspension, and closer ratios on the manual transmission. Later models of the Mark 2 GLI had a 16 valve dual cam engine, originally a 1.8-litre engine first was used in the mid 1987 GLI and beginning in 1990 with the newer Mark 2 body style an upgrade to a 2.0-litre 16 valve (in North America).

{{anchor|FAW Jetta}}

===Worldwide production===
[[File:VWJettaPeking2002Fram.jpg|Volkswagen Jetta King (China)|thumb|left]]
Besides the Volkswagen production base in Germany, this generation was produced in a number of other countries, including China, Nigeria, Mexico, South Africa, USA, and the former Yugoslavia. The Mark 2 Jetta went on to become the first Volkswagen model produced in China by [[Volkswagen Group China]]'s second joint venture partner [[FAW-Volkswagen]]. Production began on 5 December 1991. Initially sold as [[complete knock down]] (CKD) kits, local manufacturing has gradually taken over in the form of Semi-Knocked Down kits in 1992, and full local production in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.faw.com|title=International Cooperation|year=2006|url=http://www.faw.com/international/volkswagen2.jsp|accessdate=2007-04-14}}</ref>

The car has had three revisions since its inception in China, the first [[facelift (automobile)|facelift]] borrowed front-end styling from the fourth generation [[Volkswagen Passat]] in 1997. Production started in August 1998, and its name was changed to the Jetta King. The second facelift was revealed in March 2004 (taking influences from Volkswagen's most expensive model, the [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]). On 29 July 2007, it was announced that First Automotive Works expanded its production of the Mark 2 Jetta by building a new assembly plant in [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]] in Southwest China.<ref>{{Cite news|title=FAW Making Jetta in SW China|newspaper=SinoCast China Transportation Watch|date=2007-07-29|url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-faw-making-jetta-sw-china-/2007/07/29/2820529.htm|accessdate=|postscript= }}</ref> The expansion was driven by the high demand for the car, a desire to expand in the western part of the country, as well as the long term goal of FAW to develop new derivatives from the car's platform independently of Volkswagen.

The third facelift was released in March 2010, which took some inspirations from stylings of Volkswagen models of the newest generation.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.germancarforum.com |title=Chinese market VW Jetta (Mk.II) Facelift spotted without camo |year=2010|url=http://www.germancarforum.com/older-vws-vintage/32263-chinese-market-vw-jetta-mk-ii-facelift-spotted-without-camo.html |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> A diesel version of the Jetta is also on sale, but a large proportion are in service as taxis in many cities in China, rather than as private cars.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! colspan="7" | [[Petrol engine]]s without [[catalytic converter]]
|-
! 1.3
| 1983–1992 || [[Straight-4|I4]] [[Carburettor]] || HK/MH/2G || {{convert|1272|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|94|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1983–1992 || I4 Carburettor || EZ/ABN || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|125|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1983–1991 || I4 Carburettor || GU || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1985–1987 || I4 FI (K-Jetronic)|| MV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1984–1987 || I4 [[Fuel injection|FI]] || EV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3100 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1987–1991 || I4 [[Fuel injection|FI]] || PB || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|159|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT 16V
| 1986–1991 || I4 FI || KR || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|102|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm || {{convert|168|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4600 rpm
|-
! colspan="7" | Petrol engines with catalytic converter
|-
! 1.3
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI || NZ || {{convert|1272|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|97|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1985–1992 || I4 [[Carburettor]] || PN || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|118|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2700 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1986–1991 || I4 Carburettor || RF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|53|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|120|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2700 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1983–1988 || I4 FI (K-Jetronic) || GX || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|137|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1986–1990 || [[Straight-4|I4]] Carburettor || RH || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|62|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|142|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1986–1991 ||I4 FI || RP || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|142|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic/Digifant) || HT/RV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|146|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 syncro
| 1988–1991 || I4 FI || 1P || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|72|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|143|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic/Digifant) || RD/PF || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|154|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3250 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1986–1987 || I4 FI || RG || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|154|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT/GLI/GTX 16V
| 1986–1991 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic) || PL || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|168|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4250 rpm
|-
! 2.0 GLI/GTX 16V
| 1990–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Motronic) || 9A || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|180|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! colspan="7" | [[Diesel engine]]s
|-
! 1.6 D
| 1983–1992 || I4 [[Diesel engine|Diesel]] || JP/ME || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4800 rpm || {{convert|100|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2300–2900 rpm
|-
! 1.6 ECOdiesel
| 1991–1992 || I4 [[Turbodiesel]] || 1V || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|44|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|110|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2400–2600 rpm
|-
! 1.6 TD
| 1983–1992 || I4 Turbodiesel || JR/MF || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|133|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500–2900 rpm
|-
! 1.6 TD
| 1989–1991 || I4 Turbodiesel || RA/SB || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|59|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500–3000 rpm
|}

{{-}}

==Third generation (A3, ''Typ'' 1H){{Anchor|A3|1H}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Vento (A3, ''Typ'' 1H)
|image = 1996-1998 Volkswagen Jetta -- 05-12-2011 1.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Jetta III
|production = January 1992–February 1999<ref name="ETKA"/>
|assembly = [[Osnabrück]], Germany<ref name="ETKA"/>{{Request quotation|date=September 2009}} [[Wolfsburg]], Germany<ref name="ETKA"/> [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]<ref name="ETKA"/> [[Uitenhage]], South Africa 
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A3|Volkswagen Group A3]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:'''''<ref name="ETKA"/> 
1.6L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (ABU/AEA/AEE) 
1.6L {{convert|74|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (AEK/AFT) 
1.8L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (AAM) 
1.8L {{convert|66|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (ABS/ADZ/ADD) 
2.0L {{convert|85|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (2E/ADY/AGG/ABA) 
2.8L {{convert|128|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 12v (AAA) 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:'''''<ref name="ETKA"/> 
1.9L {{convert|47|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (1Y) 
1.9L {{convert|47|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]] (AEY) 
1.9L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 Turbo (AAZ) 
1.9L {{convert|66|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] (1Z/AHU) 
1.9L {{convert|81|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 TDI (AFN)
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2470|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4400|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1690|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1430|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|designer = [[Herbert Schafer]]
|sp = uk
}}
For the third generation, the Jetta name was discontinued, and it was officially renamed the '''Volkswagen Vento''' in European countries, following the precedent of naming cars for winds, debuted in 1992. The Jetta 3 debuted in North America in 1993 after production delays and quality problems at the Volkswagen plant in Puebla, Mexico.<ref name="Robson, p. 208">Robson, p. 208</ref> The name "[[wikt:vento|Vento]]" means "wind" in both [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. It went on sale in most of Europe in the first quarter of the year, though it did not arrive on the British market until September 1992.

Because of the success of the second generation in North America, Volkswagen decided to keep the Jetta nameplate. However, in Europe the car was given its new name to appeal to a younger market.<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumb|first=Steven E.|title=VW Jetta replacement coming next fall|publisher=Ward's Auto World|date=March 1992}}</ref>
[[File:JettaMkIII Interior.JPG|thumb|left|Interior]]
Styling was penned by a design team led by Herbert Schafer, and again the car became more aerodynamic than the previous generation. Although visually similar to the Mark 2, there were many refinements underneath. The two-door model was dropped, aerodynamics were improved, with the car now having a drag coefficient of 0.32.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Visnic|first=Bill|title=VW's new Golf, Jetta try for a comeback|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=December 1993|postscript=}}</ref> This included a new structure which now met worldwide crash standards.<ref>Robson, p. 202</ref> Suspensions were an evolutionary rather than revolutionary refinement of the setup on previous editions, and mainly consisted of a wider track, and even maintaining backwards compatibility with older models. In addition, the car became more environmentally friendly with the use of recycled plastics, [[haloalkane#chlorofluoro compounds (CFC, HCFC)|CFC]]-free air conditioning systems, and paint that did not contain [[heavy metals]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=http://www.vw.com|title=Volkswagen Jetta|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=1993|location=Auburn Hills, Michigan, USA|page=17|id=Form No. W63 163 6081}}</ref>

This generation of the car is widely credited for keeping Volkswagen from pulling out of the North American market.<ref name="Robson, p. 208" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jedlicka|first=Dan|title=Golf and Jetta Drive Revival in VW Sales|newspaper=Chicago Sun - Times|page=18|date=1994-03-05|postscript=}}</ref> At the time of its introduction in 1993, Volkswagen of America's sales hit a low not seen since the 1950s. The division sold only 43,902 cars in that year. Sales began slowly due to the aforementioned issues at the Puebla plant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Can Herbie ride again?|newspaper=The Economist|page=66|date=1994-04-23|postscript=}}</ref> However, sales rebounded dramatically in the following years, mostly based on the strength of the Jetta, which continued to be the best-selling Volkswagen in the USA.<ref name="Robson, p. 210">Robson, p. 210</ref>

===Safety===
[[File:93-95 Volkswagen Jetta.jpg|thumb|left|1993–1995 Jetta (US)]]
When equipped with dual [[airbag]]s, the Mark 3 received three out of five stars in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test carried out by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title=1995 Volkswagen Jetta III 4-DR.|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=1995|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/606.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080205235737/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/606.html|archivedate=2008-02-05|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> In a 64 km/h (40 mph) frontal offset crash test conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the car received a score of "Marginal".<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal offset test results|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=1994|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=83|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
Newly available on the third generation was [[Volkswagen Group]]'s 1.9 [[litre]] [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) {{convert|67|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} [[diesel engine]]. Fuel economy was a strong point with ratings of {{convert|5.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} [[driving cycle|urban cycle]] and {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} extra urban. In top trim lines, the 2.8-litre [[VR6 engine|VR6]] [[DOHC]] six-cylinder engine was available. In one car magazine's test, the {{convert|128|kW|PS bhp|0}} power plant was able to accelerate the car from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 6.9 seconds.<ref name="Robson, p. 210" />
[[File:VW Vento rear 20071212.jpg|Vento (German specification)|thumb|left]]

Reviews were generally positive, with testers praising the crisp handling and comfortable ride, as well as a greater level of refinement compared with the previous generation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Noble|first=Richard C.|title=Jetta III continues tradition with tighter body, crisper handling|newspaper=The Grand Rapids Press.|pages=C.07|date=1994-05-04|postscript=}}</ref> However, some reviews noted that the more sporty suspension tuning found in some trims made the car bouncy, especially on the [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]].<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=669|date=November 1994|postscript=}}</ref> The [[manual transmission]] shifted crisply; however, the [[automatic transmission]] reduced acceleration noticeably. Some critics complained that the controls had some quirks, including a cryptic windshield wiper control, where the "off" position was unfittingly placed between the "intermittent" and "continuous" modes. If equipped, power window controls had the unusual arrangement of the front buttons located on the door, while the rear buttons were located on the center console. As with previous generations, the luggage compartment provided generous space. In earlier build cars, the [[glove compartment]] was deleted if the car was equipped with dual [[airbag]]s, and in the later models (when airbags became standard equipment), the [[glove compartment]] was small and could barely hold the owner's manual and a folding paper map. There were also some complaints about the lack of cup holders in the earlier cars, as well as the lack of a safety interlock which would require the driver to press the clutch pedal prior to starting the car. The 1994 through 1996 models of the Jetta had some electrical issues causing the car not to start and shorting to occur in some of the electrical devices due to a non existent plastic V underneath the windshield, which was added in later models to divert rain water flowing to the electrical box.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Truett|first=Richard|title=JETTA III GLS DELIVERS WITH SOLID PERFORMANCE|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|pages=F.1|date=1994-04-14|postscript=}}</ref> The catastrophe of this glitch can be avoided by removing leaves and debris that have accumulated below the windshield and by installing adhesive weather sealant linings underneath the plastic cover directly onto the windshield.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

Another major complaint was that the North American TDI model was not rated to tow a trailer, which, according to the owner's manual, is "for technical reasons." Contrary to the American market, The European TDI model, which has an identical power train and chassis, was rated to tow a trailer according to the owner's manual. Many North American TDI owners speculated that Volkswagen decided not to risk liability issues on the American market, and some owners disregarded the owner's manual and installed hitches on their vehicles. Owners argue that the diesel engine delivers superior towing performance compared to a gasoline engine.

===Specifications <ref>Volkswagen Vento owner's manual, January 1994 {{da icon}}</ref><ref>Volkswagen Vento owner's manual, August 1995 {{da icon}}</ref>===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.6
| 1992–1994 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|ABU]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|126|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2600 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1994–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|AEA]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|128|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1995–1997 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|AEE]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4800 rpm || {{convert|135|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2800–3600 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1994–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|AEK]] || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|135|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|AFT]] || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|140|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 50-72kW|AAM]] || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|140|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 50-72kW|ABS/ADZ/ADD]] || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1992–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|2E/ADY/ABA]] || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|166|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|AGG]] || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|166|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2600 rpm
|-
! 2.8 VR6
| 1992–1998 || [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 12V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 V6 128kW|AAA]] || {{convert|2792|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|128|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
! 1.9 D
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 D 47kW|1Y]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|47|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || {{convert|124|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2000–3000 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]]
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 SDI 44-50kW|AEY]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|47|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|125|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2200–2800 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbodiesel|TD]]
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#5|AAZ]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|150|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2400–3400 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1993–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 TDI 66-81kW|1Z/AHU]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|202|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1996–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 TDI 66-81kW|AFN]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4150 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|}

=== Vento (India) ===
{{Main|Volkswagen Polo Mk5}}
An unrelated Volkswagen Vento model was launched in India in 2010. A sedan version of the Polo Mk5, it has a length of about 4.4m and has several engine options which are based on petrol and diesel.<ref>{{cite web|author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/storypage.php?autono=2427 |title=Volkswagen Vento review - Ventastic! |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>

==Fourth generation (A4, ''Typ'' 1J){{Anchor|A4|1J}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Bora (A4, ''Typ'' 1J)
|image = VW Jetta sedan.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Jetta Volkswagen City Jetta (Jetta City in 2009) Volkswagen Bora Classic Edition (China) Volkswagen Clásico (2010 onwards in Mexico) Volkswagen Bora (Argentina)
|production = 1999–2005 - Europe 1999–present - China, Mexico & Argentina
|model_years = 1999–2005 Canada,US,Europe
|assembly = [[Bratislava]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Slovakia [[Changchun]],<ref name="ETKA"/> China [[Poznań]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Poland [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Mexico [[Solomonovo]], Ukraine [[Uitenhage]],<ref name="ETKA"/> South Africa [[Wolfsburg]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Germany
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon|estate/wagon]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A4|Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34)]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v 55-74kW|1.4L 55 kW]] [[inline-four engine|I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 74-75kW|1.6L 74 kW]] I4 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 16v 77-80kW|1.6L 77 kW]] I4 16v 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 20vT 110-221kW|1.8L 110 kW]] I4 [[turbocharger|Turbo]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 20vT 110-221kW|1.8L 132 kW]] I4 [[turbocharger|Turbo]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 R4 37-88kW (EA827)|2.0L 85 kW]] I4 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.3 VR5 110-125kW|2.3L 110 kW]] [[VR6 engine|VR5]] 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.3 VR5 110-125kW|2.3L 125 kW]] VR5 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|2.8L 128 kW]] VR6 12v 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|2.8L 130 kW]] VR6 12v 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 24v 147-150kW|2.8L 150 kW]] VR6 24v 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:''''' 
1.9L 50 kW I4 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#6|1.9L 66 kW]] I4 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] 
1.9L 75 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 81 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 85 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 96 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 110 kW I4 TDI
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed manual 4-speed [[Volkswagen 01M transmission|01M]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed automatic 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 09G
|wheelbase = saloon/sedan: {{convert|2510|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|2520|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = saloon/sedan: {{convert|4380|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|4410|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1730|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = saloon/sedan: {{convert|1440|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|1490|mm|1|abbr=on}} '08 City Jetta sedan: {{convert|1445|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]] [[Audi A3]] Mk1 [[SEAT León]] Mk1 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk2 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk1
|designer =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|sp = uk
}}
[[File:VW Bora front 20071012.jpg|Bora (German specification)|thumb|left]]
[[File:04-05 Volkswagen Jetta sedan.jpg|thumb|left|2004–2005 Volkswagen Jetta sedan (US)]]
[[File:1999-2001 Volkswagen Bora (1J) sedan 02.jpg|thumb|left|1999–2001 Volkswagen Bora (1J) sedan (Australia)]]

Production of the fourth generation car began in July 1999.<ref>Grieger, p. 168</ref> Carrying on the wind nomenclature, the car was known as the '''Volkswagen Bora''' in much of the world. [[Bora (wind)|Bora]] is a winter wind which blows intermittently over the coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]], as well as in parts of Greece, Russia, Turkey, and in the Sliven region of Bulgaria. In North America and South Africa, the Jetta moniker was again kept on due to the continued popularity of the car in those markets.

The Mk4 debuted shortly after its larger sibling, the Passat, with which it shared many styling cues. The rounded shape and arched roofline served as the new Volkswagen styling trademark, abandoning traditional sharp creases for more curved corners. A distinguishing feature of the Mk4 is its Whiptenna, a trademark for the antenna on the rear end of the roof, which claims to incur less drag than traditional antennas due to its short length and leeward position. For the first time, the rear passenger doors differed from those of a 5-door Golf. The car was also offered as an [[station wagon|estate/wagon]] (whose rear doors are also non-interchangeable with the others). New on this generation were some advanced options such as rain sensor controlled windshield wipers and automatic climate control. However, these were expensive extras and many buyers did not specify them on their cars; as a result the used market is full of sparsely equipped models.

Although slightly shorter overall than the Mark 3, the fourth generation saw the wheelbase extended slightly. Some [[powertrain]] options were carried over. Nevertheless, two new [[internal combustion engine]]s were offered, the [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT|1.8-litre turbo]] 4-cylinder (often referred to as the 1.8 20vT), and the [[VR5 engine|VR5]] (a 5-cylinder derivative of the VR6 engine). The suspension setup remained much as before. However, it was softened considerably in most models to give a comfortable ride, which was met with some criticism as it was still quite hard in comparison with rivals such from French makers.<ref name="evo.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Simister|first=John|coauthors=Andy Morgan|title=VW Golf 2.0 FSI|work=evo Car Reviews|publisher=Dennis Publishing Limited|month=October|year=2003|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/41365/vw_golf_20_fsi.html|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>

===Diesel===
[[File:2002 VW Jetta TDI.png|thumb|left|2002 Jetta TDI turbodiesel (US)]]
In 2004, a new range of "Pumpe-Düse" [[Unit Injector]] [[diesel engine]]s were offered. This new design employed advanced unit injectors, along with additional electronics and emissions equipment to meet new air emissions standards in Europe and North America, and is considerably more complex than the older diesel engines previously offered. To accomplish the task of producing sufficient power while meeting emissions standards, the "PD" technology injects fuel directly into the [[combustion chamber]] at pressures up to an incredibly high 2,050 [[bar (unit)|bar]] (30,000 psi).<ref>{{cite press release|title=Volkswagen Diesel Technology|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2004-04-07|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9386|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071130063613/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9386|archivedate=2007-11-30|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The purpose of the high pressure is to promote fine [[Atomizer nozzle|atomisation]] of the fuel which supports more complete combustion. To reduce noise, the engine employs a "pilot injection" system which injects a small amount of fuel prior to the main injection. All of the new generation of diesel engines require a special [[motor oil]] which meets Volkswagen oil specification 505.01 (or newer). Serious damage to the engine, particularly the camshaft and injectors will result if oil not meeting this standard is used.

===Safety===
Safety on the fourth generation cars was a high priority for Volkswagen.<ref>Grieger, p. 150</ref> The car was built using such advanced processes as highly mechanised presses, improved measuring techniques, and laser welding of the roof. In crash tests, the fourth generation car received very good marks. In the New Car Assessment Program tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the car received five out of five stars for both driver and passenger protection in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal impact.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title =NCAP ratings for tested vehicles
|publisher =National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year =2000|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/1490.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080205235640/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/1490.html|archivedate=2008-02-05|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> New side impact tests at 62 km/h (38.5 mph) awarded the car four out of five stars for both driver and rear seat passenger protection. Side curtain airbags became standard in the 2001 model year. In the more severe 64 km/h (40 mph) offset test conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Mark 4 was awarded the highest score of "Good".<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal Offset Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=1999|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=113|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> Injury, collision, and theft losses were low for a car of its class.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink =http://www.iihs.org|title =Injury, Collision, & Theft Losses|publisher=Highway Loss Data Institute|month=September|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0905.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070508102422/http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0905.pdf|archivedate=2007-05-08|accessdate=2009-09-03|format=PDF}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
Critics usually found the fourth generation acceptable. The car was praised for its adequate handling as well as a moderately comfortable ride.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Warren|title=A Car to Touch the Soul|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=C.25|date=1999-01-10|postscript=}}</ref> Other reviewers noted the car to be an ugly and somewhat expensive choice in the compact car segment, some simply referred to it as a Golf with a boot (trunk) on the back added as a last minute addition.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=55|date=May 1999|postscript=}}</ref> Some complaints were made that the back seats lacked adequate room for two adults.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harper|first=Brian|title=Jetta TDI, the miser: Review|newspaper=National Post|pages=E.12|year=1999|month=October|postscript=}}</ref> Some found the seat cushioning too firm. The interior was praised for the high level of fit, but is quite bland, sparsely equipped, and uninspiring.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kenzie|first=Jim|title=Well-dressed Jetta wagon worth $37,000|newspaper=Toronto Star|pages=G.23|date=2004-09-11|postscript=}}</ref> New in this generation was Volkswagen's signature blue and red instrument lighting which became standard in all models in 1999. The climate controls were placed low on the console. The recirculation mode cannot be turned on when air is vented to the windshield, and if the driver changes the climate control to vent air to the windshield, an internal mechanism would turn off the recirculation mode. The power outlet is recessed next to the ash tray and is covered with two flaps, one of which is shared with the ash tray. Retractable cup holders were placed directly above the stereo, obscuring vision of the stereo display and allowing beverages to spill on the stereo, gear selector, and other sensitive components during erratic vehicle movements. The flimsy plastic construction of the retractable cup holder is likely to fail with normal use{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. Rear passengers have a pair of retractable cup holders located under the cylindrical ash tray on the center console. These problems were rectified in 2003 for the US market by placing two recessed cup holders in tandem in the center console and another behind the arm rest pedestal for rear passengers. The driver must raise the arm rest to access the center cup holder, and a large beverage occupying the front cup holder obstructs the driver's ability to pull the hand brake. European cars were given a redesigned retractable cup holder in front.

[[File:Jetta Mk. IV Bumper Damage.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Typical damage to front bumper cover from inadequate ground clearance.|Typical damage to the front bumper cover resulting from parking into a curb without adequate ground clearance. The bumper cover has been temporarily fixed into place with white [[duct tape]].]]Drivers complained that the front bumper cover does not have adequate ground clearance to clear a curb in a parking space. In addition to scratching the cover, if the driver drives the Jetta too far forward into a parking space, the bumper cover would have a tendency to hook onto the curb like a barb, and as the driver backs out of the parking space, the entire front bumper cover would be torn off the vehicle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

The earlier models have a few quality control issues, as a number of owners reported windows falling into the doors, electrical problems, and emissions system defects.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerAffairs.com|title=Volkswagen Jetta Windows|date=2003–2007|url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/automotive/vw_jetta_window.html|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerAffairs.com|title=VW Fined $1.1 Million for Clean Air Violations|date=2005-06-15|url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2005/vw_epa.html|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> The fourth generation takes approximately 52 hours per vehicle to assemble in the Puebla factory.<ref name="harbourinc.com">{{cite press release|title=Harbour Report|publisher=Harbour Consulting Inc.|date=2007-05-31|url=http://www.harbourinc.com/documents/2007PressRelease.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070703214323/http://www.harbourinc.com/documents/2007PressRelease.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-03|accessdate=2009-09-03|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.4
| 1998–2005 || [[straight-4|I4]] [[Multi-valve|16V]] || AHW/AXP/BCA || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|126|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1998–2000 || I4 8V || AEH/AKL/APF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || AVU/BFQ || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|75|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 2000–2005 || I4 16V || AUS/AZD/ATN/BCB || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]]
| 2001–2005 || I4 16V || BAD || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || APK/AQY || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|170|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2400 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 2001–2005 || I4 8V || AZJ/AZH || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|172|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 1.8 [[Turbocharger|T]]
| 2000–2005 || I4 20V || AWD/AWW || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|210|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–4600 rpm
|-
! 2.3 VR5
| 1998–2000 || [[VR5 engine|VR5]] 10V || AGZ || {{convert|2324|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|205|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 2.3 V5
| 2000–2003 || VR5 20V || AQN || {{convert|2324|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm || {{convert|220|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8 T
| 2001–2005 || I4 20V || AWP || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|132|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1950–5000 rpm
|-
! 2.8 V6
| 1999–2003 || [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 24V || AQP/AUE/BDE || {{convert|2792|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|150|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|270|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]]
| 1998–2005 || I4 8V || AGP/AQM || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|50|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|133|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2200–2600 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || AGR/ALH || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3750 rpm || {{convert|210|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || ATD/AXR || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–2400 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || AHF/ASV || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4150 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1998–2000 || I4 8V || AJM || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|285|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1999–2001 || I4 8V || AUY || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|310|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2001–2005 || I4 8V || ASZ || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|96|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|310|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || ARL || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|}

===Estate (station wagon)===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta wagon -- 03-16-2012.JPG|thumb|left|Volkswagen Jetta wagon (US)]]
Volkswagen introduced an estate/station wagon version of the fourth generation car in January 2001 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams III|first=G. Chambers|title=Definitely not your father's . . . . . . station wagon|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|pages=01.S|date=2001-03-02|postscript=}}</ref> This was the first time an "A" platform Volkswagen was available in North America with that body style. Although the saloon/sedan was built in a number of locations, all Jetta estate models were built in the Wolfsburg plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen of America Concentrates on Process Rolls out new, dealer-friendly distribution system|date=January 2002|url=http://glscs.com/archives/1.02.smith.htm?adcode=30|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070417093539/http://glscs.com/archives/1.02.smith.htm?adcode=30|archivedate=2007-04-17|accessdate=2009-09-03|postscript=}}</ref> In back, 963 [[litre]]s (34 ft3) of space was available in the cargo compartment. When the rear seats were folded, the car could hold 1473 litres (52 ft3). Like the saloon/sedan, the estate/wagon received high marks from most reviewers.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|date=August 2002|postscript=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =JETTA WAGON: FUN, WITH SOME GLITCHES|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|pages=C.2|date=2003-07-11|postscript =}}</ref> They noted that the cargo area was large and useful. Additionally, the interior kept its top quality fit and finish, although the rear seat was still a bit small.

In Europe, the estate version was sometimes sold as part of the Golf line, either in addition to or instead of the Bora. Other than different front bumpers, fenders, headlights, and hood, the cars were identical. In some countries were sold both Golf and [[File:Volkswagen Bora variant -- bora.JPG|thumb|left|Volkswagen Bora variant (eu)]]Bora Variant.

===Ongoing production===
[[File:Red08CityJetta.JPG|thumb|right|2008 Volkswagen City Jetta (Canada)]]
[[File:Volkswagen lavida pg0 front 2009.JPG|thumb|right|2009 [[Volkswagen Lavida]] (China)]]
As of 2009, the fourth generation car is still sold in addition to the newer Mark 5, due to higher pricing of the fifth generation in some countries such as Colombia, China, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. Like its second generation predecessor, the Mark 4 continues to be manufactured and marketed in China by Volkswagen Group's joint venture partner [[FAW-Volkswagen]] China.

In China, the car received a facelift in the summer of 2006, with a [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] Mk5 lookalike face. A hatchback version (i.e. the Golf) is also produced, but is badged as the Bora HS.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.Auto-Power-Girl.com|title=Volkswagen FAW Bora HS 1.6 Chinese Version|url=http://www.auto-power-girl.com/cars-2007/volkswagen-specifications/volkswagen_faw_bora_hs_1_6_chinese_version-1354|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> The model available in Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Argentina for 2008 was likewise facelifted with the same design found in China. There is also a heavily modified Jetta called [[Volkswagen Lavida]] for the Chinese market.

In October 2006, Volkswagen re-released the fourth generation car in Canada (for the 2007 model year) as the City Jetta.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Greg|title=Preview: 2007 Volkswagen City Golf & City Jetta|newspaper=Canadian Driver|date=2006-09-20|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/testdrives/07citygolfjetta.htm|postscript=}}</ref> The move was made to allow Volkswagen to be more competitive with the rest of the compact class as the fifth generation Jetta had moved upscale versus much of the competition. In 2008, the car was restyled to bring its looks up to date with the rest of the Volkswagen lineup. The only engine available is the 2.0-litre 8-valve [[SOHC]] {{convert|86|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} gasoline four-cylinder with an available six-speed [[tiptronic]] (with Sport mode) that was added as an option in 2008. In 2009, both model names were changed to Jetta City and Golf City. The Jetta City (since 2010MY) and Golf City (since 2011MY) are now both discontinued. The City Jetta is built alongside the fifth generation in the Puebla Assembly Plant.

In Mexico, the 4th generation Jetta has been Volkswagen's most successful model for years, peaking in June 2009 on the top 1 and being fourth as of October 2009, just below Nissan's [[Nissan Sentra|Tsuru]] (Sentra B13), Chevrolet's [[Opel Corsa|Chevy]] (Opel Corsa B) and the Brazilian Volkswagen Gol. Nevertheless, it is the best-selling compact car in the country. Volkswagen decided to keep sales along with the Bora (Jetta V, which is the fifth best seller) with the tagline ''Why do we want a Jetta? Because the heart gives no reasons''. In October 2010, the name "Jetta" was dropped, and the simpler name "Clásico" (Spanish for "classic") was chosen, suggesting this model may still be offered for years to come.

In Mexico, a 1.8-litre {{convert|178|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} turbo in the Clásico GLI and a TDI 1.9 L {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine are available.

The Chinese model received further modifications in 2009, marketed as the New Bora with the wheelbase increased to {{convert|2610|mm|1}}.{{-}}

==Fifth generation (A5, ''Typ'' 1K){{Anchor|A5|1K}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta (A5, ''Typ'' 1K)
|image = JettaMkV.JPG
|aka = Volkswagen Bora Volkswagen GLI Volkswagen Sagitar Volkswagen Vento Volkswagen Golf Wagon (Canada, 2010-)
|production = 2005–2010
|model_years = 2005–2010
|assembly = [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico [[Changchun]], China (CKD) [[Uitenhage]], South Africa(CKD) [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India (CKD) [[Kaluga]], Russia (CKD) [[Algiers]], Algeria (CKD; [[:de:SOVAC|SOVAC]])
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
|class = [[Compact car]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6|1.6L 75 kW (100 hp) I4]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|1.6L 85 kW (115 hp) FSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 80-86kW|2.0L 85 kW (115 hp) 8V I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI|2.0L 110 kW (150 hp) FSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#BGP|2.5L 110 kW (150 hp) I5]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#BGQ|2.5L 125 kW (170 hp) I5]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI|1.4L 103 kW (140 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI|1.4L 125 kW (170 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT|1.8L 110 kW (150 hp) 20V Turbo I4]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|1.8L 118kW (160 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI|2.0L 147 kW (200 hp) I4 TFSI]] 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI PD 100-125kW|1.9L 77 kW (105 hp) I4 TDI]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI CR 103-147kW|2.0L 103 kW (140 hp) I4 TDI]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.8 TDI 93-120kW|2.0L 125 kW (170 hp) I4 TDI]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 04A 6-speed manual 02Q 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 09G 6-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] 02E 7-speed DSG 0AM
|wheelbase = {{convert|2580|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4550|mm|1|abbr=on}} Wagon: {{convert|179.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1760|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2010- Wagon: {{convert|70.1|in|0|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1460|mm|1|abbr=on}} Wagon: {{convert|59.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Volkswagen Golf/Rabbit Mk5]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3 [[SEAT Altea]] [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk2
|designer =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|sp = uk
}}

The fifth generation debuted at the [[LA Auto Show|Los Angeles Auto Show]] on 5 January 2005. It was only the second Volkswagen product to make its world debut at a U.S. Auto show (the other being the [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]]).<ref>{{cite press release|title=ALL-NEW JETTA MAKES WORLDWIDE DEBUT AT L.A. AUTO SHOW|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2005-01-05|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070108064220/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archivedate=2007-01-08|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> Furthermore, the Mark 5 saloon/sedan went on sale in the USA prior to any other country, reflecting the importance of the car in that market for Volkswagen.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCormick|first=John|title=VW's Mexican revolution: Volkswagen bets on a new Jetta with a big investment in its Puebla, Mexico, plant|publisher=Automotive Industries|date=February 2005}}</ref> US$800 million was spent upgrading the factory in Puebla for its production. This included a US$290 million new engine production line for the [[straight-five engine|5-cylinder]] power plant, a US$50 million investment in the press shop, as well as a US$200 million purchase of 460 robots, which increased automation by 80%.

Although produced in the largest volumes in Mexico, final assembly of the car also takes place in China and South Africa for those respective markets.<ref name="AutoWeek.com">{{Cite news|last=Downer|first=Steven|title=Beetle's Future?|newspaper=AutoWeek|date=2007-07-24|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/FREE/70724011/1530/FREE|postscript=}}</ref> Like initial production of the second generation in China, the Asian and African plants build the car from a [[complete knock down]] (CKD) kit shipped from the factory in Puebla. Local assembly in [[Kaluga]], Russia started in early 2008.<ref>{{cite press release|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen-media.services.com|title=The Volkswagen plant in Kaluga|date=2009-02-28|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2009/02/28/the_volkswagen_plant.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Production also began in India in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Master|first=Ammar|title=We are of the opinion we are right on time for the India party|newspaper=liveMINT.com - WSJ|date =2008-01-17|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/17234343/8216We-are-of-the-opinion-w.html|postscript=}}</ref> Currently, the Skoda factory in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] is used for final assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Volkswagen begins CKD Jetta assembly at Shendra plant|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/oems-and-markets/69584-india-volkswagen-begins-ckd-jetta-assembly-at-shendra-plant|date= |work=AutomotiveWorld.com|accessdate=}}</ref> As with the previously mentioned assembly plants, CKD kits from Volkswagen de México will be used.

The fifth generation car has the widest variety of names of any generation. In most countries, it is referred to as the Jetta. Exceptions to this include "Bora" in Mexico and Colombia, "Vento" in Argentina and Chile, and "Sagitar" in China.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.vw.com/mx|title=Historia de Volkswagen de México|publisher=Volkswagen de Mexico S.A de C.V.|year=2005|url=http://www.vw.com.mx/cwe/volkswagen/historia/0,,sC=56&yR=2005&idNode=22,00.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070422231640/http://www.vw.com.mx/cwe/volkswagen/historia/0,,sC=56&yR=2005&idNode=22,00.html|archivedate=2007-04-22|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen.cl|title=Historia Volkswagen|publisher=Volkswagen Chile|year=2005|url=http://www.volkswagen.cl/cl_homepage_indexpages/2000_hoy.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070627143121/http://www.volkswagen.cl/cl_homepage_indexpages/2000_hoy.html|archivedate=2007-06-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen.com.cn|coauthors=First Automotive Works (FAW)|title=Volkswagen Sagitar brings latest technology to Chinese car market|publisher=Volkswagen China|date=2006-04-09|url=http://www.volkswagen.com.cn/publish/en/news/2006_0409.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927152850/http://www.volkswagen.com.cn/publish/en/news/2006_0409.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Mark 5 is {{convert|170|mm|1}} longer, {{convert|30|mm|1}} wider, and has a {{convert|70|mm|1}} longer wheelbase than the previous iteration. Interior room has increased from 2.46 cubic metres (87 cu ft) to 2.58 cubic metres (91 cu ft). In particular, rear legroom was increased by {{convert|65|mm|1}} over the fourth generation. Luggage compartment volume is up to 453 litres (16 cu ft). One major change is the introduction of the first [[multi-link suspension|multi-link]] [[independent rear suspension]] in a Jetta. The design of the rear suspension is nearly identical to the one found in the [[Ford Focus (International)|Ford Focus]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Askew|first=Mike|title=Volkswagen Golf 2.0 TDI|work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing Limited|month=September|year=2003|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/40302/volkswagen_golf.html|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> Volkswagen reportedly hired engineers from Ford who designed the suspension on the Focus.<ref name="evo.co.uk" />

Styling reflects a new direction for the Volkswagen brand, with a new chrome front grille, first seen on the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5#Mk5 R32|Golf Mk5 R32]], which has spread to other models.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN RELEASES FIRST OFFICIAL PHOTOS OF ALL-NEW JETTA TO ARRIVE EARLY NEXT YEAR|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2004-11-18|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9490|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608214531/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9490|archivedate=2007-06-08|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> Some critics appreciated the new styling, whilst others dismissed it as just as bland as the 4th generation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Kevin|title=Jetta Grows Up|publisher=Ward's Auto World|date=2005-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mar|first=Karl|title=2005.5 Volkswagen Jetta -- Victim of a Competitive Market|publisher=Edmunds Inc.|date=2006-03-28|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/karl/.ee9035f|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref>

For model year 2009, certain markets saw a new base model [[internal combustion engine]] and [[automatic transmission]]. The previous 2.0-litre [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engine, and six-speed automatic transmission, were replaced with a smaller, more powerful, and more fuel efficient, 1.4-litre [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] four-cylinder engine, and six-speed [[Direct-Shift_Gearbox|DSG transmission]] (the same as used in the new Golf Mk5). As a result of the change, fuel consumption has been improved (by 17% for the manual, from {{convert|8.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} down to {{convert|6.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}), and 23% for the automatic, from {{convert|8.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}} down to {{convert|6.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}. Power has increased 7%, from {{convert|110|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}, to {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0}}, while torque is up 20%. In addition, acceleration times {{convert|0|-|100|km/h|1}} have improved, from 9.2 s to 8.5 s for the manual (an 8% improvement), and from 9.9 s to 8.5 s for the automatic (a 14% improvement).

===Features===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta V front 20070806.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta (German specification)]]
The body of the fifth generation uses extensive [[HSLA steel|high strength steel]], and use of [[laser beam welding|laser welding]] is up from 5% to 35% of body parts.<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Introduction|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=6|id=891403}}</ref> This results in double-digit increases in both dynamic and torsional rigidity. Other body innovations include an impact-absorbing front bumper which yields slightly in the event of a collision with a pedestrian, reducing the chance of injury. A new door design allows just the outer panel to be removed and replaced if damaged, rather than the entire door.<ref>Volkswagen Academy, 891403, p. 14</ref> Safety was again enhanced with many active and passive features available or standard. These included side curtain [[airbag]]s, seat-mounted rear side airbags, new generation [[electronic stability control|Electronic Stability Programme]] with [[traction control system|Anti-Slip Regulation]] and [[Brake assist]], as well as active head restraints. A [[Direct-Shift Gearbox]] (DSG) transmission, available dual-zone automatic climate control, and [[Electric Power Steering|electro-mechanical power steering]] are also new innovations.
[[File:Jetta Headlight.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Halogen headlamp showing the bulb shield incorporating the VW logo]]

The fifth generation car has a totally redesigned electrical system.<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Electrical System Design and Function|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=6|id=873403}}</ref> Control modules are used for everything from the radio to the [[powertrain]], transmitting over [[Controller Area Network]] (CAN) buses. Transmission of signals is done digitally at 500 [[kilobit]]s per second, which reduces the number of wires needed, and thus reduces the chance for faults. Cars equipped with [[halogen lamp|halogen headlamps]] have a 'VW' logo integrated into the bulb shield. In most of the world, the rear lights use [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs). However, in North America, standard filament bulbs with a different design are used, to comply with [[FMVSS 108]].

Volkswagen has developed a very strict [[motor oil]] quality standard, oil meeting this standard must be used to ensure full warranty coverage.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.vw.com|title=Engine oils with Volkswagen Oil Standard VW 502.00 approval available in North America|date=July 2004|postscript=}}</ref>

===Engines===
[[File:volkswagen2 5.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Volkswagen 2.5L Engine.|Volkswagen 2.5L Engine.]]
The [[internal combustion engine]]s available are dependent on the destination market. In Europe, a range of the new generation [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI) engines are available. Additionally in that market, the car can be had with an engine known as the '[[Twincharger]]' (TSI). This 1.4 [[litre]] [[petrol engine]] combines [[turbocharger|turbo-]] and [[supercharger|supercharging]], to make a small but powerful engine with low fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite press release|title=TWIN-TURBOCHARGED FSI ENGINES - CENTRAL ASPECTS|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2005-08-29|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9672|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216084732/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9672|archivedate=2005-12-16|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Jetta available in the [[Americas]] and the Middle East, is powered by a 2.5-litre [[straight-five engine|5-cylinder]] 20-valve engine in most trims. This engine shares its [[cylinder head]] design with the [[Lamborghini V10|V10 engine]] found in the [[Lamborghini Gallardo]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Introduction|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=28|id=891403}}</ref>

When the Mark 5 Jetta was introduced, the [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] was not offered in five U.S. States due to the tight emission standards promulgated by the [[California Air Resources Board]]. In addition to California, four other states adopted the more stringent California standards. Where it was available, it fell into the least-restrictive emission category. That category was removed in 2007, prompting the diesel Jetta to be unavailable for more than a year until the introduction of a new [[common rail]] diesel engine, which appeared in August 2008.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurylko|first=Diane|title=Delay of diesel Jetta irks Volkswagen dealers|journal=Automotive News|date=2008-02-09|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080209/ANA04/802100307/1203|accessdate=2009-09-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The introduction was delayed for approximately six months due to technical issues with the new emissions control system.<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Jetta TDI Clean Diesel Delayed Until Fall 2008|url=http://www.vwtechnology.ca/2007/11/08/vw-jetta-tdi-clean-diesel-delayed-until-fall-2008/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071215182634/http://www.vwtechnology.ca/2007/11/08/vw-jetta-tdi-clean-diesel-delayed-until-fall-2008/|archivedate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The TDI Clean Diesel engine is rated {{convert|140|PS|kW bhp|0}}, and uses advanced features such as a [[diesel particulate filter]] and NOx-storage catalyst (vs. AdBlue) to reduce [[nitrogen oxide#NOx|NOx]] in order to qualify as a [[tier (emission standard)|Tier II Bin 5]] vehicle (equivalent to California's [[Low Emission Vehicle|LEV II]] rating), and thereby allowing it to be sold in all 50 U.S. states. [[AdBlue]] (urea injection fluid) is not required, further reducing maintenance requirements.

In the U.S., Edmunds pitted a Jetta TDI automatic against hybrids like Prius, Insight, Fusion hybrid and a MINI Cooper with manual transmission over two days of mixed city and highway driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/advice/fueleconomy/articles/153866/article.html |title=Fuel Sipper Smackdown 2 Which Car Gets the Best Fuel Economy? |author=James Riswick |publisher=Edmunds.com |accessdate=2010-03-06 }}</ref>

[[File:VW Jetta 2.0 TDI Heck.JPG|thumb|right|Jetta (French specification)]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
!
! 2009 VW Jetta TDI A6
! 2010 Toyota Prius
! 2010 Honda Insight
! 2010 Ford Fusion hybrid
! 2009 MINI Cooper M6
|-
! Back roads
| 41.2 || 47.2 || 44.1 || 39.6 || 38.5
|-
! City loop
| 31.6 || 48.7 || 43.4 || 35.1 || 30.1
|-
! Highway
| 40.6 || 47.4 || 38.6 || 36.0 || 33.3
|-
! ''Overall''
| ''38.1'' || ''47.6'' || ''42.3'' || ''37.3'' || ''34.5''
|-
! EPA City/Hwy
| 29/40 || 51/48 || 40/43 || 41/36 || 28/37
|}

In the U.S., it was reported in August 2010 that the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) was investigating 37,889 2009 Jetta TDI over stalling problem. There were complaints to the agency about the Jettas went into limp-home mode and then stalled almost immediately while being driven. ''Motor Trend'' reported that there were also complaints about premature failures of its high-pressure fuel pump.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6680707/recalls/diesel-investigation-nhtsa-investigating-volkswagen-jetta-tdis-over-stalling/index.html#ixzz0yIBIXoh2 |title=Diesel Investigation: NHTSA Investigating Volkswagen Jetta TDIs Over Stalling |date=2010-08-31 |author=Andrew Peterson |publisher=Motor trend}}</ref>

===Safety===

[[File:2005 Volkswagen Jetta IIHS.jpg|thumb|left|A 2005 Jetta crash-tested by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]]]

In [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] crash testing the Jetta received an overall "Good" rating in both front offset and side impact tests. In the side impact test the Jetta received "Good" marks in all nine measured categories.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal Offset Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=231|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink =http://www.iihs.org|title=Side Impact Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=276|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> In 2005, the Institute noted that the side impact protection performance was the best they had ever rated.<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Jetta Scores Best Ever In Side Impact Test|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2005-04-24|url=http://www.vwvortex.com/artman/publish/volkswagen_news/printer_1302.shtml|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> In 2006, the car received a "Top Safety Pick" award from the Institute.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=TOP SAFETY PICKs 2006|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2006|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/tsp_archive.html|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the fifth generation Jetta {{rating|4|5}} for both driver and passenger protection in a frontal impact, while the car received {{rating|5|5}} stars in a side impact crash test.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title=NCAP ratings for tested vehicles|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=2007|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/3964.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927203152/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/3964.html|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> To tout the safety of the car, a series of television commercials with the tag line "Safe happens" showed the car being involved in a collision whilst afterward the occupants are shown to have emerged unscathed.

The VW Jetta received the maximum 5 stars in the China NCAP crash tests.<ref>http://www.c-ncap.org.cn/app/cncap/pzsj.jsp?pzid=2393</ref>

===Testing and review===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta GLI Fahrenheit -- 05-02-2012.JPG|thumb|right|Volkswagen Jetta GLI Fahrenheit (US)]]
The fifth generation has received generally positive reviews. Nevertheless, some critics have complained that the car lost some of its distinctive European character with the redesign.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Job|first=Ann|title=2005 JETTA IS SET TO BECOME FAMILY CAR|newspaper=The Augusta Chronicle|pages=E.01|date=2005-04-29|postscript=}}</ref> Most reviewers found the ride to be firm and well controlled, but not always as forgiving as the previous generation. Handling was a strong point, with quick and precise steering and minimal body roll. Fit and finish received excellent marks, with reviewers noting the car felt very upscale.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phelan|first=Mark|title=All-new VW Jetta a solid sedan, but it lacks character|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|page=1|date=2005-05-06|postscript=}}</ref> The front seats were firm but well liked, and the rear seat was roomy, in contrast to the cramped quarters in the fourth generation. Controls and displays were generally good.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.consumerreports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=51|date=February 2006|postscript=}}</ref> Reviewers were particularly impressed with the "Sportline" models (known as the GLI in North America). Equipped with sport seats, a firmer suspension lowered by {{convert|15|mm}}, and low profile [[tire|tyres]], critics praised the excellent handling that was an improvement over the already good performance on the standard model.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Robertshaw|first=Malcolm|title=Style is Jetta-propelled ; ROAD TEST Volkswagen Jetta Sport 2.0 TDi|newspaper=Coventry Evening Telegraph|page=54|date=2006-09-08|postscript=}}</ref> Additionally, the 2.0 Turbo FSI engine also won commendation for its high power figures, smooth operation, and low fuel consumption.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Winter|first=Drew|title=Inner Strength|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=2005-11-01|postscript=}}</ref> Along with its [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|hatchback brethren]], the fifth generation ranks among the top cars on the market in independent reviews of resale value.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weisbaum|first=Herb|title=How much has your car depreciated?|newspaper=MSNBC|date=2008-01-02|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22474603|postscript=}}</ref>

Although improved over the fourth generation, the Mark 5 still takes over 42 hours to assemble at the factory in Mexico.<ref name="harbourinc.com" /> Part of this disparity is blamed on the switch to the more complex independent rear suspension. Volkswagen has publicly stated its discontent over the excessive assembly time, and pledged to streamline manufacturing in the next generation of [[Volkswagen Group A platform|A platform]] cars.<ref>{{Cite news|title=VW to launch new Golf in 2008|newspaper=Wheels 24 South Africa|date=2007-05-04|url=http://www.wheels24.co.za/Wheels24/News/0,,1369-1372_2090366,00.html|postscript=}}</ref> In the interim, Volkswagen de México is making a concerted effort to further increase productivity at the plant, by consulting outside experts from [[Toyota]] and other [[Japanese automobile industry|Japanese companies]].<ref name="AutoWeek.com"/> By implementing many [[lean manufacturing]] principles and techniques, a goal has been set to increase productivity levels at the factory by 30% or more in the coming years.

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.6
| 2005–2010 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || BSE/BSF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|75|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]]
| 2005–2007 || I4 [[Multi-valve|16V]] || BLF || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
! 1.4 [[TSI]]
| 2007–2010 || I4 16V || CAXA || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|90|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|200|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4000 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BMY || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|220|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4000 rpm
|-
! 2.0 FSI
| 2005–2010 || I4 16V || BLR/BVY || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|200|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 2.5
| 2005–2007 || [[Straight-5|I5]] 20V || BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS || {{convert|2480|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|228|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3750 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CAVD || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|118|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4500 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BLG || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–4500 rpm
|-
! 2.5
| 2008–2010 || I5 20V || CBT/CBU || {{convert|2480|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4250 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TFSI
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || BWA || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|147|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5100–6000 rpm || {{convert|280|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–5000 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TSI
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CAWB || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|147|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5100–6000 rpm || {{convert|280|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1700–5000 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] ([[Common Rail|CR]]) [[Diesel particulate filter|DPF]]
| 2009–2010 || I4 16V || CAYC || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || {{convert|250|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–2500 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI ([[Unit Injector|PD]])
| 2005–2009 || I4 8V || BKC/BXE/BLS || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|250|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD)
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || AZV || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD)
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || BKD || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD) DPF
| 2005–2008 || I4 8V || BMM || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (CR) DPF
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CBDB || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD) DPF
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BMN || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (CR) DPF
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CBBB || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|}

===Golf Variant/Jetta SportWagen===
{{See also|Volkswagen Golf Variant}}
[[File:2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Sportwagen -- 07-15-2010 1.jpg|thumb|right|2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Sportwagen (US)]]
[[File:2009 Volkswagen Jetta Sportwagon rear.jpg|thumb|right|2009 Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen]]
At the 2007 [[New York International Auto Show]], Volkswagen unveiled a [[station wagon]] version dubbed the '''Jetta SportWagen'''.<ref>{{cite press release|title=JETTA SPORTWAGEN MAKES U.S. DEBUT AT NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL AUTO SHOW|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-04-04|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10114|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043645/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10114|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Jetta wagon was not sold for the 2006, 2007 and 2008 [[model year]]s in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The SportWagen has {{convert|930|L|cuft|lk=on}} of cargo space with the rear seats upright, or {{convert|1894|L|cuft}} with the seats folded. One unique option is a panoramic [[sunroof]]. The available roof is a full {{convert|1.18|m2|sqft}} in area, giving both front and rear seat passengers an expansive view of the sky.

A similar model is sold as the Golf Variant in most markets outside the United States. In Mexico it is sold as the Bora Sportwagen and later Golf SportWagen with front fascia updates, Jetta Variant in Brazil, Vento Variant in Argentina, Jetta Wagon in Canada (2009 only), Golf wagon in Canada (2010 onwards), and Golf Estate in the United Kingdom.

The 2010-model Jetta SportWagen is based on the fifth-generation [[Volkswagen Golf]], despite the sixth-generation front facelift.

===2010 Jetta TDI Cup "Street" edition===
It is a version commemorating the 2008+ Jetta TDI Cup Race series, the last year of the MKV, and based on the TDI Clean Diesel sedan. The same {{Convert|140|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, (240 lbf·ft torque) diesel motor is supplied, but the package includes GLI brakes, suspension, and sway bars. Additional upgrades from the base TDI are "TDI Cup Edition" body side stickers, 18-in wheels with Pirelli P-Zero or Yokohama ADVAN 225/40R18 sport tires, aluminium pedals, leather-wrapped steering wheel, chrome door linings, aerodynamic body kit (front, side & rear), an Interlagos cloth interior with heated sport seats, short shifter, carbon fiber inlays (as opposed to metallic), and a black interior (headliner/doorcards/dash).

It can be purchased with either a 6-speed Manual or DSG transmission (DSG includes paddle shifters), and a "Thunderbunny" body kit is optional (and available from VW only on the Cup edition).

The vehicle was unveiled in 2008 SEMA show. The production version went on sale in January 2010 with a base MSRP of $24,990USD (not including destination or options).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsey |first=Jonathon |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/05/sema-2008-volkswagen-jetta-tdi-cup-edition-street-concept/ |title=SEMA 2008: Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup Edition Street Concept so close to production |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2008-12-28 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>
{{-}}

Worldwide only 1500 Jetta TDI Cup Editions were built by VW making it a true limited edition, limited production model.

==Sixth generation (A6, Typ 1B){{anchor|NCS}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta (A6, Typ 1B)
|aka = Volkswagen New Compact Sedan (Under Development) [[Volkswagen Vento]] (Select South American Countries) [[Volkswagen Sagitar]] (China)
|image = Volkswagen Jetta sedan -- 03-24-2012.JPG
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmisison|manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed manual 7-speed DSG 0AM
|production = 2010-present
|model_years = 2011–present
|assembly = [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Mexico]] [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India ([[Škoda Auto India Private Limited|Škoda]]) [[Changchun]], [[China]], [[Anting]], [[China]]
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]]
|class = [[Compact car]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]/[[4motion]] [[all-wheel drive]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|2655|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6|Volkswagen Golf]] [[Volkswagen Tiguan]] [[Audi A3]] [[Volkswagen Passat]] [[Audi TT]] [[Volkswagen Beetle (A5)]] [[Skoda Rapid]] [[Seat Toledo]]
|length = {{convert|4640|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|4628|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1780|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|1778|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
|engine = 1.2L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 1.4L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.5L [[Straight-five engine|I5]] 1.6L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]] 2.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]]
|height = {{convert|1450|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|1453|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
}}

The sixth-generation Volkswagen Jetta, known as the NCS (New Compact Sedan) during its development, was announced in the North American market in June 2010.<ref name="motorward-ncs">{{cite news|title=2011 Volkswagen Jetta Unveiled|work=Motorward|date=June 2010|url=http://www.motorward.com/2010/06/2011-volkswagen-jetta-unveiled/|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> The new model is larger and cheaper to produce than the previous Jetta<ref name="candd-future">{{cite news|title=Volkswagen's Future Products Revealed for 2011, 2012, and Beyond|work=Car & Driver|date=August 2009|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/09q3/volkswagen_s_future_products_revealed_for_2011_2012_and_beyond-car_news|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> making the vehicle more competitive against rivals such as the [[Toyota Corolla]] and [[Honda Civic]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2011 Volkswagen Jetta - Spied|work=Car & Driver|date=August 2009|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/spied/09q3/2011_volkswagen_jetta-spied|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> as part of Volkswagen's goal of reaching sales of 800,000 units in the North American market by 2018.<ref name="candd-future"/> Production of the vehicle is at Volkswagen's [[Puebla]], Mexico, facility.<ref name="motorward-ncs"/> The sixth generation Volkswagen Jetta was primarily designed by Volkswagen Mexico under the supervision of Volkswagen Germany and 70% of the parts are designed and manufactured in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/negocios/2010/07/06/vw-hace-auto-del-bicentenario-en-puebla |title=VW hará auto del Bicentenario en Puebla - Negocios |publisher=CNNExpansion.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref>
[[File:VW Jetta Hybrid with badge WAS 2012 0711.jpg|thumb|left|The 2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid unveiled at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].]]
[[File:2012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI -- 05-25-2012.JPG|thumb|left|2012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI (US)]]
Although no longer sharing any body panels with the Golf and having a longer [[wheelbase]], this model is partly based on the same [[Volkswagen Group A platform#PQ35|PQ35]] platform.
Volkswagen's target of increasing its North American sales removed the Jetta from the premium compact car market. This forced many cost-cutting measures to be made for the North American models, which include a lower quality trim material for the interior and the replacement of leather with leatherette as an optional seating upholstery. Leather is still available on Canadian-spec models. The North American version also loses the multi-link rear suspension of the previous generation.<ref name="car-ncs">{{cite news|last=Pulman|first=Ben|title=VW Jetta (2011) first official pictures|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/VW-Jetta-2011-first-official-pictures/|accessdate=6 July 2010|newspaper=[[Car Magazine]]|date=2010-06-15}}</ref> Engines from the MK5 Jetta carried over include the 170 hp 2.5 L (five-cylinder) as well as the economy-minded 140 hp 2.0 [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]] (diesel) engine. A hybrid, 1.4 L engine mated to an electric motor will be available in 2012 due to hybrid popularity in North America. The 2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid was unveiled in January 2012 at the [[North American International Auto Show]]. The Jetta Hybrid has an estimated combined fuel economy of {{convert|45|mpgUS|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/1201_2012_detroit_2013_volkswagen_jetta_hybrid/|title=2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid |author=Christian Seabaugh |work=[[Motor Trend]]|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> In North America, the base model (S in the US, Trendline in Canada) receives a 2.0-liter 8-valve four-cylinder engine with 115 horsepower and {{convert|125|lbft|abbr=on}} torque. Sales of the 2013 [[model year]] Jetta Hybrid are scheduled to begin in the U.S. by late 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/volkswagen/jetta-hybrid/2013/new-2013-volkswagen-jetta-hybrid-pricing-announced.html|title=New 2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid Pricing Announced |author=Anita Lienert|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] Inside Line|date=2012-10-05|accessdate=2012-10-21}}</ref>
[[File:VW Jetta 1.6 TDI Comfortline (VI) – Heckansicht (1), 2. Juli 2011, Ratingen.jpg|thumb|left|VW Jetta 1.6 TDI (Germany)]]
The Jetta GLI, a sedan version of the Golf GTI based on the new Jetta, was revealed at the 2011 Chicago Auto Show with the 2.0 TSI 200 hp engine and a fully independent suspension, as well as the European Jetta's soft touch materials. A black honeycomb grill, aggressive lower intakes, side adorning foglights, smoked taillights, dual tailpipes, red painted calipers, and red stitching are all elements to separate it from its run-of-the-mill counterpart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2011/09/21/2012-vw-jetta-gli-review/|title=2012 VW Jetta GLI Review|publisher=Automoblog.net |date=2011-09-21 |accessdate=2011-09-21}}</ref> The GLI, as well as the Jetta TDI, are the only two trims to receive Volkswagen's 6-speed manual transmission as well as the optional 6-speed DSG gearbox.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2011/08/04/2011-vw-jetta-sel-review/|title=2011 VW Jetta SEL Review|publisher=Automoblog.net |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2011-09-03}}</ref>

In Europe, the Jetta maintains its luxurious small saloon status. The engine range comprise of the 1.2 TSI, 1.4 TSI (122 or 160 PS), 2.0 TSI, 1.6 TDI and 2.0 TDI engines.<ref name="motorward-ncs"/> The European version will differ in some respects, particularly in having [[multi-link suspension]] at the rear.<ref name="car-ncs"/> The European version will also incorporate soft-touch plastics on most of the dashboard (not the doors for this generation), and the rear seat center air vents have been restored. The Jetta will also have a [[VR6 engine|VR6-engined]] higher-performance version, to be called Jetta R, that is positioned directly against [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution]],<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/110110829430/vw-working-on-jetta-r---possibly-with-a-v6|title=worldcarfans.com; VW working on Jetta R - possibly with a V6|accessdate=2010-11-08}}</ref> although early speculation said it would be using a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine as same as [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6#Volkswagen Golf R|Golf R]] and [[Volkswagen Scirocco#Scirocco R (2009-)|Scirocco R]].<ref name="worldcarfans.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/110052126393/audi-s1-and-vw-jetta-r-confirmed-polo-r-reports-rejected|title=worldcarfans.com; Audi S1 and VW Jetta R confirmed, Polo R reports rejected|accessdate=2010-05-21}}</ref>

The sixth-generation Jetta went on sale on July 22, 2010 in Mexico, thus becoming the only country in the world where both the fourth (sold as the ''Volkswagen Clásico''), and sixth generation Jetta are available simultaneously. (Both models are also both available in Colombia). The sixth generation Jetta replaced the fifth, known in Mexico as the ''Volkswagen Bora''. A special edition called the "Volkswagen Jetta Edición Especial Bicentenario" and approved by the Mexican Federal Government commemorates that country's 200th anniversary of the beginning of [[Mexican War of Independence|its war of Independence]], on September 16, 1810. It is also the first car in Mexico with granted permission to use an official government logo (a "2010" plaque).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automovilonline.com.mx/nota-8398--vw-jetta-bicentenario-presentacion-oficial-desde-puebla-con-video|title=(Spanish) Automóvil Panamericano; VW Jetta Bicentenario: presentación oficial desde Puebla|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref>
It was launched in India on 17 August 2011.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
It was launched in Australia and South Africa during September 2011.

==Alternative propulsion cars==
In 2001, at the 18th [[International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition]] in Berlin, Volkswagen released two environmentally friendly cars: the Bora HyMotion and the Bora Electric.

The '''Bora HyMotion''' was a [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen powered]] Mark 4 with a 75 kW fuel cell that could accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 12.5 seconds. With a 49-litre tank of [[cryogenic]]ally stored hydrogen, it had a range of 350 km (220 mi). Top speed was {{convert|140|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite document|authorlink=http://www.sae.org|title=Fuel cells start to look real|publisher=Society of Automotive Engineering|url=http://www.sae.org/automag/features/fuelcells/veh2.htm|postscript=}}</ref>

In 2002, Volkswagen, along with [[Paul Scherrer Institute]] released another hydrogen powered car called the '''Bora Hy.Power'''. The car was powered by hydrogen compressed to a pressure of 320 bar (4600 psi). It had ratings very similar to the HyMotion; with a 75 kW (100 hp) power source. A special feature of the car was a 60 kilowatt super capacitor which could boost power when needed and also recover energy when coasting.<ref>Menzel, p. 56</ref>

Volkswagen has considered producing a [[mild hybrid]] version of the fifth generation mainly for the North American market.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Meiners|first=Jens|title=VW may offer Jetta hybrid|newspaper=Automotive News|page=1|date=2005-05-30|postscript=}}</ref> However, no official plans have been promulgated, and the company will continue its clean diesel push regardless of the decision regarding hybrid technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Copley|first=Brian|title=Volkswagen's Alternative-Fuel Strategy|newspaper=Driver Magazine|pages=18–19|date=Spring/Summer 2007|postscript=}}</ref>

===Biofuels===
[[File:Jetta Biodiesel.jpg|thumb|right|Wagon being fueled with Biodiesel]]
Volkswagen released a Jetta '''MultiFuel''' in 1991, at first to the governments of the state of California and New York, and then for limited retail sale in those states to the public. They are an early example of an E85 vehicle, burning a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. These Jettas can still be found roaming the streets.

Volkswagen approves fueling Jetta TDIs with up to 5% [[biodiesel]] (B5).<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN’S FUEL-EFFICIENT TDI DIESELS PROVIDE RELIEF FROM SUMMER’S ESCALATING FUEL PRICES|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2006-05-09|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9893|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061111152352/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9893|archivedate=2006-11-11|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The diesel engine can sometimes be run with higher percentages of biodiesel, particularly during warm months. However, if the car experiences a fault, Volkswagen may deny warranty coverage if unapproved fuel is used.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.WhatCar.com|title=What Car? Q&A - Can I use biodiesel?|publisher=What Car?|date=2005-08-25|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-q-and-a/can-i-use-biodiesel/216860|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref>

Some owners have converted their diesel cars to run on [[vegetable oil used as fuel]]. There is a common misconception that this can only be done on indirect injected diesel vehicles, but in recent years pioneers in the SVO industry have developed fuel systems for Direct Injection engines.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dizon|first=Kristin|title=It smells like popcorn -- and it's catching on|publisher=SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER|date=2005-02-18|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/212626_biodieselfans18.html|accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref> This can be obtained from most [[fast food]] restaurants for a minimal fee (if any). However, there has been at least one report of catastrophic engine damage resulting from the use of waste vegetable oil.<ref>{{cite web|title=WVO no more-My Tragic Greaser Story|date=2007-08-05|url=http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=186108|accessdate=2007-09-06|postscript=}}</ref> Running the car on [[biofuels]] of any type has the advantage of being at least partly [[carbon neutral]].

Volkswagen also released a Bora TDI which was powered by '''SunFuel''', a [[synthetic fuel]] developed in partnership with [[Royal Dutch Shell]].<ref>Menzel, p. 47</ref> The company also displayed Bora TDI powered by '''SunDiesel''' that Volkswagen also developed with [[DaimlerChrysler]] along with Choren Industries.<ref>{{cite press release|title=THE NEW VOLKSWAGEN ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2003/2004 – PARTNERS IN RESPONSIBILITY|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2003-12-11|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9230|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608190626/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9230|archivedate=2007-06-08|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref>

Use of the two most popular blends of Biodiesel that are mostly Biodiesel, B80 and B100, is not recommended in 2009 and 2010 US TDI engines.

=== Electric vehicle ===
In the early 1980s, Volkswagen released a [[limited production]] [[electric vehicle|electric]] Jetta called the '''Jetta CitySTROMER'''. It featured a 24.8 hp (18.5 kW) [[powertrain]] (later 37.5 hp (28 kW)), with a range of 190 km (250 in the later version).<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://electroauto.sweb.cz|title=Elektromobil Volkswagen JETTA citySTROMer:|publisher=Đ DVOHAPER & Mobilcompany|year=2005|url=http://electroauto.sweb.cz/jetta_citystromer.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071014115722/http://electroauto.sweb.cz/jetta_citystromer.html|archivedate=2007-10-14|language=Czech|accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref>

The second concept vehicle was called the '''Bora Electric'''. It had a power rating that varied according to the operating conditions. The Bora Electric could accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 10 seconds with a range of 160 km. The energy needed to drive the vehicle is stored in a [[Lithium-ion battery]]. It was noted that its chance of success was limited in the marketplace given the high cost of the electric drive system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menzel|first=Ulrich|authorlink=http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com|title=Volkswagen Environmental Report 2003/2004|publisher=Druckhaus Friedr. Schmücker GmbH, Löningen|month=December|year=2003|location=Wolfsburg, Germany|page=54|url=http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com/_download/umweltbericht_2003_2004_english.pdf|id=415.1240.01.18|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-11-20|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051108155101/http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com/_download/umweltbericht_2003_2004_english.pdf|archivedate=2005-11-08}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

*In November 2008 the VW Jetta TDI ([[clean diesel]]) won the 2009 [[Green Car of the Year]] awarded by [[Green Car Journal]].<ref name=GCJ2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/vw-jetta-clean-diesel-wins-2009-green-car-year.php|title=VW Jetta Clean Diesel Wins 2009 Green Car of the Year!|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2008-11-21|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
From 2008 through 2010, Volkswagen and the [[Sports Car Club of America]] hosted the [[Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup]], using factory prepared 2009 Jetta TDIs.

For the 2010 [[SCCA World Challenge]] season, Irish Mike's Racing is campaigning GLIs in the touring car class. Todd Buras won rounds 1 and 2 at the [[Grand Prix of St. Petersburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1575|title=Buras, Irish Mike's Racing VW Double In St. Petersburg}}</ref> and round 10 at [[Virginia International Raceway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1857|title=Buras Makes Triumphant Return To Touring Car At VIR}}</ref> while [[Chip Herr]] won round 4 at [[Mosport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1645|title=Pobst, Heinricy and Herr Win World Challenge One At Mosport}}</ref>

==2011 recall==
On September 30, 2011, Volkswagen of America announced a recall involving 2009–2012 Jetta and Jetta Sportwagen models with the 2.0L TDI engine; this recall points to a resonance condition with the number 2 fuel injector line and the fuel injector pulses, causing small cracks in the line, which could leak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/10/stop-sale-and-recall-volkswagen-golf-jetta-diesels-cars-for-risk-of-fuel-leak.html|title=Stop-sale and recall: Volkswagen Golf, Jetta diesels cars for risk of fuel leak}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.autoevolution.com/testdrive/volkswagen-jetta-14-tsi-122-hp-2009-new-cars-collection.html Test Drive: VOLKSWAGEN Jetta 1.4 TSI (122 HP) - 2009 by ''Autoevolution.com'']
*[http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/models/jetta.html Volkswagen Jetta worldwide site]
*[http://www.the2011vwjetta.com/ VW JETTA microsite (USA)]
{{Volkswagen}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date}}

[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1979]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Volkswagen vehicles|Jetta]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP small family cars]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Partial zero-emissions vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles with VR engines]]

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Acura TL

2012-10-23T02:06:24Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519240727 by 170.189.193.3 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Acura TL
| image = 2006-TL-Front-LeftQ.jpg
| caption=2006 Acura TL
| manufacturer = [[Honda]]
| production = 1996–present
| class = [[Mid-size]] [[luxury car]]
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| predecessor = [[Acura Vigor]]
}}
The '''Acura TL''' is a [[mid-size]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] manufactured by [[Honda]]. It was introduced in 1995 to supplant the [[Acura Legend]] and was [[badge engineering|badged]] for the [[Japan]]ese-market from 1996 to 2000 as the [[Honda Inspire]] and from 1996 to 2004 as the '''Honda Saber'''. The TL was Acura's best-selling model until it was outsold most recently by the [[Acura MDX|MDX]] since 2007, and it has ranked as the second best-selling luxury [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] in the United States behind the [[BMW 3 Series]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2005/12/09/luxury-cars-sales-cx_dl_1212feat_ls.html |title=Best-Selling Luxury Cars 2005 |publisher=Forbes.com |date= 2005-12-12|accessdate=2010-10-03| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100927091536/http://www.forbes.com/2005/12/09/luxury-cars-sales-cx_dl_1212feat_ls.html| archivedate= 27 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Four generations of the Acura TL have been produced to date, with the latest fourth generation TL premiering in 2008 as a 2009 model. The current version is not sold in Japan.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==First generation (UA1-UA3)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = 1st Acura TL -- 04-10-2011.jpg
| caption=1996-1998 Acura TL
| production = 1995–1998 (US model) 1996–1998 (model years)
| layout = [[FF layout]] [[V6 engine|V6]] / [[Straight-5|I5]]
| engine = 2.0 L G20A [[Straight-5|I5]] 2.5 L G25A, G25A4 (176 hp) [[Straight-5|I5]] 3.2 L C32A, C32A6 (200 hp) [[V6]]
| aka = [[Honda Inspire]] Honda Saber
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| length = 2.5TL: {{convert|191.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 3.2TL: {{convert|191.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 2.5TL: {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 3.2TL: {{convert|70.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Sayama]], [[Japan]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|111.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 2.5TL: {{convert|55.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 3.2TL: {{convert|55.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The TL "Touring Luxury" debuted as 1996 model, first with the 1996 '''2.5 TL''' available with the 2.5 L 176 hp (131 kW) [[SOHC]] 20-valve [[straight-5|5-cylinder]] engine from the Vigor. The '''3.2 TL''' used the 3.2 L 200 hp (149 kW) SOHC 24v V6 from the second generation [[Acura Legend]]. The debut of the TL signaled Acura's shift from traditional vehicle names to alphanumeric designations. By replacing recognizable names such as Vigor and Legend with a two-letter designation, the luxury make hoped to focus consumer attention on the Acura name.<ref name=97TL>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/acura/tl/1997/ |title=Edmunds 1997 Acura TL |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> The TL was the first Acura model to adopt the new naming scheme.<ref name=97TL/>

The 2.5 TL was positioned as the sporty model and the 3.2 focused more upon a luxurious ride. There were minimal styling differences between the two, but the 3.2 TL had larger tires despite the 2.5 TL's more sporty marketing.<ref name=97TL/> Moreover, the added power in the 3.2 TL gave it better acceleration.<ref name=cars97>{{cite web|last=Strongman |first=Tom |url=http://www.cars.com/acura/tl/1997/expert-reviews/?revid=34183 |title=1997 Acura TL |publisher=Cars.com |date=1997-07-11 |accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> The V6 engine in the 3.2 TL was mounted in a front-rear, or longitudinal position.<ref name=cars97/> This contrasted with the more typical transverse engine mount style, and was intended to provide better weight distribution and reduce nose dive.<ref name=cars97/> The engine mount design resulted in an elongated hood for the first generation TL.<ref name=cars97/> The inline-5 engine in the 2.5 TL competed with similar 5-cylinder engines offered in Audi and Volvo models.<ref name=cars97/>

The very first 1996 Acura TL rolled off the assembly line at [[Sayama]], [[Japan]] on March 28, 1995. Sales of the 2.5 TL began in spring 1995, but the 3.2 TL was delayed until fall because of a U.S.-Japan trade dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1996-to-1998-acura-tl.htm |title=1996-1998 Acura TL |publisher=Consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com |date=2006-10-04 |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> The U.S. government had threatened to impose 100% [[tariff]]s on higher-priced Japanese cars in response a growing U.S.-Japan [[trade deficit]].<ref name=trade>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071029/ANA03/710290340/1128/ANA03&Profile=1128|title=Bold moves halt tariff stalemate|work=Automotive News|date=2007-10-29|last=Treece|first=James}}</ref> Ultimately a deal was reached which avoided the tariffs.<ref name=trade/>

The first generation Acura TL had standard features including dual airbags, antilock brakes, automatic climate control, a cassette/CD player sound system, and power windows and locks. Leather was standard on the more upscale 3.2 TL, while the 2.5 TL featured a firmer suspension setup.

===1997===
In 1997, Acura added a standard power moonroof to all TL models. Additionally, all Acura TLs received a variable-speed intermittent [[windshield wiper|wiper]] setting. The 3.2 TL had 205/65/15 tires and a V6 motor. The sport-targeted, 5-cylinder 2.5 TL was further fitted with new [[alloy wheels]].

===1998===
For 1998, Acura made several previously optional features standard on the 2.5 TL. 1998 was the last year of TL production in Japan, as the model was being redesigned for production in the United States.
{{clear}}

==Second generation (UA4-UA5)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 1999-2001 Acura TL -- 03-20-2012.JPG
| caption=1999-2001 Acura TL
| production = 1999–2003
| layout = [[Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
| engine = 2.5 L [[Honda J25|J25A]] 3.2 L [[Honda J engine#J32A|J32A]], [[Honda J engine#J32A|J32A1]] (225 hp) [[V6]] 3.2 L [[Honda J engine#J32A|J32A2]] (260 hp) [[V6]] ([[Type-S]] Models)
| aka = [[Honda Inspire]] Honda Saber
| transmission = 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] (2000 and later)
| length = 1999–2000: {{convert|192.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03: {{convert|192.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|108.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1999–2000: {{convert|56.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03: {{convert|53.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3447|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Marysville, Ohio]], [[USA]]
}}
In 1998, [[Honda]] revealed the '''TL-X''' [[concept car]], showing a preview of the second-generation TL which would debut in fall that year. The second-generation TL (now called '''3.2 TL''') was released in 1999 and was now derived off the US-market [[Honda Accord]] platform. It was available with a newly-designed 3.2 L 225 hp (168 kW) SOHC [[VTEC]] ''[[Honda J32|J32]]'' V6 mated to a four-speed electronic [[automatic transmission]] with SportShift.

The second-generation 3.2 TL (the 2.5 was dropped) was built in [[Marysville, Ohio]], alongside the Honda Accord, at [[Marysville Auto Plant]]. These cars were imported into [[Japan]] and sold as '''Honda Inspire''' in the ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Clio]]'' dealer network, and as '''Honda Saber''' in the ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' dealer network. The main difference between the two cars were the front grille; the Inspire and Saber were also available with a 2.5 L Honda J-series V6 exclusive to the Japanese market.

The very first 1999 Acura TL (2G) rolled off the assembly line on August 4, 1998. The only option on the sedan was a CD-based navigation system. The 1999 TL's navigation system stored the maps in zones; there were 5 different zones for the U.S. Starting with this generation, [[Air filter#Automotive cabin air filters|cabin air filters]] (also known as pollen filters) were installed as standard equipment and are located behind the glove compartment.

===2000===
In the second year of production, the Acura TL was given slightly more features, including a 5-speed automatic transmission with SportShift. The added gear allowed for slightly better fuel economy and acceleration when compared to the previous 4-speed automatic transmission with SportShift. With this model, if the driver forgets the 1-2 shift the computer will take over when in sport mode and do the 1-2 up and down shifts, unlike the 4-speed 1999 model. In many vehicles, the 5-speed automatic transmission failed: as the third clutch pack wore, particles blocked off oil passages and prevented the transmission from shifting or holding gears normally. The transmission would slip, fail to shift, or suddenly downshift and make the car come to a screeching halt, even at freeway speeds. This problem was highlighted in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in September 2002. ''[[Consumer Reports]]'' took note and gave the TL and CL the black spot, the worst rating for transmission reliability. In response to the recurring problem, the manufacturer extended the warranty covering the transmission to 7 yrs or {{convert|100000|mi|km}} on U.S.A. models. A class-action lawsuit was settled to extend the transmission warranty for U.S.A. owners or entities to 7.75 years for all models made from 1999 to 2002 and some 2003 models by [[Vehicle Identification Number|VIN]]; however, Canadian owners warranties were not extended. Transmissions replaced prior to March 2005 usually fail again.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Transmissions replaced from March 2005 and later include a redesigned third gear clutch pack reported to fix the problem.

Other notable changes include the addition of side impact airbags for the front passengers and a change of format for the navigation system. The 2000 TL switched from a CD database to a [[DVD]]-based navigation system. The entire continental [[United States]] became accessible with the navigation system; it was possible to drive from one coast to the other with the new navigation system.

===2001===
For the 2001 model year, a redesigned coupe version of the TL was introduced, the '''3.2CL'''. While it was mechanically identical to the TL, its sales never came close to that of its sibling model, and as a result, it was discontinued in May 2003. The 2001 added one feature that the 2000 did not have, a new redesigned cupholder insert. The automatic transmission in many of these cars were also defective. In response to the recurring problem, the manufacturer extended the warranty covering the transmission to {{convert|109000|mi|km|-2}} or 7.75 years for all 99 to 02 and 03 partial per VIN. Acura dealers replace the transmissions under warranty. Transmissions replaced prior to March 2005 usually fail again. Transmissions replaced on 3/2005 and later include a redesigned 3rd gear clutch pack reported to fix the problem.

Several models in the 2001–2003 years were the subject of a [http://www.recallaware.com/2009/07/31/honda-recalls-440000-cars-for-airbag-risk-accord-civic-acura-tl-2001-3/ safety recall] in July 2009 for injuries reported by faulty driver's side airbag inflators. In February 2010, another recall was issued for the same problem.

===2002===
[[File:2002-2003 Acura TL -- 03-16-2012.JPG|thumb|right|2002-2003 Acura 3.2TL]]
In 2002, the TL got a minor makeover, with a refreshed front fascia, redesigned taillights, a 6 CD in-dash changer as well as a few other features. A '''Type-S''' model was also added, adding 35 hp (26 kW) as well as {{convert|17|in|mm|sing=on}} wheels, firmer seats and suspension. The automatic transmission in a large number of these cars were also defective. In response to the recurring problem, the manufacturer extended the warranty covering the transmission to {{convert|109000|mi|km|-2}} or 7.75 years for all 99 to 02 models and 03 partial per VIN. Acura dealers replace the transmissions under warranty. Transmissions replaced prior to March 2005 usually fail again. Transmissions replaced 3/2005 and later include a redesigned 3rd gear clutch pack reported to fix the problem.

===2003===
Available only in Canada, Acura released an A-SPEC version of its popular TL Type-S in 2003. This edition was limited to 800 units, 400 in Nighthawk Black Pearl (NBP) and 400 in Aegean Blue Pearl (ABP). The differences between the A-SPEC and non-A-SPEC were cosmetic. This trim came with a full painted skirt kit. The A-SPEC featured blue perforated leather accents found on the steering wheel, the shift knob ( which was also different), the seats and the door panels. The rest of the black leather was stitched with a matching blue thread. The front headlights, front grille and door handles were painted same as the body color instead of the chrome found on other trims. Side turning markers were also exclusive to this model. Aluminum accents replace the black ones on the center console and the doors. There were also aluminum Acura door sills on the A-SPEC. The wheels were also model-specific. The A-SPEC also got a new spoiler with red lights on either side of it. To top it off, there were subtle A-SPEC badges on the carpets and under the usual 3.2 TL Type-S badge.
{{clear}}

==Third generation (UA6-UA7)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 04-06 Acura TL.jpg
| caption=2004-2006 Acura TL
| model_years = 2004–2008
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| weight = {{convert|3480|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| engine = 3.2 L [[Honda J engine#J32A|J32A3]] (258 hp) [[V6]] 3.5 L [[Honda J engine#J35A|J35A8]] (286 hp) [[V6]] (Type-S only)
| transmission = 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (2004-2006, 2007-2008 Type-S only)
| related = [[Honda Accord]]
| length = {{convert|189.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Type-S: {{convert|189.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|72.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|107.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Marysville, Ohio]], [[USA]]
| height = {{convert|56.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The first third-generation Acura TL rolled off the assembly line on September 30, 2003. On October 6, 2003, the third generation Acura TL (the 3.2 moniker was dropped) was released for sale in North America. Developed mainly in the United States by a team led by Erik Berkman with bodywork by American Honda designer Jon Ikeda, the new TL was built in Marysville, Ohio, and was derived from the 7th generation US-market [[Honda Accord (North America seventh generation)|Honda Accord]].

Starting with this generation, this model was not sold in Japan, with the [[Honda Inspire]] holding the position of entry level luxury sedan below the [[Honda Legend]] in Japan. The Inspire of this era was instead sold as the seventh generation North American spec Honda Accord.

It is powered by a 270 hp (201 kW); later revised to {{Convert|258|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, based on the new SAE measurement standard for horsepower and {{convert|233|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque, 3.2 L 24 valve [[SOHC]] [[VTEC]] [[V6 engine]] mated to either a 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] with SportShift or 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]. Manual transmission models featured [[Brembo]] 4-Piston front [[brake caliper]]s, a Torsen-type [[limited slip differential]], stiffer anti-roll bars front and rear and performance tires at no additional cost.

As of March 2004, Honda offers to the public a factory-sanctioned "tuner package" version of the TL called the '''TL A-SPEC'''. This version features a suspension tuned by [[Makoto Tamamura]], an indication of the TL A-SPEC's aggressive engineering. In addition, an underbody kit, spoiler, limited edition A-SPEC steering wheel, "A-SPEC" badge on the back, and {{convert|18|in|mm|sing=on}} wheels are standard issue on the A-SPEC package. When installed at purchase, the car's 4 year/ {{convert|50000|mi|km}} warranty applies to the package as well.

The third generation TL was also the first car in the American market to include a 6-disc [[DVD-Audio]] system, output through an 8-speaker 225-watt system, engineered by [[Panasonic]] and tuned by Grammy-award winning [[Elliot Scheiner]]. The system also plays back regular audio CDs as well as DTS audio discs, CD-Audio, [[CD-R]]s and [[CD-RW]]s but not [[MP3]]s. In the United States, all models were also equipped with a [[Bluetooth]] HandsFree Link (HFL) system, integrated with the audio system, to allow for hands-free usage of one's cell phone (provided the phone also supports Bluetooth and is [http://www.handsfreelink.com compatible with the HFL's hands-free profile]). In Canada, the HFL feature was not available on the base model (standard with A-Spec, Technology, and Navigation packages), though the 2005 model year saw HFL becoming standard in all Canadian models. With the built-in [[XM Radio]] tuner, owners can elect to pay a monthly subscription after the complimentary 3 months subscription expires from Acura for [[XM radio]], which provides over 100 digital channels via satellite.

Sporting an [[Alpine Electronics|Alpine]]-designed navigation system, the third generation TL also accepts voice commands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondawiki.com/index.php?title=2005_Honda_Accord_Voice_Commands |title=2005 Honda Accord Voice Commands |publisher=Hondawiki |date=2008-07-14 |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> like "find nearest police station" or "go home." The navigation system features an {{convert|8|in|mm|sing=on}} [[touchscreen]] [[LCD]], which allows for easy viewing of the road ahead.

The [[Japan domestic market|JDM]] [[Honda Inspire]] debuted around four and a half months earlier (on June 11, 2003) and marked the branching out of the TL line from the Inspire. The Inspire is basically a seventh-generation US-market Honda Accord [[V6]] with minor trim changes, and the addition of [[Variable Cylinder Management]], which shuts off half of the engine when not needed to boost fuel economy. The Saber was discontinued and the new Inspire is being sold at Clio, Primo, and Verno dealerships.

The TL became Acura's best-selling luxury sedan in 2004 with more than 79,000 sold that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313806.html |title=Acura Vehicle Sales for 2004 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2010-09-13 |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hondanews.com/categories/738/releases/2130 |title=Acura TL is Acura's best-selling model since introduction |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref>

===2005===

The 2005 TL received a passenger [[airbag]] cut-off switch and indicator and extra stitching on the front seats. There were several minor changes made (such as changes in seat belt anchor mounts) which are not published.

[[File:Acura tl a-spec beach.jpg|thumb|right|2006 TL A-SPEC]]

===2006===
The 2006 TL received the [[Tire Pressure Monitoring System]] (TPMS) and a new engine management system to help reduce torque steer. The new horsepower rating of {{Convert|258|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} is due to a change in testing procedures, despite the engine remaining the same since 2004.

===2007===

The 2007 Acura TL features a slightly revised exterior as well as a revised interior with a new steering wheel, redesigned gauges, and footwell lighting, in addition to new interior and exterior colors. The 2007 TL (non Type-S) received suspension changes to improve ride comfort. Also new for the 2007 model year were LED [[Turn signal#Turn signals|turn signal repeaters]] on the side mirrors and [[Automotive lighting#Fog lamps|fog lamps]] in the bumper. Prior to 2007, the fog lamps were integrated into the headlight housing; [[Daytime Running Light]]s now occupy that space (Canadian models have had DRLs there rather than fog lamps since 2004).

TL with navigation models sport a new rear view camera with image displayed on the navigation screen as well as XM NavTraffic. In addition to the new standard auxiliary audio jack, the sound system is now [[MP3]]/[[Windows Media Audio|WMA]] compatible and offers Dolby Pro Logic II decoding and speed-sensitive volume compensation. The [[manual transmission]] option had been dropped from the base TL due largely to extremely low sales (roughly 1 out of 40 TLs sold across America were equipped with a manual gearbox).

The most notable revision is the return of the Type-S edition of the TL. The Acura TL Type-S received the [[Acura RL]]'s 3.5-[[liter]] [[V6 engine|V6]] tuned to {{convert|286|hp}} with either a 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] with F1 style paddle shifters or a 6-speed manual transmission. Exterior differences include quad exhaust pipes, restyled rear lamps and front fascia, lip spoiler, wider side sills, [[Brembo]] brakes, dark silver 10-spoke wheels, a "black chrome" grille rather than the standard glossy grille, and exclusive Type-S badging, plus an exclusive new color option, Kinetic Blue Pearl. The interior has Type-S badging on the steering wheel and headrests, more highly bolstered front seats, two-tone seats (only with the Ebony/Silver interior), metal racing pedals, carbon fiber trim, and red interior lighting (as opposed to blue in the base TL). Touch screen navigation is standard and the suspension has been firmed up. The only options are the aforementioned transmission and high performance summer tires ([[Bridgestone]] Potenzas) rather than the standard all-season tires ([[Michelin]] Pilot MXM4s).

<gallery>File:2007-2008 Acura TL -- 03-16-2012.JPG|2007-2008 Acura TL
File:Honda Acura TL Type S.JPG|2007 Acura TL Type-S
File:Interior Acura TL 2008.JPG|2008 Acura TL interior gauges
</gallery>

===2008===
The 2008 TL features an improved new immobilizer system, and a separate Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) warning lamp. The navigation system has been updated to work in [[Hawaii]], and the AcuraLink satellite capability has been expanded to incorporate 76 markets (up from 38 markets for the 2007 model).

{{clear}}

===Performance===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*Zero to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}: (3.5L V6) 5.5 sec & (3.2L V6 AT) 6.0 sec
*Zero to {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}: 13.9 sec
*Zero to {{convert|130|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}: 19.6 sec
*Street start, {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}–{{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}: 5.8 sec
{{col-break}}
*Standing ¼-mile (~400 m): 14.1 sec @ {{convert|101|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Top speed (governor limited): {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Braking, 70–0 mph: {{convert|163|ft|m|abbr=on}}
*Roadholding, {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}}-dia skidpad: 0.93 g
{{col-end}}

==Fourth generation (UA8-UA9)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Fourth generation
|image=2009-2011 Acura TL -- 03-11-2011.jpg
| caption=2009-2011 Acura TL
| model_years = 2009–present
|assembly=[[Marysville, Ohio]], [[USA]]
| weight = {{convert|3699|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (Base) 
{{convert|3948|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (SH-AWD)
|engine=3.5 L J35Z6 (280 hp) [[V6]] 3.7 L J37A4 (305 hp) [[V6]] (SH-AWD)
|transmission=5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[all-wheel drive]]
|length={{convert|194.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2012-) {{convert|195.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2009-2011)
|width={{convert|74.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|109.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|57.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The first fourth-generation Acura TL rolled off the assembly line on September 23, 2008. Debuted for the 2009 model year, the Acura TL featured a more aggressive interpretation of Acura's latest styling vocabulary, known as "Keen Edge Dynamic."<ref name=09TL>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=130497 |title=2009 Acura TL: Full Specs Revealed |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2008-08-08 |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> Featured prominently on the front is Acura's controversial "Power Plenum" upper grille. The size of the car has increased slightly, and as a consequence the wheelbase has been stretched {{convert|1.4|in|mm}} to {{convert|109.3|in|mm}}.<ref name=09TL/> The car is also {{convert|6.2|in|mm}} longer overall, {{convert|1.8|in|mm}} wider and {{convert|0.5|in|mm|sing=on}} taller.<ref name=09TL/> Rear legroom improves by {{convert|1.3|in|mm}} and rear shoulder room increases by {{convert|0.5|in|mm|sing=on}}.<ref name=09TL/> Structural rigidity was increased due to the use of high-strength steel in 47.6 percent of the chassis.<ref name=09TL/>

The base TL is front-wheel drive and is powered by a 3.5-liter [[V6 engine|V6]] that makes {{convert|280|hp|kW|abbr=on}} and {{convert|254|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque, an increase of {{convert|22|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|21|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on}} over the previous 3.2-liter [[V6 engine|V6]].<ref name=09TL/> The new TL [[SH-AWD]] ("Super-Handling All-Wheel Drive") replaces the previous TL Type-S and is powered by a 3.7-liter V6 that produces {{convert|305|hp|kW|abbr=on}} and {{convert|275|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque, an increase of {{convert|19|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|19|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on}} over the 3.5-liter V6 of the Type-S.<ref name=09TL/> The 3.7L engine also uses VTEC variable-lift timing on both the intake and exhaust valves (the base TL and previous models only applied VTEC to the intake valves).

SH-AWD ("Super Handling" All Wheel Drive) is a multi-vectoring all wheel drive system designed more for performance than for simply providing traction in adverse circumstances. While cruising, the system sends 90% of the power to the front wheels and 10% to the rear wheels. Acceleration puts more torque on the rear wheels. The car can put up to 70% of the total available power to the rear wheels to assist with rapid acceleration, and of that 70%, 100% can be pushed to either the left or right wheel in order to assist the vehicle through a corner.

The brakes on the new TL have been increased in size, from the older {{convert|11.8|in|mm|abbr=on}} front disc and {{convert|11.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} rear disc to the now [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]]-sized {{convert|12.6|in|mm|abbr=on}} front discs and {{convert|13.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} rear disc, still incorporating an internal rear drum [[Parking brake|e-brake]] while maintaining hydraulic discs for the foot applied brakes. The bolt pattern on the car is no longer a {{convert|5|x
|114.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} but a {{convert|5|x|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} for this generation.

The SH-AWD model also includes some interior refinements over the base model and is tuned for slightly firmer suspension and steering feedback. It is visually distinguishable from the base model on the exterior by its SH-AWD badge on the trunk, quad exhaust pipes (as opposed to dual exhaust on the base model) and larger air ducts in the front bumper to cool the larger brakes (the base model's turn signal indicators in the bumper extend all the way to the center.) The TL rides on 245/50R17 tires, while the TL SH-AWD has 245/45R18 tires with optional 245/40ZR19 summer performance tires.<ref name=09TL/> Both models use electric power steering rather than hydraulic, and a revised five-speed [[automatic transmission]] featuring shift paddles on the steering wheel is standard equipment for both models.<ref name=09TL/> Acura has announced that a [[manual transmission]] will be offered in the 2010 SH-AWD model.

The fourth generation Acura TL adds further electronic convenience items, now including a central multifunction display,<ref name=09TL/> an eight-speaker 276-watt audio system with a six-disc CD changer, XM Satellite Radio, [[USB]] port connectivity (including full [[iPod]] control support), and Bluetooth Audio (for streaming music from a cell phone). Both models offer an optional Technology Package, which includes premium Milano leather seats, keyless start, a joystick-based (no longer touchscreen) navigation system updated with a new {{convert|8|in|mm|adj=on}} full VGA display and the ability to provide weather information and traffic-based rerouting, and the Acura/ELS audio system with 10 speakers,<ref name=09TL/> 440 watts of power, DTS CD compatibility for 5.1 surround sound, DVD-A, as well as an internal hard drive with 13 GB of storage dedicated for audio. With the ELS audio system, audio CDs are automatically ripped to the hard drive upon insertion for future playback. The navigation system also stores its map data on the hard drive (as opposed to the previous model's DVD-based storage), producing faster boot times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=130497#2 |title=2009 Acura TL: Full Specs Revealed |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2008-08-08 |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref>

===Technology Package===

====Audio====

=====Hard Drive=====
*15GB
*Only the contents of an Audio CD may be ripped to the HDD. Copying to the HDD from other recordable media or storage devices is not supported.
*Album, Title and Artist information is provided by an updatable [http://www.navteq.com/gracenote/acura/ Gracenote] file.

=====USB=====
*[[Fat32]] Format Supported
*Limited to 700 folders existing at the root of the storage device. Folder names appear as album names. Sub-folder navigation is not supported.
*Limited to 15,000 files

===2012===
[[File:2012 Acura TL -- NHTSA 2.jpg|thumb|left|2012 Acura TL]]
For the 2012 model, Honda offered new front and rear styling on the Acura TL. Acura updated the controversial "beak" insert in the front grill, replacing it with a smaller insert that flows better with the headlights and creates a sleeker profile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2011/02/11/acura-updates-tl-for-2012/|title=Acura Updates TL for 2012|publisher=Automoblog.net |date=2011-02-11 |accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> Aside from cosmetic changes, the new TL is now equipped with Honda's 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] transmission to improve performance and efficiency. This transmission features downshift rev-matching with throttle blip and the ability to downshift 2 gears at a time. Additional new features include [[Car seat|ventilated seats]], new 60GB HDD, [[Blind spot monitor|blind-spot information system]], and upgraded wheels. The 2012 TL retains both the base 3.5L {{Convert|280|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{Convert|254|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} and the SH-AWD models' 3.7L {{Convert|305|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{Convert|273|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} engines but now gets 2 mpg more in the city (20 mpg) and 3 mpg more on the highway (29 mpg), thanks to less engine friction and the 6 speed automatic transmission. The 6 speed [[manual transmission]] will continue to be offered. The 2012 model is also 3[[Decibel|dB]] quieter on the highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/auto-shows/chicago/2012-acura-tl |title=2012 Acura TL - 2011 Chicago Auto Show|publisher=roadandtrack.com |date=2011-02-10 |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Safety===
The Acura TL uses Honda's [[Advanced Compatibility Engineering]] front end.
IIHS testing:<ref>http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=436</ref>
*Moderate overlap front test results: "GOOD"
*Small overlap front test results: "GOOD"
*Side impact test results: "GOOD"
*"Roof strength test results: GOOD"

==Awards==

*The 2006 Acura TL won ''[[ConsumerSearch]]'''s "Best sports sedan with luxury touches" in Best Luxury Cars in September 2006.<ref>[[ConsumerSearch]]'s [http://www.consumersearch.com/www/automotive/luxury-cars/index.html Best Luxury Cars Reviews] September 2006.</ref>
*The 2006 Acura TL won ''ConsumerSearch'''s "Best blend of sport and luxury" in its list of Best Sports Sedans in June 2006.<ref>[[ConsumerSearch]]'s [http://www.consumersearch.com/www/automotive/sports-sedans/index.html Best Sports Sedans Review] June 2006.</ref>

==Sales figures==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Calendar year
! US sales
|-
| 1999
| 56,566<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondanews.com/categories/1090/releases/1265 |title=Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets All-Time Sales Records |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| 67,033
|-
| 2001
| 69,484<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondanews.com/categories/1090/releases/1231 |title=Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets New All-Time Sales Record for 2002 |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| 60,764
|-
| 2003
| 56,770<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondanews.com/categories/1090/releases/2406 |title=Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets New All-Time Sales Record |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| 77,895
|-
| 2005
| 78,218<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondanews.com/categories/1090/releases/3865 |title=Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006 |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| 71,348
|-
| 2007
| 58,545<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hondanews.com/categories/1097/releases/4898 |title=Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| 48,766
|-
| 2009
| 33,620<ref>http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/acura-announces-december-and-year-end-sales-results-112886544.html</ref>
|-
| 2010
| 34,049
|-
| 2011
| 31,237<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-honda-reports-december-sales-136680868.html American Honda Reports December Sales]</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.motortrend.com/features/performance/112_0403_2004_acura_tl_aspec 2004 Acura TL A-spec "2004 Acura TL A-SPEC: No assembly required to enjoy this factory-spec tuner package"], an article by John Kiewicz on page 136 of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]''
* "Honda's Unexpected Gear Shift", an article by John O'Dell in the September 11, 2002 edition of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''

==External links==
{{commons category|Acura TL}}
* [http://www.acura.com/ Acura USA] - Official Site
* [http://www.acura.com/index.aspx?initPath=TL Acura TL] - Official US Site
* [http://www.allcargarage.com/2006-acura-tl.html 2006 Acura TL] - 2006 Acura TL at ''All Car Garage''
* [http://tl.acurazine.com/ AcuraZine] - Acura Owner and Enthusiast Community
* [http://cars.about.com/od/acura/fr/jf_07acura_tl_s.htm Acura TL Type S review] at [http://cars.about.com About.com Cars]
* [http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/oneyear/112_0510_2004_acura_tl/ MotorTrend] - Long-term Review
* [http://www.panasonic.com/ELS_Surround/ Panasonic ELS Surround Sound]
{{Acura}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acura Tl}}
[[Category:Acura vehicles|TL]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
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[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

[[de:Acura TL]]
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[[uk:Acura TL]]

Chevrolet Tahoe

2012-10-23T02:06:15Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519279091 by Sholone (talk)

{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
|image=2011 Chevrolet Tahoe LS -- NHTSA.jpg
|manufacturer=[[General Motors]]
|production=1992–present (Yukon) 1995–present (Tahoe)
|predecessor=[[Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K-Blazer/GMC K5 Jimmy]]
|class=[[Full-size]] [[SUV]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
}}
The '''Chevrolet Tahoe''' (and very similar '''GMC Yukon''') are [[full-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s from [[General Motors]]. [[Chevrolet]] and [[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]] sold two different-sized SUVs under their [[Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Blazer/Jimmy]] model names through the early 1990s. This situation changed when GMC rebadged the full-size Jimmy as the Yukon in 1992. [[Chevrolet]] waited until 1994's introduction of a four-door version to rebadge the mid-size [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|S-10 Blazer]] as the [[Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Blazer]], renaming the full-size Blazer as the Tahoe.

The Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon currently serve as General Motors' full-size SUVs. Lengthened wheelbase models are available for both as the [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]] for the Tahoe and [[Chevrolet Suburban|Yukon XL]] for the Yukon. A luxury Denali model joined the Yukon lineup in 1998. As of 2002, a [[GMC Denali|Denali]] version of the Yukon XL has also been available as the Yukon XL Denali.

{{TOC left}}
{{-}}

== 1992–1999 (GMT400) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=GMC Yukon Chevrolet Silverado ([[Mexico]]) Chevrolet Grand Blazer ([[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]) Chevrolet Tahoe ([[Bolivia]])
|image=Chevrolet Tahoe 2-door.jpg
|name=GMT400
|production=Yukon: 1992–1999 Tahoe: 1995–1999 
|platform=[[GM GMT platform#GMT 400|GMT420/430]]
|body_style=3-door SUV 5-door SUV 6-door SUV
|wheelbase=2-door: {{convert|111.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 4-door: {{convert|117.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|188|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (3-door) {{convert|199|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (5/6-door)
|width= {{convert|77|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|72|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight= {{convert|4500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} (3-door) {{convert|5500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} (5/6-door)
|assembly=[[Arlington, Texas]], [[United States]] [[Janesville, Wisconsin]], [[United States]] [[Silao]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]] [[Rosario]], [[Argentina]] [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[Carabobo]], [[Venezuela]]
|engine=4.1 L [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine|Chevrolet]] [[Straight-6]] 5.7 L [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine|Small-Block Chevrolet]] [[V8]] 4.0 L Maxion S4T [[Turbo]] [[diesel engine|Diesel]] [[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|6.5 L]] Turbo [[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8]]
|transmission=4-speed [[GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60E]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80E]] automatic 5-speed [[New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500]] [[manual transmission|manual]]
|related=[[Chevrolet Suburban#1992.E2.80.931999|Chevrolet/GMC Suburban]]
|successor=
}}
[[File:Wiki cars 058.jpg|thumb|left|GMT400 GMC Yukon GT]]
[[File:1st-Chevrolet-Tahoe-4door.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4-door]]

The new GMC Yukon was introduced for 1992, while [[Chevrolet]] continued calling their version the Blazer. All were 2-door models through 1994. In 1995 the Chevy changed the name of the Blazer to Tahoe and introduced a 4-door version. The Tahoe was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year|Truck of the Year]] for 1996.

The Tahoe/Yukon were shorter than the [[Chevrolet Suburban|Suburban]] on which they were based, but shared that vehicle's ''[[GMT400]]'' [[automobile platform|platform]]. This was a true truck chassis, and was based on that used in the [[Chevrolet Silverado]] full-size [[pickup truck]]. Both two-door and four-door models were produced, as well as [[rear-wheel drive|rear-]] and [[four-wheel drive]].
The two-door weighs roughly {{convert|4500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} while the four-door weighs approximately {{convert|5500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}.
"AutoTrac" full-time all-wheel drive and a programmable Homelink transmitter were added for 1998. The upscale '''Denali''' trim line to the Yukon appeared around this time as the vehicles became popular with wealthy families.

The standard engine was Chevrolet's {{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Chevrolet 350|LO5]] small-block V8, while a turbocharged {{convert|395|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Detroit Diesel V8 engine#6.5 L|Detroit Diesel]] V8 was available beginning in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.media.gm.com/division/chevrolet/products/archive_prod_info/pguide/tahoe/tahbkgnd.htm |title=1996 Tahoe - History |work=GM Media Archives |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>

In [[Mexico]], the Tahoe 2-door was released in 1995, called the Chevrolet Silverado, and in 1998 the 4-door was released as the Silverado 4-door, and both were available in Base, LS and luxury LT trim lines.
In [[Venezuela]], the Tahoe 2-door was released in 1993 (Only 4WD), called the Chevrolet Grand Blazer, and in 1996 the 4-door was released as the Grand Blazer 4-door (2WD). In 1996 the 2 Doors was discontinued. In 1996 only Grand Blazer 4-doors 4WD is available.
In [[Bolivia]], 1995 the 4-door was released as the Tahoe 4-door (4WD) build in USA.

Beginning in 1994, GM began making numerous annual changes to the Blazer/Yukon, including:
* Revised front clip - Blazer (1994)
* Revised interior including a driver-side [[air bag]], revised side mirrors, Blazer renamed Tahoe, 4-door option included (1995)
* Revised [[Vortec]] "5700" (350 cu in) and "7400" (454 cu in) engines with increased [[power (physics)|power]] and [[fuel efficiency]], electronic 4WD shifting, [[daytime running lights]], illuminated entry, and some new interior features (1996)
* Revised automatic transmission, improved steering system and added passenger-side air bag, Yukon 2-door option dropped (1997)
* Programmable Homelink transmitter, PassLock security system, heated front seating surfaces optional, air conditioning for rear seat passengers, AutoTrac automatic 4WD option added, second generation air bags, transmissions revised again (1998)
* Revised steering wheel and improved radiators and transmissions, Tahoe 2-door option dropped (1999)

=== Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71 ===
[[File:2000 Chevy Tahoe Limited.jpg|thumb|left|2000 Chevrolet Tahoe Limited]]
When the GMT800 platform based Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon was released for the 2000 model year, a 2WD Tahoe Limited and 4WD Tahoe Z71 remained in production on the GMT400 platform as special edition vehicles. These special edition vehicles were produced in the Arlington, Texas assembly plant for the 2000 model year only.

The '''Chevrolet Tahoe Limited''' was based on the Chevrolet Tahoe SS concept vehicle introduced in 1996 that never made it to production. It is reported that GM disliked the idea of an SS badged vehicle at a time when insurance companies were already demanding higher premiums for SUVs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carinsurancerates.com/news/12-are-suvs-harder-to-insure-or-more-expensive.html |title=Car Insurance rates news |work=Online Car Insurance News |accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref> The Tahoe SS prototype vehicles made in 1996 were painted either an unspecified metallic green or metallic blue, but the Tahoe Limited was produced only in black onyx metallic. The Tahoe Limited had a distinctive exterior appearance that included a factory equipped ground effects, a monochromatic theme with bumpers and grille painted in the same high gloss black as the body, removal of the roof rack, and fog lamps integrated into the front bumper. Other notable features of the Tahoe Limited included the Z60 high-performance chassis package (commonly known as the police package) which places the body of the vehicle {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} lower than the 4WD Tahoe, two tone gray and charcoal leather interior seating surfaces, a {{convert|120|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} gauge cluster, {{convert|46|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Bilstein]] shock absorbers, a 3.42 or optional 3.73 rear gear ratio, a limited slip rear differential, an engine oil cooling system, and distinctive 16 in Ronal R36 five-spoke aluminum wheels.

The '''Chevrolet Tahoe Z71''' also exhibited a monochromatic appearance similar to the Tahoe Limited, but instead of black onyx metallic the Tahoe Z71 was offered in either light pewter metallic, victory red, emerald green metallic, or indigo blue metallic. Features of the Tahoe Z71 were similar to those of the Tahoe Limited with a few key differences to distinguish the 2WD Tahoe Limited from the 4WD Tahoe Z71. Features that differ from those previously mentioned on the Tahoe Limited included the Z71 off road chassis package, two tone leather seating surfaces in either a gray or neutral theme, a standard 3.73 rear gear ratio, distinctive tail lamp lens covers, tubular side assist step bars, brush guard, body colored fender flares, and distinctive 16 inch Alcoa five spoke polished aluminum wheels.

The [[L31 (engine)|L31]] 5.7 L Vortec V8 powerplant and 4L60E four-speed automatic transmission shared with other GMT400 Chevrolet Tahoe vehicles were not modified in these special edition vehicles, and as such these special editions were mostly appearance packages.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Engine
!Power
!Torque
!Notes
|-
|1992–1995||5.7 L ''[[Chevrolet 350|350 TBI]]'' [[V8]] ||{{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|310|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||
|-
|1994–1998||6.5 L ''[[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel]]'' V8 ||{{convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}|| ||2-door [[Four-wheel drive|4WD]] Tahoe only
|-
|1996–1999||5.7 L ''[[GM Vortec engine#5700|Vortec 5700]]'' V8 ||{{convert|255|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|335|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||
|}
{{-}}

== 2000–2006 (GMT800) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=GMC Yukon Chevrolet Sonora (Mexico)
|image=Chevrolet Tahoe -- 09-26-2009.jpg
|name=GMT800
|production=2000–2006
|platform=[[GM GMT platform#GMT 800|GM GMT800 platform]]
|body_style=4-door SUV
|engine=4.8 L {{convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8]] 5.3 L {{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} V8
|transmission=4-speed [[GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|assembly=[[Janesville, Wisconsin]], [[United States]] [[Arlington, Texas]], [[United States]] [[Silao]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]]<ref name="avtotor.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.avtotor.ru/gm/ |title=Группа компаний Автотор :: Автомобили GM |publisher=Avtotor.ru |date= |accessdate=2010-10-05}} {{Ru icon}}</ref>
|related=[[Chevrolet Suburban]] [[GMC Yukon XL]] [[Cadillac Escalade]] [[Hummer H2]]
|wheelbase={{convert|116.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length=2000–01 Tahoe & 2000–06 Yukon & Denali: {{convert|198.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2002–03 Tahoe: {{convert|196.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–06 Tahoe: {{convert|198.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|78.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height=74.2–76.7 in (1885–1948 mm)
}}

[[File:GMC Yukon GMT800.jpg|thumb|left|GMC Yukon]]

Other than the Tahoe Limited Edition, the vehicle was redesigned for the 2000 [[model year]] on the new ''[[GM GMT platform#GMT 800|GMT800]]'' platform, still shared with the full-sized pickups. Two new engines replaced the old 5.7 L (350 cu in) small-block [[V8]], and while both were smaller, both produced more power. The [[manual transmission]] was dropped, leaving only the [[automatic transmission]]. In [[Mexico]], the GMT800 Chevy Tahoe is called a Chevrolet Sonora. A 2-door GMT800 Tahoe prototype was made but never entered production.

Both vehicles received significant updates with only the grille and headlights distinguishing one from the other. Both vehicles now featured softer lines as part of a more aerodynamic design. The interior was also updated with new seats, dashboard, and door panels.

"StabiliTrak" [[stability control]] was offered for the first time in 2003, as were [[XM Satellite Radio]], [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] audio, and a [[DVD]] entertainment system as the models continued to climb upmarket. Both engines received {{convert|10|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} more for 2004. It was the first generation of Tahoe, where the FlexFuel engine was available.
{{clear left}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Displacement
!Engine
!Power
!Torque
!Notes
|-
|2000–2005||4.8 L||''[[GM Vortec engine#4800|Vortec 4800]]'' [[V8]]||{{convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}|| ||
|-
|2000–2003||5.3 L||''[[GM Vortec engine#5300|Vortec 5300]]'' [[V8]]||{{convert|280|to|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|325|to|330|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||
|-
|2004–2006||4.8 L||''[[GM Vortec engine#4800|Vortec 4800]]'' [[V8]]||{{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}| ||
|-
|2004–2006||5.3 L||''[[GM Vortec engine#5300|Vortec 5300]]'' [[V8]]||{{convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}|| ||FlexFuel
|}
{{-}}

4800
LR4
The Vortec 4800 LR4 is a Generation III small block V8 truck engine. Displacement is 4.8 L (290 cu in) with a {{convert|96.01|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} bore and {{convert|83|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} stroke. It is the smallest of the Generation III Vortec truck engines and was the replacement for the 5.0 L 5000 L30. The LR4 produces {{convert|270|to|290|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|285|to|305|lbfft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}, depending on the model year and application. LR4s are manufactured at St. Catharines, Ontario and Romulus, Michigan.
LR4 applications:
1999 & 2002–2006 Chevrolet Silverado 1500/GMC Sierra 1500
1999–2006 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
[edit]

== 2007 – Current (GMT900) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=07-Chevrolet-Tahoe.jpg
|name=GMT900
|production=2007–present
|platform=[[GM GMT platform#GMT 900|GMT921/922]] (GMT920)
|wheelbase={{convert|116.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|202.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|79.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|aka=GMC Yukon
|height=74.6-77.0 in (1895–1956 mm)
|assembly=[[Janesville, Wisconsin]], [[United States]] [[Arlington, Texas]], [[United States]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]]<ref name="avtotor.ru"/>/<ref>http://www.avtotor.ru/upload/pictures/gm2009.jpg</ref>
|engine=4.8 L [[V8]] 5.3 L [[V8]] 6.2 L [[V8]]
|transmission=4-speed [[GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E]] automatic 6-speed [[GM 6L80 transmission|6L80]] automatic 4-speed [[Continuously Variable Transmission|CVT]] (Hybrid)
|related=[[Chevrolet Suburban]] [[GMC Yukon XL]] [[Cadillac Escalade]]
}}

[[File:GMC Yukon SLT.jpg|thumb|left|GMC Yukon SLT]]

General Motors redesigned the Tahoe and Yukon on the new ''[[GM GMT platform#GMT 900|GMT900]]'' platform in late 2005 as a 2007 model. A [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] version of the Yukon, which uses the shared GM/[[Chrysler]] [[Advanced Hybrid System 2]], followed with the 2008 models. The GMT900 based Tahoe and Yukon exceeded initial sales expectations and continue to sell well despite a weakening market for large SUVs. For the first time, GM used the Tahoe name in [[Mexico]].

For 2007 the GMC Yukon and Chevrolet Tahoe received different front fascias and hood. The GMC Yukon features a monolithic grille and headlights, while the Chevrolet Tahoe grille is divided by a body colored bar similar to the chrome bar found on most GMT800 Tahoes. While the Tahoe's hood now features a design attribute{{clarify|date=October 2009}} obtruding from its otherwise smooth contour, the Yukon features a smooth hood with two slight curves on both sides of the hood. Both the new Yukon and Tahoe feature a more angular design that gives the vehicles a more upscale appearance. The interior was significantly redesigned as well. It features a new real wooded trim dashboard with new chrome accented instrument controls. New door panels as well as new seats were also added to the interior.

Short-wheelbase and police Tahoe production began at [[Arlington Assembly]] on December 1, 2005.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} SWB Yukon production began in early 2006, with [[Janesville Assembly]] coming on line as well. Long-wheelbase versions began at Janesville and [[Silao Assembly]] in March.

Highway mileage has improved from {{convert|19|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} to {{convert|21|to|22|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} with the addition of [[Active Fuel Management]] cylinder deactivation. Both the old and new versions get {{convert|15|to|16|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in town.{{Clarify|date=October 2009}}

The 2007 Tahoe was featured on, and promoted through [[Donald Trump]]'s ''[[The Apprentice 5|The Apprentice]]'', where the two teams put together a show for the top General Motors employees to learn about the new Tahoe. Also, ''The Apprentice'' sponsored an online contest where entrants could create their own commercial for the new Tahoe.

For 2009, the 6.2 L engine in the Yukon Denali got a power increase to {{convert|403|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while a {{convert|395|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 6.2 L was added as an option for the Tahoe LTZ. A 6-speed [[GM 6L80 transmission|6L80]] automatic transmission replaced the 4-speed on all trucks except 2WD models with the 4.8 L engine.

2010 models underwent a mild mid-cycle refresh including a slightly raised bumper, revised door trim, improved side structure, and side torso air bags.

For 2012, the companion, the GMC Yukon, underwent minor changes: the SLE and SLT grades were discontinued, in favor of appearance packages.

The Chevrolet Tahoe, [[Chevrolet Suburban]], [[GMC Yukon]], [[GMC Yukon XL]], [[Cadillac Escalade]], and [[Cadillac Escalade ESV]] will be overhauled when the next-generation [[Chevrolet Silverado]] debuts, likely in 2013. Rumor was that the vehicles could go to monocoque crossovers; those were shelved, as General Motors plans to add to the traditional body-on-frame truck-based SUV, as the 2012 [[Chevrolet Colorado]]-based [[Chevrolet Trailblazer|Trailblazer]] is debuting in 2013 for international markets, and the Colorado debuting in 2013 for North America, and truck owners wanting a smaller truck-based SUV, instead of the monocoque crossover.

{{clear right}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Engine
!Power
!Torque
!Notes
|-
|2007–||4.8 L [[GM Vortec engine#LY2|Vortec 4800]] [[V8]]||{{convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|305|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||
|-
|2007–||5.3 L [[GM Vortec engine#LY5|Vortec 5300]] [[V8]]||{{convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|340|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||standard on 2WD models
|-
|2007–||5.3 L [[GM Vortec engine#LMG|Vortec 5300]] [[V8]]||{{convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|340|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||FlexFuel; standard on 4WD models
|-
|2007–08||6.2 L [[GM Vortec engine#6200|Vortec 6200]] [[V8]]||{{convert|380|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{convert|417|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||Yukon Denali
|-
|2009–||6.2 L [[GM Vortec engine#6200|Vortec 6200]] [[V8]]||{{convert|403|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (Denali)/{{convert|395|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (Tahoe)||{{convert|417|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}||Yukon Denali, Tahoe LTZ
|}

== GMC Yukon Denali ==
{{Further|GMC Denali}}

The [[GMC Denali]] nameplate started as the luxury version of the Yukon for the 1998 model year. The Denali trim is as in the [[GMC Envoy]] available on both standard and XL versions.

=== 1999 ===
[[File:1st-GMC-Yukon-Denali.jpg|thumb|right|GMT400 GMC Yukon Denali]]In 1998, at the time of its introduction, the Yukon Denali was GM's answer to the [[Lincoln Navigator]], but then GM introduced a clone to the Yukon Denali and rebadged it "Escalade" under the Cadillac nameplate. The Yukon Denali's exterior was shared with the [[Cadillac Escalade]], with the entire front clip and lower side body panels differing from the standard Yukon. In the interior, however, the Denali features luxury options not available in the Yukon. These included an upgraded leather interior, power seats, heated seats front and rear, Bose stereo system, and some woodgrain on the dashboard.
{{clear}}

=== 2001 ===
[[File:GMC Yukon Denali GMT800.jpg|thumb|right|GMT800 GMC Yukon Denali]]Even though the Yukon was redesigned alongside the [[Chevrolet Suburban]] and Tahoe in 2000, the Denali and [[Cadillac Escalade|Escalade]] retained their 1990s base design. It was not until 2001 that the Denali and Escalade were redesigned. While the [[Cadillac Escalade|Escalade]] departed from its Yukon based exterior design scheme in attempt to hide its roots, the Yukon Denali's exterior is almost the same as that of a post-2000 GMT400 model year Yukon. Embossed side body panels and slightly reworked headlights with projector-beam lenses along with 17" polished wheels and different grille and front bumper differentiate the Yukon Denali from the regular Yukon. 2001 also saw the introduction of the billet grille which now has become the hallmark of the Denali nameplate.
{{clear}}

=== 2007 ===
[[File:2011 GMC Yukon Denali Hybrid -- 2011 DC.jpg|thumb|right|2011 GMC Yukon Denali]]

The Yukon Denali was redesigned for the 2007 model year alongside the regular mainstream Yukon. The biggest change was in the styling, such as the flattened tailgate reminiscent of the new Tahoe, and particularly the grill and headlight shapes, which made the Yukon look less aggressive than previous models. The only exterior difference between the Yukon Denali and the standard Yukon are the chrome grille and extensive use of chrome accents; and of course the insignias, embeveled rockerpanels, chromed headlights and the Vortec 6200 engine which it shares with the [[Cadillac Escalade]].
{{clear}}

== Hybrid vehicle ==
[[File:Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid O'Malley -- 01-12-2010.jpg|thumb|right|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid used by [[Maryland]] Governor [[Martin O'Malley]]]]
[[File:GMC Yukon Hybrid -- 04-20-2010.jpg|thumb|right|GMC Yukon Hybrid]]
The Tahoe made its hybrid electric debut in fall 2007.<ref>[http://www.statesman.com/wireless/content/life/stories/cars/09/29/0929tahoe.html "Full-size hybrids? GM's got 'em"] from Statesman.com</ref> In January, 2008, starting price was [[United States dollar|US$]]50,540.<ref>[http://www.gm.com/shop/vehicle.jsp?year=2008&pvc=11650&pvc=11651 "2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid"] from GM.com</ref> The starting price of the 2009 model was increased to [[United States dollar|US$]]51,405.<ref>[http://prod3.gmautobuilder.com/BuildYourOwn/Chevrolet.byo?year=2009&mmc=CC10706&modelname= "2009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid"] from gmautobuilder.com</ref>

The Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid uses a combination of its dual displacement 3.0/6.0 L V8 engine and two {{convert|60|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} (continuous) electric motors that charge a 300-volt nickel-metal hydride battery. The vehicle can run on either gasoline, electricity or a mixture of the two using automatic [[Two-Mode Hybrid]] system that monitors the vehicle's torque, and state of the battery to choose the most efficient source of power. The battery is charged either directly by generating electricity through driving one or both electric motors using the gasoline engine (while the vehicle is coasting or being driven by the gasoline engine), or by the wheels driving one or both electric motors through what is called "[[Regenerative braking]]" when the vehicle is decelerating, thus regaining some of the energy invested in forward momentum. The Tahoe is considered a strong or full hybrid, in that it can run entirely on the battery (for a limited range) at low speeds. In city driving, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] rating of fuel consumption for the 2WD version of the hybrid is {{convert|21|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}. In comparison, non-hybrid varieties of the Tahoe are rated no higher than {{convert|15|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} in city driving. In highway driving, the EPA rating is {{convert|22|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chevrolet.com/vehicles/2010/tahoehybrid/overview.do |title=2010 Tahoe Hybrid SUV |publisher=Chevrolet.com |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== ''The Apprentice'' make-your-own-ad contest ==
The 2007 Tahoe was featured on and promoted through Donald Trump's TV series, ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', where the two teams put together a show for the top General Motors employees to learn about the new Tahoe. Also, The Apprentice sponsored an online contest in which anyone could create a commercial for the new Tahoe by entering text captions into the provided video clips; the winner's ad would air on national television. This viral marketing campaign initially appeared to backfire however, when hundreds of environmentally conscious parodies flooded YouTube and Chevy's website critiquing the vehicle for its low gas mileage. Over 400 negative ads were created in total, however over 20,000 positive ads were created making the campaign, according to Chevrolet, a success,<ref>[http://www.mediabuyerplanner.com/2006/04/04/despite_negative_ads_chevy/ Despite Negative Ads, Chevy Declares Viral Video Campaign a Success], Media Buyer Planner, 2006-04-04</ref> despite the negative media attention.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.12/tahoe.html Commercial Break], from Wired News, 2006-12-04</ref>

== The Tahoe in foreign countries ==
In [[Brazil]] the Tahoe GMT400 was sold under the name of "Grand Blazer". The GMT400 is used by Brazilian elite police units, such as the BOPE (Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais) in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and the ROTA (Rondas Ostensivas Tobias de Aguiar) and GATE (Grupo de Ações Taticas Especiais) in [[São Paulo]]. It is also used by the São Paulo State Police and the [[Rio Grande do Sul]] State Police. But as the cars grew old, the great majority of them were substituted, mainly by smaller [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]s, the only midsize SUV currently offered by GM in Brazil.

== Police package ==
[[File:Chevrolet-Tahoe-GMT400-police.jpg|thumb|right|GMT800 Chevrolet Tahoe Police package]]
[[File:Chevrolet Tahoe Police Package.jpg|thumb|GMT900 Chevrolet Tahoe Police Package]]

In [[North America]], the Tahoe is used by many [[law enforcement agencies]], [[Firefighting worldwide|fire departments]], and [[Emergency medical services|EMS agencies]]. During the 1997 model year, the Tahoe was offered with the 9C1 police option using suspension components from the discontinued 454SS truck - the first Tahoe 9C1s were available only in 2WD until the GMT400 was phased out. Plans for outfitting the Tahoe with the 9C1 police package originated around the 1994 model year when GM broke news about phasing out its B-platform sedans (Caprice, Impala SS, Roadmaster) at the end of the 1996 model year where a replacement was imminent since GM ended production of its body-on-frame passenger sedans due to SUV sales. Since the introduction of the GMT900, Chevrolet currently offers two versions of the police package Tahoe; a four-wheel-drive version and a two-wheel-drive version.

Chevrolet refers to the four-wheel drive (4WD) version as "Special Service Vehicle" (SSV). This version of the Tahoe can be used for all purposes except pursuits and high speed responses due to its high center of gravity, thus having a higher probability of rolling-over at high speeds. This version is preferred by agencies where snow, ice, flooding, rough terrain, and ground clearance are common issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmfleet.com/pdf/Tahoe+4WD.PDF |title=38-45 Tahoe 4WD |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-10-05}}</ref>

Chevrolet refers to the two-wheel drive (2WD) version - also known as the rear-wheel drive (RWD) version - as "Police Pursuit Vehicle" (PPV). This version of the Tahoe can be used for all purposes including pursuits and high speed responses. The center of gravity in this vehicle is lower than that of the four-wheel-drive version and the ground clearance is about {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} less, with a standard rear bumper replacing the tow hitch on civilian Tahoes. [[Highway patrol]] agencies prefer the two-wheel-drive version, where pursuits and long distance responses are more common. It should be noted that the two-wheel-drive Chevrolet Tahoe is the only pursuit-rated SUV on the market today, and as of the 2012 model year, the last body-on-frame, rear-wheel drive police vehicle manufactured for the United States market since Ford phased out its aging Panther platform. Other SUVs like the Ford Expedition are used by many law enforcement and EMS agencies, but are not pursuit rated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmfleet.com/pdf/Tahoe+2WD.PDF |title=27-37 Tahoe 2WD |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-10-05}}</ref>

== Yearly American sales ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Tahoe !! GMC Yukon !! Total U.S. sales
|-
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/news/releases/g000105a.html |title=mediaOnline |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2000-01-05 |accessdate=2009-07-19}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 133,235 || 49,355 || 182,590
|-
| 1999
| 122,213 || 53,280 || 175,493
|-
| 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media.gm.com/news/releases/020103decembersales.html |title=mediaOnline |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2002-01-03 |accessdate=2009-07-19}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 149,834 || 56,297 || 206,131
|-
| 2001
| 202,319 || 77,254 || 279,573
|-
| 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=2215 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2004-01-05 |accessdate=2009-08-07}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 209,767 || 76,488 || 286,255
|-
| 2003
| 199,065 || 86,238 || 285,303
|-
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/05/205609.html |title=GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2006-01-05 |accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref>
| 186,161 || 86,571 || 272,732
|-
| 2005
| 152,307 || 73,458 || 225,765
|-
| 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2007-01-03 |accessdate=2009-06-01}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 161,491 || 71,476 || 232,967
|-
| 2007
| 146,259 || 63,428 || 209,687
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161 |title=GM Media Online |publisher=Media.gm.com |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-06-01}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| 91,578 || 39,064 || 130,642
|-
| 2009<ref>http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls</ref>
| 73,254 || 29,411 || 102,665
|-
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2010 - Divisional Brand Level|url=http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2011/DeliveriesDecember2010.pdf|publisher=GM|accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref>
| 75,675 || 28,781 || 104,456
|-
| 2011<ref>http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Jan/gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer/par/download/file.res/Deliveries%20December%202011.pdf</ref>
| 80,527 || 34,250 || 114,777
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.chevrolet.com/tahoe/ Chevrolet - Tahoe]

{{Chevrolet Truck}}
{{GMC}}
{{Chevrolet vehicles}}

[[Category:Chevrolet vehicles|Tahoe]]
[[Category:Flexible-fuel vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:Full-size SUVs]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]
[[Category:Hybrid SUVs]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]

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[[uk:Chevrolet Tahoe]]

Daewoo Lanos

2012-10-23T02:04:36Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 519307140 by 150.101.85.95 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|image=1999-2002 Daewoo Lanos (T100) Sport 3-door hatchback 02.jpg
|name=Daewoo Lanos
|manufacturer=[[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]]
|aka=Chevrolet Lanos Daewoo Sens Doninvest Assol FSO Lanos FSO Lanos plus ZAZ Lanos ZAZ Sens ZAZ Chance
|production=1997–2002 (Daewoo) 1997–present (CKD and license-built models)
|platform=[[GM T platform]]
|body_style=2-door [[convertible]] 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]] 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 2-door [[panel van]]
|class=[[Subcompact]]
|successor=[[Daewoo Kalos]]
|predecessor=[[Daewoo Cielo]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|2520|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|4074|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (hatchback) {{convert|4235|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|4247|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (panel van)
|width= {{convert|1678|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1432|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1908|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (panel van)
|transmission=5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|engine=[[GM Family 1 engine#D-TEC|GM Family 1]] D-TEC 1.4 L [[SOHC]] [[Straight-4|I4]] to 1.6 L [[DOHC]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[MeMZ]] [[SOHC]] 1.3 L [[Straight-4|I4]] and 1.4 L [[Straight-4|I4]] [[ACTECO]] 1.5 L [[Straight-4|I4]] 16V [[DOHC]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|assembly=[[Bupyong]], [[South Korea]] [[Taganrog]], [[Russia]] ([[TagAZ]]) [[6th of October City]], [[Egypt]] ([[General Motors Egypt]], since 2007)<ref>{{cite web|author=Satyam |url=http://www.gmegypt.com/content_data/LAAM/ME/en/GBPME/999/EG/gm_history.html?cntryCd=EG# |title=Welcome to GMArabia.com |publisher=GMEgypt.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-19}}</ref> [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ([[Speranza Chery|Daewoo Motors Egypt]], since 1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboulfotouh.com/lanos/main.html |title=Welcome to Lanos Website |publisher=AboulFotouh.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-19}}</ref> [[Zaporizhia]], [[Ukraine]] ([[AvtoZAZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukravto.ua/eng/production_zaz.htm |title=UkrAVTO Corporation. ZAZ |publisher=UkrAvto.ua |date= |accessdate=2010-10-22}}</ref> [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] ([[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukravto.ua/eng/production_fso.htm |title=UkrAVTO Corporation. FSO |publisher=UkrAvto.ua |date= |accessdate=2010-10-22}}</ref> [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] ([[VIDAMCO]])<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://gmvietnam.com.vn/index.php/en/company/history.html|publisher=GMVietnam.com.vn|accessdate=2011-09-09}}</ref>
|designer=[[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]
}}
The '''Daewoo Lanos''' is a [[subcompact car]] manufactured by the [[South Korea|Korean]] [[automaker]] [[GM Korea|Daewoo Motor]] from 1997 to 2002. It was manufactured under license agreements from 1997 to 2008 by [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych]] (FSO) in [[Poland]], where it was marketed as the '''FSO Lanos''', from 1998 to present in [[Ukraine]] by [[AvtoZAZ]], with modified versions known as '''Daewoo Sens''' and '''Chevrolet Lanos''', since 1998 in [[Egypt]] by [[Speranza Chery|Daewoo Motors Egypt]], and by [[Vietnam]]ese company [[GM Vietnam|VIDAMCO]] between 2000 and 2006. The Chevrolet Lanos is also manufactured in parallel by [[General Motors Egypt]] since November 2008.

For a brief period, it was also assembled by [[TagAZ]] in [[Russia]], marketed as '''Doninvest Assol'''. The Lanos was designed by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] and featured three [[body style]]s: 3-door and 5-door [[hatchbacks]] and a 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]. Lanos was designed to replace [[Daewoo Nexia]] in the Daewoo lineup and was itself replaced by [[Daewoo Kalos]].

== Development ==
[[File:1999-2002 Daewoo Lanos (T100) Sport 3-door hatchback 03.jpg|thumb|left|1999–2000 Daewoo Lanos (T100) Sport 3-door hatchback (Australia)]]
[[File:1997-2000 Daewoo Lanos (T100) SE sedan 01.jpg|thumb|left|1997–2000 Daewoo Lanos (T100) SE sedan (Australia)]]
[[File:Nowe auta FSO.jpg|thumb|left|New FSO Lanos sedan's at the parking behind the factory in [[Warsaw]]]]

In 1992, Daewoo dissolved its joint-venture with General Motors, and simultaneously a decision was made to independently develop replacements for the contemporary Daewoo Motors products, based on older General Motors models. The Lanos development programme was formally started in autumn 1993, with the goal to create a car to replace [[Daewoo Nexia]] as Daewoo's [[small family car]].<ref name="IKL">{{cite web
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20100317150504/http://lanos.autokacik.pl/index2.htm
| title = Internetowy Klub Lanosa
| archivedate = 2010-03-17
| language = Polish
}}</ref>

The project began with a comparative study of competing models from 20 different manufacturers, with [[Toyota Tercel]], [[Opel Astra]] and [[Volkswagen Golf]] identified as most competitive. Four design studios were commissioned to deliver [[clay]] models preseting their ideas for the new model's styling. [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]'s design was chosen, and [[Italdesign Giugiaro|Italdesign]] was commissioned to develop the car's final outside and interior styling. The technical side of the project was conducted simultaneously by Daewoo's development centre Korea as well as suppliers and contractors, who were involved in developing particular components. This included AC Rochester (engine componentry), [[Delco|Delco Chassis Division]] ([[brake]]s, including [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]]), [[GM Powertrain]] ([[automatic transmission]]), Italdesign (body, structural analysis, electrics, prototype construction), PARS Passive Rückhaltesysteme GmbH ([[airbag]]s) and [[Porsche]] (vehicle concept — research, structural analysis, suspension and brake components, and experimental production supervision).<ref name="IKL"/>

By the end of 1995, 150 prototypes were built (providing for three body styles). The development programme involved extensive testing in a multitude of locations. Safety test included high-speed stability and durability testing in [[England]] and brake testing on the [[Großglockner]] in [[Austria]]. Low-temperature testing was conducted in [[Canada]], [[Sweden]] ([[Arjeplog]]) and [[Russia]] ([[Moscow]], [[Khabarovsk]]), while high-temperature tests took place in the [[USA]] ([[Death Valley]]), [[Oman]] ([[Nizwa]]), [[Australia]] ([[Alice Springs]]), [[Spain]] ([[Barcelona]]) and [[Italy]] ([[Nardò]]). The programme was completed in a remarkable time of only 30 months from the approval to the commencement of large-scale production of the Lanos sedan for the Korean market. European-market production began in 1997.<ref name="IKL"/>

== Technical details ==
[[File:20110913 daewoo lanos2 02.jpg|thumb|2001 Daewoo Lanos II (T150) sedan]]
[[File:Шевроле Ланос.JPG|thumb|2006 Chevrolet Lanos (T150) sedan]]
The cars were equipped with [[GM Family 1 engine#D-TEC|GM Family 1]] D-TEC [[Straight-4|I4]] engines ranging from 1.5 L (1549 cc) [[SOHC]] to 1.6 L (1598 cc) [[DOHC]]. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and many countries of [[Europe]] (like [[Italy]], [[France]] or [[Austria]]) there are also E-TEC models 1.4 (1349 cc) and 1.6 (1598 cc). The suspension is built upon that of a [[Daewoo Nexia]], as used in [[Opel Astra|Vauxhall/Opel Astra]] Mk2 GTE.

The four models available were S, SE, SE Plus, SX, and later, the SPORT model. The S was the base model and did not include many standard features (like a CD player or power windows). The SE was just a small step up from the S base model. However, the SX model usually included a CD, radio, and cassette player along with power windows, a power side mirror and fog lights. A few select SX models even came with a sun-roof though not many did. In the Lanos's later years, the SE and SX models were dropped and replaced with a new trim line called the SPORT (2001–2002). The SPORT included several features similar to the SX, but also included red/black leather seats, and a metallic silver dash trim. Also, the SPORT model had window controls located on the doors rather than the center console (like in the previous trim lines).

== Assembly outside South Korea ==
[[Complete knock down|CKD]] kits were supplied to the Polish car factory FSO, the Ukrainian [[ZAZ]] and [[Russia]]n [[TagAZ]] (where it was briefly sold as the '''Doninvest Assol''').

From 2002, ZAZ equipped some of the kits with a domestic [[MeMZ]]-307 [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] and sold this version under the '''Daewoo Sens''' name; this practice continues with the start of full-scale production of model T150. In December 2004, ZAZ adopted the Lanos chassis for full-scale production and installed new welding and painting lines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporation "UkrAvto" and CJSC "ZAZ" start full-scale production of "Lanos" car|publisher=AvtoZAZ.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050127104644/http://www.avtozaz.com/index.php?Lev=news2&Lang=eng&Id=258|archivedate=2005-01-27|date=2004-12-15}}</ref> From March 2009, the updated version is called '''ZAZ Lanos''' (internal model T150).<ref>{{cite web|title=ZAZ cars: buy Ukrainian - support native makers|url=http://www.avtozaz.com/en/press/news/172/|publisher=AvtoZAZ.com|accessdate=2011-10-11|date=2009-03-31}}</ref> The engines are still supplied by GM Daewoo, although a Chinese-developed engine from [[Chery Automobile]] has been fitted and there are plans to build the 1.6 L engine at the MeMZ plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lanos received a more powerful engine from Forza|url=http://auto.bigmir.net/autonews/news/1508902-Lanos-poluchil-bolee-mocshnyj-dvigatel--ot-Forcy|publisher=Autobigmir.net|accessdate=2011-10-11|language=Russian|date=2011-05-10}}</ref>

Since January 2005, the Lanos produced in [[Poland]] started to be sold under the brand name of FSO.

In 2005, [[General Motors]] contracted with ZAZ to provide [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-assembled Lanos models for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] and [[Russia]]n markets, to be imported duty-free, thanks to an international agreement, and sold through the GM dealer network. Sales of the '''Chevrolet Lanos''' sedan commenced in Russia in November 2005. The [[Chevrolet]] brand was utilized to compete effectively with the [[Dacia Logan|Renault Logan]]. From July 2009, it is marketed as '''ZAZ Chance'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chevrolet Lanos turns into Chance|url=http://www.avtozaz.com/en/press/news/194/2009/chevrolet_lanos_turns_into_chance|publisher=AvtoZAZ.com|accessdate=2011-10-11|date=2009-07-07}}</ref>

In 2006, a [[panel van]] variant of the ZAZ Lanos was introduced.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061104144522/http://www.avtozaz.com/press_descr.php?mode=1&id=50&lang=en |title=New! Lanos-pickup |publisher=AvtoZAZ |date=2006-06-01 |archivedate=2006-11-04}}</ref>

Since late 1998, the [[Speranza Motors|Daewoo Motor Egypt]] factory in [[Cairo]] started the assembly of the Daewoo Lanos in both 4 door and 5 door shells.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.aboulfotouh.com/aboulfotouh/en/main.html|publisher=Aboul Fotouh|accessdate=2011-10-11}}</ref> The hatchback version was called Lanos Juliet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Products|publisher=Abou Ghaly Motors|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070220024916/http://www.aboughalymotors.com/default.asp?action=article&ID=24|archivedate=2007-02-20}}</ref> The 4 door was available in two versions:

*The S model which was fully loaded with all options plus an automatic transmission
*The SX model that had A/C, power steering and radio cassette plus a manual transmission

Near the end of year 2000 the Lanos was introduced with a different rear end design and a face lifted front. It was called "Lanos II" in this particular market. A SE version came with all the options plus the manual transmission. The automatic transmission version was stopped shortly after the introduction of the "Lanos II".

In November 2008, [[General Motors Egypt|GM Egypt]] started producing the Chevrolet Lanos in [[6th of October City]], from Ukrainian supplied kits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lanos will be produced in Egypt|url=http://news.infocar.com.ua/chevrolet_lanos_budut_vypuskat_v_egipte_23004.html|publisher=InfoCar.com.ua|accessdate=2011-10-11|language=Russian|date=2008-10-27}}</ref>

== Sales in Australia and North America ==
[[File:Daewoo Lanos hatchback -- 04-22-2011 front.jpg|thumb|left|Daewoo Lanos hatchback (US)]]
The Lanos was finally phased out after the 2002 model year, superseded worldwide by the [[Daewoo Kalos]]. Daewoo ceased operations in [[North America]]. After GM took over [[Daewoo]] to become GMDAT, [[Chevrolet]] began importing the [[Daewoo Kalos]], rebadged as the [[Chevrolet Aveo|Aveo]], to North America beginning with [[Model year|MY]] 2004.

The 2001 and 2002 models follow a recent trend among cars intended to be sold in many markets, in that their rear lamps are asymmetric, with the [[Automotive lighting#Rear fog lamps|fog lamp]] and reverse lamp occupying complementary spots on the driver's side and passenger side respectively; consequently, the rear lamps differ between left- and right-hand drive examples.

== Safety ==
In Australia, the 1997–2003 Daewoo Lanos was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/VehicleSafety/UsedCarSafetyRatings/Used+Car+Safety+Ratings+-+Light+Small+Cars.htm |title=Safety & Rules : VicRoads |publisher=VicRoads.vic.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2010-07-19}}</ref>
'''Europe:''' models received the following European New Car Assessment Program ([[Euro NCAP]]) 1998 ratings:<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2007-08-30 |url=http://www.euroncap.com/tests/daewoo_lanos_1998/31.aspx |title=Euro NCAP - Daewoo Lanos 1998 crash test |publisher=Euro NCAP}}</ref>
* Adult Occupant: {{rating|2.5|5}}, score 17
* Pedestrian: {{rating|2|4}}, score 11 (pre-2002 rating)
In crash tests conducted by [[Australasian New Car Assessment Program|ANCAP]] in 1998 to [[EuroNCAP]] regulations RHD Lanos 3dr hatchback showed poor performance, scoring 0.31 out of 16 in offset front crash test and 6.98 of 16 in side impact test.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2011-10-09 |url=http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/ancap/daewoo/lanos-1998.html |title=ANCAP crash test results - Daewoo Lanos 3 dr 1998 |publisher=NZ Transport Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2011-10-09 |url=http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/ancap/daewoo/lanos-1998.html |title=ANCAP crash test results - Daewoo Lanos 1998 |publisher=NZ Transport Agency}}</ref>
Russian magazine Autoreview tested LHD Chevrolet Lanos T150 sedan built by [[ZAZ]] in 2006. It scored 10.5 of 16 points in offset front crash test.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2007-08-30 |url=http://www.autoreview.ru/archive/2006/08/lanos_crushtest/ |title=Краш-тест: Chevrolet Lanos |publisher=Autoreview |language= Russian}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
*A yellow Daewoo Lanos Sport is driven by Red (Danny R. McBride) in [[Pineapple Express]].

*A green Daewoo Lanos was the alternative car for officer Washburn in the 2004 movie ''[[Taxi (2004 film)|Taxi]]''.

*A Daewoo Lanos was planned to be used in the movie [[Tracer Bullet (film)|Tracer Bullet]] until Vietnam Camera changed their plan- the successor model will be used ([[Chevrolet Aveo|Daewoo Kalos]]).

*The MadTV character [[MADtv_recurring_characters#Tank|Tank]] (played by Bobby Lee) owns a [[riced out]] Lanos, the hydraulic suspension of which he ostensibly controls through voice command. In reality, another guy named Kenneth (presumably Tank's brother or friend) hides in the trunk and jumps up and down to make it look like the car has hydraulics. He also controls other features (like lights and music) from the trunk when Tank shouts at him.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Daewoo Lanos}}
*[http://www.lanos-ua.com/ Lanos & Sens homepage] (Russian)
*[http://www.aboulfotouh.com/lanos/main.html Aboul Fotouh website] (Arabic)
*[http://www.chevroletegypt.com/content_data/LAAM/ME/en/GBPME/001/EG/2011/vehicles/view_all_vehicles/cars/lanos/index.html Chevrolet Lanos website] in Egypt
*[http://daewooforum.pl/ Forum użytkowników Daewoo Lanos] {{pl icon}}
*[http://www.lanos.in.ua/ Lanos-Club (Ukraine)] {{uk icon}}
*[http://lanos.com.ua/ Ukrainian Lanos Club] {{uk icon}}
*[http://www.lanos.cc/ Lanos Cars Club (Russia)] {{ru icon}}

{{GM Korea}}
{{GM Daewoo timeline}}
{{ZAZ vehicles}}
{{Chevrolet vehicles}}

[[Category:Daewoo vehicles|Lanos]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP small family cars]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1997]]

{{Link GA|ru}}
{{Link GA|uk}}
[[cs:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[da:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[de:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[es:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[fa:دوو لانوس]]
[[fr:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[ko:대우 라노스]]
[[it:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[nl:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[pl:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[pt:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[ro:Daewoo Lanos]]
[[ru:Daewoo Lanos]]
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[[vi:Daewoo Lanos]]

Volkswagen Golf

2012-10-20T21:06:43Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 517002240 by SkydivingGiraffe (talk)

{{Distinguish|Volkswagen Gol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf
| image = 2011 Volkswagen Golf (5K) 90TSI Trendline 5-door hatchback (2011-10-12).jpg
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| aka = Volkswagen Rabbit
| production = 1974–present
| predecessor = [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
| class = [[Small family car]]
| body_styles = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]]
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
}}

The '''Volkswagen Golf''' is a [[small family car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) manufactured by [[Volkswagen]] since 1974, marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various [[nameplate]]s – as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada ''(Mk1 and Mk5)'', and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico'' (Mk1).

The original Golf Mk1, designed by the Italian [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]], was a [[front-wheel drive]], front-engined replacement for the [[air-cooled]], rear-engined, rear-wheel drive [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagen's best-selling model and the [[list of bestselling vehicle nameplates|world's third best-selling model]], with more than 29 million built by 2012.<ref name="carmagazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/VW-Golf-build-passes-25-million-/?&R=EPI-3666|title=VW Golf build passes 25 million| accessdate=11 March 2008|date=30 March 2007|author=Gareth Kent|work=carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref>

Most production of the Golf was initially in the 3-door [[hatchback]] style.<ref>Figures for 1974 to 1987: 4.7 million 3-door models, 2.55 million 5-doors, according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald |first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location= Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02116-1|pages=86–87}}</ref> Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, [[station wagon|estate/wagon]] ('''Variant''', from 1993), [[convertible]] ('''Cabriolet''' and '''Cabrio''', 1979–2002), and a Golf-derived notchback [[sedan (car)|saloon/sedan]], variously called '''[[Volkswagen Jetta]]''', '''Volkswagen Vento''' or '''Volkswagen Bora''' (from 1999). The cars have filled many market segments, from basic personal cars, to high-performance [[hot hatch]]es.

Every generation of Golf has been a runner-up in the [[European Car of the Year]] awards, but only one has been a winner, the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3|Golf Mk3]] in 1992.<ref name="coty">{{cite web|url=http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1992_1/coty |title=Previous Winners |language={{es icon}} |publisher=Car of the Year |date= |accessdate=2011-11-09}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Golf name is derived from the German word for [[Gulf Stream]]<ref name=CarpetBombGolfstrom>
* {{Citation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uRAgliO29ZwC&pg=PA7 |title=What's New; Minicar |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |date=August 1974 |page=76 |accessdate=2011-11-02 |quote= It's named for the Golfstrom — the Gulf Stream }}
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen plays Golf game |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160,3928061&dq=volkswagen+golfstrom&hl=en |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |newspaper= [[Milwaukee Sentinel]] |date= 19 June 1984 |page= 6 }}
* {{Citation |title= Introducing the VW 'Golf, |magazine= [[Motor Trend]] |first= Walter A. |last= Woron |year= 1974 |quote= The name originally stems from the Gulf Stream (spelled Golf Strom in German) }}
* {{Citation |newspaper= [[New York Times]] |title= New VW Car Named Golf |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/19/business/new-vw-car-named-golf.html |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |date= 28 June 1984 |quote= The name is drawn not from the game, but from Golf-Strom, which is German for Gulf Stream, the company said. }}
* {{Citation |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=YwGvdR-lloQC&pg=PA84 |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |magazine= [[Popular Science]] |date= December 1984 |title= Golf and Jetta Biggest Little Cars on the Road |page=84 |quote= The Golf, named after the Gulf Stream (''Golf-Strom in German)… |last=Keebler |first= Jack }}
* {{Citation |title= 2006 Volkswagen Golf |work= MSN Autos |publisher= [[MSN]] |url= http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?year=2006&make=Volkswagen&model=Golf |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |quote= The Golf takes its name from the German word Golfstrom, which means Gulf Stream. }}
</ref> and the period in its history when VW named vehicles after prominent winds, including also the [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (after the German word for [[Trade wind]]), [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] (after the [[Jet stream]]), [[Volkswagen Bora|Bora]] (after [[Bora (wind)|Bora]]) and [[Scirocco]] (after [[Sirocco]]).<ref name=Winds>
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen Has Another Car Named For The Wind -- And It's A Fresh Breeze |newspaper= [[Boston Globe]] |first= John R. |last= White |date= April 1, 1990 |page= A.69 |quote= VW likes to name things after wind. Remember Scirocco? That was a car named for a hot desert wind. Passat is more practical; in German it means trade wind. And, if there's anything Volkswagen needs, it's a fresh breeze in the trade department. }}
* {{Citation |title= International marketing management: strategies and cases |first1=Jean-Pierre |last1= Jeannet |first2= Hubert D. |last2= Hennessey |year= 1988 |page= 321 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |ISBN= 978-0-395-35675-3 |quote= This brought about Golf (the German word for the Gulf Wind), Scirocco (the Italian word for a hot wind that brings desert dust from the Libyan desert to Italy), and Passat (the German word for trade wind). }}
* {{Citation |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_12/b4076063825013.htm |magazine=[[Business Week]] |accessdate=2011-11-02 |title= One World, One Car, One Name;The Ford Fiesta, after flopping in the U.S. in the '70s and selling well in Europe ever since, is set to go global |first= David |last= Kiley |date= 13 March 2008 |quote= There was the Bora, which is also the wind that blows north by northeast across the Adriatic Sea. After complaints from dealers that Bora sounded "boring," VW eventually renamed the car the Jetta (as in Jet Stream) in the U.S. More recently, the automaker came out with the Touareg, which is also a nomadic African tribe that used to follow a certain wind pattern. }}
</ref> "Golf" is also a sport, a theme that is shared with the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]] and [[Volkswagen Derby|Derby]].

==First generation (A1/Typ 17, 1974–1983)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk1 (17)
|image=Vw golf 1 v sst.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|engine=1.1l, 1.3l, 1.5l, 1.6l, 1.8l 1.5l Diesel, 1.6l Diesel, 8v
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Beetle]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] Mk1/Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk1}}

In May 1974,<ref>All dates for Mk1 to Mk4 according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald|first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn= 3-613-02116-1|pages=72–137}} and {{cite book |title=Deutsche Autos seit 1990, vol.5|last=Kittler| first=Eberhard|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02128-5|pages= 266–313}}</ref> Volkswagen presented the first-generation Golf as a modern front-wheel-drive, long-range replacement for the [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Later Golf variations included the Golf GTI "[[hot hatch]]" (introduced in June 1976), a diesel-powered version (from September 1976), the [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] notchback saloon version (from October 1979), the [[Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet|Golf Cabriolet]] (from January 1980) and a Golf-based pickup, the [[Volkswagen Caddy]].

The '''Golf Mk1''' was sold as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico.

A facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the '''[[Volkswagen Citi Golf|Citi Golf]]''' from 1984 to 2009.<ref>[http://www.topcar.co.za/user-generated/goodbye-citi-golf topCar: Goodbye Citi Golf]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Second generation (A2/Typ 19E, 1983–1992)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk2 (19E)
|image=VW Golf II front 20080206.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|engine=1.3L, 1.6L, 1.8L, 1.8L 16v, 2.0L 16v, 1.6L Diesel, 1.6L Turbo Diesel, 1.8L G60
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Corrado]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk2}}

September 1983 saw the introduction of the second-generation '''Golf Mk2''' that grew slightly in terms of wheelbase, exterior and interior dimensions, while retaining, in a more rounded form, the Mk1's overall look. In 1985, the first Golfs with four-wheel-drive (Golf syncro) went on sale with the same Syncro four-wheel-drive system being employed on the [[G-Lader#Sizes and car models|supercharged G60 models]], exclusively released on the continent in 1989 with {{convert|160|bhp|kW|disp=flip|abbr=on}} and ABS braking.

A Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model; instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2's entire production run.
{{-}}

==Third generation (A3/Typ 1H, 1991–1999)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk3 (1H)
|image=1996-1998 Volkswagen Golf (1H) CL 5-door hatchback 03.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|related = [[Volkswagen Vento]]
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk3}}

The third-generation '''Golf Mk3''' made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged.

New engines included the first [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] in a Golf, and a narrow-angle 2.8 L [[VR6 engine]]. The VR6-engined version accelerated from {{convert|0|-|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 7.1 seconds, posting a record 15.5¼-mile time at {{convert|90.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} EPA estimate {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (city) or {{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (highway), with {{convert|261|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (city) and {{convert|363|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (highway). For the first time ever, a Golf estate (Golf Variant) joined the line-up in September 1993 (although most markets did not receive this model until early 1994), at the same time a completely new Mk3-derived [[Convertible|Cabriolet]] was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version. With a body style similar to that of the Golf, it was continued on until 2001 with only minor changes in the 1999 model year.
The notchback version, called VW Vento (or Jetta III in North America), was presented in January, 1992.

It was [[European Car of the Year]] for 1992, ahead of PSA's new [[Citroën ZX|ZX]] model and GM's new [[Opel Astra|Astra]] model.

The Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called "Mi" (Golf CL 4-door, added A/C, special interiors, OEM black tinted rear stop lights, and ABS, no OEM radio) ("Mi" ("i" in red) stands for Multipoint Injection and the 1.8 L engine was upgraded to 2.0).
{{-}}

==Fourth generation (A4/Typ 1J, 1997–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (1J)
|image=Volkswagen Golf IV 3-door.jpg
|Engine=1.8 8v, 1.9turbo diesel,1.9 tdi, 2.0 8v, 2.0 16v, 2.8 vr6,
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5]]
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk1 [[Audi TT]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Bora]] [[SEAT León]] Mk1 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk2 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk4}}

The '''Golf Mk4''' was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version (VW Bora or, in North America, again VW Jetta) in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant (estate) in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that comprised bumpers, grill and headlights similar to those of the Mark 4 models. New high-performance models included the 3.2 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined [[4Motion|four-wheel-drive]] Golf "R32" introduced in 2004, its predecessor the 2.8 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined "Golf V6 [[4Motion]]" (succeeding the 2.9 L Mk3 "Golf [[VR6 engine|VR6]] [[4Motion|Syncro]]"), as well as use of the famous 1.8T (turbo) 4-cylinder used in various Volkswagen Group models.

As of 2008, certain variants of the Golf/Bora Mk4 were still in production in Brazil, China, and Mexico. Revised versions of the Mk4 were sold in Canada marketed as the Golf City and Jetta City from 2007 to 2010. The two models were VW Canada's entry-level offerings. They received a significant freshening for the 2008 model year, including revised headlamps, taillamps, front and rear fascias, sound systems, and wheels. Both models were offered only with the 2.0 L, 8-valve SOHC [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] gasoline engine, rated at {{convert|115|bhp|kW|disp=flip|0|abbr=on}}. They were the only entry-level offerings with an optional six-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. The production of Golf Mk4 for the U.S. market ended in 2006. But for the European markets, the production of the fourth generation ended in 2003.

When the Chinese market Bora received a July 2006 facelift, the Golf did too, becoming the "Bora HS" in the process.

Because of the MK4's popularity and low cost, it is still in production in several countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, slightly facelifted.
{{-}}

==Fifth generation (A5/Typ 1K, 2003–2008)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (1K)
|image=2004-2007 Volkswagen Golf (1K) Sportline 2.0 TDI 5-door hatchback 01.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk6]]
|class=
|platform=
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk5}}

The '''Golf Mk5''' was introduced in Europe in 2003. In North America, Volkswagen brought back the '''Rabbit''' nameplate when it introduced the vehicle in 2006. The North American base model is powered by a 2.5 L five-cylinder engine, which produced {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in 2006 and 2007, but was upped to {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in the later models. A [[Grand Tourer Injection|GTI]] version is powered by a turbocharged version of the 2.0 TFSI engine, producing {{Convert|200|PS|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.

Volkswagen also introduced the "Fast" marketing ploy for the North American market, "dedicated to the 'fast' that lives inside every driver". Drivers who purchased new GTI Mk5s from a dealership were shipped a model of said Fast, which employs GTI-like features, and appears as a small robot thing in the commercials. The GTI version is the only version on sale in Mexico.

The saloon/sedan version, again called Volkswagen Jetta in most markets and assembled in Germany, South Africa, as well as Mexico (In Mexico this car is named Bora, in Europe it is now again named Jetta, as well), followed in 2004, a new Golf Variant inThe name is drawn not from the g the only variant, as the notchback version of the GTI can also be had in the GLI version. The front ends of the car are the same, with the only difference being that the GLI is a sedan, while the GTI is a hatchback.

Later models of the Mk5 introduced the 1.4 TSI [[turbocharged]] petrol engine with front-wheel drive.

In a comparison test conducted by ''Car and Driver Magazine'', the Volkswagen Rabbit S was named the winner among eight small cars. While it was praised for its excellent driving position, fine instruments, and strong engine, it was criticized for having high levels of road noise, uncomfortable seats, and poor fuel economy. Though, the final verdict stated, "This one is all about driving pleasure, so it wins." The Rabbit also placed first in their final comparison in December 2006.

The [[Volkswagen Golf Plus]] model was also introduced in 2004. This was a slightly larger version of the Golf Mk5 with a higher roofline.{{-}}

==Sixth generation (A6/Typ 5K, 2008–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (5K)
| image = 2009-2011 Volkswagen Golf (5K) 118TSI Comfortline 5-door hatchback (2011-11-08) 01.jpg
| manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| production = 2008–2012
|platform =
| related = [[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk6}}

Volkswagen based the latest '''Golf Mk6''' on the existing [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|PQ35 platform]] from the Golf Mk5.<ref>Wall Street Journal [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121295991392455457.html VW to Cut Costs to Produce Golf] 9 June 2008; pg B2</ref> This vehicle was debuted at the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobild.de/artikel/erste-fotos-vom-vw-golf-vi_759923.html|title=Erste Fotos vom VW Golf VI – Das ist der neue Golf – News|publisher=autobild.de |accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf was designed by Volkswagen's chief designer [[Walter de'Silva]]. The design is said to be more aerodynamic, helping fuel efficiency, and is quieter than its predecessor. Following criticism of the downgraded interior trim quality of the Mk5 Golf in comparison to the Mk4, Volkswagen opted to overhaul the interior to match the quality with the Mk4 Golf, while maintaining the same user friendliness from the Mk5. The car is also cheaper to build than its predecessor; Volkswagen claims it consequently will be able to pass these savings on to the customer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcar.com/news-special-report.aspx?NA=234338&EL=3253020| title=New VW Golf revealed – Introduction – Car and Car-Buying News – What Car?|publisher=Whatcar.com |date=6 August 2008|accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>
The MK6 Jetta was released in Mexico in mid 2010, and by late 2011 will be available in all markets around the globe.
[[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] [[diesel engine]]s which use the [[common rail]] direct injection will replace the longstanding Pumpe/Düse (PD) [[Unit Injector]] system. New on the Golf, is the optional Volkswagen Adaptive Chassis Control (not available in the North American market), which allows the driver to select between 'normal', 'comfort' and 'sports' modes, which will vary the suspension, steering and accelerator behavior accordingly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tan |first=Paul |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2008/08/06/6th-generation-volkswagen-golf-details-and-photos/ |title=6th Generation Volkswagen Golf Details and Photos |publisher=Paultan.org |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf is available with both 5- and 6-speed [[manual transmission]] [[gearbox]], and 6- or 7-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] ([[Dual clutch transmission|Dual Clutch]]).

The car was introduced for sale in the UK in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |title=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |publisher=Uk.cars.yahoo.com |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The car was introduced in North America in October 2009 as the 2010 Golf, rather than Rabbit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Garrett J|title=VW kills Rabbit name, again|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/vw-kills-rabbit-name-again/|date=27 March 2009|accessdate=27 March 2009|work=New York Times}}</ref> The Mk6 also reintroduced a diesel engine option to the North American market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/08/06/2010-vw-golf-tdi-review/|title=2010 VW Golf TDI Review|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>{{-}}

==Seventh generation (A7/Typ 5G, 2013–){{anchor|A7}}==
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk7}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk7
|image= 12-10-03-autostadt-wob-by-RalfR-12.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]]
|aka=
|engine=
|production= 2012–
|related=[[Audi A3#Mk3|Audi A3 Mk3]] [[SEAT León#Mk3|SEAT León Mk3]] [[Škoda Octavia#Mk3|Škoda Octavia Mk3]]
}}

The seventh-generation Golf had its début in late 2012 at the [[Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted: 27 Sep 2012 |url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/paris-motor-show-2012/photos/new-volkswagen-golf-gti-concept-revealed-2012-09-27 |title=Paris 2012: the new Golf GTI - BBC Top Gear |publisher=Topgear.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-29}}</ref>

The '''Golf VII''', Typ 5G<ref>{{Citation | work = Volkswagen Elektronischer Teilekatalog|issue = 931|publisher=Lex-Com GmbH}}</ref> will use the new [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform|MQB platform]], shared with the new [[Audi A3]], new [[SEAT León]] and upcoming [[Škoda Octavia]].
{{-}}

==VW Golf GTi W12==

There were plans to build a supercar version of the VW Golf. It had featured a 6.0 litre 12-cylinder engine, the same as a Phaeton Luxury Cruiser. The engine has also been tuned to give am extra 200[[bhp]]. Volkswagon reckoned that the car will probably do 0-62mph in 3.7 seconds. Te car is a rear wheel drive using a six-speed automatic gearbox.
The body of the golf had to be changed to carry the engine. The body was made wider and had to have a rear spoiler to improve handling.
The W12 engine was place in the middle of the car if prove the cars grip. <ref>{{cite web|author=Posted: 20 Oct 2012|url=http://cars.uk.msn.com/news/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=148151390 |title=Revealed: 641bhp VW Golf GTi |publisher=cars.uk.msn.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-20}}</ref>

==Electric versions==
{{See also|Electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle}}

The VW Golf has had several generations made into electric ''CityStromer'' models. The first of these was in the 1970s, when VW took a standard Golf Mk1 and converted it to electric power. By the time the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Golf Mk2]] came into production a limited number of electric Golfs were made, using [[lead–acid battery]] packs and a custom-made motor and controller{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. VW continued with the production of limited numbers of CityStromer electric cars with the introduction of the Golf Mk3. The electric CityStromer Mk3 included a Siemens based AC drive system, and lead–acid battery packs. They had a maximum speed of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a range of approximately {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citystromer.cz/index_en.html |title=CitySTROMer |publisher=Citystromer.cz |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> With a few exceptions, only left-hand drive Golfs were converted by VW into Citystromer models. These vehicles are still used today and have popularity in mainland Europe with only a few present in Great Britain. Only two right-hand drive Mk2 CityStromers were built for the UK market and it is believed only one remains today. It is owned by EV advocate and broadcaster [[Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield]], host of Transport Evolved. [http://www.aminorjourney.com/journal/2009/11/13/aminorjourneycom-on-positivetv.html The CityStromer EV on PositiveTV]

===Golf Variant Twin Drive===
As part of the "Fleet study in electric mobility" project that began in 2008, VW developed 20 Golf Variant twinDRIVE [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s. These research vehicles have an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|57|km|abbr=on}} and the [[internal combustion engine]] provides for a total range of {{Convert|900|km|abbr=on}}. The plug-in hybrid drive of the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is equipped with either an 11.2 [[kWh]] or a 13.2 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery]] pack, as Volkswagen is testing packs from two vendors. Ten vehicles are equipped with batteries from the American-German manufacturer GAIA with [[cathode]] type nickel cobalt aluminium dioxide (NCA). The other ten are powered by lithium-ion batteries with [[Lithium-ion battery#High power cathode using lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)|nickel manganese cobalt]] (NMC) cathodes from the Korean-German joint venture SB LiMotive ([[Samsung]] and [[Bosch]]). These 10 vehicles have been in use since early 2011. Both battery systems offer high power and energy density. They each weigh about 150 kg. The [[gasoline engine]] is used to support the electric heating system when outdoor temperatures are low.<ref name=GCC0611>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/vw-20110629.html|title=Volkswagen presents status of fleet study in electromobility; latest generation of twïnDRIVE plug-in hybrid|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2011-06-29|accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref>

Using guidelines for determining the fuel consumption of plug-in hybrids, VW estimates a fuel consumption of 2.1 L/100 km (112 mpg US), which is equivalent to 49 g/km CO2. When the battery is fully charged, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is design to maximize the share of pure electrical energy used for driving, and only when longer distances are driven does the share of supplemental gasoline fuel increase. Top speed of the car is {{Convert|170|km/h}} and it accelerates to 100 km/h in under 12 seconds. When operated in pure electric mode, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE can reach a top speed of {{Convert|120|km/h}}.<ref name=GCC0611/>

The production version is expected to be based on Mk6 Golf featuring a 1.5 L turbodiesel engine and electric motor, with estimated arrival date of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/volkswagen-twin-drive-plug-in-hybrids-not-due-until-2015.html |title=VW Twin Drive plug-in hybrids not due until 2015 |publisher=Motorauthority.com |date=4 September 2008 |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> A [[SEAT León]] prototype with the Twin Drive system is also under development.

===Golf blue-e-motion===
[[File:Volkswagen Golf Electric at the 2012 Stockholm Car Festival.jpg|thumb|Golf blue-e-motion electric engine.]]
At the ceremonial launching of Germany's "[[National Electric Mobility Platform]]" ([[NEMP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/germany-starts-national-electric-mobility-platform-19976.html |title=Germany Starts National Electric Mobility Platform |publisher=autoevolution |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> in Berlin, Volkswagen presented the Golf blue-e-motion [[electric car]] [[concept car|concept]] to German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]. NEMP is a German government initiative to develop Germany into a leading market for electric mobility.

The Golf blue-e-motion has a [[all-electric range|range]] of {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}. Sales are scheduled for 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/vw-provides-update-with-a-few-more-technical-details-on-golf-blue-e-motion-ev-market-debut-in-2014.html|title=VW provides update with a few more technical details on Golf blue-e-motion EV; market debut in 2014|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-11-09|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> and Volkswagen scheduled a field testing program with 500 units to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6637183/green/volkswagen-s-first-electric-car-will-be-based-on-2013-golf/index.html|title=Volkswagen's First Electric Car Will Be Based on 2013 Golf|publisher=Automobiles Magazine|author=Andrew Peterson|date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/01/volkswagen-announces-electrification-plan-500-golf-evs-in-2011/|title=Volkswagen announces electrification plan, 500 Golf EVs in 2011|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=1 March 2010|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> The first 10 units began field testing in [[Wolfsburg]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologicvehicles.com/en/green-transportation-news/826/test-fleet-of-the-golf-blue-e-motion-launched|title=Test fleet of the Golf blue-e-motion launched|publisher=TechVehi|date=2011-05-11|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in June 2011 in [[Berlin]], [[Hannover]] and Wolfsburg.<ref name=Autoweek110616>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110616/CARNEWS/110619900 |title=Volkswagen preps the Golf EV for 2013 launch |date=2011-06-16 |author=David Jolley |publisher=AutoWeek }}</ref> In February 2012, the first eGolf, as it is called in the United States, was delivered in [[Belmont, California]]. A total of 20 eGolfs will be allocated to the U.S. field testing program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073454_volkswagen-plugs-in-starts-egolf-test-fleet-in-california|title=Volkswagen Plugs In, Starts eGolf Test Fleet In California|author=Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield |publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-02-27|accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>

The Golf blue-emotion has a 26.5 kWh [[lithium-ion]] battery pack and is powered by an 85 kW electric motor which drives the front wheels through a single speed transmission. It will accelerate to {{convert|62|mph}} in 11.8 seconds and have a top speed of {{convert|86|mph}}.<ref name=Autoweek110616/> [[Paddle shift]]ers are used to adjust the amount of regenerative braking. The vehicle's PRNDL stick has an additional 'B' mode as found on some other electric vehicles to set the regenerative braking effort to the maximum for sustained downhill travelling.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Motorsport==
In [[auto racing]], [[Audi Performance and Racing|APR Motorsport]] has led two MKV VW GTI's to victory in the Grand-Am [[KONI Sports Car Challenge]] Street Tuner (ST) class.<ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=882 TheGlen.com 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=883 EMCO Gears Classic – Split Classes Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=884&sid=527 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=886 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the VW Golf TDI ([[clean diesel]]) among its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|month=April | year=2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=USA Today|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category|VW Golf GTI}}
* [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
* [[VDub]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[Hot hatch]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/models/golf_start.html Volkswagen Golf Website]


{{Volkswagen}}
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Mercedes-Benz SL-Class

2012-10-19T03:31:20Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 518632131 by 71.87.206.64 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile| name = Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
| image = Mercedes-Benz 2003 SL 500.jpg
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| manufacturer = [[Mercedes-Benz]]
| production = 1954–present
| class = [[Luxury car|Luxury]] [[grand tourer]]
| body_style = 2-door grand tourer
| assembly = [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Germany]] [[Santiago Tianguistenco]], [[Mexico]]
}}

The '''Mercedes-Benz SL''' is a [[grand tourer]] manufactured by Mercedes since 1954. The designation '''SL''' derives from the German ''Sport Leicht,'' or Sport Lightweight — and was first applied to the '''[[Mercedes-Benz 300SL|300SL]]''' 'Gullwing' named also after its ''[[Gull-wing doors|gullwing]]'' or upward-opening doors.

The term '''SL-Class''' refers to the marketing variations of the vehicle, including the numerous engine configurations spanning six design generations.

==1954 to 1963==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz 300SL|Mercedes-Benz 190SL}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Mercedes 300SL Coupe vr silver EMS.jpg
| production = 1954–1963
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz 190SL|Mercedes-Benz W121 BII]] (190SL) [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL|Mercedes-Benz W198]] (300SL)
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4520|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1790|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| engine = 1.9L [[Mercedes-Benz M121 engine|M121]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.0L M198 [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}

The 300SL [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] succeeded the Gullwing in 1957. The [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] '''[[Mercedes-Benz 190SL|190SL]]''' was more widely produced with 25,881 units, starting in 1955. Cars of the open SL-Class were available as a [[coupe]] with a removable [[hardtop]] or as a roadster with [[convertible]] soft top or with both tops. Production for the 190SL and 300SL ended in 1963.

*'''300SL''' ("Gullwing"): 1954–1957, 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''300SL''' (Roadster): 1957–1963 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''190SL''': 1955–1963, 1.9L [[Straight-4|I4]], {{convert|105|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
{{Clear}}

==1963 to 1971==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz W113}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 71-Mercedes-Benz-280SL-1.jpg
| production = 1963–1971
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz W113]]
| engine = 2.3L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M127.II]] [[I6 engine|I6]] 2.5L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M129.II]] [[I6 engine|I6]] 2.8L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M130]] [[I6 engine|I6]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (ZF)
| length = {{Convert|4285|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1760|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1305|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
}}

Next came the SL-Class '''230SL''', a new design with a 2.3L mechanically fuel injected six cylinder engine. It featured a low waistline and big curved greenhouse windows, and a [[Roadster (automobile)|Coupe Roadster]] with detachable hardtop, whose distinctive roofline earned the nickname "pagoda top." The design was by [[Paul Bracq]]. Around 1967, the engine received a displacement increase and the model became known as the '''250SL'''. Within a year the engine displacement was increased for the final time and the model designation became '''280SL'''. Beginning with later versions of the '''250SL''' changes were made to dashboard padding, switches and knobs, door pockets (U.S. models only) and steering wheel. In addition, the on the '''230SL''' formerly separate center hub caps and wheel trim rings became full wheelcovers.

*'''230SL''': 1963–1967, 2.3L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''250SL''': 1966–1968, 2.5L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''280SL''': 1967–1971, 2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
{{Clear}}

==1972 to 1989==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R107}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = merc.280sl.arp.jpg
| production = 1972–1989
| wheelbase = {{Convert|96.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|180.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R107]]
| width = {{Convert|70.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|51.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =

2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.5L [[V8]] 3.8L [[V8]] 4.2L [[V8]] 4.5L [[V8]] 5.0L [[V8]] 5.6L [[V8]] 
| transmission = 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}
*'''350SL''': 1971–1980, 3.5L [[V8]]
*'''450SL''': 1973–1980, 4.5L [[V8]]
*'''280SL''': 1974–1985, 2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
*'''380SL''': 1980–1986, 3.8L [[V8]]
*'''500SL''': 1980–1986, 5.0L [[V8]]

All updated 86-89 models have the advantages of the more modern 4 pot brakes, larger discs, and suspension derived from the W124 sedan. The body itself is built with a modern paint system designed to improve protection from rust.
*'''300SL''': 1986–1989

The 300SL base model was available as standard in a 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] although very few were sold. The [[SOHC]] 6 cylinder M103 is typically considered to have handling advantages with its lighter weight engine.

*'''420SL''': 1986–1989, 4.5L [[V8]]
*'''500SL''': 1986–1989, 5.0L [[V8]]
*'''560SL''': 1986–1989, 5.6L [[V8]]

The 560SL was only sold in the [[USA]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], and [[Australia]] to compensate the reduced output of the 5.0L due to the stricter emission laws in these markets.
{{Clear}}

==1989 to 2002==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = MB SL 500 SILVER ARROW.JPG
| production = 1989–2002
| wheelbase = {{Convert|99.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1997–2001: {{convert|177.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1989–1996: {{convert|176.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1992-96 V12: {{convert|178.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R129]]
| width = {{Convert|71.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1992–2001: {{Convert|51.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1989–1991: {{Convert|50.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =
2.8L {{Convert|193|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 2.8L {{Convert|204|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 3.0L {{Convert|190|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L {{Convert|231|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.2L {{Convert|231|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.2L {{Convert|224|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 5.0L {{Convert|326|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.0L {{Convert|306|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.5L {{Convert|354|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V8 engine|V8]] 6.0L {{Convert|381|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V8 engine|V8]] 6.0L {{Convert|394|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] 7.0L {{Convert|496|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V12 engine|V12]] 7.3L {{Convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V12 engine|V12]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R129}}
The 1990 Mercedes SL base model was the 228 hp (170 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] '''300SL''' version in the US. In Europe the base model was the 190 hp (140 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] '''300SL''' with 12 valves, and the 228 hp (170 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] with 24 valves is known as the '''300SL 24''' .
But it was the 322 hp (240 kW) '''500SL''' (with a 5.0 L [[V8]] engine) which made the most headlines. The specification was high, with electric windows, mirrors, seats and roof.

The R129 model was the first convertible/roadster to offer the automatic rollbar deployment in event of rollover. The motorist can also manually raise and lower the rollbar should he choose to. This facilitates the clean look of R129 without compromising the occupant's safety.

1994 saw a minor facelift for the SL with changes to the taillamps and white turn signal indicators in the front, and the 300SL was replaced in Europe by the '''SL280''' and '''SL320''' (with 2.8 L and 3.2 L I6 engines). The '''SL500''' continued with the same powerful engine. A 389 hp (290 kW) 6.0 L [[V12 engine|V12]] '''SL600''' topped the range. Introduced in 1993 as the '''600SL''', it was re-badged the '''SL600''' in 1994.

The '''SL320''' replaced the 300SL in the United States in 1995, but the SL280 was not offered. The 6-cylinder SLs were dropped from the US lineup in 1998, leaving just the [[V8]] and V12. The SL500 got a new 302 hp (225 kW) 5.0 L V8 for 1999.

===AMG===
[[File:SL73.JPG|thumb|left|150px|1999 Mercedes-Benz SL73 AMG]]
The extremely rare '''SL73 AMG''' was sold through AMG in 1995, and at {{convert|525|bhp|abbr=on}} it offered the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time. After a brief gap, the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001, although the engine was slightly updated to be more reliable. The same 7.3L [[V12 engine|V12]] was later used by [[Pagani]] in the [[Pagani Zonda|Zonda]]. A total of 85 SL73 AMG roadsters were built. The SL73 was briefly reintroduced in September 1999 following the SL's end-of-life [[facelift]] and a limited number were produced up until December 2001. The facelifted SL73 is the car that appears in the picture (left).

Even more rare is the '''SL70 AMG''' which was powered by a 7.0 L V12 engine.

The '''SL60 AMG''' was also extremely rare. Sold through MB from 1996 to 1998, it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing between {{convert|381|bhp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|384|bhp|abbr=on}}. AMG claimed a 0-62 mph (100 km/h) speed of 5.8 seconds. Its top speed was limited to {{convert|155|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, but with the limiter removed, it was capable of approximately {{convert|185|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. AMG later unofficially admitted that 0-60 mph was closer to 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405-410 bhp.

The '''SL55 AMG''' was sold through AMG in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited quantity. It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold from 2002 to 2008.

Only about 300 cars in the SL-class were customized by AMG prior to 2002.
{{Clear}}

==2002 to 2011==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R230}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation
| image = Mercedes-Benz SL500.jpg
| production = 2002–2012
| wheelbase = {{Convert|100.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|178.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R230]]
| width = 2005–08: {{Convert|71.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001-04: {{Convert|72.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|51.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =
5.0L {{Convert|308|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.4L {{Convert|493|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.5L {{Convert|493|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] 6.0L {{Convert|604|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 7-speed automatic
}}

The fifth generation SL was in production between 2002 and 2011. The all-new SL (initially just a 5.0 L '''SL500''' version) featured a [[retractable hardtop]] (marketed as the Vario Roof) available on the [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class|SLK]] since 1997. This featured a 5.0 L 302 hp (225 kW) V8, with a 5.4 L [[Mercedes-AMG|AMG]] Supercharged V8 appearing in 2002's '''SL55 AMG'''. V12 engines are available in the '''SL600''' and the limited-production '''SL65 AMG''' and the '''SL350''' 3.7 L (3724 cc) 18-valve [[V6]] 245 hp in some markets SL350.

[[File:Mercedes SL II.Facelift front.jpg|thumb|left|2009 facelift]]
The R230 SL underwent a significant facelift in 2009 featuring new and revised engines and a new front end that evokes the classic 300SL with a large grille featuring a prominent 3-pointed star and twin "power domes" on the hood, the car also features new headlights with an optional "Intelligent Light System" and a new speed sensitive steering system. The SL 63 AMG replaced the SL 55 AMG.

{{Clear}}

==2012–present==

{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R231}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation
| image = 2013 Mercedes-Benz SL550 -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG
| production = 2012-
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R231]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2585|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4612|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1877|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1315|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| engine =
3.5L {{Convert|302|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6 engine|V6]] 4.7L {{Convert|430|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] [[turbocharged]] 5.5L {{Convert|529|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] [[turbocharged]] 6.0L {{Convert|621|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] [[turbocharged]]
| transmission = 7-speed automatic 
}}
In December 2011 Mercedes-Benz announced the all new SL-Class and was formally launched at the [[North American International Auto Show]] in January 2012. The new SL (R231) has been produced for the first time almost entirely from aluminium. The new aluminium bodyshell weighs around 110 kilograms less than it would using the steel technology from the predecessor. Although the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class has more assistance systems on-board than its predecessor and therefore does actually sacrifice some of the weight saved through the aluminium bodyshell, the scales show some better figures: the SL 500 (1.785 kg) weighs around 125 kilograms less and the SL 350 (1.685 kg) is 140 kilograms lighter than its predecessor.

New features include the unique FrontBass system (it uses the free spaces in the aluminium structures in front of the footwell as resonance spaces for the bass loudspeakers) and adaptive windscreen wipe/wash system MAGIC VISION CONTROL, which supplies water from the wiper blade as required and depending on the direction of wipe. The R231 is also available with two different suspension systems: semi-active adjustable damping as standard. The optional active suspension system ABC (Active Body Control) is available as an alternative. Both suspension variants are combined with a new electromechanical Direct-Steer system featuring speed-sensitive power steering and a ratio that can be varied across the steering wheel angle and it also reduces the amount of steering required when parking and manoeuvring.

Compared with its predecessor, the new generation of the SL is much longer and wider. Shoulder room (+37 mm) and elbow room (+28 mm) have been increased too.

====Engines====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+Petrol engines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-614251-1-827584-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html?TS=1332553288251 |title=Technical data C-Class |publisher=Media.daimler.com |date=2007-01-18 |accessdate=2012-09-29}}</ref>
! Model || Years || Type || Power, torque@rpm
|-
| SL 350 BlueEFFICIENCY || 2012- || {{convert|3498|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 24V V6 ([[Mercedes-Benz M276 engine|M 276 DE 35]]) || {{convert|306|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@6500, {{convert|370|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@3500-5250 
|-
| SL 500 BlueEFFICIENCY || 2012- || {{convert|4663|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 32V V8 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M278 engine|M 278 DE 46 AL]]) || {{convert|435|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5250, {{convert|700|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@1800-3500 
|-
| SL 63 AMG || 2012- || {{convert|5461|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 32V V8 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M157 engine|M 157 DE 55 AL]]) || {{convert|537|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5500, {{convert|800|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2000-4500 Performance Package: {{convert|564|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5500, {{convert|900|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2250-3750 
|-
| SL 65 AMG || 2012- || {{convert|5980|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 36V V12 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M279 engine|M 279 E 60 AL]]) || {{convert|630|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4800-5400, {{convert|1000|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2300-4300 
|}

==Notable drivers==
*[[Steve Jobs]], American businessman, avoided needing license plates by swapping out a silver Mercedes SL55 with his leasing agency every six months, the maximum length of time California drivers can go without affixing issued number plates.<ref>[http://www.itwire.com/it-people-news/enterprise/50649-the-truth-about-steve-jobs-number-plate The truth about Steve Jobs' number plate]. Accessed October 27, 2011.</ref>
*[[Peter Thiel]], American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and hedge-fund manager that started PayPal and invested in SpaceX. He drives a dark-blue Mercedes SL500, as noted in an article in the New Yorker.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all No Death, No Taxes]. Accessed May 29, 2012.</ref>
*[[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]], Swedish singer who won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|ESC 2012]].<ref>[http://www.resume.se/nyheter/reklam/2012/06/20/har-valjer-loreen-sitt-vralak/ Här väljer Loreen sitt vrålåk (Swedish)]. Accessed June 27, 2012.</ref>
*[[Jeremy Clarkson]], British broadcaster, presenter of [[Top Gear]]. Owned a Mercedes SL55 AMG

==Sales==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar year
! US sales
|-
| 2001
| 4,217<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mercedes-Benz+USA+Records+Highest+Sales+in+Its+History.-a096075297 |title=Mercedes-Benz USA Records Highest Sales in Its History. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| 13,717
|-
| 2003
| 13,318<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313903.html |title=2004 Highest Year on Record for Mercedes-Benz USA |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| 12,885
|-
| 2005
| 10,080<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/01/03/032870.html |title=Mercedes-Benz Rings in the New Year with Record 2006 Sales |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| 8,462
|-
| 2007
| 6,126<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Jan09/05_001548_Mercedes_Benz_USA_Sales_Drop_32_Percent_In_December_2008.html |title=Mercedes-Benz USA's Sales Drop 32.1 Percent In December 2008 | eMercedesBenz - The Unofficial Mercedes-Benz Weblog |publisher=eMercedesBenz |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| 5,464
|-
| 2009
| 4,025<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/highest-sales-month-for-the-year-at-21469-brings-mercedes-benz-to-an-18-percent-increase-for-2010-112881769.html |title=Highest Sales Month for the Year at 21,469 Brings Mercedes-Benz to an 18 Percent Increase for 2010 |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| 2,385
|-
| 2011
| 1,449 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://daveknowscars.com/2012/01/09/mercedes-sales-2011-best-on-record-strong-december-sales-report-caps-off-2011-with-264460-vehicles-sold/ |title=Mercedes Sales 2011 Best on Record! Strong December Sales Report Caps off 2011 with 264,460 Vehicles Sold |publisher=daveknowscars.com |date=2012-01-09}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mercedes-Benz SL-Class}}
*{{official website|http://www5.mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/passenger-cars/sl-class/}}
*[http://www.mercedes-amg.com/#/sl63-overview Mercedes-AMG SL63]

{{Mercedes-Benz vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercedes-Benz Sl-Class}}
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz vehicles|SL-Class]]
[[Category:Hardtop convertibles]]
[[Category:Roadsters]]
[[Category:Grand tourers]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1950s automobiles]]
[[Category:1960s automobiles]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1957]]

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[[de:Mercedes-Benz SL-Klasse]]
[[es:Mercedes-Benz Clase SL]]
[[fr:Mercedes-Benz SL]]
[[it:Mercedes-Benz Classe SL]]
[[he:מרצדס-בנץ SL-קלאס]]
[[nl:Mercedes-Benz SL-klasse]]
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[[no:Mercedes-Benz SL-Klasse]]
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[[fi:Mercedes-Benz SL-sarja]]
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[[tr:Mercedes-Benz SL Serisi]]
[[uk:Mercedes-Benz SL-Клас]]

Mercury Villager

2012-10-19T03:25:33Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 518625967 by JimMatczak (talk)

{{dablink|This article is about the mini-van. For other Mercury and Edsel vehicles using the "Villager" submarque, see [[Mercury Villager#Other uses of the name|Other uses of the name]] below.}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mercury Villager
| image = 96-98 Mercury Villager -- 12-26-2009.jpg
| wheelbase = {{convert|112.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| platform = [[Ford VX54 platform]]
| manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
| production = 1993–2002
| assembly = [[Avon Lake, Ohio]]
| class = [[Minivan]]
| successor = [[Ford Freestar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]]
| aka = [[Nissan Quest]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| designer = [[Moray Callum]]
}}

The '''Mercury Villager''' was a [[minivan]], marketed by Ford from model years 1993-2002. A [[Badge engineering|rebadged]] variant of the [[Nissan Quest]], the Villager was a product of a joint venture between [[Ford Motor Company]] and [[Nissan]] and was built at Ford's [[Ohio Assembly]] plant in [[Avon Lake, Ohio]].

The Villager was unrelated to the [[Ford Aerostar]], the [[Ford Windstar]], the [[Ford Freestar]] or the [[Mercury Monterey (minivan)|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007).

{{tocleft}}
{{clear}}

==First generation==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First Generation
| image = 1993-1995 Mercury Villager.jpg
| production = 1993–1998
| body_style = 3-door [[minivan]]
| length = {{convert|189.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1993–95) {{convert|190.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1996–98)
| width = {{convert|73.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1993–95) {{convert|73.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1996–98)
| height = {{convert|67.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1993–95) {{convert|67.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1996–98 GS Cargo) {{convert|65.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1996–98 GS) {{convert|65.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1996-98 Nautica & LS)
| engine = 3.0 L {{Convert|151|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Nissan_VG_engine#VG30E|VG30E]] [[V6]]
| weight = {{convert|3815|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| related = [[Nissan Quest#First generation (1993-1998)|Nissan Quest]]
}}

The first-generation Villager was available in three trim levels: ''GS'', ''LS'', and the luxury ''Nautica Special Edition''. All ''Nautica'' models came with a two-toned blue and white, paint scheme, an elegant yellow pinstripe, second row captain's chairs, and blue and white, or grey leather upholstery.
The Quest/Villager engine seems to have a serious flaw in the crankshaft, as they break at the front stub. Nissan increased the diameter from 25 to 27 mm around 1995.
The Villager carried the code name "VX54" within Ford. The Villager received a minor freshening in 1995 that included a new front fascia — removing the front light bar — and redesigned taillights.
{{clear}}

==Second generation==

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second Generation
| image = 2nd-Mercury-Villager.jpg
| production = 1999–2002
| body_style = 4-door [[minivan]]
| length = 194.7 in (1999–2000) 194.9 in (2001–02)
| width = {{convert|74.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|70.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine = 3.3L {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Nissan_VG_engine#VG33E|VG33E]] [[V6]] [[SOHC]]
| weight = {{convert|3944|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The Villager was redesigned alongside the Quest for 1999, and facelifted for 2001, but sales remained slow. Ford pulled the plug after a brief run of 2002 models were produced, ending the Ford and Nissan joint venture. The last Mercury Villager rolled off the assembly line on June 27, 2002. Nissan pursued the development of the 2004 Nissan Quest while Mercury received a version of the Ford Freestar called the Monterey. The second-generation Villager was available in three trim levels: ''Base'', ''Sport'', and the luxury ''Estate''.

[[File:2ndMercuryVillager.jpg|thumb|left|1999–2000 Mercury Villager]]

{{clear}}

== Innovations ==

The Villager's main innovation was in its seating configurations. At the time, minivans had bulky seats that folded over and usually could be removed. The [[General Motors|GM]] minivans offered the first modular removable seats which were notably uncomfortable. The Villager had a folding removable middle seat (or two buckets). The rear seat folded and moved on tracks in the floor. It could be slid forward to the middle position making a 5 passenger vehicle with ample cargo space, or all the way to the back of the front seats to make a large cargo space. The seat was not removable however, and the system was not improved in the 1999 redesign (on which the model wouldn't be sold in [[Canada]] anymore), so newer fold into the floor seats and lightweight buckets quickly eclipsed the system.

==Other uses of the name==

"Villager" first appeared at Ford as the name of the [[Edsel]] station wagon, the [[Edsel Villager]], in 1958. The Villager name resurfaced at Mercury on a woodgrained [[Mercury Comet|Comet]] station wagon from 1962 to 1967, and subsequently on similarly trimmed wagons in other Mercury series, including the [[Mercury Montego|Montego]] (1970–1976), [[Mercury Bobcat|Bobcat]] (1975–1980), [[Mercury Cougar|Cougar]] (1977 and 1982), [[Mercury Zephyr|Zephyr]] (1978–1981) and [[Mercury Lynx|Lynx]] (1981–1984). On Mercuries, the Villager name almost always denotes a top trim, wood grained wagon. Villager was the equal of the Ford designation "Squire". The Mercury equivalent of the more well known [[Ford Country Squire|Country Squire]] full-size station wagon was the [[Mercury Colony Park|Colony Park]].

==Sales==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! American sales
|-
| 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466.html |title=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
| 45,315
|-
| 2000
| 30,443
|-
| 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/Dec2002sales.pdf |title =Ford Motor Company's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent |publisher=Ford Motor Company}}</ref>
| 22,046
|-
| 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175829.html |title=Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
| 16,442
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Mercury Vehicles}}
{{Mercury Timeline}}

[[Category:Mercury vehicles|Villager]]
[[Category:Minivans]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1993]]

[[de:Mercury Villager]]
[[fa:مرکوری ویلیجر]]
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[[pl:Mercury Villager]]

Volkswagen Jetta

2012-10-19T03:25:03Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 518556548 by 72.204.76.176 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta
|image = Volkswagen Jetta 2.5 sedan 2.jpg
|aka =
|manufacturer = [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]
|production = 1979–present
|class = [[Small family car]]
|predecessor = [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]] series
|sp = uk
}}
The '''Volkswagen Jetta''' is a [[compact car]], produced by German [[automotive industry|automaker]] [[Volkswagen Group]] for the [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]] marque since 1979. Positioned to fill a [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] niche above the firm's [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] hatchback offering, it has been marketed over six generations variously as the '''Atlantic''', '''Fox''', '''Vento''', '''Bora''', '''City Jetta''', '''Jetta City''', '''GLI''', '''Jetta''', and '''Sagitar'''.

The Jetta was originally adapted by adding a conventional trunk to the Golf hatchback, and some distinctive styling (usually the front end, and sometimes slight interior changes). It has been offered in two- and four-[[vehicle door|door]] saloon (sedan), and five-door [[station wagon|estate (station wagon)]] versions - all as five-[[car seat|seaters]]. As of 2005, over 6.6 million cars have been sold worldwide, over one-third in the United States alone. Since the original version in 1980, the car has grown in size and power with each successive generation.<ref>{{cite press release|title=ALL-NEW JETTA MAKES WORLDWIDE DEBUT AT L.A. AUTO SHOW|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group of America|Volkswagen of America]]|date=2005-01-05|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050724081414/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archivedate=2005-07-24|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> By mid 2011, almost 10 million Jettas have been produced and sold all over the world.

The Jetta nameplate is a reference to the Atlantic '[[jet stream]]', reflecting the period in Volkswagen's history when it named its vehicles after prominent winds. These also included the [[Volkswagen Passat]] (after the German word for [[trade wind]]), Volkswagen Bora (after [[bora (wind)|bora]]), and [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] (after [[sirocco]]).<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://media.vw.com|title=Jetta History|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2004-01-07|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9382|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043735/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9382|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>

==First generation (A1, ''Typ'' 16){{Anchor|A1|16}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta<ref name="Werner Oswald 2001. p. 72-87">Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 72-87.</ref><ref name="Mike Covello 2002. p. 826-829">Mike Covello: ''Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946–2002''. Krause Publications, Iola 2002. ISBN 0-87341-605-8, p. 826-829.</ref> (A1, ''Typ'' 16)
|image = JettaDiesel1.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Atlantic Volkswagen Fox
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|production = August 1979–February 1984<ref name="ETKA"/> 571,030 built<ref>Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 86. Note: German production only. Total production ca. 700,000 cars.</ref>
|assembly = [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Wolfsburg]], Germany [[Uitenhage]], South Africa [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], México
|body_style = 2-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door saloon/sedan
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A1|Volkswagen Group A1]]
|engine = '''''Europe and RoW''''': '''[[inline-four|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s''' 1.1[[litre|L]] 50 [[Horsepower#PS|PS]] (37 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]; 49 [[Horsepower#Mechanical horsepower|hp]]) 1.3L {{convert|60|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.5L {{convert|70|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|85|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|110|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.8L {{convert|112|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} '''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 
1.6L {{convert|54|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} 1.6L {{convert|70|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} [[turbodiesel|TD]] 
'''''North America/Japan''''': '''[[inline-four|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s''' 1.6L {{convert|76|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} ([[model year|MY]] 1980) 1.7L {{convert|74|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1981–1984) 1.8L {{convert|90|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1983–1984) '''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 1.6L {{convert|52|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1982–1984) 1.6L {{convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1983–1984)
|transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4270|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1600|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1300|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1|Volkswagen Golf Mk1/Rabbit]]
|designer = [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]
|sp = uk
}}

Although the Golf had reached considerable success, in the North American markets, Volkswagen observed that the [[hatchback]] body style lacked some of the appeal to those who preferred the traditional [[Three-box styling|three-box]] configuration. The styling of the 1970 [[AMC Gremlin]] was controversial for truncating the Hornet sedan, but Volkswagen stylists reversed the process by essentially grafting a new trunk onto the tail of the Golf to produce a larger Jetta saloon (sedan).<ref>{{cite book|last=Vack|first=Peter|title=Illustrated Volkswagen Buyer's Guide|publisher=Motorbooks International|year=1993|location=Osceola, Wisconsin USA|page=124|isbn=0-87938-724-6}}</ref> The Jetta became the best-selling European car in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<ref>{{cite press release|title=IN BRIEF: THE NEW JETTA|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2005-08-15|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9661|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216084644/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9661|archivedate=2005-12-16|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|author-link=http://www.CNNExpansion.com|title=Jetta arriba en julio y agosto|newspaper=CNN Expansion|date=2008-09-09|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/negocios/los-autos-mas-vendidos-en-julio-y-agosto/jetta-arriba-en-julio-y-agosto|postscript=}}</ref> The car is also popular in Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite press release|title=The Jetta|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2008-03-04|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2008/03/04/the_jetta.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref>

The Jetta was introduced to the world at the 1979 Frankfurt Auto Show.<ref>{{Cite document|title=Volkswagen writes history|publisher=Volkswagen Kommunikation Briefach|year=1998|location=D-28436 Wolfsburg|postscript=}}</ref> Production of the first generation began in August 1979<ref name="ETKA">[[ETKA]]{{Clarify|date=April 2010|reason=This is not a proper reference citation.Use {{tl|Cite web}} or similar to provide source details.}}</ref> at the Wolfsburg plant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grieger|first=Manfred|title=Volkswagen Chronicle Volume 7|publisher=Volkswagen AG, Group Communications, Corporate History Department|year=2003|location=Wolfsburg, Germany|page=107|isbn=3-935112-11-4}}</ref> In Mexico, the Mark 1 was known as the "Volkswagen Atlantic".

The car was available as a two-[[car door|door]] [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] (replacing the aging [[RR layout|rear-engined, rear-wheel drive]] [[Volkswagen Beetle]] 2-door sedan in the United States and Canada) and four-door saloon/sedan body styles, both of which shared a traditional [[Three-box styling|three-box design]]. Like the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]], its angular styling was penned at [[Italdesign Giugiaro|ItalDesign]], by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]]. Styling differences could be found depending on the market. In most of the world, the car was available with [[Headlamp#International headlamp styling, 1983 to present|composite]] [[headlamp|headlights]], while in the USA, it was only available with rectangular [[sealed beam]] lamps due to [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108]] (FMVSS 108). The suspension setup was identical to the Golf and consisted of a [[MacPherson strut]] setup in front and a [[twist-beam rear suspension]] in the rear. It shared its 2.4 metre (94.5 in) wheelbase with its hatchback counterpart, although overall length was up by 380 millimetres (15 in). The capacity of the luggage compartment was 377 litres (13.3 ft3), making the Jetta reasonably practical.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robson|first=Graham|coauthors=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide|title=Volkswagen Chronicle|publisher =Publications International, Ltd.|year=1996|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois, USA|page=160|isbn=0-7853-1599-3}}</ref> To distinguish the car from the Golf, interiors were made more upscale in all markets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flammang|first=James M.|title=VOLKSWAGEN Beetles, Buses & Beyond|publisher=Krause Publications|year=1996|location=Iola, Wisconsin, USA|page=219|isbn=0-87341-419-5}}</ref> This included velour seating and color coordinated sill to sill carpeting.

Engine choices varied considerably depending on the local market. Most were based on [[Volkswagen 827 engine|827 engines]] of the era. Choices in [[petrol engine]]s ranged from a 1.1 [[litre]] [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engine producing {{convert|37|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}, to a 1.8-litre I4 which made {{convert|82|kW|PS bhp|0}} and {{convert|150|Nm|0|lk=on}} of torque. Some cars were equipped with [[carburetor]]s, while others were [[fuel injection|fuel-injected]] using [[Jetronic#K|K]] or [[Jetronic#KE|KE Jetronic]] supplied by [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. [[Diesel engine]] choices included a 1.6-litre making {{convert|37|kW|PS bhp|0}} and a [[turbocharged]] version of the same engine which produced {{convert|51|kW|PS bhp|0}} and {{convert|130|Nm|0}} of torque.
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta I Trumpington Road.JPG|thumb|left|Jetta (UK specification)]]

In 1984 Volkswagen offered the Jetta GLI in the US, adding many of the drivetrain features and improvements of the 1983–1984 US GTI, including the fuel-injected 90 hp engine, close-ratio 5-speed manual transmission, sport suspension, front and rear anti-sway bars, and ventilated front disc brakes. Externally, the Jetta GLI was distinguished by wide body-side moldings, a black airfoil on the driver's-side windshield wiper, black plastic trim panel between the rear taillights and GLI badging. The interior of the car sported leather 4-spoke steering wheel and shift knob, three additional gauges in the center console, sport seats similar to those in the GTI, and distinctive upholstery and interior trim. The Jetta GLI was offered in 5 colors, black, Atlas grey and red (with black interior) and white and Diamond silver (with blue interior).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Volkswagen briefly considered producing the Jetta in a plant located in [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]] in the USA.<ref>Robson, p.168</ref> However, due to declining sales in North America, the decision was postponed and finally abandoned in 1982.<ref>Grieger, p. 92</ref> [[Sterling Heights Assembly|The site]] was subsequently sold to [[Chrysler]] in 1983 and is still in operation as of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com|title=Sterling Heights Assembly Plant|publisher=DaimlerChrysler|month=July|year=2006|url=http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0-5-8793-1-36910-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061017120906/http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccom/0-5-8793-1-36910-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|archivedate=2006-10-17|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> This generation was also produced in Bosnia under the joint venture Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo (TAS) for the [[Balkan]] area.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.GlobalAutoIndex.com|title=Volkswagen|url=http://www.globalautoindex.com/maker.plt?no=1425|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927193134/http://www.globalautoindex.com/maker.plt?no=1425|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03|postscript=}}</ref>

===Safety===
Volkswagen was an early adopter of passive restraint systems. The first generation cars could be equipped with an "[[automatic seat belts|automatic]]" shoulder belt mounted to the door. The idea was to always have the belt buckled thereby doing away with the requirement that the driver and passenger remember to buckle up. Instead of a lap belt, the dashboard was designed with an integrated knee bar to prevent submarining underneath the shoulder belt.

In crash tests conducted by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]], the Mark 1 received five out of five stars in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test for both driver and passenger protection.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.SafeCarGuide.com|title=NHTSA crash-test Archive|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=1981|url=http://www.safecarguide.com/exp/archive/archive.htm|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
[[File:'83-'84 Volkswagen Jetta.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta (North American specification)]]
The first generation was met with generally positive reviews. Testers found the car handled precisely, although the lack of power steering contributed to heavy steering when parking.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=290|date=June 1981|postscript=}}</ref> The brakes worked well for a car of the day, but some [[brake fade]] was evident. The ride was taut but firm in the typical style of German cars, with large bumps being well absorbed by the suspension but smaller undulations coming through. Reviews differed on noise levels, some found the car fairly quiet, while others thought the engine contributed to higher noise levels.<ref>{{Cite news|last=White|first=John R.|title=VW'S JETTA A NIFTY LITTLE PACKAGE|newspaper=Boston Globe|page=1|date=1980-06-15|postscript=}}</ref> Critics found the seating comfortable, but noted that the rear seat lacked sufficient head room. Most major controls and displays such as the speedometer and climate controls were well liked, but some secondary switches were not well placed or intuitive. The aforementioned automatic seat belts in some markets that were attached to the door frame made it impossible to forget to buckle the belt, but it was difficult to enter the car with a package in hand. Writers liked that the luggage space was generous, especially for a car of its size. Additionally, numerous storage areas also gave practicality to the sedan. In one test, the car scored nearly as high as the more expensive [[Volkswagen Passat|Volkswagen Passat/Dasher]] and the [[Audi 80|Audi 80/4000]].<ref>CR, p.292</ref>

The Volkswagen Atlantic was introduced in the Mexican market in February 1981. The sole competition for the Atlantic in the Mexican market was the [[Renault 18]]. The Mark 1 continued to be manufactured and marketed in [[South Africa]] after the introduction of the Mark 2, badged as the "Fox".<ref>{{cite web|last= |first=Adam|coauthors=Conrad Baudin|title=South Africa's Volkswagen Fox|url=http://www.lunaticfringe.org/vwfox/specs/Fox-SouthAfrica.html|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref>{{-}}

{{Anchor|A2|1G}}

==Second generation (A2, ''Typ'' 16; 1G)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta<ref name="Werner Oswald 2001. p. 72-87" /><ref name="Mike Covello 2002. p. 826-829" /> (A2, ''Typ'' 1G)
|image = JettaMkII.JPG
|production = 1984–1992 1991-present (China) 1,708,390 built<ref>Werner Oswald: ''Deutsche Autos 1945–1990'', vol. 3. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02116-1, p. 86-87.</ref><ref>Eberhard Kittler:'' Deutsche Autos seit 1990'', vol. 5. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-613-02128-5, p. 224. ''Note: 1984–1989 German production only, 1990–1992 worldwide deliveries''.</ref>
|assembly = [[Changchun]], China [[Chengdu]], China [[Lagos]], Nigeria [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Uitenhage]], South Africa [[Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant|Westmoreland]], USA [[Wolfsburg]], Germany
|body_style = 2-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door saloon/sedan
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A2|Volkswagen Group A2]]
|engine = '''''Europe and RoW''''': '''[[inline-four engine|I4]] [[petrol engine]]s'''
1.3[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.3[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|53|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|62|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Four-wheel-drive|4x4]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|72|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Multi-valve|16-valve]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|102|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.8[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Multi-valve|16-valve]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}

'''I4 [[diesel engine]]s''' 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Catalytic converter|cat]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|44|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} ECOdiesel 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} [[Turbodiesel]] 
1.6[[Litre|L]] [[Straight-4|I4]] {{convert|59|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} [[Turbodiesel]]

'''''North America:'''''

'''[[inline-four engine|I4]] [[gasoline engine]]s ([[Volkswagen EA827 engine|''EA827'']])'''

1.8L {{Convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} ([[model year|MY]] 1985–1987) 
1.8L non-cat, Canada only{{Convert|95|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1987) 
1.8L GLI {{Convert|102|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1987) 
1.8L {{Convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1988–1992) 
1.8L {{Convert|105|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1988–1992) 
1.8L 16V {{Convert|123|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1987–1989) 
2.0L 16V {{Convert|134|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1990–1992)

'''I4 [[diesel engine]] ([[Volkswagen EA827 engine|''EA827'']])'''

1.6L Diesel {{Convert|59|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1992) 
1.6L Turbo Diesel {{Convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1985–1992) 
1.6L ECODiesel {{Convert|62|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (MY 1991–1992)
|transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2470|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 1985-88: {{convert|4346|mm|1|abbr=on}} 1989-92: {{convert|4385|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1680|mm|1|abbr=on}} 1985-88 base models: {{convert|1665|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1410|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|weight =
|related = [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]] [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Corrado]]
|designer =
|sp = uk
}}
The Mark 2 series is the longest running Jetta so far. Introduced to Europe in early 1984 and to North America in 1985, the second generation Jetta proved to be a sales success for Volkswagen. The car secured the title of best-selling European car in North America, Farmers Journal COTY 1991 and outsold the similar Golf by two-to-one in that market.<ref>Robson, p. 182</ref> Based on the all new second generation Golf platform, the car was larger, heavier, and could seat five people instead of four as in the Mark 1. Exterior dimensions increased in all directions. Overall length was up by 100 millimetres (3.9 in), the wheelbase grew 66 millimetres (2.6 in), and the width went up 53 millimetres (2.1 in). The suspension setup was basically unchanged from the first generation, although refined slightly, for example by the inclusion of a separate subframe for mounting the front control arms to help noise isolation, as well as improved rubber mountings for all components. Aerodynamics improved considerably, with a [[drag coefficient]] of 0.36.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David C.|title=Golf, Jetta much improved and, with them, VWA's hopes|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=December 1984|postscript=}}</ref> With a 470-litre (16.6 ft3) luggage compartment, the trunk had grown nearly as large as some full-sized American sedans.<ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=124|date=February 1986|postscript=}}</ref> Interior room was also increased 14%, which changed the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] class from sub-compact to compact.

Cars built in Germany were assembled in a brand new (at the time) plant at Wolfsburg in Assembly Hall 54. The plant was heavily robotised in an effort to make build quality more consistent.<ref>Robson, p. 186</ref> New innovations on the second generation included an optional [[trip computer]] (referred to as the MFA, German Multi-Funktions-Anzeige), as well as silicone dampened engine and transmission mounts to reduce [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] levels. In 1988, a more advanced fully electronic fuel injection system became available. This arrangement is known as the [[Digifant Engine Management system]].
[[File:'85-'87 Volkswagen Jetta Coupe.jpg|thumb|left|1985–1987 Volkswagen Jetta 2 door saloon (North American specification)]]

Like the Mark 1, the second generation was offered as a two-door or four-door saloon/sedan. External changes throughout the series' run were few: the front-quarter windows were eliminated in 1988 (along with a grille and door trim change), and larger body-colored bumpers and lower side skirts were added from 1990.

In 2007, [[Volkswagen Group of America|Volkswagen of America]] held a contest to find the diesel powered Volkswagen with the highest distance traveled on the original engine.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR OLDEST AND HIGHEST MILEAGE DIESEL VEHICLES|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-03-02|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10089|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043752/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10089|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> The winning car was a 1986 Jetta Turbodiesel found in [[Blue Rock, Ohio]] which had {{convert|562000|mi}}.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN DIESEL HERITAGE SEARCH FINDS HIGHEST MILEAGE DIESEL IN OHIO|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-08-23|url=http://www.vw.com/vwbuzz/browse/en/us/detail/Volkswagen_Diesel_Heritage_Search_finds_highest_mileage_diesel_in_Ohio/163|accessdate =2007-08-26}}</ref> A local dealer verified the [[odometer]] reading. Notable on this particular car was that it also had the original [[muffler]] despite being located in an area subject to [[road salt]] in the winter.

===Safety===
[[File:VW Jetta rear 20071212.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta 4-door (German specification)]]
In a crash test conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Jetta received three out of five stars for both driver and passenger protection in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test. The Highway Loss Data Institute (part of the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]) found the injury and collision losses for the Jetta to be among the best of the small 4-door sedan category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injury and Collision Loss Experience by Make and Model|page=3|publisher=Highway Loss Data Institute|date=September 1992|url=http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0992.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070703214322/http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0992.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-03|accessdate=2009-09-03 |format=PDF}}</ref> It was topped only by the Golf. Earlier models had the dubious distinction of having an especially high rate of radio theft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advisory|page=1|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highways Safety & Highway Loss Data Institute|date=February 1988|url=http://www.iihs.org/research/advisories/iihs_advisory_3.pdf|accessdate=2007-04-14 |format=PDF}}</ref> Apparently, the mounting of the radio made it especially easy to remove quickly. To correct the problem, Volkswagen introduced a theft protection system to all cars. When the power supply to the radio was removed, it automatically went into "safe" mode. When plugged back in, it would not work unless a secret code was entered. This made it essentially useless to thieves, although provided a hassle to customers who misplaced their code card. The dealership maintains a database of codes, and can replace a lost code if the radio serial number is provided.

===North America===
The Jetta did not differ greatly from its European twin (at least as much as the Golf did), besides requirements such as bumpers, glass, etc. Also, North American models in general have a narrower range of specification available. For example, most models had things like a bigger engine, full console, door panel pockets, velour seating, and, later on, power steering, height adjustable steering column, and tachometer, standard. They also lacked some higher level options of European variants. The Jetta was perceived as slightly upmarket from the Golf. The level of features always was a step above (standard passive restraint in 1988, standard power steering in 1990, 14-inch wheels available for most years, etc.).

Canadian spec models were even better equipped. Generally, the Canadian base models received the same level of options as an American GL, and the same with the GL and Carat. Other Canadian specification differences were diesel engines (both naturally aspirated and Turbo) available for all years (in the US, there was no diesel for 1988, and only the n/a for 1989 and 1990), a 2-door model for 1992 (it was dropped in the US), the early Carat model (which had heated velour sport seats, a GLi engine, and optional automatic), and color and trim differences.

===Testing and review===
The car received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the car's excellent handling, as well as a roomier interior compared to the last generation.<ref name="Smith" /> Stiff shifting manual transmissions were a downside, and braking worked reasonably well although some brake fade was evident in the lower trim lines equipped with solid [[disc brake|discs]] in front and [[drum brake|drums]] in back. A number of reviews noted that the ride was stiff and busy, even though it did have good control typical of German cars. Despite additional sound insulation, road noise was evident especially on coarse pavement.<ref>Consumer Reports, February 1986</ref> In top sport trim (sometimes called the GLI or GTX), some reviewers noted the car was a less expensive alternative to a BMW or Audi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jedlicka|first=Dan|title=Practically speaking, Volkswagen Jetta GLI at the top of its class|newspaper=Chicago Sun - Times|page=106|date=1986-08-07|postscript=}}</ref> The sport trim added larger wheels, a stiffer suspension, and closer ratios on the manual transmission. Later models of the Mark 2 GLI had a 16 valve dual cam engine, originally a 1.8-litre engine first was used in the mid 1987 GLI and beginning in 1990 with the newer Mark 2 body style an upgrade to a 2.0-litre 16 valve (in North America).

{{anchor|FAW Jetta}}

===Worldwide production===
[[File:VWJettaPeking2002Fram.jpg|Volkswagen Jetta King (China)|thumb|left]]
Besides the Volkswagen production base in Germany, this generation was produced in a number of other countries, including China, Nigeria, Mexico, South Africa, USA, and the former Yugoslavia. The Mark 2 Jetta went on to become the first Volkswagen model produced in China by [[Volkswagen Group China]]'s second joint venture partner [[FAW-Volkswagen]]. Production began on 5 December 1991. Initially sold as [[complete knock down]] (CKD) kits, local manufacturing has gradually taken over in the form of Semi-Knocked Down kits in 1992, and full local production in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.faw.com|title=International Cooperation|year=2006|url=http://www.faw.com/international/volkswagen2.jsp|accessdate=2007-04-14}}</ref>

The car has had three revisions since its inception in China, the first [[facelift (automobile)|facelift]] borrowed front-end styling from the fourth generation [[Volkswagen Passat]] in 1997. Production started in August 1998, and its name was changed to the Jetta King. The second facelift was revealed in March 2004 (taking influences from Volkswagen's most expensive model, the [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Phaeton]]). On 29 July 2007, it was announced that First Automotive Works expanded its production of the Mark 2 Jetta by building a new assembly plant in [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]] in Southwest China.<ref>{{Cite news|title=FAW Making Jetta in SW China|newspaper=SinoCast China Transportation Watch|date=2007-07-29|url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-faw-making-jetta-sw-china-/2007/07/29/2820529.htm|accessdate=|postscript= }}</ref> The expansion was driven by the high demand for the car, a desire to expand in the western part of the country, as well as the long term goal of FAW to develop new derivatives from the car's platform independently of Volkswagen.

The third facelift was released in March 2010, which took some inspirations from stylings of Volkswagen models of the newest generation.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.germancarforum.com |title=Chinese market VW Jetta (Mk.II) Facelift spotted without camo |year=2010|url=http://www.germancarforum.com/older-vws-vintage/32263-chinese-market-vw-jetta-mk-ii-facelift-spotted-without-camo.html |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> A diesel version of the Jetta is also on sale, but a large proportion are in service as taxis in many cities in China, rather than as private cars.

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! colspan="7" | [[Petrol engine]]s without [[catalytic converter]]
|-
! 1.3
| 1983–1992 || [[Straight-4|I4]] [[Carburettor]] || HK/MH/2G || {{convert|1272|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|94|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1983–1992 || I4 Carburettor || EZ/ABN || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|125|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1983–1991 || I4 Carburettor || GU || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1985–1987 || I4 FI (K-Jetronic)|| MV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1984–1987 || I4 [[Fuel injection|FI]] || EV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3100 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1987–1991 || I4 [[Fuel injection|FI]] || PB || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|82|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|159|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT 16V
| 1986–1991 || I4 FI || KR || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|102|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6100 rpm || {{convert|168|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4600 rpm
|-
! colspan="7" | Petrol engines with catalytic converter
|-
! 1.3
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI || NZ || {{convert|1272|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|97|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1985–1992 || I4 [[Carburettor]] || PN || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|118|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2700 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1986–1991 || I4 Carburettor || RF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|53|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|120|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2700 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1983–1988 || I4 FI (K-Jetronic) || GX || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|137|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1986–1990 || [[Straight-4|I4]] Carburettor || RH || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|62|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|142|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1986–1991 ||I4 FI || RP || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|142|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic/Digifant) || HT/RV || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|146|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 syncro
| 1988–1991 || I4 FI || 1P || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|72|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|143|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3000 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1985–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic/Digifant) || RD/PF || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm || {{convert|154|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3250 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT
| 1986–1987 || I4 FI || RG || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|79|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|154|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 1.8 GT/GLI/GTX 16V
| 1986–1991 || I4 FI (KE-Jetronic) || PL || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|95|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|168|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4250 rpm
|-
! 2.0 GLI/GTX 16V
| 1990–1992 || I4 FI (KE-Motronic) || 9A || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|180|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! colspan="7" | [[Diesel engine]]s
|-
! 1.6 D
| 1983–1992 || I4 [[Diesel engine|Diesel]] || JP/ME || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|40|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4800 rpm || {{convert|100|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2300–2900 rpm
|-
! 1.6 ECOdiesel
| 1991–1992 || I4 [[Turbodiesel]] || 1V || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|44|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|110|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2400–2600 rpm
|-
! 1.6 TD
| 1983–1992 || I4 Turbodiesel || JR/MF || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|51|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|133|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500–2900 rpm
|-
! 1.6 TD
| 1989–1991 || I4 Turbodiesel || RA/SB || {{convert|1588|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|59|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|ft.lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ 2500–3000 rpm
|}

{{-}}

==Third generation (A3, ''Typ'' 1H){{Anchor|A3|1H}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Vento (A3, ''Typ'' 1H)
|image = 1996-1998 Volkswagen Jetta -- 05-12-2011 1.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Jetta III
|production = January 1992–February 1999<ref name="ETKA"/>
|assembly = [[Osnabrück]], Germany<ref name="ETKA"/>{{Request quotation|date=September 2009}} [[Wolfsburg]], Germany<ref name="ETKA"/> [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]<ref name="ETKA"/> [[Uitenhage]], South Africa 
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A3|Volkswagen Group A3]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:'''''<ref name="ETKA"/> 
1.6L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (ABU/AEA/AEE) 
1.6L {{convert|74|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (AEK/AFT) 
1.8L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (AAM) 
1.8L {{convert|66|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (ABS/ADZ/ADD) 
2.0L {{convert|85|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (2E/ADY/AGG/ABA) 
2.8L {{convert|128|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 12v (AAA) 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:'''''<ref name="ETKA"/> 
1.9L {{convert|47|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 (1Y) 
1.9L {{convert|47|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]] (AEY) 
1.9L {{convert|55|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 Turbo (AAZ) 
1.9L {{convert|66|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] (1Z/AHU) 
1.9L {{convert|81|kW|PS|0|abbr=on}} I4 TDI (AFN)
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2470|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4400|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1690|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1430|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|designer = [[Herbert Schafer]]
|sp = uk
}}
For the third generation, the Jetta name was discontinued, and it was officially renamed the '''Volkswagen Vento''' in European countries, following the precedent of naming cars for winds, debuted in 1992. The Jetta 3 debuted in North America in 1993 after production delays and quality problems at the Volkswagen plant in Puebla, Mexico.<ref name="Robson, p. 208">Robson, p. 208</ref> The name "[[wikt:vento|Vento]]" means "wind" in both [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. It went on sale in most of Europe in the first quarter of the year, though it did not arrive on the British market until September 1992.

Because of the success of the second generation in North America, Volkswagen decided to keep the Jetta nameplate. However, in Europe the car was given its new name to appeal to a younger market.<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumb|first=Steven E.|title=VW Jetta replacement coming next fall|publisher=Ward's Auto World|date=March 1992}}</ref>
[[File:JettaMkIII Interior.JPG|thumb|left|Interior]]
Styling was penned by a design team led by Herbert Schafer, and again the car became more aerodynamic than the previous generation. Although visually similar to the Mark 2, there were many refinements underneath. The two-door model was dropped, aerodynamics were improved, with the car now having a drag coefficient of 0.32.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Visnic|first=Bill|title=VW's new Golf, Jetta try for a comeback|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=December 1993|postscript=}}</ref> This included a new structure which now met worldwide crash standards.<ref>Robson, p. 202</ref> Suspensions were an evolutionary rather than revolutionary refinement of the setup on previous editions, and mainly consisted of a wider track, and even maintaining backwards compatibility with older models. In addition, the car became more environmentally friendly with the use of recycled plastics, [[haloalkane#chlorofluoro compounds (CFC, HCFC)|CFC]]-free air conditioning systems, and paint that did not contain [[heavy metals]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=http://www.vw.com|title=Volkswagen Jetta|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=1993|location=Auburn Hills, Michigan, USA|page=17|id=Form No. W63 163 6081}}</ref>

This generation of the car is widely credited for keeping Volkswagen from pulling out of the North American market.<ref name="Robson, p. 208" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jedlicka|first=Dan|title=Golf and Jetta Drive Revival in VW Sales|newspaper=Chicago Sun - Times|page=18|date=1994-03-05|postscript=}}</ref> At the time of its introduction in 1993, Volkswagen of America's sales hit a low not seen since the 1950s. The division sold only 43,902 cars in that year. Sales began slowly due to the aforementioned issues at the Puebla plant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Can Herbie ride again?|newspaper=The Economist|page=66|date=1994-04-23|postscript=}}</ref> However, sales rebounded dramatically in the following years, mostly based on the strength of the Jetta, which continued to be the best-selling Volkswagen in the USA.<ref name="Robson, p. 210">Robson, p. 210</ref>

===Safety===
[[File:93-95 Volkswagen Jetta.jpg|thumb|left|1993–1995 Jetta (US)]]
When equipped with dual [[airbag]]s, the Mark 3 received three out of five stars in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal crash test carried out by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title=1995 Volkswagen Jetta III 4-DR.|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=1995|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/606.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080205235737/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/606.html|archivedate=2008-02-05|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> In a 64 km/h (40 mph) frontal offset crash test conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the car received a score of "Marginal".<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal offset test results|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=1994|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=83|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
Newly available on the third generation was [[Volkswagen Group]]'s 1.9 [[litre]] [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) {{convert|67|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} [[diesel engine]]. Fuel economy was a strong point with ratings of {{convert|5.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} [[driving cycle|urban cycle]] and {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} extra urban. In top trim lines, the 2.8-litre [[VR6 engine|VR6]] [[DOHC]] six-cylinder engine was available. In one car magazine's test, the {{convert|128|kW|PS bhp|0}} power plant was able to accelerate the car from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 6.9 seconds.<ref name="Robson, p. 210" />
[[File:VW Vento rear 20071212.jpg|Vento (German specification)|thumb|left]]

Reviews were generally positive, with testers praising the crisp handling and comfortable ride, as well as a greater level of refinement compared with the previous generation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Noble|first=Richard C.|title=Jetta III continues tradition with tighter body, crisper handling|newspaper=The Grand Rapids Press.|pages=C.07|date=1994-05-04|postscript=}}</ref> However, some reviews noted that the more sporty suspension tuning found in some trims made the car bouncy, especially on the [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]].<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=669|date=November 1994|postscript=}}</ref> The [[manual transmission]] shifted crisply; however, the [[automatic transmission]] reduced acceleration noticeably. Some critics complained that the controls had some quirks, including a cryptic windshield wiper control, where the "off" position was unfittingly placed between the "intermittent" and "continuous" modes. If equipped, power window controls had the unusual arrangement of the front buttons located on the door, while the rear buttons were located on the center console. As with previous generations, the luggage compartment provided generous space. In earlier build cars, the [[glove compartment]] was deleted if the car was equipped with dual [[airbag]]s, and in the later models (when airbags became standard equipment), the [[glove compartment]] was small and could barely hold the owner's manual and a folding paper map. There were also some complaints about the lack of cup holders in the earlier cars, as well as the lack of a safety interlock which would require the driver to press the clutch pedal prior to starting the car. The 1994 through 1996 models of the Jetta had some electrical issues causing the car not to start and shorting to occur in some of the electrical devices due to a non existent plastic V underneath the windshield, which was added in later models to divert rain water flowing to the electrical box.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Truett|first=Richard|title=JETTA III GLS DELIVERS WITH SOLID PERFORMANCE|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|pages=F.1|date=1994-04-14|postscript=}}</ref> The catastrophe of this glitch can be avoided by removing leaves and debris that have accumulated below the windshield and by installing adhesive weather sealant linings underneath the plastic cover directly onto the windshield.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

Another major complaint was that the North American TDI model was not rated to tow a trailer, which, according to the owner's manual, is "for technical reasons." Contrary to the American market, The European TDI model, which has an identical power train and chassis, was rated to tow a trailer according to the owner's manual. Many North American TDI owners speculated that Volkswagen decided not to risk liability issues on the American market, and some owners disregarded the owner's manual and installed hitches on their vehicles. Owners argue that the diesel engine delivers superior towing performance compared to a gasoline engine.

===Specifications <ref>Volkswagen Vento owner's manual, January 1994 {{da icon}}</ref><ref>Volkswagen Vento owner's manual, August 1995 {{da icon}}</ref>===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.6
| 1992–1994 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|ABU]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|126|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2600 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1994–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|AEA]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|128|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1995–1997 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 48-55kW|AEE]] || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4800 rpm || {{convert|135|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2800–3600 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1994–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|AEK]] || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|135|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|AFT]] || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|140|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 50-72kW|AAM]] || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|140|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 1.8
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 50-72kW|ABS/ADZ/ADD]] || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1992–1995 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|2E/ADY/ABA]] || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|166|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|AGG]] || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|166|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2600 rpm
|-
! 2.8 VR6
| 1992–1998 || [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 12V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 V6 128kW|AAA]] || {{convert|2792|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|128|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm
|-
! 1.9 D
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 D 47kW|1Y]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|47|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || {{convert|124|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2000–3000 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]]
| 1995–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 SDI 44-50kW|AEY]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|47|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|125|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2200–2800 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbodiesel|TD]]
| 1992–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#5|AAZ]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|150|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2400–3400 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1993–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 TDI 66-81kW|1Z/AHU]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|202|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1996–1998 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9 TDI 66-81kW|AFN]] || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4150 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|}

=== Vento (India) ===
{{Main|Volkswagen Polo Mk5}}
An unrelated Volkswagen Vento model was launched in India in 2010. A sedan version of the Polo Mk5, it has a length of about 4.4m and has several engine options which are based on petrol and diesel.<ref>{{cite web|author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/storypage.php?autono=2427 |title=Volkswagen Vento review - Ventastic! |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>

==Fourth generation (A4, ''Typ'' 1J){{Anchor|A4|1J}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Bora (A4, ''Typ'' 1J)
|image = VW Jetta sedan.jpg
|aka = Volkswagen Jetta Volkswagen City Jetta (Jetta City in 2009) Volkswagen Bora Classic Edition (China) Volkswagen Clásico (2010 onwards in Mexico) Volkswagen Bora (Argentina)
|production = 1999–2005 - Europe 1999–present - China, Mexico & Argentina
|model_years = 1999–2005 Canada,US,Europe
|assembly = [[Bratislava]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Slovakia [[Changchun]],<ref name="ETKA"/> China [[Poznań]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Poland [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Mexico [[Solomonovo]], Ukraine [[Uitenhage]],<ref name="ETKA"/> South Africa [[Wolfsburg]],<ref name="ETKA"/> Germany
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon|estate/wagon]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A4|Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34)]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v 55-74kW|1.4L 55 kW]] [[inline-four engine|I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 74-75kW|1.6L 74 kW]] I4 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6 R4 16v 77-80kW|1.6L 77 kW]] I4 16v 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 20vT 110-221kW|1.8L 110 kW]] I4 [[turbocharger|Turbo]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 20vT 110-221kW|1.8L 132 kW]] I4 [[turbocharger|Turbo]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 R4 37-88kW (EA827)|2.0L 85 kW]] I4 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.3 VR5 110-125kW|2.3L 110 kW]] [[VR6 engine|VR5]] 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.3 VR5 110-125kW|2.3L 125 kW]] VR5 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|2.8L 128 kW]] VR6 12v 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 103-130kW|2.8L 130 kW]] VR6 12v 
[[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.8 VR6 24v 147-150kW|2.8L 150 kW]] VR6 24v 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:''''' 
1.9L 50 kW I4 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#6|1.9L 66 kW]] I4 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] 
1.9L 75 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 81 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 85 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 96 kW I4 TDI 
1.9L 110 kW I4 TDI
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed manual 4-speed [[Volkswagen 01M transmission|01M]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed automatic 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 09G
|wheelbase = saloon/sedan: {{convert|2510|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|2520|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = saloon/sedan: {{convert|4380|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|4410|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1730|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = saloon/sedan: {{convert|1440|mm|1|abbr=on}} estate: {{convert|1490|mm|1|abbr=on}} '08 City Jetta sedan: {{convert|1445|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]] [[Audi A3]] Mk1 [[SEAT León]] Mk1 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk2 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk1
|designer =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|sp = uk
}}
[[File:VW Bora front 20071012.jpg|Bora (German specification)|thumb|left]]
[[File:04-05 Volkswagen Jetta sedan.jpg|thumb|left|2004–2005 Volkswagen Jetta sedan (US)]]
[[File:1999-2001 Volkswagen Bora (1J) sedan 02.jpg|thumb|left|1999–2001 Volkswagen Bora (1J) sedan (Australia)]]

Production of the fourth generation car began in July 1999.<ref>Grieger, p. 168</ref> Carrying on the wind nomenclature, the car was known as the '''Volkswagen Bora''' in much of the world. [[Bora (wind)|Bora]] is a winter wind which blows intermittently over the coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]], as well as in parts of Greece, Russia, Turkey, and in the Sliven region of Bulgaria. In North America and South Africa, the Jetta moniker was again kept on due to the continued popularity of the car in those markets.

The Mk4 debuted shortly after its larger sibling, the Passat, with which it shared many styling cues. The rounded shape and arched roofline served as the new Volkswagen styling trademark, abandoning traditional sharp creases for more curved corners. A distinguishing feature of the Mk4 is its Whiptenna, a trademark for the antenna on the rear end of the roof, which claims to incur less drag than traditional antennas due to its short length and leeward position. For the first time, the rear passenger doors differed from those of a 5-door Golf. The car was also offered as an [[station wagon|estate/wagon]] (whose rear doors are also non-interchangeable with the others). New on this generation were some advanced options such as rain sensor controlled windshield wipers and automatic climate control. However, these were expensive extras and many buyers did not specify them on their cars; as a result the used market is full of sparsely equipped models.

Although slightly shorter overall than the Mark 3, the fourth generation saw the wheelbase extended slightly. Some [[powertrain]] options were carried over. Nevertheless, two new [[internal combustion engine]]s were offered, the [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT|1.8-litre turbo]] 4-cylinder (often referred to as the 1.8 20vT), and the [[VR5 engine|VR5]] (a 5-cylinder derivative of the VR6 engine). The suspension setup remained much as before. However, it was softened considerably in most models to give a comfortable ride, which was met with some criticism as it was still quite hard in comparison with rivals such from French makers.<ref name="evo.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Simister|first=John|coauthors=Andy Morgan|title=VW Golf 2.0 FSI|work=evo Car Reviews|publisher=Dennis Publishing Limited|month=October|year=2003|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/41365/vw_golf_20_fsi.html|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>

===Diesel===
[[File:2002 VW Jetta TDI.png|thumb|left|2002 Jetta TDI turbodiesel (US)]]
In 2004, a new range of "Pumpe-Düse" [[Unit Injector]] [[diesel engine]]s were offered. This new design employed advanced unit injectors, along with additional electronics and emissions equipment to meet new air emissions standards in Europe and North America, and is considerably more complex than the older diesel engines previously offered. To accomplish the task of producing sufficient power while meeting emissions standards, the "PD" technology injects fuel directly into the [[combustion chamber]] at pressures up to an incredibly high 2,050 [[bar (unit)|bar]] (30,000 psi).<ref>{{cite press release|title=Volkswagen Diesel Technology|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2004-04-07|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9386|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071130063613/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9386|archivedate=2007-11-30|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The purpose of the high pressure is to promote fine [[Atomizer nozzle|atomisation]] of the fuel which supports more complete combustion. To reduce noise, the engine employs a "pilot injection" system which injects a small amount of fuel prior to the main injection. All of the new generation of diesel engines require a special [[motor oil]] which meets Volkswagen oil specification 505.01 (or newer). Serious damage to the engine, particularly the camshaft and injectors will result if oil not meeting this standard is used.

===Safety===
Safety on the fourth generation cars was a high priority for Volkswagen.<ref>Grieger, p. 150</ref> The car was built using such advanced processes as highly mechanised presses, improved measuring techniques, and laser welding of the roof. In crash tests, the fourth generation car received very good marks. In the New Car Assessment Program tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the car received five out of five stars for both driver and passenger protection in a 56 km/h (35 mph) frontal impact.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title =NCAP ratings for tested vehicles
|publisher =National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year =2000|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/1490.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080205235640/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/1490.html|archivedate=2008-02-05|accessdate =2009-09-03}}</ref> New side impact tests at 62 km/h (38.5 mph) awarded the car four out of five stars for both driver and rear seat passenger protection. Side curtain airbags became standard in the 2001 model year. In the more severe 64 km/h (40 mph) offset test conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Mark 4 was awarded the highest score of "Good".<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal Offset Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=1999|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=113|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> Injury, collision, and theft losses were low for a car of its class.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink =http://www.iihs.org|title =Injury, Collision, & Theft Losses|publisher=Highway Loss Data Institute|month=September|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0905.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070508102422/http://www.iihs.org/brochures/ictl/pdf/ictl_0905.pdf|archivedate=2007-05-08|accessdate=2009-09-03|format=PDF}}</ref>

===Testing and review===
Critics usually found the fourth generation acceptable. The car was praised for its adequate handling as well as a moderately comfortable ride.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Warren|title=A Car to Touch the Soul|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=C.25|date=1999-01-10|postscript=}}</ref> Other reviewers noted the car to be an ugly and somewhat expensive choice in the compact car segment, some simply referred to it as a Golf with a boot (trunk) on the back added as a last minute addition.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=55|date=May 1999|postscript=}}</ref> Some complaints were made that the back seats lacked adequate room for two adults.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harper|first=Brian|title=Jetta TDI, the miser: Review|newspaper=National Post|pages=E.12|year=1999|month=October|postscript=}}</ref> Some found the seat cushioning too firm. The interior was praised for the high level of fit, but is quite bland, sparsely equipped, and uninspiring.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kenzie|first=Jim|title=Well-dressed Jetta wagon worth $37,000|newspaper=Toronto Star|pages=G.23|date=2004-09-11|postscript=}}</ref> New in this generation was Volkswagen's signature blue and red instrument lighting which became standard in all models in 1999. The climate controls were placed low on the console. The recirculation mode cannot be turned on when air is vented to the windshield, and if the driver changes the climate control to vent air to the windshield, an internal mechanism would turn off the recirculation mode. The power outlet is recessed next to the ash tray and is covered with two flaps, one of which is shared with the ash tray. Retractable cup holders were placed directly above the stereo, obscuring vision of the stereo display and allowing beverages to spill on the stereo, gear selector, and other sensitive components during erratic vehicle movements. The flimsy plastic construction of the retractable cup holder is likely to fail with normal use{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. Rear passengers have a pair of retractable cup holders located under the cylindrical ash tray on the center console. These problems were rectified in 2003 for the US market by placing two recessed cup holders in tandem in the center console and another behind the arm rest pedestal for rear passengers. The driver must raise the arm rest to access the center cup holder, and a large beverage occupying the front cup holder obstructs the driver's ability to pull the hand brake. European cars were given a redesigned retractable cup holder in front.

[[File:Jetta Mk. IV Bumper Damage.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Typical damage to front bumper cover from inadequate ground clearance.|Typical damage to the front bumper cover resulting from parking into a curb without adequate ground clearance. The bumper cover has been temporarily fixed into place with white [[duct tape]].]]Drivers complained that the front bumper cover does not have adequate ground clearance to clear a curb in a parking space. In addition to scratching the cover, if the driver drives the Jetta too far forward into a parking space, the bumper cover would have a tendency to hook onto the curb like a barb, and as the driver backs out of the parking space, the entire front bumper cover would be torn off the vehicle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

The earlier models have a few quality control issues, as a number of owners reported windows falling into the doors, electrical problems, and emissions system defects.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerAffairs.com|title=Volkswagen Jetta Windows|date=2003–2007|url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/automotive/vw_jetta_window.html|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerAffairs.com|title=VW Fined $1.1 Million for Clean Air Violations|date=2005-06-15|url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2005/vw_epa.html|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> The fourth generation takes approximately 52 hours per vehicle to assemble in the Puebla factory.<ref name="harbourinc.com">{{cite press release|title=Harbour Report|publisher=Harbour Consulting Inc.|date=2007-05-31|url=http://www.harbourinc.com/documents/2007PressRelease.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070703214323/http://www.harbourinc.com/documents/2007PressRelease.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-03|accessdate=2009-09-03|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.4
| 1998–2005 || [[straight-4|I4]] [[Multi-valve|16V]] || AHW/AXP/BCA || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|55|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|126|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 1998–2000 || I4 8V || AEH/AKL/APF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|145|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || AVU/BFQ || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|75|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6
| 2000–2005 || I4 16V || AUS/AZD/ATN/BCB || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]]
| 2001–2005 || I4 16V || BAD || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || APK/AQY || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5200 rpm || {{convert|170|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2400 rpm
|-
! 2.0
| 2001–2005 || I4 8V || AZJ/AZH || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5400 rpm || {{convert|172|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 1.8 [[Turbocharger|T]]
| 2000–2005 || I4 20V || AWD/AWW || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|210|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–4600 rpm
|-
! 2.3 VR5
| 1998–2000 || [[VR5 engine|VR5]] 10V || AGZ || {{convert|2324|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|205|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 2.3 V5
| 2000–2003 || VR5 20V || AQN || {{convert|2324|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6200 rpm || {{convert|220|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3300 rpm
|-
! 1.8 T
| 2001–2005 || I4 20V || AWP || {{convert|1781|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|132|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1950–5000 rpm
|-
! 2.8 V6
| 1999–2003 || [[VR6 engine|VR6]] 24V || AQP/AUE/BDE || {{convert|2792|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|150|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|270|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3200 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Suction Diesel Injection|SDI]]
| 1998–2005 || I4 8V || AGP/AQM || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|50|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|133|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 2200–2600 rpm
|-
! 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]]
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || AGR/ALH || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3750 rpm || {{convert|210|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || ATD/AXR || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|74|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–2400 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1998–2001 || I4 8V || AHF/ASV || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|81|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4150 rpm || {{convert|235|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1998–2000 || I4 8V || AJM || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|285|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 1999–2001 || I4 8V || AUY || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|310|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2001–2005 || I4 8V || ASZ || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|96|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|310|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI
| 2000–2005 || I4 8V || ARL || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|}

===Estate (station wagon)===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta wagon -- 03-16-2012.JPG|thumb|left|Volkswagen Jetta wagon (US)]]
Volkswagen introduced an estate/station wagon version of the fourth generation car in January 2001 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams III|first=G. Chambers|title=Definitely not your father's . . . . . . station wagon|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|pages=01.S|date=2001-03-02|postscript=}}</ref> This was the first time an "A" platform Volkswagen was available in North America with that body style. Although the saloon/sedan was built in a number of locations, all Jetta estate models were built in the Wolfsburg plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen of America Concentrates on Process Rolls out new, dealer-friendly distribution system|date=January 2002|url=http://glscs.com/archives/1.02.smith.htm?adcode=30|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070417093539/http://glscs.com/archives/1.02.smith.htm?adcode=30|archivedate=2007-04-17|accessdate=2009-09-03|postscript=}}</ref> In back, 963 [[litre]]s (34 ft3) of space was available in the cargo compartment. When the rear seats were folded, the car could hold 1473 litres (52 ft3). Like the saloon/sedan, the estate/wagon received high marks from most reviewers.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.ConsumerReports.org|title=Consumer Reports|date=August 2002|postscript=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =JETTA WAGON: FUN, WITH SOME GLITCHES|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|pages=C.2|date=2003-07-11|postscript =}}</ref> They noted that the cargo area was large and useful. Additionally, the interior kept its top quality fit and finish, although the rear seat was still a bit small.

In Europe, the estate version was sometimes sold as part of the Golf line, either in addition to or instead of the Bora. Other than different front bumpers, fenders, headlights, and hood, the cars were identical. In some countries were sold both Golf and [[File:Volkswagen Bora variant -- bora.JPG|thumb|left|Volkswagen Bora variant (eu)]]Bora Variant.

===Ongoing production===
[[File:Red08CityJetta.JPG|thumb|right|2008 Volkswagen City Jetta (Canada)]]
[[File:Volkswagen lavida pg0 front 2009.JPG|thumb|right|2009 [[Volkswagen Lavida]] (China)]]
As of 2009, the fourth generation car is still sold in addition to the newer Mark 5, due to higher pricing of the fifth generation in some countries such as Colombia, China, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. Like its second generation predecessor, the Mark 4 continues to be manufactured and marketed in China by Volkswagen Group's joint venture partner [[FAW-Volkswagen]] China.

In China, the car received a facelift in the summer of 2006, with a [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] Mk5 lookalike face. A hatchback version (i.e. the Golf) is also produced, but is badged as the Bora HS.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.Auto-Power-Girl.com|title=Volkswagen FAW Bora HS 1.6 Chinese Version|url=http://www.auto-power-girl.com/cars-2007/volkswagen-specifications/volkswagen_faw_bora_hs_1_6_chinese_version-1354|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> The model available in Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Argentina for 2008 was likewise facelifted with the same design found in China. There is also a heavily modified Jetta called [[Volkswagen Lavida]] for the Chinese market.

In October 2006, Volkswagen re-released the fourth generation car in Canada (for the 2007 model year) as the City Jetta.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Greg|title=Preview: 2007 Volkswagen City Golf & City Jetta|newspaper=Canadian Driver|date=2006-09-20|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/testdrives/07citygolfjetta.htm|postscript=}}</ref> The move was made to allow Volkswagen to be more competitive with the rest of the compact class as the fifth generation Jetta had moved upscale versus much of the competition. In 2008, the car was restyled to bring its looks up to date with the rest of the Volkswagen lineup. The only engine available is the 2.0-litre 8-valve [[SOHC]] {{convert|86|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} gasoline four-cylinder with an available six-speed [[tiptronic]] (with Sport mode) that was added as an option in 2008. In 2009, both model names were changed to Jetta City and Golf City. The Jetta City (since 2010MY) and Golf City (since 2011MY) are now both discontinued. The City Jetta is built alongside the fifth generation in the Puebla Assembly Plant.

In Mexico, the 4th generation Jetta has been Volkswagen's most successful model for years, peaking in June 2009 on the top 1 and being fourth as of October 2009, just below Nissan's [[Nissan Sentra|Tsuru]] (Sentra B13), Chevrolet's [[Opel Corsa|Chevy]] (Opel Corsa B) and the Brazilian Volkswagen Gol. Nevertheless, it is the best-selling compact car in the country. Volkswagen decided to keep sales along with the Bora (Jetta V, which is the fifth best seller) with the tagline ''Why do we want a Jetta? Because the heart gives no reasons''. In October 2010, the name "Jetta" was dropped, and the simpler name "Clásico" (Spanish for "classic") was chosen, suggesting this model may still be offered for years to come.

In Mexico, a 1.8-litre {{convert|178|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} turbo in the Clásico GLI and a TDI 1.9 L {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine are available.

The Chinese model received further modifications in 2009, marketed as the New Bora with the wheelbase increased to {{convert|2610|mm|1}}.{{-}}

==Fifth generation (A5, ''Typ'' 1K){{Anchor|A5|1K}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta (A5, ''Typ'' 1K)
|image = JettaMkV.JPG
|aka = Volkswagen Bora Volkswagen GLI Volkswagen Sagitar Volkswagen Vento Volkswagen Golf Wagon (Canada, 2010-)
|production = 2005–2010
|model_years = 2005–2010
|assembly = [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico [[Changchun]], China (CKD) [[Uitenhage]], South Africa(CKD) [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India (CKD) [[Kaluga]], Russia (CKD) [[Algiers]], Algeria (CKD; [[:de:SOVAC|SOVAC]])
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
|class = [[Compact car]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|engine = '''''[[Petrol engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.6|1.6L 75 kW (100 hp) I4]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#6|1.6L 85 kW (115 hp) FSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 80-86kW|2.0L 85 kW (115 hp) 8V I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 FSI|2.0L 110 kW (150 hp) FSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#BGP|2.5L 110 kW (150 hp) I5]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#BGQ|2.5L 125 kW (170 hp) I5]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI|1.4L 103 kW (140 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 TSI|1.4L 125 kW (170 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 20vT|1.8L 110 kW (150 hp) 20V Turbo I4]] 
[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#8|1.8L 118kW (160 hp) TSI I4]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#2.0 TFSI|2.0L 147 kW (200 hp) I4 TFSI]] 
'''''[[Diesel engine]]s:''''' 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI PD 100-125kW|1.9L 77 kW (105 hp) I4 TDI]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI CR 103-147kW|2.0L 103 kW (140 hp) I4 TDI]] 
[[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.8 TDI 93-120kW|2.0L 125 kW (170 hp) I4 TDI]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 04A 6-speed manual 02Q 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 09G 6-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] 02E 7-speed DSG 0AM
|wheelbase = {{convert|2580|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4550|mm|1|abbr=on}} Wagon: {{convert|179.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1760|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2010- Wagon: {{convert|70.1|in|0|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1460|mm|1|abbr=on}} Wagon: {{convert|59.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight =
|related = [[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Volkswagen Golf/Rabbit Mk5]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3 [[SEAT Altea]] [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk2
|designer =
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]
|sp = uk
}}

The fifth generation debuted at the [[LA Auto Show|Los Angeles Auto Show]] on 5 January 2005. It was only the second Volkswagen product to make its world debut at a U.S. Auto show (the other being the [[Volkswagen New Beetle|New Beetle]]).<ref>{{cite press release|title=ALL-NEW JETTA MAKES WORLDWIDE DEBUT AT L.A. AUTO SHOW|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2005-01-05|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070108064220/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9509|archivedate=2007-01-08|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> Furthermore, the Mark 5 saloon/sedan went on sale in the USA prior to any other country, reflecting the importance of the car in that market for Volkswagen.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCormick|first=John|title=VW's Mexican revolution: Volkswagen bets on a new Jetta with a big investment in its Puebla, Mexico, plant|publisher=Automotive Industries|date=February 2005}}</ref> US$800 million was spent upgrading the factory in Puebla for its production. This included a US$290 million new engine production line for the [[straight-five engine|5-cylinder]] power plant, a US$50 million investment in the press shop, as well as a US$200 million purchase of 460 robots, which increased automation by 80%.

Although produced in the largest volumes in Mexico, final assembly of the car also takes place in China and South Africa for those respective markets.<ref name="AutoWeek.com">{{Cite news|last=Downer|first=Steven|title=Beetle's Future?|newspaper=AutoWeek|date=2007-07-24|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/FREE/70724011/1530/FREE|postscript=}}</ref> Like initial production of the second generation in China, the Asian and African plants build the car from a [[complete knock down]] (CKD) kit shipped from the factory in Puebla. Local assembly in [[Kaluga]], Russia started in early 2008.<ref>{{cite press release|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen-media.services.com|title=The Volkswagen plant in Kaluga|date=2009-02-28|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2009/02/28/the_volkswagen_plant.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Production also began in India in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Master|first=Ammar|title=We are of the opinion we are right on time for the India party|newspaper=liveMINT.com - WSJ|date =2008-01-17|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/17234343/8216We-are-of-the-opinion-w.html|postscript=}}</ref> Currently, the Skoda factory in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] is used for final assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Volkswagen begins CKD Jetta assembly at Shendra plant|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/oems-and-markets/69584-india-volkswagen-begins-ckd-jetta-assembly-at-shendra-plant|date= |work=AutomotiveWorld.com|accessdate=}}</ref> As with the previously mentioned assembly plants, CKD kits from Volkswagen de México will be used.

The fifth generation car has the widest variety of names of any generation. In most countries, it is referred to as the Jetta. Exceptions to this include "Bora" in Mexico and Colombia, "Vento" in Argentina and Chile, and "Sagitar" in China.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.vw.com/mx|title=Historia de Volkswagen de México|publisher=Volkswagen de Mexico S.A de C.V.|year=2005|url=http://www.vw.com.mx/cwe/volkswagen/historia/0,,sC=56&yR=2005&idNode=22,00.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070422231640/http://www.vw.com.mx/cwe/volkswagen/historia/0,,sC=56&yR=2005&idNode=22,00.html|archivedate=2007-04-22|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen.cl|title=Historia Volkswagen|publisher=Volkswagen Chile|year=2005|url=http://www.volkswagen.cl/cl_homepage_indexpages/2000_hoy.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070627143121/http://www.volkswagen.cl/cl_homepage_indexpages/2000_hoy.html|archivedate=2007-06-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.volkswagen.com.cn|coauthors=First Automotive Works (FAW)|title=Volkswagen Sagitar brings latest technology to Chinese car market|publisher=Volkswagen China|date=2006-04-09|url=http://www.volkswagen.com.cn/publish/en/news/2006_0409.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927152850/http://www.volkswagen.com.cn/publish/en/news/2006_0409.htm|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Mark 5 is {{convert|170|mm|1}} longer, {{convert|30|mm|1}} wider, and has a {{convert|70|mm|1}} longer wheelbase than the previous iteration. Interior room has increased from 2.46 cubic metres (87 cu ft) to 2.58 cubic metres (91 cu ft). In particular, rear legroom was increased by {{convert|65|mm|1}} over the fourth generation. Luggage compartment volume is up to 453 litres (16 cu ft). One major change is the introduction of the first [[multi-link suspension|multi-link]] [[independent rear suspension]] in a Jetta. The design of the rear suspension is nearly identical to the one found in the [[Ford Focus (International)|Ford Focus]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Askew|first=Mike|title=Volkswagen Golf 2.0 TDI|work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing Limited|month=September|year=2003|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/40302/volkswagen_golf.html|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> Volkswagen reportedly hired engineers from Ford who designed the suspension on the Focus.<ref name="evo.co.uk" />

Styling reflects a new direction for the Volkswagen brand, with a new chrome front grille, first seen on the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5#Mk5 R32|Golf Mk5 R32]], which has spread to other models.<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN RELEASES FIRST OFFICIAL PHOTOS OF ALL-NEW JETTA TO ARRIVE EARLY NEXT YEAR|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2004-11-18|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9490|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608214531/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9490|archivedate=2007-06-08|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> Some critics appreciated the new styling, whilst others dismissed it as just as bland as the 4th generation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Kevin|title=Jetta Grows Up|publisher=Ward's Auto World|date=2005-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mar|first=Karl|title=2005.5 Volkswagen Jetta -- Victim of a Competitive Market|publisher=Edmunds Inc.|date=2006-03-28|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/karl/.ee9035f|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref>

For model year 2009, certain markets saw a new base model [[internal combustion engine]] and [[automatic transmission]]. The previous 2.0-litre [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] engine, and six-speed automatic transmission, were replaced with a smaller, more powerful, and more fuel efficient, 1.4-litre [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] four-cylinder engine, and six-speed DSG transmission (the same as used in the new Golf Mk5). As a result of the change, fuel consumption has been improved (by 17% for the manual, from {{convert|8.2|L/100 km|abbr=on}} down to {{convert|6.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}}), and 23% for the automatic, from {{convert|8.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}} down to {{convert|6.6|L/100 km|abbr=on}}. Power has increased 7%, from {{convert|110|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}, to {{convert|118|kW|PS bhp|0}}, while torque is up 20%. In addition, acceleration times {{convert|0|-|100|km/h|1}} have improved, from 9.2 s to 8.5 s for the manual (an 8% improvement), and from 9.9 s to 8.5 s for the automatic (a 14% improvement).

===Features===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta V front 20070806.jpg|thumb|left|Jetta (German specification)]]
The body of the fifth generation uses extensive [[HSLA steel|high strength steel]], and use of [[laser beam welding|laser welding]] is up from 5% to 35% of body parts.<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Introduction|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=6|id=891403}}</ref> This results in double-digit increases in both dynamic and torsional rigidity. Other body innovations include an impact-absorbing front bumper which yields slightly in the event of a collision with a pedestrian, reducing the chance of injury. A new door design allows just the outer panel to be removed and replaced if damaged, rather than the entire door.<ref>Volkswagen Academy, 891403, p. 14</ref> Safety was again enhanced with many active and passive features available or standard. These included side curtain [[airbag]]s, seat-mounted rear side airbags, new generation [[electronic stability control|Electronic Stability Programme]] with [[traction control system|Anti-Slip Regulation]] and [[Brake assist]], as well as active head restraints. A [[Direct-Shift Gearbox]] (DSG) transmission, available dual-zone automatic climate control, and [[Electric Power Steering|electro-mechanical power steering]] are also new innovations.
[[File:Jetta Headlight.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Halogen headlamp showing the bulb shield incorporating the VW logo]]

The fifth generation car has a totally redesigned electrical system.<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Electrical System Design and Function|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=6|id=873403}}</ref> Control modules are used for everything from the radio to the [[powertrain]], transmitting over [[Controller Area Network]] (CAN) buses. Transmission of signals is done digitally at 500 [[kilobit]]s per second, which reduces the number of wires needed, and thus reduces the chance for faults. Cars equipped with [[halogen lamp|halogen headlamps]] have a 'VW' logo integrated into the bulb shield. In most of the world, the rear lights use [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs). However, in North America, standard filament bulbs with a different design are used, to comply with [[FMVSS 108]].

Volkswagen has developed a very strict [[motor oil]] quality standard, oil meeting this standard must be used to ensure full warranty coverage.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.vw.com|title=Engine oils with Volkswagen Oil Standard VW 502.00 approval available in North America|date=July 2004|postscript=}}</ref>

===Engines===
[[File:volkswagen2 5.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Volkswagen 2.5L Engine.|Volkswagen 2.5L Engine.]]
The [[internal combustion engine]]s available are dependent on the destination market. In Europe, a range of the new generation [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI) engines are available. Additionally in that market, the car can be had with an engine known as the '[[Twincharger]]' (TSI). This 1.4 [[litre]] [[petrol engine]] combines [[turbocharger|turbo-]] and [[supercharger|supercharging]], to make a small but powerful engine with low fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite press release|title=TWIN-TURBOCHARGED FSI ENGINES - CENTRAL ASPECTS|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2005-08-29|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9672|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216084732/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9672|archivedate=2005-12-16|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Jetta available in the [[Americas]] and the Middle East, is powered by a 2.5-litre [[straight-five engine|5-cylinder]] 20-valve engine in most trims. This engine shares its [[cylinder head]] design with the [[Lamborghini V10|V10 engine]] found in the [[Lamborghini Gallardo]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Volkswagen Academy|authorlink=http://www.vwthink.com|title=The new Jetta Introduction|publisher=Volkswagen of America|year=2004|location=U.S.A.|page=28|id=891403}}</ref>

When the Mark 5 Jetta was introduced, the [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] was not offered in five U.S. States due to the tight emission standards promulgated by the [[California Air Resources Board]]. In addition to California, four other states adopted the more stringent California standards. Where it was available, it fell into the least-restrictive emission category. That category was removed in 2007, prompting the diesel Jetta to be unavailable for more than a year until the introduction of a new [[common rail]] diesel engine, which appeared in August 2008.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurylko|first=Diane|title=Delay of diesel Jetta irks Volkswagen dealers|journal=Automotive News|date=2008-02-09|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080209/ANA04/802100307/1203|accessdate=2009-09-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The introduction was delayed for approximately six months due to technical issues with the new emissions control system.<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Jetta TDI Clean Diesel Delayed Until Fall 2008|url=http://www.vwtechnology.ca/2007/11/08/vw-jetta-tdi-clean-diesel-delayed-until-fall-2008/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071215182634/http://www.vwtechnology.ca/2007/11/08/vw-jetta-tdi-clean-diesel-delayed-until-fall-2008/|archivedate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The TDI Clean Diesel engine is rated {{convert|140|PS|kW bhp|0}}, and uses advanced features such as a [[diesel particulate filter]] and NOx-storage catalyst (vs. AdBlue) to reduce [[nitrogen oxide#NOx|NOx]] in order to qualify as a [[tier (emission standard)|Tier II Bin 5]] vehicle (equivalent to California's [[Low Emission Vehicle|LEV II]] rating), and thereby allowing it to be sold in all 50 U.S. states. [[AdBlue]] (urea injection fluid) is not required, further reducing maintenance requirements.

In the U.S., Edmunds pitted a Jetta TDI automatic against hybrids like Prius, Insight, Fusion hybrid and a MINI Cooper with manual transmission over two days of mixed city and highway driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/advice/fueleconomy/articles/153866/article.html |title=Fuel Sipper Smackdown 2 Which Car Gets the Best Fuel Economy? |author=James Riswick |publisher=Edmunds.com |accessdate=2010-03-06 }}</ref>

[[File:VW Jetta 2.0 TDI Heck.JPG|thumb|right|Jetta (French specification)]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
!
! 2009 VW Jetta TDI A6
! 2010 Toyota Prius
! 2010 Honda Insight
! 2010 Ford Fusion hybrid
! 2009 MINI Cooper M6
|-
! Back roads
| 41.2 || 47.2 || 44.1 || 39.6 || 38.5
|-
! City loop
| 31.6 || 48.7 || 43.4 || 35.1 || 30.1
|-
! Highway
| 40.6 || 47.4 || 38.6 || 36.0 || 33.3
|-
! ''Overall''
| ''38.1'' || ''47.6'' || ''42.3'' || ''37.3'' || ''34.5''
|-
! EPA City/Hwy
| 29/40 || 51/48 || 40/43 || 41/36 || 28/37
|}

In the U.S., it was reported in August 2010 that the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) was investigating 37,889 2009 Jetta TDI over stalling problem. There were complaints to the agency about the Jettas went into limp-home mode and then stalled almost immediately while being driven. ''Motor Trend'' reported that there were also complaints about premature failures of its high-pressure fuel pump.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6680707/recalls/diesel-investigation-nhtsa-investigating-volkswagen-jetta-tdis-over-stalling/index.html#ixzz0yIBIXoh2 |title=Diesel Investigation: NHTSA Investigating Volkswagen Jetta TDIs Over Stalling |date=2010-08-31 |author=Andrew Peterson |publisher=Motor trend}}</ref>

===Safety===

[[File:2005 Volkswagen Jetta IIHS.jpg|thumb|left|A 2005 Jetta crash-tested by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]]]

In [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] crash testing the Jetta received an overall "Good" rating in both front offset and side impact tests. In the side impact test the Jetta received "Good" marks in all nine measured categories.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=Frontal Offset Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=231|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink =http://www.iihs.org|title=Side Impact Test|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2005|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=276|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> In 2005, the Institute noted that the side impact protection performance was the best they had ever rated.<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Jetta Scores Best Ever In Side Impact Test|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2005-04-24|url=http://www.vwvortex.com/artman/publish/volkswagen_news/printer_1302.shtml|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> In 2006, the car received a "Top Safety Pick" award from the Institute.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.iihs.org|title=TOP SAFETY PICKs 2006|publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|year=2006|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/tsp_archive.html|accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the fifth generation Jetta {{rating|4|5}} for both driver and passenger protection in a frontal impact, while the car received {{rating|5|5}} stars in a side impact crash test.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.nhtsa.gov|title=NCAP ratings for tested vehicles|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|year=2007|url=http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/3964.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927203152/http://www.safercar.gov/NCAP/Cars/3964.html|archivedate=2007-09-27|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> To tout the safety of the car, a series of television commercials with the tag line "Safe happens" showed the car being involved in a collision whilst afterward the occupants are shown to have emerged unscathed.

The VW Jetta received the maximum 5 stars in the China NCAP crash tests.<ref>http://www.c-ncap.org.cn/app/cncap/pzsj.jsp?pzid=2393</ref>

===Testing and review===
[[File:Volkswagen Jetta GLI Fahrenheit -- 05-02-2012.JPG|thumb|right|Volkswagen Jetta GLI Fahrenheit (US)]]
The fifth generation has received generally positive reviews. Nevertheless, some critics have complained that the car lost some of its distinctive European character with the redesign.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Job|first=Ann|title=2005 JETTA IS SET TO BECOME FAMILY CAR|newspaper=The Augusta Chronicle|pages=E.01|date=2005-04-29|postscript=}}</ref> Most reviewers found the ride to be firm and well controlled, but not always as forgiving as the previous generation. Handling was a strong point, with quick and precise steering and minimal body roll. Fit and finish received excellent marks, with reviewers noting the car felt very upscale.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phelan|first=Mark|title=All-new VW Jetta a solid sedan, but it lacks character|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|page=1|date=2005-05-06|postscript=}}</ref> The front seats were firm but well liked, and the rear seat was roomy, in contrast to the cramped quarters in the fourth generation. Controls and displays were generally good.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=http://www.consumerreports.org|title=Consumer Reports|page=51|date=February 2006|postscript=}}</ref> Reviewers were particularly impressed with the "Sportline" models (known as the GLI in North America). Equipped with sport seats, a firmer suspension lowered by {{convert|15|mm}}, and low profile [[tire|tyres]], critics praised the excellent handling that was an improvement over the already good performance on the standard model.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Robertshaw|first=Malcolm|title=Style is Jetta-propelled ; ROAD TEST Volkswagen Jetta Sport 2.0 TDi|newspaper=Coventry Evening Telegraph|page=54|date=2006-09-08|postscript=}}</ref> Additionally, the 2.0 Turbo FSI engine also won commendation for its high power figures, smooth operation, and low fuel consumption.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Winter|first=Drew|title=Inner Strength|newspaper=Ward's Auto World|date=2005-11-01|postscript=}}</ref> Along with its [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|hatchback brethren]], the fifth generation ranks among the top cars on the market in independent reviews of resale value.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weisbaum|first=Herb|title=How much has your car depreciated?|newspaper=MSNBC|date=2008-01-02|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22474603|postscript=}}</ref>

Although improved over the fourth generation, the Mark 5 still takes over 42 hours to assemble at the factory in Mexico.<ref name="harbourinc.com" /> Part of this disparity is blamed on the switch to the more complex independent rear suspension. Volkswagen has publicly stated its discontent over the excessive assembly time, and pledged to streamline manufacturing in the next generation of [[Volkswagen Group A platform|A platform]] cars.<ref>{{Cite news|title=VW to launch new Golf in 2008|newspaper=Wheels 24 South Africa|date=2007-05-04|url=http://www.wheels24.co.za/Wheels24/News/0,,1369-1372_2090366,00.html|postscript=}}</ref> In the interim, Volkswagen de México is making a concerted effort to further increase productivity at the plant, by consulting outside experts from [[Toyota]] and other [[Japanese automobile industry|Japanese companies]].<ref name="AutoWeek.com"/> By implementing many [[lean manufacturing]] principles and techniques, a goal has been set to increase productivity levels at the factory by 30% or more in the coming years.

=== Engines ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:91%;"
|-
! Model
! Years
! colspan="2"|Engine and code
! Displ.
! Power
! Torque
|-
! 1.6
| 2005–2010 || [[straight-4|I4]] 8V || BSE/BSF || {{convert|1595|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|75|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|148|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3800 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]]
| 2005–2007 || I4 [[Multi-valve|16V]] || BLF || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|155|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm
|-
! 1.4 [[TSI]]
| 2007–2010 || I4 16V || CAXA || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|90|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|200|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4000 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BMY || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600 rpm || {{convert|220|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4000 rpm
|-
! 2.0 FSI
| 2005–2010 || I4 16V || BLR/BVY || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|200|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3500 rpm
|-
! 2.5
| 2005–2007 || [[Straight-5|I5]] 20V || BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS || {{convert|2480|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5000 rpm || {{convert|228|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 3750 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CAVD || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|118|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–4500 rpm
|-
! 1.4 TSI
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BLG || {{convert|1390|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–4500 rpm
|-
! 2.5
| 2008–2010 || I5 20V || CBT/CBU || {{convert|2480|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5700 rpm || {{convert|240|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 4250 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TFSI
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || BWA || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|147|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5100–6000 rpm || {{convert|280|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–5000 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TSI
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CAWB || {{convert|1984|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|147|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5100–6000 rpm || {{convert|280|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1700–5000 rpm
|-
! 1.6 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] ([[Common Rail|CR]]) [[Diesel particulate filter|DPF]]
| 2009–2010 || I4 16V || CAYC || {{convert|1598|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4400 rpm || {{convert|250|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–2500 rpm
|-
! 1.9 TDI ([[Unit Injector|PD]])
| 2005–2009 || I4 8V || BKC/BXE/BLS || {{convert|1896|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|77|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|250|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1900 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD)
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || AZV || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD)
| 2005–2008 || I4 16V || BKD || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD) DPF
| 2005–2008 || I4 8V || BMM || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (CR) DPF
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CBDB || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|320|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (PD) DPF
| 2006–2008 || I4 16V || BMN || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|-
! 2.0 TDI (CR) DPF
| 2008–2010 || I4 16V || CBBB || {{convert|1968|cc|CID|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4200 rpm || {{convert|350|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750–2500 rpm
|}

===Golf Variant/Jetta SportWagen===
{{See also|Volkswagen Golf Variant}}
[[File:2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Sportwagen -- 07-15-2010 1.jpg|thumb|right|2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Sportwagen (US)]]
[[File:2009 Volkswagen Jetta Sportwagon rear.jpg|thumb|right|2009 Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen]]
At the 2007 [[New York International Auto Show]], Volkswagen unveiled a [[station wagon]] version dubbed the '''Jetta SportWagen'''.<ref>{{cite press release|title=JETTA SPORTWAGEN MAKES U.S. DEBUT AT NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL AUTO SHOW|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2007-04-04|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10114|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928043645/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=10114|archivedate=2007-09-28|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> The Jetta wagon was not sold for the 2006, 2007 and 2008 [[model year]]s in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The SportWagen has {{convert|930|L|cuft|lk=on}} of cargo space with the rear seats upright, or {{convert|1894|L|cuft}} with the seats folded. One unique option is a panoramic [[sunroof]]. The available roof is a full {{convert|1.18|m2|sqft}} in area, giving both front and rear seat passengers an expansive view of the sky.

A similar model is sold as the Golf Variant in most markets outside the United States. In Mexico it is sold as the Bora Sportwagen and later Golf SportWagen with front fascia updates, Jetta Variant in Brazil, Vento Variant in Argentina, Jetta Wagon in Canada (2009 only), Golf wagon in Canada (2010 onwards), and Golf Estate in the United Kingdom.

The 2010-model Jetta SportWagen is based on the fifth-generation [[Volkswagen Golf]], despite the sixth-generation front facelift.

===2010 Jetta TDI Cup "Street" edition===
It is a version commemorating the 2008+ Jetta TDI Cup Race series, the last year of the MKV, and based on the TDI Clean Diesel sedan. The same {{Convert|140|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, (240 lbf·ft torque) diesel motor is supplied, but the package includes GLI brakes, suspension, and sway bars. Additional upgrades from the base TDI are "TDI Cup Edition" body side stickers, 18-in wheels with Pirelli P-Zero or Yokohama ADVAN 225/40R18 sport tires, aluminium pedals, leather-wrapped steering wheel, chrome door linings, aerodynamic body kit (front, side & rear), an Interlagos cloth interior with heated sport seats, short shifter, carbon fiber inlays (as opposed to metallic), and a black interior (headliner/doorcards/dash).

It can be purchased with either a 6-speed Manual or DSG transmission (DSG includes paddle shifters), and a "Thunderbunny" body kit is optional (and available from VW only on the Cup edition).

The vehicle was unveiled in 2008 SEMA show. The production version went on sale in January 2010 with a base MSRP of $24,990USD (not including destination or options).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsey |first=Jonathon |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/05/sema-2008-volkswagen-jetta-tdi-cup-edition-street-concept/ |title=SEMA 2008: Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup Edition Street Concept so close to production |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2008-12-28 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>
{{-}}

Worldwide only 1500 Jetta TDI Cup Editions were built by VW making it a true limited edition, limited production model.

==Sixth generation (A6, Typ 1B){{anchor|NCS}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Volkswagen Jetta (A6, Typ 1B)
|aka = Volkswagen New Compact Sedan (Under Development) [[Volkswagen Vento]] (Select South American Countries) [[Volkswagen Sagitar]] (China)
|image = Volkswagen Jetta sedan -- 03-24-2012.JPG
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmisison|manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed manual 7-speed DSG 0AM
|production = 2010-present
|model_years = 2011–present
|assembly = [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Mexico]] [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India ([[Škoda Auto India Private Limited|Škoda]]) [[Changchun]], [[China]], [[Anting]], [[China]]
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon/sedan]]
|class = [[Compact car]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]]/[[4motion]] [[all-wheel drive]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|2655|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6|Volkswagen Golf]] [[Volkswagen Tiguan]] [[Audi A3]] [[Volkswagen Passat]] [[Audi TT]] [[Volkswagen Beetle (A5)]] [[Skoda Rapid]] [[Seat Toledo]]
|length = {{convert|4640|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|4628|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1780|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|1778|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
|engine = 1.2L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 1.4L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0L TSI [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.5L [[Straight-five engine|I5]] 1.6L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]] 2.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]]
|height = {{convert|1450|mm|1|abbr=on}} Hybrid: {{convert|1453|mm|1|abbr=on}} 
}}

The sixth-generation Volkswagen Jetta, known as the NCS (New Compact Sedan) during its development, was announced in the North American market in June 2010.<ref name="motorward-ncs">{{cite news|title=2011 Volkswagen Jetta Unveiled|work=Motorward|date=June 2010|url=http://www.motorward.com/2010/06/2011-volkswagen-jetta-unveiled/|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> The new model is larger and cheaper to produce than the previous Jetta<ref name="candd-future">{{cite news|title=Volkswagen's Future Products Revealed for 2011, 2012, and Beyond|work=Car & Driver|date=August 2009|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/09q3/volkswagen_s_future_products_revealed_for_2011_2012_and_beyond-car_news|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> making the vehicle more competitive against rivals such as the [[Toyota Corolla]] and [[Honda Civic]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2011 Volkswagen Jetta - Spied|work=Car & Driver|date=August 2009|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/spied/09q3/2011_volkswagen_jetta-spied|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> as part of Volkswagen's goal of reaching sales of 800,000 units in the North American market by 2018.<ref name="candd-future"/> Production of the vehicle is at Volkswagen's [[Puebla]], Mexico, facility.<ref name="motorward-ncs"/> The sixth generation Volkswagen Jetta was primarily designed by Volkswagen Mexico under the supervision of Volkswagen Germany and 70% of the parts are designed and manufactured in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/negocios/2010/07/06/vw-hace-auto-del-bicentenario-en-puebla |title=VW hará auto del Bicentenario en Puebla - Negocios |publisher=CNNExpansion.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref>
[[File:VW Jetta Hybrid with badge WAS 2012 0711.jpg|thumb|left|The 2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid unveiled at the 2012 [[North American International Auto Show]].]]
[[File:2012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI -- 05-25-2012.JPG|thumb|left|2012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI (US)]]
Although no longer sharing any body panels with the Golf and having a longer [[wheelbase]], this model is partly based on the same [[Volkswagen Group A platform#PQ35|PQ35]] platform.
Volkswagen's target of increasing its North American sales removed the Jetta from the premium compact car market. This forced many cost-cutting measures to be made for the North American models, which include a lower quality trim material for the interior and the replacement of leather with leatherette as an optional seating upholstery. Leather is still available on Canadian-spec models. The North American version also loses the multi-link rear suspension of the previous generation.<ref name="car-ncs">{{cite news|last=Pulman|first=Ben|title=VW Jetta (2011) first official pictures|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/VW-Jetta-2011-first-official-pictures/|accessdate=6 July 2010|newspaper=[[Car Magazine]]|date=2010-06-15}}</ref> Engines from the MK5 Jetta carried over include the 170 hp 2.5 L (five-cylinder) as well as the economy-minded 140 hp 2.0 [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]] (diesel) engine. A hybrid, 1.4 L engine mated to an electric motor will be available in 2012 due to hybrid popularity in North America. The 2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid was unveiled in January 2012 at the [[North American International Auto Show]]. The Jetta Hybrid has an estimated combined fuel economy of {{convert|45|mpgUS|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/1201_2012_detroit_2013_volkswagen_jetta_hybrid/|title=2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid |author=Christian Seabaugh |work=[[Motor Trend]]|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> In North America, the base model (S in the US, Trendline in Canada) receives a 2.0-liter 8-valve four-cylinder engine with 115 horsepower and {{convert|125|lbft|abbr=on}} torque.
[[File:VW Jetta 1.6 TDI Comfortline (VI) – Heckansicht (1), 2. Juli 2011, Ratingen.jpg|thumb|left|VW Jetta 1.6 TDI (Germany)]]
The Jetta GLI, a sedan version of the Golf GTI based on the new Jetta, was revealed at the 2011 Chicago Auto Show with the 2.0 TSI 200 hp engine and a fully independent suspension, as well as the European Jetta's soft touch materials. A black honeycomb grill, aggressive lower intakes, side adorning foglights, smoked taillights, dual tailpipes, red painted calipers, and red stitching are all elements to separate it from its run-of-the-mill counterpart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2011/09/21/2012-vw-jetta-gli-review/|title=2012 VW Jetta GLI Review|publisher=Automoblog.net |date=2011-09-21 |accessdate=2011-09-21}}</ref> The GLI, as well as the Jetta TDI, are the only two trims to receive Volkswagen's 6-speed manual transmission as well as the optional 6-speed DSG gearbox.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2011/08/04/2011-vw-jetta-sel-review/|title=2011 VW Jetta SEL Review|publisher=Automoblog.net |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2011-09-03}}</ref>

In Europe, the Jetta maintains its luxurious small saloon status. The engine range comprise of the 1.2 TSI, 1.4 TSI (122 or 160 PS), 2.0 TSI, 1.6 TDI and 2.0 TDI engines.<ref name="motorward-ncs"/> The European version will differ in some respects, particularly in having [[multi-link suspension]] at the rear.<ref name="car-ncs"/> The European version will also incorporate soft-touch plastics on most of the dashboard (not the doors for this generation), and the rear seat center air vents have been restored. The Jetta will also have a [[VR6 engine|VR6-engined]] higher-performance version, to be called Jetta R, that is positioned directly against [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution]],<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/110110829430/vw-working-on-jetta-r---possibly-with-a-v6|title=worldcarfans.com; VW working on Jetta R - possibly with a V6|accessdate=2010-11-08}}</ref> although early speculation said it would be using a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine as same as [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6#Volkswagen Golf R|Golf R]] and [[Volkswagen Scirocco#Scirocco R (2009-)|Scirocco R]].<ref name="worldcarfans.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/110052126393/audi-s1-and-vw-jetta-r-confirmed-polo-r-reports-rejected|title=worldcarfans.com; Audi S1 and VW Jetta R confirmed, Polo R reports rejected|accessdate=2010-05-21}}</ref>

The sixth-generation Jetta went on sale on July 22, 2010 in Mexico, thus becoming the only country in the world where both the fourth (sold as the ''Volkswagen Clásico''), and sixth generation Jetta are available simultaneously. (Both models are also both available in Colombia). The sixth generation Jetta replaced the fifth, known in Mexico as the ''Volkswagen Bora''. A special edition called the "Volkswagen Jetta Edición Especial Bicentenario" and approved by the Mexican Federal Government commemorates that country's 200th anniversary of the beginning of [[Mexican War of Independence|its war of Independence]], on September 16, 1810. It is also the first car in Mexico with granted permission to use an official government logo (a "2010" plaque).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automovilonline.com.mx/nota-8398--vw-jetta-bicentenario-presentacion-oficial-desde-puebla-con-video|title=(Spanish) Automóvil Panamericano; VW Jetta Bicentenario: presentación oficial desde Puebla|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref>
It was launched in India on 17 August 2011.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
It was launched in Australia and South Africa during September 2011.

==Alternative propulsion cars==
In 2001, at the 18th [[International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition]] in Berlin, Volkswagen released two environmentally friendly cars: the Bora HyMotion and the Bora Electric.

The '''Bora HyMotion''' was a [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen powered]] Mark 4 with a 75 kW fuel cell that could accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 12.5 seconds. With a 49-litre tank of [[cryogenic]]ally stored hydrogen, it had a range of 350 km (220 mi). Top speed was {{convert|140|km/h|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite document|authorlink=http://www.sae.org|title=Fuel cells start to look real|publisher=Society of Automotive Engineering|url=http://www.sae.org/automag/features/fuelcells/veh2.htm|postscript=}}</ref>

In 2002, Volkswagen, along with [[Paul Scherrer Institute]] released another hydrogen powered car called the '''Bora Hy.Power'''. The car was powered by hydrogen compressed to a pressure of 320 bar (4600 psi). It had ratings very similar to the HyMotion; with a 75 kW (100 hp) power source. A special feature of the car was a 60 kilowatt super capacitor which could boost power when needed and also recover energy when coasting.<ref>Menzel, p. 56</ref>

Volkswagen has considered producing a [[mild hybrid]] version of the fifth generation mainly for the North American market.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Meiners|first=Jens|title=VW may offer Jetta hybrid|newspaper=Automotive News|page=1|date=2005-05-30|postscript=}}</ref> However, no official plans have been promulgated, and the company will continue its clean diesel push regardless of the decision regarding hybrid technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Copley|first=Brian|title=Volkswagen's Alternative-Fuel Strategy|newspaper=Driver Magazine|pages=18–19|date=Spring/Summer 2007|postscript=}}</ref>

===Biofuels===
[[File:Jetta Biodiesel.jpg|thumb|right|Wagon being fueled with Biodiesel]]
Volkswagen released a Jetta '''MultiFuel''' in 1991, at first to the governments of the state of California and New York, and then for limited retail sale in those states to the public. They are an early example of an E85 vehicle, burning a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. These Jettas can still be found roaming the streets.

Volkswagen approves fueling Jetta TDIs with up to 5% [[biodiesel]] (B5).<ref>{{cite press release|title=VOLKSWAGEN’S FUEL-EFFICIENT TDI DIESELS PROVIDE RELIEF FROM SUMMER’S ESCALATING FUEL PRICES|publisher=Volkswagen of America|date=2006-05-09|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9893|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061111152352/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9893|archivedate=2006-11-11|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The diesel engine can sometimes be run with higher percentages of biodiesel, particularly during warm months. However, if the car experiences a fault, Volkswagen may deny warranty coverage if unapproved fuel is used.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://www.WhatCar.com|title=What Car? Q&A - Can I use biodiesel?|publisher=What Car?|date=2005-08-25|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-q-and-a/can-i-use-biodiesel/216860|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref>

Some owners have converted their diesel cars to run on [[vegetable oil used as fuel]]. There is a common misconception that this can only be done on indirect injected diesel vehicles, but in recent years pioneers in the SVO industry have developed fuel systems for Direct Injection engines.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dizon|first=Kristin|title=It smells like popcorn -- and it's catching on|publisher=SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER|date=2005-02-18|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/212626_biodieselfans18.html|accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref> This can be obtained from most [[fast food]] restaurants for a minimal fee (if any). However, there has been at least one report of catastrophic engine damage resulting from the use of waste vegetable oil.<ref>{{cite web|title=WVO no more-My Tragic Greaser Story|date=2007-08-05|url=http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=186108|accessdate=2007-09-06|postscript=}}</ref> Running the car on [[biofuels]] of any type has the advantage of being at least partly [[carbon neutral]].

Volkswagen also released a Bora TDI which was powered by '''SunFuel''', a [[synthetic fuel]] developed in partnership with [[Royal Dutch Shell]].<ref>Menzel, p. 47</ref> The company also displayed Bora TDI powered by '''SunDiesel''' that Volkswagen also developed with [[DaimlerChrysler]] along with Choren Industries.<ref>{{cite press release|title=THE NEW VOLKSWAGEN ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2003/2004 – PARTNERS IN RESPONSIBILITY|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2003-12-11|url=http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9230|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608190626/http://media.vw.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9230|archivedate=2007-06-08|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref>

Use of the two most popular blends of Biodiesel that are mostly Biodiesel, B80 and B100, is not recommended in 2009 and 2010 US TDI engines.

=== Electric vehicle ===
In the early 1980s, Volkswagen released a [[limited production]] [[electric vehicle|electric]] Jetta called the '''Jetta CitySTROMER'''. It featured a 24.8 hp (18.5 kW) [[powertrain]] (later 37.5 hp (28 kW)), with a range of 190 km (250 in the later version).<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=http://electroauto.sweb.cz|title=Elektromobil Volkswagen JETTA citySTROMer:|publisher=Đ DVOHAPER & Mobilcompany|year=2005|url=http://electroauto.sweb.cz/jetta_citystromer.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071014115722/http://electroauto.sweb.cz/jetta_citystromer.html|archivedate=2007-10-14|language=Czech|accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref>

The second concept vehicle was called the '''Bora Electric'''. It had a power rating that varied according to the operating conditions. The Bora Electric could accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 10 seconds with a range of 160 km. The energy needed to drive the vehicle is stored in a [[Lithium-ion battery]]. It was noted that its chance of success was limited in the marketplace given the high cost of the electric drive system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menzel|first=Ulrich|authorlink=http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com|title=Volkswagen Environmental Report 2003/2004|publisher=Druckhaus Friedr. Schmücker GmbH, Löningen|month=December|year=2003|location=Wolfsburg, Germany|page=54|url=http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com/_download/umweltbericht_2003_2004_english.pdf|id=415.1240.01.18|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-11-20|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051108155101/http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com/_download/umweltbericht_2003_2004_english.pdf|archivedate=2005-11-08}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

*In November 2008 the VW Jetta TDI ([[clean diesel]]) won the 2009 [[Green Car of the Year]] awarded by [[Green Car Journal]].<ref name=GCJ2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/vw-jetta-clean-diesel-wins-2009-green-car-year.php|title=VW Jetta Clean Diesel Wins 2009 Green Car of the Year!|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2008-11-21|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
From 2008 through 2010, Volkswagen and the [[Sports Car Club of America]] hosted the [[Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup]], using factory prepared 2009 Jetta TDIs.

For the 2010 [[SCCA World Challenge]] season, Irish Mike's Racing is campaigning GLIs in the touring car class. Todd Buras won rounds 1 and 2 at the [[Grand Prix of St. Petersburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1575|title=Buras, Irish Mike's Racing VW Double In St. Petersburg}}</ref> and round 10 at [[Virginia International Raceway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1857|title=Buras Makes Triumphant Return To Touring Car At VIR}}</ref> while [[Chip Herr]] won round 4 at [[Mosport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1645|title=Pobst, Heinricy and Herr Win World Challenge One At Mosport}}</ref>

==2011 recall==
On September 30, 2011, Volkswagen of America announced a recall involving 2009–2012 Jetta and Jetta Sportwagen models with the 2.0L TDI engine; this recall points to a resonance condition with the number 2 fuel injector line and the fuel injector pulses, causing small cracks in the line, which could leak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/10/stop-sale-and-recall-volkswagen-golf-jetta-diesels-cars-for-risk-of-fuel-leak.html|title=Stop-sale and recall: Volkswagen Golf, Jetta diesels cars for risk of fuel leak}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.autoevolution.com/testdrive/volkswagen-jetta-14-tsi-122-hp-2009-new-cars-collection.html Test Drive: VOLKSWAGEN Jetta 1.4 TSI (122 HP) - 2009 by ''Autoevolution.com'']
*[http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/models/jetta.html Volkswagen Jetta worldwide site]
*[http://www.the2011vwjetta.com/ VW JETTA microsite (USA)]
{{Volkswagen}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date}}

[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1979]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Volkswagen vehicles|Jetta]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP small family cars]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Partial zero-emissions vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles with VR engines]]

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Audi Q5

2012-10-19T03:23:14Z

IFCAR: higher quality infobox photo; moved facelift photo to section discussing the facelift

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Audi Q5
| image = 2009-2011 Audi Q5 (8R) 2.0 TFSI quattro wagon (2011-10-25) 01.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Audi|Audi AG]]
| aka =
| production = 2008–present
| model_years = 2009-present
| predecessor =
| successor =
| class = [[compact SUV|Compact]] [[crossover (automobile)|crossover SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[station wagon|estate/wagon]]
| layout = [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] [[front-engine design|front engine]], [[quattro (four wheel drive system)|quattro]] permanent [[four-wheel drive]]
| platform = [[Volkswagen B platform#MLB|MLB/MLP]]
| engine = 2.0 L T[[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.0 L [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[V6 engine|V6]] 3.2 L V6 [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]]
| transmission = 6-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|Tiptronic]] 8-speed [[Automatic transmission|Tiptronic]] [[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8HP]] 7-speed [[Dual clutch transmission|S Tronic]]
| assembly = [[Ingolstadt]], Germany [[Changchun]], China [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], India [[Shah Alam]], Malaysia ([[Euromobil Sdn. Bhd.|Euromobil]])
| wheelbase = {{convert|2810|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4630|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1880|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1650|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| related = [[Audi A4]] [[Audi S4]] [[Audi RS4]] [[Audi A5]] [[Audi S5]] [[Porsche Macan]]
| designer =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Audi Q5''' (internally designated '''''Typ 8R''''') is a [[compact SUV|compact]] [[crossover (automobile)|crossover SUV]] which was released by [[Germany|German]] automaker [[Audi]] for the 2009 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://microsites.audi.com/q5onlinespecial/html/popup.html?locale=en_US |title=Audi Q5 Online Special |publisher=Microsites.audi.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091026044715/http://microsites.audi.com/q5onlinespecial/html/popup.html?locale=en_US| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

It is built using the new [[Audi MLP]] platform (Modular Longitudinal Platform) which debuted in the 2007 [[Audi A5]] coupé. The Q5 is the second Audi model in the "Q" range, after the full-size [[Audi Q7|Q7]]. The Q5 slots above the brand new [[Audi Q3|Q3]], which is based on [[Volkswagen Tiguan]].

The Q5 will also serve as the platform for the upcoming [[Porsche Macan]], due for introduction in Q2 2013.

==First generation==

===Initial version===
The vehicle was unveiled in 2008 Beijing Auto Show,<ref>{{cite web|last=Hellwig |first=Ed |url=http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2008/04/2009-audi-q5-2008-beijing-auto-show.html |title=2009 Audi Q5: 2008 Beijing Auto Show |publisher=Blogs.insideline.com |date=2008-04-20 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> and later in 2008 LA Auto show.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/21/la-2008-2009-audi-q5-makes-its-north-american-debut/ LA 2008: 2009 Audi Q5 makes its North American debut]</ref>

====Vehicle models====
Early models include 2.0 TFSI quattro (211PS), 2.0 TDI quattro (170PS), 3.0 TDI quattro.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/17/audi-releases-all-the-details-on-the-north-american-q5/ Audi releases all the details on the North American Q5]</ref>

Initial vehicle models for US, Canada & Brazil include 3.2 FSI.

The Q5 commenced shipments in October 2008 for [[Europe]], and the first quarter of 2009 in [[North America]].

US model went on sale in 2009-03 as 2009 model year vehicle. Early models include 3.2 FSI quattro.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/29/audi-claims-best-in-class-mileage-for-q5-still-cant-touch-the/ |title=Audi claims best in class mileage for Q5, still can't touch the TDI |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-01-29 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> 2.0 TFSI quattro (211PS) was added in 2011 model year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.green.autoblog.com/2010/05/13/audi-a4-a5-and-q5-all-get-eight-speed-transmission-for-2011-q5/|title=Audi A4, A5 and Q5 all get eight-speed transmission for 2011, Q5 gets 2.0T |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2010-05-13}}</ref>

Indian models went on sale in 2009-06, and were initially built from Audi's Ingolstadt facility but now its built from its Aurangabad, Maharashtra, [[India]] plant. Launch models include 3.0 TDI, 2.0 TFSI (211 PS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/audi-q5-india-launch-in-june-2009/ |title=Audi Q5 India launch in June 2009 |publisher=Dancewithshadows.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101013175443/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/audi-q5-india-launch-in-june-2009/| archivedate= 13 October 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/business-news/pr-wire/audi-introduces-the-audi-q5-in-india-13390.html |title=Audi introduces the Audi Q5 in India |publisher=Headlinesindia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

Middle East models went on sale in 2009 Q2. Launch models include 2.0 TFSI (211 PS), 3.2 FSI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20080424125918 |title=The new Audi Q5 unveiled in Beijing: Middle East arrival in Q2 2009 |publisher=Ae.zawya.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

Japanese models include 2.0 TFSI quattro (211 PS), 3.2 FSI quattro.

====Audi Cross Cabriolet quattro concept (2007)====
It is a concept vehicle for the then upcoming Q5. It is a 2-door convertible with 3.0 TDI engine rated {{convert|240|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|Nm|0|abbr=on}}, quattro permanent four-wheel drive, 8-speed automatic transmission, Copper Sunset body, LED headlights, 21-inch wheels with 265/35R21 tyres, seats with White Stone leather upholstery, MMI, 505W Bang & Olufsen sound system and internet radio, CDC (continuous damping control) shock absorbers, electric ride height adjustment (40mm), 380/356mm front/rear ceramic brake discs with 6-piston monobloc aluminium front, and floating rear callipers, Audi drive select.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiworld.com/news/07/audi-cross-cab-quattro-concept/ |title=In Depth: Audi Cross Cabriolet quattro Concept |publisher=Audiworld.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101101083937/http://www.audiworld.com/news/07/audi-cross-cab-quattro-concept/| archivedate= 1 November 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The vehicle was unveiled in 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Linton |first=Lascelles |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2007/11/15/2007-la-auto-show-videos-audi-cross-cabriolet-quattro-honda-fc/ |title=2007 LA Auto Show videos: Audi Cross Cabriolet Quattro, Honda FCX Clarity, Katie Couric |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2007-11-15 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

====Audi Q5 custom concept (2009)====
It is a concept vehicle that includes an enhanced engine, 7-speed S tronic transmission, quattro all-wheel drive. The 3.0 TFSI V6 engine was rated {{convert|408|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} at 6000-7000 rpm and {{convert|500|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} at 3000-5500 rpm. Other features include ceramic brakes, active sound exhaust system, 90 millimeter wider track, 60 millimeter lower ride height, 21-inch Daytona Gray color wheels of 7 twin-spoke design, modified air intake, cooling water strut brace in engine compartment, stainless steel-plated pedals, S line sport seats, panorama roof system, "Wörthersee 09" adhesive film, textile floor mats with "Wörthersee 09" print application, Audi drive select vehicle dynamics system, parking aid with rearview camera, voice control, Audi lane assist lane change assistant, headlight range control with cornering lights.

The vehicle was unveiled in Wörthersee Tour 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/05/19/worthersee-2009-audi-q5-custom-concept/ |title=Wörthersee 2009: {{Convert|408|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Audi Q5 Custom Concept |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

====Audi Q5 hybrid====
Audi was originally reported that it would offer Q5 hybrid as launch model,<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/02/13/us-audi-dealers-learn-that-q7-tdi-q5-hybrid-on-the-way/ |title=US Audi dealers learn that Q7 TDI, Q5 hybrid are on the way |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2008-02-13 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> but it was later reported that Audi suspended the plan because of unsatisfying crash test result for the nickel metal hydride batteries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/12/16/audi-q5-hybrid-doa/ |title=Audi Q5 Hybrid DOA |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2008-12-16 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> In 2009, Audi announced it would resume the Q5 hybrid development.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/02/02/on-again-off-again-audi-q5-hybrid-is-apparently-back-on-again-f/ |title=On again, off again Audi Q5 Hybrid is apparently back on again for 2010 |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> It included a 266V, 1.3kWh, battery pack. The Q5 has an all-electric range of about {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and maximum all-electric speed of {{convert|100|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/02/q5-20110201.html|title=Details of the Audi Q5 Hybrid Quattro Li-ion battery pack|publisher=Greencarcongress.com |date=2011-020-01}}</ref>

The production version would be on sale in 2012 for Japanese market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/11/report-audi-tar.html |title=Report: Audi Targeting Hybrid for Japan in 2012 |publisher=Greencarcongress.com |date=2008-11-06 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref> The release in the U.S. market is scheduled for late 2011.<ref name=Upcoming>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_news.shtml|title=New & Upcoming Hybrids|author=Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (USDoE and EPA)|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|date=2011-06-28|accessdate=2011-07-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110723190050/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_news.shtml| archivedate= 23 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

====Engines====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Engine type!!Power, torque@rpm
|-
|rowspan=3|2.0 TFSI hybrid quattro||rowspan=3|2011-||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo (petrol)||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4300-6000, {{convert|350|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1500-4200
|-
|electric motor, 266V, 1.3kWh battery pack||{{convert|54|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@?, {{convert|210|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@?
|-
|combined||{{convert|245|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@?, {{convert|480|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@?
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (180PS)||2009-2012||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4000-6000, {{convert|320|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1500-4200
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (211PS)||2008-2012||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@4300-6000, {{convert|350|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1500-4200
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (225PS)||2011-||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|225|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@4500-6250, {{convert|350|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1500-4500
|-
|3.2 FSI quattro||2009–2012||{{convert|3197|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} V6||{{convert|270|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@6500, {{convert|330|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@3000-5000
|-
!colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Engine type!!Power, torque@rpm
|-
|2.0 TDI (143PS)||2009-||{{convert|1968|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo common rail||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4200, {{convert|320|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1750-2500
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (143PS)||2009-2012||{{convert|1968|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo common rail||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4200, {{convert|320|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1750-2500
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (170PS)||2008-2012||{{convert|1968|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo common rail||{{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4200, {{convert|350|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1750-2500
|-
|3.0 TDI quattro||2008-2012||{{convert|2967|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} V6 turbo common rail||{{convert|240|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4000-4400, {{convert|500|Nm|0|abbr=on}}@1500-3000
|}

180 PS 2.0 TFSI and 143 PS 2.0 TDI engines were introduced in Europe beginning in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/07/10/audi-adds-to-entry-level-engines-to-euro-q5-and-a4-allroad/ |title=Audi adds to entry level engines to Euro Q5 and A4 allroad |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-07-10 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

====Transmissions====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Standard!!Optional
|-
|2.0 TFSI hybrid quattro||2011-||8-speed Tiptronic||-
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (180PS)||2009-2012||6-speed manual||-
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (211PS)||2008-2012||6-speed manual, 7-speed S tronic, 8-speed Tiptronic||7-speed S tronic, 8-speed Tiptronic
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (225PS)||2011-||6-speed manual||8-speed Tiptronic
|-
|3.2 FSI quattro||2009-2012||6-speed Tiptronic, 7-speed S tronic||-
|-
!colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Standard!!Optional
|-
|2.0 TDI (143PS)||2009-||6-speed manual||-
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (143PS)||2009-2012||6-speed manual||-
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (170PS)||2008-2012||6-speed manual||7-speed S tronic
|-
|3.0 TDI quattro||2008-2012||7-speed S tronic||-
|}

German models include standard 7-speed S tronic transmission for all V6 models. 8-speed Tiptronic is an option for Q5 2.0 TFSI quattro (211 PS).

US and Canadian Q5 3.2 FSI models include 6-speed Tiptronic as standard transmission. US and Canadian Q5 2.0 TFSI models include 8-speed Tiptronic as standard transmission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://microsites.audicanada.ca/my09/pdf/ca/2009_Audi_Q5.pdf |title=Audi Q5 eBrochure (Canada) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/01/29/all-new-2009-audi-q5/|title=Audi's All-New Q5 SUV|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

Japanese models include standard 7-speed S tronic transmission for all models.

====Equipment====
[[File:2009-2011 Audi Q5 (8R) 2.0 TFSI quattro wagon (2011-10-25) 02.jpg|thumb|Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI quattro, Australia]]
[[File:2009 Audi Q5 SE TDi Quattro - Flickr - The Car Spy (12).jpg|thumb|Interior]]

[[Harman International Industries|Harmon/Becker Automotive Systems]] produced Audi's new updated [[Multi Media Interface]] (MMI) technology for Q5. The new system includes navigation, communication, and wide-screen entertainment. A three-dimensional orientation view with true-to-scale terrain and photorealistic depictions of key landmarks will also be generated. Included features in this new system are [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] storage media ([[iPod]] or [[MP3]]), [[satellite radio]], and an integral four-band [[GSM]] [[mobile phone|mobile/cell phone]] (SIM card ready) with [[Bluetooth]] connectivity.

S line package includes 20-inch S line wheels, headlight washers, sport steering wheels with shift paddles, brushed aluminium inlays, S line aluminium door sills, and a black headliner. The Offroad exterior package includes front and rear underbody protection panels, along with flared fender and door sill protection.

====Carrying and towing capabilities====
A sensor informs the ESP system if a roof rack has been mounted, which will cause the Audi Q5's centre of gravity to be shifted higher in keeping with the roof load of up to {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. If a roof rack is present, the ESP engages earlier in the handling limit. Without a roof load, the driver is free to tap the full dynamic potential of the Audi Q5.

The Audi Q5 is capable of towing up to 2.0 tonnes; the standard hill descent control system makes it safe to navigate down steep inclines by regulating the preselected speed when driving at under {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The Q5 is also fitted with an advanced [[Trailer Stability Program]] designed to combat any unwanted snakeing when towing a large trailer or caravan.

====Production====
The new vehicle will be built in Audi's home town of [[Ingolstadt]]. It will need an investment of €300 million in production tooling and expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweb.com.au/cms/A_106832/title_New-Audi-Q5-Confirmed-For-Production-In-Germany/newsarticle.html |title=New Audi Q5 Confirmed For Production In Germany |publisher=Autoweb.com.au |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2010-10-17}}</ref>

Audi also assemble its Q5 model in India to avoid import taxes and compete with BMW AG, Daimler AG and Porsche AG in the world's second-fastest growing major economy.

===2012 Facelift===

[[File:Audi Q5 Facelift S line 2.0 TFSI quattro tiptronic Daytonagrau.JPG|thumb|Facelifted Audi Q5 S-line 2.0]]

Main changes include a redesigned set of front and rear headlights, and a new set of engines that increase both output and efficiency. Most interior user controls have narrow chrome trim. Ergonomics changes include 4-button MMI navigation plus system, additional skip function for volume dial. Large fabric-upholstered surfaces are standard on the door trim panels; inlay options include three wood veneers and one aluminum version.

The vehicles went on sale in summer 2012. Early models include 2.0 TFSI hybrid quattro, 2.0 TFSI quattro (225PS), 3.0 TFSI quattro (272PS), 2.0 TDI (143PS), 2.0 TDI quattro (177PS), 3.0 TDI quattro (245PS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/25/audi-updates-q5-for-2013-with-supercharged-v6-and-hybrid-option/ |title=Audi updates Q5 for 2013 with supercharged V6 and hybrid option |publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2012-04-25}}</ref>

====SQ5 TDI (2013-)====
It is the first Audi S model vehicle with Diesel engine. It included V6 twin turbo engine, 8-speed Tiptronic transmission, quattro permanent all-wheel drive with torque vectoring transfer, sport suspension lowers the vehicle body by {{convert|30|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, 20-inch 5 parallel-spoke wheels with 255/45 tires with optional 21-inch wheels, front black brake calipers with S badges, optional Audi drive select system, platinum gray single-frame grille with galvanized double bars, Estoril Blue or Panther Black body colour, optional lunar silver headlining, Pearl Nappa leather/Alcantara power-adjustable sport seats with optional leather upholstery in a choice of four colors, brushed aluminum inlays with optional Carbon Atlas, Piano finish, Aluminum/Beaufort wood black trim panels.

The vehicle set to be on sale in the first quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/news.detail.2012~06~the_new_audi_sq5_tdi.html|title=The new Audi SQ5 TDI: Twin-turbo V6 diesel with 313 hp|publisher=Audi AG/Audi Worldwide|date=2012-06-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/06/15/audi-sq5-released-with-313-hp-twin-turbo-diesel/ Audi SQ5 released with 313-hp twin-turbo diesel]</ref>

====SQ5 TDI Audi exclusive concept (2013-)====
It is a limited (50 units) version of Audi SQ5 TDI with Aral Blue crystal effect body colour, black Fine Nappa leather upholstery with contrasting stitching in snow white, black sport seats covered in Fine Nappa leather, woven leather in the center section of the seats, snow white Alcantara headlining, sunroof blind, inlays and applications shimmer.

The vehicle set to be on sale in the first quarter of 2013.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/09/14/audi-sq5-tdi-exclusive-concept-will-have-limited-50-unit-run/ Audi SQ5 TDI Exclusive Concept will have limited 50-unit run]</ref>

====Engines====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Engine type!!Power, torque@rpm
|-
|rowspan=3|2.0 TFSI hybrid quattro||rowspan=3|2012-||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo (petrol)||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4300-6000, {{convert|350|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1500-4200
|-
|electric motor, 266V, 1.3kWh battery pack||{{convert|54|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@?, {{convert|210|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@?
|-
|combined||{{convert|245|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@?, {{convert|480|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@?
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (225PS)||2012-||{{convert|1984|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|225|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@4500-6250, {{convert|350|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1500-4500
|-
|3.0 TFSI quattro (272PS)||2012-||{{convert|2995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} V6 supercharged||{{convert|272|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@4780-6500, {{convert|400|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@2500-4780
|-
!colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Engine type!!Power, torque@rpm
|-
|2.0 TDI (143PS)||2012-||{{convert|1968|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo common rail||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4200, {{convert|320|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1750-2500
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (177PS)||2012-||{{convert|1968|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo common rail||{{convert|177|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4200, {{convert|380|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1750-2500
|-
|3.0 TDI quattro (245PS)||2012-||{{convert|2967|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} V6 turbo common rail||{{convert|245|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4000-4500, {{convert|580|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1750-2750
|-
|SQ5 TDI 3.0 TDI quattro (313PS)||2013-||{{convert|2967|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} V6 twin turbo common rail||{{convert|313|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@3900-4500, {{convert|650|Nm|2|abbr=on}}@1450-2800
|}

All engines include start-stop system. 3.0 TFSI quattro (272PS) replaced 3.2 FSI quattro.

====Transmissions====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Types
|-
|2.0 TFSI hybrid quattro||2012-||8-speed Tiptronic
|-
|2.0 TFSI quattro (225PS)||2012-||6-speed manual, 8-speed Tiptronic
|-
|3.0 TFSI quattro (272PS)||2012-||8-speed Tiptronic
|-
!colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
!Model!!Year!!Types
|-
|2.0 TDI (143PS)||2012-||6-speed manual
|-
|2.0 TDI quattro (177PS)||2012-||6-speed manual, 7-speed S tronic
|-
|3.0 TDI quattro (245PS)||2012-||7-speed S tronic with electro-hydraulic control
|-
|SQ5 TDI 3.0 TDI quattro (313PS)||2013-||8-speed Tiptronic
|}

==Safety==
EuroNCAP tested Audi Q5, 5-door SUV with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:
{{Euro NCAP |year=2009 |overall_stars=5 |description=Audi Q5 RHD, 5-door SUV |reference=http://www.euroncap.com/results/audi/q5/357%20.aspx |adult_points=33 |adult_percent=92 |child_points=41 |child_percent=84 |pedestrian_points=12 |pedestrian_percent=32 |safety_points=5 |safety_percent=71}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=March 2012}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://autoya.info/audi_q5_hybrid_2011_new_audi_hybrid_suv/ Audi Q5 Hybrid!]
* [http://www.zigwheels.com/Reviews/First-Drive:-Audi-Q5/Audi1212_20080730-1-2 Audi Q5 Driven!]
* [http://microsites.audi.com/q5onlinespecial/html/popup.html?locale=en_US Audi Q5 Microsite]
* [http://jalopnik.com/381765/2009-audi-q5-revealed-officially 2009 Audi Q5 Revealed, Officially]
* [http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/02/13/us-audi-dealers-learn-that-q7-tdi-q5-hybrid-on-the-way/ US Audi dealers learn that Q5 hybrid is on the way]
* [http://www.ausmotive.com/2008/11/16/audi-q5-s-line-image-gallery.html Image gallery: Audi Q5 with S line exterior packge]
* [http://www.thefasters.ru/2008/12/auto-audi-q5-staroe-mini-q7-ili-novoe/ New Audi Q5 in Russian]
* [http://vcommindia.com/vcommindia/newcar-audi-Q5-902.aspx New Audi Q5 3.0 TDI Quattro in India]
* [http://carsspyphotos.com/2013-audi-q5-s-first-test-mule/ New Audi SQ5 2013 spied for the first time]

{{Audi}}
{{Audi (Europe) timeline 1970 to date}}
{{Modern North American Audi vehicles}}

[[Category:Audi vehicles|Q5]]
[[Category:Crossover SUVs]]
[[Category:Compact SUVs]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2008]]

[[cs:Audi Q5]]
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[[fa:آئودی کیو۵]]
[[fr:Audi Q5]]
[[hr:Audi Q5]]
[[id:Audi Q5]]
[[it:Audi Q5]]
[[nl:Audi Q5]]
[[ja:アウディ・Q5]]
[[no:Audi Q5]]
[[pl:Audi Q5]]
[[pt:Audi Q5]]
[[ro:Audi Q5]]
[[ru:Audi Q5]]
[[simple:Audi Q5]]
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[[uk:Audi Q5]]

Audi A3

2012-10-11T04:48:04Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 517002541 by SkydivingGiraffe (talk), rv redundant image

{{Infobox automobile
|name = Audi A3
|image = 2009 Audi A3 (8PA) 2.0 TDI 5-door Sportback (2011-04-02) 01.jpg
|manufacturer = [[Audi]]
|production = 1996–present
|predecessor =
|class= British: [[compact car|Small family car]] European: [[C-segment]]
|layout = [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-engine design|front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] or [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|quattro]] on-demand [[four-wheel drive]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]] series
|transmission =
|sp = uk
}}

The '''Audi A3''' is a [[small family car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) produced by the German automaker [[Audi]] since 1996. The first two generations of A3 were based on the [[Volkswagen Group A platform]], which they share with several other models such as the [[Audi TT]], [[Volkswagen Golf]], [[Volkswagen Caddy]] and [[Volkswagen Touran]] as well as [[SEAT León]], [[SEAT Toledo]] and [[Škoda Octavia]]. The third-generation A3 uses the [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform]].

== First generation (''Typ'' 8L; 1996–2003) {{anchor|Mk1|8L}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Audi A3 (8L)
|image = Audi A3 front 20080326.jpg
|caption = Audi A3 5-door (post-facelift)
|aka =
|production = 1996–2003
|designer = [[Peter Schreyer]]
|assembly = [[Ingolstadt]], Germany (1996–2003) [[Curitiba]], Brazil ([[Audi Senna]], 2000–2006)
|body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#PQ34|Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34) platform]]
|engine = 1.6 L [[straight-4|I4]] 1.8L I4 [[multi-valve|20v]] 1.8L I4 20v Turbo 1.9L [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] I4
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2513|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} quattro: {{convert|2518|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4152|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1735|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1423|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf#Golf Mk4 (A4/Typ 1J, 1997–2004)|Volkswagen Golf]] Mk4 [[SEAT León#1M|SEAT León]] Mk1
|sp = uk
}}

The original A3 (or ''Typ'' 8L) was introduced in the European market in 1996, marking Audi's return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the [[Audi 50]]. This was the first [[Volkswagen Group]] model to use the "PQ34" or "A4" platform, bearing a natural close resemblance to its contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]. The car was initially available only with a three-door [[hatchback]] body, in order to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both [[front-wheel drive|front-]] and [[four-wheel drive]]. All engines were an [[inline-four engine|inline four-cylinder]] configuration, and were [[transverse engine|transversely mounted]]. After the A4, the Audi A3 was the second model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder.

In 1999, Audi expanded the range with the introduction of more powerful versions: a 1.8 Turbo rated {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, and a 1.9 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] [[diesel engine]] with [[Unit Injector]] "Pumpe Düse" (PD) technology and [[variable geometry turbocharger]]. The four-wheel-drive A3 1.8T [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|quattro]] used either the {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} engine, and the same [[Haldex Traction]]-based on-demand four-wheel-drive system as the [[Audi S3]] and the [[Audi TT]]. In 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body.

In late 2000, the A3 range was revised with new headlights and rear light clusters, other minor cosmetic changes, an improved interior, and the introduction of a six-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] gearbox, on the {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 1.8 Turbo and the brand new {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 1.9 TDI.

Audi's [[electronic stability control|Electronic Stability Programme]] (ESP), traction-control and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries.

Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, the first generation model continued to be sold in some markets. Production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006.

{{gallery
| width = 160
| height = 100
|File:Audi A3 1.6 3-door 1997 UK.jpg|Audi A3 3-door (pre-facelift)
|File:1999-2000 Audi A3 (8L) 1.8 5-door hatchback 01.jpg|Audi A3 5-door (pre-facelift)
|File:2000-2004 Audi A3 (8L) 1.8 5-door hatchback (2011-04-28) 01.jpg|Audi A3 5-door (post-facelift)
|File:2000-2004 Audi A3 (8L) 1.8 5-door hatchback (2011-04-28) 02.jpg|Audi A3 5-door (post-facelift)
}}

===Safety===
EuroNCAP tested a first generation Audi A3, three-door hatchback with front airbags and seatbelt pretensioners as standard and scored it accordingly:
* Adult Occupant {{rating|4|5}} 25 points.
* Pedestrians {{rating|2|4}} 12 points.

EuroNCAP after the test state "The column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his upper legs and damage to his knees."
They also criticise the A3 for offering almost no protection to pedestrians at all, leading to just two stars out of a possible four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/tests/audi_a3_1998/30.aspx |title=Audi A3 | Euro NCAP – For safer cars crash test safety rating |publisher=Euro NCAP |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

=== S3 (1999–2003) ===
[[File:Audi S3 2002 Imola Yellow.jpg|thumb|2002 Audi S3, UK]]

Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, offered only as a three-door hatchback. The [[inline-four engine|inline-four]] [[multi-valve|20v]] 1.8 L [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[petrol engine]] comes in two versions of power output: {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|225|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. Early models (1999–2001) had {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} which is said{{who|date=October 2011}} to be a de-tuned [[Audi TT]] engine, and was said to be reduced to lessen brand competition with the more powerful TT. Later models (2001–2003) had [[variable valve timing]] and {{convert|225|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. The engine provides a maximum {{convert|280|Nm|ftlbf|abbr=on|lk=on}} of [[torque]], most of which is available from 2,200 through to 5,500 rpm. This is the first time a small four-cylinder engine has been used in an [[Audi S and RS models#S models|Audi S-series]] car.

Although dubbed [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|"quattro"]], the S3 uses a different "on-demand" [[four-wheel drive]] system.<ref name="autoportal">{{cite web|url=http://www.carautoportal.com/audi/audi-s3.php|title=Audi S3|accessdate=2009-06-28|work=carautoportal.com}}</ref> The [[Haldex Traction]] coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive.

The S3 was sold in the United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, but was not officially marketed in the United States.

The S3 was facelifted in 2000, where it was given one-piece [[headlights]]/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim. There had been minor changes to the design previous to this, including digital clock on the dash.

Standard features include [[xenon HID headlamp]]s with high pressure washers and auto levelers, front fog lamps, 17" "Avus" [[alloy wheel]]s with 225/45R17 [[tire|tyres]], electrically adjustable [[Recaro]] leather seats, climate control, alarm and [[electronic stability control|Electronic Stability Programme]] (ESP) with [[traction control system|traction control]] (ASR).

Options include a [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] sound system, boot/trunk or in-dash mounted 6-disc [[CD changer]], [[metallic paint]], 18-inch 9-spoke RSTT wheels, glass [[sunroof]], centre arm rest, privacy glass (B-pillar backwards), auto-dipping rear-view mirror, parking assist, luggage net, heated front seats, [[cruise control]], aluminium door mirror casings and part leather/[[alcantara (material)|alcantara]] (blue/silver/yellow) combination seat coverings. These items are standard in some export markets, where Audi is a prestigious brand.

===Engines===
The engines used are the same as for many other cars in the [[Volkswagen Group]].
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#dcdcdc; vertical-align:middle;"
! Name!! Type!! Engine code!! Output@rpm!! Torque@rpm!! 0–100 km/h,s!! Top speed!! Years
|-
!colspan=8|Petrol engines
|-
|align="left"|'''1.6 8v'''||{{convert|1595|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4||AEH/AKL/APF||{{convert|101|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5600 rpm||{{convert|145|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @3800 rpm||11.0 s||{{convert|188|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1996–2000
|-
|align="left"|'''1.6 8v'''||{{convert|1595|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4||AVU/BFQ||{{convert|102|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5600 rpm||{{convert|148|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @3800 rpm||10.9 s||{{convert|189|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||2000–2003
|-
|align="left"|'''1.8 20v'''||{{convert|1781|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4||AGN/APG||{{convert|125|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @6000||{{convert|170|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @4200||9.6 s||{{convert|202|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1996–2003
|-
|align="left"|'''1.8 20vT'''||{{convert|1781|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||AGU/ARZ/ARX/AUM||{{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5700||{{convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–4600||8.2 s||{{convert|217|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1996–2003
|-
|align="left"|'''1.8 20vT'''||{{convert|1781|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||AJQ/APP/ARY/AUQ||{{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5500||{{convert|235|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1950–5000||7.5 s||{{convert|228|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}||1999–2003
|-
|align="left"|'''1.8 20vT [[Audi S3|(S3)]]'''||{{convert|1781|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||APY, AMK||{{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5800||{{convert|270|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @2100||6.8 s||{{convert|238|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1999–2001
|-
|align="left"|'''1.8 20vT [[Audi S3|(S3)]]'''||{{convert|1781|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||BAM||{{convert|225|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5900||{{convert|280|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @2200||6.6 s||{{convert|243|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||2001–2003
|-
!colspan=8|Diesel engines
|-
|align="left"|'''1.9 8v TDI'''||{{convert|1896|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||AGR/ALH||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000||{{convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1900||12.4 s||{{convert|181|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1996–2001
|-
|align="left"|'''1.9 8v TDI'''||{{convert|1896|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||ATD/AXR||{{convert|100|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000||{{convert|240|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1800–2400||11.0 s||{{convert|188|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||2001–2003
|-
|align="left"|'''1.9 8v TDI'''||{{convert|1896|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||AHF/ASV||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4150||{{convert|235|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1900||10.5 s||{{convert|194|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||1997–2000
|-
|align="left"|'''1.9 8v TDI'''||{{convert|1896|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||ASZ||{{convert|130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000||{{convert|310|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1900||9.2 s||{{convert|205|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||2000–2003
|}

== Second generation (''Typ'' 8P; 2003–2012) {{anchor|Mk2|8P}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Audi A3 (8P)
|image = Audi A3 Sportback front 20090714.jpg
|aka =
|production = 2003–2012
|assembly = [[Ingolstadt]], Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.co.uk/audi/uk/en2/about_audi_ag/production_location/germany.html |title=Audi UK – production info |publisher=Audi.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref> [[Brussels]], Belgium (2004–2005; 2007 – May 2010) 
[[Győr]], Hungary [[Jakarta]], Indonesia ([[Garuda Mataram Motor]])
|body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]] 2-door [[convertible]]
|platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform#PQ35|Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35) platform]]
|engine = ''[[Petrol engine]]s:'' 1.2 L [[Straight-4|I4]] Turbo [[fuel stratified injection|FSI]] (TFSI)'' 1.4 L [[Straight-4|I4]] Turbo [[fuel stratified injection|FSI]] (TFSI) 1.6 L I4 1.6 L I4 FSI 2.0 L I4 FSI 1.8 L I4 TFSI 2.0 L I4 TFSI 3.2 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]] ''[[Diesel engine]]s:'' 1.6 L [[Straight-4|I4]] [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] 1.9 L I4 TDI 2.0 L I4 TDI
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] 6-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|S-Tronic]] 7-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|S-Tronic]]
|wheelbase = {{convert|2578|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 3-door: {{convert|4215|mm|1|abbr=on}} 5-door: {{convert|4285|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1765|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1420|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Volkswagen Golf]] Mk5 [[SEAT León#León Mk2 (2005-present)|SEAT León]] Mk2
|sp = uk
}}

At the 2003 [[Geneva Motor Show]], Audi launched the second-generation of the A3, the ''Typ'' 8P, designed by [[Walter de'Silva]]. Originally launched only as a three-door [[hatchback]] with four-cylinder engines, it featured a new [[automobile platform]] (the [[Volkswagen A platform#PQ35|PQ35]] platform), a redesigned and more spacious interior, new [[petrol engine]]s with [[gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI), and standard six-speed manual gearboxes (except on the base 1.6).

In mid 2003, the line was updated with two sports-oriented models, a 2.0 Turbo-FSI version rated {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, and a 3.2 L [[VR6 engine]] (for the first time) with {{convert|250|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. [[Haldex Traction]]-based [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|quattro]] on-demand four-wheel drive, and the [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|S-Tronic]] [[semi-automatic transmission|semi-auto gearbox]] were introduced as options (quattro is standard on the VR6) on every model with engine over {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.

In 2005, the "S line" trim level, offering new decorative elements, became available and the three-door A3 received the same front end styling features as the Sportback model. For the first time, the A3 became available in the [[North America]]n market, exclusively with the Sportback body, with the base 2.0 [[inline-four engine|inline-four]] TFSI introduced in 2005 as a 2006 model, and the 3.2 VR6 quattro following in 2006.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes!!8P1!!8PA!!8P7
|-
|Body type||3-door hatchback||5-door Sportback||Cabriolet
|-
|Years||2003–||2004–||2008–
|}

The five-door "Sportback" model was introduced in June 2004. The A3 Sportback is {{convert|80|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} longer than the base three-door body, and includes improved rear cabin space and a larger luggage compartment (370 litres). It also received the new "single frame" front grille originally introduced in the [[Audi A8|A8 W12]], which was later adopted across the whole A3 range.

;TDI Clubsport quattro (concept)
The '''Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro''' is a [[concept car]] unveiled in 2008. Based on the Audi A3 three-door, it is an approach by [[Audi AG|Audi]] to address both performance and the environment.

The engine in the concept car is a turbocharged 2.0-litre diesel producing {{convert|224|hp}} and {{convert|332|lb·ft|N.m|abbr=on}}. of torque. It produces {{convert|113.8|hp}} per litre while meeting Euro 5 Diesel emission standards. It uses the [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|quattro]] drive system with a six-speed manual transmission.

The chassis has Audi's Magnetic Ride Suspension system, lowering the vehicle {{convert|1.4|in|mm}} from the base model. It also has ceramic front brakes, a four-link rear suspension and electro-mechanical servo assist for the [[rack and pinion]] steering.<ref name = qq>{{cite journal | last =Rivera| first =Paul| title =Audi A3 TDI clubsport quattro concept| journal =quattro quarterly | volume = XVIII | issue = 3 | pages = 43–44 | publisher = Audi Club North America | date = Summer 2008}}</ref>

Exterior modifications include the widening of the three-door's grill, modifying the odd, and enlarging air intakes. Bolt-on fender flares and a large rear spoiler have been added. The interior changes include sport seats and a flat-bottomed steering wheel.<ref name = qq/>

Audi claims performance of {{convert|0|to|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 6.6 seconds with a top speed of {{convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Monticello | first =Mike | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =Audi A3 TDI Clubsport Quattro Concept | journal =[[Road & Track]] | volume = | issue = | page =20 | month =August | year =2008 | url =http://www.roadandtrack.com/future-cars/audi-a3-tdi-clubsport-quattro-concept | doi = | id = | postscript = }}</ref> It is expected to get approximately {{convert|40|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}}.

===Safety===
EuroNCAP tested a second generation Audi A3, 3-door hatchback with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:
* Adult Occupant {{rating|4|5}} 29 points.
* Child Occupant {{rating|3|5}} 35 points.
* Pedestrians {{rating|1|4}} 8 points.

Despite Audi increasing the protection inside the car for the driver and passengers, pedestrian safety actually got 33% worse compared to the first generation and EuroNCAP gave criticism for the car offering virtually no protection at all on the front end and scoring just one star from a possible four. "A poor result for a new car" was the verdict given for pedestrian safety after the test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/tests/audi_a3_2003/176.aspx |title=Audi A3 | Euro NCAP – For safer cars crash test safety rating |publisher=Euro NCAP |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

=== Updates ===
;2004
Audi debuted the updated single-frame grille in June 2004 with the launch of the five-door "Sportback" model. This new grille also became standard fitment to the three-door variant.

;2008
Audi introduced a number of changes to the A3 and S3 in 2008. These include revised nose and tail styling, with a modified grille and the new "trademark" daytime running lights, [[common rail]] 2.0 TDI engines, seven-speed S tronic [[dual clutch transmission]] availability for the smaller non-U.S. engines, and optional "magnetic ride" adaptive [[shock absorber]]s. In addition, the range now includes an S3 Sportback model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.co.uk/audi/uk/en2/about_audi_ag/news/The_new_generation_Audi_A3.html|title=The new generation Audi A3|date=2008-04-27|work=www.audi.co.uk|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>

{{gallery
| width = 160
| height = 100
| File:Audi A3 silver vl.jpg|2003–2005 Audi A3 3-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 II front.JPG|2005–2008 Audi A3 3-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 II rear.JPG|2005–2008 Audi A3 3-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 1.2 TFSI Ambition S-line (8P, 3. Facelift) – Frontansicht, 17. Mai 2011, Velbert.jpg|2008–2010 Audi A3 3-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 1.2 TFSI Ambition S-line (8P, 3. Facelift) – Heckansicht, 17. Mai 2011, Velbert.jpg|2008–2010 Audi A3 3-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 5-door.jpg|2005–2008 Audi A3 Sportback (US)
| File:2005-2008 Audi A3 (8PA) 1.8 TFSI 5-door Sportback (2011-07-17).jpg|2005–2008 Audi A3 Sportback (Australia)
| File:Audi A3 1.4 T Sportback 8PA II. Facelift front 20100718.jpg|2008–2010 Audi A3 Sportback (Germany)
| File:2009 Audi A3 (8PA) 2.0 TDI 5-door Sportback (2011-04-02) 02.jpg|2008–2010 Audi A3 Sportback (Australia)
| File:2008-2010 Audi A3 (8P7) 1.6 Attraction cabriolet (2011-07-17).jpg|2008–2010 Audi A3 cabriolet (Australia)
| File:Audi A3 Sportback TDI Ambition (8PA, 3. Facelift) – Frontansicht, 3. März 2012, Ratingen.jpg|2010–2012 Audi A3 Sportback (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 Sportback TDI Ambition (8PA, 3. Facelift) – Heckansicht, 3. März 2012, Ratingen.jpg|2010–2012 Audi A3 Sportback (Germany)
}}

=== S3 (2006–2012) ===
[[File:Audi S3 Sprintblau.JPG|thumb|Audi S3 three-door (Germany)]]

In August 2006, Audi announced the arrival of the second generation S3. Offered in three- and five-door body styles, the second generation—''Typ'' 8P—S3 is powered by a modified and uprated [[Volkswagen Group]]-sourced 2.0-litre turbocharged [[gasoline direct injection|FSI]] [[petrol engine]], with a maximum output of {{convert|195|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. As with all [[Audi S and RS models|Audi S models]], the design was done in-house by [[quattro GmbH]]. The engine features uprated high-performance [[piston]]s, revised boost/fuel mapping, increased turbocharger size (KKK K04) and larger [[intercooler]]. The most powerful form of this widely used engine, and [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|quattro]] four-wheel drive, makes for a {{convert|0|-|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} time of 5.5 s, and an electronically limited top speed of {{convert|250|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Audi offers both six-speed manual and six-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|S-Tronic]] automatic transmissions with the S3.

[[File:AudiS3 8P rear.jpg|thumb|left|Audi S3 three-door (Australia)]]

The chassis has had the spring rating and dampers revised, along with the body kit. Like its predecessor, although badged a "quattro" model, the S3 does not employ a [[Torsen]] centre differential (as in other common quattro models), but instead uses the Swedish [[Haldex Traction]] system in its on-demand [[four-wheel drive]] transmission, due to the [[transverse engine]] layout.

Audi has stated the S3 will not be sold in North/South America, although it is available in Mexico. It has announced a 2.0T quattro model for the North/South American market due out in 2009/2010 to coincide with the A3 body upgrade.{{Update after|2012|2|2}}

{{anchor|RS3}}
{{anchor|RS 3}}

=== RS 3 (2011–2012) ===
[[File:Red Audi RS3 fr IAA 2011.jpg|thumb|Audi RS3 Sportback (Germany)]]

In November 2010, Audi announced the Audi RS3 Sportback, which entered production in 2011. Only available as a five-door, it is equipped with a [[Straight-five engine|5-cylinder]], 2.5-litre {{convert|340|PS|kW hp}} engine, paired with a seven-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|S-Tronic]] [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]], and the [[quattro (four-wheel-drive system)|Quattro]] on-demand [[four-wheel drive]] system. The Audi RS3 is only available in a five-door Sportback version and no manual transmission option. Its [[acceleration]] is quoted as {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 4.6 [[seconds]], with an electronically limited top speed of {{convert|155|mph|abbr=on}}. The RS3 is assembled at the Audi plant in [[Győr]], Hungary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boom in Audi Production – Q3 Production Start Confirmed, New A3 Derivative Planned|url=http://www.fourtitude.com/news/publish/Audi_News/article_6547.shtml}}</ref> First deliveries started in early 2011.<ref name="audi-rs3">{{cite web|title=Big performance in a small package: the Audi RS3 Sportback|url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/news/models_and_services.detail.2010~11~big_performance_in.html|work=www.audi.com|publisher=[[Audi]]|accessdate=25 November 2010|date=22 November 2010}}</ref>

=== Engines ===
In January 2007, the normally aspirated (non-turbo) 2.0 FSI was replaced by a new turbocharged 1.8 TFSI engine rated {{convert|160|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. It is available in front-wheel drive only.

In late 2007, Audi introduced a new {{convert|125|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 1.4 L TFSI engine for the A3, replacing the 1.6 L FSI engine, and a new diesel "e"-model. The "e"-model, Audi's equivalent of Volkswagen's [[BlueMotion]], is available with the 1.9 L TDI engine, and offers a more ecological car, with a [[carbon dioxide|CO2]] emission below 120 g/km.

In June 2009, Audi announced the release of two models of A3 1.6 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] for European market. The first uses Audi's start/stop and energy recovery system, and will produce {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. This engine will achieve approximately {{convert|4.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}}.{{Clarify|what kind of driving?|date=October 2009}} The second engine does not use the same efficiency systems and will produce {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} will get {{convert|4.5|L/100 km|abbr=on}}. They went on sale in June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/news/models_and_services.detail.2009~06~further_efficient.html|title=engines added to the Audi A3 range|work=www.audi.com|date=2009-06-02}}</ref>

In August 2009, Audi announced that the 1.6 L eight-valve petrol engine would be replaced by a turbocharged 1.2 TFSI engine already found in VW's Polo and Golf models. This engine is rated at {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|175|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}, emitting 127 g/km of {{CO2}}.<ref name="audi-1.2tfsi">{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/dynamics-and-efficiency-three-new-models-at-the-iaa.html|title=Dynamics and Efficiency: Three New Models at the IAA|date=2009-08-28|work=www.audi.co.uk|publisher=[[Audi]] UK|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> As of April 2010, Audi has yet to release official specifications or prices for the 1.2 TSI model, as the 1.6 model has been made a special clearance model for clearing out 1.6 stock.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The A3 2.0 TDI clean diesel is a version of Audi's A3 2.0 TDI for the North American market, making it the second Audi TDI vehicle sold in North America, following the [[Audi Q7]] TDI in 2008. It is a FWD vehicle with S-tronic transmission with Hill-hold assist, Sirius satellite radio, Leather seats and steering wheel, Auxiliary audio input, Dual-zone climate control, {{convert|17|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} alloy wheels. The vehicle was unveiled at the [[North American International Auto Show#2009|2009 North American International Auto Show]]. This US model would begin sale in the first quarter of 2010 as a 2010 model year vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/12/detroit-2009-a3-tdi-coming-to-us-audi-dealers-late-this-year/ |title=Detroit 2009: A3 TDI coming to US Audi dealers late this year |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-01-19 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>

In March 2011, the line-up was expanded with the introduction of a more powerful 2.0 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] with {{Convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.

The 2012 Audi 2.0L I4 TDI produces {{Convert|140|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|236|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} and will go from {{convert|0|to|60|mph|abbr=on}} in 8.9 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://models.audiusa.com/a3|title= Audi A3 2.0TDI |publisher= Audiusa.com }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
!Model !!Engine displacement !!Engine type !!Engine code !!Power@rpm !!Torque@rpm !!Years
|-
!colspan=7| [[Petrol engine]]s
|-
! 1.2 TFSI
|{{convert|1197|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||[[Straight-4|I4]] [[SOHC]] 8V [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]] [[Turbocharger|turbo]]
|CBZB ||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5000 ||{{convert|175|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1550–4100 ||2010–
|-
! 1.4 TFSI
|{{convert|1390|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||[[Straight-4|I4]] [[DOHC]] [[Multi-valve|16V]] [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]] [[Turbocharger|turbo]]
|CAXC ||{{convert|125|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5000 ||{{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1500–4000 ||2007–present
|-
! 1.6
|{{convert|1595|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||I4 [[SOHC]] 8V
|BGU / BSE / BSF / CCS ||{{convert|102|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5600 ||{{convert|148|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @3800 ||2003–2010
|-
! 1.6 FSI
|{{convert|1598|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||I4 DOHC 16V FSI
|BAG / BLF / BLP ||{{convert|115|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @6000 ||{{convert|155|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @4000 ||2003–2007
|-
!rowspan=2| 1.8 TFSI
|rowspan=2| {{convert|1798|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||rowspan=2|I4 DOHC 16V FSI turbo
|BYT / BZB ||{{convert|160|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5000–6200 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1500–4200 ||2007–2008
|-
|CDAA ||{{convert|160|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4500–6200 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1500–4500 ||2009–present
|-
! 2.0 FSI
|rowspan=4|{{convert|1984|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||I4 DOHC 16V FSI
|AXW / BLR / BLX / BLY BVY / BVX / BVZ ||{{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @6000 ||{{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @3250–4250 ||2003–2007
|-
!rowspan=3| 2.0 TFSI
|rowspan=3|I4 DOHC 16V FSI turbo
|AXX / BPY / BWA / CAWB ||rowspan=2| {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5100–6000 ||{{convert|280|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1800–5000 ||2004–2008
|-
|CCZA ||{{convert|280|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1700–5000 ||2009–
|-
|BHZ / CDLA ||{{convert|265|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @6000 ||{{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @2500–5000 ||2006– (Audi S3 only)
|-
!rowspan=2| 3.2 FSI
|rowspan=2| {{convert|3189|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||rowspan=2| [[VR6 engine|VR6]] DOHC 24V FSI
|AXZ / BDB / BMJ / BUB ||rowspan=2| {{convert|250|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @6300 ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @2500–3000 ||2003–2009
|-
|AXZ?(Canada)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://microsites.audicanada.ca/my09/pdf/ca/2009_Audi_A3.pdf |title=2009 Audi A3 |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-10-08}}</ref> ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @2800–3200 ||2003–2009
|-
! 2.5 TFSI
|{{convert|2480|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||[[Straight-5|I5]] [[DOHC]] [[Multi-valve|20V]] [[Gasoline direct injection|FSI]] [[Turbocharger|turbo]]
|CEPA ||{{convert|340|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @5400–6500 ||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1600–5300 ||2011–present (Audi RS 3 only)
|-

!colspan=7| [[Diesel engine]]s
|-
!rowspan=2| 1.6 TDI
|rowspan=2| {{convert|1598|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||rowspan=2|I4 DOHC 16V common rail [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|turbo]] with [[diesel particulate filter|DPF]]
|CAYB ||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4200 ||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1500–2500 ||2009–present
|-
|CAYA ||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4400 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1500–2500 ||2009–present
|-
! 1.9 TDI
|{{convert|1896|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||I4 SOHC 8V [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] with [[Unit Injector|unit injectors]]
|BJB / BKC / BXE / BLS ||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1900 ||2003–2009
|-
!rowspan=6| 2.0 TDI
|rowspan=6| {{convert|1968|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} ||I4 DOHC 16V turbo with unit injectors
|BKD ||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000<ref name="136 TDI">136 PS in some countries</ref> ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2003–2008
|-
|I4 SOHC 8V turbo with unit injectors and DPF
|BMM ||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4000<ref name="136 TDI" /> ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2006–2008
|-
|I4 DOHC 16V turbo with unit injectors and DPF
|BMN ||{{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4200 ||{{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2006–2008
|-
|rowspan=2|I4 DOHC 16V common rail turbo with DPF
|CBAB ||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4200 ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2008–present
|-
|CBBB ||{{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4200 ||{{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2008–present
|- valign="top"
|I4 DOHC 16V common rail turbo with piezo element injectors and DPF
|CBEA ||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @4200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myturbodiesel.com/1000q_how_to/8p/audiA3tdi_checklist.htm|title=Audi A3 TDI FAQ and reviews}}</ref> ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @1750–2500 ||2010–
|}

== Third generation (''Typ'' 8V; 2012–) {{anchor|Mk3|8V}}==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Audi A3 (8V)
| image = Audi A3 8V Ambition design selection capriorange 2.0 TDI Gletscherweiß.JPG
| production = 2012–
| assembly = [[Ingolstadt]], [[Germany]] [[Foshan]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (starting 2013)
| body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door hatchback
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2601|mm|1|abbr=on}} <ref name="A3_dim">{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.de/de/brand/de/neuwagen/a3/a3/informieren/ausstattung/ausstattungslinien.html#source=http://www.audi.de/de/brand/de/neuwagen/a3/a3/informieren/technische_daten/abmessungen.html&container=page |title=Audi Deutschland - New A3 - Dimensions |published=Audi.de}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|4237|mm|1|abbr=on}} <ref name="A3_dim" />
| width = {{convert|1777|mm|1|abbr=on}} <ref name="A3_dim" />
| height = {{convert|1421|mm|1|abbr=on}} <ref name="A3_dim" />
| related = [[Volkswagen Golf Mk7]] <ref name="MQB">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/de/talks_and_presentations/2011/05/PPT_FFM.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Deutsche%20Bank%20Presentation%20Handout.pdf |title=A Key for Higher Margins – The Modular Toolkit Strategy |publisher=volkswagenag.com |date=2011-05-19 |accessdate=2011-05-25| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110702080434/http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/de/talks_and_presentations/2011/05/PPT_FFM.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Deutsche%20Bank%20Presentation%20Handout.pdf| archivedate= 2 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> [[SEAT León#Mk3|SEAT León Mk3]] <ref name="MQB" /> [[Škoda Octavia#Mk3|Škoda Octavia Mk3]] <ref name="MQB" />
| sp = uk
}}

The third generation A3 was launched in three-door [[hatchback]] form at the 2012 [[Geneva Motor Show]] and will go on sale in Europe in September 2012. Based on the [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform]], the third generation will later become available as a five-door "Sportback" and [[convertible]]. For the interim, the convertible and five-door bodystyles will continue on the previous ''Typ 8P'' chassis until 2013. It is at this time when for the first time, an A3 four-door sedan version will be offered—thus effectively filling in the gap left by the A4 which has become larger with each generation. Front suspension is by [[McPherson strut]] and there is multi-link rear suspension.<ref name=autocar-2012>{{cite web|title=Geneva motor show: Audi A3|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/261469/|work=[[Autocar]]|accessdate=24 March 2012|date=6 March 2012}}</ref>

At launch, there were two petrol engine options (a 1.4 TFSI with 120 bhp and a 1.8 TSI with 178 bhp) and a 2.0 TDI diesel with 150 bhp. A 1.6 TDI engine with {{CO2}} emissions of 99g/km and a 1.2 TFSI petrol engine are also expected later in 2012.<ref name=autocar-2012/>

New features included in the new A3 include a new entertainment system with handwriting recognition and adaptive cruise control.

=== Safety ===
EuroNCAP tested a third generation Audi A3, 3-door hatchback with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:
{{Euro NCAP |year=2012 |overall_stars=5 |description=Audi A3 LHD, 3-door Hatchback |reference=http://www.euroncap.com/results/audi/a3/480.aspx |adult_points=34 |adult_percent=91 |child_points=42 |child_percent=83 |pedestrian_points=27 |pedestrian_percent=41 |safety_points=6 |safety_percent=86}}

{{gallery
| width = 160
| height = 100
| File:Audi A3 8V Ambition design selection capriorange 2.0 TDI Gletscherweiß Heck.JPG|Audi A3 three-door (Germany)
| File:Audi A3 8V Ambition design selection capriorange 2.0 TDI Gletscherweiß Cockpit.JPG|Interior
}}{{-}}

===Engines===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"
|-
!colspan=7|Petrol engine
|-
! Model !! Engine type/code !! Power@rpm !! Torque@rpm !! 0–100 km/h acceleration !! Top speed !! Transmission
|-
|'''1.4 TFSI'''||{{convert|1395|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 ||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,000-6,000||{{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1,400–4,000||9.3 s||{{convert|203|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} ||6-speed manual 7-speed [[Direct Shift Gearbox|S Tronic]] (optional)
|-
|'''1.8 TFSI'''||{{convert|1798|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 ||{{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5,100-6,200||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1,250–5,000||7.1 s||{{convert|232|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-speed manual 7-speed [[Direct Shift Gearbox|S Tronic]] (optional)
|-
!colspan=7|Diesel engine
|-
! Model !! Engine type/code !! Power@rpm !! Torque@rpm !! 0–100 km/h acceleration !! Top speed !! Transmission
|-
|'''1.6 TDI'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 ||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,000-4,000||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1,500-2,750||10.7 s||{{convert|195|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-speed manual 7-speed [[Direct Shift Gearbox|S Tronic]] (optional)
|-
|'''2.0 TDI'''||{{convert|1968|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} I4 ||{{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3,500-4,000||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–3,000||8.6 s||{{convert|216|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-speed manual 6-speed [[Direct Shift Gearbox|S Tronic]] (optional)
|}

==Awards and accolades==
* (2006) South African Car of the Year
* (2000) Brazilian Car of the Year
* (1997, 1999, 2000) ''Auto Motor und Sport'' readers' poll Best Car award
* (1997) ''Autozeitung'' "Auto Trophy" award
* (1996) ''Bild am Sonntag'' "Golden Steering Wheel" award

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
# "A7, A5, and A3 Joins Even Numbers", an article in the "News" section on page thirty-eight of the June, 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]''
# Audi A3 Owner's Manual ([[England|English]]/[[United Kingdom|UK]] edition) (2000 Audi AG)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/models/a3.html A3] at Audi worldwide

{{Audi}}
{{Audi (Europe) timeline 1970 to date}}
{{Modern North American Audi vehicles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

[[Category:Audi vehicles|A3]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP small family cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles with VR engines]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1996]]

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Jaguar Mark 2

2012-10-10T04:11:55Z

IFCAR: rv lower-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile |sp=uk
|image=Jaguar.3point4.750pix.jpg
| caption = Jaguar Mark 2, 3.4-Litre first registered 1962
|name=Jaguar Mark 2, 240 and 340
|aka=re-labelled Jaguar 240 & Jaguar 340 from September 1967
|manufacturer=[[Jaguar Cars]]
|production=1959–1967 83,976 (Mark 2) 1967–1969 7,234 (240 & 340)
|class=[[Sports saloon]]
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
|engine={{Convert|2483|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{Convert|3442|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{Convert|3781|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK]] [[straight-6|I6]] (until 1966)
| transmission =
|assembly=[[Coventry]], [[England]]
|layout=[[FR layout]]
| length = {{convert|180|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=Motor1961/>
| width = {{convert|67|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|58|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3174|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} 2.4 manual without overdrive
| wheelbase = {{convert|107|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| track = {{convert|55|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (front)
|predecessor=[[Jaguar Mark 1]]
|successor=not replaced so [[Jaguar XJ]]6
|related=[[Daimler 250|Daimler 2.5-V8 / V8-250]] [[Jaguar S-Type (1963)|Jaguar S-Type]] [[Jaguar 420]]
}}

The '''Jaguar Mark 2''' is a medium-sized [[saloon car]] built from late 1959<ref>(new) British Cars At Paris Show. ''The Times'', Friday, Oct 02, 1959; pg. 9; Issue 54581</ref> to 1967 by the [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] company in Coventry, England. For the last 12 months before announcement of the XJ6 they were re-labelled Jaguar 240 and Jaguar 340. The previous Jaguar 2.4 and 3.4 models made between 1955 and 1959 have been identified as Mark 1 Jaguars since Jaguar produced this Mark 2 model.<ref name="Jaguar File">Eric Dymock, The Jaguar File, 3rd edition, 2004, Dove Publishing</ref>

==The XK engine==
Adhering to [[William Lyons|Sir William Lyons]]' maxim of "grace, pace and space", the Mark 2 was a beautiful, fast and capable saloon. It came with a {{convert|120|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} {{convert|2483|cc|cuin|0}} {{convert|210|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} {{convert|3442|cc|cuin|0}} or {{convert|220|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} {{convert|3781|cc|cuin|0}} [[Jaguar XK engine]].<ref name=AtoZCars>{{cite book |last=Robson |first=Graham |title=A to Z British cars 1945–1980 |year=2006 |publisher=Herridge |location=Devon, UK |isbn=0-9541063-9-3}}</ref> The 3.8 is similar to the unit used in the 3.8 [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type (called XKE in the USA)]], having the same block, crank, connecting rods and pistons but different inlet manifold and carburation (two [[SU Carburetter|SU]]s versus three on the E-Type in Europe) and therefore {{Convert|30|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} less. The head of the six-cylinder engine in the Mark 2 had curved ports compared to the straight ports of the E-Type configuration. The 3.4- and 3.8-litre cars were fitted with twin SU HD6 carburettors and the 2.4 with twin Solex carburettors.

==Body==
The overall appearance of the car was transformed by an increase of 18% in cabin glass area greatly improving visibility. The car was re-engineered above the waistline. Slender front pillars allowed a wider windscreen and the rear window almost wrapped around to the enlarged side windows now with the familiar Jaguar D-shape above the back door and fully chromed frames for all the side windows. The radiator grille was amended and larger side, tail and fog lamps repositioned. Inside a new heating system was supplied and ducted to the rear compartment. There was a new better instrument layout.<ref name=TT54581>British Cars At Paris Show. ''The Times'', Friday, Oct 02, 1959; pg. 9; Issue 54581</ref><ref>Improved And Continued. ''The Times'', Saturday, Oct 24, 1959; pg. 20; Issue 54600</ref>

==Mechanical changes==
The front suspension geometry was rearranged to raise the roll centre and the rear track widened. Four-wheel disc brakes were now standard. Power steering, overdrive or automatic transmissions could be fitted at extra cost. The 3.8-Litre was supplied fitted with a limited-slip differential.<ref name=TT54581/>
[[File:1966 Daimler - Flickr - 111 Emergency.jpg|thumb|right]]
==Daimler V8-250==
A popular luxury derivative fitted with Daimler's own {{convert|142|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} [[Daimler V8 engines|2½-litre]] [[V8 engine|V8]] it sold well from 1962 to 1967 as a [[Daimler 250|Daimler 2.5 V8]]. In late 1967 it was re-labelled V8-250 to match Jaguar 240. As well as being significantly more powerful than the 2.4-litre XK6 the more modern Daimler engine was lighter by about {{Convert|150|lb|abbr=on}} which reduced the mass over the front wheels and so curbed understeer under hard cornering.

These cars were recognisable by the characteristic Daimler wavy fluting incorporated in the chrome radiator grille, their smoothness and the sound of their V8 engine. They were given distinctive exterior and interior finishes.

==240 and 340==
In September 1967 the Mark 2 cars were re-labelled 240 and 340. The 3.8-litre engine was dropped.<ref name=TT57056>New Jaguars, ''The Times'', Tuesday, Sep 26, 1967; pg. 3; Issue 57056.</ref> They were interim models to fill the gap until the introduction of the XJ6 in September 1968. The 340 was discontinued on the introduction of the XJ6 but the 240 continued as a budget priced model until April 1969; its price of £1364 was only £20 more than the first 2.4 in 1956.<ref name="Jaguar File"/>

Output of the 240 engine was increased from {{convert|120|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} @ 5,750 r.p.m. to {{convert|133|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} @ 5,500 r.p.m. and torque was increased. It now had a straight-port type cylinder head and twin HS6 SU carburettors with a new inlet manifold. The automatic transmission was upgraded to a Borg-Warner 35 dual drive range. Power steering by [[Marles Varamatic]] was now available on the 340. Servicing intervals were increased from 2,000 miles to 3,000 miles. There was a slight reshaping of the rear body and slimmer bumpers and over-riders were fitted.<ref name=TT57056/> For the first time the 2.4-litre model could exceed 100 mph,<ref name="Jaguar File"/><ref name="Ref_">Skilleter, Paul & Whyte, Andrew: Jaguar Saloon Cars. Haynes (1980), ISBN 0-85429-263-2</ref> resulting in a slight sales resurgence.

The economies of the new 240 and 340 models came at a cost – the leather upholstery was replaced by ''Ambla'' leather-like material and tufted carpet was used on the floor—though both had been introduced on the Mark 2 a year earlier. Other changes included the replacement of the front fog lamps with circular vents and optional fog lamps for the UK market. The sales price was reduced to compete with the [[Rover P6|Rover 2000 TC]].<ref name=DlyExpressLonMoShoRev1966>{{cite book |last=Cardew|first=Basil |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Daily Express Review of the 1966 Motor Show|year=1966 |publisher=Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd |location=London |id=}}</ref>

==Production==
Mark 2, 1959 to 1967 83,976 Mark 2s were built, split as follows:<ref name=AtoZCars/>
:2.4 – 25,173
:3.4 – 28,666
:3.8 – 30,141

240 and 340 series, 1967 to 1969 total production 7,246 as follows:<ref name=AtoZCars/>
:240 – 4,446
:340 – 2,788
:380 – 12 (not a standard production option)

The XJ6 was introduced in September 1968.

==Performance==
A 3.4-litre car with automatic transmission tested by ''The Motor'' magazine in 1961 had a top speed of {{convert|119.9|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and could accelerate from 0-{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 11.9 seconds. A touring fuel consumption of {{convert|19.0|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} was recorded. The test car cost £1951 including taxes of £614.<ref name=Motor1961>{{cite journal | authorlink = Unsigned |title = The Jaguar 3.4 litre Mark 2| journal =[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]]| volume = | pages = | date = 16 August 1961}}</ref>

A 3.8-litre car with the 220 bhp engine was capable of accelerating from 0-{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 8.5 seconds and could reach a top speed of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Conceptcarz>{{cite web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z2385/Jaguar-MK-II.aspx |title=Jaguar Mk II |publisher=Conceptcarz.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref><ref name=Motorbase>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/932/ |title=Jaguar Mk II 3.8 litre |publisher=Motorbase |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref><ref name=GBClassicCars>{{cite web|author=Philip Green |url=http://www.gbclassiccars.co.uk/jaguar_mk2.html |title=Jaguar Mark II |publisher=GB Classic Cars |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
The Mark 2 was raced successfully in the [[European Touring Car Championship]].

==Influence on modern Jaguars==
The Mark 2's body lines, derived from the Mark 1, and overall layout proved sufficiently popular over time to provide an inspiration for the Jaguar [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]] introduced in 1999.

==Portrayal in media==
[[File:Jaguar MK2 - 02.jpg|thumb|Jaguar Mark 2]]

The Mark 2 gained a reputation as a capable car among criminals and law enforcement alike; the 3.8 Litre model being particularly fast with its 220 bhp (164 kW) engine driving the car from 0-{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 8.5 seconds and to a top speed of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} with enough room for five adults.<ref name=Conceptcarz/><ref name=Motorbase/><ref name=GBClassicCars/> Popular as ''getaway'' cars, they were also employed by the Police to patrol British [[motorways]].

The Mark 2 is also well known as the car driven by fictional TV detective ''[[Inspector Morse]]'' played by [[John Thaw]], although Morse's car was the least desirable version (with its 2.4 L engine, steel wheels and [[Everflex]] vinyl roof). It was often pushed into scenes with engine noises dubbed onto the soundtrack in post-production. In November 2005, the car used in the television series sold for more than £100,000 following a total ground-up rebuild (prior to this, in its recommissioned state in 2002 after coming out of storage, it had made £53,000 at auction – some £45,000 more than an equivalent without the history).<ref name="Ref_a">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4485816.stm Morse Jaguar makes over £100,000] at [[BBC]]</ref> In the original novels by [[Colin Dexter]], Morse had driven a [[Lancia]] but Thaw insisted on his character driving a British car in the television series. In the late 1980s, it also gained popularity as a popular character in the comedy show "Bread", written by Carla lane, drove a Mark 2.

In the 1987 British film [[Withnail and I]], a light-gray Mark 2 in very, very poor condition serves as the main transportation for the eponymous main characters failed trip to the English countryside.

A red Mark 2 is prominently featured in the 2011 film [[The Hot Potato]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8fnBl8sAe0&feature=player_detailpage#t=61s</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Schrader, Halwart: ''Typenkompass Jaguar – Personenwagen seit 1931'', Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart (2001), ISBN 3-613-02106-4
*Stertkamp, Heiner: ''Jaguar – die komplette Chronik von 1922 bis heute, 2''. Auflage, Heel-Verlag, (2006) ISBN 3-89880-337-6

*{{De|Jaguar Mark II}}

==External links==
* [http://www.saloondata.com Volunteer register with records and photos of the Mk. II]

{{Jaguar}}

[[Category:Jaguar vehicles|Mark 2]]
[[Category:1960s automobiles|Jaguar Mark 2]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1959]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]

[[cs:Jaguar MkII]]
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[[fr:Jaguar Mark 2]]
[[it:Jaguar Mark II]]
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[[ja:ジャガー・Mk1/Mk2]]
[[pl:Jaguar Mark II]]
[[sv:Jaguar Mk II]]

Lotus Elan

2012-10-10T04:09:51Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 516677292 by Georgy90 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Lotus Elan
| image = Lotus-Elan-'66.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Lotus Cars]]
| production = 1962–1975 1989–1995 2013–
| successor = [[Lotus Elise]]
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]] 2-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|2134|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
|weight= {{convert|688|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|3683|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|1422|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1156|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| assembly = [[Hethel]], [[England]]
| engine = Lotus 1,558 [[cubic centimeter|cc]] [[Straight-4|I4]]
}}

'''Lotus Elan''' is the name of two [[convertible]] cars and one fixed head [[coupé]] produced by [[Lotus (car)|Lotus Cars]]. The original ''Type 26'', ''26R'' Racing version (of the S1 Elan), ''36R'' Racing version (of the S2 Elan), ''36'' Fixed Head Coupe, ''45'' Drop Head Coupe, and the "Type 50" +2 Coupe, circa 1962 to 1975, are commonly known as the '60s Elans. The ''Type M100'' from 1989 to 1995, is also commonly known as the 1990s Elan.

== 1960s Elan ==
The original Elan was introduced in 1962 as a [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], although an optional [[hardtop]] was offered in 1963 and a [[coupé]] version in 1965. The two-seat Lotus Elan replaced the elegant, but unreliable and expensive to produce [[Lotus Elite]].

[[File:Lotus Elan car chassis.jpg|thumb|left|Elan [[backbone chassis]]]]
It was the first Lotus road car to use the now-famous steel [[backbone chassis]] with a [[fibreglass]] body. At {{convert|1500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, the Elan embodied the [[Colin Chapman]] minimum weight design philosophy. Initial versions of the Elan were also available as a kit to be assembled by the customer. The Elan was technologically advanced with a [[Overhead camshaft|twin-cam]] 1558 cc [[internal combustion engine|engine]], 4-wheel [[disc brake]]s, and 4-wheel [[independent suspension]]. The [[Lotus-Ford Twin Cam]] engine was based on [[Ford Motor Company|Ford's]] Pre-Cross-flow 4-cylinder 1500 cc engine, with a Lotus-inspired [[Cosworth]] alloy twin-cam head. This Lotus-Ford [[Inline-four engine|4-cylinder engine]] would go on to be used in a number of Lotus production and racing models.

{{clear right}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = LotusElan+2Side.jpg
| name = Lotus Elan +2
| body_style = 2-door 2+2-seater [[coupe]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| engine = {{convert|1558|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]
| production = 1967–1975
|wheelbase= {{convert|96|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|weight=
|length= {{convert|169|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|66|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|47|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|transmission=4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] all-synchromesh
}}
An '''Elan +2''' was introduced in 1967 with a longer wheelbase and two more rear seats. The Elan +2 embodied the Lotus spirit: It was a fast and agile sport coupe, with very elegant lines. It combined the performance and reliability of the Elan "Coupe" with genuine 2+2 passenger comfort. Tested maximum power: 108-126 bhp (net) (depending on the model); top speed: {{convert|120|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, 0–60 mph in 7.9 seconds, 0-100 mph 21.8 seconds. 5,200 Elans +2 were made: fewer than 1,200 of these cars remain in the roads today. Their relative rarity, beautiful lines, impressive performance and practicality are the main factors for the rising interest on these cars among collectors.

The Elan ceased production in 1973 and the Elan +2 in 1975. An estimated total of 17,000 original Elans and Elans +2 were built. Because of its successful design and technological sophistication, the Elan went on to become Lotus' first commercial success, reviving a company stretched thin by the more exotic and less commercially successful Elite, and enabling funding of the Lotus success in racing over the next ten years.

This generation of the two-seater Elan was famously driven by the character [[Emma Peel]] on the British television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]''. In 2004, ''[[Sports Car International]]'' named the Elan number six on the list of [[Sports Car International Top Sports Cars|Top Sports Cars of the 1960s]]. The original version of the car was designed by [[Ron Hickman]], who also designed the first [[Lotus Europa]] as part of Lotus' GT40 project bid and made his fortune having designed the [[Black & Decker Workmate]].

The original Elan is commonly credited as being the design inspiration for the highly successful 1989 [[Mazda MX-5]] (Mazda Miata in North America). Two Elans were intimately evaluated by Mazda in the process of designing the MX-5.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Sass|first=Rob|title=Worth the Weight|journal=Sports Car Market|volume=21|issue=6|page=28|date=June 2009}}</ref>
{{-}}
{{anchor|M100}}

== 1990s Elan ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = M100 Elan
| image = Lotus Elan.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Lotus Cars]]
| production = 1989–1995
| assembly = [[Hethel]], England
| body_style = 2-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| engine = 1,588 cc [[Isuzu]] ''[[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu X engine|4XE1]]'' [[straight-four engine|I4]] 1,588 cc [[Isuzu]] ''[[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu X engine|4XE1-MT]]'' [[turbo]] I4
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3803|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|152.2|in|mm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} (US)
| width = {{convert|1734|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1230|-|1240|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|997|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (NA) {{convert|1075|-|1110|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Turbo)
| designer = [[Peter Stevens (car designer)|Peter Stevens]]<ref name="ajovalo.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajovalo.net/muotoilijat.htm |title=Designer|accessdate=2012-02-08|work=ajovalo.net}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Lotus Elan M100 Fed.jpg|250px|thumb|right|1991 Lotus Elan – Federal (USA) version]]

The [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] M100 Elan, launched in 1989, was a two-seater, convertible sports car designed by Lotus, with a reliable Japanese engine and [[manual transmission]] supplied by [[Isuzu]], and built with the development and testing resources of [[General Motors]]. Around £35 million (about $55 million) was invested in its development,<ref name="sales">{{cite web
|url= http://www.gglotus.org/ggtech/m100-lcu-manual/m100lcu.htm
|title= M100 Sales Manual
|accessdate= 2009-06-30
}}</ref> more than any other car in Lotus history. Its design, featuring a fibreglass composite body over a rigid steel [[backbone chassis]], was true to Lotus founder [[Colin Chapman]]'s original philosophy of achieving performance through low weight, and the name "Elan" connected the car with its 1960s ancestor, the original Lotus Elan.

=== Origins ===

In 1986 the purchase of Lotus by General Motors provided the financial backing to develop a new, small, affordable car in the same spirit as the original Elan (last built in December 1972). A development prototype, the [[Lotus M90|M90]] (later renamed the X100) had been built a few years earlier, using a [[fibreglass]] body designed by [[Oliver Winterbottom]] and a [[Toyota]]-supplied 1.6-litre engine and [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]]. Lotus was hoping to sell the car through Toyota dealerships worldwide, badged as a Lotus Toyota, but the project never came to fruition and the prototype was shelved (although Lotus's collaboration with Toyota had some influence on the design of the [[Toyota MR2]]).

The idea of a small [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] powered by an outsourced engine remained, however, and in late 1986 [[Peter Stevens (car designer)|Peter Stevens]]'s design for the Type M100 was approved and work began by Lotus engineers to turn the clay styling buck into a car that could be built. This process was completed in just under three years, a remarkably short time from design to production car.

=== Testing ===

The M100 Elan was conceived as a mass-market car and in particular one that would appeal to US buyers. Consequently, Lotus put an enormous effort (for such a small firm) into testing the car; over a two-year period 19 crash cars and 42 development vehicles were built, logging nearly a million test miles in locations from [[Arizona]] to the [[Arctic]]. The Elan was driven at racing speeds for 24 hours around the track at [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|Snetterton]]. Finally each new car was test-driven for around {{Convert|30|mi|km}} at Lotus's [[Hethel]] factory to check for any manufacturing defects before being shipped to dealers.

=== Handling ===

The choice of [[front-wheel drive]] is unusual for a sports car, but according to Lotus sales literature, "for a given vehicle weight, power and tyre size, a front wheel drive car was always faster over a given section of road. There were definite advantages in [[traction (engineering)|traction]] and controllability, and drawbacks such as [[torque steer]], [[Bump Steer|bump steer]] and [[steering kickback]] were not insurmountable."<ref name="sales"/> This was the only front-wheel-drive vehicle made by Lotus. Every model made since the M100 Elan, such as the [[Lotus Elise]], has been [[rear-wheel drive]].

The M100 Elan's cornering performance was undeniable (on release the Elan was described by [[Autocar]] magazine as "the quickest point to point car available"). Press reaction was not uniformly positive, as some reviewers found the handling too secure and predictable compared to a rear-wheel-drive car. However, the Elan's rigid chassis minimised roll through the corners and has led to its description as 'the finest front wheel drive [car] bar none'.<ref name="review">{{cite web
|url=http://www.autoweb.co.uk/car-review/Lotus%20Elan%20(1990%20-%201995)
|title=Lotus Re-position
|author=Andy Enright
|date=2008-10-10
|publisher=[http://www.autoweb.co.uk Autoweb.co.uk]
|accessdate= 2009-07-06
}}</ref> Unlike the naturally aspirated version, the turbocharged SE received power steering as standard, as well as tyres with a higher ZR speed rating.<ref name=TAM92>{{Cite book | title = Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 | publisher = Editoriale Domus S.p.A | year = 1992 | language = Italian | page = 447 | location = Milano }}</ref>

=== Engine ===

The M100 Elan used a 1,588 cc double [[overhead camshaft]] (DOHC) 16-valve engine, sourced from the [[Isuzu Gemini]] and extensively modified by Lotus (a third generation of this engine was later used in the [[Isuzu Impulse]]), which produced {{convert|162|hp}}. 0–60 acceleration time was measured by Autocar and Motor magazine at 6.5 seconds, and a top speed of {{convert|137|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} was recorded.

Significant differences in the Isuzu-Lotus engine from the original include a new [[exhaust system]], re-routed [[intake]] plumbing for better [[thermodynamic]] efficiency, improved engine [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and major modifications to the [[engine control unit]] to improve [[torque]] and boost response. Almost all models featured an IHI [[turbocharger]].

=== Sales ===

Two variants were available at launch, the {{Convert|130|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Elan 1.6 (retailing at £17,850) and the {{Convert|162|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} Turbo SE (£19,850). Initial sales were disappointing, perhaps because its launch coincided with a major economic [[Early 1990s recession|recession]] in the UK and USA, and perhaps also because it coincided with the cheaper [[Mazda MX-5]] which was arguably similar in concept, though the MX-5 was quite intentionally nostalgic and old fashioned (apeing the original Elan), while the M100 was deliberately futuristic, modern and forward looking. The Elan was regarded as a good product in a bad market, but was also very expensive to make (the cost to design and produce the dashboard alone was more than the total cost of the Excel production line), and sales figures were too low to recoup its huge development costs. When Lotus was sold by [[General Motors|GM]] to [[Bugatti]], its new owners had no interest in continuing manufacture of the loss-making Elan.

Altogether 3,855 Elans were built between November 1989 and July 1992, including 129 [[normally aspirated]] (non-turbo) cars. 559 of them were sold in the US, featuring a 'stage 2 body' which had a different rear boot spoiler arrangement together with a lengthened nose to accommodate a USA-compliant crash structure and airbag, and 16-inch wheels (optional in most markets, standard in the U.S.) instead of 15-inch as on the UK model.

=== Series 2 ===

A limited edition of 800 '''Series 2''' (S2) M100 Elans was released during the [[Romano Artioli]] era (produced June 1994–September 1995) when it was discovered that enough surplus engines were available to make this possible. According to Autocar magazine, the S2 addressed some of the concerns over handling, but power was reduced to {{Convert|155|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and the 0–60 acceleration time increased to 7.5 seconds, due to the legislative requirement to fit a [[catalytic converter]] in all markets. The S2s have very similar performance to the USA vehicles, having an identical engine management system calibration and a slightly lower overall vehicle weight.

==Korean reintroduction==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Kia Elan
|image=KiaElan2.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Kia Motors]]
|production=1996–1999
|Successor=[[Kia Forte Koup]]
|assembly=
|body_style=2-door [[convertible]]/[[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]
|layout=[[FF layout|Front-engine, Front-drive]]
}}
After the final production run of the Elan in 1995, [[Kia Motors]] bought all the relevant license of Elan from Lotus to manufacture their own version. Outwardly, the Kia version looks almost identical to the original. The most obvious difference is the different taillights, of a somewhat busier design than the original Lotus units. From 1996 to 1999, Kia Motors built the car as the Kia Elan for the Korean market, using a {{Convert|151|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.8 L T8D engine instead of the Isuzu-made 1.6.
[[File:20110528 kia elan 2.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of Kia Elan]]

{{-}}

== 2017 Elan ==

{{Infobox automobile
|name=2013 Elan
|image=Lotus Paris 1.JPG
|manufacturer=[[Lotus Cars]]
|production=2017–
|assembly=[[United Kingdom]]
|body_style=2-door
|layout=[[FR layout|Mid-engine, Rear-drive]]
}}
The new Lotus Elan was announced at the [[2010 Paris Motor Show]]. It was hoped to be in production by 2013, but the company pushed it back for a 2017 release, as a way to further develop the current Evora. It will feature a 4.0-litre [[V6 engine]] and will weigh roughly {{Convert|1295|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and will also feature optional hybrid technology with KERS which will be across the whole new Lotus range. It will mainly be aimed at buyers of the Porsche 911 and Aston Martin V8 Vantage.<ref name="Lotus cars website">{{cite web|url=http://www.lotuscars.com/en/future-cars|title=Lotus cars website retrieved 2010-09-30}}</ref>

{{-}}

== References ==
* Arnold, G. 1981. The Lotus Elan and Plus Two Buyers Guide 1962 - 1975. Club Lotus
* Clarke, R.M. Lotus Elan Collection No.2 1963–1972. Brooklands Books. ISBN 0-907073-68-9
* Harvey, C. 1982. Lotus: The Elite, Elan, Europa. Oxford Illustrated Press. ISBN 0-902280-85-6.
* Hughes, M. 1992. Lotus Elan. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-194-7.
* Lotus Cars Limited. 1974. Lotus Elan +2 Workshop Manual. Lotus Cars
* Read, Robin (1989), ''Colin Chapman's Lotus (The early years, the Elite, and origins of the Elan)''. Haynes/Foulis, ISBN 88-542-9703-0 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (0) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}.
* Robinshaw, P. and Ross, C. 1995. Authentic Lotus Elan and Plus 2. Motor Racing Publications LTD. ISBN 0-947981-95-0.
* Robinshaw, Paul & Ross, Christopher (1989), ''The Original 1962–1973 Lotus Elan (Essential Data and Guidance for Owners, Restorers and Competitors)''; additional notes by Ron Hickman. Motor Racing Publications Limited, ISBN 0-947981-32-2.* Taylor, M. 1990. Lotus Elan, The complete story. The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 1-86126-011-3
* Taylor, W. 1998. The Lotus Book, a complete History of Lotus Cars, 50th Anniversary Special. Coterie Press Limited. ISBN 1-902351-00-2.
* Wherret, D. 1993. Lotus Elan. Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-377-X
* Wilkins, Miles (2003), ''Lotus Twin-Cam Engine''. Motorbooks, ISBN 978-0-7603-1692-4.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lotus Elan}}
{{Commons category|Kia Elan}}
* [http://www.lotuselan.net LotusElan.net]
* [http://www.lotuselancentral.com/ LotusElanCentral.com]
* [http://www.lotuselansprint.com/ LotusElan Sprint.com]

{{Lotus}}
{{Kia Motors}}

[[Category:Lotus vehicles|Elan]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive sports cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1962]]
[[Category:1960s automobiles]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]

[[cs:Lotus Elan]]
[[de:Lotus Elan]]
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[[fa:لوتوس الان]]
[[fr:Lotus Elan]]
[[ko:로터스 엘란]]
[[it:Lotus Elan]]
[[nl:Lotus Elan]]
[[ja:ロータス・エラン]]
[[no:Lotus Elan]]
[[pl:Lotus Elan]]
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[[sv:Lotus Elan]]
[[uk:Lotus Elan]]

BMW 5 Series (E28)

2012-10-10T04:07:57Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 516677823 by Georgy90 (talk), rv lower-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|name=BMW 5-Series (E28)
|image=1987 BMW 520i LUX.jpg
|manufacturer=[[BMW]]
|engine = Petrol [[Straight-4|I4]] 1766 cc {{Convert|90|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} - {{Convert|105|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Petrol [[Straight-6|I6]] 1990 cc - 3453 cc {{Convert|125|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} - {{Convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Diesel [[Straight-6|I6]] 2443 cc {{Convert|86|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} - {{Convert|115|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2628|mm|in||abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4620|mm|in||abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1700|mm|in||abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1415|mm|in||abbr=on}}
| weight =
|production=1981–1988 722,328 built<ref name=DeAutos45bis90Oswald>{{cite book |last=Oswald |first=Werner |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, Band 4|year=1. Auflage 2001 |publisher=Motorbuch Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=3-613-02131-5}}</ref>
|predecessor=[[BMW E12]]
|successor=[[BMW E34]]
|related=
|class=[[Midsize car|Midsize]] [[Vehicle size class|(E)]] [[luxury car|luxury]]
|vehicles=[[BMW 5 Series]]}}
The '''BMW E28''' [[BMW 5-Series]] was made between 1981 and 1988. It replaced the [[BMW E12]] in 1981 and was replaced by the [[BMW E34]] in 1989.

E28 Production started in July 1981 and ended in December 1987. The E28 was still sold in North America as a 1988 Model Year car while Europe received the E34 in early 1988.
{| align ="right"
| [[File:BMW 520 El Medano.jpg|250px|thumb|right|BMW 520 sedan (Europe)]]
|}

==European model range==

*518 [[BMW M10#M10B18|M10B18]] carbureted engine, produced through 9/84
*518i M10B18 fuel-injected engine, 1984 to 1987
*520i [[BMW M20|M20B20]] early, fuel-injected engine, 1981–1985
*520i [[BMW M20|M20B20]] late, fuel-injected engine, 1985–1987
*524d [[BMW M21|M21D24]] diesel 2.4 L engine, 1986–1988
*524td M21D24 turbocharged diesel 2.4 L engine, 1983–1987
*525i [[BMW M30|M30B25]] fuel-injected (Motronic) 2.5 L engine, 1981–1987
*525e [[BMW M20#M20B27|M20B27]] fuel-injected (Motronic) 2.7 L high efficiency engine, 1983–1988
*528i [[BMW M30|M30B28]] fuel-injected (LE-Jetronic) 2.8 L engine, 1981–1987
*535i [[BMW M30#M30B34|M30B34]] fuel-injected (Motronic) 3.4 L engine.
*M535i [[BMW M30#M30B34|M30B34]] fuel-injected (Motronic) 3.4 L engine, with M-Technic aerodynamic kit, sport seats and unique 390 mm alloy wheels, 1985–1988
*[[BMW M5 (E28)|M5]] [[BMW M88|S38]] fuel-injected 3.5 L engine, 1985–1988
{| align = "center"
| [[File:BMW 525i E28 01.jpg|thumb|BMW 525i]]
| [[File:BMW 525i E28 02.jpg|thumb|BMW 525i]]
| [[File:BMW-535is.jpg|thumb|205px|BMW 535i (North America)]]
|}

==North American E28 range==
All North American specification E28s (1982–1988) were comprehensively equipped. Power windows, central locking, air conditioning, power sunroof, cruise control, alloy wheels and fog lights were standard. In addition the 533i, 535i, 535is and M5 came standard with leather upholstery and on-board trip computer.
[[File:1988528ea1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|BMW E28 (North America)]]
A 3-speed automatic was offered in the 528e in 1982–1983. It was also offered in the 1983 533i. By 1984, the 4-speed version was introduced to both models. In 1986, the EH version was available in the 535i. It featured a 3-mode switch: E, S, 3-2-1.

Automatic transmission and limited-slip differential were optional on all models except the M5 and 524td. The 524td was only imported with an automatic transmission, and the M5 was only imported with a manual transmission.

Heated seats were optional in Canada and available in the USA only as an option on the M5. Consequently, few if any M5s were delivered without heated seats.

Leather upholstery and an on-board trip computer were optional on the 528e and 524td.

From 1985 All E28s sold in North America had ABS Brakes as standard. Some 1985 535i's were equipped with power seats.

From 1986 All E28s sold in North America had power-adjustable front seats as standard as well as an upgraded stereo.

*524td: M21 2.4 L [[Straight-6]] Turbodiesel engine, {{Convert|114|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Imported from 1985 to 1986.

*528e: Sold from 1982 to 1988. Equipped with a 2.7L "High Efficiency" M20 6-Cylinder engine that produced {{Convert|121|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} but {{convert|171|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque. The engine uses the small port "200" casting cylinder head from the 2.0 L M20 with a special low duration cam to improve low rpm power and maximize efficiency. This engine is known as the "ETA" engine. For the 1988 model year, the engine was revised to produce {{Convert|127|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, by using the cylinder head casting from the "i" motor installed on the "e" engine block with special pistons. The revised ETA engine is now known as the "super eta".

*533i: A North American only model sold from 1983 to 1984 in limited quantities in response to customer complaints that the 528e had lower performance figures than the 1981 528i that it replaced. Equipped with a {{Convert|181|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.2 L M30 6-cylinder engine as fitted to the larger 633csi and 733i, it produced {{convert|195|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}. torque. The compression ratio was 8.8:1. Top Speed was 134 mph (manual). The 533i was the fastest sedan sold in the USA in 1983.

*535i: Replaced the 533i in 1985 and sold through 1988. The 535i featured a slightly larger 3.4L M30 6-Cylinder engine with {{Convert|182|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and greater torque. Compression was down to 8.0:1. Top speed also dropped to 131 mph (manual).

*535is: Straight-6 with a sport suspension and interior and exterior modifications - 182 hp (135 kW). The 535is was available from 1987 to 1988. It incorporated M5 styling cues: front air-dam, rear spoiler, and sport seats.
[[File:M5sig (E28).jpg|thumb|BMW M5 (North America)]]
*[[BMW M5 (E28)|M5]]: A 1988 Model-Year only car equipped with a 24-Valve DOHC {{Convert|256|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.5L S38 engine. Limited in production the M5 was built from 11/86-11/87. The M5 was hand-assembled at BMW Motorsport in Garching, Germany. The M5 was available in America in Jet Black with Natur (Light Saddle) leather. A very small number of US spec M5s were built with black interiors. These are the most rare with a rumored 29 being built. The M5 also had leather door panels, lower dash and center console. Canadian-specification M5s were available with the option of a black leather interior. The M5 was equipped with its very own 7.5 x 16" BBS Wheels (not found on any other model)

Heated driver door lock were available for outside cold temperature.

==Engines==
The "baby six" engine found in the 520i, 525e and 528e models is known as the [[BMW M20|M20]], a 12-valve SOHC inline six-cylinder design. It had seven main bearings and seven cam shaft bearings, a rocker arm type valvetrain driven by a composite rubber timing belt. US market M20s came with cast aluminum acoustically tuned, common plenum intake manifolds and a single throttle body. This engine was first available in the European market for model year 1976 in a 2.0 L carbureted version. It later grew to 2.3 L in the E21 323i, then 2.5 L in the E30 325i and also 2.7 L in the 325e and 528e models. It is also very similar to the later 24-valve engines as in the E36 and E46 3 series models, with the same basic block dimensions.Top speed is 111 mph (automatic models).

The big six engine found in the 528i, 533i and 535i/is models is known as the [[BMW M30|M30]]. The M30 is also a 12-valve SOHC inline six-cylinder design. It has seven main bearings, four camshaft bearings and a rocker arm type valvetrain. US M30's also came equipped with cast aluminum acoustically tuned common plenum intake manifolds and single throttle bodies. Unlike the M20 it has a chain-driven valvetrain. Its larger dimensions allow for a longer stroke and larger bore, which makes for almost 3.5 L displacement in later engines.

Both 533i and 535i M30 intake manifold from 1982 to 1988 had a "3.2/3.5" casting. During the new intake manifold's development a 3.2 L version existed in Europe and the US, and a 3.5 L in Europe. When the 3.4 L versions came out a year later in Europe, the casting was not changed. The 3.4 L was introduced to the US in 1985. 1988, was the last year this manifold casting was used in the E28 535i and 535is. A new style intake manifold was designed for the new 3.4 L. The casting read "3.5", but it was still 3.4 L (3430 cc). For the US, the 735i and the 635 csi were the first to receive the new M30 in 1988.[[File:E28m5engine01.jpg|thumb|right|S38 Engine]]

The M535i was introduced as a sporty version of the regular 535i, although the M535i does not feature any unique BMW Motorsport-designed drivetrain components it is, however, equipped with an M-Technic suspension, wheels and body panels not found on the standard 535i. Combined, these items distinguish the M535i from the regular 535i. The E28 M535i was introduced at the 1984 Paris Auto Salon. Unlike the hand-built E28 M5, the E28 M535i was assembled on the standard E28 assembly line in Dingolfing, outside of Munich. An additional batch of cars was built at BMW's Rosslyn, South Africa factory using Complete Knock-Down kits supplied from Germany. BMW did not import the E28 M535i to North America for two reasons: 1# the M brand had not yet been established in North America at the time and thus held little equity with the consumer and 2# the cost of adapting the M-Technic body panels to fit the contours of the government-mandated bumpers was highly prohibitive. Instead, BMW of North America created the 535is, essentially a standard 535i equipped with front and rear spoilers, sport suspension and sport seats, which was sold exclusively in the U.S. and Canada. Total M535i production: 10335 cars

The M5 came with a big six engine known as the [[BMW S38|S38]]. This engine is similar to the M30, but has a 24-valve cylinder head, duplex timing chain, dual overhead cam layout and shim and bucket style valvetrain. In addition to the top end revisions, the S38 also had six individual throttle bodies and intake trumpets fed by a cast aluminum intake plenum. This engine was designed for high power and durability at very high engine speeds. In the E28 chassis it was one of the fastest sedans in the world for its time, and it remains legendary among enthusiasts today.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

The E28 received the first BMW diesel engine ever, the [[BMW M21|M21]], in the 524td {{convert|115|PS|kW|1|abbr=on}}. It was the fastest and most silent diesel car at the time. The 524td entered production in late 1982, when 100 pre-series cars were built.<ref name="AK84">{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1984 | editor-last = Heitz | editor-first = Rudolf | publisher = [[:de:Motor Presse Stuttgart|Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG]] | location = Stuttgart | page = 242 | volume = 27 | language = German | year = 1983 }}</ref> At the 1986 [[Geneva Motor Show]] a 524d version with {{convert|86|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}, stripped of its turbo, was introduced.<ref name="AR87">{{cite book | title = Automobil Revue 1987 | editor-last = Büschi | editor-first = Hans-Ulrich | publisher = Hallwag AG | location = Berne, Switzerland | language = German/French | pages = 188, 190 | ref = AR87 | volume = 82 | year = 1987 | month = March 5, | isbn = 3-444-00458-3 }}</ref> Its top speed of {{convert|164|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and 0–100 km/h time of 18.1 seconds perhaps did not live up to BMW's sporting pretensions and it was only available in a few select markets.<ref>[[#AR87|''Automobil Revue 1987'']], p. 191</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|BMW E28|BMW 5 Series (E28)}}
* [http://bimmerin.net/b5e28.php BMW 5 series E28 (1981 - 1988) photogallery and specs]
* [http://www.edmunds.com/bmw/5-series/history.html BMW 5 Series History by Edmunds.com]

{{BMW early cars}}

[[Category:BMW model codes|E28]]
[[Category:BMW vehicles|E28]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1981]]

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BMW 5 Series

2012-10-10T04:07:55Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 516677445 by Georgy90 (talk), rv lower-quality photo

{{About|BMW executive saloons built since 1972|the BMW luxury cars built in the 1950s|BMW 501}}
{{Infobox automobile
|image = BMW 530d (F10) front-1 20100821.jpg
|name = BMW 5 Series
|manufacturer = [[BMW]]
|production = 1972–present
|predecessor = [[BMW New Class|BMW New Six]]
|class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] / [[Executive car]]
|body_style = [[Sedan (automobile)|Sedan]] [[station wagon|Touring]]
|assembly = [[Dingolfing]], [[Germany]] [[Toluca]], [[Mexico]]<ref>http://www.bmwusfactory.com/uploadedFiles/Factory/Manufacturing/Suppliers.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/oem-tracker/bmw-group/page/154 |title=Vehicle manufacturer profiles |publisher=Automotive World |date= |accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref><ref>http://www.motoradictos.com/bmw/bmw-serie-5-security</ref> [[Chennai]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW starts production of new 5 Series in India |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/785653_BMW-starts-production-of-new-5-Series-in-India-|work=Press Trust of India|accessdate=13 July 2010|date=July 13, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100718044555/http://www.ptinews.com/news/785653_BMW-starts-production-of-new-5-Series-in-India-| archivedate= 18 July 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] [[Shenyang]], [[China]] [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] [[6th of October City]], [[Egypt]] [[Tehran, Iran]] (CKD) [[Shah Alam]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/plant_display.cfm?plant_id=50 |title=Facilities | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100902103808/http://media.ford.com/plant_display.cfm?plant_id=50| archivedate= 2 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
}}

The '''BMW 5 Series''' is a [[mid-size car|mid-size]] / [[executive car]] manufactured by [[BMW]] since 1972. The car, now in its sixth generation, is sold in [[sedan (car)|sedan]] and [[station wagon|touring]] body styles. It is BMW's second best-selling model after the [[BMW 3 Series|3-Series]] but represents about 50% of the company's profits.<ref>{{cite news|title=2011 BMW 535i: Everything you want, except fun |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-neil29-2010jan29,0,3053544.column|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=18 December 2010|date=January 29, 2010|first=Dan|last=Neil| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101201120818/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-neil29-2010jan29,0,3053544.column| archivedate= 1 December 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On January 29, 2008, the 5 millionth 5 Series was manufactured, a 530d Saloon in Carbon Black Metallic.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/30/bmw-rolls-out-5-millionth-5-series/ |title=BMW rolls out 5 millionth 5 Series — Autoblog |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2008-01-30 |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Image:Premijer RH automobil.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The pre-facelift 5 Series (left, right) in comparison to the E65 pre-facelift [[BMW 7 Series Sedan]] (middle)]]

The 5 Series got its name by being the fifth of the "new series" cars after the V-8 and Isetta era. The preceding models were the 700, the [[BMW New Class|"New Class"]], the [[BMW New Six|"New Six" 2500/2800/Bavaria]] and the [[BMW New Six#Coupes|CS]]. The 5 Series was intended to replace the older New Six sedans.

The first generation's body was styled by [[Marcello Gandini]], based on the [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] 1970 BMW Garmisch 2002ti Geneva show car. Gandini also did the [[Fiat 132]] and [[Alfa Romeo Alfetta]], two other cars that have a similar design.

There have been six generations of the 5 Series to date. To differentiate between them, they are referred to by their unique chassis numbers (EXX or FXX).

The 5 Series began the BMW tradition of being named with a three-digit number. The first digit (5 in this case) represents the model, and the following two digits (usually) represent the size of the engine in decilitres, which is the main distinguishing difference. Additional letters or words may be added to the end of the three-digit number to define the fuel type (petrol or diesel), engine or transmission details, and the body style. The 'i' originally stood for (fuel) 'injection'.
{{-}}

== E12 (1972–1981) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = E12
| image = BMW 520 shortly after launch.jpg
| production = 1972–1981
| assembly =
| weight =
| platform =
| wheelbase =
| length =
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| width =
| height =
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| engine = 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M118|M118]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M42|M42]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M10B18|M10B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 2.0 L ''[[BMW M10#M17|M17]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]], 115 hp (86 kW) 2.0 L ''[[BMW M10#M64|M64]]'' [[fuel injection|fuel-injected]] [[I4 engine|I4]], 125 hp (93 kW) 2.0 L [[Straight-6|I6]] 2.5 L [[Straight-6|I6]] 2.8 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 176 hp (131 kW) 3.5 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 218 hp (163 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 176 hp (131 kW) 2.8 L I6, 169 hp (126 kW)
| related =
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission =
| speed =
}}

:''See also [[BMW E12]] for more information''

The [[BMW E12]] was the first 5 Series BMW made. The following models were produced in this series:
* Non-US
** 1974 '''518''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M118|M118]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]]
** 1976 '''518''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M42|M42]]'' I4
** 1980 '''518''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M10B18|M10B18]]'' I4
** 1972 '''520''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M10#M17|M17]]'' I4, {{convert|115|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1972 '''520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M10#M64|M64]]'' [[fuel injection|fuel-injected]] I4, {{convert|125|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1977 '''520''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M20#B20|M20B20]]'' I6 122 hp
** 1973 '''525''' - 2.5 L [[BMW M30 Straight-6|I6]]
** 1975 '''528i''' - 2.8 L I6
** 1975 '''530i''' - 3.0 L I6, {{convert|176|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1976 '''530 Motorsport Limited Edition''' - 3.0 L I6, {{convert|200|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1979 '''M535i''' - 3.5 L I6, {{convert|218|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* US
** 1975–1978 '''530i''' - 3.0 L I6, {{convert|176|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1979–1981 '''528i''' - 2.8 L I6, {{convert|169|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}

The 1.8 L engines and the 2.0 L fuel-injected engines were exclusive to [[Germany]] until the 1980s. The South African models were 525i, 528i and 530i.
{{clear}}

== E28 (1982–1988) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = E28
| image = 1987 BMW 520i LUX.jpg
| production = 1981–1988
| assembly =
| weight =
|related = [[BMW M5]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2624|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4620|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| width = {{convert|1699|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1415|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| engine = 2.7L {{convert|127|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 
3.2L {{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 
3.5L {{convert|256|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
| platform =
| related =
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| speed =
}}

:''See also [[BMW E28]] for more information''
The [[BMW E28]] was the second BMW 5 Series, a stylistic evolution of the E12. Visible changes to this model included revised headlights, thicker rubber bumper surrounds and large rectangular taillights. The shape was more box-shaped than rounded at the rear.

The following models were sold in Europe:
* '''518/518i'''- 1.8 L ''[[BMW M10#M10B18|M10B18]]''
* '''520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B20|M20B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''524d''' - 2.4 L ''[[BMW M21|M21]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''524td''' - 2.4 L ''[[BMW M21|M21]]'' [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B25|M30B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''525e''' - 2.7 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B27|M20B27]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''528i''' - 2.8 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B28|M30B28]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] first 177 hp 1978 after 1979 184 hp
* '''530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B30|M30B30]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''535i/M535i''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B34|M30B34]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]]
* '''M5''' - ''[[BMW M88|M88]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|286|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
:High-performance 5 Series - 24-valve [[DOHC]], [[Straight-6|I6]], six throttle bodies, Bosch Motronic integrated fuel injection. At its launch in 1984, the European specification E28 M5 was the fastest production sedan in the world.{{cn|date=February 2012}}

The following models were sold in North America:
* '''524td''' - 2.4 L ''[[BMW M21|M21]]'' [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|114|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* '''528e''' - 2.7 L ''[[BMW M20|M20B27]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|121|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
:Designed for fuel efficiency
* '''533i''' - 3.2 L ''[[BMWM30|M30B33]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|182|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
:High revving power
* '''535i''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B34|M30B34]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|182|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
:A 533i bored to produce more torque and equal power
* '''535is''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B34|M30B34]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|182|hp|abbr=on}}
:A 535i with a sport suspension and interior modifications
* '''M5''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW S38#S38B35|S38B35]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|256|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
:High-performance 5 Series - 24-valve DOHC, [[Straight-6|I6]], six throttle bodies, Bosch Motronic integrated fuel injection, available only in black in the US.

{{clear}}

== E34 (1988–1996) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = E34
| image = BMW 525i.jpg
| production = 1988–1996
| assembly =
| weight =
|related = [[BMW M5]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2761|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4719|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| width = {{convert|1750|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| platform =
| height = {{convert|1412|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1417|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
| engine = 1.8 L ''[[BMW M40#M40B18|M40B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]]
1.8 L ''[[BMW M43#M43B18|M43B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 
2.0 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B20|M20B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
2.0 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B20|M50B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
2.5 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B25|M20B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
2.5 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B25|M50B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
3.0 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B30|M30B30]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B35|M30B35]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
4.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B40|M60B40]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] 
2.5 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B25|M20B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B35|M30B35]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
3.5 L ''[[BMW M88#S38B36|S38B36]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
2.5 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B25|M50B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] 
3.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B30|M60B30]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] 
4.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B40|M60B40]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
| related =
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| speed =
}}

:''See also [[BMW E34]] for more information''
The third generation 5 Series earned awards for safety and reliability. The BMW E34 was one of BMW's most successful cars, with several different models. These included:

Models:
* Non-US
** 1990–1994 '''BMW 518i''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M40#M40B18|M40B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] {{convert|113|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1995–1996 '''BMW 518i''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M43#M43B18|M43B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] {{convert|115|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1995–1996 '''BMW 518g [[Compressed natural gas|(CNG)]] Touring''' - 1.8 L ''[[BMW M43#M43B18|M43B18]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]]
** 1988–1990 '''BMW 520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B20|M20B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|122|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1988–1990 '''BMW 520i ECE''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B20|M20B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|129|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} higher compression than non ECE
** 1991–1996 '''BMW 520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B20|M50B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1988–1991 '''BMW 524td''' - 2.4 L ''[[BMW M21|M21]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] diesel
** 1993–1995 '''BMW 525td''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M51|M51D25 UL]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|115|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel
** 1991–1995 '''BMW 525tds''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M51|M51D25 OL]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|143|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} diesel
** 1988–1990 '''BMW 525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B25|M20B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1991–1996 '''BMW 525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B25|M50B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|192|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1992–1995 '''BMW 525iX''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B25|M50B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|192|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1988–1990 '''BMW 530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B30|M30B30]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|188|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1993–1995 '''BMW 530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B30|M60B30]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] {{convert|218|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1988–1992 '''BMW 535i''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B35|M30B35]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]] {{convert|211|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1993–1995 '''BMW 540i''' - 4.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B40|M60B40]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] {{convert|286|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1989–1992 '''BMW M5''' - 3.5 L ''[[BMW M88#S38B36|S38B36]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|315|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
** 1992–1995 '''BMW M5''' - 3.8 L ''[[BMW M88#S38B38|S38B38]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|340|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
* US
** 1989–1990 '''BMW 525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M20#M20B25|M20B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|168|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1989–1993 '''BMW 535i''' - 3.4 L ''[[BMW M30#M30B35|M30B35]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|208|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1991–1993 '''[[BMW M5]]''' - 3.5 L ''[[BMW M88#S38B36|S38B36]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|310|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1991–1995 '''BMW 525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M50#M50B25|M50B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|189|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1994–1995 '''BMW 530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B30|M60B30]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|215|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
** 1994–1995 '''BMW 540i''' - 4.0 L ''[[BMW M60#M60B40|M60B40]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|282|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
{{clear}}

== E39 (1995–2003) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = E39
| image = 96-00 BMW 5-Series E39 sedan.jpg
| production = 1995–2003
| assembly =
| platform =
| weight =
| wheelbase = {{convert|2830|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4775|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|4806|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| width = {{convert|1801|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1435|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|1415|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2000-03 540i sedan) {{convert|1440|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (1997-99 wagon) {{convert|1417|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (1997-99 540i sedan) {{convert|1486|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2000-03 wagon)
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
| engine = * 2.8 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B28|M52B28]]'' [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 193 hp (144 kW) 4.4 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B44|M62B44]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], 282 hp (213 kW) 2.5 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B25|M54B25]]'' [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 184 hp (137 kW) 3.0 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B30|M54B30]]'' [[Straight-six engine|I6]], 225 hp (172 kW) 4.9 L ''[[BMW S62#S62B50|S62B50]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], 389 hp (290 kW)
| related = [[BMW X5]] [[BMW M5]]
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| speed =
}}

:''See also [[BMW E39]] for more information''

The [[BMW E39]] forth generation line up change had several different models. These included:
* 1996–2000 '''520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B20|M52B20]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''520i''' - 2.2 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B22|M54B22]]'' I6, {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1996–2000 '''523i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B25|M52B25]]'' I6, {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B25|M54B25]]'' I6, {{convert|141|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1996–1999 '''528i''' - 2.8 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B28|M52B28]]'' I6, {{convert|144|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1999–2000 '''528i''' - 2.8 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B28|M52B28 TU]]'' I6, {{convert|144|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B30|M54B30]]'' I6, {{convert|172|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1996–2003 '''535i''' - 3.5 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B35|M62B35]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|183|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1996–1998 '''540i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B44|M62B44]]'' V8, {{convert|213|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1998–2003 '''540i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B44|M62TUB44]]'' V8, {{convert|216|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1998–2003 '''[[BMW M5|M5]]''' - 4.9 L ''[[BMW M62#S62|S62]]'' V8, {{convert|290|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''520d''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW M47#M47D20|M47D20]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[I4 engine|I4]] {{convert|100|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''525d''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M57#M57D25|M57D25]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{convert|122|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1997–2000 '''525td''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M51|M51D25TU UL]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1996–2000 '''525tds''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M51|M51D25TU OL]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{convert|105|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 1998–2000 '''530d''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M57#M57D30|M57D30]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{convert|135|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2000–2003 '''530d''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M57#M57D30|M57D30]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[straight-6|I6]] {{convert|142|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}

The BMW M57 type Engine is a straight-6 Diesel produced from 1998. It won the "2.5-3 L" category of the International Engine of the Year award for 1999 through 2002. The updated twin-turbocharger version won that same award in 2005.
The 2.5 L (2497 cc/152 in3) M57D25 was the smallest member of the family. It produced 120 kW (161 hp) at 4000 rpm and 350 N·m (258 lb·ft) at 2000–2500 rpm with a 4750 rpm redline. Application: 525d

In US:
* 1997–2000 '''528i''' - 2.8 L ''[[BMW M52#M52B28|M52B28]]'' I6, {{convert|190|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* 1997–1998 '''540i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B44|M62B44]]'' V8, {{convert|282|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* 2001–2003 '''525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B25|M54B25]]'' I6, {{convert|184|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2001specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2002/specs/|title=2002 BMW 5-series Specs|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>
* 2001–2003 '''530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B30|M54B30]]'' I6, {{convert|225|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2001specs"/>
* 1998–2003 '''540i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW M62#M62B44|M62TUB44]]'' V8, {{convert|290|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2001specs"/>
* 2000–2003 '''[[BMW M5|M5]]''' - 5.0 L ''[[BMW M62#S62|S62]]'' V8, {{convert|394|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2001m5/specs/|title=2001 BMW M5 Specs|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>

The E39 has been widely praised in all aspects, and it perennially earned a place on Car and Driver's 10Best list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/09q4/2011_bmw_5-series_528i_535i_550i-official_photos_and_info |title=2011 BMW 5-series / 528i / 535i / 550i - Official Photos and Info - Auto Reviews |publisher=Car and Driver |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> The E39 BMW 5-series was considered the benchmark of its class<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2002/|title=2002 BMW 5-Series Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> and [[Consumer Reports]] gave the 2001 530i its highest car rating ever. The diesel engines available in the European models provide great torque and smoothness with better economy. The first production models rolled off the assembly line in late 1995 for Europe and in 1996 for rest of the world.{{cn|date=February 2012}}

The M5 has been called "the ultimate in discreet speed"{{by whom|date=February 2012}} with {{convert|369|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque and a 0–60 mph time of 4.8  s, and was praised for its excellent mix of handling and comfort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2001m5/|title=2001 BMW M5 Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> Some of its downsides were its smallish cabin and tiny trunk space of 11.1 ft3 (314 L).

{{clear}}

== E60/E61 (2003–2010) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = E60
| image= BMW E60 front 20080515.jpg
|caption=Pre-facelift BMW E60 sedan (Europe)
| production = 2003–2010
| assembly =
| weight =
| platform =
| wheelbase = {{convert|2888|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|2885|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| length = {{convert|4841|-|4844|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2004-07 sedan) {{convert|4854|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2008-10 sedan) {{convert|4856|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
| width = {{convert|1847|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1468|-|1481|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2008-10 sedan) {{convert|1470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2004-07 sedan) {{convert|1491|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
| engine = 2.0L 170 hp [[I4 engine|I4]] 3.0L 230 hp [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L Twin Turbo 300 hp [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 4.8L 360 hp [[V8 engine|V8]] 2.5L 184 hp [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 4.4L 325 hp [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.0L 500 hp [[V10 engine|V10]]
| related = [[BMW X5]] [[BMW M5]]
| transmission = 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[Electrohydraulic manual transmission|SMG]] 7-speed [[Electrohydraulic manual transmission|SMG]]
}}
:''See also [[BMW E60]] for more information''

The [[BMW E60]] was the fifth generation of the 5 Series. Its styling (designed by late BMW designer Davide Arcangeli) and many of its advanced features received mixed reviews. It is noted for its non-traditional BMW design, the most controversial being the [[Chris Bangle|"Bangle butt"]] rear-end, though since then critics have said that the design has aged well as of 2010.<ref name="MotorAuthority">{{cite web|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/preview-2010-bmw-5-series-revealed.html |title=Preview: 2010 BMW 5-Series - MotorAuthority - Car news, reviews, spy shots |publisher=MotorAuthority |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref><ref name="thesun.co.uk">{{cite news|last=Lanning |first=Phil |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/motors/phil_lanning/2829504/Seven-plus-three-equals-five.html |title=Seven plus three equals five | The Sun |Motors|Phil Lanning |publisher=The Sun |date=2010-01-29 |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> Despite criticism over its exterior design and interior electronics, this became the best-selling 5 Series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/01/25/2011-bmw-5-series-first-drive/ |title=First Drive: 2011 BMW 5 Series is a smooth operator — Autoblog |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2010-01-25 |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> Considered the heart of the BMW brand, it generated 20 percent of the company’s profits and accounted for between 25 and 30 percent of sales in the key U.S. market (but just 2 percent in Canada). Since 2005, the 5 Series has been the segment leader, out-selling the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]] among others.<ref>{{cite news|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/new-cars/reviews/the-heart-of-the-bmw-brand/article1581861/ |title=The heart of the BMW brand |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date= 2010-06-01|accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/review-2011-bmw-5-series-535i-and-550i/ |title=Review: 2011 BMW 5 Series (535i and 550i) |publisher=The Truth About Cars |date= |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

The E60/61 represented a significant step forward in technology over the previous generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2005/|title=2005 BMW 5-Series Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref> The controversial [[iDrive]] interface featured electronic control over all aspects of the vehicle from the suspension, to brightness of interior lights, to different temperature zones within the cabin. The vehicle was also equipped with an array of safety features from [[adaptive headlamp]]s to Hill start assist, and was also equipped with a [[Trailer Stability Program]] to aid when towing a large trailer or caravan. Other major options included [[adaptive cruise control|Active Cruise Control]] and [[Active Steering]]. Two new features became available in September 2005, [[BMW Night Vision]] and [[High-Beam Assist]].

''[[BMW xDrive|xDrive]]'' [[Four-wheel drive]] system became an option on the 5 Series for the first time since the E34 in 1996, available on six-cylinder models. This system was shared with the [[BMW 3 Series|3-Series]], [[BMW X3|X3]] and [[BMW X5|X5]]. 2006–2008 models were badged as the 525xi, 528xi, 530xi and 535xi. For the 2009 model year and onwards, they have been badged as the 528i xDrive and 535i xDrive.

The BMW 5-Series was available in both sedan (E60) and wagon (E61) versions and had the following models:
* 2005–2006 '''520d''' - 2.0 L (1995 cc) [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[I4 engine|I4]], {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2006–2007 '''520d''' - 2.0 L (1995 cc) [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[I4 engine|I4]], {{convert|120|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2007- '''520d''' - 2.0 L (1995 cc) [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[I4 engine|I4]], {{convert|130.5|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2003–2005 '''520i''' - 2.2 L (2171 cc) [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2007- '''520i''' - 2.0 L (1995 cc) [[I4 engine|I4]], {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2004–2007 '''523i''' - 2.5 L (2497 cc) I6, {{convert|130|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2007- '''523i''' - 2.5 L (2497 cc) I6, {{convert|140|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2004–2007 '''525i/xi''' - 2.5 L (2497 cc) I6, {{convert|160|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2007- '''525i/xi''' - 2.5 L (2996 cc) I6, {{convert|160|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2004–2007 '''530i/xi''' - 3.0 L (2979 cc) I6, {{convert|190|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2007- '''530i/xi''' - 3.0 L (2979 cc) I6, {{convert|200|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2004–2007 '''530d/xd''' - 3.0 L (2993 cc) diesel I6, {{convert|175|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|Nm|ftlbf|abbr=on}}
* 2004- '''535d''' - 3.0 L (2993 cc) diesel I6, {{convert|200|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|413|ftlbf|Nm|abbr=on}} (compression ratio: 16.5:1)
* 2006- '''M5''' - 5.0 L ''[[BMW S85|S85]]'' V10, {{convert|373|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}

In US:
* 2004–2005 '''525i''' - 2.5 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B25|M54B25]]'' I6, {{convert|184|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2005specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2005/specs/|title=2005 BMW 5-Series Specs|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>
* 2004–2005 '''530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW M54#M54B30|M54B30]]'' I6, {{convert|225|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2005specs"/>
* 2004–2005 '''545i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW N62#N62B44|N62B44]]'' V8, {{convert|325|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2005specs"/>
* 2006–2007 '''525i/xi''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N52#N52B30|N52B30]]'' I6, {{convert|215|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* 2006–2007 '''530i/xi''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N52#N52B30|N52B30]]'' I6, {{convert|255|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}
* 2006- '''550i''' - 4.8 L ''[[BMW N62#N62B48|N62B48]]'' V8, {{convert|360|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2008specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2008/specs/|title=2008 BMW 5-Series Specs|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>
* 2008- '''528i/xi''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N52#N52B30|N52B30]]'' I6, {{convert|230|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2008specs"/>
* 2008- '''535i/xi''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N54#N54B30|N54B30]]'' twin-turbo I6, {{convert|300|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2008specs"/>
* 2006- '''[[BMW M5|M5]]''' - 5.0 L ''[[BMW S85|S85]]'' V10, {{convert|500|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="2008specs"/>

=== Crash scores ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[EuroNCAP]] adult occupant:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/tests/bmw_5_series_2004/208.aspx |title=For safer cars | BMW 5 Series |publisher=Euro NCAP |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|{{rating|4|5}}
|-
|EuroNCAP child occupant:
|{{rating|4|5}}
|-
|EuroNCAP pedestrian:
|{{rating|1|4}}
|-
|[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]] overall frontal offset score:<ref name="iihs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=199|title=BMW 5 series|accessdate=2010-03-17|work=iihs.org| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100408022920/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=199| archivedate= 8 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
|Good
|-
|IIHS overall side crash test score:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=831 |title=IIHS-HLDI: BMW 5 series |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2009-07-25| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090611040106/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=831| archivedate= 11 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
|Marginal
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:200px;"
|+2008 sedan [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]] scores<ref>{{cite web
|title=BMW 5-series
|work=Tests
|publisher=Safercar
|url=http://www.safercar.gov/portal/search?model=4647
}}</ref>
|-
|Frontal Driver: || {{rating|3|5}}
|-
|Frontal Passenger: || {{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Side Driver: || {{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Side Rear Passenger: || {{rating|5|5}}
|-
|Rollover: || {{rating|4|5}}
|}

=== Refreshed 5-Series update (January 2007) ===

The updated E60/E61 5-Series was unveiled on January 8, 2007. For [[model year]] 2008, BMW added a slightly redesigned interior, subtle exterior details, and new motor options. Updates included new front and rear bumpers, re-styled front headlights and re-styled LED taillights. A refreshed interior was also presented featuring the new shifter from the new X5, and the addition of the new BMW [[electronic throttle]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2008/|title=2008 BMW 5-Series Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>

The 2008 model of the 520i had a new engine: a 2.0 litres 4 cylinders instead of the R6 2.2 litres. High compression and new [[gasoline direct injection|piezo direct injection technology]] kept the performance on {{convert|170|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} / {{convert|210|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, but bettered the fuel economy. A [[Lane Departure Warning System]] based on core [[Mobileye]] technology was added and the Active Cruise Control system added a "Stop and Go" feature which can bring the vehicle to a stop automatically and resume again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwcorporate.co.uk/bmwuk/corporate/news/index/0,4614,1208__181209300_,00.html |title=BMW UK : Corporate Sales - Corporate news |publisher=Bmwcorporate.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> BMW also launched a new M5 Touring into their range, but this was not introduced in the [[United States|USA]].
{{-}}

== F10/F11 (2010- present) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = F10
| image=2011 BMW 535i -- NHTSA 1.jpg
| production = 2010 – present
| assembly =
| weight = unladen, to DIN/EU: 1625–1830 kg/1700–1905 kg
| platform =
| wheelbase = {{convert|2968|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|2885|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (wagon)
| length = {{convert|4899|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2011- sedan)
| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
| width = {{convert|1860|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1464|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2011-present sedan)
| grd clearance = 141 mm
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]] 5-door [[liftback]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mibz.com/1176-bmw-535i-gran-turismo-the-new-wagon.html |title=BMW 535i Gran Turismo, the new twin liftback wagon – |publisher=Mibz.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>
| engine = 2.0L 184 hp/199 lb-ft [[I4 engine|I4]](520i) 2.0L TwinPower Turbo 245 hp/258 lb-ft [[I4 engine|I4]](528i) 2.5L 204 hp/180 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]](until 2011)(523i) 3.0L 268 hp/229 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]](530i) 3.0L TwinPower Turbo 306 hp/295 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]](535i) 4.4L Twin Turbo 407 hp/442 lb-ft [[V8 engine|V8]](550i) 2.0L Diesel 184 hp/280 lb-ft [[I4 engine|I4]] 3.0L Diesel 204 hp/332 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L Diesel 245 hp/398 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L Diesel 313 hp/460 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L Diesel 381 hp/546 lb-ft [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
| related =
| fuel_capacity = 70L
| transmission = 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 8-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| speed = 225-250 km/h
}}
:''See also [[BMW F10]] for more information''

The sixth generation of the 5-Series ([[BMW F10]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwcoop.com/2008/11/12/2010-bmw-5-series-f10/ |title=2010 BMW 5 Series F10 |publisher=BMWCoop |date=2008-11-12 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>) made its debut on 23 November 2009 as a 2010 model.<ref>{{cite web|author=Graeme Fletcher|title=New 2011 BMW 5 Series gets bigger, better looking Read more: |url=http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posteddriving/archive/2009/11/23/new-2011-bmw-5-series-will-debut-next-spring.aspx|publisher=National Post|date=2009-11-24}}</ref> The platform is based on the [[BMW 7 Series (F01)|F01 7 Series]]; improvements include a front [[dual ball joint suspension|dual ball joint]] [[Short Long Arms Suspension|short-long arm suspension]] (replacing the [[MacPherson strut]] suspensions BMW previously used), and a rear multilink suspension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2011/|title=2011 BMW 5-Series Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref>

For the powertrain, there is a [[ZF 8HP transmission|ZF 8-speed]] [[automatic transmission]], the single turbo inline-6 [[BMW N55|N55]], and the twin-turbo V8 [[BMW N63|N63]].<ref name="MotorAuthority"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/2011/specs/|title=2011 BMW 5-Series Specs & Features|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2011-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Bmwblog.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwblog.com/2007/05/07/preview-2010-bmw-5-series-revealed/ |title=Preview: 2010 BMW 5-series revealed |publisher=Bmwblog.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>

It is designed by P.H. McFlagger, with a more prominent upright split kidney grille and the absence of the [[Chris Bangle|"Bangle butt"]] rear-end styling of its E60 predecessor. Externally, the car is a more traditional ''BMWesque'' design; a far more sober effort after the highly controversial E60. Although it bears some resemblance to the E60 with the wide kidney grilles and a very pronounced [[Hofmeister kink]], the creases in the bonnet and just underneath the door are clearly related to the E39 and other earlier 5 series models. Inside marks the return of the centre console being clearly angled towards the driver, another marked change from its immediate predecessor which was noted for its non traditional BMW design.<ref name="MotorAuthority"/><ref name="Bmwblog.com"/> However, opinion is divided, as a reviewer described the F10 as too bland and conservative, compared to the E60 predecessor, as well as having too much of a resemblance to the [[BMW 3 Series (E90)|E90 3-Series]].<ref name="thesun.co.uk"/>

=== F10/F11 (2011-) ===
The F10 has, for the European market at least, a choice of 7 engines: a 4.4-litre [[BMW N63|N63]] topping the range in the 550i, followed by a trio of straight 6 petrols. Despite many rumours<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/109102322633/2011-bmw-5-series-f10-interior-caught-in-latest-spy-photos |title=2011 BMW 5 Series F10 Interior Caught in Latest Spy Photos |publisher=Worldcarfans.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> to the contrary, BMW's second best-selling model after the 3 series did not use any 4-cylinder petrol engines for the 2011 model year. Instead, BMW retained a trio of [[straight six]] engines, completing the petrol engine range. The 535i has the {{Convert|306|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} {{Convert|295|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} [[BMW N55]] engine which made its debut in the F07 5 Series GT, and will shortly find its way into the facelifted BMW E92 and E93.<ref name="carmagazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/BMW-3-series-Convertible-2010-facelift-spied/|title=BMW 3-series Convertible (2010) facelift spied|accessdate=2010-03-17|work=carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref> The magnesium block naturally aspirated direct injection straight 6 continues in Europe at least; this engine is the [[BMW N53]]; 3.0 litres, {{Convert|258|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} for the 528i, and 3.0 litres and {{Convert|204|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} for the 523i, same outputs as the [[BMW E89]] Z4 sDrive23i.

The 4 petrol engines are complemented by a trio of diesel engines. Again, despite rumours to the contrary,<ref>{{cite web|author=05:49 PM |url=http://f10.5post.com/forums/showthread.php?t=200762 |title=2010 BMW 5-series touring spyshots - 2010 2011 BMW 5 Series Forum F10 |publisher=F10.5post.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> BMW has decided to only offer one [[Inline-four engine|4-cylinder]] engine here: the 520d. This means that the 525d continues to offer the superior mechanical refinement of a [[straight six]] as opposed to the rumoured 523d with 4 cylinders. The 525d is joined by a 530d; both models use the same [[BMW N57]] 3.0-litre engine, the 525d has {{Convert|204|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|450|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, the 530d with {{Convert|245|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|540|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} of torque. Expect hybrid models later, as well as more powerful straight 6 diesel to replace the award winning 535d.

The 2012 BMW 528i will swap its Valvetronic N52B30 3.0-litre 240 bhp (179 kW; 243 PS) inline-6 for the new N20 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-4 which will produce 240 hp (179 kW) at 5000 rpm and 260 lb·ft (350 N·m) of torque from 1250 rpm, and this makes the entire North American 5 Series lineup powered by turbocharged gasoline engines. xDrive will be optional with the 2012 528i.[12][13] Powertrain updates are officially introduced on August 16, 2011 on BMW site. 520i/528i gets N20 inline-4 turbo, 530i remains only naturally aspirated powered 5 series with 3-litre BMW N53 engine. 535i/550i remains the same[14]. Diesel models are also updated, 520d gets Efficient Dynamics Edition while 525d now has become a 2.0l 4-cylinder engine, producing 218 hp. 530d has {{Convert|13|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} more which results in {{Convert|258|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and 535d gets engine from 640d model which results in {{Convert|313|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. xDrive is available with 528i, 535i, 550i, 525d, 530d and 535d models.

A long-wheelbase version was released by Brilliance-BMW in China on August 5, 2010, with three engine options—all having 6 cylinders: 2.5L, 3.0L, and Turbo-3.0L.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/08/brilliance-bmw-releases-long-wheelbase-2011-5-series/ |title=BMW 5 Gets Even Longer in China: Brilliance-BMW Releases All-New 2011 5 Series |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com |date=2009-06-10 |accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> Mexican built armored BMW 5 vehicles are also built on am identical stretched frame as the Chinese long wheelbase model but are otherwise identical to the German built base models and do not make use of the specialized features and interior layout of the Chinese version. Instead the added space is used for the installation of armor plate and other security features. This model is known as the BMW 5 Security and only is available in long wheelbase form with the 4.4L V8 engine.

=== 5 Series Gran Turismo (F07) ===
{{main|BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo}}
[[Image:BMW 535i GT (F07) front-2 20101016.jpg|thumb|left|BMW 535i Gran Turismo]]

In May 2009, BMW released the official pictures of its production model [[BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo|5 Series Gran Turismo]] ([[BMW F07]]), which is considered a coupé-like crossover vehicle or station wagon - a blend of different typical body styles. BMW advertises the new 5 Series GT as "The First of its Kind". The GT is taller than other fastback competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q3/2010_bmw_5-series_gran_turismo-first_drive_review |title=2010 BMW 5-series Gran Turismo - First Drive Review - Auto Reviews |publisher=Car and Driver |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100914012729/http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q3/2010_bmw_5-series_gran_turismo-first_drive_review| archivedate= 14 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The F07 Gran Turismo (designed by Christopher Weil) shares the same [[BMW 7 Series (F01)|F01 7 Series-derived]] platform, powertrain, and mechanical package with the [[BMW F10|F10]]. However the F07's [[Fascia (car)|fascia]] has different headlights and bumper, with a larger split-kidney grille similar to that of the F01 7 Series. The F07 also has a taller height resulting in a higher center of gravity, its longer length allows for more rear legroom, the rear passenger accommodation has optional "Executive" bucket seats for two instead of the three-seat bench, and it weights 400 pounds heavier compared to the F10. The F07 also features frame-less doors and a double-pane liftgate truck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobile.automotive.com/134160/1004-2011-bmw-535i/index.html |title=2011 BMW 535i | 2011 BMW 5-Series Review at Automotive.com |publisher=Automobile.automotive.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref>

The 5 Series GT is powered by a single-turbo diesel I6 producing 245 PS, by a single-turbo I6 producing 306 PS and a twin-turbo V8 producing 408 PS; the latter will give the car a 0-60 mph time of 5.5 seconds. This is the first BMW to receive the new ZF 8-speed automatic transmission, along with a new Brake Energy Regeneration system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/05/25/the-new-bmw-5-series-gran-turismo/|title=The New BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

BMW has suggested that the new 5 Series GT would replace the 5 Series Touring (wagon) in their North American lineup, due to slow sales of the E61 wagon in the United States, with only 400 sold in 2009. In that country, more [[BMW M5]] and [[BMW Z8|Z8]]s have been sold than the 535i and 540i wagons, respectively. BMW is targeting annual sales of 4000 to 8000 5 Series GTs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=152306 |title=BMW Might Kill 5 Series Wagon in Favor of GT Crossover |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> However, the GT concept has befuddled many of BMW owners and potential buyers in the United States, leaving many of them switching to Mercedes-Benz E-Class station wagons. BMW North America regretted its decision to substitute the GT for the 5-Series station wagon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tan |first=Danny |url=http://paultan.org/2011/05/24/bmw-5-series-gt-flops-in-america-ceo-regrets-using-it-as-a-replacement-for-the-5-series-wagon/ |title=BMW 5-Series GT flops in America, CEO regrets using it as a replacement for the 5-Series wagon |publisher=Paultan.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motormaniabuzz.eu/2011/05/bmw-ceo-regrets-axing-5-series-touring.html |title=Motor Mania Buzz: BMW CEO regrets axing 5-Series Touring for GT (U.S) |publisher=Motormaniabuzz.eu |date=2011-05-24 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>

The F07 was released in the fourth quarter of 2009 as a 2010 model, before the rest of the next-generation 5 Series lineup. In Canada and the United States, for first half of 2010, the Gran Turismo was sold alongside the outgoing E60 5 Series, until the rollout of the F10 in June 2010 for the 2011 model year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Riches |first=Erin |url=http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2009/11/2011-bmw-5-series-goes-on-sale-in-june-2010-gets-new-engines.html |title=2011 BMW 5 Series Goes on Sale in June 2010, Gets New Engines |publisher=Blogs.insideline.com |date=2009-11-23 |accessdate=2010-03-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100407140730/http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2009/11/2011-bmw-5-series-goes-on-sale-in-june-2010-gets-new-engines.html| archivedate= 7 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===BMW 5 Series ActiveHybrid===
The [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric]] [[concept car|concept]] version of the BMW 5 series, introduced as BMW Concept 5 Series ActiveHybrid, was unveiled at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. The use of BMW ActiveHybrid technology allows the [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric]] version to reduce both fuel consumption and emissions by more than 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/5hybrid-20100226.html|title=BMW to Unveil Concept 5 Series ActiveHybrid at Geneva|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-02-26|accessdate=2011-07-18}}</ref> According to BMW, the production version is scheduled to be released in 2012.<ref name=Upcoming>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_news.shtml|title=Upcoming Hybrids |author=Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (USDoE and EPA) |publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|date=2011-06-28|accessdate=2011-07-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110723190050/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_news.shtml| archivedate= 23 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/05/bmw5hybrid-20100518.html|title=MW 5 Series Full Hybrid to Be Available Next Year; Hybridization of Further Series to Come|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-05-18|accessdate=2011-07-18}}</ref>

===Engines===

The BMW 5-Series F10/F11/F07 has the following gasoline engine options:
* 2010-2012 '''523i''' Asia - 2.5 L ''[[BMW N52#N52B25|N52B25]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|150|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2010-2012 '''523i''' Europe - 2.5 L ''[[BMW N53#N53B25|N53B25]]'' [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] [[Straight-6|I6]], ??kW
* 2010-2012 '''523i''' Europe - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N53#N53B25|N53B25]]'' [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] [[Straight-6|I6]], ??kW
* 2010-2012 '''528i''' Asia/USA - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N52#N52B30|N52B30]]'' [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|179|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2010-2012 '''528i''' Europe - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N53#N53B30|N53B30]]'' [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] [[Straight-6|I6]], ??kW
* 2012- '''520i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW N20#N20B20|N20B20]]'' [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] [[Straight-4|I4]], {{convert|135|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2012- '''528i''' - 2.0 L ''[[BMW N20#N20B20|N20B20]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Straight-4|I4]], {{convert|179|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2012- '''530i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N53#N53B30|N53B30]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|200|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2010 '''535i''' - 3.0 L ''[[BMW N55#N55B30|N55B30]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Straight-6|I6]], {{convert|225|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2010 '''550i''' - 4.4 L ''[[BMW N63#N63B30|N63B30]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|298|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
* 2011 '''M5''' - 4.4 L ''[[ BMW N63#N63B30]]'' [[Turbocharger|Twin-Turbo]] [[V8 engine|V8]], {{convert|412|kW|PS hp|0|abbr+=on}}
(This section is currently incomplete)

==Awards==
The E39 5 Series was on ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine's annual [[Car and Driver Ten Best|Ten Best]] list for six years straight, from its introduction in 1997 through 2002. It was also ''[[Motor Trend]]'''s [[Car of the Year|Import Car of the Year]] for 1997 and ''[[What Car?]]'' Executive Car of the Year 1997 through 2002. The E60 was named "Best New Luxury / Prestige Car" in the 2006 [[Canadian Car of the Year]] awards. Active Seat <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmw.com/generic/com/en/fascination/technology/technologyguide/index.html?content=http://www.bmw.com/generic/com/en/fascination/technology/technologyguide/content_reload.html?articleUrlStartactive_seatsarticleUrlEnd |title=BMW AG : Technology and innovations : BMW Technology Guide |publisher=Bmw.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> continuous passive motion seating comfort technology recognized as one of the Best Inventions of 1998 by ''Popular Science'' magazine. ''[[Consumer Reports]]'' found the E39 5 series their best car tested in 2001–2002. The JB car pages have awarded the BMW 5-Series a best-in-class 4 1/2 star rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/|title=BMW 5-Series Reviews & News|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref>

==Production and sales==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Calendar year
! Total production !! US sales !! China sales
|-
| 1995
| ||22,637<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Ends+Best+Year+Ever+By+Shattering+100,000-Vehicle+Luxury...-a018995033 |title=BMW Ends Best Year Ever By Shattering 100,000-Vehicle Luxury Automotive Sales Barrier in the U.S. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref>||
|-
| 1996
| ||22,775||
|-
| 1997
| 228,800<ref name="bmw5seriesprod">http://www.autointell.com/european_companies/BMW/business-figures/BMW-business-figures-1997-2006-WB.xls</ref>||-||
|-
| 1998
| 221,600<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||-||
|-
| 1999
| 201,400<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||38,218<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Delivers+Strongest+Sales+Success+Ever+in+2000.-a068677785 |title=BMW Delivers Strongest Sales Success Ever in 2000. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2001-01-03 |accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref>||
|-
| 2000
| 191,546<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||39,703||
|-
| 2001
| 193,948<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||40,005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Group+Ends+Best+Year+Ever+With+Record+Month%3B+December+Sales+Up+43...-a096074416 |title=BMW Group Ends Best Year Ever With Record Month; December Sales Up 43 Percent; Year-to-date Sales Up 20 Percent. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref>||
|-
| 2002
| 172,323<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||40,842||
|-
| 2003
| 185,481<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||46,964<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313805.html |title=BMW Group Shatters All Past Annual Sales Records in 2004 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2004
| 229,598<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||45,584<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204975.html |title=BMW Group Sets All-Time Annual Sales Record, Highest Sales Month Ever in 2005 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2006-01-04 |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2005
| 228,389<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||52,722<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/01/03/032847.html |title=BMW Group Reports 2006 - Strongest Year Ever |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2006
| 232,193<ref name="bmw5seriesprod"/>||56,756||
|-
| 2007
| 230,845<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2007/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2007/zahlen_und_fakten_2007/marke_bmw.html |title=Annual Report 2007 |publisher=BMW Group |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||54,142||
|-
| 2008
| 202,287<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2008/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2008/zahlen_und_fakten_2008/marke_bmw.htmlf |title=Annual Report 2008 |publisher=BMW Group |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||45,915||
|-
| 2009
| 175,983<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/zahlen_und_fakten_2009/marke_bmw.html |title=Annual Report 2009 |publisher=BMW Group |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||40,109<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bmw-group-us-reports-december-2010-sales-112885809.html |title=BMW Group U.S. Reports December 2010 Sales - WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., Jan. 4, 2011 /PRNewswire/ |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-01-22}}</ref>||
|-
| 2010
| 211,968<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?../0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/home/home.html&source=overview |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||39,488||42,076<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.china.com/dongtai/qy/11031467/20110111/16336008.html |title=2010年BMW品牌销售16万辆 MINI品牌超万辆-汽车频道_中华网 |publisher=Auto.china.com |date=2011-01-11 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ||51,491<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bmw-group-achieves-second-best-sales-year-ever-in-the-us-136741643.html |title=BMW Group Achieves Second Best Sales Year Ever in the U.S. - WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., Jan. 5, 2012 /PRNewswire/ |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/bmw/5series/|title=BMW 5-Series Reviews & News|publisher=JB car pages}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/5series/overview.html BMW 5 Series Official website]
*[http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/mseries/overview.html BMW M5 Official website]
*[http://bimmerin.net/b5.php BMW 5 series history in pictures]

{{BMW early cars}}
{{BMW cars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bmw 5 Series}}
[[Category:BMW vehicle series|5 Series]]
[[Category:Executive cars]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:1970s automobiles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1972]]

[[ar:بي إم دبليو الفئة الخامسة]]
[[cs:BMW řada 5]]
[[da:BMW 5-serie]]
[[de:BMW 5er]]
[[et:BMW 5. seeria]]
[[es:BMW Serie 5]]
[[fa:ب‌ام‌و سری ۵]]
[[fr:BMW Série 5]]
[[ko:BMW 5 시리즈]]
[[hr:BMW serije 5]]
[[id:BMW Seri 5]]
[[it:BMW Serie 5]]
[[he:ב.מ.וו סדרה 5]]
[[hu:BMW 5-ös sorozat]]
[[nl:BMW 5-serie]]
[[ja:BMW・5シリーズ]]
[[no:BMW 5-serie]]
[[pl:BMW serii 5]]
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[[sk:BMW rad 5]]
[[sv:BMW 5-serie]]
[[tr:BMW 5 Serisi]]
[[uk:BMW 5 Серії]]
[[zh:BMW 5系列]]

Hyundai Santa Fe

2012-10-10T01:54:02Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 515527607 by SkydivingGiraffe (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|image=File-2010 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited -- 09-26-2010.jpg
|name=Hyundai Santa Fe
|manufacturer=[[Hyundai Motor Company]] [[Kia Motors]]
|production=2000–present
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]] [[crossover SUV]] (2000–06) [[Mid-size]] [[crossover SUV]] (2007–present)
|body_style=4-door [[SUV]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Hyundai Santa Fe''' ({{lang-ko|현대 싼타페}}) is a mid-size [[crossover SUV]] based on the [[Hyundai Sonata]] platform. Named after the city of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], it was introduced for the 2001 model year as Hyundai's first [[SUV]], released at the same time as the [[Ford Escape]]/[[Mazda Tribute]] and [[Pontiac Aztek]]. The Santa Fe was a milestone in the company's restructuring program of the late 1990s because, despite receiving criticism from journalists for its obscure looks,{{clarify|date=August 2011}} the SUV was a hit with the American buyers. The SUV was so popular that at times, Hyundai had trouble supplying the demand. The Santa Fe quickly became Hyundai's best seller and contributed to Hyundai's success in the [[United States]].
As of 2007, the mid-size [[crossover SUV]] Santa Fe falls between the compact SUV [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]] and the related luxury crossover SUV [[Hyundai Veracruz|Veracruz]] (which was preceded by the [[Hyundai Terracan|Terracan]]).

The second Gen Hyundai Santa Fe was awarded 2008 [[Consumer Reports]] "top pick" and was among the top 10 vehicles for 2008 unveiled in the magazine's issue. The magazine's annual ratings, based on road tests and predicted safety and reliability, are considered highly influential among consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23390986/|title=Hyundai wins top marks for two models|publisher=MSN}}</ref>

In 2012, the third Generation Santa Fe will become available in two versions (regular and extended versions) starting with the 2013 model year, with a long-wheel base replacing the Veracruz.

==First generation (2001–2006)==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=Hyundai Santa Fe Classic (Russia) [[Hawtai Automobile|Huatai]]-Hyundai Santa Fe (China)
|name=First generation (SM)
|image=2004 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS.jpg
|production=2000–March 2006
|model_years = 2001–2006
|platform = [[Hyundai-Kia Y3/Y4 platform|Hyundai-Kia Y4]]
|engine=2.4 L ''[[Hyundai engine]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[Hyundai Sigma engine|Sigma]]'' [[V6]], {{convert|200|hp|kW|abbr=on}} 2.7 L ''[[Hyundai Delta engine|Delta]]'' [[V6]], 173 hp (129 kW) 2.0L [[List of VM Motori engines#RA 420 SOHC|''VM Motori CRDI'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|height={{convert|65.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width=2001–02 Base: {{convert|71.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|177.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|103.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[Korea]] [[Taganrog]], [[Russia]] ([[TagAZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagaz.ru/cars/santafe/ |title=ТагАЗ: Santa Fe Classic |publisher=Tagaz.ru |date= |accessdate=2010-10-08}}</ref> [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]])
|transmission=4-speed automatic 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata|Hyundai Sonata (EF)]] [[Hyundai Trajet]] [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima (MS)]]
}}

===2001===
In its first year in production, the Santa Fe was offered with one of two engine and transmission combinations. In North America, a fuel-efficient 2.4 [[Liter|L]] [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] engine was standard equipment and could be mated with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic. A {{convert|2656|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} Delta V6 offered more power than the four-cylinder but was only available with the [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]. [[Front wheel drive]] was standard (with traction control optional with the [[V6]]) and [[Four-wheel drive|4WD]] was optional. A 2.0 L Common Rail Turbo Diesel (CRTD) was offered outside the United States. Australian Santa Fes went on sale in November 2000 with only one engine/transmission choice - a 2.7L V6 mated to a four-speed [[semi-automatic transmission]]. 4WD was standard. A cheaper 2.4L four-cylinder joined the range several months later in 2001, but was only available with a manual transmission.

===2002===
The Santa Fe entered its second year without any changes. Demand for the Santa Fe continued to be up but owners had several suggested changes for Hyundai.

'''Mid-2002'''

In a rare mid-year model change, Hyundai increased the size of the fuel tank from 17 to 19 U.S. [[gallon]]s and reorganized the location of the badges on the tailgate. The interior layout of the console and the position of the clock were also changed.

===2003===
In 2003, Hyundai responded to some of the customer complaints and suggestions such as the fact that the hood used a prop and not gas struts, there was no light in the glove compartment, and the car itself did not have enough power. In 2003, Hyundai introduced the 3.5-liter V6 in addition to the other two gas engines in North America. The bigger engine came with a computer-controlled four-wheel drive system. Automatic transmission models were given a chrome shift gate surround as opposed to the matte silver plastic style used in the 2001 and 2002 models. A Monsoon high-performance sound system came standard on the mid-level GLS model and came with a 6-disc [[CD changer]] on the top-tier LX. Rounding out the changes in the 2003 model was the discontinuation of the highly unpopular Pine Green which in some owner circles has gained the nickname 'Yucky Green'. In Australia, the four-cylinder Santa Fe was dropped in 2003, due to slow sales, leaving the 2.7L V6 automatic as the only model.

===2004===
Hyundai continued to post sales records with the Santa Fe as it rolled into 2004 with very minor changes. The manual climate controls on the base GL and mid-line GLS were revised very slightly. The remote keyless entry system was given a confirmation 'chirp' when the 'LOCK' button on the remote was pressed twice.

'''Mid-2004'''

Midway through the year the [[AM broadcasting|AM]]/[[FM broadcasting|FM]] antenna was moved from on the glass in the rear drivers side window to a three inch (76 mm) rubber antenna in the center of the roof just above the tailgate.

===2005===
[[File:2005-2006 Hyundai Santa Fe -- 08-16-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2005-2006 Hyundai Santa Fe (US)]]
The Santa Fe received its final face lift for 2005. Changes were made to the grill, taillights, rear bumper, interior instrument cluster. The instrument cluster was redesigned with the speedometer now reading 140 mph (earlier models only indicated 130 mph) and a better-designed toll ticket slot in the driver's sun visor. Both sun visors also received extensions so the sun could be blocked out better when coming in from the side. The base Santa Fe was discontinued that time, making way for the [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]].

In Australia, all models received body-colored (painted) bumpers from 2005 on. The color 'Sandstone' was discontinued in favor of a slightly different color named 'Mocha Frost'. The GL trim was dropped as was the four-cylinder engine and its respective 5-speed manual transmission. The 2.7 L V6 took over duties as the base engine. A passenger airbag cutoff that prevents the airbag from deploying if the seat is unoccupied (or occupied by a small person) was also added. A 3-point seatbelt was added to the center rear seating position, as well. The calendar function, housed in the overhead console was removed and a compass took its place.

===2006===
The last year of this Santa Fe saw few changes. Two colors were discontinued for 2006, Merlot and Canyon Red. A rare color, Dark Emerald Green, was introduced mid-year. It did not appear in any sales brochures and could have only been ordered by a dealership. The LX trim level was renamed 'Limited' and got a corresponding tailgate badge, a first for the Santa Fe of any trim level. Another first was the availability of a monochromatic paint scheme, a departure from the contrasting gray cladding previously standard. The monochromatic option was only available on the Limited in black. In total, these options ran $1900, pushing the Santa Fe's total asking price to nearly $30,000.

In [[Europe]], the new Santa Fe model was launched in April as a 2006 model, offering a new 2.2-litre diesel engine and updated 2.7-litre petrol [[V6]].

===Hawtai===
Part of a [[joint venture]] with Hyundai Motors that began in 2002, a Chinese company, [[Hawtai Motor]], manufactured the first-generation Santa Fe.<ref name=terra>[http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/08/a-new-bentley-no-it-is-a-hawtai-b11/ A New Bentley? No, It Is a Hawtai B11] chinaautoweb.com, August 17, 2010</ref> While it did make Hyundai-branded models for sale on the Chinese market,<ref name=terra/> one of the versions it debuted under its own brand name in 2009 was the Santa Fe C9.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:yjoIi9p4N28J:autos.globaltimes.cn/china/2009-09/469979.html+huatai&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com Huatai Santa Fe C9 goes on the market] globaltimes.cn, September 21, 2009 ('''Google cache''')</ref> Utilizing a [[MG Rover Group|Rover]]-acquired engine, it may have been priced at a significant discount to those bearing the Hyundai name.<ref>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2007/10/11/huatai-hyundai-and-roewe-hook-up-to-stick-18t-in-santefe/ Huatai-Hyundai and Roewe hook up to stick 1.8T in SanteFe] chinacartimes.com, October 11, 2007</ref>

Hyundai ended its partnership with Hawtai in 2010.<ref name=tt>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ Hawtai to launch B35 SUV at years end] chinacartimes.com, November 15, 2010 at 4:22 pm</ref>

==Second generation (2007–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=Inokom Santa Fe (Malaysia)
|name=Second Generation (CM)
|image=2007-2009 Hyundai Santa Fe -- 04-22-2010.jpg
|production=April 2006–2012
|model_years=2007–2012
|engine=2.4L [[Hyundai Theta engine|''Theta II'']] {{convert|174|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 2.7L [[Hyundai Mu engine|''Mu'']] [[V6]] {{convert|185|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 3.3L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda'']] [[V6]] {{convert|242|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 3.5L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda II'']] [[V6]] {{convert|276|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] {{convert|150|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] [[Hyundai R engine|''R-Line'']] {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|length={{convert|184.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|67.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[Korea]] [[Montgomery, Alabama]], [[United States]] [[West Point, Georgia]], United States [[Kulim]], [[Malaysia]] [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]])
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata]] [[Hyundai Veracruz|Hyundai Veracruz/ix55]] [[Hyundai Grandeur|Hyundai Grandeur/Azera]] [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima/Magentis/Lotze]] [[Kia Carens|Kia Carens/Rondo]] [[Kia Sorento]]
|transmission=4-speed automatic 5-speed manual 5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic (2010 model)
}}

===2007===
The next-generation 2007 Santa Fe debuted at the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]] in [[Detroit]]. The first production Santa Fe rolled off Hyundai's [[Montgomery, Alabama]] assembly line on April 18, 2006. It shares this assembly line with the current generation [[Hyundai Sonata]]. The new generation sheds the old style's quirky design in favor of a more contemporary look.

[[File:2006-2007 Hyundai Santa Fe (CM) Elite wagon 01.jpg|thumb|left|2006-2007 Hyundai Santa Fe Elite (Australia)]]
[[File:Hyundai Sante Fe II 2.2 CRDi rear 20100612.jpg|thumb|left|2006–2009 Hyundai Santa Fe (Germany)]]

In the [[United States]], the new generation is offered in GLS, SE, and Limited versions.<ref name="2007review">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/hyundai/santafe/2007/|title=2007 Hyundai Santa Fe Review and Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The new Santa Fe sees the return of a [[manual transmission]], but only when mated with the {{convert|2656|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} [[V6]]. The {{convert|3342|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}}<ref name=2007specs>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundainews.com/Media_Kits/2007_Models/Santa_Fe/Specifications.asp |title=Santa Fe Specifications |publisher=Hyundainews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> V6 (a retuned version of the same engine found in the Sonata) is standard on the SE and Limited and comes only with a 5-speed automatic. Both 2WD and AWD models with a 3.3 L have a fuel economy of {{convert|19|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} city and {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} highway.<ref name=2007specs/> The 2.2l diesel engine(not available in the US) with {{Convert|186|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} has mixed cycle of 7.2l and a city cycle of 8.0l. The 4WD is a Borg-Warner Torque Management device, which diverts power to the wheels with best grip according to the amount of slip. If the front wheels spin slightly, 10% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. If the front wheels start to slip a lot, 50% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. Body lean in turns, a problem with the previous generation, has been reduced in the new Santa Fe. Both road and wind noise have also been reduced.

Newly standard on the latest iteration of the Santa Fe are all the safety features the previous model lacked or charged as extra. [[Electronic Stability Control]] (ESC), side-curtain airbags for all seating rows, a tire pressure monitor, active front head restraints, and [[anti-lock brakes]] are all standard.<ref name="2007review"/> A heated windshield wiper grid located in the front wipers' 'park' position helps to thaw ice buildup on the blades in colder climates. Some features like the tailgate flip glass and the lower body cladding were not integrated into the new model.

The interior has been upgraded as well with blue-lit dashboard controls (unlike the green color used in other Hyundai models), a gated shifter pattern, illuminated cup holders, and higher quality leather on Limited models. The rear seat head restraints caused visibility problems in the previous model due to their size. The new style features 'shingled' head rests that when lowered completely, sit flush with the top of the seat, helping to maximize rear visibility. The middle rear seating position now comes with its own head restraint and a three-point seat belt built in. LATCH child seat anchors are also standard, and an optional 50/50 third row seat allows Santa Fe to seat seven passengers.

Pricing remained competitive despite the upward move in size and feature content.

In [[Malaysia]], Hyundai Santa Fe is available as a [[Complete knock down]] model rebadged as [[Inokom]] Santa Fe. The Inokom Santa Fe is only available in CRDi 2.2-[[liter]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] Diesel and 2.7-[[liter]] [[V6]].

===2008===

For 2008, only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe. A navigation system made by [[LG]] was offered and the [[Infinity]] sound system and the power glass sunroof were made standard on Limited models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/hyundai/santafe/2008/|title=2008 Hyundai Santa Fe Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The non-metallic white paint trim was dropped, leaving the pearl white as the only white color available on the Santa Fe.

===2009===

2009 saw only minor changes for the Santa Fe. The 16" wheels on the base GLS model (USA specification) were dropped and replaced with black steel wheels and plastic covers. Additionally, the GLS received black plastic mirrors as opposed to the body-colored mirrors of the higher-tier SE and Limited models. This cut in equipment was rumored to be a countermeasure to offset the price increase of offering an [[iPod]] plug-in for the stereo system. Because of the black mirrors and wheel covers, the additional cost of the iPod adapter was negated, leaving the base price of the vehicle unchanged.

The Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com. According to research, the Santa Fe is the least expensive vehicle to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle’s safety.<ref name=ins>[http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/daily-news/090603-The-Most-Expensive-Cars-to-Insure/ The Most Expensive Cars to Insure] Jun. 03, 2009, U.S. News Rankings & Reviews</ref><ref name=iihs/>

===2010===
[[File:2010 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS -- 09-24-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS (US)]]
A mid-cycle refresh designed in Germany for the Santa Fe was implemented for the 2010 model year. The grille now includes horizontal and vertical gridded bars as opposed to the horizontal two-bar grille on previous models, and grilles are now body-colored instead of black. New rear taillights include all-red taillight covers with extensive chrome outlay, and new 5 split-spoke alloy wheels have replaced the previous 5- and 6-spoke wheels. All Santa Fe's now include standard [[Bluetooth]] hands-free phone connectivity and steering wheel audio controls, new darker wood trim, and metallic steering wheel inlay. Gauges have been designed with a new lettering and numbering 'font' and backlight design. A new touch-screen navigation system with rear back-up camera was now available. Finally, for the US market, the optional third row seat has been discontinued, leaving the larger [[Hyundai Veracruz|Veracruz]] the only currently sold Hyundai in the United States to seat more than five persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/11/2010-hyundai-santa-fe/|title=2010 Hyundai Santa Fe Gets Refreshed, Two New Engines |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

Powertrain changes included a choice of the standard six-speed [[manual transmission]] or the optional six-speed [[automatic transmission]]. Engine choices include a 2.4-liter [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] and a 3.5-liter [[V6 engine|V6]]. The latter engine is also used in the [[Kia Sorento]]. Both engines generate greater power while obtaining greater fuel economy than previous engine models. Sales began in early January 2010.

===2011===
[[File:2012 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS -- 04-23-2012.JPG|thumb|right|2012 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS (US)]]
Only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe for 2011. The 605-watt [[Infinity]] sound system became standard on Limited trim whereas it had only been previously bundled with the optional navigation system. Five new colors were added, as well, including Moonstone Silver, Frost White Pearl, Sonoran Red, Mineral Gray, and Espresso Brown.

On September 1, 2010, North American production of the Santa Fe shifted to [[Kia Motors|Kia's]] new West Point, Georgia assembly plant for the 2011 model year. This was done to free up production capacity at the [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama|Alabama plant]] for the new [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]] and new [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]. The Santa Fe fills the void left for a Kia-built Hyundai sold in the [[United States]] & [[Canada]] after Kia ended production of the [[Hyundai Entourage]] [[minivan]] in 2009. Kia, however, is 49.2% owned by Hyundai.

===2012===

The Santa Fe only received minor changes for 2012: The all-body colored grille (in North American markets) was straightened and received chrome accents while the textured strip below the headlights was changed from amber to clear. The interior received a new shift knob and downhill brake assist was added. The 2012 model will be discontinued by the end of the year, successfully ending production for the second generation.
{{Clear}}

===Recall===

Hyundai is recalling almost 200,000 Santa Fe SUVs from 2007-2009 model years, because the front passenger airbags may not deploy in a crash due to a possible problem with the occupant classification system. The system gauges the size of a passenger and based on that whether an air bag should be deployed. A software update rectifies the issue. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hyundai recalls more than 220,000 vehicles for potential air bags flaws|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/28/business/hyundai-recall/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

==Third generation (2013–)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation (DM)
|image=20120523 hyundai santafe 1.jpg
|production=June 2012– (5-seat sport version) November 2012– (7-seat LWB version)
|model_years=2013–
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[South Korea]] [[West Point, Georgia]], [[United States]] ([[Kia Motors]])
|engine=2.4 L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0 L [[Turbodiesel|Turbo]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.2L CRDI VGT R-Line 200 hp (150 kW) I4 diesel 2.0L CRDI VGT R-Line I4 diesel
|transmission=6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed[[Manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase=SWB: {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|2800|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length=SWB: {{convert|184.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|4905|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|74.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height=SWB: {{convert|66.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|1690|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
}}

Hyundai launched a redesign of the Santa Fe on February 14, 2012, to go on sale in June as a 2013 model. Unveiled at the 2012 [[New York Auto Show]] on April 4,<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Drew |url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/hyundai-santa-fe-2013.html |title=2013 Hyundai Santa Fe Sport |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}</ref> the third generation Santa Fe features two wheelbase variants: shorter 5-seat Sport variant and the long-wheelbase version with three rows of seats and available seating for six or seven passengers. The longer Santa Fe also receives a unique grille design, optional 18 inch alloy wheels, flush dual exhaust tips and a body shape that accentuates the crossover’s added passenger and cargo room hind-wise from the B-pillar. Both models feature the new "Storm Edge" design prototype, eventually to launch on all other models, and feature refreshed Santa Fe unibody crossover platform, akin to most of today's SUVs. The extended version replaces the previous [[Hyundai Veracruz]] CUV.

The 2013 Santa Fe Sport models arrives with an all [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engine]] lineup. The CUV’s standard engine is a 2.4 L developing {{convert|190|hp|kW|0}}, with a {{convert|264|hp|kW|0}} 2.0 L turbo four on offer. Front-wheel drive is standard, with Hyundai’s Torque Vectoring Cornering Control feature for upgraded drive performance. Both engines shift through a six-speed [[automatic transmission]] (already found in the Azera sedan), returning up to {{convert|33|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} for the naturally aspirated model and {{convert|31|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} for the Santa Fe Sport 2.0T model. With 290 horsepower, those numbers were not beaten by a same-class vehicle so far.

The 2013 Santa Fe Sport went on sale in September 2012 for the North American market, with the long-wheelbase variant following in early 2013, with production to start around November 2012 after the Veracruz ends production.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/04/04/hyundai-veracruz-to-end-production-around-november-replaced-b/ "Hyundai Veracruz to end production "around November," replaced by Santa Fe"] from Autoblog (April 4, 2012)</ref>

The Korean-spec Santa Fe was launched in Korea since April 19, 2012, in short wheel base form with 7-seater capacity. Available engine types are a 2.0L CRDI VGT R-Line and 2.2L CRDI VGT R-Line diesel engines.

<gallery>
File:2013 Hyundai Santa Fe LWB -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG|2013 Hyundai Santa Fe LWB
</gallery>

{{clear}}

==Safety award==
The Second-generation Santa Fe earned "Top Safety Pick" award by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]].<ref name=iihs>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr061107.html|title=Hyundai Santa Fe earns 2007 Top Safety Pick award by IIHS|publisher=[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]}}</ref> It also received maximum 5 star safety ratings by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carsdirect.com/2008/hyundai/santa_fe/safety|title=2008 Hyundai Santa Fe NHTSA Crash Test Ratings|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration}}</ref> The Hyundai Santa Fe earned maximum five star safety rating from [[Australasian New Car Assessment Program]] (ANCAP).<ref>[http://www.ancap.com.au/results/346/ Hyundai Santa Fe] ANCAP</ref>

The Second-generation Hyundai Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com.<ref name=ins/>

==Electric versions==
There is a Hyundai Sante Fe Blue Hybrid that is powered by gasoline engine coupled to a {{Convert|30|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} electric motor. The Santa Fe blue Hybrid uses a 270 V [[lithium polymer]] battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081003.010/hyundai-sante-fe-blue-hybrid-debuts-in-paris|title=Hyundai Sante Fe Blue Hybrid Debuts in Paris|publisher=World Car Fans}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/09/26/hyundai-santa-fe-blue-hybrid-revealed-ahead-of-paris/|title=Hyundai Santa Fe Blue Hybrid revealed ahead of Paris|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
Advertising Standards Bureau of Australia banned a Santa Fe TV commercial titled 'Restless' or 'Toddler' in 2007, which ASB argued that it promotes an illegal driving activity: a underaged person (a toddler) driving a car. He also picked up a hitchhiking toddler girl and both were wearing seatbelts instead of approved child restraints which also breached safety recommendations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automk.com/thread-49434-1-1.html|title=More hysteria over suggestive ads: Hyundai yanks ad featuring baby behind the wheel|publisher=AutoMK}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21270460-2,00.html|title=Parents raise copycat risk from TV's revhead tot|publisher=News.com.au | first=Edith | last=Bevin | date=February 23, 2007}}</ref> The ad was produced by Kim Thorp and Howard Greive from Assignment Group NZ and directed by Tony Williams from Sydney Film Company, with post via Frame Set + Match, Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campaignbrief.blogspot.com/2007/02/hyundai-toddler-commercial-banned-by.html|title=Hyundai 'Toddler' commercial banned by ASB|publisher=Campaign Brief}}</ref> The ad itself won the 2006 Fair Go Ad Awards in Best Ad Award category, and was also nominated in the top five in the Worst Ad category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/842896|title=Hyundai ad wins Fair Go award|publisher=TVNZ}}</ref>

Indian cricketer Umesh Yadav, a fast bowler from Vidarbha, purchased a Hyundai Santa Fe in 2012.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website|http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_TM_101011145152.html}}
*[http://santafe.hyundai.com/index.html Hyundai Santa Fe (DM) Official Site (Korean)]
{{Hyundai cars}}
{{Hyundai North America}}

[[Category:Crossover SUVs]]
[[Category:Compact SUVs]]
[[Category:Mid-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hyundai vehicles|Santa Fe]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Hydrogen cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

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[[ja:ヒュンダイ・サンタフェ]]
[[pl:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[pt:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[ru:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[sk:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[sv:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[tr:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[uk:Hyundai Santa Fe]]
[[vi:Hyundai Santa Fe]]

Honda Integra

2012-10-10T01:49:33Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 515757081 by 93.138.250.241 (talk), unsourced

{{about|the coupé}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Honda Integra
| image = 2002-04 Acura RSX.jpg
| aka = Acura Integra [[Acura RSX]] Rover 416i
| manufacturer = [[Honda]]
| production = 1985–2006
| predecessor = [[Honda Quint]]
| assembly = [[Suzuka, Mie|Suzuka]], [[Japan]]
| class = [[Compact car|Compact]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Honda Integra''' (sold in some markets as '''Acura Integra''') was a compact luxury sports car, produced by [[Japan]]ese automaker [[Honda]] from 1985 to 2006. The sporty front-wheel-drive car was able to carry five passengers with a two-door [[coupe]] or four-door sedan available. The Integra name was originally used by Honda to refer to its [[Honda VT250F|VT250F]] motorcycle and is currently used to refer to the [[Honda Integra (scooter)|scooter variant]] of its NC700 series of motorcycles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siler|first=Wes|title=The Honda Integra is back... as a scooter?!|url=http://jalopnik.com/5857931/the-honda-integra-is-back-as-a-scooter|publisher=Jalopnik|accessdate=17 May 2012}}</ref>

The Integra was included on ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine's annual [[Car and Driver Ten Best|Ten Best]] list six times: in 1987, 1988, and 1994 through 1997. The [[Acura Integra GS-R|GS-R]] model was called out specifically in 1994 and 1995. It made a return on the Ten Best list as the [[Honda Integra DC5|Acura RSX]], in 2002 and 2003. The Integra Type-R (DC2) was named the "best front-wheel-drive drivers car ever" by ''[[Evo Magazine]]'' in 2006, and has a pedigree descended from [[Honda in Formula One|Honda Formula 1]] cars.

==First generation (1986–1989)==

===AV, DA1-DA3===
{{Infobox automobile
|name = First generation
|image = 1st Acura Integra -- 03-31-2012.JPG
|production = 1986–1989
|aka = Rover 416i
|engine = 1.5 L [[Honda E engine#EW|EW5]] 1.6 L [[Honda D engine#DOHC ZC|ZC]] 1.6 L [[Honda D engine#DOHC D16A1|D16A1]]
|wheelbase = 3-door: {{convert|2450|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 5-door: {{convert|2520|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 4-door: {{convert|2520|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 3-door: {{convert|4285|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 5-door{{convert|4355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 4-door{{convert|4380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1290|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]] 4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
|related = [[Honda Concerto]]
}}

This vehicle debuted in [[Japan]] in 1985 as the [[Honda Quint]] Integra, available only at Honda's Japanese dealership sales channel ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' before going on sale a year later in North America as part of the then-new luxury [[Acura]] lineup. Three and five-door hatchback and four-door saloon bodies were available (only the hatchback versions were sold in the U.S.), with a 1.6 L [[DOHC]] 16-valve [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] [[Internal-combustion engine|engine]] powering both. The engine was the vehicle's most publicized feature, as DOHC, multi-valve engines were not commonplace in entry-level models at the time. In most European countries, only the 5-door liftback was offered, as a replacement for the unsuccessful [[Honda Quint]]. Typically for European Integras, only the 1.5-liter carburetor engine was available. The five-door liftback model was also sold in Australia rebadged as the '''Rover 416i'''. Except for Britain, Honda did not offer the more powerful 1.6 DOHC fuel injection engine (in the UK known as the Integra EX16) in Europe. The ZC engine was also shared with the [[Honda Concerto]], which was sold at newly established Japanese dealership sales channel called ''Honda Clio'', which sold luxury oriented products like the [[Honda Legend]].

[[File:1st Acura Integra sedan -- 11-26-2011.jpg|thumb|left|Acura Integra five-door (US)]]
[[File:1st Gen Integra Sedan.jpg|thumb|left|Acura Integra four-door sedan (Canada)]]
[[File:MHV Rover 416i 01.jpg|thumb|left|Rover 416i (Australia)]]

In Japan, while the VX- and RX-trimmed 4-door used the 1.5 L [[Honda E engine#EW|EW5]] engine, all other model and trim combinations offered only the DOHC [[Honda D engine#DOHC ZC|ZC]] engine, with a carburetor on GS, ZS, and LS trim packages, and [[PGM-FI]] on the top level GSi 3- and 5-door, and the RSi 3-door trim package. Vehicles installed with a carburetor earned {{convert|15.4|km/L|abbr=on}} in Japanese Government emissions tests and {{convert|115|PS|kW bhp|1|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|26|km/L|abbr=on}} at consistent speeds above {{convert|60|km/h|mi/h|1|abbr=on}}. Vehicles with PGM-FI earned {{convert|14.4|km/L|abbr=on}} in Japanese Government emissions tests with {{convert|135|PS|kW bhp|1|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|24.5|km/L|abbr=on}} above {{convert|60|km/h|mi/h|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>Japanese sales brochure for the Integra</ref>

Compared to the US, the European Integra was aimed downmarket and generally lacked equipment, with no trim levels (LX and EX) offering painted bumpers, central locking, power windows or air conditioning, even though a small number of fully equipped, left-hand drive fuel-injected Integras were sold in the Netherlands. The Integra EX16 did offer a sunroof, painted bumpers, a rear spoiler and Hi-Fi stereo equipment, but neither electric windows, central locking nor air conditioning were available. This was considered as a drawback to its European competitors such as the Peugeot 309 1.6 injection and the Renault 11 Turbo, that all could be equipped with comprehensive, albeit expensive, equipment. The first Integra never became as popular in Europe as it did in the US, but was praised by most motor magazines for its styling and overall road performance. The styling reflected the popularity of Honda's performance coupe, the ''Honda Verno'' sports coupe companion [[Honda Prelude#Second generation (1983–1987)|Honda Prelude]], with the Integra offering a coupe for added cargo accommodation, and a slightly smaller appearance to the larger [[Honda Vigor#Second generation (CA1-CA2-CA3)|Honda Vigor]].

Being designed as the successor of the Honda Quint, the Integra is closely related to the [[Honda Civic|Civic]], although it featured a small list of key upgrades over its smaller stablemate to help merit a price increase over the [[Honda CRX|CRX Si]], which was otherwise the sportiest [[subcompact]] vehicle being offered by ''Honda Verno''; enlarged 4-wheel disc brakes replaced the small front-disc/rear-drum setup used by the Civic and CRX, suspension calibration was re-worked, better tires were used and a 113-[[horsepower|hp]] DOHC [[Fuel injection|fuel-injected]] 16-valve engine was used in place of the SOHC unit from the CRX Si. Just like the Prelude and the Vigor of that period, the Integra featured sleek, sporty pop-up headlights, like its Japanese dealership ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' stablemates, with the CRX adopting semi-concealed doors over the headlights. Nearly 228,000 units were sold during the four-year run of the first-generation model, most of them in the United States.

The first generation Integras actually came with two different engines. Although they shared the same engine code ([[Honda D engine#D16A1|D16A1]]), there were a few differences. The engine differed in the years 1986 to 1987 and 1988 to 1989. The two engines are commonly called the "Browntop" and "Blacktop" due to the color of their valve covers. The "browntop" came in 1986 and 1987 Integras while the "blacktop" came in 1988 and 1989 models. The improvements in the "blacktop" engine included lighter rods, domed pistons for slightly higher compression, and an [[Ignition timing#Electronic Ignition Systems|electric advance]] distributor (the "browntop" came with a [[Ignition timing#Vacuum timing advance|vacuum advance]] distributor). The overall gain in performance was about {{Convert|5|hp|kW|1|abbr=on}} for {{Convert|118|hp|kW|1|abbr=on}}.

The 1988 and 1989 Integras also got a minor facelift, featuring slightly reshaped indicator lights, an improved climate control system and an update of the instrument clocks. In Europe, the discontinued Integra 5-door Liftback was replaced by the [[Honda Concerto]] for the 1990 model year.
{{-}}

==Second generation (1990–1993)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Second generation
|image = 2nd Acura Integra.jpg
|production = 1990–1993
|engine = 1.6 L ZC 1.6 L B16A 1.7 L B17A1 1.8 L B18A1 
|wheelbase = Coupe: {{convert|2550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Sedan: {{convert|2600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = Coupe: {{convert|4390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Sedan: {{convert|4485|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = 1990: {{convert|1712|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1991–92: {{convert|1715|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (Japan only) {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = 1990 Coupe: {{convert|1325|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1990 Sedan: {{convert|1340|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1991-92 Hatchback: {{convert|1270|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1991-93 Sedan: {{convert|1285|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|transmission = 5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
|body_style = 3-door [[coupe]] 4-door "B" Pillar [[hardtop]]
|related = [[Honda Civic]] [[Honda CR-X]] [[Honda Domani]] [[Honda CRX Del Sol]] [[Rover 400]]
}}
{{see also|Acura Integra GS-R}}
===DA5-DA9, DB1-DB2===

Honda Integra bears the code E-DA. This is the most important generation of models in Honda's history as this is where the manual for the DA6 states, the first VTEC engine in the world is a B16A and was used in an Integra RSi/XSi which bore the chassis 1100001.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} The B16A engine is a 1.6-litre naturally aspirated engine with a specific power output of {{Convert|160|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} . VTEC engagement is at 4800 rpm on the B16A engine, redline for the XSi is 8200 rpm. [http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z2585/Acura-Integra.aspx]

There were two main variants of the top DOHC VTEC model, the RSi and the XSi. The RSi was the base model without any options, while XSi was the fully optioned variant with climate control and optional sunroof and ABS. The XSi had a 0–100 km time of 7.2 seconds and completed a standing quarter mile in 15.1 seconds. This top ranked DOHC VTEC model was complemented by more docile models that used dual-carburator or PGM-Fi versions of the versatile ZC engine but in the more compact SOHC configuration. Similarly there were base and full options variants of these SOHC engine Integras coded RX/RXi and ZX/ZXi respectively. All vehicles sold in Japan had their width dimensions slightly reduced so as to be in compliance with [[Vehicle size class#Japan|Japanese government regulations]] concerning exterior dimensions so that the car would be officially recognized as a "compact" and not incur yearly taxes for being wider.

[[File:2nd-Acura-Integra-Sedan.jpg|thumb|left|1990 Acura Integra sedan (US)]]

In 1992 the range received minor cosmetic changes, the B16A engine received minor updates too with a new intake manifold and raised VTEC engagement point, now 5600 rpm increasing peak horsepower to {{Convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} . 1991 saw the introduction of the first 1.8L-engined Integra, the DOHC (non-VTEC) B18A used on the Integra ESi produced {{Convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and came with an optional limited slip differential (LSD).

Another addition to the 1991 version was the automatic retractable shoulder belt system, which slide around the door window opening. The shoulder belt system was mandated to be installed in all vehicles sold in the United States due to air bag supplemental restraint legislation. Vehicles sold in Japan and Canada did not have the automatic shoulder belt system installed. Vehicles sold in New Zealand were offered with the Australian Export interior trim level. Also, this generation introduced frameless door window, borrowing styling influences from the larger [[Honda Vigor]], which was sold alongside the Integra at ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' locations, as the Integra was exclusive to ''Honda Verno''. These revisions for the US market had been standard on all Japanese models since 1989.{{-}}

==Third generation (1993–2001)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Third generation
|image = 1993-1997 Honda Integra GSi coupe (2011-04-28) 01.jpg
|production = 1994–2001
|engine = 1.6L ZC 1.8L B18B, B18B1,B18B2 1.8L [[Honda B engine|B18C]]
|wheelbase = Coupe: {{convert|2570|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Sedan: {{convert|2620|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = Coupe: {{convert|4380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1994–2001 Sedan: {{convert|4525|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 2000-01 GS-R Hatchback: {{convert|4425|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1710|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1998-99 Type-R Coupe: {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = 1994-95 Hatchback: {{convert|1290|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1994-96 Sedan: {{convert|1325|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1996-99 Hatchback: {{convert|1335|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1996–2001 Sedan: {{convert|1370|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 1998-99 Type-R: {{convert|1320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|weight= {{convert|2780|lb|kg|abbr=on|0}}
|transmission = 5-speed close ratio manual 4-speed automatic (with 2400 rpm torque converter)
|body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]] 4-door "B" Pillar [[hardtop]]
}}
{{see also|Acura Integra GS-R}}
===DB6-DB9, DC1-DC2, DC4===
[[File:3RD-Acura-Integra.jpg|thumb|left|1996 Acura Integra coupe (US)]]
[[File:3rd-Acura-Integra-sedan.jpg|thumb|left|1998–2001 Acura Integra sedan (US)]]

Honda debuted the third generation model in 1993 in Japan at ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' locations. Acura followed in 1994. It had an unusual four headlight front end design which was dubbed "bug eyes" by some enthusiasts. Standard power from the B18B engine increased to {{Convert|142|hp|kW|1|abbr=on}}.The top model was known in Japan as Si, and it was powered by a B18C engine with a power of {{Convert|178|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} massive V-tec . The bug eye headlights proved unpopular so the Integra was revised in 1996 with only minor cosmetic updates including elongated flat headlights and an optional bodykit, the top model was relabeled the Integra SiR.

Dealer installed options for the third generation Integra included: security system, alloy wheels, trunk mat, splash guards, fog lights, and CD changer.

===DC2 Type R===

In 1995 Honda introduced their Integra Type R to the Japanese domestic market. The JDM Type R had the minor change long headlights that remained only for the JDM models while the world market version had the pre-facelift double round lights.
The DC2 Type R came standard with a 200 PS (figure may vary in different countries, 195 hp USDM) 1.8 L DOHC VTEC engine, known as the B18C5 (US) or B18CR (Japan), and other versions depending on the country where it was sold. Equipped with a close ratio 5-speed manual transmission and a Helical LSD, the DC2 Integra Type R had significantly improved performance and handling relative to the base model GS-R\Si\SiR Integra.
These were the result of extensive changes, including a strengthened chassis with extra spot welds and thicker metal around the rear shock towers and lower subframe, weight reduction (reduced sound insulation, 10% thinner windscreen, lighter wheels), more power, rev limiter set at 8500 RPM USDM ( 8600 RPM JDM, 8700 RPM UKDM), hand built engine featuring hand-polished and ported intake ports, high compression pistons, undercut vavles and revised intake and exhaust systems, and suspension upgrades. The result was a capable sports coupe which was acclaimed by motoring journalists worldwide. Interestingly, there is only 33 lbs of net weight difference between the Integra Type R and the Integra GS-R, because the extra metal and cross bracing in the Type R almost negated most of the 98 lbs of weight reductions. Although the JDM version was significantly lighter than the base model SiR (JDM ITR 96 - 97 delete could include: air bags, A/C, rear wiper, radio, center counsel, clock, P/S and ABS). The DC2 Type R was the only Type R ever sold in North America (With the Acura badge). For the European, Australian and New Zealand market the DC2 was sold as a Honda.
Edmund's Insideline tested a 12-year-old stock type-r : 0-60 in 6.8 seconds, 1/4 mile in 14.9 seconds @ 95.2.
MotorTrend clocked the Type R at: 0-60 in 6.2 seconds, 1/4 mile in 14.8 @ 96.3.
Sports Compact Car clocked theirs at: 0-60 in 6.1 seconds, 1/4 mile in 14.5 @ 96 MPH
All American test cars had the optional A/C installed.
The JDM DC2 received significant upgrades in 1998 and is known as the '98 Spec R. Some of the main changes were a redesigned rear bumper, 16-inch wheel with 215/45R16 tires, 5-lug nut wheel hubs and bigger brakes. Gear ratios for the final drive were higher, making 1st to 3rd gears closer, while 4th and 5th were longer to maintain the '96 Spec cruising comfort. The engine power remained the same, but use of a new 4-1 long tube header brought torque lower down to 6200 rpm.
The 98 spec is quicker off the line and through low-speed turns due to the higher torque provided by the 4 to 1 header and lower final drive ratio of 4.7853. The 96 and 98 spec are about dead even in the 400 meter(1312 feet)drag race. The 96 is lighter, and has approximately the same overall 3rd and 4th gear ratios. Reported times of 14.2 in the 400 meter.
An interesting and little-publicized fact about the 1995–2000 DC2 Type R is that Honda lost money on every single vehicle sold, even though extra dealer markups sometimes made for excessive dealer profit. Honda produced the DC2 Type R for homologation purposes to meet FIA certification of the motor and the chassis changes to make the car more competitive in N-series and World Cup racing. The details required, hand tooling in early versions and finishing the product through the use of various small fabrication shops in Japan made for increased costs in manufacture that could not be made up in the list price of the vehicles. Honda (and Acura in the US) deemed the car important for the marque's image and important for the racing programmes of the era, and the parent company therefore accepted a financial net loss on each vehicle sold.
It has been acclaimed by motoring journalists world-wide, including Evo magazine, who named the Type R 'the greatest front-wheel-drive performance car ever.'[1]and TheAutoChannel.com who also named it 'the best handling front-wheel drive car ever.'[2]

===Integra SJ (EK3)===
The ''{{lang-ja|[[:ja:ホンダ・インテグラSJ|Integra SJ]]}}'' (standing for "[[Sedan (car)|Sedan]] Joyful") was a rebadged [[Honda Civic Ferio|Civic Ferio]], (a ''Honda Primo'' product) with modified headlamps and grille similar to the [[Honda Orthia|Orthia]]'s and slightly larger rear lights. The Integra SJ was sold in Japan at ''[[Honda#Japan|Honda Verno]]'' dealerships. It originated from the [[Honda Domani]] another derivitave of this vehicle sold at ''Honda Clio'' locations. It was made from 1996 to 2001, and used the 1493 cc D15B engine. Honda's press material of the time indicated that the SJ was intended to provide a "formal sedan" for the Integra range; another reason may have been to sell Ferios using a more sporting model name at ''Honda Verno'' dealerships in Japan, as was the case with the [[Nissan Sunny#B11 series|Nissan Laurel Spirit]].
In Thailand, the Integra SJ was sold as the [[Isuzu Vertex]], last passenger car ever for that market. (This followed Isuzu's practice of selling Honda models as Isuzus which started with the [[Isuzu Gemini|Gemini]]; while Honda also selling Isuzu's sport utility vehicles in Japan and North America, and pickup truck in Thailand.)

==Fourth generation (2002–2006)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Fourth generation
|image = 2004-05 Acura RSX.jpg
|production = 2002–2006
|engine = 2.0L K20A, K20A2 (02-04), K20A3, K20Z1 (05-06)
|wheelbase = 2-door: {{convert|2350|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 2-door: 172.2 in (4374 mm)
|width = 67.9 in (1725 mm)
|height = 2002-04: 55.1 in (1400 mm) 
2005-06: 54.9 in (1394 mm)
|transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|body_style = 3-door [[coupe]]
|aka = [[Acura RSX]]}}

===DC5===
{{Main|Honda Integra DC5}}

The fourth generation Integra was produced from 2002 to 2006. Renamed the [[Acura RSX]] for the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] in accordance with Acura's new alphabetical naming scheme. It also had an entirely new engine, the [[Honda K engine|K-series]]. The Integra came in two models in the United States, the RSX base model, and the RSX-S boasting the K20A2 engine from 2002 to 2004, while the 2005 and 2006 RSX-S came with a K20Z1. The RSX was still sold as a Honda Integra in [[Japan]] and [[Australia]], markets where [[Acura]] did not exist. In Japan, the Integra sedan was replaced by the [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Euro R]].

In March 2006, Honda announced that the Integra would be discontinued in June after its final 300 cars were sold, due to the shrinkage of the coupe market. The reaction of the consumers towards the discontinuation, however, forced Honda to extend production until July 2006 and produce 150 more Integras. The Acura RSX was discontinued as well, as the RSX did not fit within the confines of Acura's re-structured market strategy. The all-new 2004 Acura TSX would take the place of the RSX in Acura's new luxury lineup. Also, the introduction of the similarly powerful and less expensive 2006 model-year [[Honda Civic Si]] was there to fill in the gap left by the RSX.

The DC5 Type R (Japanese market only) comes standard with a K20A 220 hp (164 kW) 2.0 L DOHC i-VTEC 4-cylinder engine. The "i" in i-VTEC stands for intelligent VTEC, which employs VTC (Variable Timing Control) to advance or retard the cam timing within a 50 degree range. The Integra Type R comes equipped with Recaro seats, 4-piston Brembo front brakes, a close ratio 6-speed manual transmission, a limited-slip differential, and a stiffer suspension.{{-}}

==Motorsport==

The Integra and RSX have been popular in automobile racing. The [[SCCA World Challenge]] has used the Integra/RSX for many years in its GT groups.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site]
*[http://www.integratyper.org Integra Type-R Worldwide Registry and Info Source]
*[http://www.team-integra.net/ Acura Integra Online Forums]
*[http://carplusautoblog.com/acura-integra-1994-the-compact-luxury-performance/ Acura Integra Review]
{{Modern Honda vehicles}}
{{Acura}}

[[Category:Acura vehicles|Integra]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive sports cars]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sport compact cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1986]]

[[da:Honda Integra]]
[[de:Honda Integra]]
[[es:Honda Integra]]
[[fa:هوندا انتگرا]]
[[fr:Acura Integra]]
[[it:Honda Integra]]
[[ja:ホンダ・インテグラ]]
[[pl:Honda Integra]]
[[pt:Honda Integra]]
[[ru:Honda Integra]]

Saturn S series

2012-10-01T01:38:25Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 515188780 by 24.138.231.20 (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|image=1996-1999 Saturn SL2 -- 03-16-2012.JPG
|name=Saturn S-Series
| manufacturer = [[Saturn Corporation]]
|production=1990–2002
|model_years=1991–2002
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]
|successor=[[Saturn Ion]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|transmission=4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|platform=[[GM Z platform]]
}}
The '''S-Series''' was part of a family of [[compact car]]s from the [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] [[automobile]] company. This was the first series of Saturn vehicles. The [[automobile platform]], the [[GM Z platform|Z-body]], was developed entirely [[in-house]] at Saturn and shared very little with the rest of the [[General Motors]] model line. It implemented a [[spaceframe]] design, also seen on some [[Pontiac]]s, which meant that the side panels did not carry load and could use [[plastic]] pieces instead of [[metal]]. These [[polymer]] panels were dent-resistant—something that has remained a major selling point for Saturn. The S-series was sold from the fall of 1990 through the end of the 2002 model year, with partial redesigns in 1996 & 2000 (sedans) and 1997 & 2001 (coupes).

The S-series debuted in 1990 with SC (“sports [[coupe]]”) and SL (“[[sedan (car)|sedan]] level”) models in 1990 for the 1991 model year. The SW (“sedan wagon”) joined the lineup for 1993.

[[Taiwan]] and [[Japan]] were the only two Asian countries to import [[Saturn Corporation|Saturns]]. From 1992 to 1996, the first- and second-generation sedans plus the first-generation coupes were sold in [[Taiwan]]. From 1996 to 2003, the second-generation versions were sold in [[right-hand drive]] in [[Japan]], and some ''[[Toyota#Japan|Toyota Netz]]'' dealerships, and former [[Isuzu]] dealerships did offer Saturn products until 2001. All Saturn products were in compliance with [[Vehicle size class#Japan|Japanese Government regulations]] concerning exterior dimensions and maximum engine displacement requirements.

[[Canada]] imported all available Saturn models from 1992 onwards.

A change partway through the 1999 model year gave the SC a small [[suicide door]] on the driver's side. This type of door had previously been used in extended cab [[pickup truck]]s, but was an innovation in coupe design.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/07/automobiles/behind-the-wheel-saturn-sc2-finding-a-jackpot-behind-door-no-3.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=BEHIND THE WHEEL/Saturn SC2; Finding a Jackpot Behind Door No. 3|year=1999 |accessdate=2012-07-30|work=nytimes.com}}</ref>

The S-series was replaced by the larger [[Saturn Ion]] in 2003, which was unable to match the S-series' sales numbers before the end of its own production at the end of 2007.

[[Coupe]]s and [[sedan (car)|sedans]] equipped with the base single overhead cam engine and a [[manual transmission]] were among the most [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel-efficient]] [[car]]s available in the United States when they were produced, reaching {{convert|40|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} in [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] highway tests at the time (this would likely translate to {{convert|36|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} under current methodologies).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorCompareSideBySidePopUp.jsp?column=1&id=13521|title=Compare Old and New EPA MPG Estimates: 1997 Saturn SL|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|accessdate=January 27, 2010}}</ref>

==First generation==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=First generation
|aka=Saturn SL Saturn SW Saturn SC
|image=1st-Saturn-SL1.jpg
|production=1991–1995 SL 1993–1995 SW 1991–1996 SC
|body_style=2-door [[coupe]] 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
|wheelbase=SL & SW: {{convert|102.4|in|0|abbr=on}} SC: {{convert|99.2|in|0|abbr=on}}
|length=SL & SW: {{convert|176.3|in|0|abbr=on}} 1991–93 SC: {{convert|175.8|in|0|abbr=on}} 1994–96 SC1: {{convert|173.2|in|0|abbr=on}} 1994–96 SC2: {{convert|174.6|in|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|67.6|in|0|abbr=on}}
|height=SC: {{convert|50.6|in|0|abbr=on}} SL: {{convert|52.5|in|0|abbr=on}} SW: {{convert|53.7|in|0|abbr=on}}
|weight= SC: 2230-2480 lb
|engine=1.9 L ''[[Saturn_I4_engine#SOHC_LK0.2FL24|LK0]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.9 L ''[[Saturn_I4_engine#SOHC_LK0.2FL24|L24]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.9 L ''[[Saturn_I4_engine#DOHC_LL0|LL0]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
|transmission=5-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP2|MP2]] [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP3|MP3]] manual 4-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP6|MP6]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP7|MP7]] automatic
|assembly=[[Spring Hill Manufacturing]], [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]]
}}

===First generation SL and SW===

[[File:1st-Saturn-SW-rear.jpg|left|thumb|Saturn SW2]]

The first generation SL and SW were made from model year 1991 to 1995. The first Saturn to leave the assembly line in the [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]] factory was on July 30, 1990, the same day that then-CEO of GM, [[Roger Bonham Smith]], retired. It was maroon with a tan interior.

Originally there were two available trim levels. The '''SL1''' trim level featured a [[SOHC]] 1.9 L [[Straight-4|I4]] LK0 [[internal combustion engine|engine]] that was rated at {{Convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, which was rated at {{convert|27|mpgus|abbr=on}} city, {{convert|37|mpgus|abbr=on}} Highway. The '''SL2''' trim level featured a [[DOHC]] 1.9 L I4 LL0 engine that was rated at {{Convert|124|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|24|mpgus|abbr=on}} city, {{convert|34|mpgus|abbr=on}} Highway.

1991-1992 model year Saturns featured the base "SL" available with a manual transmission only, an "SL1", "SL2", and "SC".

For model year 1993, the line expanded to include the SW1 and SW2 wagons, which were mechanically identical to their SL1 and SL2 counterparts. All models received an interior redesign for 1995 with a new dashboard and dual airbags.
All S-Series cars were offered with either a 5-[[speed]] [[manual transmission]] or a 4-speed [[automatic transmission]]. The automatic featured a performance setting which gave crisper shifts at a higher RPM, and a setting for traction in which the transmission would stay in 2nd gear from a stop for more controlled take-offs. The Saturn [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] in the [[DOHC]]-equipped vehicles were geared to enhance acceleration, while the SOHC-equipped model transmissions were geared toward economy.

The base SL1 engine was upgraded to the {{Convert|100|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} L24 engine for the 1995 model year. The two base engines were mechanically identical, save for the upgrade from [[Fuel injection#Throttle body injection|TBI]] to sequential [[MPFI]]. The 100HP engine also featured improved fuel economy of {{convert|26|mpgus|abbr=on}} city, {{convert|40|mpgus|abbr=on}} Highway

The S-Series had a {{Convert|12.8|usgal|L impgal|0}} fuel tank, which means that both cars got around {{convert|384|mi|km|0}} on a single tank based on average of {{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}. Owners of the base model typically report real-world fuel mileage of about 38–41  mpg-US (6.2–5.7 L/100 km; 46–49 mpg-imp) on the highway with the manual transmission.

===First generation SC===

The first generation SC was made from model year 1991 to 1996. Originally only one trim level, SC, was available, with a [[DOHC]] 1.9 L I4 LL0 engine that was rated at {{Convert|124|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. For 1993, the original SC trim level was renamed SC2, and an SC1 trim level was introduced. The first generation SC2 received a minor refresh for 1995 in which the lower front bumper, and taillights were redesigned, and the interior got a new dashboard with dual airbags.

The SC1 featured an SOHC 1.9 L I4 LK0 engine that rated at {{Convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The SC1 engine was later upgraded to the {{Convert|100|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} L24 engine for the 1995 model year. The first generation SC1 shared its front fascia with the SL and SW rather than the SC2, and also lacked a trunk lid reflector and a rear stabilizer bar.

<gallery>
File:1st Saturn SC -- 03-28-2012.JPG|1991-1994 Saturn SC/SC2
File:1st-Saturn-SC.jpg|1995-1996 Saturn SC2
File:'91-'95 Saturn SC.JPG|Saturn SC1
</gallery>

{{clear}}

==Second generation==

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|aka=Saturn SL1 Saturn SL2 Saturn SW1 Saturn SW2 Saturn SC1 Saturn SC2
|image=2000-2002 Saturn SL -- 03-16-2012 2.JPG
|production=1996–2002 SL 1996–2001 SW 1997–2002 SC
|body_style=2-door [[coupe]] (1997–1998) 3-door [[coupe]] (1999–2002) 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 4-door [[station wagon]]
|engine=1.9 L ''[[Saturn_I4_engine#SOHC_LK0.2FL24|L24]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 1.9 L ''[[Saturn_I4_engine#DOHC_LL0|LL0]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
|transmission=5-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP2|MP2]] [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP3|MP3]] manual 4-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP6|MP6]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Saturn_MP_transmission#MP7|MP7]] automatic
|wheelbase={{convert|102.4|in|0|abbr=on}}
|length=1996–99 SW & 1996–97 SL: {{convert|176.8|in|0|abbr=on}} 2000–02 SL & SW: {{convert|178.1|in|0|abbr=on}} 2001–02 SC: {{convert|180.5|in|0|abbr=on}} 1997–2000 SC: {{convert|180|in|0|abbr=on}} 1998–99 SL: {{convert|176.9|in|0|abbr=on}}
|width=1996–99 SW: {{convert|66.7|in|0|abbr=on}} 2000–01 SW: {{convert|66.4|in|0|abbr=on}} 2001–02 SC: {{convert|68.2|in|0|abbr=on}} 1997–2000 SC: {{convert|67.3|in|0|abbr=on}} 2000–02 SL: {{convert|66.4|in|0|abbr=on}} 1996–99 SL: {{convert|66.7|in|0|abbr=on}}
|height=1996–99 SW & SL: {{convert|54.5|in|0|abbr=on}} 2000–01 SW: {{convert|55.6|in|0|abbr=on}} 2000–02 SL: {{convert|55|in|0|abbr=on}} SC: {{convert|53|in|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Spring Hill Manufacturing]], [[Spring Hill, Tennessee]]
}}

===Second generation SL and SW===

[[File:Saturn SW1 -- 01-28-2010.jpg|thumb|left|1996–1999 Saturn SW1]]

The second generation SL and SW were made from model year 1996 to 2002, with a refresh for the 2000 model year. The redesign resulted in a more curvaceous look for the SL/SW, which gave a slight increase in interior room and doorway size as well as an updated appearance, and the roof panel was no longer polymer. Mechanically, very little was changed from the previous model, though 1996 was the first year for the [[OBDII]] [[Engine control unit|PCM]].

1999 models received improvements to both SOHC and DOHC engines that did not affect power output, but did smooth out some of the harshness associated with them. These changes included revised pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft counterweights, etc. Fuel economy of these refined models also saw a measurable improvement. On the downside, models ordered with antilock brakes no longer came with discs in the rear.

The face-lifted 2000-2002 model features a redesigned interior and exterior polymer panels, resulting in an addition of {{convert|1.2|in}} to overall length, though it was virtually unchanged mechanically.

===Second generation SC===

[[File:2nd-Saturn-SC.jpg|thumb|left|1997–2000 Saturn SC]]
[[File:01-02 Saturn SC-b.jpg|thumb|left|2001–2002 Saturn SC]]

The second generation SC was made from model year 1997 to 2002, with a refresh for the 2001 model year. The second generation SC also moved to the longer wheelbase of the SL/SW models, resulting in an equal wheelbase across all models. The redesign resulted in a more curved look for the SC, which gave a slight increase in interior room and doorway size as well as an updated appearance. Mechanically, very little was changed from the previous model. For the 1999 model year, a small rear-hinged third door was added to the driver's side. Although the third door allows passengers to enter and exit the rear seat without sliding the driver's seat forward, it was intended to provide easier access to the rear seat for parcels as the door's latch is on its front edge, and is thus inaccessible unless the front door is open. This prohibits a user from opening (or closing) the rear door if the front door is not open.<ref name="The New York Times"/>

The 2000 model kept the same exterior but featured the redesigned interior of the SL and SW. The facelifted 2001-02 model adopted minor exterior styling revisions.

{{clear}}

==Special edition Saturns==
[[File:1991-1995 Saturn SL2 -- 03-16-2012.JPG|left|thumb|1994 SL2 Homecoming Edition]]
A special Homecoming edition of the SL2 was released for 1994. It had special Pearl White paint (a "silver-tint" pearl, shared with Cadillac models of this year), black Saturn emblems, [[Spoiler (automotive)|spoiler]], {{convert|15|in|adj=on}} "teardrop" wheels, anti-lock four-wheel disc brakes, grey leather/cloth interior, rear headrests, foglamps, and power locks and [[window]]s. Options included a sunroof, CD player, and the 4-speed automatic with traction control. Approximately 3,500 Homecoming cars were produced.

In 1998 and 1999, prospective buyers of a red or white SC2 had the option of purchasing the "Black Top Coupe Package" for $225.00 (US). The models were referred to as the "Red Hot Coupe" or "White Hot Coupe", based on the exterior color. The package came with a black roof panel, black outside rear view mirrors, black emblems, white face gauges and black accented teardrop wheels. These are extremely rare.

Production Numbers on these limited editions:

Model year 1998:
White - 213
Red - 657

Model year 1999:
White - 285
Red - 284

In 1999, a second Homecoming Edition was produced in a special "Mint Color" with tan leather interior, special off-white gauge faceplates, and black Saturn badges to commemorate the second "Homecoming" visit to the Spring Hill, Tennessee manufacturing facility. The 1999 Homecoming Edition also had the same features offered as the 1994 Homecoming Edition. There were 4,000 of the 1999 Homecoming Edition produced.

In 2001, a special yellow SC2 coupé model was also built. The model was dubbed the "Bumblebee Edition", of which 99 were produced with a certificate of authenticity. The "Bumblebee Edition" included embroidered headrests, black leather interior with yellow leather inserts on the seats and door panels, black roof and mirrors, number designation inside fuel filler door and certificate of authenticity. These are not to be confused with the regular issue Yellow Sport Coupe.

2001 also saw a "10th Anniversary Edition" SL sedan model. 1,000 of these vehicles were made, all in SL2 trim, with "SILVER" finish. The car commemorated the 10th anniversary of the Saturn SL's production. Included features were black leather interior with grey accents, black Saturn badges, white gauge faces, and restyled 15" premium alloy "Teardrop II" wheels. Options included ABS, side curtain airbags, fog lights, and embroidered "Saturn 10th Anniversary" floor mats. Another Limited SL for 2001 was the "Bright Red" sedan. Approximately 664 were built.

==Right hand drive==
In addition to the above mentioned "Special Edition" Saturns; there was also the 1999 (and possibly 2000) Saturn SWP "Postal" Station Wagon that were produced (450 in 1999), intended to be marketed to rural route mail carriers. These station wagons were right hand drive vehicles.

There were also a limited number of Saturns that were exported to Japan as right hand drive vehicles circa between 1997 and 2000. Aside from having the steering wheel on the other side, Japanese market Saturns were also fitted with slightly different light units. The rear lamps had amber turn signals and the front indicators were mounted closer to the corners rather than inboard. The Saturn faced a hard time in Japan, where it played directly into the strengths of the Japanese manufactures, comparing unfavorably with better-priced and more competent Japanese compact cars.<ref name="latham1">{{citation | title = Grinding Gears: The Japanese Auto Dealer Network and American Trade Copmplaints | url = http://njkk.com/library/latham_98.pdf | last = Latham | first = Scott | date = 1998-05-13 | publisher = Scott Latham Associates | location = Chester Springs, PA | page = 60 }}</ref> Especially the interior received criticism.<ref>Latham, p. 64</ref> A mere 602 units were sold in Saturn's first year in Japan (April to December 1997).<ref>Latham, p. 59</ref> Another problem was that Japanese car dealers have always excelled at customer service; this meant that Saturn's main sales argument in the United States was meaningless in the Japanese market.<ref>Latham, p. 62</ref>

==Theft==
The 1995 Saturn SL was the most stolen vehicle in 2003, while the 1994 SL took third place in CCC Information Services's 2003 [[Motor vehicle theft#Vehicles most frequently stolen|most stolen vehicle]] report.<ref name="saturnfans.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.saturnfans.com/Company/2004/1995slmoststolen.shtml|title=1995 Saturn SL Tops Most Stolen Vehicle List|accessdate=2008-04-03|work=saturnfans.com/}}</ref> According to the Lynnwood, Washington police department, when use of the key wears on the door and ignition mechanisms, a filed blank key can be used to open the door and start the engine. {{citation needed|date=April 2010}}

==2003==
Production of the S-Series ended after model year 2002. The car was replaced by one based on the [[GM Delta platform]], the [[Saturn Ion]]. This also marked the end of Saturn's use of mostly in-house designs, as unlike the S-Series, the Ion shared its platform and engine with other GM models such as the [[Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[Chevrolet HHR]], [[Pontiac G5]] and its eventual successor, the [[Saturn Astra]].

==Racing==

Saturn SC's competed in the [[SCCA World Challenge]] in the 1990s, winning several races from 1995-1997.<ref>/http://scca.cdn.racersites.com/prod/Documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/1995-SCCA-WorldChallenge.pdf</ref><ref>/http://scca.cdn.racersites.com/prod/Documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/1996-SCCA-WorldChallenge.pdf</ref><ref>http://scca.cdn.racersites.com/prod/Documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/1997-SCCA-WorldChallenge.pdf</ref>

==Production numbers==
Listed below is a rough estimate on the numbers of S-Series produced from 1991-2002.<ref>{{cite book |first=|last=Auto Editors of ''Consumer Guide''|year=2002|publisher=Publications International|title=The Encyclopedia of American Cars}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1991- 48,629 built
! 1992- 169,959 built
! 1993- 244,621 built
Introduction of Wagon Model/SC Designation for Sport Coupe changes to SC1/SC2
|-
| approx. 10,000 SC
| SC
| SC1/SC2
|-
| approx. 38,629 SL/SL1/SL2
| SL/SL1/SL2
| SL/SL1/SL2 SW1/SW2
|-
! 1994- 267,518 built
! 1995- 302,988 built
! 1996- 294,198 built
|-
| SC1/SC2
| SC1/SC2- 62,434
| SC1/SC2
|-
| SL/SL1/SL2
SW1/SW2
| SL/SL1/SL2- 221,102
SW1/SW2- 19,452
| SL/SL1/SL2
SW1/SW2
|-
! 1997- 314,992 built
! 1998- 219,765 built
! 1999- 275,633 built
|-
| SC1/SC2- 70,711
| SC1/SC2- 38,591
| SC1/SC2- 52,965
|-
| SL/SL1/SL2- 213,182
SW1/SW2- 31,099
| SL/SL1/SL2- 160,759
SW1/SW2- 20,415
| SL/SL1/SL2- 203,578
SW1/SW2- 19,090
|-
! 2000- 169,866 built
! 2001- 117,842 built
! 2002- Not Available
|-
| SC1- 8,517
SC2- 8,724
| SC1- 23,584
SC2- 17,414
|
|-
| SL/SL1- 74,085
SL2- 68,907
SW2- 9,633
| SL/SL1/SL2- 73,428
SW2- 3,416
| Not Available
|}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Saturn Corporation}}

[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Saturn vehicles|S-series]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1991]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

[[de:Saturn S-Series]]
[[es:Saturn S-Series]]
[[fa:زاترن سری اس]]
[[ja:サターン・Sシリーズ]]
[[pt:Saturn SL1]]

Ford Focus

2012-09-27T02:38:17Z

IFCAR: rv lower-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2001 Ford Focus ZX3 front -- 06-09-2010.jpg
|name = Ford Focus
|manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
|production = 1998–present
|layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout|FF layout]]
|predecessor = [[Ford Escort (disambiguation)|Ford Escort]] [[Ford Laser]] 
|class= American: [[Compact Car]] British: [[compact car|Small family car]] European: [[C-segment]]
}}

The '''Ford Focus''' is a [[compact car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) manufactured by the [[Ford Motor Company]] since 1998. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 [[model year]].

In Europe, South America, North America and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various [[Ford Escort (disambiguation)|Ford Escort]]s sold in those markets. In Asia and [[Australasia]], it replaced the [[Ford Laser]]. As of the first half of 2012, the Focus surpassed [[Toyota]][[Corolla]] to become world's best selling model <ref name=FordMedia1>{{cite web|title=Focus Marks Milestones as World’s Top-Selling Car and Ford’s 350 Millionth Vehicle Produced in 109-Year History|publisher=Ford.com |date=2012-09-01 |url= http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=36997 }}</ref> .
__TOC__
{{-}}

== First generation (1998-2005) ==
[[File:Ford Focus I Stufenheck (1999–2001) front MJ.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Focus (first generation)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (first generation)}}

Ford of Europe introduced the Focus in 1998 to the European market as a replacement for the [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]. The decision to name the new car the "Ford Focus" was made in early 1998, as Ford's overheads had been planning to keep the "Escort" nameplate for its new generation of small family cars. A last minute problem arose in July 1998 when a Cologne court, responding to a case brought by the publishers [[Hubert Burda Media|Burda]], ordered Ford to avoid the name "Focus" for the German market cars since the name was already taken by the publisher's [[Focus (German magazine)|''Focus'']] magazine.<ref name=AutoMotorundSport199815>{{cite journal|editor-first=Bernd |editor-last=Ostmann |title=Focus nur fuer Auslands-Modelle: Gerichtsurteil gegen Ford |journal=Auto, Motor und Sport|volume=15 |issue=9 |date=15 July 1998 |language=German }}</ref> This eleventh hour dispute was overcome, however, and the car was launched without a different German market name.

Ford of North America began marketing the Focus in October 1999 for model year 2000 with some changes from the European version. The car launched as a 3-door [[hatchback]], 4-door sedan and 5-door [[Station wagon|wagon]]; a 5-door hatchback debuted in 2001.<ref name="autoweek1">{{cite web|title=Ford Focus ZX5 five-door to debut this fall |publisher=Autoweek.com |date=2001-02-14 |url= http://www.autoweek.com/article/20010214/FREE/102140701 |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref>
{{-}}

== Second generation (2005-2011) ==

=== Europe ===
[[File:2005-2007 Ford Focus (LS) CL sedan (2011-11-17) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)}}

The second generation Focus was launched at the [[Paris Motor Show]] on September 23, 2004 as a three and five-door hatchback and an estate, although the new car was previewed, in 4-door sedan form, as the 'Focus Concept' developed by Ford Europe at the [[Beijing]] Motor Show in mid-2004.

The basic suspension design, which contributed much to the Mk 1's success, has been carried over largely unchanged from its predecessor which, along with a 10% stiffer bodyshell, offers a better ride according to Ford but lacked on the precise and poised handling of the Mk1. The same body styles as the Mk 1 Focus were offered, though the saloon did not appear until mid-2005.

The Focus Mk 2 is much larger and considerably heavier than its predecessor with a 25 mm (1 in) increase in wheelbase, 168 mm (6.6 in) longer, 8 mm (0.3 in) taller and 22 mm (0.8 in) wider. As a result the interior and boot space have increased. New technologies include a KeyFree system, a solar-reflect windshield, adaptive front lighting, Bluetooth hands-free phones and voice control for audio, telephone and climate control systems.

Stylistically, the Mk 2's styling features the same design language found in the Mondeo and [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]]. Although still recognisable as a Focus the new car uses styling features from the abandoned B-Proposal for the ''original'' Focus which never reached production.

In 2005, Ford released a MK.II version of Ford's sports division of Focus, the Focus ST. This one produced 225 bhp, more than 50 bhp more than the MK.I ST, meaning it could achieve a 0-60 mph time of just 6.4 seconds, and a 152 mph top speed.

The 2008 model year saw a facelifted version introduced, featuring Ford's "Kinetic Design" philosophy. Major changes included a new hood with more creases, the removal of all mouldings along the doors and sides, new sculpted pull back headlights, and the big trapezoidal lower grille.

=== North America ===
[[File:2009 ford focus SES sedan.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Focus (second generation, North America)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (second generation, North America)}}

For the North American market, development followed a separate path. Since debuting at the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], the restyled 2008-2011 generation was available as a two-door [[coupe]] and 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] — the [[hatchbacks]] and [[station wagon|wagon]] were discontinued. The interior was redesigned, including new seats, a new dashboard design with message center atop of the dashboard, ambient lighting, dashboard panels that simulate brushed aluminum, and Ford's voice-controlled [[Ford Sync|Sync]] audio/Bluetooth system. Also included in the redesign was a support beam behind the dashboard for extra structural rigidity.

Though informally considered as the second generation, it was never officially revealed to be so by Ford.{{-}}

== Third generation (2010-) ==
[[File:2012 Ford Focus Titanium hatchback -- 07-09-2011 front.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus (third generation)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (third generation)}}

In 2010 Ford decided to reunite both international and North American models by releasing the international Mk3 worldwide. The current North American version was thus discontinued, and the new model was launched simultaneously in North America and Europe in early 2011, both having started production late in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20100118/DETROIT/100119915 |title=Detroit auto show: 2012 Ford Focus, most significant by AW Editors' Choice Awards |publisher=Autoweek.com |date=2010-01-18 |accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31755 |title=Dynamic next-generation Ford Focus debuts |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2010-01-11 |publisher=Ford Motor Company }}</ref>
[[File:Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Titanium (III) – Heckansicht, 27. März 2011, Velbert.jpg |thumb|widthpx| ]]
Ford unveiled the 2011 global Ford Focus at the [[North American International Auto Show#2010|2010 North American International Auto Show]]. The car shown was a 5-door hatchback model, also debuting a new 2.0L [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] I4 engine. A 5-door estate will also be available at launch.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33304 |title=Exciting New Next-Generation Ford Focus Gears Up For Launch |publisher=Media.ford.com |year=2010 |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref> The new generation launched simultaneously in North America and Europe in early 2011, with production having started in late 2010.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Production in Asia, Africa, Australia<ref>{{cite web|first=Tim |last=Beissmann |url=http://www.caradvice.com.au/117135/2011-ford-focus-on-sale-in-australia-in-august |title=2011 Ford Focus on sale in Australia in August |publisher=Caradvice.com.au |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> and South America was scheduled to follow later but the plan for Australian production was later dropped and that market and New Zealand supplied, along with Asia, from a new factory in Thailand where output began in June 2012. This new generation of Focus incorporates a redesigned cabin with improved materials and new entertainment technologies.
[[File:Ford Focus Electric WAS 2012 0535.JPG|thumb|2012 [[Ford Focus Electric]] (US)]]
;Electric version
{{Main|Ford Focus Electric}}
Ford debuted the [[electric car|all-electric]] [[Ford Focus Electric]] at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in 2011 to compete with the [[Nissan Leaf]] and the [[Chevrolet Volt]]. Deliveries for fleet customers in the United States began in December 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073894_2012-ford-focus-electric-105-mpge-76-mile-range-10-sales|title=2012 Ford Focus Electric: 105 MPGe, 76-Mile Range...10 Sales|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-03-09|accessdate=2012-03-16}}</ref> and the release to retail customers took place by late May 2012. The electric car is available only in California, New York and New Jersey, in limited numbers.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/170008/2012-ford-focus-electric-begins-retail-life-with-low-key-deliveries.jsp|title=2012 Ford Focus Electric Begins Retail Life with Low-Key Deliveries|author=Nick Chambers|work=[[AutoTrader.com]]|date= |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/automobiles/autoreviews/the-battery-driven-car-just-got-a-lot-more-normal.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=The Battery-Driven Car Just Got a Lot More Normal |author=Bradley Berman|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-05-04|accessdate=2012-05-05}}</ref> The European release is scheduled for late 2012.<ref name=EUlaunch>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/03/30/ford-focus-electric-wont-be-offered-with-battery-lease-option/|title=Ford Focus Electric won't be offered with battery-lease option|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-03-30|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown.jpg|thumb|[[Jari-Matti Latvala]] with his [[Ford Focus WRC|Ford Focus RS WRC 09]] (awd model) at the 2010 [[Rally Finland]]]]

The first [[Ford Focus WRC|Focus World Rally Car]] made its debut in [[rallying]] and the [[World Rally Championship]] on the 1999 [[Monte Carlo Rally]] with [[Colin McRae]] and [[Simon Jean-Joseph]] at the wheels of the two cars, replacing, for the first time in a generation, the venerable [[Ford Escort WRC|Escort]]. It was immediately on the pace, setting many fastest stage times, but a vehicle weight issue meant that the two cars were excluded from that event. McRae went on to give the Focus WRC its maiden victory on the [[Safari Rally]] in February of the same year and took victory again in the following rally, the [[Rallye de Portugal|Rally Portugal]].

The MkI Focus WRC went on to scoop further victories over the years for McRae, [[Carlos Sainz]] and [[Markko Märtin]] from then until it was phased out in favour of the MkII offering in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/121680-0/ford_drivers_excited_by_new_focus_debut.html |title=Ford drivers excited by new Focus debut |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> This car, a winner in both [[Marcus Grönholm]]'s and [[Mikko Hirvonen]]'s hands in the two-car factory [[BP-Ford World Rally Team]] that contested the [[2006 World Rally Championship season]], duly racked up the manufacturers' title,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/140474-0/wilson_sr_i_will_treasure_this_moment_forever.html |title=Wilson Sr: I will treasure this moment forever |date=2006-11-20 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net }}</ref> spelling the end of a formidable twenty-seven year wait for such an honour in this series for the Blue Oval. The team successfully defended the manufacturers' title in the [[2007 World Rally Championship season|2007 season]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/157377-0/ford_secures_manufacturers_title_-_again.html |title=Ford secures manufacturers' title - again |date=2007-11-18 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> The Focus WRC was used until the [[2010 World Rally Championship season|2010 season]], when it was announced that the new [[Ford Fiesta RS WRC|Fiesta]] will replace the Focus from 2011 and onwards.<ref>http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33323</ref>

All the rally cars are built, prepared and run for Ford by [[M-Sport]], the motorsport team based in [[Cockermouth]], [[Cumbria]] in Northern England. The team is managed by [[Malcolm Wilson (Rally)|Malcolm Wilson]], a well known former British rally driver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrc.com/jsp/index.jsp?lnk=601&featureid=71&desc=BP-Ford%20Abu%20Dhabi%20World%20Rally%20Team |title=BP-Ford Abu Dhabi World Rally Team |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=WRC.com }}</ref>

Besides rallies, the Focus has also been used in the SCCA Speed World Challenge Touring Car Series, the [[TC 2000]], resulting champion in 2003 and 2005.

The Ford Focus ST made its debut in the 2009 British Touring Car Championship, with Arena Motorsport. During its second season, the car ran on [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]], taking the first BTCC win for a car powered by this fuel at Brands Hatch. In 2011 Arena(also known as Team AON) shifted to the newer Focus Mk3, while Motorbase Performance drove the ST version. Both cars had engines, built by the Next Generation Touring Car engine rules. Motorbase continiues to compete with the Ford Focus ST.

In 2012 Arena Motorsport entered 2 Ford Focus Mk3 in the World Touring Car Championship for Tom Chilton and James Nash. The best result is 6-th place of Nash in the Race of Morocco.

In 2008 Ford South Africa entered two modified Focus ST models into Class T (reserved for turbocharged production vehicles) of the local Bridgestone Production Car Championship (essentially a Touring Car formula). They secured the Class T driver's titles in 2009 and 2011.

==Sales in United States==
{{Col-begin|width=45%}}
{{Col-2}}
*1999: 55,896<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466.html |title=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2000: 286,166
*2001: 264,414<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/Dec2002sales.pdf |title=Ford Motors Company's December U.S. sales climb 8.2 percent |publisher=Ford Motor |date=2003-01-02 |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref>
*2002: 243,199<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175829.html |title=Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2003: 229,353
*2004: 208,339<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2005: 184,825
{{Col-2}}
*2006: 177,006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379 |title=Ford Motor Company 2007 sales |date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>
*2007: 173,213
*2008: 195,823<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |format=PDF|title=F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>
*2009: 160,433<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31604 |title=Ford caps 2009 with 33 percent sales increase, first full-year market share gain since 1995 |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref>
*2010: 172,421<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33704 |title=Ford’s 2010 sales up 19 percent – largest increase of any full-line automaker; foundation set for growth in 2011 |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref>
*2011: 175,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec11sales.pdf |title=2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S.|publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref>
{{Col-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ford Focus}}
{{Ford}}
{{Modern European Ford vehicles}}
{{Modern North American Ford vehicles}}
{{Ford Australia timeline}}

[[Category:Ford vehicles|Focus]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Ford Focus| ]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]

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BMW 7 Series

2012-09-14T14:40:15Z

IFCAR: restored photo for top infobox

{{About|the BMW automobile series|other uses|7 Series (disambiguation){{!}}7 Series}}
{{Infobox automobile
|image=Bmw-f01-wiki-paultan.org.jpg
|name=BMW 7 Series
|manufacturer=[[BMW]]
|production=1977–present
|predecessor=[[BMW New Six]]
|class=[[Full-size]] [[luxury car]]
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|layout=[[FR layout]]
|assembly=[[Dingolfing]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|author=monocom gmbh Dingolfing |url=http://www.bmw-werk-dingolfing.de |title=BMW Werk Dingolfing |publisher=Bmw-werk-dingolfing.de |date= |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref> [[Lerma]], [[Toluca]], [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/oem-tracker/bmw-group/page/154 |title=Vehicle manufacturer profiles |publisher=Automotive World |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solunet-infomex.com/mexbdir/company.cfm?company=1550462_BMW_TOLUCA_PLANTA_DE_AUTOMOVILES_LERMA_Estado_De_Mexico |title=Bmw Toluca Planta De Automoviles - Carr Mexico-toluca Km 47.5, Lerma, Estado De Mexico |publisher=solunet-infomex.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref><ref>http://www.eluniversaledomex.mx/toluca/nota14203.html</ref>

}}

The '''BMW 7 Series''' is a line of [[full-size car|full-size]] [[luxury vehicle]]s produced by the German automaker [[BMW]]. Introduced in 1977, it is BMW's [[flagship car]] and is only available as a [[sedan (car)|sedan]] or extended-length [[limousine]]. The 7 Series traditionally introduces technologies and exterior design themes before they trickle down to smaller sedans in BMW's lineup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/10q1/2011_bmw_5-series_535i-second_drive |title=2011 BMW 5-series / 535i - Second Drive - Auto Reviews |publisher=Car and Driver |date= |accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref>

==E23 (1977–1986)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=E23
|image=BMW 733i -- 01-07-2012.jpg
|production=1977–1986
|weight=
|wheelbase=
|length=
|width=
|height=
|layout=
|body_style=
|engine=3.2 [[Liter|L]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.4 L I6 2.5 L I6 2.8 L I6 3.0 L I6 3.3 L I6 3.5 L I6
|transmission=3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed manual
|speed=
|speed=
}}
{{Main|BMW E23}}
Models offered:{{Citation needed|reason=source needed|date=August 2010}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Model
!rowspan=2|Engine
!colspan=4|Power
!colspan=3|Torque
!rowspan=2|Built
|-
!PS
!kW
!hp
!at rpm
!N·m
!ft·lbf
!at rpm
|-
|725‡ ||2494 cc I-6
| {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5800
| {{convert|208|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4000
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977−1979?
|-
|728 ||2788 cc I-6
| {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5800
| {{convert|233|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4000
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977−1979
|-
|728i || 2788 cc I-6
| {{convert|184|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5800
| {{convert|235|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4200
| style="text-align:center;"| 1979−1986
|-
|730 || 2985 cc I-6
| {{convert|184|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5800
| {{convert|255|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 3500
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977−1979
|-
|732i || 3205 cc I-6
| {{convert|196|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5500
| {{convert|279|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4500
| style="text-align:center;"| 1979−1986
|-
|733i || 3205 cc I-6
| {{convert|197|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5500
| {{convert|279|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4300
| style="text-align:center;"|1977−1979
|-
|735i || 3453 cc I-6
| {{convert|218|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5200
| {{convert|304|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4000
| style="text-align:center;"| 1979−1982
|-
|735i || 3430 cc I-6
| {{convert|218|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5200
| {{convert|304|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4000
| style="text-align:center;"| 1982−1986
|-
|745i || 3205 cc I-6
| {{convert|252|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 5200
| {{convert|374|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 2600
| style="text-align:center;"| 1980−1982
|-
|745i || 3430 cc I-6
| {{convert|252|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4900
| {{convert|374|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 2200
| style="text-align:center;"| 1983−1986
|-
!colspan=13 | North America and Japan
|-
|733i || 3210 cc I-6
|align=right| 179
|align=right| 132
|align=right| 177
| 5500
|align=right| 266
|align=right| 196
| 4000
| MY 1978−1979
|-
|733i || 3210 cc I-6
|align=right| 176
|align=right| 130
|align=right| 174
| 5200
|align=right| 255
|align=right| 188
| 4200
| MY 1980−1981
|-
|733i || 3210 cc I-6
|align=right| 184
|align=right| 135
|align=right| 181
| 6000
|align=right| 264
|align=right| 195
| 4000
| MY 1982−1984
|-
|735i/L7 || 3430 cc I-6
|align=right| 185
|align=right| 136
|align=right| 182
| 5400
|align=right| 290
|align=right| 214
| 4000
| MY 1985−1987, L7 1986–1987
|-
!colspan=13 | South Africa
|-
|745i || 3453 cc I-6
| {{convert|286|PS|kW hp|disp=table}}
|align=right| 6500
| {{convert|340|N.m|disp=table}}
|align=right| 4500
| style="text-align:center;"| 198?−198?
|-
|colspan=13| '''Note:''' ‡ For government agencies and on special order only<ref name=DeAutos45bis90Oswald>{{cite book |last=Oswald |first=Werner |title= Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, Band 4|year=2001 |publisher=Motorbuch Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=3-613-02131-5 |page= 244}}</ref>
|}
{{-}}

==E32 (1986–1994)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=E32
|image=BMW-740iL.jpg
|production=1986–1994
| engine = 3.0–3.4 L [[straight-6|I6]] 3.0–4.0 L [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.0 L [[V12 engine|V12]]
| layout=[[FR layout]]
| transmission = 4- or 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2833|mm|in||abbr=on}}<ref name=BMW730>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=14201 |title=BMW E32 730 Automatic specifications |publisher=carfolio |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref> {{convert|2947|mm|in||abbr=on}} ([[Wheelbase|long]])
| length = {{convert|4910|mm|in||abbr=on}} {{convert|5024|mm|in||abbr=on}} (long)
| width = {{convert|1845|mm|in||abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1400|mm|in||abbr=on}} {{convert|1435|mm|in||abbr=on}} (long)
| weight = {{convert|1720|kg|lb||abbr=on}} {{convert|1930|kg|lb||abbr=on}} (long)<ref name=BMW750>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=24387 |title=BMW E32 750 specifications |publisher=carfolio |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
}}
{{Main|BMW E32}}
The E32 was introduced in 1986, with the 730i and 735i featuring 3.0 L and 3.5 L [[straight-6]] engines respectively, and a new, 5.0 L, {{convert|300|hp}} [[V12 engine]] for the 750i. In 1992, 3.0 L and 4.0 L [[V8 engine|V8]] engines were added to the lineup (730i and 740i). All models were also available in a stretched 'L' version, which had {{convert|10|cm}} of extra legroom for the rear passengers. This was the last 7 series generation to be available exclusively with gasoline engines (in Europe).

===Engine specifications and performance===
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5"
|-
! Model
! Engine Code
! Engine Type
! Displacement ([[Cubic centimetre|cc]])
! Power
! Torque
! Years made
|- style="text-align:center;"
||730i<ref name=BMW730 />
||[[BMW M30#M30B30|M30B30]]
||[[straight-6|I6]] 12[[Piston engine valve|V]] [[SOHC]]
|| 2986
||{{convert|188|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5800
||{{convert|260|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} @ 4000
||1986–1994
|- style="text-align:center;"
||735i<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=31306|title=BMW E32 735 specifications |publisher=carfolio |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
||[[BMW M30#M30B35|M30B35]]
||I6 12V SOHC
||3430
||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5700
||{{convert|305|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} @ 4000
||1986–1992
|- style="text-align:center;"
||730i V8<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=56166|title=BMW E32 730 V8 specifications |publisher=carfolio |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
||[[BMW M60#M60B30|M60B30]]
||[[V8 engine|V8]] 32V [[Double overhead camshaft|2×DOHC]]
||2997
||{{convert|218|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5800
||{{convert|290|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} @ 4500
||1992–1994
|- style="text-align:center;"
||740i<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=29062|title=BMW E32 740 specifications |publisher=carfolio |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
||[[BMW M60#M60B40|M60B40]]
||V8 32V 2×DOHC
||3982
||{{convert|286|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5800
||{{convert|400|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} @ 4500
||1992–1994
|- style="text-align:center;"
||750i<ref name=BMW750 />
||[[BMW M70#M70B50|M70B50]]
||[[V12 engine|V12]] 24V SOHC
||4988
||{{convert|300|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5200
||{{convert|450|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} @ 4100
||1987–1994
|}

{{-}}

==E38 (1994–2001)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=E38
|image=BMW 7er (E38) 20090314 front.jpg
|production=1994–2001
|weight=
|wheelbase= {{convert|3071|mm|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|2931|mm|1|abbr=on}} (base only)
|length= {{convert|5123|mm|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|4983|mm|1|abbr=on}} (base only)
|layout=
|width= {{convert|1862|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1425|mm|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1435|mm|1|abbr=on}} (base only)
|body_style=
|engine= 2.8 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0–4.4 L [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.4 L [[V12 engine|V12]] 2.5–2.9 L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[Turbodiesel]] 3.9 L [[V8 engine|V8]] Turbodiesel
|transmission= 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed manual 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|speed=
}}[[File:1999 BMW e38.jpg|left|thumb|1999 BMW E38 facelift]]
{{Main|BMW E38}}
The E38 generation (1994–2001) had a five-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. The [[engine]] variants in [[Europe]] were 725tds, 728i, 730i, 730d, 735i, 740i (4.0 and 4.4 L Both included Stock Turbo option), 740d and 750i (with a 5.4 L V12 {{convert|346|whp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} engine, as was used in the [[Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph]]).

In [[Americas|America]], the models were sold as the 740i, 740iL and 750iL. The 740i and 740iL shared the same 4.0 L V8 engine in model year 1995, but the next year the V8 grew to 4.4L while stated power stayed at {{convert|367|hp|abbr=on}}, though torque grew from {{convert|295|to|310|lb·ft|Nm|abbr=on}}. Then again coinciding with the 1999 facelift, the V8's power again stayed the same but now torque grew further to {{convert|324|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}}, due to new variable valve timing. The 740iL is essentially a long-wheelbase 740i (the "L" is from the German word for long, "lang"). The considerably rarer 5.4 L V12-powered 750iL was only available as a long-body; there was no E38 750i in the US lineup. The E38 was the first car in the world to feature Xenon headlights.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} BMW was also the first European car manufacturer to offer an integrated satellite navigation screen which featured on the E38 7 Series.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

The 750i was BMW's flagship sedan. It was featured in the 1997 film ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' as the car driven by [[James Bond]] ([[Pierce Brosnan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamesbondmm.co.uk/vehicles/bmw-750il |title=James Bond multimedia | BMW 750iL |publisher=Jamesbondmm.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref>

{{-}}

==E65/E66 (2001–2008)==
{{Main|BMW E65/E66/E67/E68}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=E65/E66/E67/E68
|production=2001–2008
|model_years=2002—2008
|image=BMW 745i 2 -- 04-22-2010.jpg
|wheelbase= {{convert|2990|mm|1|abbr=on}} (SWB) {{convert|3129|mm|1|abbr=on}} (LWB)
|length= {{convert|5029|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2002-05 E65) {{convert|5169|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2002-05 E66) {{convert|5039|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-present E65) {{convert|5179|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-present E66)
|layout=
|width= {{convert|1902|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1491|mm|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1483|mm|1|abbr=on}} (2006-present LWB) {{convert|1476|mm|1|abbr=on}} (Alpina B7)
|body_style=
|engine=3.0 L {{convert|231|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 4.4 L {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 4.8 L {{convert|360|hp|abbr=on}} V8 6.0 L {{convert|438|hp|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]]
|transmission=5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic
|speed=
}}
The fourth generation was available in four different variants: the standard-wheelbase '''E65''' (2990 mm, 118 in), the extended-wheelbase '''E66''' (3130 mm, 123 in), the [[BMW 7 Series#High Security|High Security]] version '''E67''' and the [[hydrogen 7|hydrogen powered version]] '''E68'''. It dropped the [[manual transmission]] entirely.

The E65/E66/E67/E68 7 Series featured BMW's first of a kind [[iDrive]] system, consisting of a video screen in the [[dashboard]] and a controller mounted on the center console that is used in a similar way to a [[computer mouse]]. Using a system of eight menus, most of the car's climate, audio, navigation, suspension and communication settings are controlled via iDrive. However, the system has been criticized by many automotive writers as being too complex and not intuitive enough.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/bmw-7-series-first-drive-review |title=BMW 7-Series - First Drive Review |publisher=Car and Driver |date= January 2002 |accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/bmw/7-series/2006/?sub=sedan |title=2006 7 Series Sedan |publisher=Edmunds |date= October 2, 2006 |accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>

"Active" Seat continuous passive motion technology was made standard equipment on the 750/760 models and included in the Luxury Seating Package with heated and ventilated seats for driver and front passenger on the 745 models.

The car was available in thirteen variants<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmw.com/generic/com/en/products/automobiles/showroom/7series/sedan/index.html |title=BMW AG : Products : 7 Series Sedan |publisher=Bmw.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-06}}{{dead link|date=December 2011}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>—of those, 11 were on sale in Europe, with five available in the U.S. since diesel models were not available there.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!
!Engine
!Power
!Torque
!0–100 km/h*
!Top speed
|-
!align="left"|730i
|3.0 [[Liter|L]] [[petrol]] (gasoline) [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
| {{convert|170|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|8.1 s
|237 km/h (147 mph)
|-
!align="left"|730Li
|3.0 L petrol (gasoline) I6
| {{convert|170|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|8.3 s
|237 km/h (147 mph)
|-
!align="left"|730d
|3.0 L [[diesel engine|diesel]] I6
| {{convert|170|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|520|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7.8 s
|238 km/h (148 mph)
|-
!align="left"|730Ld
|3.0 L [[diesel engine|diesel]] I6
| {{convert|170|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|520|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7.9 s
|238 km/h (148 mph)<ref>{{cite web|author=Interone Worldwide GmbH |url=http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/7series/sedan/2005/allfacts/engine_6c_diesel.html |title=BMW 7 Series Sedan : Six-cylinder diesel engine (730d, 730Ld) |publisher=Bmw.com |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref>
|-
!align="left"|735i/735Li**
|3.6 L petrol (gasoline) [[V8]]
| {{convert|200|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|360|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7.5 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|740d
|3.9 L diesel V8
| {{convert|190|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|600|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7.5 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|745d
|4.4 L diesel V8
| {{convert|242|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|750|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6.6 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|745i/745Li**
|4.4 L petrol (gasoline) V8
| {{convert|245|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|450|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6.3 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|760i
|6.0 L petrol (gasoline) [[V12 engine|V12]]
| {{convert|327|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|600|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5.5 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|760Li
|6.0 L petrol (gasoline) V12
| {{convert|327|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|600|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5.6 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)***
|-
!align="left"|Alpina B7
|4.4 L petrol (gasoline) V8
| {{convert|373|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|699|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|4.8 s
|300 km/h (186 mph)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>''0–62 mph'' 
<nowiki>**</nowiki>''Performance numbers for the 735i and 735Li are identical, and those for the 745i and 745Li are identical.'' 
<nowiki>***</nowiki>''All roadgoing BMWs have an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h.''

In America, only the 750i, 750Li and 760Li were available from BMW dealerships. The 730i, 730d, 740i, 740d [[Turbodiesel]] and their long wheelbase counterparts were available in the rest of the world, in addition to the short wheelbase 760i. Alpina B7 was available for order through BMW dealerships only in United States and Canada, everywhere else it was available through [[Alpina]] dealerships.

In US:
*2002–2005 '''745i''': 4.4 L V8, {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}}
*2002–2005 '''745Li''': 4.4 L V8, {{convert|325|hp|abbr=on}}
*2006– '''750i''': 4.8 L V8, {{convert|360|hp|abbr=on}}
*2006– '''750Li''': 4.8 L V8, {{convert|360|hp|abbr=on}}
*2004–2006 '''760i''': 6.0 L V12, {{convert|438|hp|abbr=on}}
*2003– '''760Li''': 6.0 L V12, {{convert|438|hp|abbr=on}}
*2007– '''Alpina B7''': 4.4 L V8, {{convert|500|hp|abbr=on}}

===2006===
[[File:06-08 BMW 750i.jpg|right|thumb|2006–2008 BMW 750i (US)]]

The 7 Series was facelifted for 2006 with a restyled front and rear and a larger range of engines, the [[BMW N62#N62B48|N62B48]].

The twice-refreshed 7 Series sports a new taillight and reduced height for the trunk lid. The front headlight and the kidney grille was also raised somewhat, as well as a new front air dam and fog light assembly.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!
!Engine
!Power
!Torque
!0–100 km/h*
!Top speed
|-
!align="left"|750i
|4.8 L [[petrol]] (gasoline) [[V8 engine|V8]]
| {{convert|270|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|490|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5.9 s
| 250 km/h (155 mph)**<ref name="newvehicles2005">{{cite web|author=Interone Worldwide GmbH |url=http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/7series/sedan/2005/allfacts/engine_v8_petrol.html |title=BMW 7 Series Sedan : Eight-cylinder petrol engines (750i/Li, 740i/Li) |publisher=Bmw.com |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref>
|-
!align="left"|750Li
|4.8 L [[petrol]] (gasoline) [[V8]]
| {{convert|270|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|490|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6.0 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)**<ref name="newvehicles2005"/>
|-
!align="left"|760Li
|6.0 L [[petrol]] (gasoline) [[V12 engine|V12]]
| {{convert|327|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|600|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5.6 s
|250 km/h (155 mph)**<ref>{{cite web|author=Interone Worldwide GmbH |url=http://www.bmw.com/com/en/index_narrowband.html?content=/com/en/newvehicles/7series/sedan/2005/introduction.html |title=BMW automobiles - website of the BMW AG |publisher=Bmw.com |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref>
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>''0–62 mph'' 
<nowiki>**</nowiki>''All roadgoing BMWs have an electronically limited top speed of {{convert|250|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}. This limitation does not however apply to the GCC specification models.''

The 4.4 L V8 was replaced by a 4.8 L unit producing {{convert|367|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|361|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} . The new model with the enlarged engine is now known as 750i and 750Li (for the long wheel-base model). The 750i and 750Li replace the 745i and 745Li in all world markets. The 745d, powered by a 4.4 L turbodiesel producing {{convert|329|hp|abbr=on}} has replaced the 740d. As before, a six-speed automatic transmission with Steptronic is standard on all models.

===2007===
In 2007 the 7 series received minor updates both inside and out. On the exterior, new wheel designs were made available and power folding mirrors became standard. On the inside, an update to the iDrive system (but still no RTTI: Real Time Traffic Info) was also made standard. 2007 also saw the installation of an auxiliary input for connecting an audio source. Engine options remained the same as with the 2006 model, but the short wheelbase 760i, was no longer available for the North American market.

===Hydrogen 7===
BMW plans to offer a car that runs on both [[petrol]] and [[hydrogen car|hydrogen]], to be called the [[Hydrogen 7]]. Since the infrastructure for refueling a hydrogen fueled engine is not widely available, the [[V12 engine]] also runs on [[petrol]]. Drivers will be able to switch what fuel they are using with the push of a button.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/09/12/autos/bmw_hydrogen/index.htm?postversion=2006091212 | work=CNN | date=2006-09-12 | accessdate=2010-04-26 | title=Coming soon: Hydrogen-powered BMW | first1=Peter | last1=Valdes-Dapena}}</ref> However, only 100 units have been built up to now for a limited edition. For example, the mayor of Munich, [[Christian Ude]], received one of them. BMW has also developed a newer, more efficient hydrogen combustion engine, now on par with some of the most efficient diesel engines.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

====High Security====
[[File:Protective service 01.jpg|thumb|Slovakian protective service custom BMW 7-series.]]
BMW also built armoured versions of the 7 series vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieselstation.com/cars/2010-bmw-7-series-high-security-a1983.html|title=BMW 7 Series Security Car|publisher=DieselStation.com}}</ref> The models have protection levels VR6/VR7. Security features include laminated windows, carbon fibre reinforced armour plating, under body armour, emergency front windscreen exit, lowered door windows, [[run flat tires]].

===Self-parking system===
BMW has developed a parking-assist technology that can automatically park the car while the driver stands outside and watches as the internal robotics park it using a combination of sensors. A prototype of the system has been completed and was recorded using a BMW 730i.
{{-}}

==F01/F02 (2009–)==
{{Main|BMW 7 Series (F01)}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=F01/F02
|image=BMW F01 front 20081213.jpg
|production=2009–present
|class= [[Full-size|Full size]] [[luxury car]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|3070|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (SWB) {{convert|3210|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (LWB)
|length= {{convert|5072|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (SWB) {{convert|5212|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (LWB)
|layout=[[FR|FR Layout]], [[AWD]] (750i/Li only)
|width= {{convert|1902|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1479|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (SWB) {{convert|1478|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (LWB)
|body_style= 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|saloon]]
|engine=6.0L {{convert|552|PS|abbr=on}} twin turbo [[V12 engine|V12]] 4.4L {{convert|407|PS|abbr=on}} twin turbo [[V8]] 3.0L {{convert|326|PS|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]] 3.0L {{convert|245|PS|abbr=on}} turbodiesel I6 3.0L {{convert|306|PS|abbr=on}} turbodiesel I6
|transmission=6-speed [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] automatic 8-speed [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] automatic
}}

The 5th generation F01/F02 came out January 2009. The F01/F02 heralded the introduction of the ZF 8-speed [[automatic transmission]]. Five variants are showcased at debut, 750Li, 740Li, 750i, 740i, and 730d.

Numerous engines also power the 7 Series worldwide. BMW offers [[diesel engine|diesel]], [[straight 6]], [[V8 engine|V8]] and [[V12 engine|V12]] motors. An all-aluminum 3.0-liter straight-six-cylinder diesel engine produces {{convert|245|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}. The peak torque figure of {{convert|540|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} comes in at 1,750 rpm up through 3,000 rpm. Its 194g/km emission figure is class-leading for conventionally powered luxury cars, as is its 38.7 mpg{{Clarify|us or imp gal?|date=February 2009}} fuel consumption figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/01/28/the-new-bmw-730ld/|title=The New BMW 730Ld|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

BMW switched from a [[MacPherson strut]] front suspension to a [[double wishbone]] design for improved handling. The F01 is also available in a [[bulletproof]] version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carthusiast.com/bmw-7-series-high-security-a-new-definition-of-security-1992.html |title=BMW 7 Series High Security – a new definition of security |publisher=Carthusiast.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-11}}{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model!! Engine Code!! Engine Type!! Displacement !! Power !! Torque !! 0–100 km/h·s)
! Years made
|-
| 760Li
| [[BMW N74|N74B60]]
| [[V12 engine|V12]] 48V
| {{convert|5972|cc|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|542|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5250 rpm
| {{convert|750|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500-5000 rpm
| 4.7 ([[Automatic Transmission|aut]])
| 2009-
|-
| 745i/745Li 750i/750Li
| [[BMW N61|N61/N63]]
| [[V8]] 32V
| {{convert|4395|cc|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|406|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5500-6400 rpm
| {{convert|610|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 1800-4500 rpm
| 5.5 ([[Automatic transmission|aut]])
| 2009–
|-
| 740i/740Li
| N54
| [[straight-6|I6]] 24V
| {{convert|2979|cc|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|326|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 5800 rpm
| {{convert|450|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500-4500 rpm
| 5.7 ([[Automatic transmission|aut]])
| 2009–
|-
| 730d/730Ld
| N57
| [[straight-6|I6]] 24V
| {{convert|2993|cc|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|245|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm
| {{convert|540|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 1750-3000 rpm
| 7.2 ([[Automatic transmission|aut]])
| 2009–
|-
| 740d<ref name="2010F01">{{cite web |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2009/06/25/f01f02-bmw-7-series-gets-updated-new-740d-xdrive-and-m-sport-kit/ |title=F01/F02 BMW 7-Series gets updated with new 740d, xDrive and M-Sport kit! |accessdate=June 25, 2009 |author=Paul Tan |date=June 25, 2009 |work=Paul Tan's Automotive News }}</ref>
| N57
| [[straight-6|I6]] 24V
| {{convert|2993|cc|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|306|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|600|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 1500–2500 rpm
| 6.3 ([[Automatic transmission|aut]])
| 2009–
|}<ref name="F01">{{cite web |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2008/07/05/new-bmw-7-series-f01-specifications-and-photos/ |title=New BMW 7-Series F01 Specifications and Photos |accessdate=July 5, 2008 |author=Paul Tan |date=July 5, 2008 |work=Paul Tan's Automotive News }}</ref>

In April 2009, BMW announced plans for a 760Li, which will be BMW's new flagship model. The 760Li will be equipped with a twin-turbocharged V12 producing 544 horsepower, which will propel the car from 0 to 62 miles per hour in 4.6 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/04/27/bmws-new-flagship-the-760li/|title=BMW’s New Flagship - the 760Li |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwblog.com/docs/BMW_760i_760Li.pdf|format=PDF|title=BMW 760Li Press Release and Specifications}}</ref>

In 2010, all-wheel-drive ([[BMW xDrive]]) became available on the 7-series.

===Improved iDrive===
The new F01/F02 is equipped with a more intuitive [[iDrive]] system with a full featured web browser.

===ActiveHybrid 7===
[[File:BMW ActiveHybrid 7 WAS 2010 8967.JPG|thumb|left|2011 BMW ActiveHybrid 7 (U.S).]]
The [[BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid]] was unveiled at the [[Paris Motor Show]] in October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2008/10/2008-paris-auto-show-bmw-concept-7-series-activehybrid.html|title=2008 Paris Auto Show: BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid|date=2008-10-02|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] Inside line|accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref> In August 2009 BMW announced the production versions of the ActiveHybrid 7, together with [[BMW X6#ActiveHybrid X6 (2009-)|BMW ActiveHybrid X6]].

The 2011 ActiveHybrid 7 is a [[mild hybrid]] and features a 0.4-kilowatt-hour [[lithium-ion battery]] pack.<ref name=GCC09>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/activehybrid-7-20090813.html|title=BMW Announces Production Versions of ActiveHybrid X6 and ActiveHybrid 7; Part 2: The ActiveHybrid 7 with Li-ion Pack|date=2009-08-13|publisher=Green Car Congress|accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref> The electric motor is combined with BMW’s 4.4-liter twin-turbo V8 and new 8-speed automatic transmission to accelerate from 0 – 60 mph in just 4.7 seconds.<ref name=GCC10/> Estimated [[EPA fuel economy]] is {{convert|17|mpgus}} city and {{convert|26|mpgus}} for highway, which represents almost an 18% improvement over the non-hybrid 750i/Li.<ref name=GCC10/>

US sales began in June 2010 with a base MSRP price of $103,125 for the ActiveHybrid 7 and $107,025 for the long wheelbase ActiveHybrid 7L. The ActiveHybrid 7 qualifies for a $900 [[Hybrid tax credit|U.S. Federal Tax Credit]].<ref name=GCC10>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/06/bmw-20100604.html#more|title=BMW ActiveHybrid 7 Qualifies For $900 US Federal Tax Credit|date=2010-06-04|publisher=Green Car Congress|accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Production and sales==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Calendar year
!Total production !!US sales (hybrid) !!China sales
|-
| 1995
| ||22,637<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Ends+Best+Year+Ever+By+Shattering+100,000-Vehicle+Luxury...-a018995033 |title=BMW Ends Best Year Ever By Shattering 100,000-Vehicle Luxury Automotive Sales Barrier in the U.S. |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=1997-01-07 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||
|-
| 1996
| ||22,775||
|-
| 1997
| 49,700<ref name="bmw7seriesprod">{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/european_companies/BMW/business-figures/BMW-business-figures-1997-2006-WB.xls |title=BMW (Rover) Sales & Production Databook |publisher= |year=2006 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||-||
|-
| 1998
| 47,200<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||-||
|-
| 1999
| 43,000<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||18,233<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Delivers+Strongest+Sales+Success+Ever+in+2000.-a068677785 |title=BMW Delivers Strongest Sales Success Ever in 2000 |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2001-01-03 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||
|-
| 2000
| 39,000<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||16,619||
|-
| 2001
| 32,749<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||13,389<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BMW+Group+Ends+Best+Year+Ever+With+Record+Month%3B+December+Sales+Up+43...-a096074416 |title=BMW Group Ends Best Year Ever With Record Month; December Sales Up 43 Percent; Year-to-date Sales Up 20 Percent |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||
|-
| 2002
| 53,504<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||22,006||
|-
| 2003
| 57,899<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||20,473<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313805.html |title=BMW Group Shatters All Past Annual Sales Records in 2004 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2004
| 47,689<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||16,155<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204975.html |title=BMW Group Sets All-Time Annual Sales Record, Highest Sales Month Ever in 2005 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2006-01-04 |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2005
| 50,062<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||18,165<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/01/03/032847.html |title=BMW Group Reports 2006 - Strongest Year Ever |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>||
|-
| 2006
| 50,227<ref name="bmw7seriesprod"/>||17,796||
|-
| 2007
| 44,421<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2007/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2007/zahlen_und_fakten_2007/marke_bmw.html |title=Annual Report 2007 - BMW remains the most successful premium car brand in the world |publisher=BMW Group |date=2008-03-18 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||14,773||
|-
| 2008
| 38,835<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2008/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2008/zahlen_und_fakten_2008/marke_bmw.html |title=Annual Report 2008 - BMW sales volume influenced by model life cycle factors |publisher=BMW Group |date=2009-03-18 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||12,276||
|-
| 2009
| 52,680<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/zahlen_und_fakten_2009/marke_bmw.html |title=Annual Report 2009 - BMW brand sales volume below previous year's level. |publisher=BMW Group |date=2010-03-17 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||9,254<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bmw-group-us-reports-december-2010-sales-112885809.html |title=BMW Group U.S. Reports December 2010 Sales |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||
|-
| 2010
| 65,814<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?../0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/home/home.html&source=overview |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||12,253 (101)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html |title=December 2010 Dashboard: Year End Tally |publisher=Hybrid Cars |date=2011-01-07 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>||26,553<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.china.com/dongtai/qy/11031467/20110111/16336008.html |title=2010年BMW品牌销售16万辆 MINI品牌超万辆-汽车频道_中华网 |publisher=Auto.china.com |date=2011-01-11 |accessdate=2011-08-24 |language=Chinese }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ||11,299<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bmw-group-achieves-second-best-sales-year-ever-in-the-us-136741643.html |title=BMW Group Achieves Second Best Sales Year Ever in the U.S. - WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., Jan. 5, 2012 /PRNewswire/ |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/7series/overview.html Official BMW 7-Series page]
*[http://www.popular-pics.com/pictures.aspx?photoid=437 Night vision technology in the BMW 7-Series]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJRd3eZh1Hs 733i TV Review]
*[http://www.ialpina.info/alpina-b7/ Alpina B7 (Alpina version of 7 Series)]
*[http://www.automoblog.net/2008/11/14/the-new-bmw-7-series/ All-new BMW 7-Series for 2009]
*[http://www.businesscar.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=4761&c=2&theme=0 BMW 740d added to 7-Series] - Includes images
*[http://bimmerin.net/b7.php BMW 7 series history in pictures]

{{BMW cars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bmw 7 Series}}
[[Category:BMW vehicle series|7 Series]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Full-size vehicles]]
[[Category:Flagship vehicles]]
[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
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[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1977]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]

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Nissan Altima

2012-09-14T14:27:11Z

IFCAR: replaced poor-quality photo in top infobox

{{Redirect|Altima|the Japanese music group|Altima (band)}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Nissan Altima
|image=2011 Nissan Altima -- NHTSA 1.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Nissan]]
|production=1993–present
|class= [[Compact car|Compact]] (1993–2001; 2008-present for coupes only) [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] (2002–present)
|predecessor=[[Nissan Stanza]]
|related=[[Nissan Teana]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
}}

The '''Nissan Altima''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|ɔː|l|t|ɨ|m|ə}}; Japanese: 日産・アルティマ) is a [[mid-size]] [[automobile]] manufactured by [[Nissan]], and is arguably a continuation of the [[Nissan Bluebird]] line, which began in 1957. It has historically been larger, more powerful, and more luxurious than the [[Nissan Sentra]] but less so than the [[Nissan Maxima]]. The Altima is available for North and South American markets only (all other sold models were or are exported). Nissan sells a related mid-size sedan called the [[Nissan Teana]], built on the same [[Nissan FF-L platform|FF-L]] platform used by the 2002–2006 Nissan Altima.

The name "Altima" originally referred to a trim line of the [[Nissan Laurel]] [[mid-size car]] sold in [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]] before 1992. In 1993, Nissan discontinued its much-criticized [[Nissan Stanza|Stanza]], replacing it with the US-made Altima, while remaining a [[compact car]]. The very first Altima rolled off the assembly line on June 15, 1992, as a 1993 model. All Altimas had been built in [[Smyrna, Tennessee]], until June 2004, when Nissan's [[Canton, Mississippi]], plant began producing additional Altimas to meet high demand.

==First generation (U13, 1993–1997)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=First generation
|assembly=[[Smyrna, Tennessee]], [[United States]]
|aka=Nissan Stanza Altima Nissan Bluebird
|image=1st-Nissan-Altima.jpg
|production=1993–1997
|engine=2.4 L (146-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan KA engine#KA24DE|KA24DE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|103.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|180.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|67.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|height={{convert|55.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|transmission=5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|related=[[Nissan Bluebird]]
}}
[[File:93-94 Nissan Altima GXE.jpg|200px|thumb|left|1993–1994 Altima GXE]]

Like the Stanza before it, the original Altima was based on the [[Nissan Bluebird]] SSS (chassis model U13), though its original styling hailed from Nissan's California design studio. Initially, the car's official name was "Stanza Altima," which appears on the early owners manuals. 1993 models can be seen with a sticker reading "Stanza" in small lettering to the left of the ALTIMA emblem on the trunk lid.

All Altima models used Nissan's {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Nissan KA engine#KA24DE|KA24DE]] [[straight-4]] [[DOHC]] engine mated to a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic (Acceleration performance: 9.4 seconds 0-{{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} with automatic and 8.4 with manual). (By contrast, the Japanese Bluebird SSS could be had with Nissan's [[SR20DET]] engine and all-wheel-drive.) Suspension was composed of struts with stabilizer bars at both ends and was noted for providing sporty, satisfying handling (plus a firm ride and moderate road noise); all wheels were 15-inches. Being one of the bigger compact cars, the Altima could seat four adults fairly comfortably, though its body was too narrow for five. Trim lines consisted of the stripped XE, mid-line GXE, sporty SE, and luxury GLE. Some options included a gold emblem package, molded mud guards, and a pin stripe. All models had small cup holders under the radio and a small glovebox which were improved in the 1998 redesign.

The base XE (rare) had manual windows. The mid-line GXE had power windows, a power retracting antenna, pass thru rear armrest, digital clock in dash, and color matched plastic speaker grilles for the rear 6-inch speakers. The XE and GXE models only had the fixed intermittent wiper switch.

In addition to the GXE features, the SE had a stiffer suspension, fog lights, 3 leg mount rear spoiler (1993 models with a clear LED brake light), side skirts (no upper side moldings), and sport seats (plus a standard sunroof in 1994–1995). It also had 4-wheel disc brakes, which came on the other trim lines when antilock brakes were ordered.

The GLE's enhancements included a digital head-up display (1993 and 1994 only), which displayed speed in mph or km/h, turn signals, and various warning lights on a unique mirrored patch made into the windshield. The 1989 to 1994 Maxima and 240SX had similar technology but only showed speed. Other features included a coin holder built into the fuse panel cover (1993 and 1994 only), adjustable lumbar support on the front seats, automatic digital climate control, keyless entry with alarm (optional), floor mats, color matched side mirrors, cornering lights, sunroof, and a higher-powered six-speaker cassette/CD stereo which included 6X9 rear speakers with black metal "active speaker" grilles, metal color matched "active speaker" grilles for the front door speakers (1993 and 1994 only), and a pair of A pillar tweeters all powered by 2 factory amps mounted underneath the rear deck. For 1997 it gave up all of the above in exchange for standard leather (previously optional). All SE and GLE models had alloy wheels and variable intermittent wipers.

<gallery>
File:93 94 HUD Windshield.JPG|94 Altima HUD Windshield
File:HUD Night.JPG|Head Up Display at Night
</gallery>
1993 Altimas came with a rosewood colored dash trim and only had a driver's side airbag coupled with automatic shoulder belts(the center console was slimmer to accommodate the lap belts). The 1994 Altima gained a darker burl wood dash trim, a flush mount passenger airbag and regular seatbelts. 1993 and 1994 models came with chrome inner door handles standard with an auto door lock/unlock feature on the passenger side. In 1995, the inner door handles were changed to color matched plastic, and a plug replaced where the passenger auto door lock/unlock feature was. 1993 and 1994 models also had a slim {{frac|1|1|2}} armrest lid, however, if an optional leather armrest was selected, it brought the height up to about {{convert|4.5|in}}. In 1995, all the armrest lids were thicker and about {{convert|4.5|in}} tall. 1995 also brought a new venetian blind-like grille, new taillights (red and clear), and a new 2 leg mount spoiler with a red LED brake light for the SE. Some other changes included the removal of the rear speaker grilles for a flat rear deck, a cheaper cloth interior, a raised mount passenger airbag, a plastic cover replacing the rear ashtray, and the digital in dash clock was now optional. 1996 brought new wheel covers for base models. In 1997 the GXE gained a new "Limited Edition" package including alloy wheels, keyless entry, alarm, floor mats, and a Limited Edition sticker on each side near the front wheels. The majority of final-year Altima models were dubbed "1997.5" models, signifying the added crash protection necessary to meet 1997 side-impact standards.

==Second generation (L30, 1998–2001)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation
|aka= [[Nissan Bluebird (U14)]] (Japan)
|assembly=[[Smyrna, Tennessee]], [[United States]]

|image=2nd-Nissan-Altima.jpg
|production=1998–2001
|model_years = 1998 – 2001
|engine=2.4 L (146-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan KA engine#KA24DE|KA24DE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] (150-155 Hp)
|wheelbase={{convert|103.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|185.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2000–01) {{convert|183.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1998–99)
|width={{convert|69.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|height={{convert|55.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|transmission=5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
|related=[[Nissan Bluebird|Nissan Bluebird U14]]
}}

The second generation (chassis model L30) was an American market-only version, again styled by Nissan's California design center. A new interior brought a revised glovebox and cup holders, a folding back seat (except on XE), and depowered airbags.

While total volume remained identical at {{convert|108|cuft|m3}}, most felt it was distributed better and resulted in a slightly roomier-feeling cabin. On the downside, many were let down by the new model's plainer styling and cheapened interior; some also felt the gas pedal was now too lightly sprung.

Trim lines were the stripped XE, volume-selling GXE, sporty SE, and luxury-trimmed GLE. The SE can be distinguished by its body-color grille, fog lights, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, and white-faced gauges. In this generation of Altima, all GLEs had leather seats standard.

[[File:00-01 Nissan Altima SE.jpg|200px|thumb|left|2000–2001 Nissan Altima SE]]For 1999 the uplevel cassette/CD stereo got a new faceplate, GXE and SE models gained variable intermittent wipers, and GLEs gained standard alloy wheels.
The majority of changes came for the 2000 model year. The engine increased in power from 150 to {{Convert|155|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} with 4 way sparks, while it also improved the 0-60 mph time from 8.7 to 8.4 seconds. Gearing and final drive ratios were shortened on both transmissions, stabilizer bars were thickened, and the steering was firmed up. SE and GLE models also upgraded to 16-inch wheels with lower-profile tires, new Monroe struts with "acceleration-sensitive strut valving", and a front strut tower brace for sportier handling (all optional on GXE). The Altima grew slightly longer and got a deeper front grille, one-piece headlamps with turn signals, all-red taillights, and plastic trim on the decklid. Inside were new front seats with a driver's height adjuster, cup holders for the rear seat (automatic transmission models only), revised seat cloth, a new instrument panel with digital odometers, a new rear window antenna, and the keyless entry fob now included a trunk release. Side [[airbag]]s were newly standard on GLE and available on GXE and SE. For 2001, the Altima GXE again gained a Limited Edition package: power driver's seat, keyless entry with alarm, and floor mats.

{{Clear}}

==Third generation (L31, 2002–2006)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation
|image=02-04 Nissan Altima 2.5S.jpg
|platform=[[Nissan FF-L platform]]
|assembly=[[Smyrna, Tennessee]], [[United States]] [[Kanda, Fukuoka]], [[Japan]]
|production=2002–2006
|model_years = 2002 – 2006
|engine=2.5 L (152-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan QR engine#QR25DE|QR25DE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] {{Convert|175|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.5 L (214-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]]'' [[V6]] (240-250 Hp) 3.5 L (214-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]]'' [[V6]] (260 Hp) SE-R
|wheelbase={{convert|110.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|192.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2005–06) {{convert|191.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2002–04)
|width={{convert|70.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|57.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|transmission=5-speed manual 6-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] SE-R 4-speed automatic 5-speed [[manumatic]] 3.5 SE & 3.5 SL only
|related=[[Nissan Maxima]] [[Nissan Murano]] [[Nissan Quest]] [[Nissan Teana]]
}}

The third-generation Altima (chassis model L31) debuted for the 2002 model year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/nissan/altima/2002/|title=2002 Nissan Altima Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> It was the first mass-market product built on Nissan's new [[Nissan FF-L platform|FF-L platform]], which was unique to North America and had no equivalent model in Japan. The Asian [[Nissan Teana]] is similar but not quite identical, slotting between the Altima and Maxima in size; all three model lines shared the same platform. The Altima grew enormously for this generation, as interior volume expanded to {{convert|118.8|cuft|m3}}. The Altima's interior dimensions even surpassed that of the higher-end 2000-03 [[Nissan Maxima|Maxima]], so the 2004 Maxima was moved more upscale into the full-size bracket. Also biggest in class was the Altima's {{Convert|20|usgal|L impgal|0|abbr=on}} fuel tank.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Additionally, the Altima upgraded its rear suspension to a multi-link type and its brakes to 4-wheel discs. This was the first generation to offer a V6 engine.

2003–2004 models received two tone dash colour, and the 3.5 SE received an upgrade in horsepower, from {{convert|240|hp|abbr=on}} to {{convert|245|hp|abbr=on}}, though torque stayed the same at {{convert|246|lbft|Nm|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/Spec_Glance.aspx?year=2002&make=Nissan&model=Altima |title=2002 Nissan Altima Specs and Features - MSN Autos |publisher=Autos.msn.com |date=2010-02-22 |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/Spec_Glance.aspx?year=2003&make=Nissan&model=Altima |title=2003 Nissan Altima Specs and Features - MSN Autos |publisher=Autos.msn.com |date=2010-02-22 |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref> 2002–2004 models with manual gearbox were the lightest of the V6 (4DR) cars. The 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engine launched the sedan from 0-60 mph in just 8.6 seconds, more than competitive to those in its class.{{Clarify|what class?|date=June 2011}}

[[File:2005-2006 Nissan Altima 2.5S -- 07-15-2010.jpg|thumb|left|200px|2005–2006 Altima 2.5S]]
[[File:05-06 Nissan Altima SE-R.jpg|thumb|left|200px|2005–2006 Altima SE-R]]

For 2005–2006 the Altima received a [[facelift (automobile)|facelift]], including a new front grille, all-red taillights, redesigned interior, and an optional DVD-based navigation system. The V6 was now rated at {{Convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} with torque rated at {{convert|249|lbft|Nm|0}}, and proven 0-60 mph time in just 5.9 seconds utilizing the 5-speed automatic transmission. Also new was the SE-R model with a {{Convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|251|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque version of the V6, a 6-speed [[manual transmission]] (automatic still optional), upgraded brakes, 18-inch wheels, a suspension even stiffer than that of the 3.5 SE's, and a high-flow exhaust.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/nissan/altima/2005/|title=2005 Nissan Altima Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> ''[[Topspeed.com]]'' tested the SE-R resulting in 0-60 mph in 5.7 seconds.

===Reception===

The third-generation Altima was well received by the press, with many critics praising the new style and extra space, being one of the most powerful and best-handling family sedans available. As the Altima offered the performance and space of the upper-market Maxima in a less expensive car,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cars.about.com/od/nissan/fr/09maxima.htm |title=2009 Nissan Maxima - Test drive and new car review - 2009 Nissan Maxima |publisher=Cars.about.com |date=2010-06-11 |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref> this significantly reduced Maxima sales but made Nissan competitive in the mid-size segment for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/nissan/altima/review.html |title=Nissan Altima Review |publisher=Edmunds.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> While previous iterations received decent reviews, the third-generation Altima was the first to enjoy considerable success, and it was credited with a turnaround of Nissan's operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/buyers-guide/2005/nissan/altima.php |title=CanadianDriver's New Car Buyer's Guide: Nissan Altima |publisher=Canadiandriver.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2004/03/17/preview-2005-nissan-altima.htm |title=Nissan » Preview: 2005 Nissan Altima |publisher=CanadianDriver |date=2004-03-17 |accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref>

Most of the criticism centered on the interior found in the 02-04 models, which was cited for using hard and brittle plastics. Some also found the steering too light and or abrupt, and the turning circle too wide due to its elongated wheelbase. The 2002 had major oil problems and many disappointed owners had to replace engines.

{{Clear}}

==Fourth generation (L32, U32 (Coupe) 2007–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Fourth generation
|image=07-08 Nissan Altima 3.5SE.jpg
|production=2007–2012
|model_years = 2007 – 2012
|assembly=[[Smyrna, Tennessee]], [[United States]] [[Canton, Mississippi]], [[United States]] [[Aguascalientes]], [[Mexico]] [[Kanda]], [[Fukuoka]], [[Japan]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|platform=[[Nissan D platform]]
|related=[[Nissan Maxima|Nissan Maxima (A35)]] [[Nissan Teana J32|Nissan Teana (J32)]] [[Nissan Murano|Nissan Murano (Z51)]] [[Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest (E52)]] [[Renault Laguna#Third generation|Renault Laguna III]] [[Renault Latitude]] [[Renault Samsung SM5|Renault Samsung SM5 (L43)]]
|engine=2.5 L (152-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan QR engine#QR25DE|QR25DE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] {{Convert|175|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.5 / 2.5 S 3.5 L (214-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]]'' [[V6]] {{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} SR<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissanusa.com/altima/specifications.html?next=vlptrim.specs |title=2011 Nissan Altima Sedan, Hybrid Vehicle Specs Nissan USA |publisher=Nissan USA |date= |accessdate=2010-10-27}}</ref>
|transmission=6-speed manual [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] (Ratios: 2.371–0.439)
|wheelbase={{convert|109.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|105.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (coupe)
|length={{convert|189.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2007–09 sedan) {{convert|190.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2010- sedan) {{convert|182.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2008–09 coupe {{convert|180.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2010– coupe)
|width={{convert|70.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan & coupe) {{convert|69.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (hybrid)
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] 2-door [[coupe]]
|height={{convert|57.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (sedan) {{convert|58.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2010– four-cylinder sedans) {{convert|55.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2008–09 coupe) {{convert|55.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2010- coupe) {{convert|58.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2007–09 hybrid) {{convert|58.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2010– hybrid)
|weight= 1442 kg (3179 ibs) 2.5 Sedan 1447 kg (3191 lbs) 2.5 S Sedan 1492 kg (3289 lbs) 3.5 SE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autos.aol.com/cars-Nissan-Altima-2009/available-trims/ |title=2009 Nissan Altima |publisher=AOL |date= |accessdate=2010-10-27}}</ref>
}}
The fourth generation Nissan Altima (chassis model L32) was announced at the 2006 [[New York Auto Show]] on April 12, 2006. It is the first vehicle to use the smaller [[Nissan D platform]], with a new front and upgraded rear suspension. The wheelbase is {{convert|1|in|mm|sing=on}} shorter than the third generation Altima, but interior space is mostly unchanged. The Maxima and [[Nissan Murano|Murano]] also used this new platform starting with the 2009 models.

The 2007 Nissan Altima used revised versions of the engines from the third generation model. The VQ35DE 3.5 L [[V6 engine]] produces {{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and the QR25DE 2.5 [[Liter|L]] [[straight-4]] produces {{Convert|175|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissannews.com/nissan/2007vehicles/altima/specs.shtml|title=2007 Altima Specifications|publisher=Nissan|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref> A 6-speed manual is standard, and a [[continuously variable transmission]] replaced the traditional automatic as the optional transmission.

The 2007 Altima sports some more recent innovations in the market, including, but not limited to, a standard [[Smart Key]] (referred to as the Nissan Intelligent Key® with Push-Button Ignition), [[Bluetooth]] capability for cell phones, and a parking camera. The dashboard has larger buttons for easy readability and a total of nine cup holders, three hidden under the center console, two in the rear armrest, and one 20-ounce cup holder in each door. Several hidden compartments have been added as well as doubling the glove compartment space to {{convert|0.46|cuft|L}}. For 2008, all Altima models received ABS with electronic brake-force distribution.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/nissan/altima/2008/|title=2008 Nissan Altima Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>

''[[Consumerguide.com]]'' tested the inline four-cylinder Altima 2.5S w/ CVT to go from 0-60 mph in 8.6 seconds; the 6-cylinder 3.5 SE model w/ CVT performed 0-60 mph in 5.7 seconds according to the Long Term Road Test by ''Road and Track''.

There has been speculation{{Who|date=March 2009}} that the Altima will soon replace the [[Nissan Primera|Primera]] as Nissan's European competitor in the large family car market that is dominated by models such as the [[Ford Mondeo]] and [[Peugeot 407]]. Nissan has yet to confirm whether this will happen. The Primera is still made at the [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] plant in England, although UK sales ceased in late 2006 and an [[NMUK]] spokesman warned that its direct successor might not be sold in the UK due to the old model's fall in popularity during the final year or two of its life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/gl/gallery/spy+shot/6339/4 |title=Nissan Altima Coupe - Car Picture Photo Gallery from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Facelift===
[[File:2010 Nissan Altima 3.5SE -- 05-05-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Nissan Altima 3.5SR sedan]]
For the 2010 model year, the Nissan Altima was facelifted with a new front fascia, hood, and headlights, as well as new wheels and interior materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20090930/CARNEWS/909309987 |title=2010 Nissan Altima gets light updates |publisher=AutoWeek |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref> Electronic stability control, previously only offered as part of an option package on V6 models and unavailable with 4-cylinder engines, is now standard on all Altima trims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cars.about.com/od/nissan/gr/10_altima.htm |title=2010 Nissan Altima - Test drive and new car review - 2010 Nissan Altima |publisher=Cars.about.com |date=2010-06-11 |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref>

===Coupe===
[[File:Nissan Altima coupe.jpg|thumb|left|2008–2009 Nissan Altima coupe]]
The coupe version of the Nissan Altima (codename L32) was officially revealed at the 2006 Los Angeles Auto Show, making the 2008 Nissan Altima Coupe Nissan's first-ever two-door Altima. It has a shorter wheelbase, shorter overall length and lower height than the Altima Sedan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/nissan/altima/2008coupe/|title=2008 Nissan Altima Coupe Review|publisher=JB car pages|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref> It was released on May 25, 2007 as a 2008 model.

The 2008 Altima Coupe is available with two engines: the same updated VQ35DE in the sedan, a {{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.5-liter 24-valve DOHC V6 or the QR25DE, a {{Convert|175|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.5-liter DOHC 16-valve inline 4-cylinder.

Changes to the 2009 Nissan Altima Coupe include; the 6-speed manual transmission being refined for improved operational feel; new 16-inch wheel cover design; new standard 18-inch aluminum-alloy wheel design for Altima Coupe 3.5 SE model, along with standard 235/45 R18 Michelin tires; new high-gloss grille finish (previously medium gloss) and new auto speed-sensing door locks.

====Facelift====
[[File:2010 Nissan Altima 2.5SL coupe -- 06-04-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Nissan Altima 2.5SL coupe]]
Like the sedan, the Altima Coupe received a facelift for 2010 which includes a redesigned front-end, hood, and grille, new projector beam headlights, and the Altima Coupe 2.5 S model now comes standard with 17" x 7.5" 5-split spoke aluminum alloy wheels, along with P215/55TR17 all-season tires instead of the 16" steel wheels provided in the former. The SE model has now been renamed to SR and now comes standard with 18" x 8.0" 5-split-spoke aluminum-alloy wheels and there was a revision to the fabric and trim pieces in the interior. The 2010 models now come with Nissan's Vehicle Dynamic Control as standard equipment, which was previously a $600 stand-alone option. A new premium Bose audio system with a 4.3-inch color display and Nissan's next generation navigation system with a 6.5-inch color display with an internal hard drive providing 9.3GB of music storage and USB connectivity was also included with the refresh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Giametta |first=Chuck |url=http://iguida.com/2010-nissan-altima |title=2010 Nissan Altima Review and Prices |publisher=iGuida |date= |accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref> Azure Blue has been replaced by Navy Blue and there are two additional colors: Crimson Black and Ocean Gray.

===Hybrid===
[[File:DCA 09 2009 Altima Hybrid 7573.JPG|thumb|left|Nissan Altima Hybrid]]
The Altima Hybrid is Nissan's first [[hybrid car]]. When first introduced in 2007 and continuing through the 2011 model year, the Altima's hybrid-drive system is licensed from [[Toyota]]'s [[Hybrid Synergy Drive|hybrid technology]]. The hybrid model is available only in 10 states in the U.S. that follow California's strict energy laws (California, Oregon, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island or Vermont). The company has asserted that subsequent hybrid models will be based on hybrid technology developed in-house.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/01/30/nissan-altima-hybrid-starts-at-24-400-for-the-few-who-can-buy-i/|title=Nissan Altima Hybrid starts at $24,400 for the few who can buy it|publisher=AutoBlog|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref> Up to 40,000 per year will be built at Nissan's Smyrna plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=110141|title=Nissan To Limit Altima Hybrid Sales to Eight States|publisher= Edmunds.com|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref> The Altima Hybrid is also available in Canada. The Nissan Altima Hybrid is also used as a regular taxi vehicle and as a police cruiser with the [[New York City Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/05/new-york-city-nypd-nissan-altima-hybrids-patrol-cars.php|title=New York's NYPD Gets 40 Altima Hybrids Patrol Cars|publisher=TreeHugger|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref>

The Hybrid Altima features a 2.5 L [[Nissan QR engine#QR25DE|QR25DE]] engine producing {{Convert|158|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|162|lbft|Nm|0}} torque, and CVT. The electric motor/generator puts out an additional 40 Horsepower putting out max power of {{Convert|198|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|199|lbft|Nm|0}}.<ref name="nissanusa.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nissanusa.com/altima/specifications.html|title=Nissan Altima Sedan and Hybrid Specifications|publisher=Nissan USA|accessdate=2009-12-15}}</ref> ''[[Autobytel]]'' observed the Hybrid to go from 0 to 60 in 7.1 seconds, making it one of the 7 fastest hybrid vehicles.

Its [[fuel efficiency]] is {{convert|6.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}} city and {{convert|7.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}} highway, based on revised EPA measures for fuel economy ratings.<ref name="nissanusa.com"/>

===Models===

The Altima comes in several versions:

2.5 Base (Sedan Only): Includes 2.5L, 175 Horsepower I4 Engine, 6-Speed Manual Transmission, Audio System Pre-Wiring w/ 4 Speakers, Intelligent Key System w/ Push-Button Start, 16 Inch Steel Wheels w/ Full Wheel Covers

2.5 S: Includes X-Tronic CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), A/M-F/M Stereo w/ Single-Disc CD/MP3 Player, Aux Input Jack w/ 6 Speakers / Steering wheel-mounted audio controls / Automatic on/off headlights, Leather-wrapped steering wheel.

2.5 S Special Edition (Sedan only): Includes X-Tronic CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), A/M-F/M Stereo w/ Single-Disc CD/MP3 Player, Aux Input Jack w/ 6 Speakers, 16" Aluminum-alloy wheels, Fog Lights, Rear Spoiler,

3.5 SR: Includes 3.5L, 270 Horsepower V6 Engine, A/M-F/M Stereo w/ XM Satellite Radio, Six-Disc CD/MP3 Changer, iPod/USB Input Jacks, Aux Input Jack, w/ Hands-Free Bluetooth Telephone, Voice Recognition System, Nine Premium Bose Speakers w/ Subwoofer, Eighteen-Inch Alloy Wheels<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissanusa.com/altimacoupe/specifications.html |title=2012 Nissan Altima Coupe Specifications |publisher=Nissan USA |date= |accessdate=2012-04-08}}</ref>

Hybrid (Sedan Only): Includes 2.5L Gas/Electric Hybrid I4 Engine, A/M-F/M Stereo w/ XM Satellite Radio, Single-Disc CD/MP3 Player, Aux Input Jack w/ 6 Speakers, Sixteen-Inch Alloy Wheels

{{Clear}}

==Fifth generation (L32L, 2013-)==
{{Refimprove section|date=July 2012}}

{{Infobox automobile
|image=2013 Nissan Altima 2.5SL -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG
|name=Fifth generation (L32L)
|related=[[Nissan Maxima]] [[Nissan Teana]] [[Nissan Quest]] [[Nissan Murano]] [[Nissan Pathfinder]] [[Infiniti JX]]
|production=July 2012-present
|model_years=2013-
|engine=2.5 L (152-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan QR engine#QR25DE|QR25DE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] {{Convert|182|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.5 / 2.5 S / 2.5 SV / 2.5 SL 3.5 L (214-cubic-inch) ''[[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]]'' [[V6]] {{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 3.5 S / 3.5 SV / 3.5 SL
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|platform=[[Nissan D platform]]
|assembly=[[Smyrna, Tennessee]], [[United States|USA]] [[Canton, Mississippi]], [[United States|USA]] [[Aguascalientes]], [[Mexico]]
|transmission=[[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]
|wheelbase={{convert|109.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|191.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|72.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|57.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|body_style=4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
}}

A redesigned Altima came during the summer 2012 for the 2013 model year. Like the [[Toyota Camry (XV50)|Camry]] and Accord, it will continue to offer a base 4-cylinder engine with a 3.5L V6 as the range topper, despite early rumors of Nissan dropping the [[V6]] in favor of a 2.0-liter turbocharged [[4-cylinder]] like the Malibu, Sonata and Optima. The Nissan specifications for the ''[[Nissan QR engine#QR25DE|QR25DE]]'' 2.5-liter 16-valve DOHC inline [[4-cylinder]] has {{Convert|182|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|180|lbft|Nm|0}}. While the ''[[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]]'' 3.5-liter 24-valve DOHC [[V6]] remains {{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|258|lbft|Nm|0}}. Nissan estimates the 2.5-liter fuel economy to be 27 city/38 hwy and the 3.5-liter [[V6]] at 22 city/30 hwy thanks to its refined [[CVT]]. Most of the major mechanical components of this generation Altima are carried over.<ref name=Edmunds>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/nissan/altima/2013/#fullreview |title=2013 Nissan Altima |date=Jun 19, 2012 |publisher=Edmunds }}</ref> Much of the exterior styling seems to draw familiar traits from the [[Nissan Maxima]].<ref name=Edmunds/>
Despite the larger size of the Altima compared to the previous model, the new Altima weighs about 80 pounds less then the outgoing model. The Altima remains to be the lightest midsize sedan in its class, this is mostly due to its efficient use of high strength steel and aluminum in areas such as the trunk, hood and roof. The front end shares the same new corporate grille as the 2012 Versa with more angular headlights than the Versa's rounded ones. The rear end takes styling cues from the current Maxima. Nissan offers the Altima in 7 different trims; 2.5, 2.5 S, 2.5 SV, 2.5 SL, 3.5 S, 3.5 SV, and 3.5 SL. Expect the new Altima to come with coupe and hybrid models later down the road. This will also be the car that [[Kelly Racing]] will enter four of into the [[2013 International V8 Supercars Championship]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} It will be the first Nissan to race in the championship since 1992.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Production started in late May 2012 and the car went on sale August of the same year.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} It is currently sold along side the new second-generation [[Nissan Versa]] hatchback.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Starting 16 July, many Canadian dealers began pre-order procedure.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Over 3,000 cars were pre-ordered on that day alone in Ontario and Quebec.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

{{clear}}

==Awards and recognition==
* 2002 [[North American Car of the Year]].
* 2010 Altima Received the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]'s Highest Front- Impact Crash Safety Rating (five stars).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nissanusa.com/altima/ Official website]

{{Nissan}}
{{Modern North American Nissan vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissan Altima}}
[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Altima]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles with CVT transmission]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1993]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Partial zero-emissions vehicles]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

[[ar:نيسان ألتيما]]
[[de:Nissan Altima]]
[[fa:نیسان آلتیما]]
[[fr:Nissan Altima]]
[[ko:닛산 알티마]]
[[id:Nissan Altima]]
[[ja:日産・アルティマ]]
[[pl:Nissan Altima]]
[[pt:Nissan Altima]]
[[ru:Nissan Altima Hybrid]]
[[simple:Nissan Altima]]
[[fi:Nissan Altima]]
[[uk:Nissan Altima]]

Infiniti QX80

2012-09-14T14:22:29Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 512336990 by 97.77.86.34 (talk), rv per WP:CARPIX, which is a better standard than how you personally think it "should be"

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Infiniti QX
| image = Infiniti QX56.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Infiniti]]
| production = 2004–present (QX56) 1997–2003 (QX4)
| assembly =
| predecessor =
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| platform =
}}

The '''Infiniti QX''' is a luxury SUV built by Nissan's [[Infiniti]] division sold exclusively in North America. The first generation received its naming inspiration from the recognized four-wheel-drive terminology "4×4", with Infiniti adding a "Q" at the beginning to suggest it was a luxurious "4×4", borrowed from the [[Infiniti Q45|Q45]]. The first generation also had a briefly available Japanese version called the [[Nissan Terrano]] Regulus. Consecutive generations are much larger, and the naming convention adheres to the current trend of using a numeric designation derived from the engine's displacement.

{{TOC left}}
{{Clear}}

==First generation series JR50 (1997–2003)==

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Infiniti QX4
|image=1997-2000 Infiniti QX4.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
|production=1997–2003
|successor=Infiniti QX56
|body_style=5-door [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|aka=Nissan Terrano Regulus (Japan)
|related=[[Nissan Pathfinder]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|length= 1997–2000: {{convert|183.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2001–2003: {{convert|183.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|width= {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|height= {{convert|70.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly=[[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]
|engine=[[Nissan VG engine#VG33E|VG33E]] 3.3 L [[V6]] [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]] 3.5 L [[V6]]
|transmission=4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}

The '''Infiniti QX4''' is a [[mid-size]] [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) introduced in 1997 and based on the [[Nissan Pathfinder]]. It was released a year after [[Acura]]'s introduction of the [[Acura SLX|SLX]] and [[Lexus]]'s larger [[Lexus LX|LX 450]]. The QX4 was [[Infiniti]]'s first entry into the SUV market segment.

In the [[North America]]n market, it was marketed as the "Infiniti QX4" while in [[Japan]] it was sold as the '''Nissan Terrano Regulus'''. Major differences between these vehicles and the [[Nissan Pathfinder|Pathfinder]] include a more advanced [[four-wheel-drive]] system ([[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]]), a more upscale interior, and unique styling. Although marketed as a [[luxury vehicle]], it has good off-road capability due to its low-range [[four-wheel-drive]] system, body-on-frame construction and {{convert|8.3|in|0}} of ground clearance.

===Year-to-year changes===
[[File:Nissan Terrano Reglus 001.JPG|thumb|left|2001 Nissan Terrano Regulus (JDM)]]

The QX4 received its first major update in 2001, with a new [[Nissan VQ engine|VQ series]] [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] (also later seen in the [[Infiniti G|G35]] and [[Infiniti FX|FX35]]) increasing its power from a relatively low {{Convert|168|hp|kW|0}} to a {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6 engine]]. The displacement went from 3.3 L to 3.5 L. The [[timing belt]] was replaced with a timing chain and the ignition distributor was replaced with an individual coil [[ignition system]].

This 2001 facelift also gave the QX4 an updated exterior and interior body style, including features such as a new dash with integrated [[analog clock]], 17-inch (423 mm) alloy wheels and [[xenon HID headlamp]]s. In Japan, the Terrano Regulus trim package was no longer offered. Also, a [[rear-wheel drive]] model was added (1997 through 2000 were only available in 4WD).

2002 Infiniti QX: Cruise control designed to maintain a set distance from other traffic was the main addition for 2002. The QX4 shared Nissan's Intelligent Cruise Control with Infiniti's flagship Q45 sedan. Employing laser sensors, the system was designed to automatically speed or slow the QX4 to keep it a constant distance from cars ahead. Also new for 2002 was a revised audio system, plus audio controls for the available leather/wood steering wheel. The optional rear-seat video entertainment system offered a choice of VCR or DVD player.

2003 Infiniti QX: Additional standard equipment for 2003 included curtain-type side airbags, available for the first time. Several new standard features had previously been part of the Premium Package, including 17-inch wheels, a driver-seat memory system, and a leather/woodgrain steering wheel with audio controls. Options included heated front/rear seats and a videotape or DVD rear-seat entertainment system, as well as a power moonroof.

As of model year 2002, the Regulus was no longer available in Japan.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The QX4 was discontinued in 2003, and its position in price was taken by the [[Infiniti FX|FX35/45]] [[crossover SUV]]. The last QX4 was manufactured during November 2002. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The QX4 was succeeded by the larger QX56 in 2004.
{{-}}

==Second generation series JA60 (2004–2010)==
{{Infobox automobile
| image= 2010 Infiniti QX56 -- 06-16-2010.jpg
| name=Infiniti QX56
| manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
| production=2004–2010
|predecessor=Infiniti QX4
| body_style=5-door [[SUV]]
| engine= 5.6 L [[V8]] [[Nissan VK engine|VK56DE]]
| layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|platform=[[Nissan F-Alpha platform]]
| axle_ratio= 3.357:1
| length={{convert|206.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| width=2008–2010: {{convert|79.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2004–2007: {{convert|78.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| height=2005–2010 2WD: {{convert|77.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2004 & 2008–2010 4WD: {{convert|78.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2005–2007 4WD: {{convert|77.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| wheelbase= {{convert|123.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| weight= {{convert|5597|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|transmission=5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|assembly=[[Canton, Mississippi]], [[United States]]
| related=[[Nissan Titan]] [[Nissan Armada]] [[Nissan Frontier]] [[Nissan Xterra]]
}}

The '''Infiniti QX56''' is a [[full-size]] [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) sold under the Nissan-owned [[Infiniti]] [[luxury vehicles|luxury brand]]. It is based on the [[Nissan Armada]] [[full-size]] SUV, and shares the [[Nissan F-Alpha platform|F-Alpha]] platform with the [[Nissan Titan]] [[pickup truck]]. The QX56 is currently unique to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Russia]], [[Bahrain]], [[UAE]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] only. It was also the first [[Infiniti]] built in the United States.

The rear door handles are installed on the [[Pillar (car)|"C" pillar]] as a [[Nissan]] design tradition started with the 1986 [[Nissan Pathfinder]]. When the four-door [[Nissan Pathfinder]] was introduced, [[Nissan]] chose to conceal the door handles as a part of the "C" pillar trim to visually make it appear like a two-door truck with a camper shell, with conventional door handles on the front doors.

The truck is propelled by a 5.6 [[Liter|L]] ''[[Nissan VK engine|VK56DE]]'' [[V8 engine]] (320 [[horsepower|hp]] [227 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]] @ 4,900 rpm and {{convert|390|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} [[torque]] @ 3,600 rpm) and a 5-speed [[automatic transmission]] with an overdrive. As is common with aluminum blocks, each cylinder in the [[internal combustion engine|engine]] is lined with cast iron. The [[valvetrain]] is a [[DOHC]] design with four valves per cylinder. [[Infiniti]] designed the QX56's throttle responsiveness to correspond to specific drivetrain modes: when the driver selects [[all-wheel drive]], the throttle becomes less sensitive, presumably to allow easier regulation of acceleration when off-road.

The [[Infiniti]] QX56 has around 9,000 [[pound (mass)|lb]] (4082 kg) of towing capacity. Mileage at peak performance drain is {{convert|12|mpgus }}. It comes in one trim level, with only key options such as: [[DVD]] entertainment system, 4WD/[[Two wheel drive|2WD]], and a bench instead of captain chairs as the second row. Other features which come standard are a ten-speaker [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] system, DVD-based navigation system, leather trim for all seats, dual-climate control, 18-inch chrome alloy wheels, and an [[adaptive cruise control]] system. A [[Precrash system]] is a novelty in the market as well.

Since the demise of the [[Infiniti Q45|Q45]] (which was priced above the QX56) after 2006, the QX56 is the most expensive [[Infiniti]] sold in [[North America]], and is [[Infiniti]]'s only full-size vehicle. In early 2007 for the 2008 model yer, the [[Infiniti]] QX56 received a minor facelift which included a revised grille, more standard equipment and standard 20-inch chrome wheels. Introduced at the 2007 [[NAIAS]] in January 2007, the facelifted model went on sale in April 2007.

In 2008 the QX56 received updates to the braking system. For 2009 the QX56 received auto locking doors and deep garnet metallic was added as a new color. For 2010 the MSRP was increased by $1000, 4WD versions now cost $60,000 and some colors were deleted.

Although the Armada continues to be produced in the United States for the 2011 model year, the 2010 model year would be the last year that the QX56 and Armada would share the same platform.
{{-}}

==Third generation (2010–present)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image= 2011 Infiniti QX56 -- 04-08-2011.jpg
|name=Infiniti QX56
|manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
|production=2010–present
|class=Full-size Luxury [[SUV]]
|body_style=5-door [[SUV]]
|platform=TBA
|engine=5.6L V8 32-valve [[VVEL]]([[Nissan VK engine#VK56VD|VK56VD]])
|transmission=7-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase=3075 mm (121.1 inches)
|width=2047 mm (80.6 inches)
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|height=1940 mm (75.6 inches)
|length=5290 mm (208.3 inches)
| weight={{convert|2785|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
|towing capacity=TBA
|assembly=[[Yukuhashi]], [[Japan]] ([[Nissan Shatai]] [[Kyushu]] Plant)
|related=[[Nissan Patrol#Sixth generation (Y62; 2010–present)|Nissan Patrol Y62]]
}}

On March 31, 2010, Infiniti debuted the 2011 '''QX56''' at the [[New York International Auto Show]]. The QX56 is a complete redesign of the QX. The QX56 features a new 5.6L ''[[Nissan VK engine#VK56VD|VK56VD]]'' V8 engine with [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] and [[VVEL]] variable valve timing. The new V8 which is also found in the [[Nissan Patrol]] is rated at 400 horsepower (300 kW) and 413 ft·lbf (560 N·m) of torque. The more powerful engine helps give the QX an increased towing capacity of up to 8,500 pounds. The engine is tied to a seven-speed sequential-shift automatic transmission with an all-new 4WD system.

Compared to its predecessor, the new QX is 1.4 inches longer, 1.1 inches wider. Most of the frame's body mass is made from high-tensile steel, but the QX manages to be more rugged with its [[body-on-frame]] concept and it shares the same platform as the [[Nissan Patrol]], the model only available in Japan. Both the front and rear feature [[independent suspension]] [[double wishbone]] suspensions combined with the new [[Hydraulic Body Motion Control System]]. The QX comes standard with 22-inch wheels. 4WD versions have a 4-setting terrain control which include rock, snow, sand and dirt modes. This generation abandoned the disguised rear door handles that were installed in the [[Pillar (car)|"C" pillar]], a tradition started with the 1985 [[Nissan Pathfinder]] 4-door, as the first generation QX was based on the second generation Pathfinder. This generation's appearance is more in line with other large luxury SUVs like the [[Lexus LX]], [[Range Rover]], [[Cadillac Escalade]], and [[Lincoln Navigator]].

The QX's interior design includes a number of the standard and optional luxury features in the 2010 [[Infiniti M]], such as semi-[[aniline leather]] seats, tri-zone climate control, a [[Bose]] 2-channel, 13-speaker Premium Audio surround sound stereo system with hard drive memory storage, hard-drive based navigation system, XM satellite radio with NavTraffic is standard, a power liftgate/tailgate, and Infiniti Intuitive Park Assist, a parking assist feature which uses the around view monitor. Other features include climate-controlled front and rear seats, streaming audio via Bluetooth wireless technology, a center console cooler for storage of cold drinks which can be accessed by both front and rear passengers, power sliding rear seats, power third row seats, and a 7-inch DVD rear-seat entertainment system. Curtain Vent, new for this generation, directs air flow from the air conditioning system from above each side window down towards the floor. A new Around View Monitor system uses a camera mounted on the grill, giving a 180-degree view in front, and another camera mounted on the passenger side of the vehicle's side mirror helps eliminate blind spots on the side at low speeds, such as when in parking lots or on off-road adventures.

The QX also features the updated [[Infiniti]] hard drive based navigation system with an 8-inch high-resolution VGA display. Infiniti [[keyless entry|keyless]] [[SmartAccess]] with an "Intelligent Remote" key is standard along with 8 airbags including [[knee airbag]]s for driver and front passenger as well as second-row side torso airbags, the [[Adaptive Front-lighting System]] (AFS) is standard, while the [[Pre-Collision System]] (PCS),Vehicle Dynamic Control (Electronic stability control) systems and Lane Departure Warning System are available options.

==Cross-promotion==
The 2011 QX56 was featured in a series of cross-promotion commercials for the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]'', dubbed "A 'Community' Moment", which had series star [[Joel McHale]] driving the cast around Los Angeles. The promos aired during NBC's telecast of the [[62nd Primetime Emmy Awards]] on August 29, 2010, which was co-sponsored by Infiniti.

Sales have been successful, with the new QX56 outselling Infiniti's other SUVs, the crossovers EX and FX, as well as its Japanese full-size body-on-frame rival [[Lexus LX]].<ref>[http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/driven/1104_2011_infiniti_qx56_lexus_lx570_comparison/viewall.html]</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
*"2004 Infiniti QX56", an article on page 52 of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]''
*[http://autos.yahoo.com/nissan_armada_se_4x2-specs/?p=ext 2008 Nissan Armada SE 4×2 Technical Specs]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.infinitiusa.com/ Official Infiniti USA site]
*[http://www.infinitiusa.com/qx/ Official Infiniti USA QX56 homepage]
* {{jp icon}} [http://history.nissan.co.jp/TERRANO/R50/0109/index.html Terrano Regulus official site]
* http://www.infiniti.com/qx/

{{infiniti}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infiniti Qx}}
[[Category:Infiniti vehicles|QX]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:Full-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1997]]

[[de:Infiniti QX]]
[[fa:اینفینیتی کیوایکس]]
[[fr:Infiniti QX]]
[[ja:インフィニティ・QX]]
[[pl:Infiniti QX]]
[[pt:Infiniti QX56]]
[[ru:Infiniti QX56]]
[[uk:Infiniti QX]]

Ford Focus

2012-08-31T12:26:23Z

IFCAR: rv unnecessary low-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2001 Ford Focus ZX3 front -- 06-09-2010.jpg
|name = Ford Focus
|manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
|production = 1998–present
|layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout|FF layout]]
|predecessor = [[Ford Escort (disambiguation)|Ford Escort]] [[Ford Laser]] 
|class= American: [[Compact Car]] British: [[compact car|Small family car]] European: [[C-segment]]
}}

The '''Ford Focus''' is a [[compact car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) manufactured by the [[Ford Motor Company]] since 1998. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 [[model year]].

In Europe, South America, North America and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various [[Ford Escort (disambiguation)|Ford Escort]]s sold in those markets. In Asia and [[Australasia]], it replaced the [[Ford Laser]].
__TOC__
{{-}}

== First generation ==
[[File:Ford Focus I Stufenheck (1999–2001) front MJ.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Focus (first generation)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (first generation)}}

Ford of Europe introduced the Focus in 1998 to the European market as a replacement for the [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]. The decision to name the new car the "Ford Focus" was made in early 1998, as Ford's overheads had been planning to keep the "Escort" nameplate for its new generation of small family cars. A last minute problem arose in July 1998 when a Cologne court, responding to a case brought by the publishers [[Hubert Burda Media|Burda]], ordered Ford to avoid the name "Focus" for the German market cars since the name was already taken by the publisher's [[Focus (German magazine)|''Focus'']] magazine.<ref name=AutoMotorundSport199815>{{cite journal|editor-first=Bernd |editor-last=Ostmann |title=Focus nur fuer Auslands-Modelle: Gerichtsurteil gegen Ford |journal=Auto, Motor und Sport|volume=15 |issue=9 |date=15 July 1998 |language=German }}</ref> This eleventh hour dispute was overcome, however, and the car was launched without a different German market name.

Ford of North America began marketing the Focus in October 1999 for model year 2000 with some changes from the European version. The car launched as a 3-door [[hatchback]], 4-door sedan and 5-door [[Station wagon|wagon]]; a 5-door hatchback debuted in 2001.<ref name="autoweek1">{{cite web|title=Ford Focus ZX5 five-door to debut this fall |publisher=Autoweek.com |date=2001-02-14 |url= http://www.autoweek.com/article/20010214/FREE/102140701 |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref>
{{-}}

== Second generation ==

=== Europe ===
[[File:2005-2007 Ford Focus (LS) CL sedan (2011-11-17) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)}}

The second generation Focus was launched at the [[Paris Motor Show]] on September 23, 2004 as a three and five-door hatchback and an estate, although the new car was previewed, in 4-door sedan form, as the 'Focus Concept' developed by Ford Europe at the [[Beijing]] Motor Show in mid-2004.

The basic suspension design, which contributed much to the Mk 1's success, has been carried over largely unchanged from its predecessor which, along with a 10% stiffer bodyshell, offers a better ride according to Ford but lacked on the precise and poised handling of the Mk1. The same body styles as the Mk 1 Focus were offered, though the saloon did not appear until mid-2005.

The Focus Mk 2 is much larger and considerably heavier than its predecessor with a 25 mm (1 in) increase in wheelbase, 168 mm (6.6 in) longer, 8 mm (0.3 in) taller and 22 mm (0.8 in) wider. As a result the interior and boot space have increased. New technologies include a KeyFree system, a solar-reflect windshield, adaptive front lighting, Bluetooth hands-free phones and voice control for audio, telephone and climate control systems.

Stylistically, the Mk 2's styling features the same design language found in the Mondeo and [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]]. Although still recognisable as a Focus the new car uses styling features from the abandoned B-Proposal for the ''original'' Focus which never reached production.

In 2005, Ford released a MK.II version of Ford's sports division of Focus, the Focus ST. This one produced 225 bhp, more than 50 bhp more than the MK.I ST, meaning it could achieve a 0-60 mph time of just 6.4 seconds, and a 152 mph top speed.

The 2008 model year saw a facelifted version introduced, featuring Ford's "Kinetic Design" philosophy. Major changes included a new hood with more creases, the removal of all mouldings along the doors and sides, new sculpted pull back headlights, and the big trapezoidal lower grille.

=== North America ===
[[File:2009 ford focus SES sedan.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Focus (second generation, North America)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (second generation, North America)}}

For the North American market, development followed a separate path. Since debuting at the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], the restyled 2008-2011 generation was available as a two-door [[coupe]] and 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] — the [[hatchbacks]] and [[station wagon|wagon]] were discontinued. The interior was redesigned, including new seats, a new dashboard design with message center atop of the dashboard, ambient lighting, dashboard panels that simulate brushed aluminum, and Ford's voice-controlled [[Ford Sync|Sync]] audio/Bluetooth system. Also included in the redesign was a support beam behind the dashboard for extra structural rigidity.

Though informally considered as the second generation, it was never officially revealed to be so by Ford.{{-}}

== Third generation ==
[[File:2012 Ford Focus Titanium hatchback -- 07-09-2011 front.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus (third generation)]]]]
{{Main|Ford Focus (third generation)}}

In 2010 Ford decided to reunite both international and North American models by releasing the international Mk3 worldwide. The current North American version was thus discontinued, and the new model was launched simultaneously in North America and Europe in early 2011, both having started production late in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20100118/DETROIT/100119915 |title=Detroit auto show: 2012 Ford Focus, most significant by AW Editors' Choice Awards |publisher=Autoweek.com |date=2010-01-18 |accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31755 |title=Dynamic next-generation Ford Focus debuts |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2010-01-11 |publisher=Ford Motor Company }}</ref>

Ford unveiled the 2011 global Ford Focus at the [[North American International Auto Show#2010|2010 North American International Auto Show]]. The car shown was a 5-door hatchback model, also debuting a new 2.0L [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] I4 engine. A 5-door estate will also be available at launch.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33304 |title=Exciting New Next-Generation Ford Focus Gears Up For Launch |publisher=Media.ford.com |year=2010 |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref> The new generation launched simultaneously in North America and Europe in early 2011, with production having started in late 2010.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Production in Asia, Africa, Australia<ref>{{cite web|first=Tim |last=Beissmann |url=http://www.caradvice.com.au/117135/2011-ford-focus-on-sale-in-australia-in-august |title=2011 Ford Focus on sale in Australia in August |publisher=Caradvice.com.au |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> and South America was scheduled to follow later but the plan for Australian production was later dropped and that market and New Zealand supplied, along with Asia, from a new factory in Thailand where output began in June 2012. This new generation of Focus incorporates a redesigned cabin with improved materials and new entertainment technologies.
[[File:Ford Focus Electric WAS 2012 0535.JPG|thumb|2012 [[Ford Focus Electric]] (US)]]
;Electric version
{{Main|Ford Focus Electric}}
Ford debuted the [[electric car|all-electric]] [[Ford Focus Electric]] at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in 2011 to compete with the [[Nissan Leaf]] and the [[Chevrolet Volt]]. Deliveries for fleet customers in the United States began in December 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073894_2012-ford-focus-electric-105-mpge-76-mile-range-10-sales|title=2012 Ford Focus Electric: 105 MPGe, 76-Mile Range...10 Sales|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-03-09|accessdate=2012-03-16}}</ref> and the release to retail customers took place by late May 2012. The electric car is available only in California, New York and New Jersey, in limited numbers.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/170008/2012-ford-focus-electric-begins-retail-life-with-low-key-deliveries.jsp|title=2012 Ford Focus Electric Begins Retail Life with Low-Key Deliveries|author=Nick Chambers|work=[[AutoTrader.com]]|date= |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/automobiles/autoreviews/the-battery-driven-car-just-got-a-lot-more-normal.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=The Battery-Driven Car Just Got a Lot More Normal |author=Bradley Berman|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2012-05-04|accessdate=2012-05-05}}</ref> The European release is scheduled for late 2012.<ref name=EUlaunch>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/03/30/ford-focus-electric-wont-be-offered-with-battery-lease-option/|title=Ford Focus Electric won't be offered with battery-lease option|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-03-30|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown.jpg|thumb|[[Jari-Matti Latvala]] with his [[Ford Focus WRC|Ford Focus RS WRC 09]] (awd model) at the 2010 [[Rally Finland]]]]

The first [[Ford Focus WRC|Focus World Rally Car]] made its debut in [[rallying]] and the [[World Rally Championship]] on the 1999 [[Monte Carlo Rally]] with [[Colin McRae]] and [[Simon Jean-Joseph]] at the wheels of the two cars, replacing, for the first time in a generation, the venerable [[Ford Escort WRC|Escort]]. It was immediately on the pace, setting many fastest stage times, but a vehicle weight issue meant that the two cars were excluded from that event. McRae went on to give the Focus WRC its maiden victory on the [[Safari Rally]] in February of the same year and took victory again in the following rally, the [[Rallye de Portugal|Rally Portugal]].

The MkI Focus WRC went on to scoop further victories over the years for McRae, [[Carlos Sainz]] and [[Markko Märtin]] from then until it was phased out in favour of the MkII offering in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/121680-0/ford_drivers_excited_by_new_focus_debut.html |title=Ford drivers excited by new Focus debut |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> This car, a winner in both [[Marcus Grönholm]]'s and [[Mikko Hirvonen]]'s hands in the two-car factory [[BP-Ford World Rally Team]] that contested the [[2006 World Rally Championship season]], duly racked up the manufacturers' title,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/140474-0/wilson_sr_i_will_treasure_this_moment_forever.html |title=Wilson Sr: I will treasure this moment forever |date=2006-11-20 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net }}</ref> spelling the end of a formidable twenty-seven year wait for such an honour in this series for the Blue Oval. The team successfully defended the manufacturers' title in the [[2007 World Rally Championship season|2007 season]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/wrc/news/157377-0/ford_secures_manufacturers_title_-_again.html |title=Ford secures manufacturers' title - again |date=2007-11-18 |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=crash.net |accessdate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> The Focus WRC was used until the [[2010 World Rally Championship season|2010 season]], when it was announced that the new [[Ford Fiesta RS WRC|Fiesta]] will replace the Focus from 2011 and onwards.<ref>http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33323</ref>

All the rally cars are built, prepared and run for Ford by [[M-Sport]], the motorsport team based in [[Cockermouth]], [[Cumbria]] in Northern England. The team is managed by [[Malcolm Wilson (Rally)|Malcolm Wilson]], a well known former British rally driver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrc.com/jsp/index.jsp?lnk=601&featureid=71&desc=BP-Ford%20Abu%20Dhabi%20World%20Rally%20Team |title=BP-Ford Abu Dhabi World Rally Team |accessdate=2008-02-27 |publisher=WRC.com }}</ref>

Besides rallies, the Focus has also been used in the SCCA Speed World Challenge Touring Car Series, the [[TC 2000]], resulting champion in 2003 and 2005.

The Ford Focus ST made its debut in the 2009 British Touring Car Championship, with Arena Motorsport. During its second season, the car ran on [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]], taking the first BTCC win for a car powered by this fuel at Brands Hatch. In 2011 Arena(also known as Team AON) shifted to the newer Focus Mk3, while Motorbase Performance drove the ST version. Both cars had engines, built by the Next Generation Touring Car engine rules. Motorbase continiues to compete with the Ford Focus ST.

In 2012 Arena Motorsport entered 2 Ford Focus Mk3 in the World Touring Car Championship for Tom Chilton and James Nash. The best result is 6-th place of Nash in the Race of Morocco.

In 2008 Ford South Africa entered two modified Focus ST models into Class T (reserved for turbocharged production vehicles) of the local Bridgestone Production Car Championship (essentially a Touring Car formula). They secured the Class T driver's titles in 2009 and 2011.

==Sales in United States==
{{Col-begin|width=45%}}
{{Col-2}}
*1999: 55,896<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466.html |title=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2000: 286,166
*2001: 264,414<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://media.ford.com/pdf/Dec2002sales.pdf |title=Ford Motors Company's December U.S. sales climb 8.2 percent |publisher=Ford Motor |date=2003-01-02 |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref>
*2002: 243,199<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175829.html |title=Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2003: 229,353
*2004: 208,339<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>
*2005: 184,825
{{Col-2}}
*2006: 177,006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379 |title=Ford Motor Company 2007 sales |date=January 3, 2008}}</ref>
*2007: 173,213
*2008: 195,823<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |format=PDF|title=F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>
*2009: 160,433<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31604 |title=Ford caps 2009 with 33 percent sales increase, first full-year market share gain since 1995 |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref>
*2010: 172,421<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33704 |title=Ford’s 2010 sales up 19 percent – largest increase of any full-line automaker; foundation set for growth in 2011 |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref>
*2011: 175,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec11sales.pdf |title=2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S.|publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref>
{{Col-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ford Focus}}
{{Ford}}
{{Modern European Ford vehicles}}
{{Modern North American Ford vehicles}}
{{Ford Australia timeline}}

[[Category:Ford vehicles|Focus]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Ford Focus| ]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]

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Volvo S60

2012-08-31T11:53:05Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 509933018 by GaryDealerS (talk)

{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2012 Volvo S60 -- NHTSA 1.jpg
|name = Volvo S60
|manufacturer = [[Volvo Cars]]
|assembly = [[Ghent]], [[Belgium]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://car-cat.com/firm-51.html |title=Volvo. Volvo In Belgium |publisher=Car-cat.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref> [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] ([[Ford Motor Company]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://car-cat.com/firm-1396.html |title=Volvo. Volvo In South Africa |publisher=Car-cat.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref> [[Shah Alam]], [[Malaysia]] ([[Swedish Motor Assemblies]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://car-cat.com/firm-801.html |title=Volvo. Volvo In Malaysia |publisher=Car-cat.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref> [[Samutprakarn]], [[Thailand]] ([[Thai Swedish Assembly]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://car-cat.com/firm-1145.html |title=Volvo. Volvo In Thailand |publisher=Car-cat.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref> 
|production = 2000–present
|predecessor = [[Volvo S70]]
|class = [[Compact executive car]]
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[All-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Volvo S60''' is a [[compact executive car]] produced by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] automaker [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]] from 2000. Two generations of the sedan have been produced to date.
{{TOC left}}
{{Clear}}

==First generation (2000–2009)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name = First generation
|image = Volvo S60.jpg
|platform = [[Volvo P2 platform]]
|related = [[Volvo V70]] [[Volvo S80]] [[Volvo XC70]] [[Volvo XC90]]
|wheelbase = 2001-02: {{Convert|2713|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2003-08: {{Convert|2715|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|length = 2001-05: {{Convert|4581|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2006-08: {{Convert|4602|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2003-05 R: {{Convert|4605|mm|1|abbr=on}} {{Convert|4638|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|width = 2001-05: {{Convert|1813|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2006-08: {{Convert|1823|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{Convert|1433|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2003-05 R: {{Convert|1397|mm|1|abbr=on}} 2006-07 R: {{Convert|1436|mm|1|abbr=on}}
|weight = {{Convert|1462|-|1552|kg|abbr=on}}
|engine = 2.4 L [[Volvo B52 engine#B5244S|B5244S]] petrol 2.0 L [[Volvo B52 engine#B5204|B5204]] petrol turbo 2.3 L [[Volvo B52 engine#B5234T3|B5234T3]] petrol turbo 2.4 L [[Volvo B52 engine#B5244T|B5244T]] petrol turbo 2.5 L [[Volvo B52 engine#B5254T2|B5254T2]] petrol LP-turbo 2.5 L [[Volvo Modular engine#B5254T2-R (B5254T4)|B5254T4]] petrol HP-turbo (R) 2.4 L [[Volvo D5 engine|D5]] [[turbodiesel]]
|transmission = 5-speed [[Aisin AF33 transmission|AW55]] [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed automatic [[AWTF-80 SC|AWF21]] 5-speed [[M56 (transmission)|M56]] 6-speed manual [[M66 (transmission)|M66]]
|production = 2000–2009<ref name="autoblog.com/2009/04/10">{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/10/volvo-s60-ceases-production-in-ghent/|title=Volvo S60 ceases production in Ghent|accessdate=2009-04-11|work=autoblog.com/2009/04/10}}</ref>
}}

[[File:01-04 Volvo S60 .jpg|thumb|left|2001-2004 Volvo S60 (US)]]

The S60 was built on Volvo’s [[Volvo P2 platform|P2 platform]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autointell.com/european_companies/volvo_cars/volvo-mfg/volvo-manufacturing.htm |title=VOLVO CARS MAKES MAJOR INVESTMENTS IN GHENT AND TORSLANDA |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref> which was shared with other Volvo models like the [[Volvo S80|S80]], [[Volvo V70|V70]], [[Volvo XC70|XC70]] and finally the [[Volvo XC90|XC90]].

The S60 was [[facelift (automobile)|refreshed]] in 2005. The exterior was updated with body-colored side moldings and bumpers, as well as new headlamps. The interior received some updates as well, with new seats, trim, and an updated center console. The Four-C chassis from the S60 R became an option on some S60s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/2005-volvo-s60.htm |title=2005 Volvo S60 |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref> The T5 engine was also reengineered from 2.3 to 2.4 litres and received an increase of {{Convert|10|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, An extra Turbo in the D5 Model also increased the D5 Bhp from 163 bhp to 183 bhp.

===S60 Police specification (UK & EU)===
Police specification models came about through Volvo’s extensive work alongside the users of the vehicles and Police Fleet Management departments. As a result the Police specification vehicles have a striking difference from original showroom model.
Firstly the [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] was up-rated to deal with the demands of Police work; this included fitting the front suspension of the [[Volvo D5 engine|D5]] model variant (as the suspension was designed to deal with the heavier diesel engine). Nivomat self-levelling suspension was also fitted to the rear to ensure correct geometry of the vehicle, regardless of the weight carried. On early models, the clutch was also replaced with the stronger D5 unit.

A larger specification battery and 110A [[alternator]] was also fitted to run all the extra equipment, along with a dedicated Police fuse box in the boot. Extra wiring looms are also fitted specially for the Police radios and other equipment, including [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras. Additional electrical noise suppression has been added so as not to interfere with the sensitive electronics the police use.

The [[speedometer]]s in the vehicles are calibrated from the factory and do not require recalibration unless the wheel and overall rolling diameters are changed.

{{convert|305|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} vented front [[disc brake]]s were also fitted alongside special [[brake pad]]s (and wear indicators) specially designed to cope with high-speed pursuits.

During 2001–2004 the 2.3 litre [[T5 engine]] was used and in 2005-2009 the 2.4 litre [[T5 engine]] was used. Also beyond common speculation and myths, the engines are not chipped or modified specially for police use: they are complete factory spec but in 'exceptional cases' the speed limiter (250 km/h) may have been removed.

===S60 R===
[[File:Volvo S60R Forss.jpg|left|thumb|2004 Volvo S60 R]]
[[File:Volvo S60 R 001.JPG|left|thumb|Rear view of the Volvo S60 R]]

First introduced in 2003, Volvo's S60 R used a [[Haldex Traction|Haldex]] all-wheel-drive system mated to a {{convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} / {{Convert|400|Nm|abbr=on}} [[Straight-five engine|inline-5]]. The 2004–2005 models came with a 6-speed [[manual transmission]], or an available 5-speed automatic which allowed only {{convert|258|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} torque in 1st and 2nd gears. The 2006–2007 models came with a 6-speed manual or 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] (which was no longer torque neutered).<ref>www.volvotechinfo.com</ref>

Other aspects which set the R apart from standard S60s were the large [[Brembo]] front and rear four-piston brakes, 18-inch 5-spoke "Pegasus" wheels (available as an upgrade to the standard 17" wheels of the same design), blue faced "R" gauges, standard [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] headlights, as well as the Four-C suspension system.

Four-C (a short name for "Continuously Controlled Chassis Concept") allows the user to select from three modes: Comfort, Sport, and Advanced. "Comfort" attempts to soften the car over bumps, while "Advanced" firms the suspension considerably and gives more aggressive throttle response - a setting Volvo implies is for use on the race track. This is accomplished through a [[drive by wire]] throttle, allowing the same pedal travel to result in different performance when the appropriate mode is selected,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Greg N. |year=2009 |title=Volvo S60R, Volvo V70R: A unique blend of components; singular performance and luxury |journal=Modified Mag |issue=April |url=http://www.modified.com/features/0304scc_volvo/index.html}}</ref> electronically-controlled shock absorbers that can adjust themselves 500 times a second, and a complex series of sensors throughout the body of the vehicle. Volvo collaborated with high-tech system developer [[ohlins|Ohlins Racing AB]] and shock absorber manufacturer Monroe for the self-adjusting shock absorbers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Heilig|first=John|year=2003|title=2004 Volvo S60 R Review|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2003/06/22/163566.html|publisher=The Auto Channel}}</ref>

The Rs had three interior color options: Nordkap (metallic dark blue), Gobi (light tan metallic) and a R-only leather option; Atacama, available for an additional charge. It was a unpainted, orangey-coloured natural leather with a baseball glove thickness and feel.

The small trunk lid spoiler that was standard on the S60 R created a 20% increased downforce at the rear wheels at high speeds compared to the standard S60s. The S60 Rs have a 0.29 [[coefficient of drag]], compared to the standard S60's 0.28, due to the larger lower front bumper spoiler to support the secondary intercooler.

Another Volvo factory option for only the S60 R was a body kit which included front bumper splitters, side skirts and a rear valance, color matched to the body. The body kit was only available with certain body colors and in certain markets.

The S60 R continued the tradition of "R" cars for Volvo beginning in 1995 with the introduction of the 850 T-5 R.

''[[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]]'' reviewed the car in episode 9<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/topgear/show/episodes/series2episode9.shtml |title=Top Gear - Episode Archive - Series 2 - Episode 9 |publisher=BBC |date=2003-07-13 |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref> of [[Top Gear (series 2)|series 2]]. They panned the overly complicated and intrusive [[traction control system]], and it set a slow lap time of 1:35.0. But they also found it to be very comfortable and civilised. They recommended the [[Volvo V70]] instead. [[Jeremy Clarkson]] noted "More like a miniature version of the [[Rolls-Royce Phantom (2003)|Rolls-Royce Phantom]] than a serious competitor to the [[BMW M3]]."

===Engines===
*'''2.4''': {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|220|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol
*'''2.4''': {{convert|125|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|230|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol
*'''2.0T''': {{convert|132|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo
*'''2.4T''': {{convert|145|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|285|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2001–2003)
*'''2.5T''': {{convert|155|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|320|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2004–2009)
*'''T5''' 2.3: {{convert|184|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|330|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2001–2004)
*'''T5''' 2.4: {{convert|191|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2005–2009)
*'''R''' 6-speed man: {{convert|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2004–2007)
*'''R''' 5-speed aut: {{convert|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2004–2005)
*'''R''' 6-speed aut: {{convert|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, petrol, turbo (2006–2007)
*'''D''': {{convert|93|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, diesel, turbo (2006–2009)
*'''2.4D''' (2001–2005): {{convert|96|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|280|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, diesel, turbo
*'''2.4D''' (2006–2009): {{convert|120|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|340|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, diesel, turbo
*'''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5]]''' (2001–2005): {{convert|120|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|340|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, diesel, turbo
*'''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5]]''' (2006–2009): {{convert|136|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, diesel, turbo
*'''2.4 Bi-Fuel [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]''': {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|192|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]/petrol
*'''2.4 Bi-Fuel [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]''': {{convert|103|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|192|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]/petrol

===Sales===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar year
! United States<ref name="VolvoSalesUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/enhanced/en-us/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Welcome to VolvoCars-PR.com |publisher=Media.volvocars.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-15}}</ref>!! Canada<ref name="VolvoSalesCA">{{cite web|url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/ca/enhanced/en-ca/About/Sales/Archive.asp |title=Welcome to the Volvo Cars of Canada Newsroom |publisher=Media.volvocars.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref> !! Sweden<ref name="VolvoSalesSE">{{cite web|url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/se/enhanced/se-se/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Volvo Personbilar Sverige Newsroom |publisher=Media.volvocars.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref>!! Global<ref name="VolvoSalesAll">{{cite web|url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/About/Sales/Archive.aspx |title=Welcome to Volvo Cars Newsroom |publisher=Media.volvocars.com |date=2011-05-12 |accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| 2,994 || 283 || ||
|-
| 2001
| 35,850 || 2,799 || ||
|-
| 2002
| 38,546 || 3,227 || ||
|-
| 2003
| 35,346 || 2,946 || ||
|-
| 2004
| 27,860 || 2,886 || ||
|-
| 2005
| 24,722 || 2,205 || ||
|-
| 2006
| 25,779 || 1,978 || 3,954 || 56,971
|-
| 2007
| 18,521 || 1,425 || 2,862 || 41,726
|-
| 2008
| 8,966 || 541 || 1,688 || 26,148
|-
| 2009
| 5,895 || 145 || 801 || 14,131
|}

==Second generation (2010–present)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image = 2012 Volvo S60 -- NHTSA 2.jpg
|name = Second generation
|production = 2010–
|platform = [[Ford EUCD platform|Volvo Y20 platform]]
|engine = 1.6 L [[Ford EcoBoost engine#1.6 L EcoBoost I-4|T3]] petrol turbo [[straight-4|I4]] 1.6 L [[Ford EcoBoost engine#1.6 L EcoBoost I-4|T4]] petrol turbo [[straight-4|I4]] 2.0 L [[Volvo Modular engine|T5]] petrol turbo [[Straight-five engine|I5]] 3.0 L [[Ford SI6 engine|T6]] petrol turbo [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 1.6 L [[straight-4|I4]] [[turbodiesel]] 2.0 L [[Volvo D5 engine|D3]] [[turbodiesel]] [[straight-5|I5]] 2.4 L [[Volvo D5 engine|D5]] [[turbodiesel]] [[straight-5|I5]]
|assembly = Belgium: [[Ghent]] (S60) Sweden: [[Torslanda]] (V60)
|wheelbase = {{convert|109.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|182.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} V60: {{convert|4628|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{Convert|1865|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{Convert|1484|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|transmission = 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed [[Powershift]] [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|related = [[Volvo V60]] [[Volvo V70]] [[Volvo S80]] [[Volvo XC70]] [[Volvo XC60]]
}}

[[File:2011 Volvo V60 T6 R-Design station wagon (2011-03-02) 02.jpg|thumb|left|Volvo V60 T6 R-Design]]

The second generation S60 began production in Ghent, Belgium on May 17, 2010, with an expected annual production of 90,000 vehicles.<ref name="autoweek">{{cite journal|last=Hart|first=Roger|title=A New Mantra|journal=[[AutoWeek]]|date=June 7, 2010|volume=60|issue=11|page=29}}</ref> Official photos were released in November 2009, and the car was publicly unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2010.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.volvocars.com/intl/top/about/news-events/Pages/default.aspx?itemid=102|publisher=Volvo Cars|date=2009-11-10|title=Sculpted to move you - first pictures of the all-new Volvo S60}}</ref> It debuted as a 2011 model in North America.

The V60 is an estate version of the S60, and was released at the [[Paris Motor Show]] in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvocars.com/uk/top/about/news-events/pages/default.aspx?itemid=50 |title=THE ALL-NEW VOLVO V60 SPORTS WAGON BLENDS STYLE AND PERFORMANCE WITH GROUND-BREAKING SAFETY |publisher=Volvocars.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref>

The engine range of the S60 and V60 comprises four [[petrol engines]] and three [[diesel engine|diesels]]. The engines available are the T3, T4, T5 and T6 petrol engines and D3, D5 and 1.6D DRIVe diesel engines, the latter of which has [[Stop Start Technology]] to increase the efficiency of the engine. The 2.4-litre D5 hybrid version has been announced but not yet released for sale, fitted with a 5-cylinder diesel engine and a 50kw electric motor.

The Volvo S60 and V60 come with Volvo's [[City Safety]] system as standard, which is the same system fitted to its sister the XC60. This system stops the car in the event of impending collision in 'City Traffic' below {{Convert|19|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. A new safety feature named "Pedestrian Detection", available on both the V60 and S60, detects people in front of the car and automatically applies the brakes if the driver does not react in time.

This new sedan will show off Volvo's completely new [[design language]] already seen in the [[Volvo XC60]] concept. It will ride on the same platform as the XC60. This new design is thought to target younger demographics. Even so, Volvo hopes to keep its high-income customer appeal; from the first generation, a Volvo S60 buyer has had a higher household income than a BMW 3 Series customer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2003/05/12/cx_cd_0512test_3.html|title=Volvo S60 T5 Forbes Review}}</ref>

New features include the new large Volvo iron symbol, parallel to the grille day running lamps, and larger spaced letters in the brand name on rear. A new safety feature, Pedestrian Detection, will be added to automatically apply brakes if a pedestrian is detected in front of the car and the driver does not react in time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volvocars.com/intl/top/about/news-events/pages/default.aspx?itemid=123|title=The all-new Volvo S60|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref>

===Engines===
*'''T3''': {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Inline-four engine|4-cyl]], 1.6 litre, petrol, turbo (2011 - )
*'''T4''': {{convert|132|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|240|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, 4-cyl, 1.6 litre, petrol, turbo (2011 - )
*'''2.0T''': {{convert|149|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|300|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, 4-cyl, 2.0 litre, petrol, turbo (2010 - )
*'''T5''': {{convert|180|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|320|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, 4-cyl, 2.0 litre, petrol, turbo (2011 - )
*'''T5 (US)''': {{convert|186.5|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|360|Nm|lb·ft|0|abbr=on}}, 5-cyl, 2.5 litre, petrol, turbo (2011 - )
*'''T6''': {{convert|224|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|440|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Straight-six engine|6-cyl]], 3.0 litre, petrol, turbo (2010 - )
*'''T6 R-Design (US)''': {{convert|242|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|474|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Straight-six engine|6-cyl]], 3.0 litre, petrol, turbo (2011 - )
*'''1.6D DRIVe''': {{convert|85|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|270|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, 4-cyl, 1.6 litre, diesel, turbo (2011 - )
*'''D3''': {{convert|120|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|400|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, [[Straight-five engine|5-cyl]], 2.0 litre, diesel, turbo (2010 - )
*'''[[Volvo D5 engine|D5]]''': {{convert|151|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|420|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}}, 5-cyl, 2.4 litre, diesel, turbo (2010 - )

===Sales===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar year
! United States<ref name="VolvoSalesUS" />!! Canada<ref name="VolvoSalesCA" /> !! Sweden<ref name="VolvoSalesSE" />!! Global<ref name="VolvoSalesAll" />
|-
| 2010
| 1,437 || 208 || 2,068 || 14,786
|-
| 2011
| 21,282 || 1,519 || 3,395 || 68,330
|}

==S60 concept car==
[[File:Volvo S60 Concept (10).JPG|left|thumb|240 px|The S60 Concept at the 2009 [[Geneva Motor Show]]]]

In 2008, Volvo Cars announced the Volvo S60 Concept, which features a four-cylinder 1.6L petrol engine using highly-efficient [[Gasoline turbocharged direct injection|Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (GTDi) developed by [[Ford]] (a mechanical clone of the new [[Ford EcoBoost engine|Ford EcoBoost 1.6L engine]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1339&r=16517324938030486 |title=2010 Volvo S60 Concept Offers Look at EcoBoosted 1.6-litre Engine |publisher=Kbb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-09}}</ref> The concept car was exhibited in several automobile shows in 2009, and [[SimBin]] has released a free game based on the [[GTR - FIA GT Racing Game|GTR]] [[game engine]] that includes the S60 Concept.

{{Clear}}

==British land speed record==
On 14 and 15 October 2000, the first generation S60 T5 broke 18 [[British land speed records]] (including the highest average speed over a 24 hour period for a Production Car class D (2000-3000cc) at 135.10 mph) at the [[Millbrook Proving Ground]], in [[Bedfordshire]], UK. A joint project by Volvo and [[Prodrive]] and covered by Channel 4's "Driven" and [["Car" magazine]].

The car was standard except for safety modifications such as a roll cage, exterior cut out switch, a modified fuel tank and additional head support to allow the drivers ([[BTCC]] drivers [[Anthony Reid]], [[Rickard Rydell]], [[John Cleland (racing driver)|John Cleland]] and [[Alain Menu]] as well as various "Car" magazine journalists and Channel 4's Mike Brewer) to rest their neck during the 2 hour gaps between pit stops. Each pitstop included a driver change, refuel and tyre changes due to the extreme stresses being placed on the front outside tyre.

The following records were broken:

* 50 kilometre standing start: 147.39 mph
* 50 mile standing start: 148.59 mph
* 100 mile standing start: 147.00 mph
* 200 kilometre standing start: 145.89 mph
* Average speed over one hour: 145.63 mph
* 200 mile standing start: 144,05 mph
* 500 kilometre standing start: 141.63 mph
* Average speed over three hours: 141.62 mph
* 500 mile standing start: 141.53 mph
* 1000 kilometre standing start: 140,79 mph
* 1000 miles standing start: 140.79 mph
* 2000 kilometre standing start: 139.75 mph
* 2000 miles standing start: 137.25 mph
* Average speed over six hours: 141.58 mph
* Average speed over 12 hours: 138.49 mph
* 5000 kilometre standing start: 135.75 mph
* Flying five kilometres: 152.02 mph
* Average speed over 24 hours: 135.10 mph<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/S60LandSpeedRecord.pdf |title=VOLVO S60 SMASHES 18 BRITISH LAND SPEED RECORDS |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-05-25}}</ref>

==S60 in motorsport==
In 2006, [http://www.atspeedmotorsports.com/ At Speed Motorsports] entered an all-wheel-drive S60R in five races of the [[SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge]] GT class. It was driven by Michael Galati and finished 14th in the overall standings, including a win at [[Mosport]]. Since 2009, [http://www.kpaxracing.com/ K-PAX Racing] has fielded two S60s the GT class, with former champions [[Andy Pilgrim]] and [[Randy Pobst]] as drivers. In 2010, Randy Pobst won the GT driver's championship while securing the GT manufacturer's championship for Volvo. For the 2011 season, K-PAX will debut new S60s using the second generation body style at [[Miller Motorsports Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-challenge.com/news/story.php?story=1948 |title=SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge |publisher=World-challenge.com |date=2011-02-14 |accessdate=2011-04-02}}</ref> Joining defending GT driver's champion [[Randy Pobst]] will be new team mate [[Alex Figge]].

For some years the S60 was the car of the factory Volvo team in the [[Swedish Touring Car Championship]], where it finished 2nd in the drivers' championship twice and won the manufacturers' title once.

From 2002 to 2007 there was a S60 one-make racing series as a support series to the [[Swedish Touring Car Championship]], the S60 Challenge Cup, using 26 factory-modified Volvo S60 cars.

==See also==
*[[Volvo V60]]
*[[Volvo 850]]
*[[Volvo S40]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.volvocars.us/models/s60/ Volvo S60] - Official page
*[http://www.parkers.co.uk/cars/reviews/Review.aspx?model=1074 Volvo S60 Review]
*[http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=412 IIHS Safety Test for Volvo S60]
*[http://www.S60R.com S60R Owner & Enthusiast Site]
*[http://graphite.volvospeed.com/ Widebody S60R] - S60R Build Sponsored By AtSpeed Motorsports
{{Volvo cars timeline}}

[[Category:Volvo vehicles|S60]]
[[Category:Ford D3 platform]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sports sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP large family cars]]
[[Category:Compact executive cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2000]]

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Chrysler Sebring

2012-08-31T11:51:36Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 509926941 by 188.76.201.196 (talk), rv inaccurate change

{{distinguish|Maserati Sebring}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Chrysler Sebring
|image=2004-2006 Chrysler Sebring sedan.jpg
|assembly=[[Sterling Heights, Michigan]], [[United States]]
|class=[[Mid-size car|Mid-size]]
|manufacturer=[[Chrysler|Chrysler Group LLC]]
|production=1994–2010
|model_years=1995-2010
|body_style=4-door [[Sedan (car)|sedan]] [[Coupé|Coupe]] [[Convertible]]
|predecessor=[[Chrysler LeBaron]] (for coupe and convertible) [[Chrysler Cirrus]] (for sedan) [[Plymouth Breeze]] (for sedan)
|successor=[[Chrysler 200]]
}}

The '''Chrysler Sebring''' is a line of [[mid-size car]]s that was sold by [[Chrysler (division)|Chrysler]] from 1995 to 2010.

The Sebring came in three generations. The first, from 1995 to 2000, was available first only as a coupe and then starting in 1996 as a convertible. The two body designs did not share many components nor any sheet metal. The second generation, from 2001 to 2006, also used the Sebring name on three different cars that added a four-door sedan model, but the coupe was discontinued after 2005. The third generation was introduced for 2007 initially only as a four-door model with the convertible version being added in 2008. The cars now shared the same [[Automobile platform|platform]] and continued through 2010.

Chrysler Sebring models were also exported to European markets. Some overseas market vehicles were manufactured in China and Russia.

The [[Chrysler 200]] replaced the Sebring for the 2011 model year.

==First generation (JX; 1995–2000)==
{{Infobox automobile
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|image = 96-98 Chrysler Sebring convertible.jpg
|name = First generation
|assembly=[[Toluca]], [[Mexico]] (convertible) [[Normal, Illinois]] (coupe)
|production = 1995–2000
|engine = 2.4 L ''[[Chrysler Neon engine#2.4 and 2.4 Turbo|EDZ]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.5 L [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7x engine#6G73|6G73]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] 2.4 L Turbocharged ''[[DOHC]]'' I4 ([[Mexico]] Only) 2.0 L ''[[Chrysler Neon engine#ECC|420A]]'' I4 2.5 L [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7x engine#6G73|6G73]]'' V6
|transmission =5-speed [[manual transmission]] 4-speed ''[[Ultradrive|41TE]]'' automatic
|platform = [[Chrysler JA platform|Chrysler JX platform]] (convertible) [[Chrysler D platform|Chrysler FJ platform]] (coupe)
|related = [[Chrysler Cirrus]] [[Dodge Stratus]] [[Plymouth Breeze]] [[Dodge Avenger]] [[Eagle Talon]] [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]] [[Mitsubishi Galant]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|106.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|103.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length=1995–98: {{convert|193.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1999–2000: {{convert|192.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1995–96 Coupe: {{convert|187.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1997–98 Coupe: {{convert|191.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1999–2000 Coupe: {{convert|190.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|70.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|69.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|54.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1995–98 Coupe: {{convert|51.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1997–98 V6 Coupe: {{convert|51.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1998–2000 Coupe: {{convert|53.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The Chrysler Sebring was introduced as a [[coupe]] for 1995, and later a convertible was released for 1996. Both models replaced the [[Chrysler LeBaron]]. The convertible was built off the [[Chrysler JA platform]] also used for the [[Chrysler Cirrus|Cirrus]] sedan, while the coupe was based on the [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]]. The Chrysler Sebring was named after [[Sebring, Florida]], the site of the renowned endurance car race called the ''[[12 Hours of Sebring]]''. The name was first used by Chrysler Corporation's [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] division trim line of the [[Plymouth Satellite|Satellite]] [[mid-size]] [[coupe]] of the 1970s.

===Coupe (1995–2000)===

[[File:95-96 Chrysler Sebring coupe.jpg|thumb|left|1995–1996 Chrysler Sebring coupe]]

The 1995 through 2000 '''Chrysler Sebring''' [[coupe]] was the successor to the [[Chrysler LeBaron]] coupe.

The first generation Sebring coupe was introduced in April 1995, several months after the related [[Dodge Avenger]].<ref>[http://www.allpar.com/model/sebring.html "The First Generation Chrysler Sebring and Dodge Avenger coupes" Information courtesy of Chrysler, allpar], retrieved on 2012–07–19.</ref> Despite its similarities to the Avenger, the Chrysler's suspension was tuned slightly on the softer side, compared to Dodge's stiff suspension. Although the Sebring did not really offer true "off-the-line" muscle, it did handle well over long, curvy roads, offering minimal body roll. LXi models further benefited from rear sway bars, a slightly different tuned fully independent suspension, along with 17-inch wheels wrapped with Goodyear Eagle performance tires. Recorded slalom speeds proved to be impressive for a car of its class, and were a result of Sebring's 4-wheel double wishbone suspension and variable speed rack and pinion steering; both of which were key contributors to the car's road manners.

The coupe version of the Sebring had seating for five and was considered to be one of the larger, more roomy coupes on the market. Trunk capacity was similar to that of many mid-size cars, capable of handling more than one set of golf clubs. At the time of its introduction, the Sebring sported a crosshair grille, reminiscent of the original [[Chrysler 300 letter series]].

Although said to be built on a stretched [[Eagle Talon]] platform (which is not entirely untrue), it is more accurate to say that their platform was based on the four-door [[Mitsubishi Galant]] platform.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} However, these cars do share a great deal with their Talon sibling, including much of their dash and instrument panel along with select suspension and steering components.

[[File:1997-2000 Chrysler Sebring LXi coupe -- 03-21-2012 2.JPG|thumb|left|1997–2000 Chrysler Sebring coupe]]

The Sebring underwent a minor facelift for 1997. Its grille was replaced with a slightly larger black grid. The facelift also made the Sebring the first car to use Chrysler's "wings" logo since the 1930s that continued until the 2010 model year. The 1997 restyle also saw the addition of ribbed lower body cladding and new wheel styles.

Features offered on Sebring Coupes included 4-wheel disc brakes with ABS, adaptive automatic transmissions and fully independent suspensions, along with a host of power operated features. Sebring also offered features not commonly found in its class (or in other vehicles near its price point for that matter). This included variable speed rack and pinion steering, 17 inch aluminum wheels with GoodYear Eagle tires, 4-wheel double wishbone suspension, one-touch power windows, one-touch moonroof, electrochromic mirror with compass, power accessory delay ignition (which allowed occupants to operate power window switches when ignition is turned off), and Homelink universal transmitter, among other options.

Sebring Coupe received a 5-star frontal safety rating, the highest rating possible.

First generation bodystyle Coupes continued to be sold past the 2000 model year to select export models

'''Engines''':
*2.0 L Chrysler 2.0 DOHC I4
*2.5 L Mitsubishi 6G73 V6

'''Trim levels''':
*''LX'' — 1995–2000
*''LXi'' — 1995–2000

===Convertible (1996–2000)===
[[File:1999-2000 Chrysler Sebring convertible -- 10-31-2010.jpg|thumb|right|1999–2000 Chrysler Sebring convertible]]

The Sebring Convertible was launched in 1996 alongside the Chrysler Sebring Coupe. While using the "Sebring" nameplate, the convertible didn't share any sheetmetal with the coupe. The convertible was based on the [[Chrysler Cirrus]] sedan, and was a replacement for the LeBaron convertible.<ref>[http://www.allpar.com/reviews/2000/sebring-convertible.html Chrysler Sebring Convertible, 1996-2000]. ''Allpar''. Retrieved 2010-02-22.</ref> In Mexico, a rare turbocharged 2.4 L DOHC I4 engine was optional. The coefficient of drag on 1996 JX is 0.36.

'''Engines''':
*1996–2000 — 2.4 L [[Chrysler_2.4_engine#2.4 and 2.4 Turbo|EDZ I4]]
*1996–2000 — 2.5 L [[Mitsubishi_6G7_engine#6G73|Mitsubishi 6G73]] [[V6 engine|V6]]

'''Trim levels''':
*''JX'' — 1996–2000
*''JXi'' — 1996–2000
*''JXi Limited'' — 1998–2000

{{clear}}

== Second generation (JR; 2001–2006) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
|layout=[[FF layout]]
| image = 2001-2003 Chrysler Sebring.jpg
| production = 2001–2006 2001–2005 (Coupe)
|engine = 2.4 L ''[[Chrysler Neon engine#2.4 and 2.4 Turbo|EDZ]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] 2.7 L ''[[Chrysler LH engine|EER]]'' [[V6]] 3.0L [[V6]]
|assembly=[[Sterling Heights, Michigan]], [[United States]] [[Normal, Illinois]] (Coupe)
|wheelbase= Sedan: {{convert|108.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Coupe: {{convert|103.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Convertible: {{convert|106.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= Sedan: {{convert|190.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03 Coupe: {{convert|190.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–05 Coupe: {{convert|191.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Convertible: {{convert|193.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= Sedan: {{convert|70.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2004–06) Sedan: {{convert|71.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2001–03) 2001–03 Coupe: {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–05 Coupe: {{convert|69.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03 Convertible: {{convert|71.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–06 Convertible: {{convert|69.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= Sedan: {{convert|54.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03 Coupe: {{convert|53.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–05 Coupe: {{convert|53.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2004–06 Convertible: {{convert|55.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001–03 Convertible: {{convert|55.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 5-speed manual 4-speed ''[[Ultradrive|41TE]]'' automatic
| platform = Sedan & Convertible: [[Chrysler JR platform]] Coupe: [[Chrysler D platform|Chrysler ST-22 platform]]
| related = [[Dodge Stratus]] [[Volga Siber]] [[Dodge Stratus]] coupe [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]] [[Mitsubishi Galant]]
| aka = [[Chrysler Cirrus]] (in Mexico) [[Volga Siber]] (Russia)
}}

The Sebring name was now used on three different cars for 2001. The coupe was based on the [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]], while the [[sedan (car)|sedan]] and [[convertible]] were [[Chrysler JR platform]] successors to the [[Chrysler Cirrus]]. The car got a facelift in 2004 by getting a new front fascia, as well as a Chrysler logo in the rear section. The Sebring coupe was discontinued after 2005. The Sebring is sold as the '''Chrysler Cirrus''' in [[Mexico]].

The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] gives the 2001–2006 Sebring an ''Acceptable'' overall rating in frontal crash tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=30 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Dodge Stratus |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2006-03-29 |accessdate=2009-05-01}}</ref> In the side impact test, a ''Poor'' overall rating was given to models without side airbags. The IIHS did not test the Sebring with side airbags since Chrysler declined another test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=281 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Dodge Stratus |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2006-03-03 |accessdate=2009-05-01}}</ref>

'''Trim levels''':
Throughout the 2001–2006-generation sedans, many different trim levels were offered. Though there were multiple variations of some (for example plain '''Touring''' and '''Touring Platinum Series'''), just the main ones are listed below.
*''LX'' — 2001–2004
*''LXi'' — 2001–2003
*base — 2004–2006
*''Touring'' — 2004–2006
*''Limited'' — 2004–2006
*''Signature Series'' — 2005
*''Walter P. Chrysler series'' — 2005
*''TSi'' — 2005–2006

===Convertible===
[[File:Chrysler Sebring II Cabriolet front 20100305.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-update Chrysler Sebring convertible (Europe)]]
[[File:04-06 Chrysler Sebring convertible.jpg|thumb|left|2004–2006 Chrysler Sebring convertible (US)]]
For 2001, the Sebring Convertible was redesigned. It now shared most of its sheet metal with the [[sedan (car)|sedan]], though it still differed greatly from the coupe. The front fascia and most of the interior were the only features that these cars had in common. Many interior and exterior components were carried over from the first-generation car, though the body shell underneath is significantly different. The Sebring received minor styling revisions (mostly the appearance of the nose) for the 2004 [[model year]].

'''Engines''':
*2001–2006 — 2.4 L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
*2001–2006 — 2.7 L [[V6 engine|V6]]

'''Trim levels''':
*''LX'' — 2001–2003
*''LXi'' — 2001–2003
*''GTC'' — 2002–2006
*Base — 2004–2006
*''Touring'' — 2004–2006
*''Limited'' — 2001–2006

Note: Additional packages could be added to various standard trim levels.

===Coupe===
[[File:01-03 Chrysler Sebring Coupe.jpg|thumb|left|2001–2003 Chrysler Sebring coupe]]
[[File:04-05 Chrysler Sebring coupe.jpg|thumb|left|2004–2005 Chrysler Sebring coupe]]

A redesigned Sebring Coupe was introduced for the 2001 model year, based on the third generation Mitsubishi Eclipse. Like the previous generation, the coupe shared nothing in common with the sedan or the convertible (those models being engineered by Chrysler), other than the name and a few exterior styling cues to help market all three vehicles together as one model. The Sebring Coupe received a facelift for 2004, along with the sedan and convertible, and was discontinued after 2005 due to poor sales. The 2008 [[Chrysler Sebring (convertible)|Chrysler Sebring hardtop convertible]] serves as a de facto replacement.

'''Engines''':
*2.4 L {{nowrap|(2351 cc, 143.4 cu in)}} Mitsubishi ''[[4G64]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref name="2005specs">[http://www.media.chrysler.com/dcxms/assets/specs/2005SebringCoupeSpecs.pdf 2005 Chrysler Sebring Coupe] media.chrysler.com. Retrieved 2010-04-13.</ref>
*{{convert|2972|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on}} [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] ''[[Mitsubishi 6G7x engine#6G72|6G72]]'' [[V6]]<ref name="2005specs"/>

'''Trim levels''':
*''LX'' - 2000–2003
*''LXi'' - 2000–2003
*Base - 2004–2005
*''Limited'' - 2004–2005
*''Limited Platinum Series'' - 2004

== Third generation (JS; 2007–2010) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image=2nd Chrysler Sebring sedan.jpg
| production = 2007–2010
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| engine = 2.0 L ''[[Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0 L [[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI|TDI]] I4 2.4 L ''[[Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]'' I4 2.7 L ''[[Chrysler LH engine#2.7|EER]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] 3.5 L ''[[Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|EGF]]'' V6
| transmission = 4-speed [[Ultradrive#40TES/41TES|40TES]] [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Ultradrive#40TES/41TES|41TES]] automatic 6-speed [[62TE]] automatic
|wheelbase= {{convert|108.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length= Sedan: {{convert|190.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Convertible: {{convert|193.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width= Sedan: {{convert|71.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Convertible: {{convert|71.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height= Sedan: {{convert|59.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Convertible: {{convert|58.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|platform = [[Mitsubishi GS platform|Chrysler JS platform]]
| related = [[Chrysler 200]] [[Dodge Journey]] [[Dodge Avenger (JS)|Dodge Avenger]] [[Dodge Caliber]] [[Proton Inspira]]
| aka = [[Chrysler Cirrus]] (in Mexico)
}}

The Sebring was replaced with a new model based on the [[Mitsubishi GS platform|JS platform]] for the 2007 model year.

Because no 2007 convertible was offered, the 2006 Sebring convertible was left to fill the void, remaining in showrooms and on the company's website until the 2008 model's release.

[[File:07-Chrysler-Sebring-sedan-rear.jpg|thumb|left|2007 Chrysler Sebring sedan]]

The new Sebring borrows many styling cues from the 2003 [[Chrysler Airflite]] [[concept car|concept]]. It also has several Chrysler-signature styling cues, several of which come from the [[Chrysler Crossfire]]. Additionally, the new Sebring is the first Chrysler model to offer Chrysler's ''MyGIG Infotainment System''.

The Chrysler Sebring is assembled in [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]] and contains over 82% of parts sourced in North America.

The convertible version was introduced in 2007 as a 2008 model, and for the first time featured an optional power hardtop in addition to the available cloth and vinyl tops.

2008 marks the first year that the Sebring is available with the optional ''MyGIG Multimedia Infotainment System'' which allows you to store 20 GB of music, DVDs, and pictures.

Chrysler offers three engines for the 2007 Sebring; the {{convert|2360|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} [[Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]] [[I4 engine|I4]], the {{convert|2736|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} [[Chrysler LH engine#2.7|EER]] [[V6 engine|V6]], and the {{convert|3518|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} [[Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|EGF]] V6.<ref name="2007specs">[http://www.media.chrysler.com/dcxms/assets/specs/07SebringSpecifications.pdf 2007 Sebring Specifications]. media.chrysler.com. Retrieved 2010-04-13.</ref> The 3.5 L V6 is coupled to Chrysler's first ever six-speed [[automatic transmission]], which employs [[Autostick]] technology, and the 2.7 L V6 is capable of running on cleaner-burning [[E85]]. Export vehicles will be offered with a 2.0 L [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] common-rail diesel made by [[Volkswagen]] and the 2.0 L GEMA engine.<ref>[http://www.allpar.com/cars/chrysler/sebring.html 2007-2009 Chrysler Sebring cars - information]. allpar.com. Retrieved 2010-04-13.</ref> The 3.5 L V6 sedan is available with all-wheel drive as an extra cost option for 2008 only.

'''Trim levels''':
*base — 2007
*''LX'' — 2008 (replaced base)
*''Touring'' — (2007–2010)
*''Limited AWD'' — (2008)
*''Limited'' — (2007–2010)

For the 2009 model year, the LX and Touring trims were dropped leaving only the Limited. In addition, the Limited got the 2.4-litre four-cylinder engine and was priced at the same level as the 2008 Touring model. Also for 2009, the Sebring got rear badge placements modified slightly.

The IIHS gave the 2010 Models a G for good in the frontal crash test, the side impact test, and the roof strength test, giving the 2010 Sebring a ''Top Safety Pick'' along with the 2011 [[Chrysler 200]].

===Convertible===
For 2008, the Sebring convertible was redesigned with styling cues such as the hood's strake lines recalling the [[Chrysler Crossfire]]. Like the [[Mazda MX-5 Miata]], the Sebring is offered as both a [[retractable hardtop]] and a softtop, with the Sebring's roofs manufactured by [[Karmann]]. The redesigned Sebring convertible debuted at the 2007 [[Los Angeles International Auto Show]] as an early-2008 model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061129/FREE/61127022/1064/cara_submit|title=Threefold Drop-Top|work=[[AutoWeek]]|accessdate=November 29, 2006}}</ref>

[[File:2007-2010 Chrysler Sebring convertible -- 11-10-2011.jpg|thumb|right|Chrysler Sebring soft top]]
Changes include a redesigned dash with new 2.4 I4 and 3.5 V6 engines, and a re-tuned 2.7 V6 from the previous generation falling between the two models. Unlike the Sebring sedan, the convertible is not offered in [[all-wheel drive]]. The convertible top now retracts into the trunk with a power [[Convertible#Tonneau covers|tonneau cover]] and a luggage protector for the top. The top can also be retracted with the remote keyless entry, meaning the top can be stored without being inside the car or starting the engine.

===Total U.S. sales===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar Year
! Sales
|-
| 2007<ref name="December 2008 Sales: Chrysler LLC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/27526-december-2008-sales-chrysler-llc/ |title= December 2008 Sales: Chrysler LLC |publisher=CheersandGears.com |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
| 93,130
|-
| 2008<ref name="December 2008 Sales: Chrysler LLC"/>
| 71,663
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/50556-chrysler-group-llc-december-2009/ |title= Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales |publisher=CheersandGears.com |date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>
| 27,460
|-
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Oldsmoboi  |url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/74955-december-2010-sales-chrysler/ |title=December 2010 Sales: Chrysler - Cheers & Gears Forums |publisher=Cheersandgears.com |date=2009-11-04 |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref>
| 38,330
|-
| 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chryslergroupllc.com/en-us/investor/PressReleases/sales/ChryslerDocuments/ChryslerGroupLLC_Sales_2012Jan04.pdf/ |title= Chrysler Group LLC December 2011 Sales |publisher=ChryslerGroupLLC.com |date=20112-01-04 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref>
| 2,380
|}

==Fuel==
All engines used in the Chrysler Sebring accept regular unleaded gasoline. Only the 2.7 L DOHC 24V six-cylinder Flex-Fuel engine can accept regular unleaded or E85 [[E85|Flex-Fuel]].<ref>[http://e85.whipnet.net/flex.cars/index.html E85 | How can I tell if my car is an FFV?]. E85.whipnet.net. Retrieved 2010-04-13.</ref>

==European versions==
[[File:2003 Chrysler Sebring sedan (European model) - 1.JPG|thumb|left|2003 Chrysler Sebring 2.7 LX sedan (European model)]]
Chrysler also manufactured export versions of the 2001-2006 Sebring sedan and convertible for the mainland European market. Front and rear lights are to European standards, different from the USA & Canada in that turn-signal indicators are orange, with additional side-turn repeaters on the front fenders. The rear bumper has a larger recess for the longer European-size license plates, and two fog-lamps are fitted; one on each side of the license plate. The LHD headlamps incorporate Euro-type H4 bulbs, together with three-way up and down beam-level adjustment via a dash-mounted switch to the left of the steering wheel. Emissions controls are to the EURO 3 standard; later versions are compliant with EURO 4. Engine ranges offered were the 2.0 L DOHC 16V inline 4-cylinder (later replaced by the 2.4L unit in some countries), and the 2.7 L DOHC 24V 6-cylinder unit. The 2.0 and 2.4L engines are available with the 5-speed manual or four-speed 41TE auto transmission (depending on country); the six-cylinder engine is automatic only.

[[File:2003 Chrysler Sebring sedan (European model) inside view.JPG|thumb|left|2003 Chrysler Sebring 2.7 LX (European model) inside view]]

The Canadian-market 240 km/h-160 mph speedometer (with km/h predominant) is fitted to the European models. Odometer and tripmeter are in kilometres. As the 2001-2006 Sebring sedan and convertible were made in left-hand drive only, they were not sold in the UK and Ireland. Chrysler UK did however, import 50 convertibles with the 2.7L engine in 2001/2002, and these were sold though selected dealers. Being non-standard in Chrysler's UK range at the time though, no more were imported.
[[File:2003 Chrysler Sebring sedan (European model) dials.JPG|thumb|2003 Chrysler Sebring 2.7 LX (European model) dials]]
Trim levels offered in Europe were LE (equivalent to North American market LX) and LX (equivalent to North American market LXi). From 2004, ''Touring'' and ''Limited'' versions started to replace the LE and LX designations respectively.

Lack of a diesel engine and right-hand drive availability prevented this Sebring from being a true pan-European model unlike other Chryslers such as the PT Cruiser and Voyager. In addition, the model was dropped from Chrysler's lineup in some countries, notably France, before production ended in 2006. In France, the three domestic car-makers PSA-Peugeot, Citroen and Renault dominate the new car market, which meant very low sales of the Sebring there. As a result, the sedan was only imported by Chrysler France in 2001 and 2002. The 2003 and face-lifted 2004–2006 year models were not. The convertible was only sold until 2004. The 2005 and 2006 models were likewise not imported.

Despite not being available in the UK and Ireland, some Sebring convertibles have been bought in from the U.S. as grey-imports. Some Euro-spec models have also been privately imported, mostly from Germany. The European versions are easier to re-register in the UK as they have EU-type approval. The dual km/h-mph speedo-display and twin rear foglights mean only headlamp beam-aim adjustment for left-hand traffic is necessary. The sedan is much rarer in the UK though; a few EU models have been imported, but most are likely to be North American 'grey-imports'. The 2007-onwards Sebring sedan and convertible are now sold in right-hand drive through Chrysler's UK and Ireland dealer network.

==Russian versions==
[[File:Volga Siber front Moscow autoshow 2008 26 08.jpg|thumb|200px|2008 Volga Siber.]]
The second-generation (2001–2006) Chrysler Sebring and its [[Dodge Stratus]] cousin was built in [[Russia]] in the second half of 2008, sold as ''Volga Siber''.<ref>{{cite press release |title="Группа ГАЗ" представила на "Интеравто" новый легковой автомобиль |publisher=Группа ГАЗ |date=2007-08-29 |language=Russian |url=http://www.gazgroup.ru/news/news/?id=1326 |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Webster |first=Paul |title=To Russia with parts |publisher=[[The Globe and Mail|globeinvestor.com]] |date=2007-09-26 |url=http://www.globeinvestor.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070925.rmmagna0925/GIStory |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> The license and tooling for these cars were sold in April 2006 to Russian billionaire [[Oleg Deripaska]], who owns the [[GAZ]] company in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], which builds the [[Volga (automobile)|Volga]] automobile. This agreement cost about [[USD|US$]]151 million (€ 124 million). It was planned to build up to 65,000 cars of both models annually. GAZ kept its [[Volga (automobile)|Volga]] nameplate, naming this vehicle the [[Volga Siber]].<ref>{{cite news |title=В названии новой модели "ГАЗа" сохранится слово "Волга" |language=Russian |publisher=[[Lenta.Ru|auto.lenta.ru]] |date=2008-05-15 |url=http://auto.lenta.ru/news/2008/05/15/volga |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> GAZ imported Chrysler 2.4-liter 4-cylinder engines (not the World Engines) from Mexico for use on these vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Chinese versions==
Production of the new Chrysler Sebring sedan for the China market began in 2007 at the Beijing-Benz DaimlerChrysler Automotive Co. (BBDC) in Beijing. BBDC is a joint venture between the [[Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation|Beijing Automotive Industry Holding]] and Chrysler.

Production of the Sebring leverages assembly capacity for the new BBDC plant which also builds the Chrysler 300C, the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]] and Mitsubishi Outlander.
Four-cylinder World Engines for the Sebring will be built at the [[Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance]] (GEMA) plant in Dundee, Michigan for export to China. GEMA began as a joint venture of Chrysler, [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. Since 2009, GEMA is wholly owned by Chrysler.

==Chrysler 200 ==
{{main|Chrysler 200}}

For the 2011 model year, the Sebring was replaced with the [[Chrysler 200]]. The 2.4 L straight-4 is available with four or six-speed automatic transmissions. The previous 2.7L and 3.5L V6 engines were replaced by the new [[Pentastar]] 3.6 L V6, producing {{convert|283|hp|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="media.chrysler.com">{{cite web|url=http://media.chrysler.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=C52D67BE3ED4056AB76DEE2224010F39?&id=9997&mid=2|title=Craftsmanship, Elegance and Value: Chrysler Brand Introduces the New 2011 Chrysler 200|accessdate=2010-09-14|work=media.chrysler.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chrysler Sebring}}
* [http://www.chrysler.com/en/2010/sebring/ Official Sedan Website]
* [http://www.chrysler.com/en/2010/sebring_convertible/ Official Convertible Website]

{{Chrysler timeline}}
{{Chrysler}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chrysler Sebring (Sedan)}}
[[Category:Chrysler vehicles|Sebring]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Flexible-fuel vehicles]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Hardtop convertibles]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Partial zero-emissions vehicles]]

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Infiniti QX80

2012-08-31T11:47:51Z

IFCAR: rv. Per WP:CARPIX, go by the best available photo, not a particular generation. The top infobox covers the entire model run

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Infiniti QX
| image = Infiniti QX56.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Infiniti]]
| production = 2004–present (QX56) 1997–2003 (QX4)
| assembly =
| predecessor =
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| platform =
}}

The '''Infiniti QX''' is a luxury SUV built by Nissan's [[Infiniti]] division sold exclusively in North America. The first generation received its naming inspiration from the recognized four-wheel-drive terminology "4×4", with Infiniti adding a "Q" at the beginning to suggest it was a luxurious "4×4", borrowed from the [[Infiniti Q45|Q45]]. The first generation also had a briefly available Japanese version called the [[Nissan Terrano]] Regulus. Consecutive generations are much larger, and the naming convention adheres to the current trend of using a numeric designation derived from the engine's displacement.

{{TOC left}}
{{Clear}}

==First generation series JR50 (1997–2003)==

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Infiniti QX4
|image=1997-2000 Infiniti QX4.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
|production=1997–2003
|successor=Infiniti QX56
|body_style=5-door [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|aka=Nissan Terrano Regulus (Japan)
|related=[[Nissan Pathfinder]]
|wheelbase= {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|length= 1997–2000: {{convert|183.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2001–2003: {{convert|183.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|width= {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|height= {{convert|70.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|assembly=[[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]
|engine=[[Nissan VG engine#VG33E|VG33E]] 3.3 L [[V6]] [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|VQ35DE]] 3.5 L [[V6]]
|transmission=4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}

The '''Infiniti QX4''' is a [[mid-size]] [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) introduced in 1997 and based on the [[Nissan Pathfinder]]. It was released a year after [[Acura]]'s introduction of the [[Acura SLX|SLX]] and [[Lexus]]'s larger [[Lexus LX|LX 450]]. The QX4 was [[Infiniti]]'s first entry into the SUV market segment.

In the [[North America]]n market, it was marketed as the "Infiniti QX4" while in [[Japan]] it was sold as the '''Nissan Terrano Regulus'''. Major differences between these vehicles and the [[Nissan Pathfinder|Pathfinder]] include a more advanced [[four-wheel-drive]] system ([[ATTESA|ATTESA E-TS]]), a more upscale interior, and unique styling. Although marketed as a [[luxury vehicle]], it has good off-road capability due to its low-range [[four-wheel-drive]] system, body-on-frame construction and {{convert|8.3|in|0}} of ground clearance.

===Year-to-year changes===
[[File:Nissan Terrano Reglus 001.JPG|thumb|left|2001 Nissan Terrano Regulus (JDM)]]

The QX4 received its first major update in 2001, with a new [[Nissan VQ engine|VQ series]] [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] (also later seen in the [[Infiniti G|G35]] and [[Infiniti FX|FX35]]) increasing its power from a relatively low {{Convert|168|hp|kW|0}} to a {{Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6 engine]]. The displacement went from 3.3 L to 3.5 L. The [[timing belt]] was replaced with a timing chain and the ignition distributor was replaced with an individual coil [[ignition system]].

This 2001 facelift also gave the QX4 an updated exterior and interior body style, including features such as a new dash with integrated [[analog clock]], 17-inch (423 mm) alloy wheels and [[xenon HID headlamp]]s. In Japan, the Terrano Regulus trim package was no longer offered. Also, a [[rear-wheel drive]] model was added (1997 through 2000 were only available in 4WD).

2002 Infiniti QX: Cruise control designed to maintain a set distance from other traffic was the main addition for 2002. The QX4 shared Nissan's Intelligent Cruise Control with Infiniti's flagship Q45 sedan. Employing laser sensors, the system was designed to automatically speed or slow the QX4 to keep it a constant distance from cars ahead. Also new for 2002 was a revised audio system, plus audio controls for the available leather/wood steering wheel. The optional rear-seat video entertainment system offered a choice of VCR or DVD player.

2003 Infiniti QX: Additional standard equipment for 2003 included curtain-type side airbags, available for the first time. Several new standard features had previously been part of the Premium Package, including 17-inch wheels, a driver-seat memory system, and a leather/woodgrain steering wheel with audio controls. Options included heated front/rear seats and a videotape or DVD rear-seat entertainment system, as well as a power moonroof.

As of model year 2002, the Regulus was no longer available in Japan.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The QX4 was discontinued in 2003, and its position in price was taken by the [[Infiniti FX|FX35/45]] [[crossover SUV]]. The last QX4 was manufactured during November 2002. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The QX4 was succeeded by the larger QX56 in 2004.
{{-}}

==Second generation series JA60 (2004–2010)==
{{Infobox automobile
| image= 2010 Infiniti QX56 -- 06-16-2010.jpg
| name=Infiniti QX56
| manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
| production=2004–2010
|predecessor=Infiniti QX4
| body_style=5-door [[SUV]]
| engine= 5.6 L [[V8]] [[Nissan VK engine|VK56DE]]
| layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|platform=[[Nissan F-Alpha platform]]
| axle_ratio= 3.357:1
| length={{convert|206.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| width=2008–2010: {{convert|79.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2004–2007: {{convert|78.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| height=2005–2010 2WD: {{convert|77.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2004 & 2008–2010 4WD: {{convert|78.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} 2005–2007 4WD: {{convert|77.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| wheelbase= {{convert|123.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| weight= {{convert|5597|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
|transmission=5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
|assembly=[[Canton, Mississippi]], [[United States]]
| related=[[Nissan Titan]] [[Nissan Armada]] [[Nissan Frontier]] [[Nissan Xterra]]
}}

The '''Infiniti QX56''' is a [[full-size]] [[sport utility vehicle]] (SUV) sold under the Nissan-owned [[Infiniti]] [[luxury vehicles|luxury brand]]. It is based on the [[Nissan Armada]] [[full-size]] SUV, and shares the [[Nissan F-Alpha platform|F-Alpha]] platform with the [[Nissan Titan]] [[pickup truck]]. The QX56 is currently unique to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Russia]], [[Bahrain]], [[UAE]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] only. It was also the first [[Infiniti]] built in the United States.

The rear door handles are installed on the [[Pillar (car)|"C" pillar]] as a [[Nissan]] design tradition started with the 1986 [[Nissan Pathfinder]]. When the four-door [[Nissan Pathfinder]] was introduced, [[Nissan]] chose to conceal the door handles as a part of the "C" pillar trim to visually make it appear like a two-door truck with a camper shell, with conventional door handles on the front doors.

The truck is propelled by a 5.6 [[Liter|L]] ''[[Nissan VK engine|VK56DE]]'' [[V8 engine]] (320 [[horsepower|hp]] [227 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]] @ 4,900 rpm and {{convert|390|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} [[torque]] @ 3,600 rpm) and a 5-speed [[automatic transmission]] with an overdrive. As is common with aluminum blocks, each cylinder in the [[internal combustion engine|engine]] is lined with cast iron. The [[valvetrain]] is a [[DOHC]] design with four valves per cylinder. [[Infiniti]] designed the QX56's throttle responsiveness to correspond to specific drivetrain modes: when the driver selects [[all-wheel drive]], the throttle becomes less sensitive, presumably to allow easier regulation of acceleration when off-road.

The [[Infiniti]] QX56 has around 9,000 [[pound (mass)|lb]] (4082 kg) of towing capacity. Mileage at peak performance drain is {{convert|12|mpgus }}. It comes in one trim level, with only key options such as: [[DVD]] entertainment system, 4WD/[[Two wheel drive|2WD]], and a bench instead of captain chairs as the second row. Other features which come standard are a ten-speaker [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] system, DVD-based navigation system, leather trim for all seats, dual-climate control, 18-inch chrome alloy wheels, and an [[adaptive cruise control]] system. A [[Precrash system]] is a novelty in the market as well.

Since the demise of the [[Infiniti Q45|Q45]] (which was priced above the QX56) after 2006, the QX56 is the most expensive [[Infiniti]] sold in [[North America]], and is [[Infiniti]]'s only full-size vehicle. In early 2007 for the 2008 model yer, the [[Infiniti]] QX56 received a minor facelift which included a revised grille, more standard equipment and standard 20-inch chrome wheels. Introduced at the 2007 [[NAIAS]] in January 2007, the facelifted model went on sale in April 2007.

In 2008 the QX56 received updates to the braking system. For 2009 the QX56 received auto locking doors and deep garnet metallic was added as a new color. For 2010 the MSRP was increased by $1000, 4WD versions now cost $60,000 and some colors were deleted.

Although the Armada continues to be produced in the United States for the 2011 model year, the 2010 model year would be the last year that the QX56 and Armada would share the same platform.
{{-}}

==Third generation (2010–present)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image= 2011 Infiniti QX56 -- 04-08-2011.jpg
|name=Infiniti QX56
|manufacturer=[[Infiniti]]
|production=2010–present
|class=Full-size Luxury [[SUV]]
|body_style=5-door [[SUV]]
|platform=TBA
|engine=5.6L V8 32-valve [[VVEL]]([[Nissan VK engine#VK56VD|VK56VD]])
|transmission=7-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|wheelbase=3075 mm (121.1 inches)
|width=2047 mm (80.6 inches)
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
|height=1940 mm (75.6 inches)
|length=5290 mm (208.3 inches)
| weight={{convert|2785|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
|towing capacity=TBA
|assembly=[[Yukuhashi]], [[Japan]] ([[Nissan Shatai]] [[Kyushu]] Plant)
|related=[[Nissan Patrol#Sixth generation (Y62; 2010–present)|Nissan Patrol Y62]]
}}

On March 31, 2010, Infiniti debuted the 2011 '''QX56''' at the [[New York International Auto Show]]. The QX56 is a complete redesign of the QX. The QX56 features a new 5.6L ''[[Nissan VK engine#VK56VD|VK56VD]]'' V8 engine with [[Gasoline direct injection|direct injection]] and [[VVEL]] variable valve timing. The new V8 which is also found in the [[Nissan Patrol]] is rated at 400 horsepower (300 kW) and 413 ft·lbf (560 N·m) of torque. The more powerful engine helps give the QX an increased towing capacity of up to 8,500 pounds. The engine is tied to a seven-speed sequential-shift automatic transmission with an all-new 4WD system.

Compared to its predecessor, the new QX is 1.4 inches longer, 1.1 inches wider. Most of the frame's body mass is made from high-tensile steel, but the QX manages to be more rugged with its [[body-on-frame]] concept and it shares the same platform as the [[Nissan Patrol]], the model only available in Japan. Both the front and rear feature [[independent suspension]] [[double wishbone]] suspensions combined with the new [[Hydraulic Body Motion Control System]]. The QX comes standard with 22-inch wheels. 4WD versions have a 4-setting terrain control which include rock, snow, sand and dirt modes. This generation abandoned the disguised rear door handles that were installed in the [[Pillar (car)|"C" pillar]], a tradition started with the 1985 [[Nissan Pathfinder]] 4-door, as the first generation QX was based on the second generation Pathfinder. This generation's appearance is more in line with other large luxury SUVs like the [[Lexus LX]], [[Range Rover]], [[Cadillac Escalade]], and [[Lincoln Navigator]].

The QX's interior design includes a number of the standard and optional luxury features in the 2010 [[Infiniti M]], such as semi-[[aniline leather]] seats, tri-zone climate control, a [[Bose]] 2-channel, 13-speaker Premium Audio surround sound stereo system with hard drive memory storage, hard-drive based navigation system, XM satellite radio with NavTraffic is standard, a power liftgate/tailgate, and Infiniti Intuitive Park Assist, a parking assist feature which uses the around view monitor. Other features include climate-controlled front and rear seats, streaming audio via Bluetooth wireless technology, a center console cooler for storage of cold drinks which can be accessed by both front and rear passengers, power sliding rear seats, power third row seats, and a 7-inch DVD rear-seat entertainment system. Curtain Vent, new for this generation, directs air flow from the air conditioning system from above each side window down towards the floor. A new Around View Monitor system uses a camera mounted on the grill, giving a 180-degree view in front, and another camera mounted on the passenger side of the vehicle's side mirror helps eliminate blind spots on the side at low speeds, such as when in parking lots or on off-road adventures.

The QX also features the updated [[Infiniti]] hard drive based navigation system with an 8-inch high-resolution VGA display. Infiniti [[keyless entry|keyless]] [[SmartAccess]] with an "Intelligent Remote" key is standard along with 8 airbags including [[knee airbag]]s for driver and front passenger as well as second-row side torso airbags, the [[Adaptive Front-lighting System]] (AFS) is standard, while the [[Pre-Collision System]] (PCS),Vehicle Dynamic Control (Electronic stability control) systems and Lane Departure Warning System are available options.

==Cross-promotion==
The 2011 QX56 was featured in a series of cross-promotion commercials for the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]'', dubbed "A 'Community' Moment", which had series star [[Joel McHale]] driving the cast around Los Angeles. The promos aired during NBC's telecast of the [[62nd Primetime Emmy Awards]] on August 29, 2010, which was co-sponsored by Infiniti.

== References ==
<references/>
*"2004 Infiniti QX56", an article on page 52 of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]''
*[http://autos.yahoo.com/nissan_armada_se_4x2-specs/?p=ext 2008 Nissan Armada SE 4×2 Technical Specs]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.infinitiusa.com/ Official Infiniti USA site]
*[http://www.infinitiusa.com/qx/ Official Infiniti USA QX56 homepage]
* {{jp icon}} [http://history.nissan.co.jp/TERRANO/R50/0109/index.html Terrano Regulus official site]
* http://www.infiniti.com/qx/

{{infiniti}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infiniti Qx}}
[[Category:Infiniti vehicles|QX]]
[[Category:SUVs]]
[[Category:Full-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1997]]

[[de:Infiniti QX]]
[[fa:اینفینیتی کیوایکس]]
[[fr:Infiniti QX]]
[[ja:インフィニティ・QX]]
[[pl:Infiniti QX]]
[[pt:Infiniti QX56]]
[[ru:Infiniti QX56]]
[[uk:Infiniti QX]]

Hyundai Tucson

2012-08-29T19:04:38Z

IFCAR: rv unnecessary low-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Hyundai Tucson
|image=Hyundai ix35 2.0 4WD Premium – Frontansicht (1), 29. Mai 2011, Heiligenhaus.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Hyundai Motor Company]]
|production=2004–present
|predecessor=[[Hyundai Galloper]](Shortbody)
|model_years = 2005–present
|class=[[Compact SUV|Compact]] [[crossover SUV]]
|body_style=5-door [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Hyundai Tucson ''' ({{lang-ko|현대 투싼}}), or '''ix35''' in [[Europe]], or '''Hyundai JM''' (Joyful Mover) in [[Japan]], is a [[compact SUV|compact]] [[crossover SUV]] built and marketed by the Hyundai Motor Corporation. In Hyundai's lineup, the Tucson fits below the [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] and [[Hyundai Veracruz|Veracruz]].

The vehicles are named after the city of [[Tucson, Arizona]].

==First generation (2004–2009)==
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=September 2009}}
The first generation Tucson launched in 2004. It shares its [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]-based [[automobile platform|platform]] with the redesigned 2005 [[Kia Sportage]]. The Tucson is in the same class as the [[Toyota RAV4]], [[Honda CR-V]] and [[Ford Escape]].<ref>[http://automobiles.honda.com/tools/compare/select-competitor-similar.aspx?ModelName=CR-V&ModelYear=2009&AICGroupNum=5096&AICNum1=25708&LastState=%2Ftools%2Fcompare%2F%3FModelName%3DCR-V%26ModelYear%3D2009%26AICGroupNum%3D5096%26AICNum1%3D25708%26LastState%3D&Filter=&Mode=&Photo= Competitors of CR-V, Similar vehicles] the Official Honda Web Site</ref><ref>[http://www.hyundaiusa.com/vehicle/comparison/comparison.aspx?vehicle=Tucson&year=2009&trimID=24406 Similar Vehicles of Tucson] Hyundai Motor America</ref>

{{Infobox automobile
|image=Hyundai Tucson .jpg
|production=2004–2009 2004–present (Turkey) 2010–present (Brazil)
|model_years = 2005-2009
|name=First generation
|engine=2.0L [[Hyundai Beta engine|''Beta II'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 2.7L [[Hyundai Delta engine|''Delta'']] [[V6]] [[petrol]] 2.0L [[CRDI]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|related=[[Hyundai Elantra]] [[Hyundai Matrix]] [[Hyundai Tiburon]] [[Kia Spectra|Kia Spectra/Cerato]] [[Kia Sportage]]
|wheelbase={{convert|2630|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|aka=Hyundai JM (Japan) Beijing-Hyundai Tucson
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]] [[Chennai]], [[India]] [[Anápolis]], [[Brazil]] [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]]) [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ([[Ghabbour Group]]) [[Cherkasy]], [[Ukraine]] ([[Bogdan group|Bogdan]])
|length={{convert|4325|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1800|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1830|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1730|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed manual 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}

===Engines===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power,torque@rpm
|-
!colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|2.0||2004–2009||{{convert|1975|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|141|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@6000, {{convert|184|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}@4500
|-
|2.7 V6||2004–2009||{{convert|2656|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I6||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@6000, {{convert|241|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}@4000
|-
!colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2004–2006||{{convert|1991|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|113|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|245|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}@2000 rpm
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2006–2009||{{convert|1991|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|150|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@3800 rpm, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}@1800-2500 rpm
|-
|2.0 CRDi (Italy)||2006–2009||{{convert|1991|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}@4000 rpm, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}@2000 rpm
|}

Later 2.0 CRDi models include variable geometry turbocharger.

===Transmissions===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Standard!!Optional
|-
|2.0||2004–2009||5-speed manual||4-speed automatic with SHIFTRONIC
|-
|2.7 V6||2004–2009||4-speed automaic with SHIFTRONIC||-
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2004–2006||5-speed manual||4-speed automatic with SHIFTRONIC
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2006–2009||6-speed manual||4-speed automatic with SHIFTRONIC
|}

In US 2.0 model, [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] is standard in Limited trim.

===Handling===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Drive
|-
|2.0||2004–2009||FWD, 4WD
|-
|2.7 V6||2004–2009||FWD, AWD
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2004–2006||AWD
|-
|2.0 CRDi||2006–2009||FWD, 4WD
|}

[[Four wheel drive]] models include a [[Borg-Warner]] torque controller system.

===Equipment===
[[File:2007-2010 Hyundai Tucson City Elite wagon 02.jpg|thumb|2007–2010 Hyundai Tucson City Elite (Australia)]]

In the United States, the Tucson is offered in base GLS, mid-line SE, and top-tier Limited (formerly LX) trim levels for 2007 models. Earlier 2005 and 2006 models were offered as GL/GLS/Limited. Standard equipment includes air conditioning, cruise control, six airbags, electronic stability control, a CD player, alloy wheels, remote keyless entry, and premium cloth seats. The SE adds to the roster with contrasting gray body cladding, a different alloy design, an [[AM broadcasting|AM]]/[[FM broadcasting|FM]]/[[Audio cassette|Cassette]]/[[CD]] as well as fog lights and a front windshield wiper de-icing grid. The Limited adds leather seating surfaces, a 6-disc in dash [[CD changer]], body-colored cladding, automatic climate control, and heated seats. The SE and Limited are only available with the 2.7-[[litre]] [[V6]]. The GLS comes only with the 2.0-litre [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]].

The Tucson offers modest cargo space but its easy-to-fold seats can expand this volume. Even the front passenger seat folds flat for extra-long cargo.

===Safety===
There are dual-stage frontal impact airbags, torso side-impact [[airbag]]s built into the front seats, and curtain airbags for side-impact protection for front and rear passengers.

2009 Hyundai Tucson by the U.S. [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA)<ref>[http://www.carsdirect.com/hyundai/tucson/safety 2009 Hyundai Tucson NHTSA Star Rating] CarsDirect.com</ref>
* Frontal Rating (Driver): {{rating|5|5}}
* Frontal Rating (Passenger): {{rating|5|5}}
* Side Rating (Driver): {{rating|5|5}}
* Side Rating (Passenger): {{rating|5|5}}

===2006===
Changes for 2006 were minimal. The LX became the Limited and got color-coded cladding, automatic climate control, and a high-performance sound system . The GLS retained the gray cladding but 'HYUNDAI' is no longer branded into the cladding on the front doors. The GLS also got improved cloth seats with the option of a heating element. Both GLS and Limited got redesigned alloy wheels. The base GL remained unchanged.

===2007===
Changes for 2007 were also minimal. The GL and GLS trims were renamed to GLS and SE, respectively, to match the standard for all new Hyundai vehicles.

===2009===
[[File:2008-2010 Hyundai Tucson City SX wagon 01.jpg|thumb|right|2009 Hyundai Tucson]]

2009 Tucsons see minor restyling and trim changes.
{{clear}}

===Tucson FCEV (2005)===
[[File:'06-'08 Hyundai Tucson FCEV (MIAS).JPG|thumb|Hyundai Tucson FCEV]]
Tucson Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is a test vehicle for Hyundai's 2nd generation hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle includes a 80 kW electric motor by Enova Systems of [[Torrance, California]], UTC Fuel Cells by [[South Windsor, Connecticut]], 152V battery co-developed by Hyundai Motor Co. and LG Chem in Seoul, Korea, {{convert|152|L|0}} hydrogen storage tanks developed by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada. The vehicle has range of {{convert|300|km|1}} and top speed of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogen-motors.com/hyundai-tucson-hybrid-fcev.html |title=Hyundai Tucson Hybrid FCEV |publisher=Hydrogen-motors.com |date=2008-10-21 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

The vehicle was unveiled in 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Keegan |first=Walter J |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2005/01/06/l-a-auto-show-hyundai-tucson-fcev/ |title=L.A. Auto Show: Hyundai Tucson FCEV |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2005-12-18 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

Tucson FCEV completed a {{Convert|4300|mi|km|sing=on}} journey as part of the Hydrogen Road Tour 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/19/la-2008-hyundai-announces-blue-drive-efficiency-strategy-2010?icid=sphere_blogsmith_inpage_autobloggreen |title=LA 2008: Hyundai announces Blue Drive efficiency strategy, 2010 Sonata hybrid |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2008-11-19 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

===Tucson BlueDrive GPL (2005–2009)===
It is an Italian version of Tucson 2.0 capable of using both petrol and LPG fuels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guida.autoblog.it/auto/hyundai/tucson/10698/ |title=Hyundai - Tucson 2.0 16V BlueDrive GPL Active |publisher=Guida.autoblog.it |date= |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

===CRTD Xenith (2007–2009)===
It is a version of 2.0 CRDi 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4WD for UK market. It included following:
*Colour coded side mouldings and bumpers
*Rear privacy glass
*Two tone leather and Alcantara upholstery
*Alcantara covered instrument cluster surround, gear gaiter, steering wheel, handbrake, armrest, door pull linings and door inserts
*Birds eye black maple wood effect trim on dashboard, console and door pulls
*Leather and alloy sports gear knob
*Luxury stainless steel embossed door entry guards
*Aluminium sports pedal trims
*19" multi spoke alloy wheels with polished rims
The vehicle has MSRP of £20,670.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/03/27/in-uk-hyundai-tucson-reaches-its-xenith/ |title=In UK, Hyundai Tucson reaches its Xenith |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2007-03-27 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

===25th Anniversary Edition (2008)===
It is a version of 2009 Tucson 2.0 GLS FWD model with premium Kenwood stereo system, a [[Garmin]] in-dash GPS system, a 2-way power sunroof, body colour door handles and mirrors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundaicanada.com/tucson/25/en/index.html |title=Hyundai Tucson 25th Anniversary Edition |publisher=Hyundaicanada.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

The options cost $1,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.ca/article/2008/11/15/2009-hyundai-tucson-25th-anniversary-edition-road-test-review |title=2009 Hyundai Tucson 25th Anniversary Edition Road Test Review |publisher=Carpages.ca |date=2008-11-15 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

===International markets===
In Japan, it was sold as Hyundai JM. Sold in Europe, but not EuroNCAP tested.

===Receptions===
The Tucson received accolades from [[Canadian Car of the Year]] ''Best New Crossover'' award for 2005.

Hyundai Tucson named as one of the most reliable vehicles from 2009 [[Consumer Reports]] reliability survey.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS200106+27-Oct-2009+PRN20091027 Consumer Reports' 2009 Annual Car Reliability Survey] October 27, 2009. Reuters</ref>

==Second generation (2009–present)==
{{Infobox automobile
|production=2009–present
|model_years = 2010-present
|image=2010 Hyundai ix35 (LM) Elite wagon 02.jpg
|aka=Hyundai ix35 (Most markets) Hyundai Tucson ix (South Korea) Hyundai Tucson (Indonesia)
|name=Second generation
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]] [[Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Žilina Plant|Žilina Plant]], [[Žilina]], [[Slovakia]] [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] [[Bekasi]], [[Indonesia]] (2010) [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ([[Ghabbour Group]]) [[Nošovice]], [[Czech Republic]] (2011)
|engine=1.6L [[Hyundai Gamma engine|''Gamma'']] [[GDI]] [[Turbo]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 2.0L [[Hyundai Theta engine|''Theta II'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 2.4L [[Hyundai Theta engine|''Theta II'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 1.7L [[Hyundai R engine|''R-Line'']] [[CRDI]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.0L [[Hyundai R engine|''R-Line'']] [[CRDI]] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|related=[[Hyundai Elantra]] [[Hyundai i30]] [[Kia Sportage]] [[Kia cee'd]] [[Kia Forte]] [[Kia Forte Koup]]
|wheelbase={{convert|2640|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|4410|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1820|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1655|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1685|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}
In most markets outside [[Korea]], '''Hyundai ix35''' (also called 'Hyundai Tucson ix' in the Korean market) replaced Hyundai Tucson name. The ix35 was unveiled in 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/08/18/frankfurt-preview-hyundai-officially-teases-the-new-tucson/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Hyundai officially teases the new Tucson *UPDATED |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> The power output, fuel-efficiency, comfort and safety features have been all upgraded. Known by the project name LM, it took 36 months and 280 billion won (approx. US$225 million) to develop. Saeki Yoshikazu, [[Toyota]] engineer, who is a chief engineer of [[Toyota RAV4]] said, "I test drove Tucson ix. Even I think Tucson ix is a very good vehicle. It is a very stylish, too."<ref>[http://www.mt.co.kr/view/mtview.php?type=1&no=2009110314423291903&outlink=1 Toyota chief engineer praise Tucson ix]{{ko}} 2009.11.03. MoneyToday newspaper</ref>

===Design===
The ix35's styling was reported to be based on Hyundai ix-onic concept.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsey |first=Jonathon |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/08/09/hyundai-ix35-i-e-the-new-tucson-spotted-in-sydney/ |title=Hyundai ix35 (i.e. the new Tucson) spotted in Sydney |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2009-08-09 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>
The ix35 was penned by former [[BMW]] designer Thomas Buerkle at Hyundai's [[Russelsheim]] design studio in [[Germany]] and continues the company's styling language, marketed as "fluidic sculpture".<ref>[http://www.cartradeindia.com/car-bike-news/new-hyundai-ix35-car-111411.html New Hyundai ix35 Car] September 08, 2009. CarTradeIndia.com</ref><ref>[http://dailymotion.virgilio.it/video/xa067a_made-in-germany-hyundais-success-de_news?from=rss Made in Germany | Hyundai`s success - Designed in Germany] 2009, [[DW-TV]] (Deutsche Welle)</ref> The compact sports utility vehicle has sweeping coupe-like lines, a premium vehicle feel and comes with features unavailable on its predecessor.

===Engines===
[[File:2010 Hyundai ix35 (LM) Active wagon 02.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Hyundai ix35 (LM) Active (Australia)]]

Tucson/ix35 is equipped with one of three engines: an all-new 2-litre diesel R engine or one of two Theta-II gasoline engine variants (2.0L or 2.4L). The automatic transmission is Hyundai’s all-new six-speed design. The diesel engine, available outside of North America, meets the Euro-5 emissions standards and achieves 15.4 kilometers per liter fuel economy with maximum power output of 184 horsepower. The 2.0L gasoline engine has a fuel economy of 11.7 kilometers per liter with 166 horsepower. In South Korea, the diesel engine is offered in both [[front-wheel-drive]] and [[all-wheel drive]] configurations, while the 2.0L gasoline engine is available only in [[front-wheel-drive]]. The North American versions are powered by either the 2.0L or a 2.4-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine producing 176 horsepower mated to the six-speed automatic transmission. The 2.4L engine makes almost the same power as the previous generation V6 engine while managing 20% better fuel economy than the previous generation four-cylinder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/12/04/hyundai-unveils-redesigned-2010-tucson/|title=Hyundai Unveils Redesigned 2010 Tucson|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

The Hyundai Tucson sold in the U.S. comes in three trims: GL, GLS and Limited, with All-Wheel Drive available for GLS and Limited trims. The GL comes with a standard manual transmission, but a 6-speed [[automatic transmission]] is available and is standard on GLS and Limited. Features include available steering wheel-mounted audio controls, hands-free [[Bluetooth]] phone connectivity, navigation system, and a standard [[iPod]] interface system including iPod cable. An array of advanced safety equipment is standard, including Hillstart Assist Control and Downhill Brake Control. A [[Electronic key|Proximity Key]] and Push Button Start system is available in the Korean market but not the North American. The North American version uses a different gauge cluster design than the Korean version.

===2011===
The 2011 Tucson offered in the US includes a new GL trim which replaces the 2010 GLS model as Tucson's base trim. The GL is powered by a new 2.0-liter 4-cylinder engine mated to either a five-speed manual or an available six-speed automatic transmission in order to obtain better fuel economy than the 2.4-liter engine. The 2011 GLS trim includes the features of the 2010 "Popular Equipment Package" and an automatic transmission as standard equipment. Limited models now include standard electrochromatic mirrors with Homelink and has received Sachs dampeners to provide a smoother ride. The electronic stability control and motor driven power steering systems have been enhanced for improved performance. All AWD models now receive standard heated seats.

===Equipment===
Some of the notable features of Tucson are as follows:
* Vehicle Dynamic Control: improves the safety of a vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids
* Downhill Brake Control and Hillstart Assist Control: DBC allows the vehicle to maintain a safe speed on steep declines without having to use the brakes while HAC helps the vehicle maintain its position on a steep or slippery hill without rolling backwards.
* Emergency Stop Signal: In the event of a panic stop, this feature automatically triggers the emergency hazard lights whose flashing alerts the driver behind thus reducing the risk of rear-end crashes.
* Panoramic Sunroof
* Proximity Key

===Safety===
[[File:2010 Hyundai Tucson GLS IIHS.jpg|thumb|right|A 2010 Tucson GLS crash-tested by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS)]]
The second-generation Hyundai Tucson earned 'Top Safety Pick' award from [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS) in the U.S.<ref>[http://finchannel.com/news_flash/Oil_%26_Auto/64725_2010_Hyundai_Tucson_Earns_IIHS_%E2%80%9CTOP_SAFETY_PICK%E2%80%9D_/ 2010 Hyundai Tucson Earns IIHS “TOP SAFETY PICK”] 10/06/2010. The FINANCIAL</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://worldwide.hyundai.com/web/Showroom/tucson_focus.html Official website of Hyundai Tucson]
*[http://www.hyundaitucson.com/ Official website of Hyundai Tucson (US)]
*[http://tucsonix.hyundai.com/ Official website of Hyundai Tucson ix (South Korea)]{{ko}}
*[http://www.automobileindia.com/new-vehicle/1-hyundai-india/16-tucson.html Hyundai Tucson]
{{Hyundai cars}}
{{Hyundai North America}}

[[Category:Hyundai vehicles|Tucson]]
[[Category:Crossover SUVs]]
[[Category:Compact SUVs]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2005]]

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Volkswagen Golf

2012-08-27T11:51:38Z

IFCAR: rv redundant, lower-quality photo

{{Distinguish|Volkswagen Gol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf
| image = Volkswagen Rabbit 3door.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| aka = Volkswagen Rabbit
| production = 1974–present
| predecessor = [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
| class = British: [[Small family car]] European: [[C-segment]]
| body_styles = 3-door [[hatchback]] 5-door [[hatchback]]
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
}}

The '''Volkswagen Golf''' is a [[small family car]] ([[C-segment]] in Europe) manufactured by [[Volkswagen]] since 1974 and marketed worldwide across six generations, in various body configurations and under various [[nameplate]]s – as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada ''(Mk1 and Mk5)'', and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico'' (Mk1).

The [[front-wheel drive]], front-engined Golf was Volkswagen's first successful replacement for the [[air-cooled]], rear-engined, rear-wheel drive [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagen's best-selling model and the [[list of bestselling vehicle nameplates|world's third best-selling model]], with more than 29 million built by 2012.<ref name="carmagazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/VW-Golf-build-passes-25-million-/?&R=EPI-3666|title=VW Golf build passes 25 million| accessdate=11 March 2008|date=30 March 2007|author=Gareth Kent|work=carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref>

Most production of the Golf was initially in the 3-door [[hatchback]] style.<ref>Figures for 1974 to 1987: 4.7 million 3-door models, 2.55 million 5-doors, according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald |first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location= Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02116-1|pages=86–87}}</ref> Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, [[station wagon|estate/wagon]] ('''Variant''', from 1993), [[convertible]] ('''Cabriolet''' and '''Cabrio''', 1979–2002), and a Golf-derived notchback [[sedan (car)|saloon/sedan]], variously called '''[[Volkswagen Jetta]]''', '''Volkswagen Vento''' or '''Volkswagen Bora''' (from 1979). The cars have filled many market segments, from basic personal cars, to high-performance [[hot hatch]]es.

Every generation of Golf has been a runner-up in the [[European Car of the Year]] awards, but only one has been a winner, the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3|Golf Mk3]] in 1992.<ref name="coty">{{cite web|url=http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1992_1/coty |title=Previous Winners |language={{es icon}} |publisher=Car of the Year |date= |accessdate=2011-11-09}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Golf name is derived from the German word for [[Gulf Stream]]<ref name=CarpetBombGolfstrom>
* {{Citation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uRAgliO29ZwC&pg=PA7 |title=What's New; Minicar |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |date=August 1974 |page=76 |accessdate=2011-11-02 |quote= It's named for the Golfstrom — the Gulf Stream }}
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen plays Golf game |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160,3928061&dq=volkswagen+golfstrom&hl=en |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |newspaper= [[Milwaukee Sentinel]] |date= 19 June 1984 |page= 6 }}
* {{Citation |title= Introducing the VW 'Golf, |magazine= [[Motor Trend]] |first= Walter A. |last= Woron |year= 1974 |quote= The name originally stems from the Gulf Stream (spelled Golf Strom in German) }}
* {{Citation |newspaper= [[New York Times]] |title= New VW Car Named Golf |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/19/business/new-vw-car-named-golf.html |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |date= 28 June 1984 |quote= The name is drawn not from the game, but from Golf-Strom, which is German for Gulf Stream, the company said. }}
* {{Citation |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=YwGvdR-lloQC&pg=PA84 |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |magazine= [[Popular Science]] |date= December 1984 |title= Golf and Jetta Biggest Little Cars on the Road |page=84 |quote= The Golf, named after the Gulf Stream (''Golf-Strom in German)… |last=Keebler |first= Jack }}
* {{Citation |title= 2006 Volkswagen Golf |work= MSN Autos |publisher= [[MSN]] |url= http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?year=2006&make=Volkswagen&model=Golf |accessdate= 2011-11-02 |quote= The Golf takes its name from the German word Golfstrom, which means Gulf Stream. }}
</ref> and the period in its history when VW named vehicles after prominent winds, including also the [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]] (after the German word for [[Trade wind]]), [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] (after the [[Jet stream]]), [[Volkswagen Bora|Bora]] (after [[Bora (wind)|Bora]]) and [[Scirocco]] (after [[Sirocco]]).<ref name=Winds>
* {{Citation |title= Volkswagen Has Another Car Named For The Wind -- And It's A Fresh Breeze |newspaper= [[Boston Globe]] |first= John R. |last= White |date= April 1, 1990 |page= A.69 |quote= VW likes to name things after wind. Remember Scirocco? That was a car named for a hot desert wind. Passat is more practical; in German it means trade wind. And, if there's anything Volkswagen needs, it's a fresh breeze in the trade department. }}
* {{Citation |title= International marketing management: strategies and cases |first1=Jean-Pierre |last1= Jeannet |first2= Hubert D. |last2= Hennessey |year= 1988 |page= 321 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |ISBN= 978-0-395-35675-3 |quote= This brought about Golf (the German word for the Gulf Wind), Scirocco (the Italian word for a hot wind that brings desert dust from the Libyan desert to Italy), and Passat (the German word for trade wind). }}
* {{Citation |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_12/b4076063825013.htm |magazine=[[Business Week]] |accessdate=2011-11-02 |title= One World, One Car, One Name;The Ford Fiesta, after flopping in the U.S. in the '70s and selling well in Europe ever since, is set to go global |first= David |last= Kiley |date= 13 March 2008 |quote= There was the Bora, which is also the wind that blows north by northeast across the Adriatic Sea. After complaints from dealers that Bora sounded "boring," VW eventually renamed the car the Jetta (as in Jet Stream) in the U.S. More recently, the automaker came out with the Touareg, which is also a nomadic African tribe that used to follow a certain wind pattern. }}
</ref> "Golf" is also a sport, a theme that is shared with the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]] and [[Volkswagen Derby|Derby]].

==Golf Mk1/Rabbit (A1/Typ 17, 1974–1983)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk1 (17)
|image=Vw golf 1 v sst.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|engine=1.1l, 1.3l, 1.5l, 1.6l, 1.8l 1.5l Diesel, 1.6l Diesel, 8v
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Beetle]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Scirocco]] Mk1/Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk1}}

In May 1974,<ref>All dates for Mk1 to Mk4 according to: {{cite book|title=Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, vol.3|last=Oswald|first=Werner|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn= 3-613-02116-1|pages=72–137}} and {{cite book |title=Deutsche Autos seit 1990, vol.5|last=Kittler| first=Eberhard|year=2001|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn=3-613-02128-5|pages= 266–313}}</ref> Volkswagen presented the first-generation Golf as a modern front-wheel-drive, long-range replacement for the [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. Later Golf variations included the Golf GTI "[[hot hatch]]" (introduced in June 1976), a diesel-powered version (from September 1976), the [[Volkswagen Jetta|Jetta]] notchback saloon version (from October 1979), the [[Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet|Golf Cabriolet]] (from January 1980) and a Golf-based pickup, the [[Volkswagen Caddy]].

The '''Golf Mk1''' was sold as the '''Volkswagen Rabbit''' in the United States and Canada and as the '''Volkswagen Caribe''' in Mexico.

A facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the '''[[Volkswagen Citi Golf|Citi Golf]]''' from 1984 to 2009.<ref>[http://www.topcar.co.za/user-generated/goodbye-citi-golf topCar: Goodbye Citi Golf]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Golf Mk2 (A2/Typ 19E, 1983–1992)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk2 (19E)
|image=VW Golf II front 20080206.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|engine=1.3L, 1.6L, 1.8L, 1.8L 16v, 2.0L 16v, 1.6L Diesel, 1.6L Turbo Diesel, 1.8L G60
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|related=[[Volkswagen Jetta]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Corrado]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk2}}

September 1983 saw the introduction of the second-generation '''Golf Mk2''' that grew slightly in terms of wheelbase, exterior and interior dimensions, while retaining, in a more rounded form, the Mk1's overall look. In 1985, the first Golfs with four-wheel-drive (Golf syncro) went on sale with the same Syncro four-wheel-drive system being employed on the [[G-Lader#Sizes and car models|supercharged G60 models]], exclusively released on the continent in 1989 with {{convert|160|bhp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} and ABS braking.

A Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model; instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2's entire production run.
{{-}}

==Golf Mk3 (A3/Typ 1H, 1991–1999)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk3 (1H)
|image=1996-1998 Volkswagen Golf (1H) CL 5-door hatchback 03.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk2]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|related = [[Volkswagen Vento]]
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk3}}

The third-generation '''Golf Mk3''' made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged.

New engines included the first [[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] (TDI) [[diesel engine]] in a Golf, and a narrow-angle 2.8 L [[VR6 engine]]. The VR6-engined version accelerated from {{convert|0|-|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 7.1 seconds, posting a record 15.5¼-mile time at {{convert|90.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} EPA estimate {{convert|26|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (city) or {{convert|32|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} (highway), with {{convert|261|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (city) and {{convert|363|mi|km|abbr=on}} per tank (highway). For the first time ever, a Golf estate (Golf Variant) joined the line-up in September 1993 (although most markets did not receive this model until early 1994), at the same time a completely new Mk3-derived [[Convertible|Cabriolet]] was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version. With a body style similar to that of the Golf, it was continued on until 2001 with only minor changes in the 1999 model year.
The notchback version, called VW Vento (or Jetta III in North America), was presented in January, 1992.

It was [[European Car of the Year]] for 1992, ahead of PSA's new [[Citroën ZX|ZX]] model and GM's new [[Opel Astra|Astra]] model.

The Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called "Mi" (Golf CL 4-door, added A/C, special interiors, OEM black tinted rear stop lights, and ABS, no OEM radio) ("Mi" ("i" in red) stands for Multipoint Injection and the 1.8 L engine was upgraded to 2.0).
{{-}}

==Golf Mk4 (A4/Typ 1J, 1997–2003)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (1J)
|image=Volkswagen Golf IV 3-door.jpg
|Engine=1.8 8v, 1.9turbo diesel,1.9 tdi, 2.0 8v, 2.0 16v, 2.8 vr6,
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk3]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5]]
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk1 [[Audi TT]] Mk1 [[Volkswagen Bora]] [[SEAT León]] Mk1 [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk2 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk1
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk4}}

The '''Golf Mk4''' was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version (VW Bora or, in North America, again VW Jetta) in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant (estate) in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that comprised bumpers, grill and headlights similar to those of the Mark 4 models. New high-performance models included the 3.2 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined [[4Motion|four-wheel-drive]] Golf "R32" introduced in 2004, its predecessor the 2.8 L [[VR6 engine|VR6]]-engined "Golf V6 [[4Motion]]" (succeeding the 2.9 L Mk3 "Golf [[VR6 engine|VR6]] [[4Motion|Syncro]]"), as well as use of the famous 1.8T (turbo) 4-cylinder used in various Volkswagen Group models.

As of 2008, certain variants of the Golf/Bora Mk4 were still in production in Brazil, China, and Mexico. Revised versions of the Mk4 were sold in Canada marketed as the Golf City and Jetta City from 2007 to 2010. The two models were VW Canada's entry-level offerings. They received a significant freshening for the 2008 model year, including revised headlamps, taillamps, front and rear fascias, sound systems, and wheels. Both models were offered only with the 2.0 L, 8-valve SOHC [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] gasoline engine, rated at {{convert|115|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. They were the only entry-level offerings with an optional six-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]. The production of Golf Mk4 for the U.S. market ended in 2006. But for the European markets, the production of the fourth generation ended in 2003.

When the Chinese market Bora received a July 2006 facelift, the Golf did too, becoming the "Bora HS" in the process.

Because of the MK4's popularity and low cost, it is still in production in several countries, such as Brazil and Argentina.
{{-}}

==Golf Mk5/Rabbit (A5/Typ 1K, 2003–2009)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (1K)
|image=2004-2007 Volkswagen Golf (1K) Sportline 2.0 TDI 5-door hatchback 01.jpg
|manufacturer=
|aka=
|production=
|predecessor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]
|successor=[[Volkswagen Golf Mk6]]
|class=
|platform=
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3 [[Škoda Octavia]] Mk2
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk5}}

The '''Golf Mk5''' was introduced in Europe in 2003. In North America, Volkswagen brought back the '''Rabbit''' nameplate when it introduced the vehicle in 2006. The North American base model is powered by a 2.5 L five-cylinder engine, which produced {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} in 2006 and 2007, but was upped to {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} in the later models. A [[Grand Tourer Injection|GTI]] version is powered by a turbocharged version of the 2.0 TFSI engine, producing {{Convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.

Volkswagen also introduced the "Fast" marketing ploy for the North American market, "dedicated to the 'fast' that lives inside every driver". Drivers who purchased new GTI Mk5s from a dealership were shipped a model of said Fast, which employs GTI-like features, and appears as a small robot thing in the commercials. The GTI version is the only version on sale in Mexico.

The saloon/sedan version, again called Volkswagen Jetta in most markets and assembled in Germany, South Africa, as well as Mexico (In Mexico this car is named Bora, in Europe it is now again named Jetta, as well), followed in 2004, a new Golf Variant inThe name is drawn not from the g the only variant, as the notchback version of the GTI can also be had in the GLI version. The front ends of the car are the same, with the only difference being that the GLI is a sedan, while the GTI is a hatchback.

Later models of the Mk5 introduced the 1.4 TSI [[turbocharged]] petrol engine with front-wheel drive.

In a comparison test conducted by ''Car and Driver Magazine'', the Volkswagen Rabbit S was named the winner among eight small cars. While it was praised for its excellent driving position, fine instruments, and strong engine, it was criticized for having high levels of road noise, uncomfortable seats, and poor fuel economy. Though, the final verdict stated, "This one is all about driving pleasure, so it wins." The Rabbit also placed first in their final comparison in December 2006.

The [[Volkswagen Golf Plus]] model was also introduced in 2004. This was a slightly larger version of the Golf Mk5 with a higher roofline.{{-}}

==Golf Mk6 (A6/Typ 5K, 2008–2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (5K)
| image = 2009-2011 Volkswagen Golf (5K) 118TSI Comfortline 5-door hatchback (2011-11-08) 01.jpg
| manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]], [[Karmann]] (for convertibles)
| production = 2008–2012
|platform =
| related = [[Audi A3]] Mk2 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] [[VW Scirocco]] [[SEAT León]] Mk2 [[SEAT Altea]] [[SEAT Toledo]] Mk3
}}
{{Main|Volkswagen Golf Mk6}}

Volkswagen based the latest '''Golf Mk6''' on the existing [[Volkswagen Group A platform#A5|PQ35 platform]] from the Golf Mk5.<ref>Wall Street Journal [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121295991392455457.html VW to Cut Costs to Produce Golf] 9 June 2008; pg B2</ref> This vehicle was debuted at the [[2008 Paris Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobild.de/artikel/erste-fotos-vom-vw-golf-vi_759923.html|title=Erste Fotos vom VW Golf VI – Das ist der neue Golf – News|publisher=autobild.de |accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf was designed by Volkswagen's chief designer [[Walter de'Silva]]. The design is said to be more aerodynamic, helping fuel efficiency, and is quieter than its predecessor. Following criticism of the downgraded interior trim quality of the Mk5 Golf in comparison to the Mk4, Volkswagen opted to overhaul the interior to match the quality with the Mk4 Golf, while maintaining the same user friendliness from the Mk5. The car is also cheaper to build than its predecessor; Volkswagen claims it consequently will be able to pass these savings on to the customer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcar.com/news-special-report.aspx?NA=234338&EL=3253020| title=New VW Golf revealed – Introduction – Car and Car-Buying News – What Car?|publisher=Whatcar.com |date=6 August 2008|accessdate=12 October 2009}}</ref>
The MK6 Jetta was released in Mexico in mid 2010, and by late 2011 will be available in all markets around the globe.
[[Turbocharged Direct Injection]] [[diesel engine]]s which use the [[common rail]] direct injection will replace the longstanding Pumpe/Düse (PD) [[Unit Injector]] system. New on the Golf, is the optional Volkswagen Adaptive Chassis Control (not available in the North American market), which allows the driver to select between 'normal', 'comfort' and 'sports' modes, which will vary the suspension, steering and accelerator behavior accordingly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tan |first=Paul |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2008/08/06/6th-generation-volkswagen-golf-details-and-photos/ |title=6th Generation Volkswagen Golf Details and Photos |publisher=Paultan.org |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The Mk6 Golf is available with both 5- and 6-speed [[manual transmission]] [[gearbox]], and 6- or 7-speed [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] ([[Dual clutch transmission|Dual Clutch]]).

The car was introduced for sale in the UK in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |title=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06082008/62/volkswagen-golf-mark-6-unveiled-0.html |publisher=Uk.cars.yahoo.com |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The car was introduced in North America in October 2009 as the 2010 Golf, rather than Rabbit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Garrett J|title=VW kills Rabbit name, again|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/vw-kills-rabbit-name-again/|date=27 March 2009|accessdate=27 March 2009|work=New York Times}}</ref> The Mk6 also reintroduced a diesel engine option to the North American market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/08/06/2010-vw-golf-tdi-review/|title=2010 VW Golf TDI Review|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>{{-}}

==Golf Mk7 (A7/Typ –, 2013–){{anchor|A7}}==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Volkswagen Golf Mk7
|image=
|manufacturer=[[Volkswagen]]
|aka=
|engine=
|production= 2012–
|related=[[Audi A3]] Mk3 [[SEAT León|SEAT León Mk3]] [[Škoda Octavia#Octavia Mk3 (2012)|Škoda Octavia Mk3]]
}}

The seventh-generation Golf is expected to have its début in late 2012 at the [[Paris Motor Show]].<ref>[http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/news/autosalon-paris-2012-die-highlights-der-mondial-de-l-automobile-1813581.html Die Highlights der Mondial de l´Automobile {{de icon}}]</ref>

The '''Golf VII''' will use the new [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform|MQB platform]], shared with the new [[Audi A3]], new [[SEAT León]] and upcoming [[Škoda Octavia]].
{{-}}

==Electric versions==
{{See also|Electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle}}

The VW Golf has had several generations made into electric ''CityStromer'' models. The first of these was in the 1970s, when VW took a standard Golf Mk1 and converted it to electric power. By the time the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Golf Mk2]] came into production a limited number of electric Golfs were made, using [[lead–acid battery]] packs and a custom-made motor and controller{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. VW continued with the production of limited numbers of CityStromer electric cars with the introduction of the Golf Mk3. The electric CityStromer Mk3 included a Siemens based AC drive system, and lead–acid battery packs. They had a maximum speed of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a range of approximately {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citystromer.cz/index_en.html |title=CitySTROMer |publisher=Citystromer.cz |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> With a few exceptions, only left-hand drive Golfs were converted by VW into Citystromer models. These vehicles are still used today and have popularity in mainland Europe with only a few present in Great Britain. Only two right-hand drive Mk2 CityStromers were built for the UK market and it is believed only one remains today. It is owned by EV advocate and broadcaster [[Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield]], host of Transport Evolved. [http://www.aminorjourney.com/journal/2009/11/13/aminorjourneycom-on-positivetv.html The CityStromer EV on PositiveTV]

===Golf Variant Twin Drive===
As part of the "Fleet study in electric mobility" project that began in 2008, VW developed 20 Golf Variant twinDRIVE [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s. These research vehicles have an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|57|km|abbr=on}} and the [[internal combustion engine]] provides for a total range of {{Convert|900|km|abbr=on}}. The plug-in hybrid drive of the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is equipped with either an 11.2 [[kWh]] or a 13.2 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery]] pack, as Volkswagen is testing packs from two vendors. Ten vehicles are equipped with batteries from the American-German manufacturer GAIA with [[cathode]] type nickel cobalt aluminium dioxide (NCA). The other ten are powered by lithium-ion batteries with [[Lithium-ion battery#High power cathode using lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)|nickel manganese cobalt]] (NMC) cathodes from the Korean-German joint venture SB LiMotive ([[Samsung]] and [[Bosch]]). These 10 vehicles have been in use since early 2011. Both battery systems offer high power and energy density. They each weigh about 150 kg. The [[gasoline engine]] is used to support the electric heating system when outdoor temperatures are low.<ref name=GCC0611>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/vw-20110629.html|title=Volkswagen presents status of fleet study in electromobility; latest generation of twïnDRIVE plug-in hybrid|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2011-06-29|accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref>

Using guidelines for determining the fuel consumption of plug-in hybrids, VW estimates a fuel consumption of 2.1 L/100 km (112 mpg US), which is equivalent to 49 g/km CO2. When the battery is fully charged, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is design to maximize the share of pure electrical energy used for driving, and only when longer distances are driven does the share of supplemental gasoline fuel increase. Top speed of the car is {{Convert|170|km/h}} and it accelerates to 100 km/h in under 12 seconds. When operated in pure electric mode, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE can reach a top speed of {{Convert|120|km/h}}.<ref name=GCC0611/>

The production version is expected to be based on Mk6 Golf featuring a 1.5 L turbodiesel engine and electric motor, with estimated arrival date of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/volkswagen-twin-drive-plug-in-hybrids-not-due-until-2015.html |title=VW Twin Drive plug-in hybrids not due until 2015 |publisher=Motorauthority.com |date=4 September 2008 |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> A [[SEAT León]] prototype with the Twin Drive system is also under development.

===Golf blue-e-motion===
At the ceremonial launching of Germany's "[[National Electric Mobility Platform]]" ([[NEMP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/germany-starts-national-electric-mobility-platform-19976.html |title=Germany Starts National Electric Mobility Platform |publisher=autoevolution |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> in Berlin, Volkswagen presented the Golf blue-e-motion [[electric car]] [[concept car|concept]] to German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]. NEMP is a German government initiative to develop Germany into a leading market for electric mobility.

The Golf blue-e-motion has a [[all-electric range|range]] of {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}. Sales are scheduled for 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/vw-provides-update-with-a-few-more-technical-details-on-golf-blue-e-motion-ev-market-debut-in-2014.html|title=VW provides update with a few more technical details on Golf blue-e-motion EV; market debut in 2014|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-11-09|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> and Volkswagen scheduled a field testing program with 500 units to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6637183/green/volkswagen-s-first-electric-car-will-be-based-on-2013-golf/index.html|title=Volkswagen's First Electric Car Will Be Based on 2013 Golf|publisher=Automobiles Magazine|author=Andrew Peterson|date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/01/volkswagen-announces-electrification-plan-500-golf-evs-in-2011/|title=Volkswagen announces electrification plan, 500 Golf EVs in 2011|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=1 March 2010|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> The first 10 units began field testing in [[Wolfsburg]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologicvehicles.com/en/green-transportation-news/826/test-fleet-of-the-golf-blue-e-motion-launched|title=Test fleet of the Golf blue-e-motion launched|publisher=TechVehi|date=2011-05-11|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in June 2011 in [[Berlin]], [[Hannover]] and Wolfsburg.<ref name=Autoweek110616>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110616/CARNEWS/110619900 |title=Volkswagen preps the Golf EV for 2013 launch |date=2011-06-16 |author=David Jolley |publisher=AutoWeek }}</ref> In February 2012, the first eGolf, as it is called in the United States, was delivered in [[Belmont, California]]. A total of 20 eGolfs will be allocated to the U.S. field testing program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073454_volkswagen-plugs-in-starts-egolf-test-fleet-in-california|title=Volkswagen Plugs In, Starts eGolf Test Fleet In California|author=Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield |publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-02-27|accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>

The Golf blue-emotion has a 26.5KWh [[lithium-ion]] battery pack and is powered by an 85KW electric motor which drives the front wheels through a single speed transmission. It will accelerate to {{convert|62|mph}} in 11.8 seconds and have a top speed of {{convert|86|mph}}.<ref name=Autoweek110616/> [[Paddle shift]]ers are used to adjust the amount of regenerative braking. The vehicle's PRNDL stick has an additional 'B' mode as found on some other electric vehicles to set the regenerative braking effort to the maximum for sustained downhill travelling.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Popularity==
{{Expand section|date=April 2010}}
The Golf has been very popular with British buyers since its introduction in 1974. By March 2009, nearly 1,500,000 had been sold in Britain, making it the eighth most popular car ever sold there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/motors/advice/tm_headline=recession-proof-wise-buys-revealed&method=full&objectid=23171460&siteid=63127-name_page.html |title=icLiverpool – Recession-proof wise-buys revealed |publisher=Icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk |date=17 March 2009 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>

Upon the release of the Mk1 Golf in the mid 1970s in Australia, interest from prospective buyers was much higher than anticipated and most had to be placed on a waiting list. Some Golfs were shipped whole, while others were shipped in separate parts, which were then assembled in Australia at the VW Clayton plant in Melbourne. Buyers who requested certain colours such as red, had to wait longer until their colour was shipped. Some of these buyers chose to take a different colour temporarily until their requested colour became available, some waiting for their colour for up to 12 months.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

==Motorsport==
In [[auto racing]], [[Audi Performance and Racing|APR Motorsport]] has led two MKV VW GTI's to victory in the Grand-Am [[KONI Sports Car Challenge]] Street Tuner (ST) class.<ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=882 TheGlen.com 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=883 EMCO Gears Classic – Split Classes Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=884&sid=527 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref><ref>Grand-Am.com [http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/results.cfm?series=k&eid=886 Legacy Credit Union 200 Results]</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the VW Golf TDI ([[clean diesel]]) among its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|month=April | year=2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=USA Today|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category|VW Golf GTI}}
* [[Volkswagen Group A platform]]
* [[VDub]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]]
* [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]
* [[Hot hatch]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/models/golf_start.html Volkswagen Golf Website]


{{Volkswagen}}
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Mercedes-Benz SL-Class

2012-08-27T11:39:24Z

IFCAR: replaced redundant image

{{Infobox automobile| name = Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
| image = Mercedes-Benz 2003 SL 500.jpg
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| manufacturer = [[Mercedes-Benz]]
| production = 1954–present
| class = [[Luxury car|Luxury]] [[grand tourer]]
| body_style = 2-door grand tourer
| assembly = [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Germany]] [[Santiago Tianguistenco]], [[Mexico]]
}}

The '''Mercedes-Benz SL''' is a [[grand tourer]] manufactured by Mercedes since 1954. The designation '''SL''' derives from the German ''Sport Leicht,'' or Sport Lightweight — and was first applied to the '''[[Mercedes-Benz 300SL|300SL]]''' 'Gullwing' named also after its ''[[Gull-wing doors|gullwing]]'' or upward-opening doors.

The term '''SL-Class''' refers to the marketing variations of the vehicle, including the numerous engine configurations spanning six design generations.

==1954 to 1963==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz 300SL|Mercedes-Benz 190SL}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Mercedes 300SL Coupe vr silver EMS.jpg
| production = 1954–1963
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz 190SL|Mercedes-Benz W121 BII]] (190SL) [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL|Mercedes-Benz W198]] (300SL)
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4520|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1790|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| engine = 1.9L [[Mercedes-Benz M121 engine|M121]] [[Straight-4|I4]] 3.0L M198 [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}

The 300SL [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] succeeded the Gullwing in 1957. The [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] '''[[Mercedes-Benz 190SL|190SL]]''' was more widely produced with 25,881 units, starting in 1955. Cars of the open SL-Class were available as a [[coupe]] with a removable [[hardtop]] or as a roadster with [[convertible]] soft top or with both tops. Production for the 190SL and 300SL ended in 1963.

*'''300SL''' ("Gullwing"): 1954–1957, 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''300SL''' (Roadster): 1957–1963 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''190SL''': 1955–1963, 1.9L [[Straight-4|I4]], {{convert|105|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
{{Clear}}

==1963 to 1971==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz W113}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 71-Mercedes-Benz-280SL-1.jpg
| production = 1963–1971
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz W113]]
| engine = 2.3L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M127.II]] [[I6 engine|I6]] 2.5L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M129.II]] [[I6 engine|I6]] 2.8L [[Mercedes-Benz M130 engine|M130]] [[I6 engine|I6]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| length = {{Convert|4285|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1760|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1305|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
}}

Next came the SL-Class '''230SL''', a new design with a 2.3L mechanically fuel injected six cylinder engine. It featured a low waistline and big curved greenhouse windows, and a [[Roadster (automobile)|Coupe Roadster]] with detachable hardtop, whose distinctive roofline earned the nickname "pagoda top." The design was by [[Paul Bracq]]. Around 1967, the engine received a displacement increase and the model became known as the '''250SL'''. Within a year the engine displacement was increased for the final time and the model designation became '''280SL'''. Beginning with later versions of the '''250SL''' changes were made to dashboard padding, switches and knobs, door pockets (U.S. models only) and steering wheel. In addition, the on the '''280SL''' formerly separate center hub caps and wheel trim rings became full wheelcovers.

*'''230SL''': 1963–1967, 2.3L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''250SL''': 1966–1968, 2.5L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
*'''280SL''': 1967–1971, 2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]], {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
{{Clear}}

==1972 to 1989==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R107}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = merc.280sl.arp.jpg
| production = 1972–1989
| wheelbase = {{Convert|96.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|180.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R107]]
| width = {{Convert|70.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|51.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =

2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.5L [[V8]] 3.8L [[V8]] 4.2L [[V8]] 4.5L [[V8]] 5.0L [[V8]] 5.6L [[V8]] 
| transmission = 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}
*'''350SL''': 1971–1980, 3.5L [[V8]]
*'''450SL''': 1973–1980, 4.5L [[V8]]
*'''280SL''': 1974–1985, 2.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
*'''380SL''': 1980–1986, 3.8L [[V8]]
*'''500SL''': 1980–1986, 5.0L [[V8]]

All updated 86-89 models have the advantages of the more modern 4 pot brakes, larger discs, and suspension derived from the W124 sedan. The body itself is built with a modern paint system designed to improve protection from rust. This however failed miserably as many of the models still rusted, mainly the front two wings.

*'''300SL''': 1986–1989

The 300SL base model was available as standard in a 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] although very few were sold. The [[SOHC]] 6 cylinder M103 is typically considered to have handling advantages with its lighter weight engine.

*'''420SL''': 1986–1989, 4.5L [[V8]]
*'''500SL''': 1986–1989, 5.0L [[V8]]
*'''560SL''': 1986–1989, 5.6L [[V8]]

The 560SL was only sold in the [[USA]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], and [[Australia]] to compensate the reduced output of the 5.0L due to the stricter emission laws in these markets.
{{Clear}}

==1989 to 2002==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = MB SL 500 SILVER ARROW.JPG
| production = 1989–2002
| wheelbase = {{Convert|99.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1997–2001: {{convert|177.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1989–1996: {{convert|176.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1992-96 V12: {{convert|178.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R129]]
| width = {{Convert|71.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1992–2001: {{Convert|51.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1989–1991: {{Convert|50.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =
2.8L {{Convert|193|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 2.8L {{Convert|204|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 3.0L {{Convert|190|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.0L {{Convert|231|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.2L {{Convert|231|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-six engine|I6]] 3.2L {{Convert|224|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6]] 5.0L {{Convert|326|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.0L {{Convert|306|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.5L {{Convert|354|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V8 engine|V8]] 6.0L {{Convert|381|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V8 engine|V8]] 6.0L {{Convert|394|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] 7.0L {{Convert|496|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V12 engine|V12]] 7.3L {{Convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} AMG [[V12 engine|V12]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R129}}
The 1990 Mercedes SL base model was the 228 hp (170 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] '''300SL''' version in the US. In Europe the base model was the 190 hp (140 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] '''300SL''' with 12 valves, and the 228 hp (170 kW) 3.0 L [[Straight-6|inline 6]] with 24 valves is known as the '''300SL 24''' .
But it was the 322 hp (240 kW) '''500SL''' (with a 5.0 L [[V8]] engine) which made the most headlines. The specification was high, with electric windows, mirrors, seats and roof.

The R129 model was the first convertible/roadster to offer the automatic rollbar deployment in event of rollover. The motorist can also manually raise and lower the rollbar should he choose to. This facilitates the clean look of R129 without compromising the occupant's safety.

1994 saw a minor facelift for the SL with changes to the taillamps and white turn signal indicators in the front, and the 300SL was replaced in Europe by the '''SL280''' and '''SL320''' (with 2.8 L and 3.2 L I6 engines). The '''SL500''' continued with the same powerful engine. A 389 hp (290 kW) 6.0 L [[V12 engine|V12]] '''SL600''' topped the range. Introduced in 1993 as the '''600SL''', it was re-badged the '''SL600''' in 1994.

The '''SL320''' replaced the 300SL in the United States in 1995, but the SL280 was not offered. The 6-cylinder SLs were dropped from the US lineup in 1998, leaving just the [[V8]] and V12. The SL500 got a new 302 hp (225 kW) 5.0 L V8 for 1999.

===AMG===
[[File:SL73.JPG|thumb|left|150px|1999 Mercedes-Benz SL73 AMG]]
The extremely rare '''SL73 AMG''' was sold through AMG in 1995, and at {{convert|525|bhp|abbr=on}} it offered the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time. After a brief gap, the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001, although the engine was slightly updated to be more reliable. The same 7.3L [[V12 engine|V12]] was later used by [[Pagani]] in the [[Pagani Zonda|Zonda]]. A total of 85 SL73 AMG roadsters were built. The SL73 was briefly reintroduced in September 1999 following the SL's end-of-life [[facelift]] and a limited number were produced up until December 2001. The facelifted SL73 is the car that appears in the picture (left).

Even more rare is the '''SL70 AMG''' which was powered by a 7.0 L V12 engine.

The '''SL60 AMG''' was also extremely rare. Sold through MB from 1996 to 1998, it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing between {{convert|381|bhp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|384|bhp|abbr=on}}. AMG claimed a 0-62 mph (100 km/h) speed of 5.8 seconds. Its top speed was limited to {{convert|155|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, but with the limiter removed, it was capable of approximately {{convert|185|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. AMG later unofficially admitted that 0-60 mph was closer to 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405-410 bhp.

The '''SL55 AMG''' was sold through AMG in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited quantity. It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold from 2002 to 2008.

Only about 300 cars in the SL-class were customized by AMG prior to 2002.
{{Clear}}

==2002 to 2011==
{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R230}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation
| image = Mercedes-Benz SL500.jpg
| production = 2002–2012
| wheelbase = {{Convert|100.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|178.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R230]]
| width = 2005–08: {{Convert|71.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} 2001-04: {{Convert|72.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|51.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| engine =
5.0L {{Convert|308|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.4L {{Convert|493|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] 5.5L {{Convert|493|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] 6.0L {{Convert|604|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 7-speed automatic
}}

The fifth generation SL was in production between 2002 and 2011. The all-new SL (initially just a 5.0 L '''SL500''' version) featured a [[retractable hardtop]] (marketed as the Vario Roof) available on the [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class|SLK]] since 1997. This featured a 5.0 L 302 hp (225 kW) V8, with a 5.4 L [[Mercedes-AMG|AMG]] Supercharged V8 appearing in 2002's '''SL55 AMG'''. V12 engines are available in the '''SL600''' and the limited-production '''SL65 AMG''' and the '''SL350''' 3.7 L (3724 cc) 18-valve [[V6]] 245 hp in some markets SL350.

[[File:Mercedes SL II.Facelift front.jpg|thumb|left|2009 facelift]]
The R230 SL underwent a significant facelift in 2009 featuring new and revised engines and a new front end that evokes the classic 300SL with a large grille featuring a prominent 3-pointed star and twin "power domes" on the hood, the car also features new headlights with an optional "Intelligent Light System" and a new speed sensitive steering system. The SL 63 AMG replaced the SL 55 AMG.

{{Clear}}

==2012–present==

{{Main|Mercedes-Benz R231}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation
| image = 2013 Mercedes-Benz SL550 -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG
| production = 2012-
| platform = [[Mercedes-Benz R231]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2585|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4612|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1877|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1315|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| engine =
3.5L {{Convert|302|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6 engine|V6]] 4.7L {{Convert|430|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] [[turbocharged]] 5.5L {{Convert|529|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] [[turbocharged]] 6.0L {{Convert|621|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V12 engine|V12]] [[turbocharged]]
| transmission = 7-speed automatic 
}}
In December 2011 Mercedes-Benz announced the all new SL-Class and was formally launched at the [[North American International Auto Show]] in January 2012. The new SL (R231) has been produced for the first time almost entirely from aluminium. The new aluminium bodyshell weighs around 110 kilograms less than it would using the steel technology from the predecessor. Although the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class has more assistance systems on-board than its predecessor and therefore does actually sacrifice some of the weight saved through the aluminium bodyshell, the scales show some better figures: the SL 500 (1.785 kg) weighs around 125 kilograms less and the SL 350 (1.685 kg) is 140 kilograms lighter than its predecessor.

New features include the unique FrontBass system (it uses the free spaces in the aluminium structures in front of the footwell as resonance spaces for the bass loudspeakers) and adaptive windscreen wipe/wash system MAGIC VISION CONTROL, which supplies water from the wiper blade as required and depending on the direction of wipe. The R231 is also available with two different suspension systems: semi-active adjustable damping as standard. The optional active suspension system ABC (Active Body Control) is available as an alternative. Both suspension variants are combined with a new electromechanical Direct-Steer system featuring speed-sensitive power steering and a ratio that can be varied across the steering wheel angle and it also reduces the amount of steering required when parking and manoeuvring.

Compared with its predecessor, the new generation of the SL is much longer and wider. Shoulder room (+37 mm) and elbow room (+28 mm) have been increased too.

====Engines====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+Petrol engines<ref>[http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-614251-1-827584-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html?TS=1332553288251 Technical data C-Class]</ref>
! Model || Years || Type || Power, torque@rpm
|-
| SL 350 BlueEFFICIENCY || 2012- || {{convert|3498|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 24V V6 ([[Mercedes-Benz M276 engine|M 276 DE 35]]) || {{convert|306|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@6500, {{convert|370|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@3500-5250 
|-
| SL 500 BlueEFFICIENCY || 2012- || {{convert|4663|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 32V V8 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M278 engine|M 278 DE 46 AL]]) || {{convert|435|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5250, {{convert|700|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@1800-3500 
|-
| SL 63 AMG || 2012- || {{convert|5461|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 32V V8 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M157 engine|M 157 DE 55 AL]]) || {{convert|537|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5500, {{convert|800|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2000-4500 Performance Package: {{convert|564|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@5500, {{convert|900|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2250-3750 
|-
| SL 65 AMG || 2012- || {{convert|5980|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} 36V V12 biturbo ([[Mercedes-Benz M279 engine|M 279 E 60 AL]]) || {{convert|630|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}@4800-5400, {{convert|1000|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}@2300-4300 
|}

==Notable drivers==
*[[Steve Jobs]], American businessman, avoided needing license plates by swapping out a silver Mercedes SL55 with his leasing agency every six months, the maximum length of time California drivers can go without affixing issued number plates.<ref>[http://www.itwire.com/it-people-news/enterprise/50649-the-truth-about-steve-jobs-number-plate The truth about Steve Jobs' number plate]. Accessed October 27, 2011.</ref>
*[[Peter Thiel]], American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and hedge-fund manager that started PayPal and invested in SpaceX. He drives a dark-blue Mercedes SL500, as noted in an article in the New Yorker.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all No Death, No Taxes]. Accessed May 29, 2012.</ref>
*[[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]], Swedish singer who won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|ESC 2012]].<ref>[http://www.resume.se/nyheter/reklam/2012/06/20/har-valjer-loreen-sitt-vralak/ Här väljer Loreen sitt vrålåk (Swedish)]. Accessed June 27, 2012.</ref>
*[[Jeremy Clarkson]], British broadcaster, presenter of [[Top Gear]]. Owned a Mercedes SL55 AMG

==Sales==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Calendar year
! US sales
|-
| 2001
| 4,217<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mercedes-Benz+USA+Records+Highest+Sales+in+Its+History.-a096075297 |title=Mercedes-Benz USA Records Highest Sales in Its History. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| 13,717
|-
| 2003
| 13,318<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313903.html |title=2004 Highest Year on Record for Mercedes-Benz USA |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| 12,885
|-
| 2005
| 10,080<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/01/03/032870.html |title=Mercedes-Benz Rings in the New Year with Record 2006 Sales |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| 8,462
|-
| 2007
| 6,126<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Jan09/05_001548_Mercedes_Benz_USA_Sales_Drop_32_Percent_In_December_2008.html |title=Mercedes-Benz USA's Sales Drop 32.1 Percent In December 2008 | eMercedesBenz - The Unofficial Mercedes-Benz Weblog |publisher=eMercedesBenz |date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| 5,464
|-
| 2009
| 4,025<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/highest-sales-month-for-the-year-at-21469-brings-mercedes-benz-to-an-18-percent-increase-for-2010-112881769.html |title=Highest Sales Month for the Year at 21,469 Brings Mercedes-Benz to an 18 Percent Increase for 2010 |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| 2,385
|-
| 2011
| 1,449 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://daveknowscars.com/2012/01/09/mercedes-sales-2011-best-on-record-strong-december-sales-report-caps-off-2011-with-264460-vehicles-sold/ |title=Mercedes Sales 2011 Best on Record! Strong December Sales Report Caps off 2011 with 264,460 Vehicles Sold |publisher=daveknowscars.com |date=2012-01-09}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mercedes-Benz SL-Class}}
*{{official website|http://www5.mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/passenger-cars/sl-class/}}
*[http://www.mercedes-amg.com/#/sl63-overview Mercedes-AMG SL63]

{{Mercedes-Benz vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercedes-Benz Sl-Class}}
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz vehicles|SL-Class]]
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[[bg:Мерцедес-Бенц SL-класа]]
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[[tr:Mercedes-Benz SL Serisi]]
[[uk:Mercedes-Benz SL-Клас]]

Hyundai Grandeur

2012-08-25T15:55:24Z

IFCAR: Undid revision 508392804 by Fetx2002 (talk), rv redundant lower-quality photo

{{Infobox automobile
|name=Hyundai Grandeur
|image=Hyundai Azera Limited.jpg
|manufacturer=[[Hyundai Motor Company]]
|production=1986–present
|predecessor=[[Ford Granada (Europe)#Ford Granada Mark II (1977–85)|Hyundai Granada]]
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|class=[[Full-size]] (1986–1998) [[Mid-size]] (1998–present)
}}
The '''Hyundai Grandeur''' ({{lang-ko|현대 그랜저}}) is a [[mid-size|mid-size/]][[full-size]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]] manufactured and marketed globally by [[Hyundai Motor Company]] since 1986. The Grandeur has evolved through four generations with intermediate restylings, and is marketed under various nameplates worldwide — prominently as the '''Hyundai Azera''' (현대 아제라). As the Azera, it was considered the flagship model of Hyundai's United States lineup until the arrival of the [[Hyundai Genesis|Genesis]] sedan. Currently the Azera slots between the midsize [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]] and the Genesis sedan.

==First generation (1986–1992)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=First generation
|aka=[[Mitsubishi Debonair]]
|related=[[Mitsubishi Debonair]]
|image=20101003 hyundai grandeur 001.jpg
|production=1986–1992
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|engine=2.0 L [[Mitsubishi 4G6 engine|4G63]] [[I4 engine|I4]] 2.4 L [[Mitsubishi 4G6 engine|4G64]] [[I4 engine|I4]] 3.0 L [[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine|6G72]] [[V6]]
|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed automatic
|wheelbase= {{convert|2735|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|4865|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|1725|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1430|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1450|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[Korea]]
}}
The first Grandeur was a [[rebadged]] [[Mitsubishi Debonair]] produced by Hyundai. Initially launched with [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]]-sourced 2.0L [[SOHC]] [[Fuel injection|MPI]] version of the engine used in the first generation [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]], a 2.4 L SOHC MPI engine was added in 1987. A V6 3.0 L engined model was launched in 1991 to better compete with the [[Opel Senator|Daewoo Imperial]].

===Background===
{{Refimprove|date=June 2010}}
Before the 1988 Seoul Olympics, most of the luxury car market of South Korea was held by Daewoo Motors and its Royale Series. From 1978, Hyundai built its luxury car, [[Ford Granada (Europe)#Special models|Ford Granada Mark II]], in Korea but the competition with Daewoo Royale seemed that it already had ended. As Hyundai was looking for entering luxury car market, it tried to make its own luxury car. However, as Daewoo Motors had much more powerful brand than Hyundai, it was difficult to do such an adventure. At last, it decided to make one, borrowing the platform, technology, and internal configuration from [[Mitsubishi Motors]].

In the early eighties, Mitsubishi Motors also wanted to renew its own Mitsubishi Debonair, since the model was too old (presented in 1964). As Hyundai offered a relationship of sharing technologies and innovations, it accepted Hyundai's offer, giving its platform, internal configuration, and most importantly, engine. As Hyundai was an official sponsor of 1988 Seoul Olympics, it used this opportunity to notify all the executives and important people about their new car, Grandeur. Because of its brand lent from Mitsubishi and good quality, it became very popular in Korea.

[[File:1986-1989 Hyundai grandeur rear.jpg|thumb|left|1986-1989 Grandeur, rear view]]
Also called "''Gak'' (angle)-Grandeur", it succeeded [[Ford Granada (Europe)#Ford Granada Mark II (1977–85)|Ford Granada Mark II]]. Before the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], the official sponsor Hyundai Motor co-developed it with [[Mitsubishi Motors]] of Japan, and launched it in July, 1986. The design was done by Hyundai Motors, but the internal configuration was done by Mitsubishi. It was the second FF layout model in Korea after [[Hyundai Excel]]. Originally, only a four-cylinder 2,000 cc engine and manual transmission were offered, but later a 2,400 cc engine, a V6 3,000 cc engine, and automatic transmission were equipped. By the change, Grandeur buyers were extended from normal CEOs and businessmen to even gangsters, and it became Korea's bestselling large car by a considerable margin.<ref name="Blast16">{{cite web | title = Blast From the Past #16: The elite’s ride of choice, from CEOs to mobsters | url = http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2916894 | publisher = Korea JoongAng Daily | date = 2010-02-22 | accessdate = 2011-09-01 }}</ref> It was also sold in Japan as the Mitsubishi Debonair V, but the demanding class was already absorbed by the [[Toyota Crown]] and [[Honda Legend]] and the Debonair was not competitive. Taillight design was changed in 1989, and ABS first became available in 1991. It had 4-speed [[automatic transmission]] or 5-speed [[manual transmission]]. It was discontinued in September 1992, after 122,074 had been built.<ref name="Blast16"/>

{{-}}

==Second generation (1992–1998)==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=20100812 hyundai new grandeur 01.jpg
|name=Second generation
|aka=[[Mitsubishi Debonair]]
|related=[[Mitsubishi Debonair]] [[Hyundai Dynasty]]
|production=1992–1998
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|engine=2.0 L [[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine|6G71]] [[V6]] 2.5 L [[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine|6G73]] [[V6]] 3.0 L [[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine|6G72]] [[V6]] 3.5 L [[Mitsubishi 6G7 engine|6G74]] [[V6]]
|transmission=5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
|wheelbase= {{convert|2745|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length= {{convert|4980|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|1810|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height= {{convert|1445|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]]
|successor=Hyundai Grandeur [[Hyundai Equus]]
}}

The '''New Grandeur''' and the third generation of the [[Mitsubishi Debonair]] were the products of a joint development between Hyundai and [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. Mitsubishi was responsible for the powertrain, and Hyundai was responsible for the body and trim design. Production of the car began in September 1992 and ended in 1998.

The "New Grandeur" came in various trim levels and only [[V6 engine]] combinations (2.0L, 2.5L, 3.0L, and 3.5L). The new Korea based Grandeur became a huge success following the first generation Grandeur it replaced. However, the reception of the same model marketed by Mitsubishi in Japan was perfunctory eventually leading Mitsubishi to discontinue it earlier than expected.

The 3-liter and 3.5-liter engines developed by Mitsubishi were substantial legacies to Hyundai, which at the time did not have the ability to manufacture engines of that size on its own. Following the Debonair's discontinuation in Japan, the [[Hyundai]]-[[Mitsubishi]] partnership lead to the production of the [[Hyundai Equus]] and [[Mitsubishi Dignity]] premium flagship sedans, and the slightly smaller [[Hyundai Dynasty]] and [[Mitsubishi Proudia]]. Since the production of Hyundai Equus, [[Hyundai]] develops all engines in its product line on its own, such as the industry-acclaimed 4.6-liter Tau Engine featured on the [[Hyundai Genesis]].

Although it was not exported outside the home market, the second generation Grandeur was success in Korean domestic market as the flagship sedan of Hyundai lineup. This model became a status symbol in Korea, which many politicians and wealthy business executives have used.
{{-}}

==Third generation (1998–2005)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation
|image=2001 Hyundai XG300 -- 03-16-2012.JPG
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[South Korea]] [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]])
|aka=Hyundai XG25 Hyundai XG30 Hyundai XG300 Hyundai XG350 Hyundai Grandeur XG (South Korea)
|related=[[Kia Amanti]] [[Hyundai Equus]] [[Hyundai Dynasty]]
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|production=1998–2005
|engine=2.0 L ''[[Hyundai delta engine|Δdelta]]'' [[V6]] 2.5 L ''[[Hyundai delta engine|Δdelta]]'' [[V6]] 3.0 L ''[[Hyundai Sigma engine|ΣSigma]]'' [[V6]] 3.5 L ''[[Hyundai Sigma engine|ΣSigma]]'' [[V6]]
|transmission=''H-Matic'' 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] & shiftronic
|wheelbase={{convert|2750|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length=1998–2002:{{convert|4865|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 2002–2005:{{convert|4875|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1825|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1420|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Grandeur XG''' was a [[mid-size]] [[luxury car]]. In some other markets, namely [[North America]], it was called the '''Hyundai XG'''. The first two generations were essentially rebadged Mitsubishi Debonairs, with the third generations developed entirely by Hyundai, with technical experience learned from the first two generations. It shared a platform and engines with the [[Kia Opirus]] (Amanti in North America). After their success with the Grandeur, Hyundai decided to develop the next generation Grandeur on their own from the ground up with the technology they have accumulated through the past Grandeur generations. This allowed Hyundai to export the XG outside South Korea without any possible legal issues.

===XG300===
The XG300 debuted in 2000 with a 3.0 L ''[[Hyundai Sigma engine|Sigma]]'' [[V6]].

It was called the XG30 in Europe and in Asian countries. It was produced from 2001 to 2003. A 2.5 litre model, called XG25, was also sold in some countries such as France. The XG30 boasted many options available to only high-end luxury models at the time such as the [[Mercedes E-class]] and [[BMW 5-series]]. The XG30 is also longer and wider than most of its rivals, and it is just a fraction smaller than the [[Audi A6]].

*'''Performance'''
**Acceleration: 0–60 mph in 8.5 seconds
**Top speed: {{convert|225|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
**Power: {{convert|193|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}}

=== XG350 ===
[[File:04-05 Hyundai XG350 L.jpg|thumb|left|2004-2005 Hyundai XG350L (US)]]
The XG350 name was used as of 2002 to reflect the new 3.5 L version of the ''Sigma'' V6. The model received a mild facelift two years later.

The XG350 L featured more options such as heated seats, 210 watt [[Infinity (audio)|Infinity]] sound system with 6 speakers and a trunk mounted 8 disk CD changer, wood and leather steering wheel, moon roof, 10 spoke alloy rims. It featured {{Convert|200|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} and 216LB torque.

2.0 and 2.5 Delta engines were available in South Korea.
{{-}}

==Fourth generation (2006-2011)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Fourth generation
|image=2007-Hyundai-Azera-SE.jpg
|aka=Hyundai Azera Hyundai The Luxury Grandeur (KDM Facelift)
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata]] [[Hyundai Santa Fe]] [[Hyundai Veracruz|Hyundai Veracruz/ix55]] [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima/Magentis/Lotze]] [[Kia Carens|Kia Carens/Rondo]] [[Kia Sorento]]
|production=2005–2011
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|engine=2.4 L ''[[Hyundai Theta engine|ΘTheta II]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] (175 hp) 2.7 L ''[[Hyundai Mu engine|μ Mu]]'' [[V6]] (197 hp) 3.3 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|ΛLambda]]'' [[V6]] (237 hp-260 hp) 3.8 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|ΛLambda]]'' [[V6]] (265 hp-283 hp) 2.2 L ''[[Diesel engine|CRDI VGT diesel]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] (155 hp)
|transmission=''H-Matic'' 5-speed/6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] & shiftronic
|wheelbase={{convert|2780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|successor=[[Hyundai Genesis]] ([[Canada]])
|length=2005–2009:{{convert|4895|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} 2009–present:{{convert|4910|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1850|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1865|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1490|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|1495|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[South Korea]] [[Nošovice]], [[Czech Republic]]
}}

The '''Grandeur TG''' is a [[full-size]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]] introduced for the 2006 model year. A redesigned XG350, it shares a platform with the [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]]. It is sold as the '''Hyundai Azera''' in [[North America]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Philippines]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]], The [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] ([[Persian Gulf]] states), [[South Africa]], [[Singapore]], [[Peru]], [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]].

The Azera had been the most expensive Hyundai model outside of Korea, China, and the [[Middle East]] — until the 2008 introduction of the [[Hyundai Genesis|Genesis]].

The Azera has a four-wheel [[independent suspension]] ([[multilink suspension|multi-link]] in the rear) and uses the company's new 3.8 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|Lambda]]'' [[V6]], which produces 265 hp (196 kW). The power is sent to the front wheels through a five or six-speed [[automatic transmission]] with a "Shiftronic" manual gear selection. Hyundai claims 6.0 s to accelerate to 60 mph (97 km/h) and a top speed of 155 mph (250 km/h). [[Fuel economy in automobiles|Fuel economy]] of 19 mpg (12.4 [[Fuel efficiency|L/100 km]]) in the city and 28 mpg (8.4 L/100 km) on the highway is expected.

The 2.2 VGT CRDI [[diesel engine]] from the [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] is also available, with the addition of the 2.4 Theta and 2.7 Mu diesel engines in [[South Korea]]

The Limited trim level adds 17 inch alloy wheels, heated front seats, leather seat-upholstery, and a power sun shade in the rear window. The Ultimate Package includes an enhanced audio system with 10 [[Infinity (audio)|Infinity]] speakers and a 6 [[CD changer]], a power [[sunroof]], powered tilt-telescopic steering wheel, and rain-sensing [[windshield wiper]]s.

The 2007 model featured a revised gauge pattern and steering wheel controls.

The 2008 model introduced the optional LG Navigation system. The SE models are removed in favor of a GLS model that shares the same 17 inch wheels as the Limited models, and the Aubergine color is no longer available. A wood-trimmed steering wheel is now only available with the Ultimate Package.

[[File:2009 Hyundai Azera Limited -- 08-28-2009.jpg|thumb|left|2009 Hyundai Azera (US)]]

The 2009 model featured a new grille, new 17 inch 10-spoke alloy wheels, blue backlit gauges and dashboard lighting (vs. the previous green), dark brown woodgrain accents and available handsfree [[Bluetooth]] phone capability. The audio player display takes the same design as the 2009 [[Hyundai Sonata]], and the controls for the audio player have been redesigned. An auxiliary input jack and [[iPod]] integration system is now standard, though deleted in the case of the LG Navigation system on the Limited trim level. A wood-trimmed steering wheel is once again standard for the Limited, and Limited models receive special hyper-silver finished alloy wheels.

The Korean '''Grandeur''' offers more features not available in North American version, such as [[Electronic key|Proximity Key]] with Push Button Start and [[Bluetooth]] hands-free capability. A refreshened 2010 model was released on December 16, 2009 that incorporated new 7 split-spoke alloy wheels, [[LED]] taillights, rectangular exhaust pipe designs, new side mirrors, redesigned headlights, and new front fascia and grille. New interior amenities include Alcantra leather seats and rear passenger audio and climate controls.

[[File:20100731 hyundai grandeur 1.jpg|thumb|left|2011 Hyundai Grandeur]]

For model year 2011, Hyundai has restyled the Azera with new front and rear fascias, new alloy wheels, and new fog lamps. The engines have been updated with dual variable valve timing and the transmission has one more forward for a total of 6. The 3.3L V6 is now rated at 260 hp and 3.8L V6 now makes with 283 hp. The fuel economy has also been improved with 20/28 for 3.3 and 19/27 for 3.8 (EPA rating pending).

For the 2010 model year the Hyundai Azera was dropped in Canada due to slow sales.

In November 2010, Hyundai sued Avera Motors, a start-up automaker based in [[Rockledge, Florida]], over the use of the name "Avera," claiming it was too close to the Azera name.<ref name="auto1"/> As a result, Avera changed their name in March 2011 to [[Rivian Automotive]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=http://www.autoblog.com/2011/03/15/avera-motors-changes-name-to-rivian-automotive-begins-road-test/ | title=Avera Motors changes name to Rivian Automotive, begins road tests | accessdate=17 March 2011 | date=15 March 2011 | publisher=Autoblog | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xFp0yUfw | archivedate=17 March 2011}}</ref>

===Safety===
The Azera comes standard with front and rear head curtain airbags and front and rear seat-mounted torso airbags.

According to the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] the Azera received a ''Good'' overall score in the frontal crash test and an ''Acceptable'' overall score in the side impact test. The driver's pelvis/leg in the side impact category was given a ''Poor'' score and the structure/safety category rated ''Marginal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=683 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Hyundai Azera |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=652 |title=IIHS-HLDI: Hyundai Azera |publisher=Iihs.org |date=2008-11-25 |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref>

[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]] Azera<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safercar.gov/portal/search?model=7470 |title=Safercar.gov |publisher=Safercar.gov |date=2007-09-04 |accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref>

Frontal Driver: {{rating|4|5}}

Frontal Passenger: {{rating|4|5}}

Side Driver: {{rating|5|5}}

Side Rear Passenger (earlier models): {{rating|4|5}}

Side Rear Passenger (later models): {{rating|5|5}}

Rollover: {{rating|4|5}}

===Awards===
* 2006 [[Canadian Car of the Year]] awards: named "Best New Family Car (over [[Canadian dollar|CAN$]]35,000)"
* Strategic Vision, 2007, named the "Winner Strategic Vision’s 2007 Total Quality Index (TQI) for the large car segment"
* Kiplinger’s Personal Finance “Best in Class” in the $25,000 to $30,000 category, 2007 Azera:
* Kiplinger’s Personal Finance 2007 Car Buyer’s "Best of 2007 Cars" March 2007.
* Edmunds.com Editors Most Wanted – 2007
* Edmunds.com Editor's Most Wanted Sedan Under $30,000
* Consumer's Digest, 2007, named "A Consumer's Digest Best Buy"
* J.D. Power and Associates – 2006: named "Most Appealing Large Car"
* [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|IIHS]], 2006, earned an overall “good” rating in the crash test, frontal offset impacts.
* AutoPacific, 2006, named "Best in Class Vehicle Satisfaction, Large Luxury Car
* Strategic Vision, 2006, named the "Winner Strategic Vision’s 2006 Total Value Award for Best Large Car Ownership Experience"

==Fifth generation (HG; 2011–)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Fifth Generation
|image=2013 Hyundai Azera -- 2012 DC.JPG
|production=2011–
|model years= 2012-present
|aka=Hyundai Azera
|wheelbase={{Convert|2845|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|4910|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|body_style=4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|engine=2.4 L ''[[Hyundai Theta engine|ΘTheta II]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] (176 hp) 2.4 L ''[[Hyundai Theta engine|ΘTheta II]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] [[Gasoline direct injection|GDI]] (198 hp) 3.0 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|ΛLambda]]'' [[V6]] (247 hp) 3.0 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|ΛLambda]]'' [[V6]] [[Gasoline direct injection|GDI]] (270 hp) 3.3 L ''[[Hyundai Lambda engine|ΛLambda]]'' [[V6]] [[Gasoline direct injection|GDI]] (293 hp) 
|transmission=6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] & shiftronic
|width={{convert|1860|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|1470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|3605|lbs|kg|1|abbr=on}}
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata]] [[Kia Optima]]
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]]
}}

The '''Grandeur HG''' was released by Hyundai as a 2012 model with an all new appearance and an engine which followed the "fluidic sculpture" design of modern Hyundai vehicles. This design is dubbed as the ''"Grand Glide"'' concept.<ref name="caranddriver.com">[http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-hyundai-azera-first-drive-review]</ref><ref name="Ulrich">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/automobiles/autoreviews/moving-to-the-intersection-of-avalon-and-lacrosse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Lawrence | last=Ulrich | title=Moving to the Intersection of Avalon and LaCrosse | date=2012-03-16}}</ref>

The fifth generation Azera (unveiled at the 2011 [[Los Angeles International Auto Show]]) was developed over a period of three and half years with a cost of 450 million dollars. The [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] has a fuel economy of {{convert|12.8|km/L|abbr=on}} (7.8 l/100 km) and the [[V6]] is rated at {{convert|11.8|km/L|abbr=on}} (8.5 l/100 km). The Premium model features adaptive cruise control and a semi-automatic parking assist system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundai-blog.com/index.php/2011/01/13/2012-hyundai-grandeur-5g-gets-3-0l-gdi-v6-theta-engine/ |title=2012 Hyundai Grandeur 5G gets 3.0L GDI V6 Theta engine|publisher=hyundai blog|date=2011-01-13 |accessdate=2011-01-15}}</ref>

In terms of dimensions, the full size Azera slots between the midsize Sonata and the rear-wheel drive Genesis.<ref name="caranddriver.com"/>

The Azera's competitors include full-size cars such as the [[Ford Taurus]], [[Nissan Maxima]], [[Chevrolet Impala]], [[Chrysler 300]]C, and [[Toyota Avalon]], and entry-level luxury (or near-luxury) cars such as the [[Buick LaCrosse]], [[Acura TL]] and [[Lexus ES]]350.
<ref name="Ulrich"/><ref name="automobilemag.com">[http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/driven/1202_2012_hyundai_azera_first_drive/index.html]</ref>

{{-}}

== U.S. sales by calendar year ==
Since its introduction to the U.S. market in late-2000, the XG/Azera had been a consistent seller until late-2008, when it suffered a significant drop in sales. Although there are several possible explanations for this decline, it’s worth pointing out that the Hyundai Genesis sedan was introduced to the U.S. market in late-2008, suggesting that the more sophisticated rear-wheel drive Genesis may have cannibalized sales of the Azera.<ref name="automobilemag.com"/> It is also noteworthy that the Hyundai Genesis sedan is considered by auto journalists to be a rival to the aforementioned full-size and near luxury vehicles that the 2012 Azera is positioned against, such as the [[Ford Taurus]], [[Toyota Avalon]], and [[Buick LaCrosse]].<ref name="caranddriver.com"/><ref>[http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/1008_2010_ford_taurus_limited_awd_vs_2011_toyota_avalon_limited_vs_2010_hyundai_genesis_3_8/viewall.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/buick-lacrosse-vs-ford-taurus-hyundai-genesis-lexus-es350-comparison-tests]</ref>

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|----- bgcolor=#006699
!'''2000'''
!'''2001'''
!'''2002'''
!'''2003'''
!'''2004'''
!'''2005'''
!'''2006'''
!'''2007'''
!'''2008'''
!'''2009'''
|-
|2,004
|17,884
|16,666
|17,928
|16,630
|17,645
|26,833
|21,948
|14,461
|3,808
|----- bgcolor=#006699
!'''2010'''
!'''2011'''
!'''2012'''
!'''2013'''
!'''2014'''
!'''2015'''
!'''2016'''
!'''2017'''
!'''2018'''
!'''2019'''
|-
|3,051
|1,524
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hyundai Grandeur}}
{{Commons category|Hyundai XG}}
{{Commons category|Hyundai Azera}}
*[http://grandeur.hyundai-motor.com Hyundai Grandeur Official Homepage]
*[http://www.allnewazera.com Hyundai Azera Official Homepage]
*[http://www.hyundaimotors.com/vehicle/azera/azera.aspx Hyundai Azera American Catalog Homepage]
*[http://ad.hyundai-motor.com/catalog/tg/common/html/grandeur/index.html Hyundai Grandeur Korean Advertisement Homepage]
*[http://www.hyundai-motor.co.jp/vehicle/grandeur/ Hyundai Grandeur Japanese Catalog Homepage]
*[http://www.geocities.jp/grandeurfansite Geocities Japan Hyundai Grandeur Fan Club]
*[http://www.hyundaifaq.com Club Hyundai en España, Hyundaifaq]

{{Hyundai cars}}
{{Hyundai North America}}
{{Hyundai Motor Company}}

[[Category:Executive cars]]
[[Category:Hyundai vehicles|Grandeur]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Mid-size cars]]
[[Category:Full-size vehicles]]
[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]
[[Category:Flagship vehicles]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1986]]

[[de:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[fa:هیوندای آزرا]]
[[fr:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[ko:현대 그랜저]]
[[id:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[it:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[ja:ヒュンダイ・グレンジャー]]
[[pl:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[ru:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[simple:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[sv:Hyundai Grandeur]]
[[uk:Hyundai Grandeur]]

Hyundai Santa Fe

2012-08-25T15:45:19Z

IFCAR:

{{Infobox automobile
|image=File-2010 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited -- 09-26-2010.jpg
|name=Hyundai Santa Fe
|manufacturer=[[Hyundai Motor Company]] [[Kia Motors]]
|production=2000–present
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]] [[crossover SUV]] (2000-2006) [[Mid-size]] [[crossover SUV]] (2007-present)
|body_style=4-door [[SUV]]
|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front-engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]
}}

The '''Hyundai Santa Fe''' ({{lang-ko|현대 싼타페}}) is a mid-size [[crossover SUV]] based on the [[Hyundai Sonata]] platform. Named after the city of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], it was introduced for the 2001 model year as Hyundai's first [[SUV]], released at the same time as the [[Ford Escape]]/[[Mazda Tribute]] and [[Pontiac Aztek]]. The Santa Fe was a milestone in the company's restructuring program of the late 1990s because, despite receiving criticism from journalists for its obscure looks,{{clarify|date=August 2011}} the SUV was a hit with the American buyers. The SUV was so popular that at times, Hyundai had trouble supplying the demand. The Santa Fe quickly became Hyundai's best seller and contributed to Hyundai's success in the [[United States]].
As of 2007, the mid-size [[crossover SUV]] Santa Fe falls between the compact SUV [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]] and the related luxury crossover SUV [[Hyundai Veracruz|Veracruz]] (which was preceded by the [[Hyundai Terracan|Terracan]]).

The 2nd Gen Hyundai Santa Fe was awarded 2008 [[Consumer Reports]] "top pick" and was among the top 10 vehicles for 2008 unveiled in the magazine's issue. The magazine's annual ratings, based on road tests and predicted safety and reliability, are considered highly influential among consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23390986/|title=Hyundai wins top marks for two models|publisher=MSN}}</ref>

In 2012, the 3rd Generation Santa Fe will become available in two versions (regular and extended versions) starting with the 2013 model year, with a long-wheel base replacing the Veracruz.

==First generation (2001-2006)==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=Hyundai Santa Fe Classic (Russia) [[Hawtai Automobile|Huatai]]-Hyundai Santa Fe (China)
|name=First generation (SM)
|image=2004 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS.jpg
|production=2000–March 2006
|model_years = 2001-2006
|engine=2.4 L ''[[Hyundai engine]]'' [[I4 engine|I4]] 3.5 L ''[[Hyundai Sigma engine|Sigma]]'' [[V6]], {{convert|200|hp|kW|abbr=on}} 2.7 L ''[[Hyundai Delta engine|Delta]]'' [[V6]], 173 hp (129 kW) 2.0L [[List of VM Motori engines#RA 420 SOHC|''VM Motori CRDI'']] [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|height={{convert|65.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width=2001–02 Base: {{convert|71.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|72.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|177.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|103.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Ulsan]], [[Korea]] [[Taganrog]], [[Russia]] ([[TagAZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagaz.ru/cars/santafe/ |title=ТагАЗ: Santa Fe Classic |publisher=Tagaz.ru |date= |accessdate=2010-10-08}}</ref> [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]])
|transmission=4-speed automatic 5-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata|Hyundai Sonata (EF)]] [[Hyundai Trajet]] [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima (MS)]]
}}

===2001===
In its first year in production, the Santa Fe was offered with one of two engine and transmission combinations. In North America, a fuel-efficient 2.4 [[Liter|L]] [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] engine was standard equipment and could be mated with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic. A {{convert|2656|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} Delta V6 offered more power than the four-cylinder but was only available with the [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]. [[Front wheel drive]] was standard (with traction control optional with the [[V6]]) and [[Four-wheel drive|4WD]] was optional. A 2.0 L Common Rail Turbo Diesel (CRTD) was offered outside the United States. Australian Santa Fes went on sale in November 2000 with only one engine/transmission choice - a 2.7L V6 mated to a four-speed [[semi-automatic transmission]]. 4WD was standard. A cheaper 2.4L four-cylinder joined the range several months later in 2001, but was only available with a manual transmission.

===2002===
The Santa Fe entered its second year without any changes. Demand for the Santa Fe continued to be up but owners had several suggested changes for Hyundai.

'''Mid-2002'''

In a rare mid-year model change, Hyundai increased the size of the fuel tank from 17 to 19 U.S. [[gallon]]s and reorganized the location of the badges on the tailgate. The interior layout of the console and the position of the clock were also changed.

===2003===
In 2003, Hyundai responded to some of the customer complaints and suggestions such as the fact that the hood used a prop and not gas struts, there was no light in the glove compartment, and the car itself did not have enough power. In 2003, Hyundai introduced the 3.5-liter V6 in addition to the other two gas engines in North America. The bigger engine came with a computer-controlled four-wheel drive system. Automatic transmission models were given a chrome shift gate surround as opposed to the matte silver plastic style used in the 2001 and 2002 models. A Monsoon high-performance sound system came standard on the mid-level GLS model and came with a 6-disc [[CD changer]] on the top-tier LX. Rounding out the changes in the 2003 model was the discontinuation of the highly unpopular Pine Green which in some owner circles has gained the nickname 'Yucky Green'. In Australia, the four-cylinder Santa Fe was dropped in 2003, due to slow sales, leaving the 2.7L V6 automatic as the only model.

===2004===
Hyundai continued to post sales records with the Santa Fe as it rolled into 2004 with very minor changes. The manual climate controls on the base GL and mid-line GLS were revised very slightly. The remote keyless entry system was given a confirmation 'chirp' when the 'LOCK' button on the remote was pressed twice.

'''Mid-2004'''

Midway through the year the [[AM broadcasting|AM]]/[[FM broadcasting|FM]] antenna was moved from on the glass in the rear drivers side window to a three inch (76 mm) rubber antenna in the center of the roof just above the tailgate.

===2005===

[[File:2005-2006 Hyundai Santa Fe -- 08-16-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2005-2006 Hyundai Santa Fe (US)]]

The Santa Fe received its final face lift for 2005. Changes were made to the grill, taillights, rear bumper, interior instrument cluster. The instrument cluster was redesigned with the speedometer now reading 140 mph (earlier models only indicated 130 mph) and a better-designed toll ticket slot in the driver's sun visor. Both sun visors also received extensions so the sun could be blocked out better when coming in from the side. The base Santa Fe was discontinued that time, making way for the [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]].

In Australia, all models received body-colored (painted) bumpers from 2005 on. The color 'Sandstone' was discontinued in favor of a slightly different color named 'Mocha Frost'. The GL trim was dropped as was the four-cylinder engine and its respective 5-speed manual transmission. The 2.7 L V6 took over duties as the base engine. A passenger airbag cutoff that prevents the airbag from deploying if the seat is unoccupied (or occupied by a small person) was also added. A 3-point seatbelt was added to the center rear seating position, as well. The calendar function, housed in the overhead console was removed and a compass took its place.

===2006===
The last year of this Santa Fe saw few changes. Two colors were discontinued for 2006, Merlot and Canyon Red. A rare color, Dark Emerald Green, was introduced mid-year. It did not appear in any sales brochures and could have only been ordered by a dealership. The LX trim level was renamed 'Limited' and got a corresponding tailgate badge, a first for the Santa Fe of any trim level. Another first was the availability of a monochromatic paint scheme, a departure from the contrasting gray cladding previously standard. The monochromatic option was only available on the Limited in black. In total, these options ran $1900, pushing the Santa Fe's total asking price to nearly $30,000.

In [[Europe]], the new Santa Fe model was launched in April as a 2006 model, offering a new 2.2-litre diesel engine and updated 2.7-litre petrol [[V6]].

===Hawtai Santa Fe C9===
Part of a [[joint venture]] with Hyundai Motors that began in 2002, a Chinese company, [[Hawtai Motor]], manufactured the first-generation Santa Fe.<ref name=terra>[http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/08/a-new-bentley-no-it-is-a-hawtai-b11/ A New Bentley? No, It Is a Hawtai B11] chinaautoweb.com, August 17, 2010</ref> While it did make Hyundai-branded models for sale on the Chinese market,<ref name=terra/> one of the versions it debuted under its own brand name in 2009 was the Santa Fe C9.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:yjoIi9p4N28J:autos.globaltimes.cn/china/2009-09/469979.html+huatai&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com Huatai Santa Fe C9 goes on the market] globaltimes.cn, September 21, 2009 ('''Google cache''')</ref> Utilizing a [[MG Rover Group|Rover]]-acquired engine, it may have been priced at a significant discount to those bearing the Hyundai name.<ref>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2007/10/11/huatai-hyundai-and-roewe-hook-up-to-stick-18t-in-santefe/ Huatai-Hyundai and Roewe hook up to stick 1.8T in SanteFe] chinacartimes.com, October 11, 2007</ref>

Hyundai ended its partnership with Hawtai in 2010.<ref name=tt>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ Hawtai to launch B35 SUV at years end] chinacartimes.com, November 15, 2010 at 4:22 pm</ref>

==Second generation (2007-2012)==
{{Infobox automobile
|aka=Inokom Santa Fe (Malaysia)
|name=Second Generation (CM)
|image=2007-2009 Hyundai Santa Fe -- 04-22-2010.jpg
|production=April 2006–2012
|model_years = 2007–2012
|engine=2.4L [[Hyundai Theta engine|''Theta II'']] {{convert|174|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[petrol]] 2.7L [[Hyundai Mu engine|''Mu'']] [[V6]] {{convert|185|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 3.3L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda'']] [[V6]] {{convert|242|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 3.5L [[Hyundai Lambda engine|''Lambda II'']] [[V6]] {{convert|276|hp|abbr=on}} [[petrol]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] {{convert|150|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] {{convert|155|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] 2.2L [[CRDI]] [[Variable geometry turbocharger|VGT]] [[Hyundai R engine|''R-Line'']] {{convert|200|hp|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
|length={{convert|184.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|74.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|67.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[Korea]] [[Montgomery, Alabama]], [[United States]] [[West Point, Georgia]], United States [[Kulim]], [[Malaysia]] [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]] ([[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|Hyundai Assan]])
|related=[[Hyundai Sonata]] [[Hyundai Veracruz|Hyundai Veracruz/ix55]] [[Hyundai Grandeur|Hyundai Grandeur/Azera]] [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima/Magentis/Lotze]] [[Kia Carens|Kia Carens/Rondo]] [[Kia Sorento]]
|transmission=4-speed automatic 5-speed manual 5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic (2010 model)
}}

===2007===
The next-generation 2007 Santa Fe debuted at the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]] in [[Detroit]]. The first production Santa Fe rolled off Hyundai's [[Montgomery, Alabama]] assembly line on April 18, 2006. It shares this assembly line with the current generation [[Hyundai Sonata]]. The new generation sheds the old style's quirky design in favor of a more contemporary look.

[[File:2006-2007 Hyundai Santa Fe (CM) Elite wagon 01.jpg|thumb|left|2006-2007 Hyundai Santa Fe Elite (Australia)]]
[[File:Hyundai Sante Fe II 2.2 CRDi rear 20100612.jpg|thumb|left|2006–2009 Hyundai Santa Fe (Germany)]]

In the [[United States]], the new generation is offered in GLS, SE, and Limited versions.<ref name="2007review">{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/hyundai/santafe/2007/|title=2007 Hyundai Santa Fe Review and Specs|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The new Santa Fe sees the return of a [[manual transmission]], but only when mated with the {{convert|2656|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}} [[V6]]. The {{convert|3342|cc|L cuin||abbr=on}}<ref name=2007specs>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundainews.com/Media_Kits/2007_Models/Santa_Fe/Specifications.asp |title=Santa Fe Specifications |publisher=Hyundainews.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> V6 (a retuned version of the same engine found in the Sonata) is standard on the SE and Limited and comes only with a 5-speed automatic. Both 2WD and AWD models with a 3.3 L have a fuel economy of {{convert|19|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} city and {{convert|24|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} highway.<ref name=2007specs/> The 2.2l diesel engine(not available in the US) with {{Convert|186|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} has mixed cycle of 7.2l and a city cycle of 8.0l. The 4WD is a Borg-Warner Torque Management device, which diverts power to the wheels with best grip according to the amount of slip. If the front wheels spin slightly, 10% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. If the front wheels start to slip a lot, 50% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. Body lean in turns, a problem with the previous generation, has been reduced in the new Santa Fe. Both road and wind noise have also been reduced.

Newly standard on the latest iteration of the Santa Fe are all the safety features the previous model lacked or charged as extra. [[Electronic Stability Control]] (ESC), side-curtain airbags for all seating rows, a tire pressure monitor, active front head restraints, and [[anti-lock brakes]] are all standard.<ref name="2007review"/> A heated windshield wiper grid located in the front wipers' 'park' position helps to thaw ice buildup on the blades in colder climates. Some features like the tailgate flip glass and the lower body cladding were not integrated into the new model.

The interior has been upgraded as well with blue-lit dashboard controls (unlike the green color used in other Hyundai models), a gated shifter pattern, illuminated cup holders, and higher quality leather on Limited models. The rear seat head restraints caused visibility problems in the previous model due to their size. The new style features 'shingled' head rests that when lowered completely, sit flush with the top of the seat, helping to maximize rear visibility. The middle rear seating position now comes with its own head restraint and a three-point seat belt built in. LATCH child seat anchors are also standard, and an optional 50/50 third row seat allows Santa Fe to seat seven passengers.

Pricing remained competitive despite the upward move in size and feature content.

In [[Malaysia]], Hyundai Santa Fe is available as a [[Complete knock down]] model rebadged as [[Inokom]] Santa Fe. The Inokom Santa Fe is only available in CRDi 2.2-[[liter]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] Diesel and 2.7-[[liter]] [[V6]].

===2008===

For 2008, only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe. A navigation system made by [[LG]] was offered and the [[Infinity]] sound system and the power glass sunroof were made standard on Limited models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jbcarpages.com/hyundai/santafe/2008/|title=2008 Hyundai Santa Fe Review|publisher=JB car pages}}</ref> The non-metallic white paint trim was dropped, leaving the pearl white as the only white color available on the Santa Fe.

===2009===

2009 saw only minor changes for the Santa Fe. The 16" wheels on the base GLS model (USA specification) were dropped and replaced with black steel wheels and plastic covers. Additionally, the GLS received black plastic mirrors as opposed to the body-colored mirrors of the higher-tier SE and Limited models. This cut in equipment was rumored to be a countermeasure to offset the price increase of offering an [[iPod]] plug-in for the stereo system. Because of the black mirrors and wheel covers, the additional cost of the iPod adapter was negated, leaving the base price of the vehicle unchanged.

The Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com. According to research, the Santa Fe is the least expensive vehicle to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle’s safety.<ref name=ins>[http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/daily-news/090603-The-Most-Expensive-Cars-to-Insure/ The Most Expensive Cars to Insure] Jun. 03, 2009, U.S. News Rankings & Reviews</ref><ref name=iihs/>

===2010===
[[File:2010 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS -- 09-24-2010.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS (US)]]
A mid-cycle refresh designed in Germany for the Santa Fe was implemented for the 2010 model year. The grille now includes horizontal and vertical gridded bars as opposed to the horizontal two-bar grille on previous models, and grilles are now body-colored instead of black. New rear taillights include all-red taillight covers with extensive chrome outlay, and new 5 split-spoke alloy wheels have replaced the previous 5- and 6-spoke wheels. All Santa Fe's now include standard [[Bluetooth]] hands-free phone connectivity and steering wheel audio controls, new darker wood trim, and metallic steering wheel inlay. Gauges have been designed with a new lettering and numbering 'font' and backlight design. A new touch-screen navigation system with rear back-up camera was now available. Finally, for the US market, the optional third row seat has been discontinued, leaving the larger [[Hyundai Veracruz|Veracruz]] the only currently sold Hyundai in the United States to seat more than five persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/11/2010-hyundai-santa-fe/|title=2010 Hyundai Santa Fe Gets Refreshed, Two New Engines |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref>

Powertrain changes included a choice of the standard six-speed [[manual transmission]] or the optional six-speed [[automatic transmission]]. Engine choices include a 2.4-liter [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] and a 3.5-liter [[V6 engine|V6]]. The latter engine is also used in the [[Kia Sorento]]. Both engines generate greater power while obtaining greater fuel economy than previous engine models. Sales began in early January 2010.

===2011===

[[File:2012 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS -- 04-23-2012.JPG|thumb|right|2012 Hyundai Santa Fe GLS (US)]]

Only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe for 2011. The 605-watt [[Infinity]] sound system became standard on Limited trim whereas it had only been previously bundled with the optional navigation system. Five new colors were added, as well, including Moonstone Silver, Frost White Pearl, Sonoran Red, Mineral Gray, and Espresso Brown.

On September 1, 2010, North American production of the Santa Fe shifted to [[Kia Motors|Kia's]] new West Point, Georgia assembly plant for the 2011 model year. This was done to free up production capacity at the [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama|Alabama plant]] for the new [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]] and new [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]]. The Santa Fe fills the void left for a Kia-built Hyundai sold in the [[United States]] & [[Canada]] after Kia ended production of the [[Hyundai Entourage]] [[minivan]] in 2009. Kia, however, is 49.2% owned by Hyundai.

===2012===

The Santa Fe only received minor changes for 2012: The all-body colored grille (in North American markets) was straightened and received chrome accents while the textured strip below the headlights was changed from amber to clear. The interior received a new shift knob and downhill brake assist was added. The 2012 model will be discontinued by the end of the year, successfully ending production for the second generation.

{{clear}}

===Recall for 2007-2009 models===

Hyundai is recalling almost 200,000 Santa Fe SUVs from 2007-2009 model years, because the front passenger airbags may not deploy in a crash due to a possible problem with the occupant classification system. The system gauges the size of a passenger and based on that whether an air bag should be deployed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyundai recalls more than 220,000 vehicles for potential air bags flaws|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/28/business/hyundai-recall/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

==Third generation (2013)==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Third generation (DM)
|image=20120523 hyundai santafe 1.jpg
|production=June 2012- (5-seat sport version) November 2012- (7-seat LWB version)
|model_years=2013-
|assembly=[[Asan]], [[South Korea]] [[West Point, Georgia]], [[United States]] ([[Kia Motors]])
|engine=2.4 L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.0 L [[Turbodiesel|Turbo]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] 2.2L CRDI VGT R-Line 200 hp (150 kW) I4 diesel 2.0L CRDI VGT R-Line I4 diesel
|transmission=6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 6-speed[[Manual transmission|manual]]
|wheelbase=SWB: {{convert|106.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|2800|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length=SWB: {{convert|184.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|4905|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|74.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height=SWB: {{convert|66.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} LWB: {{convert|1690|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
}}

Hyundai launched a redesign of the Santa Fe on February 14, 2012, to go on sale in June as a 2013 model. Unveiled at the 2012 [[New York Auto Show]] on April 4,<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Drew |url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/hyundai-santa-fe-2013.html |title=2013 Hyundai Santa Fe Sport |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}</ref> the third generation Santa Fe features two wheelbase variants: shorter 5-seat Sport variant and the long-wheelbase version with three rows of seats and available seating for six or seven passengers. The longer Santa Fe also receives a unique grille design, optional 18 inch alloy wheels, flush dual exhaust tips and a body shape that accentuates the crossover’s added passenger and cargo room hind-wise from the B-pillar. Both models feature the new "Storm Edge" design prototype, eventually to launch on all other models, and feature refreshed Santa Fe unibody crossover platform, akin to most of today's SUVs. The extended version replaces the previous [[Hyundai Veracruz]] CUV.

The 2013 Santa Fe Sport models arrives with an all [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engine]] lineup. The CUV’s standard engine is a 2.4 L developing {{convert|190|hp|kW|0}}, with a {{convert|264|hp|kW|0}} 2.0 L turbo four on offer. Front-wheel drive is standard, with Hyundai’s Torque Vectoring Cornering Control feature for upgraded drive performance. Both engines shift through a six-speed [[automatic transmission]] (already found in the Azera sedan), returning up to {{convert|33|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} for the naturally aspirated model and {{convert|31|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} for the Santa Fe Sport 2.0T model. With 290 horsepower, those numbers were not beaten by a same-class vehicle so far.

The 2013 Santa Fe Sport is expected to go on sale by September 2012 for the North American market, with the long-wheelbase variant following in early 2013, with production to start around November 2012 after the Veracruz ends production.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2012/04/04/hyundai-veracruz-to-end-production-around-november-replaced-b/ "Hyundai Veracruz to end production "around November," replaced by Santa Fe"] from Autoblog (April 4, 2012)</ref>

The Korean-spec Santa Fe was launched in Korea since April 19, 2012, in short wheel base form with 7-seater capacity. Available engine types are a 2.0L CRDI VGT R-Line and 2.2L CRDI VGT R-Line diesel engines.

<gallery>
File:2013 Hyundai Santa Fe LWB -- 2012 NYIAS.JPG|2013 Hyundai Santa Fe LWB
</gallery>

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==Safety award==
The Second-generation Santa Fe earned "Top Safety Pick" award by the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]].<ref name=iihs>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr061107.html|title=Hyundai Santa Fe earns 2007 Top Safety Pick award by IIHS|publisher=[[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]}}</ref> It also received maximum 5 star safety ratings by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carsdirect.com/2008/hyundai/santa_fe/safety|title=2008 Hyundai Santa Fe NHTSA Crash Test Ratings|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration}}</ref> The Hyundai Santa Fe earned maximum five star safety rating from [[Australasian New Car Assessment Program]] (ANCAP).<ref>[http://www.ancap.com.au/results/346/ Hyundai Santa Fe] ANCAP</ref>

The Second-generation Hyundai Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com.<ref name=ins/>

==Electric versions==
There is a Hyundai Sante Fe Blue Hybrid that is powered by gasoline engine coupled to a {{Convert|30|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} electric motor. The Santa Fe blue Hybrid uses a 270 V [[lithium polymer]] battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081003.010/hyundai-sante-fe-blue-hybrid-debuts-in-paris|title=Hyundai Sante Fe Blue Hybrid Debuts in Paris|publisher=World Car Fans}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/09/26/hyundai-santa-fe-blue-hybrid-revealed-ahead-of-paris/|title=Hyundai Santa Fe Blue Hybrid revealed ahead of Paris|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
Advertising Standards Bureau of Australia banned a Santa Fe TV commercial titled 'Restless' or 'Toddler' in 2007, which ASB argued that it promotes an illegal driving activity: a underaged person (a toddler) driving a car. He also picked up a hitchhiking toddler girl and both were wearing seatbelts instead of approved child restraints which also breached safety recommendations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automk.com/thread-49434-1-1.html|title=More hysteria over suggestive ads: Hyundai yanks ad featuring baby behind the wheel|publisher=AutoMK}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21270460-2,00.html|title=Parents raise copycat risk from TV's revhead tot|publisher=News.com.au | first=Edith | last=Bevin | date=February 23, 2007}}</ref> The ad was produced by Kim Thorp and Howard Greive from Assignment Group NZ and directed by Tony Williams from Sydney Film Company, with post via Frame Set + Match, Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campaignbrief.blogspot.com/2007/02/hyundai-toddler-commercial-banned-by.html|title=Hyundai 'Toddler' commercial banned by ASB|publisher=Campaign Brief}}</ref> The ad itself won the 2006 Fair Go Ad Awards in Best Ad Award category, and was also nominated in the top five in the Worst Ad category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/842896|title=Hyundai ad wins Fair Go award|publisher=TVNZ}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
22. ^"[http://www.incarz.com/2012/car-news/new-versions-of-hyundai-santa-fe-introduced-as-family-haulers/ New versions of Hyundai Santa Fe]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website|http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_TM_101011145152.html}}
*[http://santafe.hyundai.com/index.html Hyundai Santa Fe (DM) Official Site (Korean)]
{{Hyundai cars}}
{{Hyundai North America}}

[[Category:Crossover SUVs]]
[[Category:Compact SUVs]]
[[Category:Mid-size SUVs]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hyundai vehicles|Santa Fe]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
[[Category:Hydrogen cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]

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