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Temple

2022-10-06T10:30:41Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities}}
{{Redirect|Temples|the region of the forehead|Temple (anatomy)|other uses|Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|house of the lord|The House of the Lord|House of Lords (disambiguation){{!}}House of Lords|Lord House (disambiguation){{!}}Lord House}}

[[File:Athen Erechtheion BW 2017-10-09 13-58-34.jpg|thumb|300x300px|The [[Erechtheion]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], is associated with some of the most ancient and holy relics of the Athenians, such as the [[Palladion]], a ''[[xoanon]]'' of [[Athena Polias]]]]
[[File:Ankor Wat temple.jpg|thumb|299x299px|The World-famous 12th century [[Angkor Wat]] temple complex in [[Cambodia]] is the largest Hindu Temple in World dedicated to God Vishnu]]
[[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Borobudur]] temple, the largest [[buddhist temple]] in the world, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]].]]

A '''temple''' (from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|[[templum]]}}) is a building reserved for spiritual rituals and activities such as [[prayer]] and [[sacrifice]]. Religions which erect temples include [[Christianity]] (whose temples are typically called [[church (building)|churches]]), [[Hinduism]] (called [[Mandir|mandira]]), [[Buddhism]] (often [[Monastery|monasteries]]), [[Sikhism]] (whose temples are called [[Gurdwara|gurudwara]]), [[Jainism]] (whose temples are sometimes called [[derasar]]), [[Islam]] (whose temples are called [[mosques]]), [[Judaism]] (whose temples are called [[synagogues]]), [[Zoroastrianism]] (whose temples are sometimes called [[Agiary]]), the [[Baha'i Faith]] (which are often simply referred to as [[Baha'i House of Worship]]), [[Taoism]] (which are sometimes called [[Daoguan]]), [[Shintoism]] (which are sometimes called [[Shinto shrine|Jinja]]), [[Confucianism]] (which are sometimes called the [[Temple of Confucius]]), and ancient religions such as the [[Ancient Egyptian religion]] and the [[Ancient Greek religion]].

The form and function of temples are thus very variable, though they are often considered by believers to be, in some sense, the "house" of one or more [[Deity|deities]]. Typically, offerings of some sort are made to the deity, and other rituals are enacted, and a special group of [[clergy]] maintain and operate the temple. The degree to which the whole population of believers can access the building varies significantly; often parts, or even the whole main building. can only be accessed by the clergy. Temples typically have a main building and a larger [[religious precinct|precinct]], which may contain many other buildings or may be a dome-shaped structure, much like an igloo.

The word comes from [[Ancient Rome]], where a {{Lang|la|templum}} constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or [[augur]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid | publisher = University of Notre Dame | date = 26 May 2009 | url = http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=Templum&ending= | access-date = 24 July 2009}}</ref> It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation for the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur.

==Hindu temples==
{{Main|Hindu temple}}

{{see also|List of Hindu temples}}
[[File:Sripuram Temple Full View.jpg|thumb|The Golden temple of Mahalakshmi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India]]
[[File:Traditional_Kerala_temple.jpg|thumb|Traditional Kerala Temple]]
[[File:Maa Naina Devi Temple, Mallital, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|A view of the Maa Naina Devi Temple, Mallital, [[Nainital]], Uttarakhand, India]]
[[File:New Delhi Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple]], a Hindu temple in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] built in 2005.]]
Hindu temples are known by many different names, varying on region and language, including Alayam,<ref>ALAYAM : The Hindu Temple;An Epitome of Hindu Culture; G.Venkataramana Reddy; Published by Adhyaksha; Sri Ramakrishna Math; {{ISBN|978-81-7823-542-4}} ; Page 1</ref> ''Mandir'', ''Mandira'', ''Ambalam'', ''Gudi'', ''Kavu'', ''Koil'', ''Kovil'', ''Déul'', ''Raul'', ''Devasthana'', ''Degul'', ''Deva Mandiraya'', and ''Devalaya''. Hindu temple architecture is mainly divided into the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]] of the south and the [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] style of the north, with other regional styles.

The basic elements of the [[Hindu temple]] remain the same across all periods and styles. The most essential feature is the inner sanctuary, the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or womb-chamber, where the primary ''[[murti]]'' or [[cult image]] of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. Around this chamber there are often other structures and buildings, in the largest cases covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like ''[[shikhara]]'', also called the ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' in the south. The shrine building may include an [[ambulatory]] for ''parikrama'' ([[circumambulation]]), one or more [[Mandapa|mandapas]] or congregation halls, and sometimes an [[antarala]] antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa.

A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, the seat and dwelling of [[Hindu gods]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Stella|last=Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|pages=135, context: 40–43, 110–114, 129–139 with footnotes}}, Quote: "The [Hindu] temple is the seat and dwelling of God, according to the majority of the [Indian] names" (p. 135); "The temple as Vimana, proportionately measured throughout, is the house and body of God" (p. 133).</ref> It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together according to [[Hinduism|Hindu faith]]. Inside its ''garbhagriha'' innermost sanctum, a Hindu temple contains a ''[[murti]]'' or Hindu god's image. Hindu temples are large and magnificent with a rich history. There is evidence of use of sacred ground as far back as the [[Bronze Age]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} and later during the [[Indus Valley civilization]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Outside of the Indian subcontinent ([[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]), Hindu temples have been built in [[List of Hindu temples outside India|various countries around the world]]. Either following the [[Indianized kingdom|historic diffusion of Hinduism across Asia]] (e.g. ancient stone temples of [[Cambodia]] and [[List of Hindu temples in Indonesia|Indonesia]]), or following the migration of the [[Indian diaspora|Indian Hindus' diaspora]]; to Western Europe (esp. [[Great Britain]]), North America (the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]), as well as Australia, [[Malaysia]] and Singapore, Mauritius and [[South Africa]].

==Buddhist temples==
{{main|Buddhist temple}}

[[File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mahabodhi]] temple, [[Bihar, India]]]]
Buddhist temples include the structures called [[stupa]], [[wat]] and [[pagoda]] in different regions and languages. A Buddhist temple might contain a [[meditation]] hall hosting ''[[Buddharupa]]'', or the image of [[Buddha]], as the object of concentration and veneration during a meditation. The stupa domed structures are also used in a circumambulation ritual called ''[[Pradakshina]]''.

Temples in [[Buddhism]] represent the pure land or pure environment of a [[Buddha (general)|Buddha]]. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire inner and outer peace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kadampanewyork.org/temple/ |title=New York Buddhist Temple for World Peace |publisher=Kadampanewyork.org |date=1997-08-01 |access-date=2012-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611060043/http://www.kadampanewyork.org/temple/ |archive-date=2012-06-11 }}</ref>

Three types of structures are associated with the [[Sacred architecture|religious architecture]] of [[early Buddhism]]: monasteries ([[Vihara|viharas]]), places to venerate relics ([[Stupa|stupas]]), and shrines or prayer halls ([[Chaitya|chaityas]], also called ''chaitya grihas''), which later came to be called temples in some places. The pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupas.

The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of [[Gautama Buddha]]. The earliest archaeologically known example of a stupa is the relic stupa located in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]] in India.

In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas (prayer halls). These are exemplified by the complexes of the [[Ajanta Caves]] and the [[Ellora Caves]] ([[Maharashtra]]). The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] in [[Bihar]] is another well-known example.

As Buddhism spread, Buddhist architecture diverged in style, reflecting the similar trends in Buddhist art. Building form was also influenced to some extent by the different forms of Buddhism in the northern countries, practising [[Mahayana]] Buddhism in the main and in the south where [[Theravada]] Buddhism prevailed.

==Jain temples==
{{Main|Jain temple}}

{{see also|List of Jain temples}}
[[File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|thumb|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].]]
A Jain temple, called a [[Derasar]], is the [[place of worship]] for [[Jainism|Jains]], the followers of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Babb |first=Lawrence, A |url=https://archive.org/details/absentlordasceti0000babb |title=Absent lord: ascetics and kings in a Jain ritual culture |publisher=Published [[University of California Press]] |year=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/absentlordasceti0000babb/page/66 66] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Some famous Jain temples are [[Shikharji]], [[Palitana temples]], [[Ranakpur Jain temple]], [[Shravan Belgola]], [[Dilwara Temples]] and [[Lal Mandir]]. Jain temples are built with various architectural designs. Jain temples in North India are completely different from the Jain temples in South India, which in turn are quite different from Jain temples in West India. Additionally, a ''[[manastambha]]'' (literally 'column of honor') is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.
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==Sikh temples==
{{Main|Gurdwara}}

[[File:Darbar Sahib 27 September 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Harmandir Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]], [[India]]]]
A Sikh temple is called a gurdwara, literally the doorway to the Guru. Its most essential element is the presence of the Guru, [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The gurdwara has an entrance from all sides, signifying that they are open to all without any distinction whatsoever. The gurdwara has a [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]] where the Guru Granth Sahib is seen and a [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] where people can eat free food.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gurdwara |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/gurdwara_1.shtml |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A gurdwara may also have a library, nursery, and classroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurdwara Requirements |url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurdwara-requirements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220923/http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurdwara-requirements |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=worldgurudwaras.com}}</ref>

==Mesopotamian temples==
[[File:Ziggarat of Ur 001.jpg|thumb|[[Ziggurat of Ur]], [[Iraq]]]]
The temple-building tradition of [[Mesopotamia]] derived from the cults of gods and deities in the [[Mesopotamian religion]]. It spanned several civilizations; from [[Sumer]]ian, [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyria]]n, and [[Babylonia]]n. The most common temple architecture of Mesopotamia is the structure of sun-baked bricks called a [[ziggurat]], having the form of a terraced [[step pyramid]] with a flat upper terrace where the shrine or temple stood.

==Egyptian temples==
{{main|Egyptian temple}}
[[File:Luxor, Luxor Temple, inside, at night, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luxor Temple]], [[Egypt]]]]
[[Ancient Egypt]]ian temples were meant as places for the [[Ancient Egyptian deities|deities]] to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building, {{Lang|egy-latn|ḥwt-nṯr}}, means 'mansion (or enclosure) of a god'.<ref>Spencer 1984, p. 22, 44; Snape 1996, p. 9</ref>

A god's [[Divine presence|presence]] in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through ritual. These rituals, it was believed, sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature. They were, therefore, a key part of the maintenance of ''[[maat]]'', the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief.<ref>Dunand and Zivie-Coche 2005, pp. 89–91</ref> Maintaining {{Lang|egy-latn|maat}} was the entire purpose of [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian religion]],<ref>Assmann 2001, p. 4</ref> and thus it was the purpose of a temple as well.<ref>Shafer, Byron E., "Temples, Priests, and Rituals: An Overview", in Shafer 1997, pp. 1–2</ref>

[[Ancient Egypt]]ian temples were also of economic significance to Egyptian society. The temples stored and redistributed grain and came to own large portions of the nation's arable land (some estimate as much as 33% by the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] period).<ref>André Dollinger. The Ancient Egyptian Economy. pp. 5 [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/The-Ancient-Egyptian-Economy.pdf] Retrieved June 19, 2012</ref> In addition, many of these Egyptian temples utilized the Tripartite Floor Plan in order to draw visitors to the center room.
==Greco-Roman temples==
{{Main|Greek temple|Roman temple}}
[[File:Acropolis wide view.jpg|thumb|The [[Parthenon]] on the [[Acropolis of Athens]]]]
Though today most Greek religious buildings are called temples, the ancient Greeks would have referred to a ''[[temenos]]'', or sacred precinct. Its sacredness, often connected with a holy grove, was more important than the building itself, as it contained the open air [[altar]] on which the [[sacrifices]] were made. The building which housed the cult statue in its [[Cella|''naos'']] was originally a rather simple structure, but by the middle of the 6th century BCE had become increasingly elaborate. Greek temple architecture had a profound influence on ancient architectural traditions.

The rituals that located and sited Roman temples were performed by an [[augur]] through the observation of the flight of birds or other natural phenomenon. Roman temples usually faced east or toward the rising sun, but the specifics of the orientation are often not known today; there are also notable exceptions, such as the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] which faces north. In [[ancient Rome]] only the native deities of [[Roman mythology]] had a {{Lang|la|templum}}; any equivalent structure for a foreign deity was called a {{Lang|la|fanum}}.

==Pagan temples==
{{See also|List of modern pagan temples}}
[[File:Templo de Garni, Armenia, 2016-10-02, DD 94.jpg|thumb|[[Temple of Garni]], [[Armenia]]]]
The Romans usually referred to a holy place of a [[pagan]] religion as {{Lang|la|fanum}}; in some cases this referred to a sacred grove, in others to a temple. Medieval Latin writers also sometimes used the word ''{{Lang|la|templum}}'', previously reserved for temples of the ancient Roman religion. In some cases it is hard to determine whether a temple was a building or an outdoor shrine. For temple buildings of the Vikings, the [[Old Norse]] term ''[[Heathen hofs|hof]]'' is often used.

==Zoroastrian temples==
{{Main|Fire temple}}
[[File:Yazd fire temple.jpg|thumb|The Yazd Atash Behram]]
A [[Zoroastrian]] temple may also be called a ''Dar-e-mehr'' and an ''[[Fire temple|Atashkadeh]]''. A fire temple in Zoroastrianism is the place of worship for Zoroastrians. Zoroastrians revere [[fire]] in any form, and their temples contains an [[eternal flame]], with ''[[Atash Behram]]'' (Fire of Victory) as the highest grade of all, as it combines 16 different types of fire gathered in elaborate rituals.

In the Zoroastrian religion, fire (''Atar''), together with clean water (''Aban''), are agents of ritual purity. Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies is regarded as the basis of ritual life," which, "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple fire is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity".{{Quote without source|date=September 2022}}

==Chinese temples==
{{main|Chinese temple architecture}}
[[File:Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.JPG|thumb|[[Temple of Heaven]], [[Beijing]]]]
Chinese temples refer to temples in accordance with [[Chinese culture]], which serve as a house of worship for Chinese faiths, namely [[Confucian Temple|Confucianism]], [[Taoist Temple|Taoism]], [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]]. Chinese temples were born from the age-old religion and tradition of [[Chinese people]] since the ancient era of imperial [[China]], thus they are usually built in typical classical [[Chinese architecture]].

Other than the base constructed from an elevated platform of earth and stones, most parts of Chinese temples are made of timber carpentry, with parts of brick masonry and glazed ceramics for roofs and tile decorations. Typical Chinese temples have curved overhanging eaves and complicated carpentry of stacked roof construction. Chinese temples are known for their vivid colour and rich decorations. Their roofs are often decorated with mythical beasts, such as [[Chinese dragon]]s and [[qilin]]s, and sometimes also Chinese deities. Chinese temples can be found throughout [[Mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]], and also where [[Chinese emigration|Chinese expatriate]] communities have settled abroad; thus Chinese temples can be found in [[Chinatown]]s worldwide.

==Indonesian temples==
{{Main|Candi of Indonesia|Balinese temple}}
[[File:Sojiwan temple 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sojiwan]] temple, an example of typical 9th-century Javanese temple architecture.]]
[[Candi of Indonesia|''Candi'']] is an [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] term to refer to ancient temples. Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as {{Lang|id|candi}}, were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. The {{Lang|id|candi}} architecture follows the typical [[Indonesian architecture|Indonesian architectural]] traditions based on [[Vastu Shastra]]. The temple layout, especially in the [[Central Java]] period, incorporated [[mandala]] temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of [[Hindu]] temples. The ''{{Lang|id|candi}}'' was designed to mimic [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Meru]], the holy mountain and the abode of the gods. In contemporary [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Indonesian Buddhist]] perspective, ''{{Lang|id|candi}}'' refers to a shrine, either ancient or new. Several contemporary ''[[vihara]]s'' in Indonesia, for example, contain an actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of [[Pawon]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Replika Candi Pawon|work=Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya|url=http://www.dhammacakka.org/?channel=tentangkami&mode=detailfasilitas&id=93}}</ref> and [[Plaosan]]'s {{Lang|id|perwara}} (small) temples.

According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of [[Mount Merapi]] in 1006 AD.

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==Mesoamerican temples==
{{main|Mesoamerican pyramids}}
[[File:Chichen Itza 2.jpg|thumb|[[El Castillo, Chichen Itza|Temple of Kukulcan]] in [[Chichen Itza]] located on top of Kukulcan pyramid.]]
Temples of the [[Mesoamerican]] civilization usually took the shape of [[Mesoamerican pyramids|stepped pyramids]] with temples or shrines on top of the massive structure. They are more akin to the ziggurats of Mesopotamia than to Egyptian ones. A single or several flight(s) of steep steps from the base lead to the temple that stood on the plateau on top of the pyramid. The stone temple might be a square or a rounded structure with a door opening leading to a cella or inner sanctum. The plateau on top of the pyramid in front of the temple is where the ritualistic sacrifice took place.

Some classic Mesoamerican pyramids are adorned with stories about the feathered serpent [[Quetzalcoatl]] or [[Mesoamerican creation myths]], written in the form of hieroglyphs on the rises of the steps of the pyramids, on the walls, and on the sculptures contained within.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs |last = Koontz|first = Rex |publisher = Thames and Hudson|year = 2013 |isbn = 9780500290767 |location = New York, New York}}
</ref> Notable example include [[Aztec]] [[Santa Cecilia Acatitlan|Acatitlan]] and [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] [[Chichen Itza]], [[Uxmal]] and [[Tikal]].

==Jewish synagogues and temples==
[[File:Jerus-n4i.jpg|thumb|200px|A model of [[Herod's Temple]] adjacent to the [[Shrine of the Book]] exhibit at the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem.]]
[[File:Kenessa Vilnius (5970197134).jpg|thumb|The Kenesa in [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]].]]

In [[Judaism]], the ancient Hebrew texts refer not to temples, the word having not existed yet, but to a "sanctuary", "palace" or "hall". Each of the two ancient temples in Jerusalem was called in the [[Tanakh]] {{Lang|he-latn|Beit YHWH}}, which translates literally as 'YHWH's House'.

The [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]] is the site where the [[First Temple]] of Solomon and the [[Second Temple]] were built. At the center of the structure was the [[Holy of Holies]] where only the [[High Priest of Israel|High Priest]] could enter. The Temple Mount is now the site of the [[Islamic]] edifice, the [[Dome of the Rock]] (c. 690).

The Greek word ''[[synagogue]]'' came into use to describe Jewish (and [[Samaritanism|Samaritan]]) places of worship during [[Hellenistic]] times and it, along with the Yiddish term ''[[shul]]'', and the original Hebrew term ''[[Synagogue|Beit Knesset]]'' ('House of meeting') are the terms in most universal usage.

Since the 18th Century, Jews in Western and Central Europe began to apply the name ''temple'', borrowed from the French where it was used to denote all non-Catholic prayer houses, to synagogues. The term became strongly associated with [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] institutions, in some of which both congregants and outsiders associated it with the elimination of the prayers for the restoration of the Jerusalem Temple, though this was not the original meaning—traditional synagogues named themselves "temple" over a century before the advent of Reform, and many continued to do so after.<ref>Michael A. Meyer, ''Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism'', Wayne State University Press, 1995. p. 42.</ref> In American parlance, ''temple'' is often synonymous with ''synagogue'', but especially non-Orthodox ones.

The term ''[[kenesa]]'', from the Aramaic for 'assembly', is used to describe the places of worship of [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite Jews]].

Example of such temple is the [[Sofia Synagogue]], [[Bulgaria]] the largest [[synagogue]] in [[Southeastern Europe]] and third-largest in [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.dnes.bg/sofia/2009/09/06/100-godishnina-na-sinagogata-v-sofiia.77248 100-годишнина на синагогата в София], dnes.bg, September 6, 2009</ref>

==Christian temples==
===Orthodox Christianity===
[[File:Russia-Moscow-Cathedral of Christ the Saviour-8.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].]]
The word ''temple'' is used frequently in the tradition of [[Eastern Christianity]]; particularly the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where the principal words used for houses of worship are ''temple'' and ''church''. The use of the word ''temple'' comes from the need to distinguish a building of the church vs. the church seen as the Body of Christ. In the [[Russian language]] (similar to other [[Slavic languages]]), while the general-purpose word for 'church' is ''[[Russian church architecture|tserkov]]'', the term {{Lang|ru-latn|khram}} ({{Lang|ru|Храм}}), 'temple', is used to refer to the church building as a temple of [[God]] ({{Lang|ru-latn|Khram Bozhy}}). The words ''church'' and ''temple'', in this case are interchangeable; however, the term ''church'' ({{lang-grc|ἐκκλησία}}) is far more common. The term ''temple'' ({{lang-grc|ναός}}) is also commonly applied to larger churches. Some famous churches which are referred to as temples include the [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]], the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] and the [[Temple of Saint Sava]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].

===Catholicism===
[[File:Basilique du Sacré-Cœur IMG 1271.jpg|thumb|left|[[Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]] in [[Paris]]]]
The word ''temple'' has traditionally been rarely used in the English-speaking [[Western Christian tradition]]. In [[Irish language|Irish]], some [[East–West Schism|pre-schism]] churches use the word ''[[wiktionary:teampall|teampall]]''. The usual word for ''church'' in the [[Hungarian language]] is ''[[wiktionary:templom|templom]]'', also deriving from the same Latin root. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] distinguishes between the temple being the physical building for religious activity, and the church being both the physical building for religious activity and also the congregation of religious followers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baldayac|first1=Rafael|title=Iglesia y templo: diferencia|url=http://www.lainformacion.com.do/noticias/opinion/columnas/869/iglesia-y-templo:-diferencia|website=La Informacion|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>

The principal words typically used to distinguish houses of worship in Western Christian architecture are ''[[abbey]]'', ''[[basilica]]'', ''[[cathedral]]'', ''[[chapel]]'' and ''[[Church (building)|church]]''. The Catholic Church has used the word temple in reference of a place of worship on rare occasions. An example is the Roman Catholic [[Sagrada Familia]] Temple in Barcelona, Spain and the Roman Catholic [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]] Temple in Paris, France. Another example is the Temple or Our Lady of the Pillar, a church in [[Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]].

===Protestantism===

Also, some Protestant churches use this term; above main entrance of the [[Lutheran]] Gustav Vasa church in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] is a [[cartouche]] in Latin which reads "this temple (...) was constructed by king Oscar II."

Beginning in the late eighteenth century, following the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], some Protestant denominations in France and elsewhere began to use the word ''temple'' to distinguish these spaces from Catholic churches. [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and other Protestant churches make use of a wide variety of terms to designate their worship spaces, such as church, [[tabernacle]] or temple. Additionally some [[Breakaway Catholic Churches]] such as the [[Mariavite Church]] in [[Poland]] have chosen to also designate their central church building as a temple, as in the case of the [[Temple of Mercy and Charity]] in [[Płock]].
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===Latter Day Saint movement===
[[File:KirtlandTemple Ohio USA.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kirtland Temple]] in Kirtland, Ohio]]
{{main|Temple (Latter Day Saints)}}

According to [[Latter Day Saint]]s, in 1832, [[Joseph Smith]] received a [[Revelation#Latter-day Saint concept of revelation|revelation]] to [[Restoration (Latter Day Saints)|restore]] the practice of [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|temple worship]], in a "house of the Lord". The [[Kirtland Temple]] was the first temple of the [[Latter-day Saint movement]] and the only one completed in Smith's lifetime, although the [[Nauvoo Temple]] was partially complete at the time of [[death of Joseph Smith|his death]]. The [[schism (religion)|schisms]] stemming from a [[Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|succession crisis]] have led to differing views about the role and use of temples between various groups with competing succession claims.

[[Book of Mormon|The Book of Mormon]], which Latter Day Saints believe is a companion book of scripture with the Bible, refers to temple building in the ancient Americas by a group of people called the [[Nephites]]. Though Book of Mormon authors are not explicit about the practices in these Nephite temples, they were patterned "after the manner of the temple of Solomon" (<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/5?lang=eng |title=The Second Book of Nephi Chapter 5 - 5:16 |publisher=Lds.org |date=2012-02-21 |access-date=2012-06-20}}</ref>) and served as gathering places for significant religious and political events (e.g. Mosiah 1–6; 3rd Nephi 11–26).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achoiceland.com/temples |title=Temples |publisher=Achoiceland.com |date=2010-10-01 |access-date=2012-06-20}}</ref>

====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
[[File:Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salt Lake Temple|LDS temple]] in Salt Lake City, Utah]]
{{See also|Temple (LDS Church)|List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is a prolific builder of temples. {{LDS Temple status}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lds.org/temples/chronological/0,11206,1900-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214012225/http://www.lds.org/temples/chronological/0,11206,1900-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-02-14|title=List of Temples}}</ref> [[Temple (LDS Church)|Latter-day Saint temples]] are reserved for performing and undertaking only the most holy and sacred of covenants and [[Ordinance (Mormonism)|special of ordinances]]. They are distinct from [[meeting house]]s and [[chapel]]s where [[Worship services of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Weekly services|weekly worship services]] are held. The temples are built and kept under strict sacredness and are not to be defiled. Thus, strict rules apply for entrance, including church membership and regular attendance. During the open-house period after its construction and before its dedication, the temple is open to the public for tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lds.org/temples/faq/0,11264,1904-1,00.html#3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214012007/http://www.lds.org/temples/faq/0,11264,1904-1,00.html#3|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-02-14|title=Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref>

====Other Latter Day Saint denominations====
Various [[List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement|sects]] in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith have temples.<ref>Utah Attorney General's Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office. [http://attorneygeneral.utah.gov/cmsdocuments/The_Primer.pdf The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127133628/http://attorneygeneral.utah.gov/cmsdocuments/The_Primer.pdf |date=2013-01-27 }}. Updated June 2006. Page 23.</ref>
*The [[Church of Christ (Wightite)]], a Latter Day Saint denomination formed by [[Lyman Wight]] following the [[Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|death of Joseph Smith]], built first Mormon temple west of the Mississippi in [[Zodiac, Texas]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Melvin C.|title=Polygamy on the Pedernales:Lyman Wight's Mormon Villages in Antebellum Texas, 1845-1858|date=2006|page=125|url=http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=usupress_pubs|access-date=6 February 2015|publisher=Utah State University Press|location=Logan, Utah}}</ref> about three miles from [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]].
* In 1990 or earlier a temple in [[Ozumba]], [[Mexico]] was built by the [[Apostolic United Brethren]].<ref name = Moore>Andrea Moore-Emmett. God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press: June 1, 2004. {{ISBN|1-930074-13-1}}</ref>
*On April 17, 1994, the [[Independence Temple]] in [[Independence, Missouri]], was open by the [[Community of Christ]] by then-church [[Prophet-President]] [[Wallace B. Smith]]. The Community of Christ also currently owns the original [[Kirtland Temple]], dedicated in 1836 by the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of the Latter Day Saints]] (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), in [[Kirtland, Ohio]]. The Community of Christ operates the Kirtland Temple as a historic site.
*In 2005<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Pages/YFZ010605.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050307015520/http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Pages/YFZ010605.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= March 7, 2005 | title= Jeffs dedicates FLDS temple site at YFZ Ranch | newspaper= [[The Eldorado Success]] | date= January 11, 2005 | access-date= April 6, 2008 }}</ref> construction on the [[YFZ| YFZ Ranch Temple]] by the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] Church began. It is located just outside [[Eldorado, Texas|Eldorado]] in [[Schleicher County, Texas|Schleicher County]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.deseretnews.com/article/635180342/FLDS-temple-appears-complete.html | title= FLDS temple appears complete | publisher= [[Ben Winslow]] (AP) | date= 31 January 2006}}</ref> However, as of April 2014, the [[Texas|State of Texas]] took physical and legal possession of the property.<ref name="NBC">{{cite news |title= Texas Seizes Polygamist Warren Jeffs' Ranch |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/texas-seizes-polygamist-warren-jeffs-ranch-n83736 |publisher= NBC News |agency= Associated Press |date= April 17, 2014 |access-date= April 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Carlisle">{{cite news |last1= Carlisle |first1= Nate |title= Texas takes possession of polygamous ranch |url = http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/57832276-78/ranch-texas-amp-jeffs.html.csp |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= April 17, 2014 |access-date= April 17, 2014}}</ref> as it was used to "commit or facilitate certain criminal conduct."<ref name="NBC"/><ref name="Carlisle"/>
* A pyramid-shaped temple near [[Modena, Utah]], was built by the [[Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name = Moore/>
{{clear}}

===Esoteric Christianity===
[[File:temple99.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Ecclesia]]'s Temple]]
*[[Mount Ecclesia]] [[Esoteric Christian]] Temple of the [[Rosicrucian Fellowship]] with its round 12-sided building architecture set on top of a [[mesa]] and facing east, the rising Sun. This modern-day temple is ornamented with [[Alchemy|alchemical]] and [[Astrology|astrological]] symbols.

==Masonic temples==
[[File:Kimbolton Lodge 123.JPG|thumb|A Typical Masonic Lodge]]
[[Freemasonry]] is a [[fraternal organization]] with its origins in the eighteenth century whose membership is held together by a shared set of moral and [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] ideals based on short role play narratives concerning the construction of King Solomon's Temple. Freemasons meet as a Lodge. Lodges meet in a [[Masonic Temple]] (in reference to King Solomon's Temple), Masonic Center or a Masonic Hall, such as [[Freemasons' Hall, London]]. Some confusion exists as Masons usually refer to a Lodge meeting as being ''in Lodge''.

==Others==
[[File:Temple of Neptune in Monrepos 1.jpg|thumb|The Temple of [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] at the [[Monrepos Park]] in [[Vyborg|Vyborg, Russia]]]]
*''[[Göbekli Tepe]]'', located in southern [[Turkey]], was built between the 8th and 10th millennium BCE. Its circular compounds on top of a [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]] are composed by massive T-shaped stone [[pillar]]s decorated with abstract, enigmatic [[pictogram]]s and animal [[relief]]s.
*Temples of Sheikh, ancient temples in [[Sheikh, Somalia]]
*Temple of Yeha, the oldest standing structure in [[Yeha]], [[Ethiopia]]; built around 700 BCE
*In the Star Wars films, the ''[[Jedi Temple]]'' is located on ''[[Coruscant]]''.
*[[Wolmyeongdong|Wolmyeongdong Natural Temple]], located in [[South Korea]], was developed beginning in 1990 and continues to this day.
*[[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] is one of the most famous temples<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prasantbhatt.com/nepal-travel-trekking/9-amazing-nepali-temple-you-must-visit-before-you-die/|title=9 Amazing Nepali Temple You Should Visit Before You Die|date=2018-04-13|work=Prasant Bhatt|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> of [[Hindu]] religion, which is located at [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].

Convention sometimes allows the use of temple in some of the following cases:

*[[Baháʼí Faith]] temple ([[Baháʼí House of Worship|Mashriqu'l-Adhkárs]] or ‘Houses of Worship’).
*[[Mankhim]], the temple of the ethnic group the [[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]], located at [[Aritar]], [[Sikkim]].
*[[Confucian temple]] or [[Temple of Confucius]].
*[[Shintoist]] ''[[Jinja (Shinto)|jinja]]'' are normally called ''[[shrine]]s'' in English in order to distinguish them from Buddhist temples (''-tera'', ''-dera'').
*[[Taoism|Taoist]] temples and monasteries are called {{Lang|zh-latn|guan}} or ''[[daoguan]]'' ({{Lang|zh|道观}}, literally 'place of contemplation of the Tao') in Chinese, ''{{Lang|zh-latn|guan}}'' being the shortened version of {{Lang|zh-latn|daoguan}}.
*Shrines of the traditional [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese Ethnic Shenism]] are called ''[[joss house|miao]]'', or ''ancestral hall'' in English. ''Joss house'' is an obsolete American term for such kind of places of worship.

==See also==
*[[Chinese pagoda]]
*[[Dravidian architecture]]
*[[List of temples of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Mandi (Mandaeism)]]
*[[Mosque]]
*[[National Temple of Divine Providence]]
*[[Place of worship]]
*[[Chinese temple]]
*[[Candi of Indonesia]]
*[[Balinese temple]]
*[[Jangam]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Hani, Jean, ''Le symbolisme du temple chrétien'', G. Trédaniel (editor); [2. éd.] edition (1978), 207 p., {{ISBN|2-85707-030-6}}

==External links==
{{commons|Temple}}
{{Wikiquote|temple}}
{{Wiktionary|temple}}
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=temple&searchmode=none Definition of 'temple'] at the ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''
* [http://www.aldokkan.com/art/temple.htm Comparison between Egyptian and Greek temples]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Temples| ]]
[[Category:Building types]]
[[Category:Types of monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Sacral architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures]]

Sybian

2022-10-06T05:38:54Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Distinguish|Symbian}}
{{Short description|Sex toy for women}}
{{advert|date=December 2016}}
[[Image:Tn sybian gmax1.jpg|thumb|A Sybian with attached electric wire and switch board]]

A '''Sybian''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|b|i|ən}}), or '''Sybian saddle''', is a [[masturbation]] device. It consists of a hollow [[saddle]]-like seat containing two [[electric motors]], motor speed controller boards, gearing, pulleys, and a platform on cranked axles such that a ridge on the top of the unit can be made to vibrate through a range of speeds as set using a wired external hand controller, and an upward-pointing shaft set on an angle through the ridge can be made to rotate at speeds of up to several hundred rpm, again by use of the wired remote control. Flexible molded attachments are supplied that fit over the vibrating ridge and shaft which mostly have integrated [[dildo]]s on their top. In use, the rider inserts the dildo into a [[body orifice]] for internal stimulation while applying pressure on the vibrating ridge with their external erogenous parts
.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marton | first = A | year = 1992 | journal = Regardie's Magazine | title = The business of sex | location = Washington D.C. | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | page = 36 }}</ref>

==Development==
According to its inventor, [[Dave Lampert]], the Sybian was first conceived in the 1970s and developed in 1983. A prototype was built in 1985 from [[sheet metal]] mounted on a wooden frame with a [[Vibrator (sex toy)|vibrator]] projecting through an opening inside the housing; a second prototype became the basis for current production models.<ref name="sybianhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.sybian.com/sybian/history.html |title=Sybian for Sexual Gratification - History |author=Dave Lampert |access-date=25 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823132305/https://www.sybian.com/sybian/history.html |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>

Lampert and his team initially called the device ''Master Better'', shortened to "MB," for about four years before selecting a new name for it. The prefix ''syb'' in Sybian was derived from [[Sybaris]], an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] city in southern [[Italy]] which was associated with luxurious living.<ref name="sybianhistory" /> It is currently manufactured by [[Abco Research Associates]] in Monticello, IL.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

From research and experience, Lampert theorized that the [[woman on top]] position during intercourse works best for female orgasm and that stimulation is enhanced when the penis remains fully inserted and the woman rocks her pelvis forward and backward, making contact with the sensitive G-spot located on the front wall of the vagina.

Lampert designed the Sybian with this in mind. For many women, the external vibration of the clitoris produced by the Sybian while in the woman-superior position is enough to easily stimulate clitoral orgasms. In addition, the optional penetrating attachments rotate to stimulate the vaginal walls and G-spot at variable speeds while also vibrating to help a woman to have multiple G-spot orgasms. Women are also instructed to rock their pelvis forward and back while using the Sybian with a penetration attachment to enhance stimulation of the G-spot.

In 2016, Lampert was honored with an [[AVN Awards|AVN lifetime achievement award]] for his invention.<ref name=Manning20170524 /> He died in July 2021 at the age of 90.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=2021-07-09|title=Dave Lampert, Inventor of the Sybian Sex Aid, Dead at 90|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/dave-lampert-sybian-sex-aid-1195220/|access-date=2021-07-10|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Toyslove sybian in action kobe lee.OGG|thumb|A woman demonstrating the use of the Sybian]]

The Sybian weighs {{convert|22|lb|kg|abbr=off}}, and measures {{convert|13.25|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|12.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} long, and {{convert|8.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} tall excluding the {{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=on}} rubber attachment with an {{convert|8|ft|m|1}} power cord. The unit is designed to work with or without a penetration attachment. When in operation, the Sybian distributes vibrations externally along the user's pelvic floor, including [[Clitoris|clitoral glans]], the [[introitus]] to her [[vagina]] and cavity of the [[anus]]. The optional penetration attachments rotate using a 20:1 [[ratio]] [[gearmotor]] providing {{convert|.034|hp|W|0|abbr=on}} that can vary from 0 to 120 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]] and vibration is produced using a {{convert|.059|hp|W|0|abbr=on}} [[electric motor]] that may be controlled from 0 to 6500 rpm. Power and vibration/rotation are controlled with a remote control. The Sybian is able to hold over {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of weight. It has a padded [[naugahyde]] cover. The casing has built-in finger grips for carrying.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sybian.com/sybian |title=Sybian – Sexual Stimulation & Gratification Device |access-date=2008-04-17 |publisher=Sybian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807085053/https://www.sybian.com/sybian/ |archive-date=7 August 2013 }}</ref>

Generally, the user of the Sybian straddles the machine and administers the dildo attachment, inserting it into her vagina or the anus. The vibration and rotation can be controlled by separate on/off switches and two rotary controls. The Sybian is sold with up to eleven washable attachments of varying sizes made from [[synthetic rubber]] in various shapes, including a finger, a specially designed G-spot stimulator, and various sizes of [[phallus]] and the addition of two premium silicone parts in 2015, with additional silicone parts being developed and released in the subsequent years.<ref name="The Ultimate Guide to Silicone Sex Toys">{{cite web| url= http://dangerouslilly.com/2012/02/ultimate-guide-silicone-sex-toys-metis-black-tantus/ | title=The Ultimate Guide to Silicone Sex Toys – With Metis Black of Tantus, Inc. | author=Ask Lilly with Metis Black | date=9 February 2012 | access-date=26 May 2016 }}</ref>

==Publicity==
After its release in 1987, the Sybian was featured on the cover of the December 1987 issue of ''[[Penthouse Forum]]''.<ref>{{citation | last = West | first = J | year = 1987 | work = [[Penthouse Forum]] | title = Sybian: Plug into the Ultimate Joy Ride| page = 19 | url = http://allsafesex.com/}}</ref><ref name=Manning20170524 /> It made its first pornographic video appearance in ''Orgasmatic'' (1998), which received an [[AVN award]] nomination for "most outrageous sex scene" for Ruby the Original's performance with the device.<ref name=Manning20170524>{{Cite web |title=30 Years Of Orgasms: Why The Sybian Remains The Cadillac Of Sex Toys |url=https://www.vocativ.com/418151/30-years-of-sybian/index.html |website=[[Vocativ]] |date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |last=Manning |first=Allee}}</ref>

Although the Sybian has been featured in many pornographic video productions since the early 2000s, primarily on the Internet, the device came to prominence on ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'' since the show's arrival on [[Sirius Satellite Radio]].<ref>{{citation | last = Hessel | first = E | date = 2006-11-27 | work = [[Forbes]] | title = Dethroned| volume = 178 | issue = 11 | page = 50}}</ref> [[Howard Stern]] was given a Sybian as a birthday gift in 2006.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sybian}}
* [https://sybian.com/ Official website]

{{Masturbation}}

[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Female sex toys]]
[[Category:Machine sex]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1987]]
[[Category:Vibrators]]

Night Train (2009 film)

2022-10-06T05:33:50Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{unreferenced|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Night Train
| image = Night Train (2009 film) poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Brian King (writer)|Brian King]]
| producer = Christopher Eberts [[Brian R. Etting]] Steve Markoff [[Bruce McNall]] Wendy Park Michael Philip [[Arnold Rifkin]] Jo Marr
| writer = [[Brian King (writer)|Brian King]]
| starring = [[Danny Glover]] [[Leelee Sobieski]] [[Steve Zahn]] [[Matthias Schweighöfer]] [[Geoff Bell (actor)|Geoff Bell]] [[Constantine Gregory]]
| music = [[Henning Lohner]]
| cinematography = Christopher Popp
| editing = Patrick Wilfert
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|07|07}}
| runtime = 83 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Night Train''''' is a 2009 [[direct-to-video]] [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] film produced by Rifkin-Eberts Productions and stars [[Danny Glover]], [[Leelee Sobieski]], [[Steve Zahn]] and [[Matthias Schweighöfer]]. It pays homage to a variety of classic suspense films such as ''[[Strangers on a Train (film)|Strangers on a Train]]'' (1951), ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'' (1938), and ''[[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)|The Maltese Falcon]]'' (1941), though the plot bears only passing resemblance to any of them. The film did not appear in theaters and was released on DVD for US markets in July 2009.

==Plot==
One Christmas night, a man runs through a forest carrying something. A nearly deserted train pulls into a station, and two conductors get out, take a stretch, and kill time as no one seems to board. Just as the train is about to depart, the running man calls out, runs to the train, and seems to want to board. He does not speak and, assuming that perhaps he does not know English, the conductors let him on with the intention of getting his money later. He joins two of the only five passengers who appear to be on the train at that point. One of the passengers, an inebriated salesman named Pete (Steve Zahn), offers the man a drink. The man downs a mouthful of pills, then washes them down with the vodka. Soon after, the man dies as a result of ingesting Seconal combined with alcohol, which causes his heart and lungs to stop working.

Upon this discovery, Pete and another passenger, medical student Chloe (Leelee Sobieski), locate the head conductor, Miles (Danny Glover), and alert him to what has happened. Miles intends to call the authorities at the next stop, but Pete discovers a mysterious object in the box the dead man was carrying and, peering inside, is intrigued. Chloe also looks inside the object and they immediately, convinced that there is a liberating fortune inside, scheme for ways to keep it. They suggest the idea to Miles, who tells them they're crazy and takes the object and the box it was in back to his office, purportedly to keep it safe and call the authorities, but he too peers inside and his will is overcome.

With a crazed Chloe taking the lead, the three decide to dispose of the man's body and keep the treasure for themselves. Their only problems now are keeping anyone else from finding out, warding off the other suspicious passengers as well as the other conductor, and keeping a close eye on one another, as paranoia takes hold and the box's influence continues to do its work.

Eventually, it is revealed that the box contains a supernatural force of some kind, and that whoever looks into it sees what would tempt them the most, dooming them to corruption and death before dawn. The last survivor, Miles, lives only long enough to attempt to destroy the device by placing it in the path of an oncoming train, but dies just after seeing it nudged off the tracks by a curious dog.

Ultimately, a random toddler-age child wandering alone in the middle of nowhere, miles from any city, town, or train station, picks up the box, looks inside, and smiles.

==Cast==
* [[Danny Glover]] as Miles
* [[Leelee Sobieski]] as Chloe
* [[Steve Zahn]] as Pete
* [[Matthias Schweighöfer]] as Frankie
* Takatsuna Mukai as Hiro
* [[Togo Igawa]] as Yamashita
* [[Richard O'Brien]] as [[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|Mrs. Froy]]
* Jo Marr as Mr. Cairo
* [[Constantine Gregory]] as Mr. Gutman
* Harry Anichkin as Walter
* [[Geoff Bell (actor)|Geoff Bell]] as Detective

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1020055|Night Train}}
* {{Allmovie title|486632|Night Train}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|1212127-night_train}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Night Train}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 independent films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:American Christmas films]]
[[Category:American mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:American supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Crime horror films]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Mystery horror films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

Ultima Sports Ltd

2022-10-06T05:32:38Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2021}}
{{advertisment|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Ultima Sports Ltd.
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| hq_location_city = [[Hinckley]], [[Leicestershire]], [[England]]
| hq_location_country = United Kingdom
| founded = {{start date and age|1992}}
| founders = {{ubl|Ted Marlow|Richard Marlow}}
| website = {{url|ultimasports.co.uk}}
}}

[[File:Ultima Spyder.jpg|thumb|Ultima Spyder]]
[[File:Ultima GTR 2005.jpg|thumb|2005 [[Ultima GTR]]]]
'''Ultima Sports Ltd.''' is a [[sports car]] [[automaker|manufacturer]] based in [[Hinckley]], [[Leicestershire]], [[England]].

==History==
Ultima Sports was founded in 1992 by Ted Marlow and Richard Marlow.

==Vehicles==
The company manufactures and distributes the [[Ultima Evolution]] car. The current Evolution is available in two body styles: [[Coupé|coupe]] and [[convertible (car)|convertible]]. The Ultima Evolution Coupe and Ultima Evolution Convertible have body styles unchanged from the preceding [[Ultima GTR]] and [[Ultima Can-Am]] models respectively. Prior to the GTR and Can-Am models, the two models, produced were the [[Ultima Sport]] and [[Ultima Spyder]].

All models in the Ultima range have always been primarily supplied in component form. That is, Ultima produces the parts required for an owner/builder to construct the car off-site. This is the only way to receive such a vehicle in the USA (including a 'rolling body' fully constructed minus engine and transmission). However, cars are also manufactured onsite as "[[turnkey]]" models for the European market.

The first Ultima produced was the [[Ultima Mk1]] produced in 1983 by Lee Noble of Noble Motorsports Ltd. The car was intended to go into production, but only one was produced because before any were sold, the [[Ultima Mk2]] was introduced in 1989. The Mk2 is based on the Mk1 but features new suspension and better brakes. The car won many races and championships in smaller series, being driven by Lee Noble and Ted Marlow. {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} It was featured on the covers of Kitcars and Specials magazine, Sports Car Monthly Magazine, and Autochromes Magazine.

In total, [[Ultima Mk2]]s were produced . The [[Ultima Mk3]] introduced in 1989, featured a new fiberglass body but was still powered by the same [[PRV V6]]. It was the last Ultima produced by Noble Motorsports Ltd. before Ted Marlow and Richard Marlow bought the rights to the car in 1992 and started Ultima Sports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultimasports.co.uk/History/1983|title=1983-1991|website=Ultima Sports Ltd|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

The preferred engine supplier for Ultima is currently [[American Speed]], a company that specializes in re-engineering Chevrolet V8s for increased performance. It was with a {{convert|640|hp|abbr=on}} version of the [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet small-block V8]] built by American Speed, that company director Richard Marlow was able to set performance records in an [[Ultima GTR]] during 2005, this combination was known as the Ultima GTR640. The latest{{When|date=January 2022}} Evolution variant is being marketed with an American Speed {{convert|1020|hp|abbr=on}} motor as the most powerful available from the factory.

In 2006 Ultima beat their own 0–100 mph-0 record set in the GTR640 with the GTR720, again using an American Speed SBC engine but now with {{convert|720|hp|abbr=on}} of power. The new record reduced 0.4 seconds off the time completing 0–100–0  mph in 9.4 seconds, a new world record for a production road car with street-legal tires and exhaust.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

All tests were recorded on road-legal tires in controlled conditions using a standard Ultima GTR720 and verified by an official from Datron Technology (Guinness World Records timekeepers) using Microsat [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] equipment. {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The Ultima GTR720 has also recorded the quickest ever road-legal lap time around the Top Gear Test Track at 1 min 12.8 secs, albeit unofficially but with an independent timekeeper and GPS timing gear present.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} The vehicle was also driven to and from the test track on the public roads as proof of its road-going ability. The same Ultima GTR720 also recorded an even quicker Top Gear Test Track lap time of 1 min 9.9 secs but this time fitted with slick racing tires to eclipse the 1 min 10.7 secs lap time of Michael Schumacher in his $1.8 million Ferrari FXX track car.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

It has been suggested that with the substantial upgrades, the [[Ultima Evolution]] may go from 0–60 mph in 2.3 seconds, 0–100 mph in 4.9s, and 0–100 mph-0 in 8.8s.<ref>Jan, Melin. "[http://www.nyteknik.se/popular_teknik/teknikrevyn/article3899545.ece Bilen som slår alla rekord]" ''[[Ny Teknik]]'', 10 April 2015. Accessed: 11 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2015/04/08/ultima-evolution-supercar-official/|title = Ultima reveals ultimate Evolution supercar}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ultima Sports}}
* [http://www.ultimasports.co.uk/ Ultima Sports Ltd]
* [http://www.ultimasports.co.uk/history/ History of Ultima Sports Ltd]

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category: Motor vehicle manufacturers of England]]
[[Category: Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category: Kit car manufacturers]]
[[Category: Companies based in Leicestershire]]
[[Category: Car brands]]

{{motorvehicle-company-stub}}
[[Category:Ultima vehicles]]

Bossaball

2022-10-06T05:25:00Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{advert|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

[[File:Bossaball-wiki-3.jpg|thumb|350px|Bossaball match on the beach at [[Marbella]]]]
'''[http://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/bossaball.html Bossaball]''' is a [[team sport]] that originated in [[Brazil]] and was conceptualised by [[Belgians|Belgian]] Filip Eyckmans in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bossaballsports.com/en/home/about-us |title = Bossa Sports |publisher = Bossaballsports.com |date = 18 October 2011 |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111219145310/http://www.bossaballsports.com/en/home/about-us |archive-date = 19 December 2011 }}</ref> Bossaball is a [[ball game]] between two teams, combining elements of [[volleyball]], [[association football|football]] and [[gymnastics]] with [[music]] into a [[sport]]. It is played on an [[Inflatable castle|inflatable]] court featuring a [[trampoline]] on each side of the net.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://newscult.com/why-isnt-bossaball-an-olympic-sport/ |title = WHY ISN’T BOSSABALL AN OLYMPIC SPORT? |last = Sblendorio |first = Marissa |access-date = 20 December 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190115025106/http://newscult.com/why-isnt-bossaball-an-olympic-sport/ |archive-date = 15 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The trampolines allow the players to bounce high enough to spike the ball over the net.

The word "bossa", which is sometimes translated as "style, flair or attitude" in [[Indian Spanish]], is commonly associated with [[Bossa nova|Bossa Nova]], a [[samba]]-influenced type of [[Music of Brazil|Brazilian music]]. The name Bossaball, therefore, expresses the aim to combine sports, music and positive vibrations.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://archivo.eluniverso.com:80/2008/02/13/0001/15/F6B653D535FC4B1DB315CEAADE290B3C.aspx |title = eluniverso.com - Expectativa por bossaball - Feb. 13, 2008 - DEPORTES |date = 6 April 2009 |access-date = 20 December 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090406220840/http://archivo.eluniverso.com/2008/02/13/0001/15/F6B653D535FC4B1DB315CEAADE290B3C.aspx |archive-date = 6 April 2009 |df = dmy }}</ref>

Some other countries where
has been introduced include: [[Brazil]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.estado.com.br/suplementos/viag/2007/01/30/viag-1.93.28.20070130.18.1.xml |title = O Estado de Sao Paulo |publisher = Estado.com.br |date = 30 January 2007 |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226142627/http://www.estado.com.br/suplementos/viag/2007/01/30/viag-1.93.28.20070130.18.1.xml |archive-date = 26 February 2012 |df = dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.praiagrande.sp.gov.br/pgnoticias/noticias/noticia_01.asp?cod=6499 |title = Praia Grande Noticias |publisher = Praiagrande.sp.gov.br |date = 9 January 2007 |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111219150624/http://www.praiagrande.sp.gov.br/pgnoticias/noticias/noticia_01.asp?cod=6499 |archive-date = 19 December 2011 |df = dmy }}</ref> [[Argentina]],<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1764571-bossaball-el-furor-de-las-playas |title = Bossaball, el furor de las playas |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.bossaballsports.com/highlights/tourism/acapulco-2012/ |title = Más Acapulco que nunca: Bossaball shows in Mexico. |newspaper = Bossaball |language = en-US |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Turkey]], [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nevobo.nl/ |title = NeVoBo – Dutch Volleyball League |publisher = Nevobo.nl |access-date = 17 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.uvx.nl/ UVX – Ultimate Volleyball Xperience]</ref> [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.andalucia.com/sports/bossaball.htm |title = on bossaball |publisher = Andalucia.com |access-date = 17 December 2011 }}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.openpr.de/news/209220/Bossaball-Sport-auf-Trampolin-und-Luftkissen-Der-erste-Sportverein-wurde-in-Berlin-gegruendet.html |title = Press Release Network Germany |publisher = Openpr.de |access-date = 17 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Ben-John |url = http://www.sportservice-berlin.de/bossab/index.php |title = Bossaball Team Berlin |publisher = Sportservice-berlin.de |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120307004203/http://www.sportservice-berlin.de/bossab/index.php |archive-date = 7 March 2012 |df = dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lr-online.de/leben/Lebenswelten-Szene;art1035,2050454 Lausitzer rundschau Newspaper] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090404132833/http://www.lr-online.de/leben/Lebenswelten-Szene;art1035,2050454 |date=4 April 2009 }}</ref> [[France]], [[Switzerland]], [[Portugal]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://timeout.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=1741 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081022162610/http://timeout.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=1741 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 22 October 2008 |title = Time Out Magazine Portugal |publisher = Timeout.sapo.pt |access-date = 17 December 2011 }}</ref> [[Greece]], [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]], [[Hungary]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Romania]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.iaa.ro/Articole/Stiri/Orangina-bossaball-tour-campanie-de-100.000-de-euro/711.html |title = Orangina-Bossaball tour Romania |publisher = Iaa.ro |date = 7 August 2007 |access-date = 17 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302072558/http://www.iaa.ro/Articole/Stiri/Orangina-bossaball-tour-campanie-de-100.000-de-euro/711.html |archive-date = 2 March 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090406223741/http://www.alwatan.com.kw/Default.aspx?MgDid=648104&pageId=67 Alwatan Newspaper Kuwait]</ref><ref>[http://www.arrouiah.com/files/1215117148173728900.pdf Arrouiah Newspaper Kuwait] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173849/http://www.arrouiah.com/files/1215117148173728900.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>[http://www.sporton.com.sg/default.aspx Singapore Sports Council] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420124249/http://www.sporton.com.sg/default.aspx |date=20 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/5094/63 Singapore Youth Committee] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051854/http://www.youth.sg/content/view/5094/63 |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://archivo.eluniverso.com/2008/02/13/0001/15/F6B653D535FC4B1DB315CEAADE290B3C.aspx |title = El Universo Newspaper Ecuador |publisher = Archivo.eluniverso.com |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090406220840/http://archivo.eluniverso.com/2008/02/13/0001/15/F6B653D535FC4B1DB315CEAADE290B3C.aspx |archive-date = 6 April 2009 |df = dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eldiario.com.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/68008 |title = bossaball in El Diario Ecuador |publisher = Eldiario.com.ec |date = 27 January 2008 |access-date = 17 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093847/http://www.eldiario.com.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/68008 |archive-date = 30 September 2011 |df = dmy }}</ref> [[Venezuela]] and [[Paraguay]]

== Rules ==
A [http://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/bossaball.html Bossaball] game is played between two teams of four players. The aim is for each team to ground the ball on the opponent's field. The height of the net in between both fields can be adjusted for different levels, such as professionals, intermediates, beginners, or children. Players are not allowed to touch the net and always have to remain with at least one body part on their own side.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/bossaball/how-to-play-bossaball/|title=New team sport - How to play bossaball|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

One player (the attacker) is positioned on the [[trampoline]], and the others are around him/her on the [[inflatables]]. A player from the serving team (the server) throws or kicks the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve). The opposing team must make a combination of no more than five contacts with the ball to return it to the other side of the net.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/portfolio-item/rules-of-sport/|title=Bossaball Rules Bossaball is a relatively new sport|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> These contacts can be exercised using any body part:
* Volley touch<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/bossaball.html|title=Bossaball Rules: How To Play Bossaball {{!}} Rules of Sport|website=www.rulesofsport.com|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
** Touching the ball one single time according to the traditional volleyball rules. With the lower arms, touch, spike or drop shot. Throwing the ball or guiding the ball for more than 1 second is not allowed.
* Football touch<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/bossaball.html|title=Bossaball Rules: How To Play Bossaball {{!}} Rules of Sport|website=www.rulesofsport.com|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
** Touching the ball up to two times (= double [[Association football|football]] touch or a DST) with any body part except the hands or arms. Example: One can control the ball with the chest and then pass it with the head or foot. Any combination of body parts is allowed as long as none of the two contacts is with the hands or arms. A DST is counted as one pass.
Of the five maximum contacts, the ball has to be played at least once using the football touch technique, once the second pass has been played.
{| class="wikitable"
|Touch 1
|Touch 2
| rowspan="1" |Touch 3
| rowspan="1" |Touch 4
| rowspan="1" |Touch 5
| rowspan="1" |Allowed
|-
|Volley
|
| rowspan="1" |
|
|
|YES
|-
|Football
|Volley
| rowspan="1" |
|
|
|YES
|-
|Volley
|Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
|
|
|NO
|-
|Volley
|Volley
|
|
|
|YES
|-
|Volley
|Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
| rowspan="1" |Football
| rowspan="1" |Volley
|YES
|-
|Football
|Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
|YES
|-
|Volley
|Football
| rowspan="1" |Volley
| rowspan="1" |Volley
| rowspan="1" |Football
|YES
|-
|Football
|Football
| rowspan="1" |Football
|
|
|YES
|}
[[File:Bossaball in "El Campín".jpg|thumb|509x509px|Attacker about to spike with the foot in order to gain extra points,]]
During a rally, the ball is tossed around while the attacker jumps on the trampoline in order to gain height. The attack begins when one of the rallying players aims the ball's trajectory towards a spot in the air where the attacker can hit it (spike or kick it) and return the ball over the net.

The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on offense. The team on defence attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court; the players at the net jump and reach above the top (and across the plane) of the net in order to block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a forearm pass of a hard-driven ball, or a foot control). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.

The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court within the scoring zones or a mistake is committed.

The role of a [[referee]] in Bossaball is very similar to that in volleyball. Competition games are played with three referees: one primary and two assistants. The main referee stands under the net on the playing area. He or she is responsible for the final decisions and especially focuses on the net. The two assistant referees are positioned at the opposite corners of the court. They have to keep track of the maximum number of touches (the soccer touch) and decide if the ball is in or out of bounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/portfolio-item/rules-of-sport/|title=Bossaball Rules Bossaball is a relatively new sport|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Scoring ==
Points can be made either by scoring or by an opponent's error. When the ball touches the floor (the bottom of the trampoline or the inflatables) within the court boundaries (the outer safety zone is out), the team on the opposite side of the net is awarded a point. The safety border around the trampolines is a free zone. On this "bossawall", the ball may bounce or roll. When the ball lies still on the bossawall, the point goes to the opponent's team.

Scoring with volley touch:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/bossaball/how-to-play-bossaball/|title=New team sport - How to play bossaball|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

* 1 point: when the ball hits the opponents playing area.
* 3 points: when the ball is played directly in the opponent's trampoline area.

Scoring with football touch (any part of the body except hands):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/bossaball/how-to-play-bossaball/|title=New team sport - How to play bossaball|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 3 points: when the ball hits the opponents playing area.
* 5 points: when the ball is played directly in the opponent's trampoline area.
The team that scored, serves next point. The game continues, with the first team to score 21 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Three sets are played in one match.

== Competition ==

An official match is the [[Playoff format|best of three]] sets. One set gets won when a team gains 21 points, with a minimum of two points difference to the opposing team. Sets continue after 21 points as long as there is no difference of two points. The third set is played to 15 points. The minimum of two points rule is also applied to this set.

Seven international championships have been carried out since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com|title=Bossaball - New sport mixing volleyball, soccer and gymnastics.|website=Bossaball|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Competition
!Location
!First place
!Participating countries
|-
|2009
|World Cup <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/highlights/tourism/turkey-worldcup-2009/|title=World Cup Turkey 2009 - Bossaball|newspaper=Bossaball|language=en-US|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
|Turkey
|Brazil
|Brazil, Belgium, Netherlands, Kuwait, Singapore
|-
|2010
|European Cup
|Netherlands
|Belgium
|Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain
|-
|2011
|European Cup
|Netherlands
|Belgium
|Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain
|-
|2012
|European Cup
|Czech Republic
|Netherlands
|Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain
|-
|2013
|World Cup
|Bonaire
|Netherlands
|Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Netherlands
|-
|2014
|European Cup
|Netherlands
|Netherlands
|Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Spain
|-
|2015
|World Cup "A decade in the air" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merchanendirecto.es/articulo.php?seccionnombre=polideportivo-2630-EL-BOSSABALL-CUMPLE-UNA-D%C3%89CADA-Y-LO-CELEBRA&noticiaid=EN&titulo=M%C3%81LAGA|title=EL BOSSABALL CUMPLE UNA DÉCADA Y LO CELEBRA EN MÁLAGA|website=www.merchanendirecto.es|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011045254/https://www.merchanendirecto.es/articulo.php?seccionnombre=polideportivo-2630-EL-BOSSABALL-CUMPLE-UNA-D%25C3%2589CADA-Y-LO-CELEBRA&noticiaid=EN&titulo=M%25C3%2581LAGA|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Spain
|Belgium
|Argentina, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain
|-
|2016
|World Cup "#AtTheCopa"
|Brazil
|Netherlands
|Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Netherlands{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|}

== Music and "Samba" referees ==

Music is a major component of a Bossaball show. The person overseeing the game is called the “[[samba]] referee" and does not only make calls but also serves as the Master of Ceremonies with the help of a whistle, a microphone, percussion instruments and a DJ set.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bossaballsports.com/bossaball-international/samba-referees/|title=Samba referees - Bossaball's masters of ceremony!|work=Bossaball|access-date=4 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.bossaballsports.com Bossaballsports.com] – Official Bossaball website
* [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bossaball-Worldwide-Official/113586998663011 Bossaball Worldwide Official] - Bossaball Facebook page

{{Team Sport}}

[[Category:Team sports]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Volleyball variations]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Spain]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Sports introduced in the 21st century]]

CAE Oxford

2022-10-06T05:20:26Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=January 2013}}
{{COI|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = CAE Oxford
| established = 1961
| address = CAE, [[London Oxford Airport]], [[Kidlington]], [[Oxford]], OX5 1QX, UK
| website = http://www.cae.com/becomeapilot
}}

'''CAE Oxford''', part of [[CAE Inc.]], is an [[ab initio]] flight training network. It provides [[Integrated pilot training|integrated aviation training]] and resourcing services. Professional [[Aircraft pilot|airline pilots]] have been trained at the Oxford Aviation Academy flight school since 1961.

OAA operates 125 training aircraft, 64 [[Flight simulator|simulators]], and 10 training centers, delivering a portfolio of aviation training courses. OAA's 3 ''ab initio'' airline pilot training<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oaa.com/pages/training_courses/ab_initio_europe/index |accessdate=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211204147/http://oaa.com/pages/training_courses/ab_initio_europe/index |archive-date=11 December 2012 |title=Ab Initio Pilot Training | Oxford Aviation Academy - OAA.com }}</ref> schools have trained more than 26,000 professional pilots over the past 50 years. OAA's 7 training centers offer approved airline pilot, [[Flight attendant|cabin crew]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oaa.com/pages/training_courses/cabin_crew_facilities |accessdate=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230185654/http://www.oaa.com/pages/training_courses/cabin_crew_facilities |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Cabin Crew Facilities | Oxford Aviation Academy - OAA.com }}</ref> and [[Maintenance engineering|maintenance engineer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oaa.com/pages/training_courses/aircraft_engineer |accessdate=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017042233/http://oaa.com/pages/training_courses/aircraft_engineer |archive-date=17 October 2012 |title=Aircraft Maintenance Training | Oxford Aviation Academy - OAA.com }}</ref> training on a wide range of aircraft types, including [[Boeing]], [[Airbus]], [[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier]], [[BAE Systems]], and [[Embraer]].

The Oxford Aviation Academy includes the former Oxford Aviation Training—a [[Commercial pilot license|commercial pilot]] training school based at London [[London Oxford Airport|Oxford Airport]] in the United Kingdom—and [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Mesa Falcon Field Airport (Arizona)]] in the [[United States]]; the former SAS Flight Academy; the former GECAT; and the former [[BAE Systems]] [[Woodford Aerodrome|Woodford]], UK Training Centre, all of which are majority owned by STAR Capital Partners of London with a minority stake of less than 20% retained by [[GE Commercial Aviation Services]].

The Airline Pilot Programme [[First officer (aeronautics)|First Officer]] course is a full-time, Integrated [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]]/[[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (CAA/EASA) course leading to the award of a 'Frozen' (becoming unfrozen when the candidate has completed 1500 hours in a multi-pilot environment) [[Airline Transport Pilot Licence]] (ATPL).

==History==
[[File:Oxford Airport ATC Tower.jpg|thumb|The [[air traffic control]] tower at [[London Oxford Airport]].]]

The Oxford Flying Club was opened by the [[Mayor]] of [[Oxford]] in 1939. However, restrictions placed on [[civil aviation]] during World War II curtailed its activities, and the airfield operated as RAF Kidlington for the duration of hostilities. The club reopened in 1947, renamed as the Oxford Aeroplane Club. During the 1950s, it gradually increased its fleet and, by 1960, had become a [[Flight training|flying school]] geared to the training of professional pilots.

In 1961, the flying school's parent company, Oxford Aviation, merged with the [[Pressed Steel Company]] to become British Executive Air Services Ltd. (BEAS). Dedicated ground school buildings and student residential accommodation were provided on site, and the first fully integrated Commercial Pilot's Licence (CPL) and [[instrument rating]] (IR) courses began in May 1962.

In 1963, the BEAS Flying Training Division was renamed Oxford Air Training School. Since then, over twenty thousand trained commercial pilots and [[Aircraft maintenance|aircraft engineers]] have graduated from the school. Including the first ever Commercial Space Shuttle Pilot's Licence, which was awarded in 1989.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} The school changed its name to Oxford Aviation Training (OAT) in the 1990s.
[[File:Oxford Aviation Academy headquarters, London Oxford Airport, Oxfordshire, UK - 20130124.jpg|thumb|left|The headquarters of Oxford Aviation Academy ([[London Oxford Airport]], [[Oxford]], [[Great Britain|GB]])]]
On June 19, 2007, OAT's parent company, [[BBA Aviation]], sold OAT to GCAT Flight Academy (formerly General Electric Commercial Aviation Training, part of [[General Electric]] and SAS Flight Academy, part of [[Scandinavian Airlines|Scandinavian Airlines System]]) for $63 million (£32 million). The deal was backed by GCAT Flight Academy's majority shareholder, STAR Capital Partners, an independent [[venture capital]] fund.

In early February 2008, GCAT Flight Academy changed its registered name to Oxford Aviation Academy Ltd. OAT's branding and logo adorning the training centre at Oxford and Goodyear Airports were replaced, with the new logo bearing the title 'Oxford Aviation Academy'. The insignia on the tailplanes of its [[Piper PA-28 Cherokee|Piper PA-28 Warrior]] and [[Piper PA-34 Seneca]] aircraft were also replaced with the new logo design. The new logo also appeared at the 8 locations formerly named GCAT Flight Academy, including those in Scandinavia and Hong Kong that GCAT purchased from SAS Flight Academy and the Woodford Training Center, purchased from BAE Systems. These changes were a result of both GCAT Flight Academy and Oxford Aviation Training being re-branded as Oxford Aviation Academy.

In 2008, OAA acquired General Flying Services, based in [[Moorabbin]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moorabbinairport.com.au/GeneralNews.asp |title=General News |publisher=Moorabbinairport.com.au |date=28 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005038/http://www.moorabbinairport.com.au/GeneralNews.asp |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2020, it was announced that CAE Oxford would close all ground training in early 2021 and move to a new location at CAE Gatwick, ending a legacy of over 50 years.

==Fleet==
[[File:Piper PA-34 Seneca aircraft at London Oxford Airport, Oxfordshire, UK - 20070926.jpg|thumb|An OAA [[Piper PA-34 Seneca]] at [[Oxford Airport]]]]
[[File:Oxford Sim B737.jpg|thumb|right|[[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-400]] simulators at [[Oxford]], UK]]
[[File:Full flight simulators at the CAE Brussels Training Centre, Brussels Airport, Belgium - 200702.jpg|thumb|right|Full flight simulators at the CAE Oxford Aviation Academy centre in Brussels]]
[[File:Oxford Aviation Academy airplanes on the apron of London Oxford Airport, Oxfordshire, UK - 20130124.jpg|thumb|[[Piper PA-34 Seneca]]s at London [[Oxford Airport]]]]
[[File:Cessna 172 Skyhawk at London Oxford Airport, Oxfordshire, UK - 20120523.jpg|thumb|The new [[Cessna 182 Skylane|Cessna 182s]] of Oxford Aviation Academy at London [[Oxford Airport]] for [[easyJet]] Cadet Pilot Programme "[[Multi-crew pilot license|MPL]] training". (May.2012)]]

{| class= wikitable
|-
!style="background:#002147;color: white"|Aircraft
!style="background:#002147;color: white"|Qty
|-
|[[Piper PA-34 Seneca|Piper PA-34 Seneca V]]
| 7
|-
|[[Cessna 182]]
| 3
|-
| [[Zlín 242L]]
| 1
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#002147;color: white"|Simulator
!style="background:#002147;color: white"|Qty
|-
|[[Piper PA-34 Seneca|FNPT 2 - Seneca V]]|| 3
|-
|[[Bombardier CRJ100/200|FNPT 2 - CRJ-200]]1 || 1
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-400]]|| 2
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oaa.com/pages/about_us/fleet/aircraft/ |title=Aircraft | Oxford Aviation Academy - OAA.com |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103091507/http://www.oaa.com/pages/about_us/fleet/aircraft/ |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="120" perrow="4">
File:Piper PA-34 Seneca on the apron of London Oxford Airport, Oxfordshire, UK - 20130124.jpg|[[Piper PA-34 Seneca]] at London [[Oxford Airport]]
File:Runway of Phoenix Goodyear Airport, Arizona, USA, seen from a Piper PA-28 cockpit - 20120206.jpg|Final approach of RWY03 of [[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]]
File:Phoenix Goodyear Airport, Phoenix, Arizona.jpg|[[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]] one of the historic flying bases of Oxford Aviation Academy
File:OAAPA.jpg|[[Piper PA-28 Warrior]] at [[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]]
File:Goodyear.JPG|[[Piper PA-28 Cherokee|Piper PA-28 Warrior]] over [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
File:Phoenixgoodyear.JPG|[[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]]
File:PA34-200T.JPG|A PA34 of Oxford Aviation Academy at [[Piper PA-34 Seneca|Seneca]]'s ramp at [[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Oxford Airport]]
*[[Phoenix Goodyear Airport]]
*[[Moorabbin Airport]]
*[[British Airways]]
*[[European Aviation Safety Agency]]
*[[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]]
*[[Pilot licensing and certification]]
*[[Buckinghamshire New University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Oxford Aviation Academy}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218200806/http://www.oaa.com/ Official website]

{{CAE Oxford Aviation Academy}}
{{International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|51.8336|-1.3144|region:GB_type:airport|display=title}}

[[Category:Aviation schools in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Education in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Kidlington]]

Arundina

2022-10-06T05:14:53Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Genus of orchids}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Arundina graminifolia on Kadavoor.jpg
| image_caption = ''Arundina graminifolia'' in [[Kerala]]
| display_parents = 4
| genus = Arundina
| parent_authority = [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]<ref>Blume, Carl (Karl) Ludwig von. 1825. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 401</ref>
| species = graminifolia
| authority = ([[D.Don]]) [[Hochr.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP"/><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=486444 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Arundina graminifolia'' subsp. ''graminifolia'']</ref>
| synonyms = *''Bletia graminifolia'' D.Don
*''Arundina bambusifolia'' Lindl.
*''Cymbidium bambusifolium'' Roxb.
*''Arundina chinensis'' Blume
*''Arundina speciosa'' Blume (type species)<ref>lectotype designated by Garay et Sweet, Orchids S. Ryukyu Islands 52. 1974</ref>
*''Arundina densa'' Lindl.
*''Cymbidium meyenii'' Schauer
*''Arundina meyenii'' (Schauer) Rchb.f.
*''Arundina philippii'' Rchb.f.
*''Arundina pulchella'' Teijsm. & Binn.
*''Cymbidium speciosum'' Reinw. ex Lindl.
*''Arundina pulchra'' Miq.
*''Arundina densiflora'' Hook.f.
*''Limodorum graminifolium'' Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f.
*''Arundina sanderiana'' Kraenzl.
*''Arundina speciosa ''var''. sarasinorum'' Schltr.
*''Arundina maculata'' J.J.Sm.
*''Arundina chinensis ''var''. major'' S.Y.Hu
*''Arundina graminifolia ''var''. chinensis'' (Blume) S.S.Ying
}}

'''''Arundina graminifolia''''' is a [[species]] of [[orchid]] and the sole accepted species of the genus '''''Arundina'''''. This [[Tropics|tropical]] [[Asia]]tic genus extends from [[Myanmar]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Ryukyu Islands]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[China]] to [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]] and [[New Guinea]]. It has become naturalized in [[Réunion]], [[Fiji]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Micronesia]], the [[West Indies]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]] and [[Hawaii]].<ref name="WCSP">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=16426 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Arundina graminifolia'']</ref><ref>[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ARGR6 US Department of Agriculture Plants profile]</ref>
It is also called '''bamboo orchid'''.<ref>See e.g. Das, S & Duttachoudhury, Manabendra & Mazumder, Pranab. (2013). In vitro propagation of Arundina graminifolia D. Don. Hochr - A bamboo orchid. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 6. 156-158.</ref>

==Description==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
''Arundina graminifolia'' is a terrestrial, perennial orchid with reedy [[Plant stem|stems]], forming into large clumps growing to a height between 70 cm and 2 m.

The plaited linear [[Leaf|leaves]] are oblong lanceolate, with a length of 9 to 19 cm and a width of 0.8 to 1.5 cm. The [[wikt:apex|apex]] is acuminate. There are amplexicaul (clasping the stem) sheathing [[stipule]]s.
[[File:Bamboo Orchid.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Arundina graminifolia'', Fraser's Hill, Malaysia]]
{{clear|left}}
This orchid blooms in summer and autumn, showing rather open clusters of showy terminal [[flower]]s, ten at the most. They bloom in succession on the terminal [[raceme]]s,which are 7 to 16 cm long. These flowers, 5–8 cm in diameter, are a rosy lilac and white disc with a purple [[Labellum (botany)|lip]]. The bracts are broadly triangular and surround the main stalk of the flower cluster. The occasional fertilized seed pods contain minute powdery seeds, and small plants often develop near the cane ends after flowering, which likely aid in propagation if allowed to reach the soil.

With only 200 of the plants to be recorded growing naturally in [[Singapore]], the species is close to extinction there, largely caused by the destruction of its natural habitat, namely the [[rainforest]]s and [[mangrove]] forests. The remaining plants, commonly called '''Tapah weeds''', can be found in the secondary forests or at the forest fringes. It is, however, very common in road cuts and other disturbed areas in full sun in Sarawak, East Malaysia, where it is often the most common flowering plant to be seen along the roadsides.
It is invasive on the big island of Hawaii and common there in mid-mountain areas.

==Varieties==
Two varieties are currently recognized (May 2014):<ref name="WCSP"/>

*''Arundina graminifolia ''var''. graminifolia''
*''Arundina graminifolia ''var''. revoluta'' (Hook.f.) A.L.Lamb in C.L.Chan. & al. - from [[Assam]] and [[Sri Lanka]] east to [[Vietnam]] and south to [[Java]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Arundina graminifolia (72) 1200.jpg
Arundina graminifolia (58) 1200.jpg
Arundina graminifolia (5) 1200.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Arundina graminifolia|Bamboo orchid ''Arundina graminifolia''|position=left}}
*[http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56646/ Dave's Garden, Bamboo Orchid, Bird Orchid, Grass-Like Leaf Arundina, ''Arundina graminifolia'' ]
*[http://www.orchid-care-tips.com/bamboo-orchid.html Orchid Care Tips ''Arundina graminifolia'']
*[http://www.orchidspecies.com/arundinagraminifolia.htm IOSPE orchid photos ''Arundina graminifolia'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140522002657/http://ntsavanna.com/bamboo-orchid-arundina-graminifolia/ Neotropical Savannah (in Panama), Bamboo Orchid, ''Arundina graminifolia'']
*[http://www.rareflora.com/arundinagra.html Gardino Nursery (Del Ray Beach Florida USA), Rare and Unusual Plants, bamboo orchid, ''Arundina graminifolia'']

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q133736|from2=Q15111744}}

[[Category:Arethusinae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Epidendroideae genera]]
[[Category:Arethuseae genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of Asia]]
[[Category:Orchids of Malaya]]
[[Category:Orchids of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Orchids of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Orchids of China]]
[[Category:Orchids of India]]
[[Category:Orchids of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Orchids of Thailand]]
[[Category:Orchids of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Orchids of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Orchids of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Orchids of Singapore]]
[[Category:Orchids of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands]]

Hyderabad Bicycling Club

2022-10-06T05:10:43Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Tone|date=May 2009}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = HBC_logo.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption = Logo of Hyderabad Bicycling Club, 2009
| formation = 2007
| purpose = Bicycling
| leader_title = Organiser
| leader_name = [[DV Manohar]]
| leader_title2 = Former organisers
| leader_name2 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shay Mandel]]
* [[Danika Durant]]
}}
| affiliations =
| budget =
| slogan =
| remarks = '''Major Events''' {{plainlist|
* [http://www.enduro3.com/ Enduro3 race], 6–8 February 2009 (3 teams participated)
* [http://www.meetup.com/HyderabadBicyclingClub/calendar/9894817/ Cross-country race], 29 March 2009 (30 members participated)
}}
| footnotes =
| name = Hyderabad Bicycling Club
| native_name =
| size = 240px
| founder = 
| location = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = [http://www.meetup.com/HyderabadBicyclingClub/ Official website] [http://hyderabadbicyclingclub.blogspot.com/ Official Blog]
}}
The '''Hyderabad Bicycling Club''' ('''HBC''') is a [[bicycling]] club for riders in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. Founded by Krishna Vadi in 2007, which has now emerged as the world’s largest cycling club onmeetup,p overtaking the Denver Front Range Cycling Club, USA to achieve the same under the mentorship of HBC Chairman, DV Manohar. It has grown six times in the last three years to reach its present membership strength of over 7,500 members and 2,800 members on Facebook . Hyderabad Bicycling Club is a not-for-profit organization registered under section 25 of the Indian Companies Act. Its bike stations at Gachibowli and Necklace Road have transformed the city, resulting in more and more people taking to cycling. The club organizes regular bicycling events in and around Hyderabad, broadcasting their upcoming and past events on [[Meetup]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meetup.com/HyderabadBicyclingClub/|title=Hyderabad Bicycling Club (Hyderabad, India)|website=Meetup|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> [[Facebook]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/hyderabadbicyclingclub/|title=Hyderabad Bicycling Club|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> and a closed Facebook group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/hyderabadbicyclingclub/|title=Hyderabad Bicycling Club|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref>

[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN Habitat]] agreed to partner HBC in its unique initiatives to promote cycling in India. HBC is a Founding Member of World Cycling Alliance and Associate Member of [[European Cyclists' Federation|European Cyclists Federation]]. HBC tied up with [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]], [[Hyderabad Metro Rail]], [[Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|TSIIC]] and the Traffic Police to promote "Cycle to Work" initiative in a big way in Cyberabad area to substantially reduce vehicular pollution and [[traffic congestion]] there.

==Club Goals==
* Promote [[cycling]] as an environmental friendly commuting option
** Increase the awareness of cycling as a sport by:
*** Exposing cycling to a wider audience outside of the cycling community
*** Increasing knowledge about cycling using movies, courses and training sessions
*** Creating events around cycling for amateurs and families
*** Create marked trails and improve existing ones.
*** Use cycling as a venue for supporting the community by hosting charity rides to raise money, riding to villages to increase their awareness of sports, and volunteering as a group to support villages and schools.
** Provide a networking venue for adventure sport seekers

==Members==
The club comprises expatriates, [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]'s who have relocated their base to [[India]] and local ''[[hyderabadis]]'' who have the passion for cycling. The club is open for people of all age, profession and sex. Anyone can easily join on the meetup website.

The former organizer of the club was Shay Mandel, an experienced cyclist who has been cycling internationally for more than twenty years. Under his patronage, the club grew to a very large group of people, who now ride regularly every week. They get technical lessons on biking, bike maintenance, and other useful tips from the organizer. [[Shay Mandel|Shay]] stressed the need for a balanced cycling regime, including power, endurance, and speed-building rides.

Currently, the Hyderabad Bicycling Club proudly boasts of over 2000 members from the Twin Cities of Hyderabad & Secunderabad and their suburbs. The Hyderabad Bicycling Club, in association with the GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation-Govt. of Telangana), has set up its own "hbc Bike Station" on the Necklace Road, having 30 Hybrid Bikes, 30 MTB Bikes, 10 Tandem Bikes, 15 Road Bikes, and 15 Kid Bikes. These bicycles can be used by any person with a nominal fee per day on the main road.

==Chapters==
As [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] is a big city, the club has two chapters - the [[HITEC City]] Chapter and the [[Secunderabad]] Chapter. Each chapter has a few ride-leaders who organise at least one ride a week.

The riding starting point varies for each ride, and is designated on the club's meetup website.

==Media coverage==
The activity of the club and its members have been regularly covered in the media. Following are few of the mentions:

*Pedal Power:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.youandimag.com/indexArc.aspx?issue=issue52 |title=Pedal Power |work=You & I magazine |date=January 2009 |author=Meera Kohli |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130073519/http://www.youandimag.com/indexArc.aspx?issue=issue52 |archivedate=2009-01-30 }}</ref> You & I magazine published this article in its issue #52, January 2009 edition on page #54. This article summarised the activities of the group and talked about its unique existence.
*Pedalling away to heart’s content:<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/19/stories/2009021960290200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090226051153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/19/stories/2009021960290200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 February 2009 |title= Pedalling away to heart’s content |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 19 February 2009 |author= Abhijit Dev Kumar}}</ref> The national daily newspaper, ''[[The Hindu]]'', published an article in its main paper on the 2nd page, on 19 February 2009. This led to a lot of new riders joining the club.
*Cycling for the cause of environment:<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008070159830500.htm&date=2008/07/01/&prd=th& |title= Cycling for the cause of environment |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 1 July 2008 |author= Yogendra Kalavalapalli |access-date= 19 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110622044416/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008070159830500.htm&date=2008%2F07%2F01%2F&prd=th& |archive-date= 22 June 2011 |url-status= usurped }}</ref> ''The Hindu'' newspaper also published an article about [[Shrenik Rao]], a member of the club, who cycled across the length of [[India]], for the cause of environment.
*Reachout Hyderabad had an article published on the Hyderabad Cyclathon.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/hw243.htm |title= Hyderabad’s first Cyclothan, a bicycle rally to create awareness about the benefits of cycling held in City |work=www.ReachOutHyderabad.com |date= February 2009 |author= Reachout's News Bureau}}</ref>
*Happy Roadies:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCH/2009/02/23/index.shtml |title=Peddling Away - Happy Roadies |work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 February 2009 |author=Surender Reddy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331160452/http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCH/2009/02/23/INDEX.SHTML |archivedate=31 March 2009 }}</ref> Hyderabad Cyclathon held to promote [[cycling]] in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] had pictures of the club members published on the daily newspaper, ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'', on its second last page.
*Cross-Country Cycling race:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCH/2009/04/02/index.shtml |title=Gen N on a speed trip |work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 April 2009 |author=Priya Giri |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402054105/http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCH/2009/04/02/index.shtml |archivedate=2 April 2009 }}</ref> The first ever [[cross-country cycling]] race conducted by HBC in Hyderabad had an article and pictures of the race and club members published on the daily newspaper, ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'''s primary supplement ''Hyderabad Chronicle'', on its front page.
*Eenadu cover story:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eenadu.net/htm/2vnewfeatureshow.asp?qry=2&reccount=13 |title=Cycle Yathraku... Chalo Chalo! |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=19 April 2009 |author=Janardhan |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602152855/http://www.eenadu.net/htm/2vnewfeatureshow.asp?qry=2&reccount=13 |archivedate=2 June 2009 }}</ref> The local [[Telugu language|Telugu]] daily ''[[Eenadu]]'' had a cover story about the club activities. Publishing of this story resulted in a huge influx of cycling enthusiasts joining the club in a short span of time.
*ODE coverage:<ref>{{cite news |title= Hyderabad Bicycle Club!|work=[[Of Distinct Expressions]] |date= April 2009 |author = Anjita Lal}}</ref> Monthly magazine, Of Distinct Expressions (ODE), had a main article published in their April issue citing the club and its members. It elaborated on the club's activities, its aims and achievements.
*Cool techies cycle to work:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/cover/cool-techies-cycle-work-093 |title=Cool techies cycle to work |work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 April 2009 |author=Christina Francis }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The English daily’s primary supplement, ''Hyderabad Chronicle'', had an article covering the members of the club on its front page.
*Pedal Power:<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090510/jsp/graphiti/story_10935543.jsp |title= Pedal Power|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date= 10 May 2009 |author= Arundhati Basu}}</ref> The main article in Sunday portion of the paper covered a story about all the existing bicycling clubs in India. HBC, its organiser and its activities were mentioned in the article.
*Ride with the wind:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cluburb.com |title=Ride with the wind |work=[www.cluburb.com] |date=10 May 2009 |author=Asha |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111211714/http://www.cluburb.com/ |archivedate=11 November 2009 }}</ref> The information site covered a main page article on the existence of club in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] and elaborated on its activities.
*A healthy toast to freedom:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/healthy-toast-freedom-220 |title=A healthy toast to freedom |work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 July 2009 |author=DC Correspondent |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727072018/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/healthy-toast-freedom-220 |archivedate=27 July 2009 }}</ref> An article about the freedom ride preparation by HBC members in Hyderabad.
*Eenadu story of Narsapur ride:<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.eenadu.net|title= Narsapur Ride|work=[[Eenadu]] |date= 2 August 2009 |author = Eenadu correspondent}}</ref> The local Telugu daily ''Eenadu'' had a story about the club members maiden ride to Narsapur forests in the Medak district which covered a loop of 100 km.

==Events==

===Enduro3 Adventure race===
[[File:HBC EnduroTeams.jpg|thumb|HBC Teams in Enduro3 race (L-R): Sudhanshu, Ankit, Isha, Nileema, Satish, Sandeep, Sunil, Shilpa and Shay]]

Enduro3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enduro3.com|title=Enduro3 Adventure race|work=enduro3.com}}</ref> is the only adventure race held in [[India]], which combines various activities of [[cycling]], trekking, [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[orienteering]] and [[Ford (river)|river crossing]]. This race is one of the most difficult races held in [[India]], where less than 40% of the participating teams are able to complete the race successfully.

The race mandates a team of 3 members, with at least one female member. HBC had sent 3 teams for the adventure race, namely:
# Team HBC Beacon: [[Shilpa Garg]], [[Shay Mandel]], [[Sunil Menon]] (leader)
# Team HBC Quake3: [[Nileema Shingte]], [[Bachina Satish]], [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] (leader)
# Team HBC Sharkies: [[Isha Arkatkar]], [[Sudhanshu Mohanty]], Ankit Kumar (leader)

All the HBC teams successfully completed the race.

===Cross-Country Cycling race===
HBC conducted the first ever cross-country cycling race in Hyderabad on 29 March 2009. Held in the picturesque background of [[Hyderabad Central University]], the race attracted 30 participants, covering a distance of 15 km in 3 laps. The race trail included flat roads, muddy tracks, rocky mountains and water crossing. The motive of the race was to promote cycling amongst people, to voice the concern for the ailing environment and to raise awareness about maintaining fitness in the sedentary lifestyles.

The race attracted people of all ages, profession and sex, and was a huge success.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Bicycling Club}}
[[Category:Mountain biking teams and clubs]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cycling in India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cycling teams established in 2007]]

Exotic Feline Rescue Center

2022-10-06T05:05:39Z

Itskaaal:

{{Multiple issues|
{{peacock|date=July 2011}}
{{COI|date=February 2019}}
{{Update|date=July 2022}}
}}
[[File:Blind White Tiger (3853710854).jpg|thumb|A blind white tiger at the Exotic Feline Rescue Center in 2009.|alt=A white tiger at the Exotic Feline Rescue Center.]]
'''Exotic Feline Rescue Center''' is an exotic feline preserve established in 1991 and located in [[Center Point, Indiana]].

==Overview==
The EFRC was founded in 1991 by Joe Taft. It is now a 501(c)(3) [[nonprofit]], tax-exempt charitable organization. The EFRC cares for nine exotic feline species, including [[lion]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[serval]]s, [[Cougar|puma]]s, [[bobcat]]s, [[canada lynx]], [[ocelot]]s, [[geoffroy's cat]], and an [[asian leopard cat]]. The EFRC is the second-largest<ref>[http://www.jconline.com/article/20120531/NEWS/305310018/malnourished-big-cats Lafayette Journal and Courier]</ref> big cat rescue center in the United States, providing a permanent home for non-domestic cats that have been abused, abandoned, or lack habitation for other reasons. The EFRC does not buy, sell, or breed animals. Veterinary care is available from an onsite clinic and the organization provides education to the public. The cats are housed on over {{convert|108|acre|km2}}.

The EFRC is the focus of several books published by Indiana University Press, including ''Saving the Big Cats'' (2006) <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Big-Cats-Exotic-Feline/dp/0253346096/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1446000746&sr=8-2&keywords=saving+the+big+cats Amazon Saving the Big Cats]</ref> and ''Tails From the Exotic Feline Rescue Center'' (2016).<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Exotic-Feline-Rescue-Center-Anniversary/dp/0253022010/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1523378172&sr=1-1&keywords=exotic+feline+rescue+center Amazon Tails From the Exotic Feline Rescue Center]</ref>

The EFRC was prominently featured in the 2009 movie [[The Tiger Next Door]]<ref>[http://thetigernextdoor.com/ The Tiger Next Door film]</ref> and was also the subject of a WILL TV documentary in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://will.illinois.edu/prairiefire/segment/pf2009-05-14-a/ |title=WILL TV documentary |access-date=2009-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905225523/http://will.illinois.edu/prairiefire/segment/pf2009-05-14-a/ |archive-date=2009-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Research==
Over a two-year period (2008-2009), Dr. Susan Linville at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior (CISAB) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~animal/ |title=Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior at Indiana University |access-date=2009-08-25 |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023073254/http://www.indiana.edu/~animal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Dr. Helena Sioni at the Institute for Pheromone Research, both located at [[Indiana University]],<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~iphero/index.html Institute for Pheromone Research at Indiana University]</ref> conducted a research project with lions, tigers, cougars and leopards at the EFRC to study rubbing behavior and determine whether a pheromone was being deposited during rubbing.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Soini | first1 = H. A. | last2 = Linville | first2 = S. U. | last3 = Wiesler | first3 = D. | last4 = Posto | first4 = A. L. | last5 = Williams | first5 = D. R. | last6 = Novotny | first6 = M. V. | doi = 10.1007/s10886-012-0075-0 | title = Investigation of Scents on Cheeks and Foreheads of Large Felines in Connection to the Facial Marking Behavior | journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–156 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22354638| s2cid = 8449147 }}</ref>

In 2009, a multifaceted research project was conducted by several veterinarians from the [[University of Illinois]] at Urbana-Champaign, [[University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine|College of Veterinary Medicine]].<ref>[http://vetmed.illinois.edu/ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine]</ref> Under the direction of Dr. Stuart Clark-Price, immobilization and anesthesia methods for tigers were assessed in order to optimize current protocols and maximize animal safety under anesthesia. During these procedures, veterinary ophthalmologists gathered routine measurements on the tigers' eyes to determine what is normal in this species. Collected information was to be used to improve current therapies and establish a basis for the treatment of eye disease in tigers. Any Dental examinations were also performed by [[The Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peteremilyfoundation.org/ |title=Home |website=peteremilyfoundation.org}}</ref> to determine the current condition of each tiger’s teeth and the potential need for future dental care. Any needed dental treatments were performed by board-certified veterinary dentists pro bono. Other information, including normal blood values and anti-body levels of different diseases, was evaluated to improve the care of these tigers as well as global care for the species.

==Internships==
The EFRC offers internships for college students and credit is offered for students at [[Indiana University]] through the Center for Integrative Study of Animal Behavior.<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~animal/academics/unships.html Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior applied internships at Indiana University]</ref>

==Staff==
*Director: Joe Taft
*Assistant Director: Jean Herrberg
*Head Keeper: Rebecca Rizzo

==Incidents==
On June 21, 2013, a tiger mauled a caretaker who was cleaning its cage, clamping the woman's head in its mouth during the attack. This was allegedly a case of human error. The unidentified 21-year-old woman was [[Air ambulance|airlifted]] to [[Wishard Memorial Hospital]] and was in critical but non-life-threatening condition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Woman injured by tiger at a feline rescue center|url=http://www.14news.com/story/22659024/woman-injured-by-tiger-at-a-feline-rescue-center|publisher=14news.com|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624204305/http://www.14news.com/story/22659024/woman-injured-by-tiger-at-a-feline-rescue-center|archive-date=24 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of the incident, the Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection and in November 2013 fined the center $56,000 for “knowing” violations and $13,000 for “serious” violations, including dangerous conditions likely to cause death or physical harm to employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Feline Rescue Center Fined $69,000 For Safety Violations|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/news/exotic-feline-rescue-center-facing-safety-regulation-fines-58835/}}</ref> Three days after the incident, Ann Marie Houser, an Animal Care Inspector from the USDA, visited the center to investigate. Houser noticed an issue with the enclosure door, a 4 to 6 inch gap, which the facility benefactor, Taft, had attempted to fix with the use of a piece of rebar. It was Houser's finding that this repair prohibited the cage from functioning efficiently or quickly in an emergency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Costs,-legal-battles-cast-cloud-over-cat-rescue|website=[[The Washington Times]]|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/feb/2/costs-legal-battles-cast-cloud-over-cat-rescue/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://efrc.org/ EFRC official site]

{{Authority control}}
{{coord|39.3937|-87.0686|display=inline,title|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Indiana]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Indiana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Indiana]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Indiana]]

Glenda Mitchell

2022-10-06T05:02:25Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Fictional character from the British soap opera EastEnders}}
{{in-universe|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox soap character
|series = EastEnders
|image=Glenda Mitchell.jpg
|imagesize=200px
|name=Glenda Mitchell
|portrayer=[[Glynis Barber]] (2010–2017) [[Rose Reynolds]] (2022 flashback)
|introducer={{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Diederick Santer]] (2010)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Dominic Treadwell-Collins]] (2016)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]] (2016)}}
*[[Kate Oates]] and Chris Clenshaw (2022)}}
|| years=2010–2011, 2016–2017, 2022
|first=Episode 3927 {{start date|2010|1|7|df=y}}
|last=Episode 6550 {{end date|2022|09|5|df=y}}
|classification=[[List of former EastEnders characters#Last appeared in 2022|Former; regular]]
|occupation={{plainlist|
* Barmaid
* Bookmaker
* Club manager}}
|family=[[Mitchell family|Mitchell]]
|husband = [[Archie Mitchell]] (backstory)
|daughters = [[Ronnie Mitchell]] [[Roxy Mitchell]]
|sons=[[Danny Mitchell (EastEnders)|Danny Mitchell]]
|granddaughters = [[Danielle Jones (EastEnders)|Danielle Jones]] [[Amy Mitchell]]
|grandsons = [[James Branning]] [[Matthew Mitchell Cotton]]
}}

'''Glenda Mitchell''' is a fictional character from the [[BBC]] soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', played by [[Glynis Barber]]. The character first appeared in the programme on 7 January 2010.<ref name="glynis">{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a183416/eastenders-recasts-glenda-mitchell.html|title='EastEnders' recasts Glenda Mitchell|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Kris|last=Green|date=23 October 2009|access-date=23 October 2009}}</ref> She was axed in February 2011 and departed on March 8, 2011. She returned for two episodes in January 2016 and three in May 2016. She made an unannounced return on December 30, 2016 episode for the departures of her two daughters. She departed from the show on February 10, 2017. Glenda has been described as "complex", "vulnerable", "demure, dynamic, and assured". She is the former wife of [[Archie Mitchell]] ([[Larry Lamb]]); mother of both her son [[Danny Mitchell (EastEnders)|Danny]] ([[Liam Bergin]]) and Archie's two daughters, [[Ronnie Mitchell|Ronnie]] ([[Samantha Womack]]) and [[Roxy Mitchell|Roxy]] ([[Rita Simons]]).

Glenda is the mother of Roxy and Ronnie Mitchell, whom she left 21 years before her appearance in the series. In mid-2010, it transpired that Glenda knew about Archie abusing Ronnie. She had sex with her nephew-by-marriage [[Phil Mitchell|Phil]] ([[Steve McFadden]]) and his stepson [[Ian Beale]] ([[Adam Woodyatt]]), before later being accused of having stolen Roxy's money – although it is later revealed that Phil actually stole it. When Glenda reveals Phil's affair to [[Shirley Carter]] ([[Linda Henry]]), Shirley intimidates Glenda, leading her to leave [[Walford]] in March 2011. She returned in January 2016 after Roxy's attempted rape by [[Dean Wicks]] ([[Matt Di Angelo]]) and in December 2016 for Ronnie's wedding, before leaving again on 10 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/10/eastenders-spoilers-soap-airs-another-character-exit-as-glenda-mitchell-says-goodbye-6440462/ | title=EastEnders airs another character exit| date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

A younger version of Glenda appeared in a flashback episode that aired on September 5, 2022, being portrayed by [[Rose Reynolds]], with the episode focusing on the Mitchell family in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaime Winstone set to play a young Peggy Mitchell as EastEnders announces flashback episode |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/jaime-winstone-young-peggy-mitchell-eastenders-flashback-episode/bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/jaime-winstone-young-peggy-mitchell-eastenders-flashback-episode/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Storylines==
===Backstory===
Glenda is the estranged mother of [[Ronnie Mitchell|Ronnie]] ([[Samantha Womack]]) and [[Roxy Mitchell]] ([[Rita Simons]]), and estranged former wife of [[Archie Mitchell]] ([[Larry Lamb]]). Barber commented on Glenda's backstory, saying, "[Archie] was an abusive bully. An abused woman can be intimidated, but at the same time think they need the man, and they're scared to leave because the bully convinces them that they need each other. That's different from love. Glenda didn't love Archie, but she loved her girls. However, because she didn't love Archie, she was able to leave—she had to get away. She's a very strong-minded and tough woman. Leaving an opulent lifestyle, her daughters, her family, a big house and her protective husband behind was a risk. She had no qualifications, and she'd had to live by her wits."<ref name="dsglynis"/> She also said, "When she lived with Archie, he was very controlling of her. Even though she lived in a beautiful house and had a glamorous lifestyle, life became unbearable and she had very genuine reasons for going off. She's never gotten back to the life she once had, and it's been very tough for her ever since."<ref name="dsglynis2">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/scoop/a192602/bonus-scoop-more-from-enders-glenda-mitchell.html|title=Bonus Scoop: More from 'Enders Glenda Mitchell|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Kris|last=Green|date=30 December 2009|access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref>

Glenda married Archie in 1968. They had two daughters, Ronnie and Roxy, and lived in [[Limehouse]] and [[Romford]]. In a flashback episode to 1979, Glenda struggles with motherhood as well as with Archie’s infidelity. As their marriage progressed, she watched as Archie controlled and abused Ronnie. She had an affair with a man named Nick Winterton, who promised to leave his wife, but never did. In 1989, Glenda became pregnant by Nick and left Archie, deciding she did not want him to control another of her children, leaving Ronnie when she was five months pregnant. Her son [[Danny Mitchell (EastEnders)|Danny]] ([[Liam Bergin]]) was born but she did not tell Archie, Ronnie nor Roxy about him. Since her departure from her daughters' lives, Roxy could not forgive her for abandoning them, but Ronnie was more understanding as she witnessed the change that occurred in their mother through Archie's abuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/we-love-telly/2010/01/eastenders-mummy-dearest.html|title=EastEnders: Mummy dearest|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|first=Tony|last=Stewart|date=2 January 2010|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref> Archie told their daughters that Glenda was living in Australia and Ronnie wrote to her regularly, but after this turned out to be another lie, because she was living in [[Brixton]]. She attempted to track Ronnie and Roxy down once, but finding they had moved on, she gave up looking for her daughters.

===2010–2011===
Glenda comes to Walford after reading about Archie's murder in a newspaper. She walks in just as [[Peggy Mitchell]] ([[Barbara Windsor]]) has said Ronnie and Roxy are still her girls, saying they are ''her'' girls, not Peggy's. Glenda explains that Peggy is not their stepmother as she and Archie never divorced. Ronnie is upset that Glenda has only talked about herself. Glenda stays overnight and the next day she tells her daughters about her life in France. Ronnie, Roxy and Glenda then start to get along. Peggy receives a phone call during Archie's will reading saying that Archie and Glenda were divorced. Glenda says she did not sign anything but Archie's lawyer, [[List of EastEnders characters (2010)#Emma West|Emma West]] ([[Ellie Beaven]]), says if she was untraceable for two years then her signature would not have been needed. Glenda later reveals that she never lived in France, but instead lives in a council estate in London. Ronnie says she is just like Archie, and just before she leaves Ronnie asks her why she left them, and she reveals that she was pregnant. Ronnie, with the help of her former boyfriend [[Jack Branning]] ([[Scott Maslen]]), tracks Glenda down and pays her a visit, demanding to know if what she said was true. Glenda tells Ronnie about Danny, and says he does not know he has sisters as she wanted a new life and kept no pictures of her daughters. Ronnie then tells Glenda about her daughter [[Danielle Jones (EastEnders)|Danielle Jones]] ([[Lauren Crace]]) and shows her a picture but Glenda shows little interest. When she calls Ronnie by the name Veronica, this upsets her and she leaves and Danny appears, startling Glenda. Glenda shows Danny his father's obituary and gives him the address of [[The Queen Victoria]] [[public house]] where Ronnie and Roxy live. In April, Danny and Glenda plan to con Roxy out of at least £1 million.

Glenda arrives at [[The Queen Victoria|The Queen Vic]] and states she has been evicted from her flat. She tells Danny that unless he persuades Roxy into letting her stay she will reveal their plan. After Roxy tries to evict her, she reveals bruises on her arm and says that Danny has been hitting her. Glenda tells Ronnie and Roxy that Danny is not Archie's son. They ask Danny to leave. Glenda offers Danny a key to her flat, revealing her eviction was a lie. Glenda decides to leave but Roxy and Ronnie want her to stay. Peggy tells Roxy that Glenda insulted Archie in front of Roxy's young daughter [[Amy Mitchell|Amy]] (Amelie Conway), so Roxy throws Glenda out. Glenda attempts to befriend Peggy's son [[Phil Mitchell]] ([[Steve McFadden]]), but he is not interested. The next day, Glenda convinces Roxy and Ronnie to talk, and Roxy believes Ronnie about the rape, and the girls reconcile. The next day Glenda moves in with Roxy and Amy, who has decided to move out of The Queen Vic because of Peggy's refusal to believe Ronnie. At the reopening of the [[R&R (EastEnders)|R&R nightclub]], Glenda and Peggy argue about Ronnie and Roxy, and Peggy says Glenda could have taken her daughters with her when she left Archie, and Glenda says it was too late as Archie had replaced her, revealing that she knew Archie was sexually abusing Ronnie.

Glenda returns on the night of the fire at The Queen Vic (see [[Queen Vic Fire Week]]) to comfort her daughters. When Peggy leaves Walford, she tells Ronnie to give Glenda another chance, and invites Glenda to her wedding. Glenda flirts with the much younger [[Leon Small]] ([[Sam Attwater]]) in the betting shop and they arrange to meet later, leading to them having sex. Roxy is unable to pay for Ronnie and Jack's wedding as someone stole Roxy's cash, so Glenda distracts the manager of the hotel where they are marrying, allowing them to marry without paying. She discovers that Phil and his partner [[Shirley Carter]] ([[Linda Henry]]) stole Roxy's money, so attempts to blackmail him by suggesting an affair. She then invites [[Ian Beale]] ([[Adam Woodyatt]]) back to her flat, and they kiss. Glenda tells Ian to wait for her while she buys wine, and is almost hit by Phil's car. She then has sex with Phil, while Ian continues to wait for her back in her flat. While at [[Ben Mitchell (EastEnders)|Ben Mitchell]]'s (Joshua Pascoe) welcome home party, Glenda insults a number of people including Phil, Ronnie, Ian, Shirley and Ben before leaving early. Back at her flat, she hears a noise and goes to investigate, but is pushed down the stairs. When Ian's son [[Peter Beale]] ([[Thomas Law]]) discovers their affair, he confronts Glenda and warns her to keep away from Ian. This makes her believe that Peter was the person who pushed her down the stairs. However, she soon realises it was Ben and reports him to the police. However, Phil discovers Glenda's affair with Ian and blackmails him into giving Ben an alibi, and Phil forces Glenda to withdraw her complaint and their relationship ends.

Glenda helps Roxy get her money back by breaking into Phil's safe, but he catches them when Glenda decides she wants to take extra. Phil then dupes Roxy that Glenda stole the money, and Roxy finds cash in Glenda's wardrobe. Roxy refuses to believe Glenda when she says Phil planted it and accuses Glenda of only wanting Roxy for her wealth. To get Roxy to believe that Phil would set her up, Glenda reveals her affair with Phil to Roxy in front of Phil and Shirley. Nobody believes Glenda, and Roxy ejects Glenda from her own flat. Ronnie wants nothing to do with Glenda until she threatens to tell Jack that she has been lying about missing her counselling sessions, so Ronnie allows Glenda to stay with her. When Ronnie fears that Glenda is getting close to discovering she discovering that she swapped her deceased baby [[James Branning]] with [[Tommy Moon]], Ronnie tells Jack about missing the counselling sessions and throws Glenda out. Glenda visits Ian's wife [[Jane Beale]] ([[Laurie Brett]]) to tell Jane about the affair but Jane already knows. Shirley, who has learned of the affair from Ben, arrives and physically threatens Glenda, but decides against hurting her further. Glenda leaves Walford after the confrontation, but not before reducing Shirley to tears by reminding her that she always goes back to Phil regardless of his behaviour.<ref name="8mar11">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 08/03/2011 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zf6sv |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Bryan Kirkwood]]; Director: Nic Phillips; Writer: [[Daran Little]] |network=[[BBC]] |station= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 8 March 2011}}</ref>

===2016–2017===
Glenda returns to help Roxy after her attempted rape by her fiancé [[Dean Wicks]] ([[Matt Di Angelo]]). After helping Roxy pack up her belongings, she visits Ronnie and Jack, and with a reluctant Ronnie, tries to talk Roxy out of moving to Portugal. They fail, and Roxy walks out on them both. Glenda encounters [[Claudette Hubbard]] ([[Ellen Thomas (actress)|Ellen Thomas]]), and when Ronnie tells her Claudette's story that Phil's father Eric Mitchell murdered Claudette's husband, Glenda claims that Claudette must be lying. Glenda leaves after a phone call from Danny.<ref name="1jan16b">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 01/01/2016 (part 2/2) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06tr8pw |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Dominic Treadwell-Collins]]; Director: Toby Frow; Writer: [[Anya Reiss]] |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> She returns in May, looking for Roxy, as she has borrowed £3,000 from her and Danny before disappearing. Glenda and Ronnie visit Roxy in hospital, as she has been beaten up, but find she has discharged herself.<ref name="4may16">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 04/05/2016 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b079fy8t |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Dominic Treadwell-Collins]]; Director: Steve Finn; Writer: Leo Richardson |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 4 May 2016}}</ref> When she does return, Roxy reveals she needs money to escape drug lords, which Ronnie pays her. Glenda admits to Roxy she would not have returned if Roxy had not taken her money, leading Roxy to offer her £5,000, on the condition she does not return. Glenda takes the money and leaves, to Ronnie's disappointment, though Ronnie does not know Roxy has paid her.<ref name="6may16">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 06/05/2016 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b079slr3 |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Dominic Treadwell-Collins]]; Director: Steve Finn; Writer: [[Daran Little]] |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 6 May 2016}}</ref>

Glenda returns seven months later with Danny after Roxy calls asking for help because of her cocaine habit.<ref name="30dec16">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 30/12/2016 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b087296v |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Toby Frow; Writer: Lauren Klee |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 30 December 2016}}</ref> The next day, they take Roxy home to pack her things but Ronnie asks Roxy to give her away at her wedding and invites Glenda and Danny to attend. Glenda tells Ronnie that she loves her. After the wedding, Ronnie and Roxy both drown in the hotel swimming pool.<ref name="1jan17">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 01/01/2017 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0881gdg |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Toby Frow; Writer: [[Rob Gittins]] |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 1 January 2017}}</ref> Glenda is informed of this by the police and she identifies their bodies, causing her to break down in tears with Danny, Jack and his brother [[Max Branning]] ([[Jake Wood]]).<ref name="3jan17">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 03/01/2017 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0881hvr |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: John Howlett; Writer: Colin Wyatt |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 3 January 2017 }}</ref> Glenda's presence at Jack's house causes tension when she watches Jack and Ronnie's wedding DVD, upsetting Jack as the children could have also seen it.<ref name="5jan17">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 05/01/2017 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0881k8v |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: John Howlett; Writer: Alex Straker, Robert Butler |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 5 January 2017 }}</ref> After Ronnie and Roxy's funerals, Glenda tells Jack that she intends to take custody of Matthew as a replacement for not being in her daughters' lives.<ref name="20jan17pt1">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 20/01/2017 (part 1/2) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08blv9f |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Neil Alderton; Writer: [[Daran Little]] |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 20 January 2017 }}</ref> Danny uses this opportunity to attempt to [[extort]] £20,000 from Jack, saying he can get Glenda to change her mind; Glenda slaps him and she tells Jack that her motive is not for financial gain. Convinced that she is telling the truth, he asks Glenda to move in to help him look after the children when he decides to remain in Walford and she delightfully accepts.<ref name="20jan17pt2">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 20/01/2017 (part 2/2) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08blvkm |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Neil Alderton; Writer: [[Daran Little]] |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 20 January 2017 }}</ref> Glenda tells Jack that Amy has been wetting the bed so Jack allows Amy to sleep in his bed. He later feels uncomfortable when Glenda kisses him on the cheek. He and Max go to the inquest and Ronnie and Roxy's deaths are ruled as a [[Death by misadventure|misadventure]]. However, Jack still blames Roxy. Later, Jack is furious when he finds out that Glenda has allowed Amy to get her ears pierced and throws Glenda out.<ref name="9feb17pt2">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 09/02/2017 (part 2/2) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08dy2cn |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Steve Finn; Writer: Lauren Klee |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate= 9 February 2017 }}</ref> He later realises that Glenda's intentions were good and he tells her she can be a part of Amy, Matthew and Ricky's lives. Glenda tells Max she knows what he is up to before leaving Walford.<ref name="10feb17">{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 10/02/2017 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08dy2n8 |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |credits= Executive Producer: [[Sean O'Connor (producer)|Sean O'Connor]]; Director: Steve Finn; Writer: Lauren Klee |network=[[BBC]] |station= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 10 February 2017}}</ref> Months later, Jack takes the children to visit Glenda to escape facing [[Charlie Cotton (2014 character)|Charlie Cotton]] ([[Declan Bennett]]) who has returned to Walford.

==Creation==

===Casting===
On 17 October 2009, it was announced on the ''EastEnders'' website that veteran actress [[Jill Gascoine]] had been cast as Glenda,<ref name="glenda">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/news/news_20091009.shtml|title=The Gentle Touch arrives in Walford|publisher=BBC Online|date=17 October 2009|access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref> and would appear in 2010. She is the mother of established characters [[Ronnie Mitchell|Ronnie]] ([[Samantha Womack]]) and [[Roxy Mitchell]] ([[Rita Simons]]), and former wife of [[Archie Mitchell]] ([[Larry Lamb]]).<ref name="glenda"/> On casting, the show's executive producer [[Diederick Santer]] stated: "I'm so looking forward to welcoming the hugely talented Jill to ''EastEnders''. I have a very clear memory of watching ''[[C.A.T.S. Eyes]]'' every Friday night, [and] Jill's character, Maggie Forbes, was always my favourite – tough, glamorous, and exciting – perfect qualities for Glenda Mitchell." On joining the show Gascoine added: "I'm thrilled to be joining the cast of ''EastEnders'' and I am really excited to be back on British TV."<ref name="glenda"/> However, it was announced on 23 October 2009 that Gascoine withdrew from her filming commitments during her first day on set, as she felt that she "lacked the right experience to film such a big continuing drama".<ref name="glynis"/> She said "I was so looking forward to playing Glenda but having spent the last 15 years working in America [...] I felt, on arrival, I lacked the right experience to film such a big continuing drama. I have tremendous respect for ''EastEnders'' and the cast so I didn't want to let the show or my fellow cast members down."<ref name="glynis"/>

{{Quote_box |width=45% |align=right|quote="I rushed in, they gave me Glenda's back-story and I didn't even have time to read all the scripts before I started filming. I didn't even know all the storyline, so in the first week, I filmed the character on a need-to-know basis. Each day I filmed, I learned a little more about her, so I had to make decisions about how to play her based on the information I had each day. It was very interesting to do as I've never had to do that before."|source=—Glynis Barber describes her first day<ref name=dsglynis />}} The part was subsequently recast to Glynis Barber.<ref name="glynis"/> Barber said in an interview with media website [[Digital Spy]]: "I think they originally cast Jill [Gascoine] because she's of a similar age to [[Barbara Windsor|Barbara [Windsor]]] and on screen, they're sisters-in-law, so it made total sense. The fact that they then cast me was a sign of the complete desperation to get someone quickly! To be perfectly honest, though, I think it worked out really well."<ref name="dsglynis">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/interviews/a192600/glynis-barber-glenda-mitchell-eastenders.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Glynis Barber (Glenda Mitchell, 'EastEnders')|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Kris|last=Green|date=30 December 2009|access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> She added "Glenda's very important in the whole Mitchell saga and because I had to come in at such short notice, within 24 hours of meeting [the cast], I was on set shooting 38 pages of dialogue! If someone had said to me beforehand, 'You're playing this really important character, Ronnie and Roxy's mum, you're a Mitchell, you have tons and tons of dialogue', I'd probably have been so nervous and completely freaked-out. It's a real blessing that I had no time to have a single nervous thought. There was no time for nerves and no time to over-think it."<ref name="dsglynis"/> She explained that on her first day, she was told Glenda's backstory and had no time to read all the scripts, filming the character "on a need-to-know basis."<ref name="dsglynis"/> Barber initially appeared in nine episodes in January 2010, and returned again on 2 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite episode |title= Episode dated 2/4/2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs0vd |series= EastEnders |series-link=EastEnders |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC One]] |airdate=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barber teases Glenda's future in 'Enders|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a197944/barber-teases-glendas-future-in-enders.html|first=Kris|last=Green|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=20 January 2010|access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref>

===Characterisation===
The character is described as "polished, demure, dynamic and assured"—a complete contrast to the nervous and quiet woman the Mitchell family knew previously—and is said to cause a shock when she turns up in [[Walford]] unannounced.<ref name="glenda"/> In December 2009, Santer hinted that Glenda would provide intrigue for fans of the Mitchell family following Archie's murder, saying "The question for the audience—and for the rest of the Mitchells—is what does she want? On the face of it, she wants Archie's money because his will is read—and she's the original Mrs Mitchell. But is there more going on than just her being a gold digger? I'd suggest that there is."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a191715/enders-boss-reaffirms-mitchells-future.html|title='Enders boss reaffirms Mitchells' future|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Daniel|last=Kilkelly|date=17 December 2009|access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> Barber described Glenda as having "a real edge, but at the same time, she's very vulnerable. She's such a complex character, too. Generally, what she's saying is true but the words she's encasing them in are lies."<ref name="dsglynis2"/> Soap opera reporting website [[Holy Soap]] describe Glenda as having "[[Age disparity in sexual relationships#Slang terms|cougar]] qualities", being a "glamorous granny", "feisty" and a "blonde bombshell".<ref name="cougar">{{cite web|title=Glynis and Lindsey's pal plot|url=http://holysoap.five.tv/eastenders/news/glynis-and-lindseys-pal-plot-10927|work=[[Holy Soap]]|publisher=([[Channel 5 (UK)|Five]])|access-date=24 November 2010|date=19 November 2010}}</ref>

In August 2010, Barber told ''Inside Soap'' that although the character comes across "as devious or a bitch", she simply tries to portray her as genuine, but the more genuine she attempts to make Glenda appear, the more devious she appears.<ref name="baddy" /> Barber later said that she dislikes her character and would not trust Glenda as a friend as she is only interested in men, and Glenda was described by Carol on screen as "not a woman's woman". However, Barber said that Glenda would be fun to be with on a night out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a288978/glynis-barber-i-dont-like-glenda.html|title=Choose your Digital Spy edition|last=Daniels|first=Colin|date=21 November 2010|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=24 February 2011|location=London}}</ref>

==Development==
{{Quote_box |width=35% |align=left|quote="I found it a very difficult thing to get my head around, because if Glenda knew her child was being hurt all along, then she's a complete monster. So the way I played it was to try to justify why she pushed aside the uneasy feeling she had about what was taking place. She didn't want to think about anything that horrible."
|source=—Glynis Barber<ref name="baddy">{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a261857/barber-never-played-glenda-as-a-baddy.html|title=Barber 'never played Glenda as a baddy'|last=Daniels|first=Colin|date=15 August 2010|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias|Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref>}} In August 2010, scenes reveal that Glenda already knew that Archie abused Ronnie as a child. Barber admitted: "Viewers say to me, 'Oh, she's an absolute bitch,' before telling me how much they love her. What's funny is that I've never played Glenda as a baddie. But the more genuine I try to make her, the more devious she appears to the audience! "<ref name=baddy />

Speaking of the storyline where Glenda and Roxy attempt to steal Roxy's money back from Phil, Barber explained that Glenda is "a woman scorned, and wants to fleece Phil for everything he's got."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/soaps/Glenda+Mitchell-60110.html|title=Glenda Mitchell reveals saucy secret|date=23 February 2011|work=Female First|publisher=First Active Media|access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Phil frames Glenda for stealing the money, on which Barber told ''[[Inside Soap]]'' that Glenda is devastated that her daughter believes Phil: "Glenda doesn't think that Roxy will take Phil's word over hers, so she's devastated when she does. It makes no sense—Glenda is broke, so why would she leave a pile of money in her bedroom cupboard? She instantly knows that Phil planted the cash there. Glenda's so hurt that Roxy believes him instead of her."<ref name='Enders star: Glenda will be devastated'>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a305511/enders-star-glenda-will-be-devastated.html|title='Enders star: 'Glenda will be devastated'|last=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|date=23 February 2011|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias|Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=24 February 2011|location=London}}</ref> This leads to Glenda revealing her affair with Phil. When Shirley discovers the affair, she attacks Glenda.

Glenda's departure from the series was confirmed on February 27, 2011, with Barber writing on her official website, "2010 was a busy and exciting year for me playing Glenda Mitchell in ''EastEnders''. After Glenda manages to alienate practically everyone in Albert Square, she makes her exit in March 2011. But will she be back in the future to wreak more havoc? Well,'she ain't dead', so anything is possible... watch this space! "<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a306092/glynis-barber-confirms-enders-departure.html|title=Glynis Barber confirms 'Enders departure|first=Daniel|last=Kilkelly|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|date=27 February 2011|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Her final on-screen appearance is on 8 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/spoilers/a306160/glendas-luck-runs-out.html|title=Glenda's luck runs out|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|first=Daniel|last=Kilkelly|year=2011|access-date=1 March 2011|location=London}}</ref> Barber said that Glenda's exit was emotional to film and explained that the character was hurt and humiliated. As Glenda has been rejected by both Roxy and Ronnie, Barber said that Glenda is "all alone in the world" without them. The door was left open for Glenda to return in the future, and Barber hoped that if Glenda did return, it would be to exact revenge on Phil, as she would not be able to let go of what he had done,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/scoop/a306385/qa-eastenders-star-glynis-barber.html|title=Q&A: 'EastEnders' star Glynis Barber|first=Daniel|last=Kilkelly|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|date=1 March 2011|access-date=1 March 2011|location=London}}</ref> or with a new man or much money.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/soaps/eastenders/news/eastenders-glynis-hints-at-glenda-return/12044|title=EastEnders' Glynis hints at Glenda return|date=5 March 2011|work=[[What's on TV]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|access-date=5 March 2011|location=London}}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 2011, ''[[Inside Soap]]'' branded Glenda as "Walford's cougar". They also assumed she would be a "mousey lady who couldn't stand up to her husband" because of the past references to her in the serial,<ref name="kj">{{cite journal|title=What a difference a year makes!|journal=[[Inside Soap]]|date=1 January 2011|issue=52|pages=43}}</ref> but of her actual persona they stated: "Age hasn't mellowed Glenda! She's a man-eater whose standards are so low that she's bedding Phil and Ian!"<ref name="kj"/> In March 2011, Glenda was nominated for "Villain of the Year" at the 2011 [[British Soap Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/scoop/a307476/british-soap-awards-2011-voting-opens.html|title=British Soap Awards 2011 voting opens|last=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|date=7 March 2011|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=7 March 2011|location=[[London]]}}</ref> 8.6 million people watched Glenda's last episode according to overnight ratings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a307936/glenda-fallout-grabs-86m-on-eastenders.html|title=Glenda fallout grabs 8.6m on 'EastEnders'|last=Laughlin|first=Andrew|date=9 March 2011|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=7 April 2011|location=[[London]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of EastEnders characters (2010)|List of ''EastEnders'' characters (2010)]]
* [[List of soap opera villains]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{EEcharlink|glenda-mitchell}}

{{EastEnders characters|past}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, Glenda}}
[[Category:EastEnders characters]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Fictional bartenders]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Fictional female businesspeople]]
[[Category:Female villains]]

InterHarmony International School of Music Online

2022-10-06T04:52:55Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=October 2020}}
{{Primary sources|date=October 2020}}
}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:InterHarmony International School of Music.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
'''InterHarmony International School of Music''' is the first online classical [[music conservatory]] offering year-round [[classical music]] training programs, including private lessons on all [[musical instruments]], [[Master Classes]], recitals, classes in [[music theory]], [[solfège]], and other subjects to students of all ages and levels.<ref name="Article1">{{cite web | title = InterHarmony International School of Music | url = https://www.interharmonymusicschool.com/index | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref> The program was created by Russian-born, American cello soloist Misha Quint, who also founded the InterHarmony International Music Festival.<ref name="Article2">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint, Music Director | url = https://www.interharmonymusicschool.com/about-fromvirtualtoactual | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref><ref name="Article3">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint, Cello | url = https://www.mishaquintcello.com/ | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref>

[[InterHaromony International Music Festival]], one of the world's leading summer classical music festivals, was the impetus to founding of the InterHarmony International School of Music,<ref name="Article4">{{cite web | title = InterHarmony International Music Festival | url = https://www.interharmony.com/ | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref><ref name="Article5">{{cite web | title = InterHarmony International Music Festival | url = https://www.radiomontecarlo.net/gallery/rmc-consiglia/1248601/benvenuti-ad-acqui-terme.html | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref> to provide students with the option of studying in full programs without leaving the comfort and safety of their home. The programs aim for students to receive a balanced and intensive musical education virtually with professors who teach at prestigious universities around the world, are members of acclaimed orchestras, soloists, and chamber musicians. A goal of IIMS is for students from any city or country to have the opportunity to study with a desirable teacher worldwide virtually through video conferencing in private lessons and group classes, in order for students to have global exposure to instruction not always available in their local area. Students can choose either the [[Precollege]] (around age 8–13 years old), Young Artist (around age 14–17 years old), or Music Dilettante (age 18+) Programs.<ref name="Article6">{{cite web | title = Musical America Article | url = https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=45282&categoryid=5&archived=0 | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref><ref name="Article7">{{cite web | title = Article in Broadway World | url = https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwclassical/article/InterHarmony-Opens-First-Ever-Online-Music-Conservatory-20200607 | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref>

Participants of the InterHarmony International School of Music will be automatically accepted to the [[InterHarmony International Music Festival]] in [[Italy]] and [[Germany]] if they wish to apply. Virtual students will have the opportunity to meet professors in person at the [[InterHarmony International Music Festival]], where those who studied virtually will study actually.<ref name="Article8">{{cite web | title = IISM on GetAcceptd | url = https://app.getacceptd.com/interharmonyschoolofmusic | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref> Students can gain access to masterclasses and workshops provided by the professors and may submit applications for the Inter Harmony International Competition with a winner's concert at [[Weill Recital Hall]] at [[Carnegie Hall]].
[[File:Interharmonyschoolofmusic.jpg|500px|thumb|center|This photo depicts the InterHarmony International School of Music and musicians giving and receiving music lessons online.]]

== Educational programs ==
InterHarmony International School of Music offers young musicians a choice of the following programs of study:<ref name="Article9">{{cite web | title = IISM Programs | url = https://www.interharmonymusicschool.com/apply/music-school-programs-online | accessdate = 2020-06-30 }}</ref>

* Precollege Program (Ages 8 – 13)
* Young Artist Program (Ages 14 – 17)
* Independent Artist Mastery Program (Ages 18+)
* Music InterMezzo Program (Ages 18+)

=== Instrument programs ===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
*[[Double Bass]]
*[[Bassoon]]
*[[Cello]]
*[[Clarinet]]
*[[Musical composition|Composition]]
*[[Flute]]
*[[French horn]]
*[[Guitar]]
*[[Oboe]]
*[[Piano]]
*[[Trumpet]]
*[[Trombone]]
*[[Tuba]]
*[[Viola]]
*[[Violin]]
*[[Voice]]
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
*[[List of pre-college music schools]]
*[[Music schools in the United States]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.interharmonymusicschool.com/}}

[[Category:Music schools]]
[[Category:Online schools]]

God's Learning Channel

2022-10-06T04:50:12Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|Christian television network}}
[[File:GLC LOGO Illustrator.png|thumb|The logo for GLC]]
{{multiple issues|
{{advert|date=August 2018}}
{{notability|Television|date=August 2018}}
}}
'''God's Learning Channel''' ('''GLC''') is a [[Religious broadcasting|religious]] [[satellite network]] based in [[West Texas]] which teaches a biblical point of view of Judaism. The network was founded in 1982 by Al and Tommie Cooper, who had the vision to bring Judaism to Southeastern New Mexico. The network later grew to five full-power television transmitters located in New Mexico and West Texas. While the focus of programming has been to teach believers their ties to the Bible and the spiritual world, it has continued to expand to cover a wide range of themes related to the Land of [[Israel]] and the [[Jews|Jewish]] people, presenting Jesus, in Hebrew pronounced Yeshua, as the Jewish Messiah.

GLC provides 24-hour streaming media of its broadcast (accessible through the GLC website), as well as internet platforms, such as [[Roku]]. Within the "local broadcast area", which comprises West Texas, much of [[New Mexico]], and parts of [[Arizona]], [[Colorado]], and [[Oklahoma]], GLC can be viewed on most cable systems, [[Dish Network]], and [[DirecTV]]. Reception via antenna is available close to any of the five full-power transmitters.

==Stations==
*[[Abilene, Texas]] – [[KPCB-DT]] 17
*[[Amarillo, Texas]] – [[KPTF-DT]] 18
*[[Lubbock, Texas]] – [[KPTB-DT]] 16
*[[Midland, Texas|Midland]]-[[Odessa, Texas]] – [[KMLM-DT]] 42
*[[Roswell, New Mexico]] – [[KRPV-DT]] 27

==Satellites==
*[[Galaxy 25]] Ku-Band

==External links==
* [https://glc.us.com/ Official Site]
{{American broadcast television (Religious)}}

[[Category:1982 establishments in Texas]]
[[Category:Christianity in Texas]]
[[Category:Christian Zionism in the United States]]
[[Category:Evangelical television networks]]
[[Category:Religious television stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1982]]

{{Christian-org-stub}}
{{US-tv-stub}}

His Prehistoric Past

2022-10-06T04:48:48Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|1914 film by Charlie Chaplin}}
{{Unreferenced|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = His Prehistoric Past
| image = His prehistoric past.jpg
| caption = A scene from the film
| director = [[Charlie Chaplin]]
| producer = [[Mack Sennett]]
| writer = [[Charlie Chaplin]]
| starring = [[Charlie Chaplin]] [[Mack Swain]] [[Sydney Chaplin]]
| cinematography = [[Frank D. Williams (cinematographer)|Frank D. Williams]]
| distributor = [[Keystone Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|1914|12|7}}
| runtime = 21 minutes, 49 seconds (two reels)
| language = [[Silent film]] English
| country = [[United States]]
}}
[[File:His Prehistoric Past (1914).webm|thumb|thumbtime=1|''His Prehistoric Past'']]
[[File:Chaplin Hula hula.jpg|thumb|Advertisement (1918)]]
'''''His Prehistoric Past''''' is a 1914 American [[Short subject|short]] [[silent film|silent]] [[comedy film]], written and directed by [[Charlie Chaplin]], featuring a Chaplin in a stone-age kingdom trying to usurp the crown of King Low-Brow to win the affections of the king's favorite wife. As this film was the final one that Chaplin made at [[Keystone Studios]], it was also the last film he made with most of Keystone's regular roster of comedians. Co-star Mack Swain would not appear in another Chaplin film until 1923 when he had a prominent role in the Chaplin silent film ''[[Pay Day (1922 film)|Pay Day]]''.

==Synopsis==

The tramp sits on a park bench. He decides to have a nap and lies down and starts to dream.

Back in the [[Stone Age]], King Low-Brow, King of Wakiki Beach, sits surrounded by his six favorite wives as they watch a man dancing to entertain them. A guard stands in the background. All are dressed in animal skins.

Charlie arrives in this land wearing a black hat, caveman-style. He is smoking a pipe and still has his hat and cane. He meets and falls in love with the King's favorite wife. The caveman, who had been dancing, leaves the king and goes hunting. He sees Charlie kissing the arm of the wife and fires an arrow, hitting Charlie in the backside. The wife pulls it out. Charlie throws a rock at the hunter but misses and hits the king on the head. Charlie and the hunter chase each other around a large boulder. The king joins the fracas and is accidentally attacked by the hunter. Charlie then reverses and knocks the hunter out with a club. He exchanges calling cards (leaves) with the King. They shake hands and rub noses. They become friends, and the King takes them to a cave to have a drink.

The wives are admiring Charlie when a younger caveman arrives, and they admire him instead. Charlie clubs him. He picks one wife and goes to the rocky water's edge. A wave drags them out to sea. They make it back, but the King is annoyed.

The clubbed caveman wakes up and seeks revenge. Charlie dances with his favourite wife. The king is annoyed again. They go hunting with a bow and arrow, and Charlie fires at a bird in a nest above, breaking an egg which lands on the king's head. He declares his love for the king's favorite wife. The other wives arrive.

When the King is kicked over a cliff by Charlie, he is presumed dead by the wives, and Charlie declares himself King. However, the king is not dead and is found by the dancing caveman. The king comes back and bashes Charlie over the head with a rock.

Charlie wakes from his dream and a policeman bashes Charlie over the head with his baton because he was sleeping in the park.

==Review==
A reviewer from the San Francisco Call and Post wrote, "Charles Chaplin and other members of the Keystone Company have outdone all their previous fun-provoking efforts in the two-part film called His Prehistoric Past, which puts Chaplin in a dream state during which time he goes through a series of prehistoric difficulties, trying enough to discourage even the strongest 'stone age' man."

==Cast==
* [[Charlie Chaplin]] as Weak-Chin
* [[Mack Swain]] as King Low-Brow
* [[Fritz Schade]] as Ku-Ku aka Cleo, Medicine Man
* [[Cecile Arnold]] as Cavewoman
* [[Al St. John]] as [[Caveman]]
* [[Sydney Chaplin]] as Policeman
* [[Helen Carruthers]] as Queen
* Gene Marsh as Sum-Babee, Low-Brow's Favorite Water Maiden

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0004102}}
*{{Internet Archive film|id=CC_1914_12_07_HisPrehistoricpast}}

{{Charlie Chaplin filmography}}

[[Category:1914 films]]
[[Category:1914 comedy films]]
[[Category:American silent short films]]
[[Category:Short films directed by Charlie Chaplin]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about cavemen]]
[[Category:Keystone Studios films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mack Sennett]]
[[Category:Silent American comedy films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1914 short films]]
[[Category:American comedy short films]]
[[Category:1910s American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Lehigh Valley]]

Topsail Island

2022-10-06T04:47:10Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{tone|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Topsail Island
| sobriquet = 
| image_name = Topsail Island Sound Side.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_caption = Topsail Island sound side
| image_alt = Image of Topsail Island sound side dock at sunset
| map = USA North Carolina
| map_width = 220
| coordinates = {{coord|34|28|11|N|77|28|19|W|display=inline}}
| location = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| length_mi = 26
| country = US
| website =
| additional_info ={{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=14 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

'''Topsail Island''' ({{IPAc-en|'|t|ɑ:|p|s|ɪ|l}}, TOP-sill) is a 26-mile (41.8 km) long [[barrier island]] off the coast of [[North Carolina]], roughly equidistant between the barrier islands of the [[Crystal Coast]] and the beaches of the [[Cape Fear (region)|Cape Fear]] region, lying south of [[Jacksonville, North Carolina]] and [[Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune|Camp Lejeune]]. The northeastern edge of the island is the [[New River (North Carolina)|New River Inlet]], and the southwestern edge is New Topsail Inlet. It is separated from the mainland by a series of small sounds and channels that make up a portion of the [[Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway]].

It includes the communities of [[North Topsail Beach, North Carolina|North Topsail Beach]], [[Surf City, North Carolina|Surf City]], and [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina|Topsail Beach]]. Along with its thick [[maritime forest]]s, Topsail Island is also a sanctuary for [[sea turtles]] and is known for its beautiful beaches. The island lies in [[Onslow County, NC|Onslow County]] in the north and in [[Pender County, NC|Pender County]] in the south. There are only two ways on and off the island: a high-rise bridge in Surf City and a high rise bridge in North Topsail Beach.

==Name origin==
Topsail Island's name<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivortopsail.com/island_history.htm |title=Survivor Topsail - Topsail Island History |access-date=2010-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824073146/http://www.survivortopsail.com/island_history.htm |archive-date=2010-08-24 }}</ref> is supposedly derived from its nefarious history; however, this is still debatable among the locals on the island. According to popular belief,<ref>[http://www.topsailbeach.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={77D8AA5A-DCB5-4938-858F-0D7DA530E7E4} ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820085626/http://www.topsailbeach.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B77D8AA5A-DCB5-4938-858F-0D7DA530E7E4%7D |date=August 20, 2010 }}</ref> [[Piracy|pirates]] used to hide in the channel between the island and the mainland, waiting for merchant ships loaded with goods to pass. The head captain of these ships was named Kevin Regan. The pirates would attack the ships and claim the cargo as their own. Eventually, the merchants became aware of the hiding place and began looking for the [[topsail]], which was supposedly the only part of the pirate ship that could be seen by the passing victim. There is a legend that [[Blackbeard]] hid his treasure on Topsail Island and that, prior to WWII, treasure hunters searched for the hidden gems and gold throughout the islands' maritime forests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realestatetopsail.com/blog/topsail-island-pirates-treasures-ghost-ships/|title=Topsail Island Pirates, Treasures and Ghost Ships! – Topsail Island Real Estate & History|last=Rackley|first=Chris|date=2012-05-29|publisher=realestatetopsail.com|access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}

==History==

Prior to [[World War II]], Topsail Island was only accessible by boat. Area residents frequently made this short trip and picnicked on the sandy shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Local farmers are said to have driven their livestock across the waterways at low tide to graze on wild beach grass. Treasure hunters searched for Blackbeard's infamous buried treasure throughout the maritime forests which covered the island. During the early 20th century only a few structures, probably less than a dozen, were built along the sound and were used as shelter for fishing trips and summer vacations. At the beginning of World War II, the U.S. Army built a large temporary anti-aircraft training base at [[Holly Ridge, North Carolina|Holly Ridge]] known as [[Camp Davis]] and took possession of the island. They built the road from Camp Davis to the sound and installed a pontoon bridge across the [[Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway|Intracoastal Waterway]] where a [[swing bridge]] was later constructed in the 1950s. (The swing bridge was replaced by a fixed-span high rise bridge in 2018). They also erected training facilities and support buildings in what is now the Surf City business district.

Immediately after the war, the [[US Navy]] took possession of the island and began a joint project with [[Johns Hopkins University]] known as [[Operation Bumblebee]] which was an early guided missile development program. Over 200 missiles were test fired. The missile assembly building is located on the sound at Channel Blvd. and Flake Ave. in the Topsail Beach business district which is now used as a museum and meeting center. The launch pad is used as a patio for the Jolly Roger Motel. Several missile tracking towers still stand along the island. The testing ended in 1948 and the island was returned to the original owners. The roads, bridge, and other infrastructure were left intact and development of the island as a beach resort began in the 1950s. A developer built a brick model home for a planned development in 1952 but in 1954 the storm surge from [[Hurricane Hazel]] completely flooded the Topsail Island washing away most structures. The model home survived the storm with minor damage, however the design was abandoned in favor of homes built on pilings. The model home still stands at the corner of Scott Ave. and Anderson boulevard in Topsail Beach.

==Sea turtles==
Sea turtle populations are rapidly decreasing due to the increasing populations of humans and rapid degradation of habitats. Recently, efforts have been made to increase these populations by focusing on one main stage of life, the egg site. These sites can be found along the coastlines of beaches up into the sand dunes.<ref>Crouse, D. T., Crowder, L.B., Caswell, H. (1987). A Stage-Based Population Model for Loggerhead Sea Turtles and Implications for Conservation. Ecological Society of America, 68. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1939225?seq=2
</ref> There are four main species that can be found on and around the island which are [[loggerhead sea turtle|loggerhead]], [[green sea turtle|green]], [[leatherback sea turtle|leatherback]], and [[Ridley sea turtle]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Epperly | first1 = S. P. | last2 = Braun | first2 = J. | last3 = Veishlow | first3 = A. | year = 1995 | title = Sea Turtles in North Carolina Waters | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 384–394 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020384.x }}</ref> One species specifically that has been the main theme of protection is the Loggerhead Sea Turtle. This turtle has been the basis for the stationing of the Sea Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center in Topsail Island, North Carolina. Their mission is the protection and watching over of the 26 mile stretch of beach that is Topsail Island. They are committed to the overseeing of hatching of the eggs, caring for sick and injured turtles, and protection over the egg site.<ref>Beasley, J. (2012, June). Retrieved from http://www.seaturtlehospital.org/index.htm</ref>

Not only do humans disturb the nesting sites of sea turtles, hurricanes play a large role in this as well. Extreme weather will result in the alteration of the nesting site in a negative way by ruining nesting quality through sand erosion. This will cause the turtles to not choose an area that may normally be a safe choice. Also, a hurricane could drown potential eggs reducing the population of the specific turtle that laid the eggs. Occasionally the number of offspring affected will be negligible due to the actual number of eggs being laid at the time of the storm.<ref>Dewald, J. R., Pike, D. A., & Manne, L. (2014). Geographical variation in hurricane impacts among sea turtle populations" ''Journal of Biogeography'' 41(2), 307+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA355916666&v=2.1&u=sunycesfsc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=65246ac6015e0720beec779b0aebc623</ref>
All five species of sea turtles are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act and are under joint jurisdiction under the NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<ref>NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. (2014). Sea Turtles. Retrieved from http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/</ref>

===Topsail Turtle Project===
This project began only due to the turtles nesting on this island. For hundreds of years even before Topsail Island received its name, turtles were laying their eggs on the dunes. The mission began as a few volunteers but has blossomed into quite the operation now. Founded by Karen Beasley, her dream was reached and included tasks provided by volunteers such as walking the beaches at night staking out the nesting sites and overseeing the hatching of the eggs. Only after Karen's death in 1991 did her mother Jean Beasley take over and she still remains at the helm today.<ref>Cothran, B. (2006). Topsail Island: Images of America. Arcadian Publishing.</ref>

==Operation Bumblebee==
{{main|Operation Bumblebee (US Navy)}}
At the end of World War II the Navy took possession of Topsail Island and began a joint venture with Johns Hopkins University<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topsailmissilesmuseum.org/missiles/history.aspx |title=Topsail Historical Society - History |access-date=2010-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080626150443/http://www.topsailmissilesmuseum.org/missiles/history.aspx |archive-date=2008-06-26 }}</ref> and established the US Naval Ordnance Test Facilities at Topsail Island, North Carolina, for [[Operation Bumblebee (US Navy)|Operation Bumblebee]], a top-secret, experimental project to develop and test [[ramjet]] missiles, which advanced the Nation's jet aircraft and missile programs. So successful were the tests conducted at the Topsail Island site that the ramjet proved its value, opened the way for the advance of supersonic jet aircraft design, and brought the United States to the threshold of modern space technology with the [[RIM-8 Talos|Talos]], [[RIM-2 Terrier|Terrier]], [[RIM-24 Tartar|Tartar]], and [[Sea Sparrow]] missiles aboard naval vessels. The name 'Bumblebee' was chosen, possibly due to the misconception that it is aerodynamically unable to fly, but does not know this and flies anyway. This operation led to the maturing of supersonic aircraft and shipboard missile design in the mid-20th century.

With the emergence of Operation Bumblebee it brought about the dredging of the waterway, new buildings of roads, and fresh water being piped into the island.<ref>Topsail Beach, NC. (2012). History of Topsail Island. Retrieved from http://www.topsailbeach.org/AboutTopsailBeach/HistoryofTopsailBeach/tabid/94/Default.aspx</ref>

Topsail Island was the third of three widespread test sites established along the Atlantic seaboard in the closing years of World War II, and the first permanent ground for missile testing. The Topsail Island site, placed in operation in March 1947, incorporated rigid structures that were designed and built for specific uses related to the assembly, firing, monitoring, and perfecting of experimental ramjet missiles. The buildings associated with this testing, the Assembly Building, Facility Control Tower, and Observation Tower No. 2 possess exceptional importance because they are the only above ground resources remaining at these three sites where the Nation's burgeoning ramjet missile program grew from experimentation to maturity. The Assembly Building is a one-and-a-half-story masonry building and the Control Tower is a three-story reinforced concrete building. Observation Tower #2 is an unaltered example of the eight instrument towers erected on Topsail Island. Towers #1, #4, #5, and #7 were converted into houses. Tower #3 was also converted into a house, but the addition was destroyed by [[Hurricane Fran]] in 1996. Tower #6 was converted into a restaurant and fishing pier, but the pier was also destroyed by Fran, and the addition was demolished later. Tower #8 is the only tower that no longer stands, having been demolished in 1989. The concrete launch pad serves as the patio of the Jolly Roger Motel in Topsail Beach.

Naval and Marine personnel, numbering 500 men, and led by Lieutenant Commander Tad Stanwick, arrived at the site by mid-1946 to begin installation of the facilities needed for the testing. During the next 18 months, an estimated 200 experimental rockets, each measuring six inches in diameter and between three and 13 feet in length, were fabricated at the Assembly Building, dispatched to the launch site, and fired along a northeasterly angular deflection of 15 degrees to the shoreline for a maximum clear distance of 40 miles. Despite the initial success of the US Naval Ordnance Testing facility at Topsail Island over its 18-month span, its location did not fulfill completely the needs of a permanent base because weather conditions and increased sea traffic interfered with testing, and the facility was abandoned and its equipment moved to other sites.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/aviation/usn.htm|title=US Naval Ordnance Test Facilities, Topsail|access-date=2006-07-02}}</ref>

== Transportation ==

Two state highways run along the island and meet in Surf City, which is approximately the geographic center of the island. These are:

*[[North Carolina Highway 50|NC 50]]: From the Surf City Bridge southwards to terminate at the southern tip of the island in Topsail Beach
*[[North Carolina Highway 210|NC 210]]: From the Surf City Bridge northwards to North Topsail Beach, then across the North Topsail Bridge

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:FEMA - 1178 - Photograph by Dave Gatley taken on 09-06-1996 in North Carolina.jpg|North Topsail Beach, September 6, 1996 — An [[Urban Search and Rescue]] (USAR) Team inspects damaged and destroyed homes for reportedly missing people in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Fran]]
File:Observation Tower Topsail Island.JPG|Observation tower on Topsail Island left over from Operation Bumblebee
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.topsailbeach.org/ Topsail Beach Home Page]
* [http://www.seaturtlehospital.org/ Sea Turtle Hospital Home Page]
* [http://surfcity.govoffice.com/ Town of Surf City Home Page]
* [http://www.north-topsail-beach.org/ Town of North Topsail Beach Home Page]
* [http://www.topsailadvertiser.com/ Topsail Advertiser (Weekly Newspaper)]

{{coord|34|28|11|N|77|28|19|W|scale:250000|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Beaches of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Barrier islands of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Landforms of Pender County, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Landforms of Onslow County, North Carolina]]

PICISOC

2022-10-06T04:42:19Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{unref|date=April 2012}}
'''The Pacific Islands Chapter of the [[Internet Society]] (PICISOC)''' serves the [[Internet Society]]’s purposes by serving the interests of the global Internet community through its presence in the Pacific Islands. In addition to ISOC interests, PICISOC also focuses on local issues and developments and acts as an impartial advisor to governments and the public on matters of significant interest to Pacific Island people concerning the Internet and ICT technology in general.

== History ==
IT-PacNet was created in 1994 to see what ICT developments were being made by [[Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency|FFA]] and [[South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission|SOPAC]], two regional organisations operating in the Pacific. This meant comparing notes, implementations, and success stories. The meeting was informal and technical in nature. FFA's IT manager at the time was [[Sam Taufao]], and SOPAC's IT manager was [[Leslie Allinson]]. It was agreed that more organisations should be brought into the group the following year. Slowly, it became apparent that the countries needed to be part of the process, and IT-PacNet evolved into a meeting of IT administrators and managers from the Pacific region.

At around the same time, Sam Taufao (then working for FFA) came back from a meeting sponsored by [[UNESCO]] and recommended the creation of PICISOC-the Pacific Islands Chapter of the Internet Society. IT-PacNet slowly evolved into a CROP (Council of Regional Organisations of the Pacific) ICT Working Group and concentrated more on dealing with CROP policies. Meanwhile, PICISOC grew, and by 2002, a board and executive were in place. The general assembly's (annual meetings) became bigger, and thus PacINET was born, and has since evolved to become the premier ICT conference for the Pacific region. PacINET was able to re-group most of the original functions of IT-PacNet, creating an event where anyone could speak freely and share views on ICT/Internet for any organisation (government, the private sector, etc.) or as an individual.

PICISOC's focus is on ICT and Internet issues for the Pacific Islands region, and it works with various organisations and governments to ensure the continuing development of ICT in the region.

== Board members 2014 ==
The [http://www.picisoc.org/board-business/2014-picisoc-board-of-trustees/] Executive Board (2014-2015) is composed of:

*[[Edwin Liava'a]] ([[Chairperson]]), Lautoka, Fiji Islands
*[[Ellen Strickland]] ([[Vice-Chairperson – Policy]]), Auckland, New Zealand
*[[Priscilla Kevin]] ([[Vice-Chairperson - Technical]]), Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
*[[Patrick Queet]] ([[Treasurer]]), Suva, Fiji Islands
*[[Maureen Hilyard]] ([[Secretary]]), Rarotonga, Cook Islands
*[[Jackson Miake]]([[Board Member]]), Port Villa, Vanuatu
*[[Winifred Kula Amini]] ([[Board Member]]), Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

== Board members 2013 ==
The [http://www.picisoc.org/board-business/2012-board-members/] Executive Board (2013-2014) is composed of:

*[[Maureen Hilyard]] ([[chairperson]]), Rarotonga, Cook Islands
*[[Ellen Strickland]] ([[vice-chairperson]]), Auckland, New Zealand
*[[Emani Fakaotimanava-Lui]] ([[secretary, Website]]), Alofi, Niue
*[[Louise Nasak]] ([[treasurer]]), Port Vila, Vanuatu
*David Leeming (membership director), Honiara, Solomon Islands
*[[‘Etuate Cocker]] (Website, SIG relations), Auckland, New Zealand
*[[Andrew Molivurae]] (board member), Port Vila, Vanuatu

== Board members 2012 ==
The [http://www.picisoc.org/board-business/2012-board-members/ current] Executive Board (2011-2012) is composed of:

*[[Maureen Hilyard]] ([[chairperson]]), Rarotonga, Cook Islands
*[[Andrew Molivurae]] ([[vice-chairperson]]), Port Vila, Vanuatu
*[[Ellen Strickland]] ([[secretary]]), Auckland, New Zealand
*[[ Siaosi Sovaleni]] ([[treasurer]]), Tonga
*David Leeming (membership director), Honiara, Solomon Islands
*[[Will Tibben]] (Website & Apralo Rep), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
*[[Andrew Berquist]] (co-website manager), Pago Pago, American Samoa

== Annual conference ==
PICISOC organises a meeting called [[PacINET]] which serves as its annual conference and [[Annual General Meeting|AGM]].

PacINET is a regional conference for practitioners, developers, researchers and those interested in ICT from all sectors to exchange information on the system design, enabling technologies, and anecdotal experiences related to the use of ICT in the Pacific Islands. It has evolved to become the Pacific's largest annual ICT conference.

== Countries and territories covered ==
The chapter covers the following countries and territories:
[[American Samoa]] - [[Cook Islands]] - [[Federated States of Micronesia]] - [[Fiji]] - [[French Polynesia]] - [[Guam]] - [[Kiribati]] - [[Marshall Islands]] - [[Nauru]] - [[New Caledonia]] - [[Niue]] - [[Northern Marianas]] - [[Palau]] - [[Papua New Guinea]] - [[Pitcairn]] - [[Samoa]] - [[Tokelau]] - [[Tonga]] - [[Tuvalu]] - [[Vanuatu]] - [[Wallis and Futuna]]

==External links==
* [http://www.picisoc.org PICISOC]
* [http://www.ipv6forumpacific.org IPv6 Forum Pacific Islands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312214750/http://www.pacificit.org/ pacificIT.org (Pacific Internet Technology Centre)]

[[Category:Internet governance organizations]]

Island reversal

2022-10-06T04:36:02Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

[[Image:The island reversal new.jpg|thumb|500px|The Island Reversals]]
In both [[stock trading]] and [[finance|financial]] [[technical analysis]], an '''island reversal''' is a [[candlestick pattern]] with compact trading activity within a range of prices, separated from the move preceding it. A "candlestick pattern" is a movement in prices shown graphically on a [[candlestick chart]]. This separation shown on the chart, is said to be caused by an [[Gaps (Technical analysis)|exhaustion gap]] and the subsequent move in the opposite direction occurs as a result of a [[Gaps (Technical analysis)|breakaway gap]].{{cn|date=February 2014}}

== Formation ==
Close scrutiny of island reversal formations shows that the island reversal consists of an [[Gaps (Technical analysis)|exhaustion gap]] and the subsequent move is followed by a [[Gaps (Technical analysis)|breakaway gap]]. Uncommonly, the breakaway gap that completes the island is filled in a few days by a pull back as a result of the reaction. The island reversal can occur also, inversely, at the peak or the reverse of [[Head and shoulders (technical analysis)|head and shoulders formations]].reseversals

For example, assume that the price in a rising trend closes at its high of $84.00 and opens at $86.00 the following day and then does not fall below its opening. At the end of the day, it moves up further and touches $88.00, but closes at $87.60. Observation thus shows a gap of $2.00 which is not filled. On the following day, the market price opened at $87.40, touched a high of $88.90, and closed at $87.00. A few days later, or the very next day, the market price opens at $84.00 and closes at $82.90, keeping itself below the area of $86.00 and $84.00. All the trading above $86.00 will appear on the technical analysis chart to be isolated and is known as an "island reversal."

An example of a bearish island reversal pattern was identified by Kenneth Gruneisen and published via CANSLIM.net when ITT Educational Services (ESI) topped in January 2009. ESI fell from $120 to $12 in the 4 years that followed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085631/http://premium.canslim.net/CSNNews/templates/OPENARCHIVES.aspx?a=16266 CANSLIM.net]</ref>

== Characteristics ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2011}}
* The occurrence of an island reversal is rather rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
* It consists of a minor move.
* It is not, in itself, of major significance.
* It can occur at the top as well as at the bottom.
* The [[Gaps (Technical analysis)|gaps]] at either end occur at almost the same [[price level]].
* It has compact trading activity that is separated from the subsequent move, which is in the opposite direction.
* It is an extremely good indicator of a reversal of a primary or intermediate [[Market trends|trend]].
* As soon as it appears, it indicates that an extreme change in [[Market sentiment|sentiment]] has occurred.
* High volume is expected in that compact trading area.
* The trading activity may last for only a single day or a couple of days. When this arrangement occurs for only a single day, it is known as "one-day reversal".

==References==
<references/>

{{technical analysis}}

[[Category:Chart patterns]]

David Gere

2022-10-06T04:32:58Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Film producer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Story|date=February 2014}}
{{Advert|date=February 2014}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}

}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Gere
| birth_name = David James Gere
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[Cromwell, Connecticut]]
| nationality = American
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|actor|artist|business entrepreneur}}
| father = James Gere
}}

'''David Gere''' (born February 15, 1975) is an American film producer, actor, artist and business [[entrepreneur]].


== Biography ==
David Gere was born and raised in [[Cromwell, Connecticut]], and attended [[Cromwell High School]]. He later attended [[Providence College]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] on an academic and track [[scholarship]]. He is considered to be a [[notable]] [[alum]] of both schools. Gere was signed to a [[Model (person)|modelling]] [[contract]] in NYC before he began acting. During that time, he was featured in a European print campaign for [[Guess (clothing)|Guess]]. He soon transitioned into acting.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1020877/ |title=David Gere |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Acting-with-the-stars-11929954.php |title=Acting with the stars |first1=Jennifer Shafer |last1=Wood |first2=Special to |last2=Weekend |date=December 31, 2008 |website=The Middletown Press}}</ref>

In business, David later got heavily involved with commercial real estate and development in Connecticut. He created several small business ventures, before heading back into the entertainment industry as a film producer and actor. Gere also owns several bars, nightclubs, and restaurants that have been used for filming locations, celebrity appearances, and charitable events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Film-crew-to-shoot-movie-scenes-at-the-Shadow-11863011.php |title=Film crew to shoot movie scenes at the Shadow Room in Middletown Sunday |date=January 14, 2011 |website=The Middletown Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://courantblogs.com/java/gere-mears-short-hernandez-hgtv-all-ct-news/ |title=Gere, Mears, Short, Hernandez, HGTV…All CT News | Java |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302005521/http://courantblogs.com/java/gere-mears-short-hernandez-hgtv-all-ct-news/ |archive-date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sequences from the successful horror anthology, Chilling Visions: 5 Senses of Fear, were shot at David’s lounge, The Shadow Room, in Middletown, CT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/connecticut/middletown-ct/report-shadow-room-closing-its-doors-tonight |title=The Shadow Room Shuttering its Doors |date=February 7, 2013 |website=Middletown, CT Patch}}</ref>

Gere was awarded “Top 40 Under 40” by CT Magazine in January 2014, a list of young entrepreneurs and successful business persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/connecticut/middletown-ct/david-gere-connecticut-magazine-40-under-40 |title=For Filmmaker, Connecticut River Valley's Stars are Brighter Than Tinseltown's |date=January 28, 2014 |website=Middletown, CT Patch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Connecticut-Magazine/February-2014/40-Under-40/index.php?cparticle=2&siarticle=1 | title=Connecticut Magazine }}</ref> Gere is known for casting professional wrestlers in his films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww5.thecutmag.com/ |title=thecutmag.com |website=ww5.thecutmag.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopwired.com/73676/dmc-reignites-acting-career-in-hard-luck-gangster-flick/ |title=DMC Reignites Acting Career In "Hard Luck" Gangster Flick |date=January 12, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesource.com/2011/01/12/dmctostarinfilmalongsidediamonddallaspage/ |title=DMC to Star in Film Alongside Diamond Dallas Page | the Source |access-date=August 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822015244/http://thesource.com/2011/01/12/dmctostarinfilmalongsidediamonddallaspage/ |archive-date=August 22, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This relationship led to legendary professional wrestler [[Tommy Dreamer]] suggesting that Gere get involved with sports entertainment. At Tommy Dreamer's [[House of Hardcore]] 3, Gere debuted as his pro wrestling [[heel]] manager persona of [[DG HAVEN]]. He is currently active in both the House of Hardcore and the Revival Pro Wrestling promotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://totallydriventv.com/?p=15495 |title=Movie Producer turned Wrestling Manager, DG Haven has arrived. | Totally Driven Entertainment |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085619/http://totallydriventv.com/?p=15495 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gere is best known for his role as Frank Meltzer on the CW Network’s hit show ''[[Gossip Girl]]''. David has also appeared in many television shows and movies, including ''[[Ugly Betty]]'', ''[[Rocky Balboa]]'', Remains, ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', ''Infected'', ''Self Storage'', ''Army of the Damned,'' and ''A Bet's A Bet''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courant.com/entertainment/hc-xpm-2012-07-23-hc-connecticut-actor-david-gere-has-cameo-in-dark-knight-rises-20120723-story.html |title=Connecticut Actor David Gere Has Cameo In 'Dark Knight Rises' |first=Hartford |last=Courant |website=courant.com}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> In 2014, Gere co-starred in the thriller, ''[[Buddy Hutchins]]'' with [[Jamie Kennedy]], [[Sally Kirkland]], and Sara Malakul Lane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/73910/first-details-buddy-hutchins-starring-jamie-kennedy-exclusive-behind-scenes-still#axzz2uPjJ9SgC |title=First Details on Buddy Hutchins Starring Jamie Kennedy; Exclusive Behind-the-Scenes Still - Dread Central |website=www.dreadcentral.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301125410/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/73910/first-details-buddy-hutchins-starring-jamie-kennedy-exclusive-behind-scenes-still |archive-date=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://horrornews.net/81484/buddy-hutchins/|title = Buddy Hutchins Filming Now – New Thriller from Youngest Producer in History|date = February 4, 2014}}</ref> The story of the film was highlighted in an ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' piece that aired on February 22, 2014, as the film was produced by the youngest movie producer in history, [[Richard Switzer]], who is Gere's producing partner at Switzer Entertainment Group, LLC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.switzerent.com |title=SWITZER ENTERTAINMENT GROUP: Home: Welcome to SEG |access-date=April 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305055834/http://www.switzerent.com/ |archive-date=March 5, 2014}}</ref> In the summer of 2014, David was cast as Tyler Lavey in the teen sex caper, ''[[School's Out (2015 film)|School's Out]]''. The character was loosely based on Gere's real life, as he portrayed a nightclub owner who mentors two high school misfits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://horrornews.net/86265/interview-richard-switzer-schools/|title = Interview: Richard Switzer (School's Out)|date = July 10, 2014}}</ref> Gere is a producing partner at the Woodhaven Production company, which has had a run of successful films, including Inkubus, Infected, Self Storage, and Army of the Damned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodhavenfilms.com/ |title=Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works |access-date=November 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807132021/http://www.woodhavenfilms.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> David has produced various feature films including Sensory Perception, Self Storage, Chilling Visions: The 5 Senses Of Fear, Army Of The Damned, A Bet's A Bet, The Devil's Dozen, and Almost Mercy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/56417/producer-chad-verdi-attaches-eric-roberts-upcoming-film-self-storage#axzz2uPjJ9SgC |title=Producer Chad A. Verdi Attaches Eric Roberts to Upcoming Film Self Storage - Dread Central |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-date=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302092127/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/56417/producer-chad-verdi-attaches-eric-roberts-upcoming-film-self-storage#axzz2uPjJ9SgC |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/64232/filmmaker-chad-verdi-taps-tom-denucci-direct-army-damned-filming-begins-april#axzz2uPjJ9SgC |title=Filmmaker Chad A. Verdi Taps Tom DeNucci to Direct Army of the Damned, Filming Begins in April - Dread Central |website=www.dreadcentral.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302060202/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/64232/filmmaker-chad-verdi-taps-tom-denucci-direct-army-damned-filming-begins-april |archive-date=2014-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investorideas.com/CO/WHP/news/2013/06041.asp |title=Investorideas.com – Breaking Movie News: RI Filmmakers Chad A. Verdi and Gino Pereira tap A-list actress Mena Suvari (American Beauty, American Pie) for their next feature film, A Bet's A Bet |website=www.investorideas.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2013/11/03/news/local/762132.txt |title=Brass City movie wraps Republican American |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116000755/http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2013/11/03/news/local/762132.txt |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courant.com/entertainment/hc-xpm-2013-10-30-hc-movie-shoot-in-connecticut-20131030-story.html |title=Corbin Bernsen, John Savage Among Stars Filming 'Sensory Perception' In CT |first=SUSAN |last=DUNNE |website=courant.com}}</ref><ref>http://media.middletownpress.com/2013/01/02/2012-middletown-press-year-in-photos/#34</ref><ref>http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/74294/woodhaven-announces-new-project-almost-mercy-bill-moseley-and-kane-hodder-star#axzz2v4IJicki {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Gere formed a unique relationship with the infamous former mobster, [[Henry Hill]] after Hill appeared twice at The Shadow Room.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Former-mobster-Henry-Hill-visits-The-Shadow-Room-11878332.php |title=Former mobster Henry Hill visits The Shadow Room for event (video) |first=Claire |last=Michalewicz |date=August 20, 2011 |website=The Middletown Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://berlin.ctcitizens.com/story/saga-henry-hill-gangsters-old-habits-die-hard |title=Saga of Henry Hill: A gangster's old habits die hard | Berlin Citizen |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302075022/http://berlin.ctcitizens.com/story/saga-henry-hill-gangsters-old-habits-die-hard |archive-date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> David became close to Hill, and they were developing a project together in which David was to portray Henry. Hill was famously portrayed by [[Ray Liotta]] in the award-winning [[box office]] hit, [[Goodfellas]] which was directed by [[Martin Scorsese]]. Hill died unexpectedly just days after a meeting with Gere. The future of the film is unknown at this time, but Gere has indicated that he has been in contact with Hill's girlfriend, Lisa Caserta, to revive the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courant.com/entertainment/hc-xpm-2012-06-18-hc-henry-hill-middletown-0619-20120618-story.html |title=Former Gangster Henry Hill Inspired Movie Shoot In Middletown |first=SUSAN |last=DUNNE |website=courant.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/connecticut/middletown-ct/henry-hills |title=Locals Recall Goodfellas' Henry Hill's Visit to City's Old Mob Hangout |date=June 18, 2012 |website=Middletown, CT Patch}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm1020877}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gere, David}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cromwell, Connecticut]]

Spearmint

2022-10-06T04:28:53Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{about}}
{{short description|Species of mint}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Spearmint
|image = Minze.jpg
|image_caption =
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Lansdown, R.V. | title = ''Mentha spicata'' | page = e.T164464A42395980 | year = 2014 | access-date = 21 May 2022}}</ref>
|genus = Mentha
|species = spicata
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO_451162-1/><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7464 |title=''Mentha'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-09-10 |access-date=2010-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506224217/https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7464 |archive-date=2009-05-06 }}</ref>
|synonyms=
(of ''M. spicata'' subsp. ''condensata'')<ref name=POWO_924345-1>{{cite web |title=''Mentha spicata ''subsp.'' condensata'' (Briq.) Greuter & Burdet |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:924345-1 |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708203617/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:924345-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Species list
|Mentha chalepensis|Mill.
|Mentha microphylla|K.Koch
|Mentha sieberi|K.Koch
|Mentha sofiana|Trautm.
|Mentha spicata subsp. tomentosa|Harley
|Mentha stenostachya|(Boiss.) Nevski
|Mentha subsessilis|Borbás
|Mentha tomentosa|d'Urv.
}}
(of ''M. spicata'' subsp. ''spicata'')<ref name=POWO_77171344-1>{{cite web |title=''Mentha spicata ''subsp.'' spicata'' |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77171344-1 |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708203626/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77171344-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Species list
|Mentha aquatica var. crispa|(L.) Benth.
|Mentha aquatica subsp. crispa|(L.) G.Mey.
|Mentha atrata|Schur
|Mentha balsamea|Rchb.
|Mentha brevispicata|Lehm.
|Mentha crispa|L.
|Mentha crispata|Schrad. ex Willd.
|Mentha glabra|Mill.
|Mentha hortensis|Opiz ex Fresen.
|Mentha inarimensis|Guss.
|Mentha integerrima|Mattei & Lojac.
|Mentha laciniosa|Schur
|Mentha laevigata|Willd.
|Mentha lejeuneana|Opiz
|Mentha lejeunei|Opiz ex Rchb.
|Mentha michelii|Ten. ex Rchb.
|Mentha ocymiodora|Opiz
|Mentha pectinata|Raf.
|Mentha piperella|(Lej.) Opiz ex Lej. & Courtois
|Mentha × piperita var. crispa|(L.) W.D.J.Koch
|Mentha pudina|Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.
|Mentha romana|Bubani
|Mentha romana|Garsault
|Mentha rosanii|Ten.
|Mentha rubicunda var. langiana|Topitz
|Mentha sepincola|Holuby
|Mentha spicata var. cordato-ovata|Schinz & Thell.
|Mentha spicata var. crispa|Ridd.
|Mentha spicata var. crispata|(Schrad. ex Willd.) Schinz & Thell.
|Mentha spicata subsp. glabrata|(Lej. & Courtois) Lebeau
|Mentha spicata var. oblongifolia|(Wimm. & Grab.) Lebeau
|Mentha spicata var. piperella|(Lej. & Courtois) Schinz & Thell.
|Mentha spicata var. undulata|(Willd.) Lebeau
|Mentha spicata var. viridis|L.
|Mentha sylvestris var. crispata|W.D.J.Koch
|Mentha sylvestris var. glabra|W.D.J.Koch
|Mentha sylvestris var. undulata|(Willd.) W.D.J.Koch
|Mentha tauschii|Heinr.Braun
|Mentha tenuiflora|Opiz
|Mentha tenuis|Michx.
|Mentha undulata|Willd.
|Mentha viridifolia|Pérard
|Mentha viridis|(L.) L.
|Mentha viridis var. angustifolia|Lej. ex Rchb.
|Mentha viridis var. crispa|Benth.
|Mentha viridis var. crispata|(Schrad. ex Willd.) Becker
|Mentha walteriana|Opiz
}}
}}

'''Spearmint''', also known as '''garden mint''', '''common mint''', '''lamb mint''' and '''mackerel mint''',<ref name="Seidemann2005">{{cite book|last=Seidemann|first=Johannes|title=World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhN0VK2608QC&pg=PA229|year=2005|publisher=Springer |location=New York|isbn=978-3-540-22279-8|page=229}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Mentha spicata'', spearmint|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/11055/i-Mentha-spicata-i/Details|website=RHS Gardening|publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]|access-date=2017-06-19|archive-date=2017-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193134/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/11055/i-Mentha-spicata-i/Details|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[Mentha|mint]], '''''Mentha spicata''''', native to Europe and southern temperate Asia, extending from France in the west to southern China in the east. It is naturalized in many other temperate parts of the world, including northern and southern Africa, North America, and South America.<ref name=j>{{cite web|url=https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=125402|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|work=kew.org|access-date=2022-02-21|archive-date=2015-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220144716/http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=125402|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=w>{{cite web |url=https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019821 |title=Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 238 留兰香 liu lan xiang ''Mentha spicata'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 576. 1753 |publisher=Efloras.org |access-date=2018-08-16 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005004544/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019821 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is used as a flavouring in food and [[Herbal tea|herbal teas]]. The [[aromatic oil]], called ''oil of spearmint'', is also used as a flavoring and sometimes as a scent.

The species and its subspecies have many [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]], including ''Mentha crispa'', ''Mentha crispata,'' and ''Mentha viridis''.

==Description==
[[File:Spearmint in Bangladesh 03.jpg|thumb|Spearmint in Bangladesh]]
Spearmint is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]]. It is {{cvt|30|–|100|cm|in}} tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground [[rhizome]] from which it grows. The [[leaves]] are {{cvt|5|–|9|cm|in|frac=4}} long and {{cvt|1.5|–|3|cm|in|frac=4}} broad, with a serrated margin. The stem is square-shaped, a defining characteristic of the mint family of [[herbs]]. Spearmint produces [[flower]]s in slender spikes, each flower pink or white in colour, {{cvt|2.5|–|3|mm|in}} long and broad.<ref name=w/><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.{{page needed|date=February 2013}}</ref> Spearmint flowers in the summer (from July to September in the northern hemisphere),<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Vokou|first1=D.|last2=Kokkini|first2=S.|date=1989-04-01|title=''Mentha spicata'' (Lamiaceae) chemotypes growing wild in Greece|journal=Economic Botany|language=en|volume=43|issue=2|pages=192–202|doi=10.1007/BF02859860|s2cid=32109061|issn=1874-9364}}</ref> and has relatively large seeds, which measure {{cvt|0.62|-|0.90|mm}}.<ref name=":02" /> The name <nowiki>''spear''</nowiki> mint derives from the pointed leaf tips.<ref name=turner>[[William Turner (ornithologist)|Turner, W.]] (1568). ''Herbal''. Cited in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.</ref>

''Mentha spicata'' varies considerably in leaf blade dimensions, the prominence of leaf veins, and pubescence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/mentha/spicata/|title=''Mentha spicata'' (spearmint): Go Botany|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org|access-date=2018-12-10|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518072049/https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/mentha/spicata/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Mentha spicata'' was first described scientifically by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=POWO_451162-1/> The epithet ''spicata'' means 'bearing a spike'.<ref name=Stea04p499>{{Cite book |first=W.T. |last=Stearn |year=2004 |title=Botanical Latin |edition=4th (p/b) |location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-7153-1643-6 |publisher=Timber Press}} p. 499.</ref> The species has two accepted subspecies, each of which has acquired a large number of synonyms:<ref name=POWO_451162-1>{{cite web |title=''Mentha spicata'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:451162-1 |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708203528/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:451162-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=POWO_924345-1/><ref name=POWO_77171344-1/>
*''Mentha spicata'' subsp. ''condensata'' (Briq.) Greuter & Burdet – eastern Mediterranean, from [[Italy]] to [[Egypt]]
*''Mentha spicata'' subsp. ''spicata'' – distribution as for the species as a whole

=== Origin and hybrids ===
The plant is a [[allopolyploid]] species (2''n'' = 48),<ref name="Kadereit-2004">{{cite book | editor-last=Kadereit | editor-first=Joachim W. | series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants | title=Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons | publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]] | publication-place=[[Berlin]], [[Heidelberg]] | year=2004 | isbn=978-3-642-62200-7 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2 | page=176 | volume=VII| s2cid=46574312 }}</ref><ref name="Harley-Brighton-1977">{{cite journal | last1=Harley | first1=R. M. | last2=Brighton | first2=C. A. | title=Chromosome numbers in the genus ''Mentha'' L. | journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] | publisher=[[Linnean Society of London]] ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=74 | issue=1 | year=1977 | issn=0024-4074 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01168.x | pages=71–96}}</ref> which could be a result of hybridization and chromosome doubling. ''[[Mentha longifolia]]'' and ''[[Mentha suaveolens]]'' (2''n'' = 24) are likely to be the contributing [[diploid]] species.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Harley|first=R. M.|date=1972|contribution=Mentha|title=Flora Europaea|volume=3}}</ref><ref name=TuckNacz07/>

''Mentha spicata'' hybridizes with other ''Mentha'' species, forming [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] such as:<ref name=TuckNacz07>{{cite book |first1=Arthur O. |last1=Tucker |first2=Robert F. C. |last2=Naczi |year=2007 |chapter=''Mentha'': An Overview of its Classification and Relationships |pages=1–39 |editor1-first=Brian M. |editor1-last=Lawrence |title=Mint: The Genus ''Mentha'' |publisher=CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0-8493-0779-9}}</ref>

* [[Peppermint|''Mentha'' × ''piperita'']] (hybrid with ''[[Mentha aquatica]]''), black peppermint, hairy peppermint
* [[Mentha × gracilis|''Mentha'' × ''gracilis'']] (hybrid with ''[[Mentha arvensis]]''), Scotch spearmint
* [[Mentha × villosa|''Mentha'' × ''villosa'']] (hybrid with ''Mentha suaveolens'')

There are other cultivars:
*''Mentha spicata'' 'strawberry' - with a distinct [[strawberry]] odor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colonialcreekfarm.com/Strawberry-Mint_p_332.html|title=Strawberry Mint|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140329/https://www.colonialcreekfarm.com/Strawberry-Mint_p_332.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://gardeningbrain.com/strawberry-mint-plant/|title = Strawberry Mint Plant: Everything You Need to Know|date = 25 December 2019|access-date = 12 May 2021|archive-date = 12 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140329/https://gardeningbrain.com/strawberry-mint-plant/|url-status = live}}</ref>

==History and domestication==

Mention of spearmint dates back to at least the 1st century AD, with references from naturalist Pliny and mentions in the Bible.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/spearmint|title=Spearmint {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2018-12-10|archive-date=2018-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095601/https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/spearmint|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/mint.html|title=Mint|date=2013-03-02|website=Our Herb Garden|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> Further records show descriptions of mint in ancient mythology.<ref name=":13" /> Findings of early versions of toothpaste using mint in the 14th century suggest widespread domestication by this point.<ref name=":13" /> It was introduced into England by the Romans by the 5th century, and the "Father of British Botany", of the surname Turner, mentions mint as being good for the stomach.<ref name=":13" /> [[John Gerard]]'s ''Herbal'' (1597) states that: "It is good against watering eyes and all manner of break outs on the head and sores. "It is applied with salt to the biting of mad dogs," and that "They lay it on the stinging of [[wasp]]s and bees with good success." He also mentions that "the smell rejoices the heart of man", for which reason they used to strew it in chambers and places of recreation, pleasure, and repose, where feasts and banquets are made."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2|author=Grieve, Maud|year=1971}}</ref>

Spearmint is documented as being an important cash crop in [[Connecticut]] during the period of the [[American Revolution]], at which time mint tea was noted as being a popular drink due to it not being taxed.<ref name=":12" />

== Ecology ==
Spearmint can readily adapt to grow in various types of soil. Spearmint tends to thrive with plenty of organic material in full sun to part shade. The plant is also known to be found in moist habitats such as [[swamp]]s or creeks, where the soil is sand or clay.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Cao |first1=L. |first2=L. |last2=Berent |first3=R. |last3=Sturtevant |title=''Mentha spicata'' L. |work=U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, and NOAA Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System, Ann Arbor, MI |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2671&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DHuron |date=2014-07-01 |access-date=2018-12-04 |archive-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103433/https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2671&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DHuron |url-status=live }}</ref>

Spearmint ideally thrives in soils that are deep, well-drained, moist, rich in nutrients and organic matter, and have a crumbly texture. [[pH|The pH]] range should be between 6.0 and 7.5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/vegetables/commodity-growing-guides/mint-growing|title=Mint growing|date=2007-10-23|website=www.dpi.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05|archive-date=2018-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205105126/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/vegetables/commodity-growing-guides/mint-growing|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Diseases and pests ===

==== Fungal diseases ====
Fungal diseases are common diseases in spearmint. Two main diseases are rust and leaf spot. ''[[Puccinia menthae]]'' is a fungus that causes the disease called "rust". Rust affects the leaves of spearmint by producing pustules inducing the leaves to fall off. Leaf spot is a fungal disease that occurs when ''Alternaria alernata'' is present on the spearmint leaves. The infection looks like circular dark spot on the top side of the leaf. Other fungi that cause disease in spearmint are ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]'', ''[[Verticillium dahliae]]'', ''[[Phoma strasseri]]'', and ''[[Erysiphe cichoracearum|Erysiphe cischoracearum]]''.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Kalra|first2=H. B.|last2=Singh|first3=R.|last3=Pandey|first4=A.|last4=Samad|first5=N. K.|last5=Patra|first6=Sushil|last6=Kumar|date=2005|title=Diseases in Mint: Causal Organisms, Distribution, and Control Measures|journal=Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants|volume=11|issue=1–2|pages=71–91|doi=10.1300/J044v11n01_03|s2cid=84328718}}</ref>

==== Nematode diseases ====
Some [[nematode]] diseases in spearmint include root knot and root lesions. [[Root-knot nematode|Nematode species that cause root knots]] in this plant are various ''Meloidogyne'' species. The other nematode species are ''[[Pratylenchus]]'' which cause root lesions.<ref name=":2" />

==== Viral and phytoplasmal diseases ====
Spearmint can be infected by [[tobacco ringspot virus]]. This virus can lead to stunted plant growth and deformation of the leaves in this plant. In China, spearmint have been seen with mosaic symptoms and deformed leaves. This is an indication that the plant can also be infected by the viruses, [[Cucumber mosaic virus|cucumber mosaic]] and [[Tomato aspermy virus|tomato aspermy]].<ref name=":2" />

==Cultivation and harvest==
{{references|section|date=August 2021}}
Spearmint grows well in nearly all temperate climates. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spearmint |url=https://www.plantgrower.org/spearmint.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.plantgrower.org |language=en}}</ref>Gardeners often grow it in pots or planters due to its invasive, spreading rhizomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/weeds/aggressive-garden-plants.htm |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.gardeningknowhow.com}}</ref>

Spearmint leaves can be used fresh, dried, or frozen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Ways to Preserve Fresh Mint for Later |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/gardening-101-how-to-preserve-fresh-mint-for-later-220864 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Kitchn |language=en}}</ref>The leaves lose their aromatic appeal after the plant flowers. It can be dried by cutting just before, or right (at peak) as the flowers open, about one-half to three-quarters the way down the stalk (leaving smaller shoots room to grow).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-19 |title=Growing Mint Plants |url=https://maplesnmore.com/blog/growing-mint-plants/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Maples N More Nursery |language=en-US}}</ref> Some dispute exists as to what drying method works best; some prefer different materials (such as plastic or cloth) and different lighting conditions (such as darkness or sunlight). The leaves can also be preserved in salt, sugar, sugar syrup, alcohol, or oil.

==Oil uses==
Spearmint is used for its aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint. The most abundant compound in spearmint oil is [[carvone|''R''-(–)-carvone]], which gives spearmint its distinctive smell. Spearmint oil also contains significant amounts of [[limonene]], dihydrocarvone, and [[Cineol|1,8-cineol]].<ref name="Hussain, et al">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/jsfa.4021 |title=Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four ''Mentha'' species |year=2010 |last1=Hussain |first1=Abdullah I. |last2=Anwar |first2=Farooq |last3=Nigam |first3=Poonam S. |last4=Ashraf |first4=Muhammad |last5=Gilani |first5=Anwarul H. |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |pmid=20602517 |pages=1827–1836 |volume=90 |issue=11 |s2cid=22702699 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/350e2e368a5c890f14c69b582e6a9d4212487807 |access-date=2019-12-02 |archive-date=2022-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221152419/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seasonal-variation-in-content%2C-chemical-composition-Hussain-Anwar/350e2e368a5c890f14c69b582e6a9d4212487807 |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint contains minimal amounts of [[menthol]] and [[menthone]]. It is used as a flavouring for [[toothpaste]] and [[confectionery]], and is sometimes added to shampoos and soaps.

=== Traditional medicine ===
Spearmint has been used in [[traditional medicine]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Insecticide and pesticide ===
Spearmint essential oil has had success as a [[larvicide]] against [[mosquito]]es. Using spearmint as a larvicide would be a greener alternative to synthetic insecticides due to their toxicity and negative effect to the environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yogalakshmi|first1=K.|last2=Rajeswari|first2=M.|last3=Sivakumar|first3=R.|last4=Govindarajan|first4=M.|date=2012-05-01|title=Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from ''Mentha spicata'' (Linn.) against three mosquito species|journal=Parasitology Research|language=en|volume=110|issue=5|pages=2023–2032|doi=10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7|pmid=22139403|s2cid=12022813|issn=1432-1955}}</ref>

Used as a [[fumigant]], spearmint essential oil is an effective [[insecticide]] against adult [[moth]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eliopoulos |first1=P. A. |last2=Hassiotis |first2=C. N. |last3=Andreadis |first3=S. S. |last4=Porichi |first4=A. E. |year=2015|title=Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from basil and spearmint against two major Pyralid pests of stored products|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|volume=108|issue=2|pages=805–810|doi=10.1093/jee/tov029|pmid=26470193|s2cid=36828154 }}</ref>

== Antimicrobial research==
Spearmint has been used for its supposed [[antimicrobial]] activity, which may be related to [[carvone]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Hussain|first1=Abdullah I.|last2=Anwar|first2=Farooq|last3=Shahid|first3=Muhammad|last4=Ashraf|first4=Muhammad|date=September 2008|title=Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil of Spearmint (''Mentha spicata'' L.) From Pakistan|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=78–84|doi=10.1080/10412905.2010.9700269|s2cid=94606965|issn=1041-2905}}</ref> Its in vitro antibacterial activity has been compared to that of [[amoxicillin]], [[penicillin]], and [[streptomycin]].<ref name=":8" /> Spearmint oil is found to have higher activity against [[gram-positive bacteria]] compared to [[gram-negative bacteria]] in vitro,<ref name=":8" /> which may be due to differing sensitivities to oils.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gullace|first=M.|date=2007-01-01|title=Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from ''Mentha longifolia'' L. ssp. ''longifolia''|journal=Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|pages=1449–1456|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.061|issn=0308-8146}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sivropoulou|first1=Afroditi|last2=Kokkini|first2=Stella|last3=Lanaras|first3=Thomas|last4=Arsenakis|first4=Minas|date=1995-09-01|title=Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=43|issue=9|pages=2384–2388|doi=10.1021/jf00057a013|issn=0021-8561}}</ref>

==Beverages==
Spearmint leaves are infused in water to make [[spearmint tea]]. Spearmint is an ingredient of [[Maghrebi mint tea]]. Grown in the mountainous regions of Morocco, this variety of mint possesses a clear, pungent, but mild aroma.<ref name="Richardson2014">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Lisa Boalt|title=Modern Tea: A Fresh Look at an Ancient Beverage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|year=2014|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1-4521-3021-7|page=104|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011170954/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> Spearmint is an ingredient in several mixed drinks, such as the [[mojito]] and [[mint julep]]. [[Sweet tea]], iced and flavoured with spearmint, is a summer tradition in the [[Southern United States]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:mentha spicata 02.jpg|Plant in flower
Image:Flowers of the spearmint.JPG|Flowers
Image:Spearmint flower.jpg|White flowering whorls of a spearmint plant.
Image:Mentha spicata 01.jpg

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|Mentha spicata}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Mentha spicata}}

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q160114}}

[[Category:Mentha|spicata]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]

Adjustable Ranging Telescope

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Itskaaal: Grammer Error

{{Tone|date=March 2022}}
Developed and patented by [[James M. Leatherwood]], the '''Adjustable Ranging Telescope''' ('''ART''') system combines a range-finding scale inside of a [[telescopic sight]] (scope) with an adjustable [[cam]] integrated into the scope's mount that raises or lowers the rear of the sight to compensate for the ballistic rise or fall of the projectile. The cam is preset for a specific cartridge; i.e., the [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm NATO]] round. Due to the fact that the range cam is locked to the magnification ring, the range is automatically set and the ballistic fall of the shot is accounted for. This then allows the shooter to place the optic's aiming point directly on the target.

During the [[Vietnam War]], [[Lieutenant]] Leatherwood, who already had the patents for his ART system, entered the Army and began working with U.S. Army Ordnance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goordnance.apg.army.mil/Default.htm |title=Welcome to the United States Army Ordnance Corps |accessdate=2004-07-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626084731/http://www.goordnance.apg.army.mil/default.htm |archivedate=2004-06-26 }}</ref> specialists. The combination of the Leatherwood Adjustable Ranging Telescope (ART) with [[M14 rifle|M14]] National Match rifles would go on to create the [[M21 Sniper Weapon System|M21]] Sniper Rifle.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Firearm sights]]
{{firearm-stub}}
{{optics-stub}}

User:Itskaaal

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its

Gloria Romero (actress)

2022-10-05T10:03:56Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Filipino actress}}
{{multiple issues|
{{MOS|date=June 2022}}
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{{Infobox person
| image = Gloria_Romero_Portrait.jpg
| caption = Romero in YES! 100 Most Beautiful Stars 2016
| name = Gloria Romero
| birth_name = Gloria Anne Borrego Galla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|12|16}}
| birth_place = [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1952–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Juancho Gutiérrez|1960|2005|reason=his death}}
| children = Maritess Gutierrez
}}
'''Gloria Anne Borrego Galla''' (born December 16, 1933), known professionally as '''Gloria Romero''' ({{IPA-tl|ˈɡloɾja ɾɔˈmɛɾɔ|lang}}), is a multi-awarded Filipino actress, regarded as the “''Queen of Philippine Movies''”,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santiago |first=Lhar |date=2019-01-18 |title=The enduring movie queen that is Gloria Romero |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/01/18/lifestyle-entertainment/show-times/the-enduring-movie-queen-that-is-gloria-romero/498057 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Manila Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 6, 2020|title=2004 Natatanging Gawad Urian|url=https://manunuripelikula.com/2004-natatanging-gawad-urian/|access-date=July 16, 2022|website=Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (MPP)|language=en-US}}</ref> her career spans over 70 years, and starred in more than 200 films and television programs. Some of her award-winning performances in films are, ''[[Tanging Yaman]]'' (FAMAS Best Actress 2001), ''[[Nagbabagang Luha]]'' (FAMAS Best Supporting Actress 1989) and ''[[Dalagang Ilocana]]'' (FAMAS Best Actress 1955).

Dubbed as the “''First Lady of Philippine Cinema''”,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |title=As Glorious as Ever |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2019/01/13/1884510/glorious-ever |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> Romero is a recipient of 6 [[FAMAS Award|FAMAS Awards]], including the prestigious [[FAMAS Award|Huwarang Bituin of FAMAS Award]], 3 [[Gawad Urian Award|Gawad Urian Awards]] and 3 [[Luna Award|FAP Awards]]. In 2019, she won 2 Best Actress Awards for her performance on the acclaimed film “[[Rainbow's Sunset]]” at the International Film Festival Manhattan and [[Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Actress|MMFF Awards]]. She is also a recipient of multiple "Lifetime Achievement Awards" across all leading award-giving bodies including: [[Cinemanila International Film Festival]] (2001), [[Luna Award|FAP]] (2002), [[FAMAS Award|FAMAS]] (2004), [[Gawad Urian Award|Gawad Urian]] (2004), [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board|MTRCB]] (2009) and PASADO (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |title=As Glorious as Ever |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2019/01/13/1884510/glorious-ever |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> She is also an inductee at the [[Eastwood City Walk of Fame]] and was honored by The [[Philippine Postal Corporation|Philippine Post Office]] with a commemorative stamp, recognising her status as one of the Outstanding Filipinos Living Legends.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Stamps for legends |url=https://manilastandard.net/gallery/314210393/stamps-for-legends.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Manila Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

She was long associated with her original home studio the now defunct [[Sampaguita Pictures]], and in the 1980’s to 2011 with [[ABS-CBN]], until in 2011 she transferred to [[GMA Network]]. Her last television program before the [[COVID-19]] pandemic is the Sunday drama fantasy anthology series [[Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko]] as the story telling fairy-grandmother Lola Goreng.

==Early life==

[[File: Young_Gloria_Romero.jpg |170px|thumb|Young Gloria Galla]]

Gloria Anne Borrego Galla was born on December 16, 1933, in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]], the second of four siblings. Her father, Pedro Galla, was a Filipino who went to the States for his education until he met Gloria’s mother the Spanish-American Mary Borrego. She had an elder sister named Louise, and two younger brothers Tito and Gilbert. The young Gloria together with her family travelled to the Philippines to visit their grandparents in [[Mabini, Pangasinan]]. The family’s plan of going back to Denver was always postponed, and the supposed vacation was extended. When [[World War II]] was declared, the Galla’s were trapped in the Philippines, their possession was confiscated and burned by the Japanese soldier, the family escaped and hid in the mountain. During the war they were taught how to do farm works. Days before the war ended their mother died, and her father decided that the family will stay in the Philippines for good.

Gloria and her siblings became successful as they grow to adulthood, the eldest Louise became a nurse, her brother Tito Galla (1938–1979), became a popular actor, and the youngest Gilbert is a US based doctor. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/254760/rp-showbiz-aglow-with-tisoy-tisay |title=RP showbiz aglow with 'Tisoy,' 'Tisay' |last=Constantino |first=Ronald |date=2010-04-26 |work=Manila Bulletin|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524001221/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/254760/rp-showbiz-aglow-with-tisoy-tisay |archive-date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=May 12, 2010}}</ref>

==Career in film acting==

[[File: Movie_queen.jpg |170px|thumb|Movie Queen of the 50’s]]

[[File: Gloria_romero_dolphy.jpg |170px|thumb| With Comedy King Dolphy, Romero played the role of Biday, from the film Dalagang Ilokana in 1954 where she won her first FAMAS best actress award.]]

As a young girl from the province, it was her childhood dream of becoming an actress she was a movie fan of movie stars and real-life couple [[Tita Duran]] and [[Pancho Magalona]]. In an interview, she said that she once told her high school teacher that she will be a movie star.

Before becoming a huge star she started as a bit player, her very first movie was an extra in the 1949 movie ''Ang Bahay sa Lumang Gulod'' under Premiere Productions. But it was in [[Sampaguita Pictures]] that she was given a big break. She was introduced by her uncle, Nario Rosales, who was the studio’s Chief Editor. She initially portrayed the daughter of real-life couple [[César Ramírez (actor)|Cesar Ramirez]] and [[Alicia Vergel]], in ''Madame X'' (1952), and producers introduced her with a stage name "Gloria Romero". Romero got her first lead role in ''Monghita'' (1952) opposite Oscar Moreno. Afterward, Romero constantly topbilled box office hit films. She was often paired with [[Luis Gonzales]] in a [[loveteam]]. One of their iconic movies together was a movie that chronicles the lives of Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and First Lady [[Imelda Marcos]] in the movie ''[[Iginuhit ng Tadhana: The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story]]'' in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0371738/|title=Iginuhit ng Tadhana: The Ferdinand e. Marcos Story|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> The film’s cast includes a young [[Bongbong Marcos]] who played himself and [[Vilma Santos-Recto]] who played Marcos’ eldest child [[Imee Marcos]].The film was later followed by Pinagbuklod ng Langit, which was released in 1969.[2]

During the 1950’s the first female onscreen rivalry in Philippine cinema was born, her famous rival was [[LVN Pictures]] movie queen and veteran actress [[Nida Blanca]]. Despite being screen rivals, they became good friend off-screen. Some movies that Romero and Blanca starred together was the blockbuster comedy film of 1984 “Anak ni Waray vs. Anak ni Biday”, this film reunites them with their perennial love teams [[Luis Gonzales]] and [[Néstor de Villa]], the cast also includes [[Maricel Soriano]] and [[Snooky Serna]]. They also played mothers to matinee idol [[Aga Muhlach]] in the 1985 [[Lino Brocka]] classic “Miguelito: Batang Rebelde”.

Romero received her first major acting award in the Filipino Academy of Motion Arts and Sciences ([[FAMAS Awards|FAMAS]]) in 1954 for the film ''[[Dalagang Ilocana]]''. She was the third actress to receive the FAMAS award for this category, and the first actress to win for a comedy role, for a long time she holds this record, until [[Judy Ann Santos]] won in 2006 for the romantic comedy film [[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]. In 2000, she starred in ''[[Tanging Yaman]]'' as the matriarch who is suffering from [[Alzheimer's]] disease, in her role she won the FAMAS best actress in 2001, she was 67 years old at the time and currently holds the record of the oldest FAMAS best actress winner. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abante.com.ph/ala-barretto-ang-peg-away-pamilya-mabentang-pormula-sa-mga-pelikula.htm |title=Ala-Barretto ang peg: Away pamilya mabentang pormula sa mga pelikula |last=Mendoza |first=Ruel |date=2019-11-16 |website=Abante |access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref>

==Personal Life==
===Marriage===
[[File: Gloria_and_Juancho_wedding.jpg |170px|thumb| Gloria Romero and Juancho Gutierrez Wedding in 1960 ]]

On Sept. 24, 1960, Gloria and fellow Sampaguita actor Juancho Gutierrez were married at the Santuario de San Antonio in Forbes Park, Makati. The wedding was scheduled at 5:30 in the morning to avoid a huge crowd, but that didn’t stop their many fans from trooping to the church to witness the event.

Gloria wore an elegant white gown by National Artist for Fashion [[Ramón Valera]]. The entourage included the biggest stars of Sampaguita Pictures, the home studio of the bride and the groom. The bridesmaids were [[Daisy Romualdez]], [[Barbara Perez]], [[Susan Roces]] and [[Amalia Fuentes]]. The wedding was covered by all the major newspapers and magazines and radios, headlined “Wedding of the Year”.

The couple have only one daughter Maritess Gutierrez, who tried acting briefly, and now a chef. Romero have a grandson, named [[Chris Gutierrez]], who like his mother tried acting and joined as a member of [[Star Magic]] Artist.

===Separation===
The couple separated after 12 years of being married, and Gloria did not re-marry again. In 2000, Juancho suffered a diabetic stroke that left him paralysed and reunited him with his wife Gloria, who took care of him until Juancho’s death in 2005.

==Television career==
After a long run as a movie star she also appeared on TV. She was a part of the television sitcom ''[[Palibhasa Lalake]]'' as the drunkard landlady Tita Minerva, and other sitcom such as ''[[Richard Loves Lucy]]'' and ''[[OK Fine, 'To Ang Gusto Nyo!|OK Fine Whatever!]]'' as Lola Barbie. She also appeared in ''[[Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan]]'' as Lola Carmela, ''[[Familia Zaragoza]]'' as Donya Amparo Zaragoza, and ''[[Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas]]'' as Donya Valeria Valencia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/04/26/19/lets-hear-it-for-the-boys-reminiscing-the-years-of-palibhasa-lalake |title=Joey Reyes on making the rule-breaking, water-dousing, riot-of-a-sitcom that was 'Palibhasa Lalake' |last=Reyes |first=Joey Javier |date=2019-04-26 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>

On April 4, 2008, she was cast with [[Eddie Garcia]] in an episode for the drama anthology ''[[Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' and received a nomination for the role. She appeared on the primetime drama series, ''[[May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'', in which she played "Aling Soledad". Romero guested in the shows 30th chapter ("Greed").

===Birthday TV special===
In December 2008, ABS-CBN broadcast a tribute to her 75th birthday in ASAP, with guests including [[Dolphy]], [[Susan Roces]], [[German Moreno]], [[Roderick Paulate]], [[Gina Pareño]], [[Christopher de Leon]], [[Lorna Tolentino]], [[Tirso Cruz III]], [[Ricky Davao]], [[Cherry Pie Picache]] and among others.

===Transfer to GMA Network===
On February 11, 2011, Romero transferred to GMA Network after being with ABS-CBN for more than 20 years. She starred in her first teledrama on GMA titled ''[[Munting Heredera]]'', and on the same year she also joined the cast of the situational comedy series '''''Andres de Saya''''', the series is a television adaptation of a comic novel by Carlo J. Caparas, it stars [[Cesar Montano]] and [[Iza Calzado]].

[[File: Gloria_Romero_2022.jpg |170px|thumb|Romero made the introduction for the 5th Anniversary of Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko in July 2022]]

She continued working with GMA until the pandemic started in 2020, her last show was the Sunday fantasy anthology [[Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko]], where she played Lola Goreng a fairy grandmother narrating different stories to her grandchildren. In July 2022 the show celebrated its fifth year anniversary, despite in hiatus, Romero was persuaded to have a special appearance in its month-long special.

==Honors and Recognitions==
[[File: Star_at_eastwood_walk_of_fame.jpg |170px|thumb| Romero’s star at Eastwood City Walk of Fame]]

Romero alongside with other pillars of Philippine Cinema, was one of the first inductees on [[Eastwood City Walk of Fame]] in 2005. In the same year she was one of the 31 women awarded with PAMA-AS Gintong Bai Award at [[Malacañan Palace]], by President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].

She was featured three times in [[Yes! (Philippine magazine)|Yes! magazines]] 100 Most Beautiful Stars in the categories: "Staying Power" (2007), "The Venerable" (2009) and the “Icon” (2016).

In 2009, she became the first recipient of the lifetime achievement award from the MTRCB (Movies and Television Review and Classification Board) Award.

She was honored as a "Gawad Parangal sa mga Ginintuang Bituin ng Pelikulang Pilipino" at La Consolacion College, Manila on March 15, 2010, in celebration of National Women's Month. The following year, Romero was awarded and named as one of the 13 "Movie Icons of Our Time" at the 8th Golden Screen Awards.[[File: Iconic_Queens.jpg |180px|thumb| Romero honored as one the Iconic Movie Queens in 2015]]

In the 57th FAMAS Award (2007), she was given the [[Huwarang Bituin ng FAMAS Award]] (FAMAS' Model Movie Star), for her durability as a movie personality and only three actors have been given this award, [[Dolphy]](2003) and Susan Roces (2004). During the 63rd FAMAS Award (2015), she was honored as one of the Iconic Movie Queens of Philippine Cinema alongside Susan Roces, [[Nora Aunor]], [[Maricel Soriano]], [[Dawn Zulueta]] and [[Sarah Geronimo]]

In 2019 at 35th PMPC Star Awards For Movies celebrated Philippine Cinemas 100 Years, Romero was among the luminaries who were honored as “Natatanging Bituin ng Siglo”.

[[File: FDCP_gabay_ng_industriya.jpg |200px|thumb| Honored by the FDCP in 2021]]

The Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) honored Romero during 5th Film Ambassadors Night (2021) with the “Ilaw ng Industriya Award”, serving as a “veritable matriarch” to the film industry and an inspiration to generations of film actors, a rare honor usually reserved for matriarchs of Philippine movies. In 2022, the Metropolitan Theater, in cooperation with FDCP, offers “Mga Hiyas ng Sineng Filipino”, a program that aims to bring back to the big screen some of the most important restored films of Philippine Cinema including the 1954 classic comedy “Dalagang Ilocana”, where Romero won her first FAMAS for best actress.

[[File: Gloria Romero 2022 stamp of the Philippines.jpg |170px|thumb| 2022 Philippine Post Office “Outstanding Filipinos Series : Living Legends"]]

In February 2022 the [[Philippine Postal Corporation|Philippine Post Office]] honored Romero with a commemorative stamp as part of their “Outstanding Filipinos Series : Living Legends". The launch of the said commemorative stamps coincided with the 75th year since the first stamp of the Republic of the Philippines was issued.

==Filmography==
In her more than 70 years in the industry, Romero made more than 200 films and TV shows for different studios and networks, including [[Sampaguita Pictures]], [[LVN Pictures|LVN]], Lea Production, [[Regal Films]], [[GMA Films]], and [[Star Cinema]] as well as [[Independent films]].

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2017 || ''Paskong Kapuso: The GMA Christmas Special'' || Herself || rowspan="18"|[[GMA Network]]
|-
| ''[[Kambal, Karibal]]'' || Anicia Enriquez
|-
| ''[[Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko]]'' ||Gloria "Lola Goreng" Espino<ref name="Gloria at 83">{{Cite news |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/224609/gloria-romero-keeps-shape-83#ixzz65UQ70Ftc |title=How Gloria Romero keeps herself in shape at 83 |last=Policarpio |first=Allan |date=2017-05-06 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meant to Be (TV series)|Meant To Be]]'' || Madonna 'Lola Madj' Sta. Maria<ref name="Gloria at 83" />
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Juan Happy Love Story]]'' || Imelda 'Mameng' Valencia-Dela Costa
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Kalyeserye]]'' || Doña Paquita Beveliana Zobeyala / Tiya Bebeng
|-
| ''[[The Rich Man's Daughter]]'' || Cecilia "Ama" Tanchingco
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[The Half Sisters]]'' || Elizabeth McBride
|-
| ''[[Niño (TV series)|Niño]]'' || Lola "V" Violeta
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2013 || ''[[Akin Pa Rin ang Bukas]]'' || Doña Cristina Alperos
|-
| ''[[Sarap Diva]]'' || Herself
|-
| ''[[One Day Isang Araw]]'' || Grandma Gracia
|-
| ''[[Forever (Philippine TV series)|Forever]]'' || Doña Adora Del Prado
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Cielo de Angelina]]'' || Sor Margaret
|-
| ''[[Makapiling Kang Muli]]'' || Señora Soledad Vda. de Silvestre-Caballero
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2011 || ''[[Spooky Nights|Spooky Nights: Singil]]'' || Linda Rodriguez
|-
| ''[[Andres de Saya]]'' || Coring "Mama Coring" Golpe de Oro
|-
| ''[[Munting Heredera]]'' || Doña Anastacia "Ana" Montereal-Lobregat
|-
| ''[[100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Lola Pilar Salviejo || rowspan="16"| [[ABS-CBN]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''[[Kokey @ Ako]]'' || Barbara "Madam Barbra" Reyes
|-
| ''[[Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo]]'' || Barbara De Jesus
|-
| ''[[Your Song (TV series)|Your Song Presents: My Last Romance]]'' || Rose Suarez
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Aling Soledad
|-
| ''[[Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents:]] [[Nasaan Ka Maruja?]]'' || Lola Rosing Rivera
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[I Love Betty La Fea]]'' || Doray
|-
| ''[[Palos (TV series)|Palos]]'' || Alfonsina Riviera
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Lastikman (TV series)|Lastikman]]'' || Amon Labao
|-
| ''[[Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents:]] [[Pedro Penduko at ang mga Engkantao]]'' || rowspan="2"| Lola Maria Penduko
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2006 || ''[[Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents:]] [[Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]]''
|-
| ''[[Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents: Momay]]'' || Ana
|-
| ''[[Star Magic Presents|Star Magic Presents: Tender Loving Care]]'' || Lola Coring
|-
| [[Crazy for You (TV series)|Crazy for You]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mga Anghel na Walang Langit]]'' || Elena
|-
| ''[[OK Fine, 'To Ang Gusto Nyo!|Ok Fine, Oh Yes!]]'' || Lola Barbie
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Maynila (TV series)|Maynila]]'' || || [[GMA Network]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[OK Fine, 'To Ang Gusto Nyo!]]'' || Lola Barbie || rowspan="7"| [[ABS-CBN]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas]]'' || Doña Valeria Valencia
|-
| 2002 || ''[[OK Fine, 'To Ang Gusto Nyo!|Ok Fine Whatever]]'' || Lola Barbie
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan]]'' || Carmela Estocapio
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Labs Ko Si Babe]]'' || Aurora Mabuenas
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Familia Zaragoza]]'' || Doña Amparo Zaragoza
|-
| 1987–1998 || ''[[Palibhasa Lalake]]'' || Minerva Chavez
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Mansyon]]'' || || [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC]]
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Movies
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Film Company
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Rainbow's Sunset]]'' || Sylvia Estrella || [[Heaven's Best Entertainment]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ang Panday (2017 film)|Ang Panday]]'' || Rosa Batungbakal || [[Star Cinema]]/[[CCM Productions]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Alfredo S. Lim (The Untold Story)]]'' || Lola Flora || [[CM Films]]/[[Viva Films]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Just One Summer]]'' || Lola Meding Reyes || [[GMA Films]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Petrang Kabayo]]'' || Lola Idang || [[Viva Films]]
|-
| ''Tarima'' || Lola Imang || [[Independent film|Indie Film]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2009 || ''[[Nobody, Nobody But... Juan]]'' || Aida || [[Viva Films]]
|-
| ''Tarot'' || Lola Auring || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''Kamoteng Kahoy'' || Lola Idang || [[APT Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Fuchsia (Film)|Fuchsia]]'' || Mameng || [[Independent film|Indie Films]]
|-
| 2008 || ''Paupahan'' || Gloria || ATD Entertainment
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Bahay Kubo: A Pinoy Mano Po!]]'' || Lola Ida || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''M.O.N.A.Y (Misteyks obda neyson address Yata) ni Mr. Shooli'' || – || [[Independent film|Indie Films]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Moments of Love]]'' || Rosa Santos/Old Divina || [[GMA Films]]
|-
| ''Tulay'' || || [[Unitel Pictures]]
|-
| ''I Wanna Be Happy'' || || [[Seiko Films]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''Bahay ni Lola 2'' || Amelia Go || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''[[Let the Love Begin (film)|Let the Love Begin]]'' || Lola || [[GMA Films]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''Beautiful Life'' || Magda || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''[[Annie B.| Annie B.: Bida ng Ukay-ukay, Bongga Siya 'Day!]]'' || Lola Karay || [[VIVA Films]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Magnifico (film)|Magnifico]]'' || Lola Magda || [[Violett Films]]
|-
| ''[[Spirit Warriors: The Shortcut]]'' || Red's grandmother || [[MAQ Productions]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002 || ''Singsing ni Lola'' || Lola || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''I Think I'm In Love'' || Amor || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''Cass & Cary: Who Wants to Be a Billionaire?'' || Donya Gracia Imperial || [[Violett Films]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2001 || ''Bahay Ni Lola'' || Lola || [[Regal Films]]
|-
| ''[[American Adobo]]'' || Gerry's Mom || [[Star Cinema]] & [[Unitel Pictures]]
|-
| ''Bakit 'Di Totohanin'' || Lola Eping || [[Star Cinema]]
|-
| ''Narinig Mo Na Ba ang L8est?'' || Lola Meding || [[Star Cinema]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000 || ''[[Tanging Yaman]]'' || Dolores "Lola Loleng" Rosales || [[Star Cinema]]
|-
| ''Daddy O, Baby O!'' || Brenda || [[Star Cinema]]/[[RVQ Productions]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1999 || ''Dahil May Isang Ikaw'' || ||
|-
| ''Maldita'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1997 || ''Takot Ako sa Darling Ko!'' || Doña Medusa || [[Neo Films]] 
|-
| ''Laging Naroon Ka'' || ||
|-
| ''[[DoReMi]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1996 || ''A. E. I. O. U.'' || Lola Julia || [[Merdeka Films]] 
|-
| ''Ang Misis Kong Hoodlum'' || Olympia || [[Neo Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Rubberman (film)|Rubberman]]'' || Madam Rita || [[OctoArts Films]] 
|-
|rowspan="5"| 1995 || ''Ikaw Pa... Eh Love Kita!'' || Mrs. Samonte || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''Rollerboys'' || ||
|-
| ''Araw-araw, Gabi-gabi'' || ||
|-
| ''Ikaw Pa, Mahal Kita'' || ||
|-
| ''Sana Dalawa Ang Puso Ko'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1994 || ''Kadenang Bulaklak'' || Mrs. Doctolero || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Forever'' || ||
|-
| ''Sana'y Laging Magkapiling'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3"| 1993 || ''Pulis Patola'' || ||
|-
| ''Ayaw Ko Ng Mangarap'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadenang Bulaklak'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1992 || ''Alabang Girls'' || Doña Consuelo || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Bakit Labis Kitang Mahal'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1991 || ''Kislap sa Dilim'' || ||
|-
| ''Dinampot ka lang sa Putik'' || ||
|-
| ''Joey Boy Munti, 15 anyos ka sa Muntilupa'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 1990 || ''Bakit Ikaw Pa Rin?'' || Cora || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Tayo Na sa Dilim'' || Fe Vallejo || Cine Suerte 
|-
| ''Kapag Langit ang Humatol'' || ||
|-
| ''I Have 3 Eggs'' || ||
|-
| ''Kahit Isumpa mo Ako'' || ||
|-
| ''Atorni Agaton: Abogadong de kampanilya'' || ||
|-
| ''My Other Woman'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1989 || ''Huwag Kang Hahalik sa Diablo'' || Lucila || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit]]'' || Doña Martina Santos || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''Kung Maibabalik Ko Lang'' || Gemma || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''Impaktita'' || Roselia || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Sandakot Na Bala]]'' || Elena || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''Oras-oras, Araw-araw'' || ||
|-
| ''Si Aida, si Lorna, o si Fe'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 1988 || ''Paano Tatakasan ang Bukas?'' || Rodora Garcia || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Mirror, Mirror on the Wall'' || Esperanza / Panchang || [[Seiko Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Nagbabagang Luha]]'' || Mrs. Imelda Montaire || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Kapag Napagod ang Puso]]'' || || [[VH Films]] 
|-
| ''Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig?'' || Carmen || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Sandakot na Bala'' || ||
|-
| ''Lord, Bakit Ako Pa?'' || ||
|-
| ''Nasaan Ka, Inay'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1987 || ''Alabok sa Ulap'' || Mona Abad || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''Once Upon a Time'' || ||
|-
| ''Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig?'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Payaso'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1985 || ''[[Hindi Nahahati ang Langit]]'' || Agnes Grivas || [[Vanguard Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Inday Bote]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Miguelito: Batang Rebelde'' || ||
|-
| ''Kay Dali ng Kahapon, Kay Bagal ng Bukas'' || ||
|-
| ''Mga Kwento Ni Lola Basyang'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1984 || ''Condemned'' || Connie || [[Golden Dragon Films]] 
|-
| ''Teenage Marriage'' || Mrs. Alonzo || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Kung Mahawi Man ang Ulap]]'' || Minda Acuesta || [[Viva Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Bulaklak sa City Jail]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Anak ni Waray vs. Anak ni Biday'' || ||
|-
| ''Dear Mama'' || ||
|-
| ''Sinner or Saint'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''To Mama with Love'' || Amelia || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| 1983 || ''Exploitation'' || Virginia || [[Regal Films]] 
|-
| 1982 || ''Mother Dear'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Kasal'' || ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Nasa Lupa ang Langit at Imperyno'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1976 || ''[[Sakada (1976 film)|Sakada]]'' || Doña Consuelo Montemayor || [[Sagisag Films]] 
|-
| ''[[Ganito Kami Noon... Paano Kayo Ngayon?]]'' || || 
|-
| ''Makahiya at Talahib'' || ||
|-
| ''Daigdig ng Lagim'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1975 || ''Karugtong ang Kahapon'' || ||
|-
| ''Niño Valiente'' || ||
|-
| ''Happy Days Are Here Again'' || ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Shazam Boom'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1973 || ''Lipad, Darna, lipad!'' || ||
|-
| ''Pepeng Agimat'' || ||
|-
| ''Fight Batman Fight!'' || ||
|-
| ''Anak ng Aswang'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1972 || ''Nardong Putik'' || ||
|-
| ''My Blue Hawaii'' || ||
|-
| ''Just Married, Do Not Disturb'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1971 || ''Robina'' || Auring || [[Vera-Perez Pictures]] 
|-
| ''Lumuha Pati Mga Anghel'' || ||
|-
| ''Pagdating sa Dulo'' || ||
|-
| ''Daluyong'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1970 || ''Haydee'' || ||
|-
| ''For You, Mama || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1969 || ''Paula'' || ||
|-
| ''Patria Adorada'' Dugo ng Bayan)'' || ||
|-
| ''Pinagbuklod ng Langit'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1968 || ''De Colores'' || ||
|-
| ''Liku-likong Landas'' || ||
|-
| ''Kamatayan Ko ang Ibigin Ka'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1967 || ''Hinango Kita sa Lusak'' || ||
|-
| ''Anong Ganda Mo'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaibigan Kong Sto. Niño'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1966 || ''Miranda: Ang Lagalag na Sirena'' || ||
|-
| ''Pitong Gabi sa Hong Kong'' || ||
|-
| ''Bakit Pa Ako Isinilang?'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1965 || ''Iginuhit ng Tadhana'' The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story) || ||
|-
| ''Eskuwelahang Munti'' || ||
|-
| ''Paano Kita Lilimutin'' || ||
|-
| ''Alaala ng Lumipas'' || ||
|-
| ''Hamon sa Kampeon'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1964 || ''Ang Rosaryo at ang Tabak'' || ||
|-
| ''Fighting Warays sa Ilokos'' || ||
|-
| ''Jukebox Jamboree'' || ||
|-
| ''Show of Shows'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1963 || ''Esperanza at Caridad'' || ||
|-
| ''Haliging Bato'' || ||
|-
| ''Dance-O-Rama'' || ||
|-
| ''Sinisinta Kita'' || ||
|-
| ''Anak, Ang Iyong Ina'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1962 || ''Mga Anak ng Diyos'' || ||
|-
| ''Tugtuging Bukid'' || ||
|-
| ''Hampaslupang Anghel'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1961 || ''Alyas Sakay'' || ||
|-
| ''Apat na Yugto ng Buhay'' || ||
|-
| ''Hani-hanimun'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1960 || ''Lawiswis Kawayan'' || ||
|-
| ''Lupa sa Lupa'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 1959 || ''[[Sharon Cuneta |Kahapon Lamang]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vicky'' || ||
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' || ||
|-
| ''Ikaw ang Aking Buhay'' || ||
|-
| ''Pangarap Ko'y Sa'yo Lamang'' || ||
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' || ||
|-
| ''Bakit may Putik ang Bulaklak?'' || ||
|-
| ''Kasintahan sa Pangarap'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1958 || ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks'' || ||
|-
| ''Beloved'' || ||
|-
| ''Mga Kwento ni Lola Basyang'' || ||
|-
| ''Alaalang Banal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1957 || ''Eternally'' || ||
|-
| ''Hong Kong Holiday'' || ||
|-
| ''Colegiala'' || ||
|-
| ''Sino ang Maysala'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1956 || ''Miss Tilapia'' || ||
|-
| ''Vacacionista'' || ||
|-
| ''Pagdating ng Takipslim'' || ||
|-
| ''Teresa'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1955 || ''Hootsy Kootsy'' || ||
|-
| ''Mariposa'' || ||
|-
| ''Artista'' || ||
|-
| ''Bim, Bam, Bum'' || ||
|-
| ''Kurdapya'' || ||
|-
| ''Despatsadora'' || ||
|-
| ''Hindi Basta-basta'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1954 || ''Pilya'' || ||
|-
| ''Musikong Bumbong'' || ||
|-
| ''Anak sa panalangin'' || ||
|-
| ''Ang Biyenang Hindi tumatawa'' || ||
|-
| ''Dalagang Ilocana'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1953 || ''Cofradia'' || ||
|-
| ''Mister Kasintahan'' || ||
|-
| ''Apat na Taga'' || ||
|-
| ''Recuerdo'' || ||
|-
| ''May Umaga Pang Darating'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1952 || ''Palasig'' || ||
|-
| ''Madame X'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1951 || ''Tulisanag Pugot'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bernardo Carpio]]'' || ||
|-
| 1949 || ''Ang Lumang Bahay sa Gulod'' || ||
|-
|}

==Awards==

[[File: GloriaRomero_Famas.jpg|170px|thumb|Winning her first FAMAS award in 1954]]

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | '''[[FAMAS Award|FAMAS (Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards)]]'''
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Huwarang Bituin''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[FAMAS Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit]]''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[37th FAMAS Awards|1989]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Nagbabagang Luha''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[36th FAMAS Awards|1988]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd FAMAS Awards|1985]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Condemned (1984 film)|Condemned]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[14th FAMAS Awards|1966]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Iginuhit ng Tadhana: The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[FAMAS Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[8th FAMAS Awards|1960]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Ikaw ang Buhay Ko''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[7th FAMAS Awards|1959]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Ala-alang Banal''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[3rd FAMAS Awards|1955]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Dalagang Ilocana]]''
| {{won}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | '''[[Gawad Urian Award]]'''
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2004
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Magnifico (film)|Magnifico]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | '''[[Luna Award]]'''
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Tarima''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Beautiful Life''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Magnifico (film)|Magnifico]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2002
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | '''Golden Screen Awards (ENPRESS)'''
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Tarima''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Fuschia''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role- Musical or Comedy
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"| ''I Wanna be Happy''
| {{nom}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | '''PMPC Star Awards for Movies'''
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Tarima''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best supporting
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Fuschia''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Paupahan''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig''
| {{won}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | Gawad Tanglaw
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Tarima''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | [[Metro Manila Film Festival]]
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2020 Metro Manila Film Festival|2020]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"| Manay Ichu Vera-Perez Maceda Memorial Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2000 Metro Manila Film Festival|2000]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|}

{| style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | [[Young Critics Circle]]
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[2000 Young Critics Circle Awards|2001]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Best Performance by Male or Female, Adult or Child, Individual or Ensemble in Leading or Supporting Role
| {{won}}{{ref|YCC|I}}
|-
| {{nom}}
|}

'''GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards'''
* 2001 All-Time Favorite Actress, Winner
* 2003 All-Time Favorite Actress, Winner

'''TV Awards'''
* 1988 PMPC Star Award for Best Comedy Actress-(Palibhasa Lalake), Winner

'''Lifetime Achievement Awards'''

* 2001 Cinemanila International Film Festival
* 2009 MTRCB Awards
* 2010 Pasado Awards
* 2011 Movie Icons of Our Time Award
* 2012 PMPC Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award

==Notes==
:{{note|YCC|I}} Shared with the cast of ''[[Tanging Yaman]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0739418|Gloria Romero}}

{{FAMAS Award for Best Actress}}
{{Gawad Urian Award for Best Actress}}
{{MMFF}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romero, Gloria}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Filipino actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Filipino actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pangasinan]]
[[Category:Actresses from Denver]]
[[Category:ABS-CBN personalities]]
[[Category:Filipino film actresses]]
[[Category:Filipino people of American descent]]
[[Category:Filipino television actresses]]
[[Category:Filipino women comedians]]
[[Category:GMA Network personalities]]
[[Category:Ilocano people]]

Alex Udinov

2022-10-05T10:02:11Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{In-universe|date=August 2018}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}

{{Infobox character
| name = Alex Udinov
| full_name = Alexandra Udinov
| series = [[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]
| image = 250px-Alex-nikita-19863352-331-500 (1).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Lyndsey Fonseca as Alexandra Udinov
| caption = [[Lyndsy Fonseca]] as Alexandra Udinov
| first = "[[Pilot (Nikita)|Pilot]]"
| last = "Cancelled"
| creator = Craig Silverstein
| portrayer = [[Lyndsy Fonseca]] [[Eliana Jones]] (flashbacks)
| nickname = Alex Ms Udinov Little Miss Udinov Little Alex Little Nikita
| alias = Alexandra Jones Jillian McMillan Diane Lange Alex Winslow Sasha
| gender = Female
| occupation = [[Mercenary]]
| title =
| significant_other = Owen Elliot/Sam Matthews (love interest) Ronnie (deceased) [[List of Nikita characters#Thom|Thom]] (deceased) [[List of Nikita characters#Nathan Colville|Nathan Colville]] (ex-boyfriend) [[List of Nikita characters#Sean Pierce|Sean Pierce]] (deceased)
| family = [[List of Nikita characters#Nikolai Udinov|Nikolai Udinov]] (father; deceased) Katya Udinov (mother) Sergei Semak (stepfather; deceased)
| religion =
| nationality = [[Russians|Russian]]
}}

'''Alexandra "Alex" Udinov''' is one of the main characters on the television series ''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]'', portrayed by [[Lyndsy Fonseca]].

==Character arc==

===Background===
Alex is the daughter of the late [[Russian oligarch]] Nikolai Udinov and his wife, who were murdered by the Division on orders of Sergei Semak when Alex was a child. Udinov owned the billion-dollar company Zetrov, of which Alex was the sole heir. Nikita saves Alex and kills her father, and she watches the rest of her family perish in a fire. Nikita cannot protect Alex from anything else as she has to return to the Division, and she gives Alex to one of Udinov's associates for safe-keeping. Instead, Alex is sold into sex slavery by her father's associate since he needed money and thought no one would recognize her if he did.

To keep her from fighting against them, the slavers keep Alex intoxicated and force her to become a drug addict.<ref name="Alexandra">{{Cite episode|title=Alexandra |series=Nikita|airdate=February 17, 2011 |season=1 |number=15}}</ref><ref name="Echoes">{{Cite episode|title=Echoes |series=Nikita|airdate=February 24, 2011 |season=1 |number=16}}</ref> She escapes the slavers, though she remains a user. Alex brings this part of her past up to Amanda, saying that the slavers "had the decency to keep [her] high" as they held her captive, comparing it to Division.

After Nikita escapes Division, she finds Alex again and rescues her before she is about to get raped and forces her to get clean. After Nikita helps Alex get past the worst part of her withdrawal, she starts to train her both mentally and physically to stay one step ahead of Division once she is inserted there. Nikita makes it clear to Alex that once she gets in, she will be on her own and Nikita will not be able to help her if something goes wrong.

Alex suffers panic attacks when certain things trigger suppressed memories from her past, such as being under a car. Alex also has nightmares about her deceased family, often speaking Russian and screaming for her father. Amanda and Nikita do not allow Alex to drink alcohol to keep her from relapsing.

===Season 1===
Alex is arrested while robbing a drug store with her abusive boyfriend, Ronnie; Ronnie shoots the store owner and runs away as the police arrive, leaving Alex with the stolen drugs. Alex is blamed for the murder and sent to prison—shortly after, Alex wakes up in Division, with her cover story being that she committed suicide in prison, and meets with Michael, who brings her into the organization as a new recruit.

It is revealed that this ploy was created by Nikita, who portrayed Ronnie in the robbery so that Alex could get into Division as a mole. Saving Alex is the first time Nikita defied her orders from the Division to kill her entire family.

===Season 2===
Alex works with the Division to gather the intel and resources she needs to reclaim her birthright. She claims that she is merely using the Division and has gone on missions if they provided vital information on Semak. Percy agrees to feed information to Amanda if Alex is the one sent to talk to him. Since Alex is separated from Nikita, she turns to Amanda for counsel. Alex disobeys Amanda by assassinating Anton Kochenko, and the Division tries to make Alex abort the mission after Nikita messes up their plans. When Alex returns, Amanda is angry that Alex disobeyed a direct order but doesn't punish her. Alex is also manipulated by Percy.

Alex reconciles with Nikita and betrays Amanda and Ari. She reclaims her father's empire and rescues her mother. She later assists Nikita in her raid on Division, which ends successfully with the deaths of Percy and Roan, and with Ryan Fletcher being placed by the US government to be Division's director.

===Season 3===
Alex reprises her alter ego, the spoiled Russian princess Alexandra Udinov. Liza's abduction brings up painful old memories for Alex, who tries to get closer to Liza's mother. Nikita, Michael, and Sean attempt to stop a terrorist attack but are one man down after Alex is shot to save Nikita by taking a bullet to her shoulder, Nikita goes to kill Mia for revenge. After Alex gets sick of waiting in Division's medical bay and hurts after her and Sean's conversation, she tells Nikita that she is going on the mission to Amanda's house with her. Nikita reluctantly allows her, and Alex is beaten and left in immense pain.

When she returns to the division, she secretly takes more pills, and she begins to get addicted to them. Michael eventually confronts her, and she tells Nikita the truth. Nikita is disappointed and angry at Alex, but she later tells her that they will handle her addiction together.

In Episode 10, Ryan allows Alex to go back out into the field. Sean becomes jealous of Alex's relationship with Owen. She tells Owen things about her past that she cannot tell Sean because Sean grew up in a regular American family, and she is afraid of him judging her or not understanding her. Amanda holds Alex hostage and tells Nikita she will release Alex in exchange for Ari. Amanda "brainwashes" Alex with "the chair" by forming bridges where they are not supposed to, making her irrational and mentally unstable.

Alex recruits Birkoff to dig up secrets on Danforth to use as leverage in case complications arise with the government. They are shocked when they find out that the president has made a kill house and is ready to wipe out all of the division with the marines that are trained. Alex and Sean are tasked with investigating who inside the division is behind a mutiny. The mole is revealed to be Alex, but only the mutineers and Ryan know; Ryan is in a coma because Alex shot him. Alex confesses her desire to leave Division to Birkhoff and almost gets him aboard until Sean interrupts them.

==Reception==
{{Quote box
| quote = "However, praise must certainly go to Lyndsy Fonseca, who plays Alex. The tortured, recalcitrant junkie kid in the flashbacks could easily have been overplayed, but she handled it extremely well, showing breadth in her abilities this early on, and in the present day scenes she also gives off the unmistakeable aura of someone who is a little bit harder than they are letting on."
| source = Luke Holland of ''Den of Geek''<ref name=lhdog>{{cite web|title=Nikita episode 2 review: 2.0|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/television/634568/nikita_episode_2_review_20.html|work=October 15, 2010|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>

| width = 25em
|bgcolor=#ADD8E6
| align = right
}}
Lyndsy Fonseca has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal of Alex. Jonah Krakow of [[IGN]] called Alex "a beautiful young woman" and said that "Alex's story was [his] favorite part of the show".<ref name=jkign>{{cite web|title=Nikita: "Pilot" Review|url=http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/111/1118990p1.html|work=September 8, 2010|date=September 8, 2010 |publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Episodes such as "2.0" and "Alexandra" were praised by critics for the look into Alex's past and background. Gabrielle Compolongo of TV Fanatic said that "Alex plays the clueless trainee perfectly" and she does "every intelligent thing" not to be caught.<ref name=tvfgc>{{cite web|title=Nikita Review: "2.0"|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/09/nikita-review-20/|work=September 17, 2010|date=September 17, 2010 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Luke Holland of ''Den of Geek'' also praised Alex's abilities, saying that Fonseca showed "breadth in her abilities".<ref name="lhdog"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Nikita}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udinov, Alex)}}
[[Category:Fictional assassins]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Fictional drug addicts]]
[[Category:Fictional Russian people]]
[[Category:Fictional women soldiers and warriors]]
[[Category:Fictional prostitutes]]
[[Category:Nikita (TV series)]]
[[Category:Action television characters]]
[[Category:Fictional slaves]]
[[Category:Fictional female secret agents and spies]]

Majid Khan (cricketer)

2022-10-05T09:57:27Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|Pakistani cricketer}}
{{tone|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Majid Khan ماجدخان
| fullname = Majid Jahangir Khan
| image = Majid Khan Cricket Legend.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|9|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| family = [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]] (father) [[Asad Jahangir Khan]] (brother) [[Javed Burki]] (cousin) [[Imran Khan]] (cousin) [[Bazid Khan]] (son) [[Ahmed Raza (cricketer, born 1910)|Ahmed Raza]] (uncle)
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] Right-arm [[off break]]
| country = Pakistan
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1964–1983

| testdebutdate = 24 October
| testdebutyear = 1964
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 44
| lasttestdate = 23 January
| lasttestyear = 1983
| lasttestagainst = India

| odidebutdate = 11 February
| odidebutyear = 1973
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 4
| lastodidate = 19 July
| lastodiyear = 1982
| lastodiagainst = England

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 63
| runs1 = 3,931
| bat avg1 = 38.92
| 100s/50s1 = 8/19
| top score1 = 167
| deliveries1 = 3,584
| wickets1 = 27
| bowl avg1 = 53.92
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/45
| catches/stumpings1 = 70/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 23
| runs2 = 786
| bat avg2 = 37.42
| 100s/50s2 = 1/7
| top score2 = 109
| deliveries2 = 658
| wickets2 = 13
| bowl avg2 = 28.76
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/27
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 410
| runs3 = 27,444
| bat avg3 = 43.01
| 100s/50s3 = 73/128
| top score3 = 241
| deliveries3 = 7,168
| wickets3 = 223
| bowl avg3 = 32.14
| fivefor3 = 4
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/67
| catches/stumpings3 = 410/–
| column4 = [[List-A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 168
| runs4 = 4,441
| bat avg4 = 28.28
| 100s/50s4 = 2/31
| top score4 = 115
| deliveries4 = 2,817
| wickets4 = 71
| bowl avg4 = 22.67
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/24
| catches/stumpings4 = 43/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41919.html ESPNCricinfo
}}
'''Majid Jahangir Khan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|ماجد جہانگیر خان}}}}), nicknamed "Majestic Khan" by the British press, is a former [[cricket]]er, batsman and captain of the [[Pakistan national cricket team]]. In his heydays, he was considered to be one of the best batsmen in the world. In his first class cricket career spanning 18 years, from 1961 to 1985, Majid Khan played in 63 [[Test (cricket)|Test matches]] for [[Pakistan]], scoring 3,931 runs with 8 centuries, scored over 27,000 first-class runs and made 73 first-class centuries, with 128 fifties.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41919.html|title=Majid Khan|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Majid played his last [[Test (cricket)|Test]] for [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in January 1983 against [[India national cricket team|India]] at [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63333.html|title=India in Pakistan Test Series – 5th Test|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=23 January 1983|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> and his last [[One Day International]] (ODI) was in July 1982 against [[England national cricket team|England]] at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]].<ref name=Prudential>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64975.html|title=Prudential Trophy – 2nd ODI|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=19 July 1982|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born on 28 September 1946 in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] to a [[Burki]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family, Khan grew up in [[Lahore]], the capital of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. His father, [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]], had played Test cricket for [[British India|India]] before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Majid Khan started his career as a pace bowler, but a back injury and doubts over his technique converted him into an off-spin bowler and batsman.<ref>Omar Noman, ''Pride and Passion: An Exhilarating Half Century of Cricket in Pakistan'', OUP, Karachi, 1998, p. 120.</ref> He also played for [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] and [[Cambridge University]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], for [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]] in [[Australia]], and in Pakistan for [[Pakistan International Airlines cricket team|Pakistan International Airlines]], [[Rawalpindi]], Lahore and the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]].

Majid's father, Dr. Jahangir Khan, famously killed a bird in flight while bowling during an MCC vs. Cambridge University match in 1936.<ref>{{citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/2076631.stm|title=Funny Old Game / An uneven contest|work=BBC Sport |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=30 June 2002|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://greatwen.com/2011/03/07/five-weird-london-museum-exhibits/|title=Five weird London museum exhibits|publisher=GreatWen|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> This bird is now part of the permanent MCC museum exhibit at Lord's Cricket ground.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/155555.html?years=1937|title=Wisden Almanack – 1937 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Dr. Jahangir Khan was the Chief Selector of [[Pakistan Cricket Board|then Board of Control for Cricket in Pakistan]] (BCCP) when Majid Khan was close to national selection. Dr. Jahangir Khan resigned from his post to maintain the impartiality of the Cricket Board during selection.


== International career ==
In 1964, Majid's Test career started against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62955.html|title=Australia in Pakistan Test Match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=24 October 1964|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Majid Khan is one of only six batsmen (the other five are [[Victor Trumper|Trumper]], [[Charlie Macartney|Macartney]], [[Don Bradman|Bradman]], [[David Warner (cricketer)|Warner]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]]), to have scored a century before lunch on the first day of a test match, scoring 108 not-out off 112 balls against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in Karachi during the 1976–77 test series.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bharath|last=Seervi|title=Warner only fifth to score century before lunch on first day|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-pakistan-2016-17/content/story/1075223.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 January 2017|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283003.html|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Hundred runs before lunch|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=30 October 1976|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63170.html|title=New Zealand in Pakistan Test Series – 3rd Test|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=30 October 1976|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Khan made his ODI debut against New Zealand in 1973 at [[Lancaster Park]], New Zealand.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64149.html|title=Pakistan in New Zealand ODI Match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=11 February 1973|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> He also holds the unique honour of scoring the first one-day [[century (cricket)|century]] for [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], in an ODI against [[England national cricket team|England]] at [[Trent Bridge]] on 31 August 1974.<ref name=ESPNCricinfo>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64953.html|title=Prudential Trophy – 1st ODI|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=31 August 1974|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=CricketArchive>{{citation|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/34/34672.html|title=England v Pakistan – Prudential Trophy 1974 (1st ODI)|publisher=CricketArchive|date=31 August 1974|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.itsonlycricket.com/cricket/answers/question.php?qid=704|title=Who made the 1st century for Pakistan?|publisher=ItsOnlyCricket|date=27 December 2010|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Khan scored 109 from 93 balls with 16 fours and a six, leading Pakistan to victory.<ref name=ESPNCricinfo/><ref name=CricketArchive/>

Majid had played for Lahore since 1961–62 and had made his Test debut against Australia in 1964–65 and toured England and Wales with the 1967 Pakistanis. During a match with Glamorgan, Majid blasted a rapid 147 in 89 minutes, hitting [[Roger Davis (cricketer)|Roger Davis]] for five sixes in one over. [[Wilf Wooller]], the club secretary, had been a close friend of Majid's father when Dr Jahangir Khan had been up at Cambridge, and the influential Glamorgan secretary persuaded [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan county]] to sign him as the overseas player from 1968.<ref>{{citation|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/0/989.html|title=Brief profile of Majid Khan|publisher=CricketArchive|date=December 2003|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/154535.html|title=Wisden – Majid Khan – CRICKETER OF THE YEAR 1970|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/221391.html|title=My Favourite Cricketer – The eternal idol|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=12 June 2005|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> In 1972 he won the [[Walter Lawrence Trophy]] for the season's fastest century which he scored in 70 minutes for Glamorgan against Warwickshire. He captained the Welsh county between 1973 and 1976, scored over 9000 runs punctuated with 21 first-class centuries for them. [[Imran Khan]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40560.html|title=Imran Khan|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> the legendary Pakistani ex-captain and fast bowler, and [[Javed Burki]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40877.html|title=Javed Burki|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> are his cousins.<ref name=BBC>{{citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/4566793.stm|title=Bazid keeps it in the family |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=21 May 2005|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> [[Bazid Khan]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/39956.html|title=Bazid Khan|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Majid's son, has also played for Pakistan, making the family the second, after the [[George Headley|Headleys]], to have three consecutive generations of Test cricketers.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=Lords>{{citation|url=http://www.lords.org/mcc/mcc-world-cricket-committee/profile-majid-khan,936,AR.html|title=Profile: Majid Khan|publisher=Lords|access-date=19 April 2012|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320044707/http://www.lords.org/mcc/mcc-world-cricket-committee/profile-majid-khan,936,AR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Initially, Majid Khan continued to boost Pakistan's middle order until he was promoted to fill the opener's slot with [[Sadiq Mohammad]] in 1974.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/502404.html |title=Self-belief was my best attribute |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628072228/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/502404.html |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283663.html|title=Records / Test matches / Partnership records / Highest overall partnership runs by openers|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> He was the first century scorer for Pakistan in One Day International Cricket, scoring 109 runs against England at [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] in the same season.<ref name="ESPNCricinfo" /><ref name="CricketArchive" /> Majid Khan was also a specialist slip fielder and made most catches look easy. Khan was also well known as a "walker", maintaining the standards of the game in an era when professionalism was straining at the game's traditional etiquette.

The 1976–77 tour of West Indies was the most remarkable period for Majid Khan, where he scored 530 Test runs against one of the most powerful bowling attacks in the history of the game. His best innings was perhaps the 167 in Pakistan's second innings at Georgetown that saved Pakistan from likely defeat. Pakistan lost that series 2–1.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63186.html|title=Pakistan tour of West Indies, 1976/77 / Scorecard – Pakistan in West Indies Test Series – 3rd Test
|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

After retirement from International Cricket, Khan became an administrator with the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]], becoming the CEO of the board in the mid-1990s.<ref name=Lords/> He was the Chief Selector for Pakistan in 1993. He officiated the Australia and West Indies Test series in 1995 as a match-referee. He was the Chief Executive of the Pakistan Board but resigned after levelling match-fixing allegations against the Pakistan team in the 1999 World Cup. His claims were backed by Sarfraz Nawaz at the time but led to no prosecutions. He now lives in Islamabad.

== Bibliography ==
*Zahid Zia Cheema, ''Mighty Khan : a tribute to Majid Khan'' (1996, 2008)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id= 41919}}
* {{Yahoo! Cricket|id= majid-khan_1896}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)|Asif Iqbal]]
| title = [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistan Cricket Captain]]
| years = 1975
| after = [[Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)|Asif Iqbal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Pakistan Test Cricket Captains}}
{{Pakistan ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Pakistan Squad 1975 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 1979 Cricket World Cup}}
{{World Series Cricket World XI Squad}}
{{Imran Khan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Majid}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket captains]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Cambridge University cricketers]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricketers]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricket captains]]
[[Category:World Series Cricket players]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Queensland cricketers]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:Lahore cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore A cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore Greens cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab University cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore City cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab A cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Eaglets cricketers]]
[[Category:Rawalpindi cricketers]]
[[Category:Burki family|Majid]]
[[Category:Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket administrators]]

Mobile cell sites

2022-10-05T09:53:45Z

Itskaaal: Grammer Error

{{Advert|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Verizon Cell on Wheels (COW).jpg|alt=Verizon Cell on Wheels used during the 2018 Spring Creek fire in Huerfano County, Colorado. |thumb|Cell on Wheels (COW) used during the 2018 Spring Creek fire in Huerfano County, Colorado. ]]
'''Mobile cell sites''' are [[infrastructures]] transportable on trucks, allowing fast and easy installation in restricted spaces. Their use is strategic for the rapid expansion of [[cellular network]]s putting into service point-to-point radio connections as well as supporting sudden increases in mobile traffic in the case of extraordinary events (trade fairs, sports events, concerts, emergencies, catastrophic events, etc.). Mobile cell sites are also used by law enforcement organizations to gather intelligence. Mobile cell sites require neither civil works nor foundations, just minimal requirements like commercial power and grounding. The mobile units have been designed to be a temporary solution, but if requested, they can be transformed into permanent stations.

== Different kinds of mobile cell sites ==
There are several different kinds of mobile [[cell site]]s, every one of which has different usage characteristics.

=== Rapid-deployment units (RDU) ===
RDUs are mobile radio base stations transportable on trucks. Their use is strategic for the rapid expansion of cellular networks.

* A rapid deployment flanged pole is a mobile radio base station infrastructure transportable on a truck, allowing fast and easy installation in restricted spaces. The antenna supporting pole, with a climbing ladder up to the summit, is fixed to the main base frame and is composed of cylindrical flanged sections integrated by two or three sets of guys with a standard height of up to 30 meters. The flanged pole mobile station, installable in eight hours, does not require civil work or foundations, and is complete, including lateral ballast concrete weights and a working platform in checkered plate.

* A radio station kit is an integrated radio base station RDU in which the equipment housing is a special 20" container equipped to contain, during transportation, all the station infrastructure, assembly accessories, radiant systems, storage batteries, and electrical and radio equipment. It is a structure which can be quickly and easily transported and assembled on site, without the need of civil works or foundations and suitable for any environment.

* A rapid deployment compact kitstat is a flanged pole RDU which allows easy and fast erection in narrow sites, without any need of foundation or civil works. The antenna supporting structure, supplied complete with climbing ladder and anchored to the steelwork base frame, is a flanged pole composed of tubular flanged sections with a height of up to 30 m and two or three steel guys.

* A quickrawland with polygonal pole is an RDU which allows an easy and fast erection in narrow sites, without any need of foundation or civil works. It is provided with a polygonal pole with a height of up to 30 m; it has a climbing ladder with a rigid anchor line (EN353-1) and a vertical fixing system for feeders and service cables.

=== Cell on wheels ===
[[Image:CellularPCScom1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|COW in parking lot of the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]], Pasadena, California for the [[2005 Rose Bowl]] game, with its own power generator]]
Cells on wheels (COW), or site on wheels,<ref>https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26001/cell-on-wheels-cow Definition of Cell on Wheels (COW)</ref> are telecom infrastructures, placed on trailer approved for road use, towed by heavy goods vehicles for loads of up to 3500 kg. These mobile radio base stations guarantee full operation in just one day and in restricted spaces. COWs provide fully functional service, via vehicles such as trailers, vans and trucks, to areas affected by natural disaster or areas with large user volume, such as major events. The [[backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul]] to the [[PSTN|network]] can be via terrestrial [[microwave]], [[communication satellite]], or existing wired [[infrastructure]].

* Mobile radio base stations with flanged poles are mobile support structures composed of a special trailer with retracting stabilizers approved for road use. The antenna supporting pole, with a climbing ladder up to the summit, is fixed to the main base frame and is composed of cylindrical flanged sections integrated by two or three sets of guys with a standard height of up to 20 meters. The flanged pole mobile station, installable in eight hours, does not require civil work or foundations and is complete with lateral ballast concrete weights and a working platform in checkered plate.

* A rapid deployment self-mounting pole is a mobile supporting structure that corresponds to a special two-axle trailer with telescopic stabilizers approved for road traffic. The antenna supporting pole, with a standard height of up to 20 m, is made of aluminium and consists of three telescopic tubular elements. Installation is easy and fast and is carried out with manual winches.

* Another RDU is a mobile cell site with a self-mounting pole that can be towed by heavy goods vehicles for loads of up to 7500 kg. The antenna supporting pole, with a standard height of up to 20 m, is made of aluminium and consists of three telescopic tubular elements. Installation is easy, fast and is carried out by means of manual winches.

* A mobile station on a trailer is a mobile station with a telescopic mast. They are portable structures, towed by heavy goods vehicles for loads of up to 12000 kg. The antenna supporting pole, with a standard height of up to 30 m, is made of steel and consists of three telescopic tubular elements. Installation is easy, fast and is carried out with manual or electric winches.

====xpanded or emergency service====
COWs are used to provide expanded cellular network coverage and/or capacity for short-term demands, such as at special events such as major sporting events ([[Super Bowl]], [[World Series]], [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]), major [[convention (meeting)|convention]]s, or in [[disaster]] areas where cellular coverage either was minimal, never present (e.g., in a [[wilderness]] area where [[firefighters]] have set up a [[command center]] during a major [[forest fire]]) or was compromised by the disaster (e.g., in the [[Gulf Coast]] after [[Hurricane Katrina]]).

Following the [[September 11 attacks]] on New York City in 2001, 36 cellular COWs were deployed by September 14, 2001 in [[Lower Manhattan]] to support the U.S. [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) and provide critical phone service to rescue and recovery workers.

COWs provided cellular service in [[Southwest Florida]] in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Charley]] in 2004 when most of the area's stationary cell towers were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.operationgadget.com/2004/08/mobile_carriers.html|title = Mobile Carriers Ready "Cells-On-Wheels" in Case of Outages or Network Overloads}}</ref> In January 2009, 26 cell-on-wheels units were put in place in [[Washington, D.C.]] for the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]] to handle the [[mass call event|millions of extra people and their calls]] in the city, especially on and near the [[National Mall]]. In January 2017 additional COWs, both temporary, and permanent, have been installed at the National Mall for the [[inauguration of Donald Trump]] as well as for future inaugurations and other events due to the steady rise in [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]-based [[Smartphone|smartphones]] and other devices in the later half of the [[2010s]].

Many telecommunications companies also use COWs for long-term placement when financing or infrastructure considerations prevent building a permanent site at the location. For instance, a carrier may have approved the placement of a [[cell site]] for coverage reasons, but the remaining budget is inadequate to fund the construction for a [[fiscal quarter]] or even longer.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} An engineering team may be able to place a COW on location to provide immediate coverage with few costs other than [[leasing]], [[electricity]], and [[backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul]]. The decision to use a COW for an extended period of time may also be driven by the property owner. Installations on government or military facilities may be granted only on a temporary basis and may require the use of non-permanent facilities.

=== Cell on truck ===
A '''cell on truck''' is a particular kind of mobile cell site that is composed of mobile trucks with a container and with a self-mounting telescopic mast. They are portable structures that guarantee full operation in three hours and in restricted spaces. The steel interface frame is made of galvanized steel beams and is provided with four retracting stabilizers that can be retracted under the container for transport. The equipment and power container, which has a reinforced special 20' box container with two access doors, are divided by an intermediate partition to create two separate rooms (E and A). Room A is used for housing the electrical and radio equipment. Room E is used as a power room for housing the generating set and also, during transport, to contain the radiant systems and accessory components. The antenna supporting pole, with a standard height of up to 20 m, is made of aluminium and consists of three telescopic tubular elements. Installation is easy, fast and is carried out with manual winches.

== See also ==
* [[Cell site]]
* [[Radio masts and towers]]
* [[Base transceiver station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://calzavara.it/cow-cell-on-wheels-cell-towers/ Mobile Cell site Gallery]

[[Category:Telephony]]

Essentra Packaging

2022-10-05T09:42:58Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{advert|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Essentra Packaging
| logo = Essentra Packaging New Logo.png
| caption =
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 
| romanized =
| former type =
| type = Trading Division of Essentra plc
| traded_as =
| industry = Packaging
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor = Payne, PP Payne, Contego, Dakota Packaging
| successor =
| foundation = Nottingham, United Kingdom ({{Start date|1911|}})
| founder = Percy Philip Payne
| defunct =
| location_city = Nottingham
| location_country = United Kingdom
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products = Consumer Packaging, Healthcare Packaging
| production =
| services =
| revenue = £181.8 million (2013) <ref name="Filtrona End of Year Results 2013">{{cite web|title=Filtrona End of Year Results 2013|url=http://www.essentra.com/uploads/fy13essentraplcresultspressrelease20february2014.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030432/http://www.essentra.com/uploads/fy13essentraplcresultspressrelease20february2014.pdf|archivedate=2014-03-19}}</ref>
| operating_income = £30.2 million (2013)<ref name="Filtrona End of Year Results 2013"/>
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Essentra]] plc
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|essentrapackaging.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''Essentra Packaging''' is a multinational manufacturer of pressure-sensitive [[tear tape]], labels, closures and seals for the [[Packaging and labeling|packaging and labeling industry]]. It is also part of the Packaging & Securing Solutions division of [[Essentra]].<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2011">{{cite web|title=Filtrona Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.filtrona.com/uploads/filtrona_ar_2011_lr.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214509/http://www.filtrona.com/uploads/filtrona_ar_2011_lr.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref name="Filtrona C&SP Division">{{cite web|title=Filtrona C&SP Division Overview|url=http://www.filtrona.com/coated-security-products.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222225028/http://www.filtrona.com/coated-security-products.aspx|archivedate=2012-12-22}}</ref>

==History==
P.P. Payne was founded in 1911 by Percy Philip Payne, manufacturing cotton tapes for the local textile industry. In the 1950s, the business developed Rippatape, the first tear tape based on cotton fibres, used for easy opening of boxes and sacks. P.P. Payne went on to develop self-adhesive tear tapes, which became popular for cigarette packaging, and was acquired by Bunzl in 1996 as a consequence of the group's growing success in filter production.<ref name="Bunzl acquires PP Payne">{{cite web|title=Bunzl acquires PP Payne|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/article.aspx?id=200505170700403806M}}</ref> PP Payne was demerged from Bunzl in 2005 and formed part of the Filtrona group, where it was renamed to Payne.<ref name="Market Watch Bunzl Demerger">{{cite web|title=Market Watch Bunzl Demerger|url=http://articles.marketwatch.com/2005-05-17/news/30921723_1_demerger-shares-uk|access-date=2013-01-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216104600/http://articles.marketwatch.com/2005-05-17/news/30921723_1_demerger-shares-uk|archive-date=2013-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2010, the company expanded its product portfolio through the acquisition of Cardiff-based BP Labels.<ref name="Payne acquires BP Labels">{{cite web|title=Payne acquires BP Labels|url=http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/markets/pharmaceutical-medical/payne-tear-tape-firm-acquires-bp-labels-in-4-5m-deal/|access-date=2013-01-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421075508/http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/markets/pharmaceutical-medical/payne-tear-tape-firm-acquires-bp-labels-in-4-5m-deal/|archive-date=2013-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In early 2013, Filtrona plc completed the acquisition of Contego Healthcare, which was incorporated into the Coated & Security Products Division of the Company.<ref name="Filtrona to acquire Contego Healthcare for £160m">{{cite web|title=Filtrona to acquire Contego Healthcare for £160m|url=http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/filtrona-acquires-contego-healthcare/}}</ref>

On 26 June 2013, the parent company, Filtrona PLC formally rebranded to [[Essentra|Essentra Plc]].<ref name="Formal Rebranding to Essentra Plc">{{cite web|title=Formal Rebranding to Essentra Plc|url=http://www.essentra.com/uploads/essentralaunchrns26june2013.pdf|work=Essentra Website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016211827/http://www.essentra.com/uploads/essentralaunchrns26june2013.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-16}}</ref><ref name="Filtrona faces re-branding test">{{cite web|title=Filtrona faces re-branding test|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/14b131a8-cdd1-11e2-8313-00144feab7de.html#axzz2W5RPXzDS|work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="Filtrona highlights diversification with name change to Essentra">{{cite web|title=Filtrona highlights diversification with name change to Essentra|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cbb0df18-cdb6-11e2-8313-00144feab7de.html#axzz2W5RPXzDS|work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="Filtrona Plc to be re-branded Essentra Plc">{{cite web|title=Filtrona Plc to be re-branded Essentra Plc|url=http://www.filtrona.com/uploads/re-brandingpressreleaseveryfinal.pdf|work=Filtrona Website}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As part of this, Payne re-branded to Essentra Packaging on October 14.<ref name="Formal Rebranding to Essentra Plc"/><ref name="Payne and Contego re-brand to Essentra Packaging">{{cite web|title=Payne and Contego re-brand to Essentra Packaging|url=http://www.packagingeurope.com/Packaging-Europe-News/53599/Payne-and-Contego-Rebrand-to-Essentra-Packaging.html|work=Packaging Europe|access-date=2013-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625150859/http://www.packagingeurope.com/Packaging-Europe-News/53599/Payne-and-Contego-Rebrand-to-Essentra-Packaging.html|archive-date=2013-06-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> The company’s Coated & Security Products Division in which Payne operated was renamed Essentra Packaging & Securing Solutions.<ref name="Formal Rebranding to Essentra Plc"/><ref name="Filtrona Plc to be re-branded Essentra Plc"/>

In November 2013, the company acquired Dakota Packaging, based in Dublin, Ireland, to reinforce the division's product range and customer base in healthcare packaging. It also provides significant additional scale in the Irish market.<ref name="Essentra plc ACQUISITION OF DAKOTA PACKAGING LIMITED ">{{cite news|title=Essentra plc ACQUISITION OF DAKOTA PACKAGING LIMITED|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20131108-702487.html?dsk=y/ | work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

In November 2014, the company announced the acquisition of a healthcare carton and labelling company, Clondalkin, for $455m in order to grow its North American business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/11226285/Essentra-makes-biggest-acquisition-in-its-history.html|title=Essentra makes biggest acquisition in its history|date=12 November 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

==Locations and facilities==
Essentra Packaging is headquartered in [[Giltbrook]], [[Nottingham]] and has additional manufacturing facilities in [[Banbury]], [[Cardiff]], [[Liverpool]], [[Bradford]], [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]], [[Fareham]], [[Waterford]], [[Sarreguemines]], [[Bitterfeld-Wolfen]], [[Cervia]], [[Podenzano]], [[County Cork|Cork]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Sao Paulo]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Surabaya]], along with offices in [[Singapore]] and [[China]] from which Essentra Packaging provides its products to customers in over 100 countries.<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2011"/> All of Essentra Packaging's sites are accredited with the [[ISO 9000]] quality management and [[ISO 14001#ISO 14001 standard|ISO 14001]] environmental management standards<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2011"/> and are supported by an in-house design studio, an R&D facility and multi-million pound print capabilities.<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2012">{{cite web|title=Filtrona Annual Report 2012|url=http://www.filtrona.com/uploads/43083_final_filtrona_ar12_complete_150313.pdf|work=Filtrona Website}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Products==
Essentra Packaging manufactures a range of [[tear tape]]s, [[label]]s, closures and seals which claim to offer functional aspects to packaged goods through providing easy opening and resealability. The products can also act as a medium to carry branding and messages, in the form of printed images, text or data. Additionally, these products can also carry brand protection solutions, such as tamper evidence or a range of overt and covert authentication technologies<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2012"/> such as [[holography]], colour shift inks and taggants.

The healthcare packaging area of the business manufactures and prints cartons, labels, leaflets, and blister pack foils for use in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. These are designed for use on high-speed packaging lines and can incorporate a range of print features along with embossing and tamper-evident features.<ref name="Packaging & Securing Solutions">{{cite web|title=Packaging & Securing Solutions|url=http://www.essentra.com/packaging-and-securing-solutions.aspx|work=Essentra Website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116183325/http://www.essentra.com/packaging-and-securing-solutions.aspx|archivedate=2014-01-16}}</ref>

Essentra Packaging won an Asian Manufacturing Award in 2012 in the Innovation Solution Category for their Variable Data Print tear tape, which combined digital print technology and gravure printing to deliver over 500 million unique digitally printed codes together with a promotional message.<ref name="Filtrona Annual Report 2012"/>
The in-house design department of Essentra Packaging was named Design Team of the Year at the 2013 UK Packaging Awards. The company was also commended in the ‘Packaging Company of the Year’ category, after reaching the final shortlist of four nominees.<ref name="UK Packaging Awards 2013 winners: Design Team of the Year">{{cite web|title=UK Packaging Awards 2013 winners: Design Team of the Year|url=http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/events/uk-packaging-awards-2013/uk-packaging-awards-2013-winners-design-team-of-the-year/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Packaging companies of the United Kingdom]]

John Crawford (musician)

2022-10-05T09:37:35Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|American singer-songwriter}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=May 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2011}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| name = John Crawford
| birth_name = John Buckner Crawford
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|1|17}}
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, bass, synthesizer
| genre = [[Punk rock]], [[New wave music|new wave]], [[dream pop]], [[shoegazing]], [[space rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| occupation = Musician, singer-songwriter, guitarist
| years_active = 1977–present
| associated_acts = [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]] [[The Big F]]
}}
'''John Buckner Crawford''' (born January 17, 1960<ref>{{cite tweet|user=RealTerriNunn|author=Terri Nunn|number=821809635439022081|date=January 18, 2017|title=John Crawford birthday news}}</ref>) is an American singer-songwriter known for co-founding the pop group [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]], which scored several hit songs in the 1980s. Crawford's career as a musician began in junior high after breaking his leg during a basketball game. In an attempt to fight off the boredom of being injured, he picked up a guitar and began taking lessons at a musical instrument retailer in nearby Fullerton, California, where his teacher put him in touch with future Berlin band members Dan Van Patten, Chris Velasco, and Tyson Cobb. John attended [[El Dorado High School (Placentia, California)|El Dorado High School]] in Placentia, California.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

The three soon formed a band named The Toys, with vocalist Ty Cobb at the helm. Crawford, Cobb, and the others were influenced by then-current punk rockers like the [[Sex Pistols]] and Synthpop band [[Ultravox]], though Crawford has cited [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] as an early influence as well.<ref>http://www.crawfordmusic.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201114332/http://www.crawfordmusic.net/ |date=December 1, 2005 }}</ref>

After a name change to [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]], the band stayed together for about three years. After Cobb left the group, a string of vocalists attempted to fill his spot. In 1980, Berlin released the [[Extended play|EP]] ''Information'' on Zone H. Records with Virginia Macolino fronting the group. The band signed to [[I.R.S. Records]] briefly in 1980, releasing the single "A Matter of Time", before suddenly disbanding in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irscorner.com/b/berlin.html |title= Berlin Discography, Biography and Links at Mr Bill's I.R.S. Records Corner|website=www.irscorner.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619195301/http://www.irscorner.com/b/berlin.html |archive-date=June 19, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://1029i.com/music/artists/berlin.html |title=1029i.com: Music Berlin |accessdate=May 23, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040418061656/http://1029i.com/music/artists/berlin.html |archivedate=April 18, 2004 }}</ref>

== Hiatus ==
With [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]] on indefinite hiatus, Crawford worked with another Orange County-based band, The Videos, with Craig Sibley on vocals and guitar, Rich West on keyboards, Ken Dudley on guitars, and John Benson on drums. He also worked as a vocalist for Fahrenheit, a synthesizer pop quartet in the order of Depeche Mode and Ultravox, for which he also played occasional bass and acoustic guitar. Along with Van Patten as synthesis and drum machine programmer, Fahrenheit included West (later of [[Stacey Q]]’s band) and Keith Walsh, both on synths as well.

Sometime around the formation of Fahrenheit in late 1981, the Los Angeles-based independent label M.A.O. Records released a new Berlin single, featuring the songs "The Metro" and "Tell Me Why", with [[Terri Nunn]] on vocals. It wasn't until 1982's platinum-selling ''Pleasure Victim'' that Crawford's music gained an audience. Crawford had a hand in penning all of the disc's songs except for "Masquerade," a song written by guitarist and original Berlin member Chris Ruiz-Velasco.

== Rising star ==
After ''Pleasure Victim's'' initial success on the independent [[Enigma Records|Enigma]] label, a bidding war ensued, with Geffen's eventually offering the band and their British expatriate manager, Perry Watts-Russell, the most attractive offer to release the record to a wider audience. The disc, recorded on modest equipment at the Casbah recording studio in Fullerton, California for around $3,000, included the controversial hit single ''Sex (I’m A)'' as well as ''Masquerade'' and ''The Metro.''

The Guitarist Ric Olsen and keyboardist/guitarist David Diamond joined the others in helping to create the synth-driven sound of early 1980s techno pop. The follow-up to ''Pleasure Victim'', titled ''Love Life,'' went gold in 1984, thanks in part to the hit single ''No More Words''.

Personnel changes continued to plague the band, with only Nunn and Crawford remaining from the ''Pleasure Victim'' lineup as they went into their third album, titled ''Count Three and Pray,'' released in 1986.

The commercial centerpiece of ''Count Three and Pray'' turned out to be ''Take My Breath Away'', the chart-topping single written by [[Giorgio Moroder]] featured in the film [[Top Gun]].

''Count Three and Pray'' was produced by [[Bob Ezrin]] (producer of many rock superstars including [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Lou Reed]] and [[Alice Cooper]]) and features guest appearances by a host of others, including Dave Gilmour of Pink Floyd, Ted Nugent, and Elliott Easton of The Cars. The majority of the album is characterized by an aggressive, guitar-driven hard rock sound.

== End of "the Berlin Era" ==
Due to artistic differences between Crawford and Nunn, Berlin disbanded once again, and the disillusioned Crawford created the band [[The Big F]]. "The Big F was a chance for Rob (Rob Brill, Berlin and Big F drummer) and I to say, look, okay, we saw what that was and we’re going to try actually now to really focus on just making music, and let the rest of the stuff go away," Crawford said during a 2005 telephone interview.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

With Crawford on bass and vocals, The Big F's self-titled debut album for Elektra in 1988 represented a kind of experiment in anti-commercialism, with its dark themes and aggressive hard rock sound. Before courting the attention of record labels, Crawford and Brill deliberately concealed their identities to avoid any association with Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Remember Top Gun's song "Take My Breath Away" in 1986? Exclusive interview with John Crawford of Berlin |url=https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/take-my-breath-away-top-gun-berlin-interview/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Shortlisted |language=en-GB}}</ref> Crawford took on the name John Shreve, and Brill became Rob Donin. Mark Christian rounded out the trio in his role as guitarist. They contributed a cover version of the [[MC5]] song "[[Kick Out the Jams (song)|Kick Out the Jams]]" to the 1990 Elektra compilation ''[[Rubáiyát: Elektra's 40th Anniversary|Rubáiyát]]''.

The Big F's second album ''Is'' was released on Chrysalis in 1993, and like the first, failed to find a large audience. For the ''Is'' tour, the band hired a bassist, allowing Crawford/Shreve to concentrate solely on vocals. In 1995, The Big F called it quits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oozingbrain.com/thebigf/splash.html |title=The Big F Webpage |access-date=May 23, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108090053/http://www.oozingbrain.com/thebigf/splash.html |archive-date=January 8, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Christianity ==
Following a short-lived attempt at reuniting ''Berlin'' with Nunn, Crawford took a step away from the music industry to focus on his family and sort out the aftermath of his success. It was 10 years before he performed again or wrote another note of music. In the early 1990s, Crawford took a leap of faith and became a [[born-again]] Christian, an act that he credits with saving not only his soul but his marriage to Jacquelyn, with whom he had three children, Paul, Sydney, and Samantha.

In 2003 the members of [[Berlin (band)|Berlin's]] (roughly) pre-''Love Life'' era lineup got together at the behest of [[VH1]]’s [[Bands Reunited]] show, resulting in phone conversations between Crawford and Diamond that Crawford credits with inspiring him to begin writing again.

"I have to kind of give credit to David Diamond," Crawford said in late 2005. I just had a lot of fun talking to him about music. I talked to him on the phone a little bit afterwards, and it just kind of perked me up a little bit. I just decided to try it, just to write some stuff for myself, just to see what it was like."

The resulting self-released album, ''Surrender'', represents 12 tracks of Crawford's songwriting and vocals, emphasizing his newfound faith, along with his precise guitar and bass playing and drum programming.

''Surrender'' features guest appearances by former Big F bandmate Mark Christian and was co-produced by former [[Stacey Q]] bandleader Jon St. James. The album was recorded at Crawford's home studio with additional recording and mixing done at St. James’ studio.

During his tenure as Berlin's main songwriter, Crawford wrote most of his songs using an acoustic guitar, though these days his main composing tools are his personal computer and a music application called [[Reason (program)|Reason,]]<nowiki/>produced by Propellerhead Software.

''Surrender'' was available from Crawford's website, where he frequently posts in his public journal about his life as a musician and his conversion to Christianity.

An album of new material titled ''8 Days'' was released in August 2006, and Crawford is reportedly working on a new album of material to be called ''Tarantula'' that he says is closer to Berlin's early 1980s sound than anything he's released in the past 20 years. According to Crawford's posts on his message board, due to the financial expense involved in self-releasing his two solo CDs, he may offer MP3 downloads of this new electronic music, song by song, as he completes them. Also on his website, Crawford has hinted that he is open to the idea of playing Christian praise and worship music.<ref>"Return to Grace" section based on author's interviews with Crawford in 2005</ref>

==Discography==

===Berlin===
*''[[Information (Berlin album)|Information]]'' (1980)
*''[[Pleasure Victim]]'' (1982) 
*''[[Love Life (Berlin album)|Love Life]]'' (1984)
*''[[Count Three & Pray]]'' (1986)
*''Transcendance'' (2019)<ref name="Apple-Transcendance">{{cite web |title=Transcendance by Berlin on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/transcendance/1469479234 |publisher=Apple, Inc. |access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref>
*''Strings Attached'' (2020)

===The Big F ===
(As John Shreve)'' (lead vocalist, bassist, songwriter)
*''The Big F'' (1989)
*''Patience Peregrine'' (EP) (1993)
*''Is'' (1993)

===As solo artist===
*''Surrender'' (2005)
*''8 Days'' (2006)
*"After Berlin" (2015)<ref>"After Berlin" http://www.hembot.com/JohnCrawford</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Berlin (band) }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, John}}
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:American new wave musicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Berlin (band) members]]
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]

Screw 32

2022-10-05T09:23:36Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|American punk rock band}}
'''Screw 32''' is a [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]/[[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]]-area US [[punk rock]] band.
Their name has many supposed origins, the most popular stating that it is derived from an anti-[[skateboard]]ing measure on the ballots in [[Concord, California]]. They were noted for their self-publicity and ordered stickers by the thousands and stuck them in numerous places. They were also known to "[[tag (graffiti)|tag]]" their names with [[Sharpie (marker)|Sharpies]] on numerous objects and in numerous places, the results of which have been seen in places all over the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

Members of the band later played in several other notable bands; vocalist Andrew "Andrew Champion" Ataie went on to Hopelifter, End of the World, Shadowboxer, and Highwire Days; guitarist Doug Sangalang played with [[Limp (band)|Limp]], One Time Angels, and [[Jackson United]]; and bass player Jimi Cheetah played in [[Tilt (American band)|Tilt]] and [[Nothing Cool]], as well as running Cheetah's Records.<ref>[http://www.fatwreck.com/band/index/14 Fat Wreck Chords - Tilt profile]</ref> Guitarist Grant McIntire and drummer Mark Mortenson had a brief stint in [[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]], while Mark Mortenson played in the bands Grinch and [[Samiam]]. Grant McIntire and Andrew Champion also played in the band [[Dance Hall Crashers]].<ref>[http://www.operationphoenixrecords.com/10ThingsJesusWantsYouToKnowIssue11-4Screw32.pdf Operation Phoenix Records zine - interview]</ref>

Screw 32's music has been likened to that of the [[Bouncing Souls]], [[AFI (band)|AFI]], and [[Dag Nasty]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

==History==

One of the first East Coast-influenced [[hardcore punk|hardcore]]-style bands to come out of the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] in the early 90's, Screw 32 went on an endless string of [[United States]] and Canadian tours with many popular punk rock bands of their era, and they headlined their last few tours. Influenced by the bands that were coming up in the area (e.g., [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]], [[Green Day]], AFI, and others), they led by example and also incorporated other bands' concepts into their own effort.

The band started when Grant McIntire and Andrew Champion were at a [[Coffeehouse|coffee shop]] complaining about the state of the local music scene and their friend Shea Walters walked up and told them to, "Stop whining and start their own band."{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} Grant and Andrew had been in two bands previously and had been friends since grade school when Grant moved to the Bay Area from New York. Doug Sangalang was playing at the time with Jesse Michaels' (of [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]]) current project, [[Big Rig]], and joined Screw 32 a few weeks into the band's rehearsal endeavors which resulted in a key role in sculpting Screw 32's melodic blend of [[D.C. hardcore|D.C.-style hardcore]] and L.A. punk. Jimi Cheetah and Josh Kilbourn were the original rhythm section.

When Screw 32 first formed, they were inseparable from [[AFI (band)|AFI]], and the two bands would help each other get shows, throwing each other on as [[opening act|support]] for whatever shows they would get. Both bands got too big after a while to play together, to the point where they would have to jump on stage to play at [[924 Gilman Street]]. They were not permitted to play at Gilman St. due to the size of the crowd and inherent security problems.{{tone|date=July 2016}}{{Infobox musical artist 
| background = group_or_band
| label = [[Fat Wreck Chords]], [[BYO Records]], Harvcore Records, Wingnut Records, Halfpint Records
| associated_acts = [[Limp (band)|Limp]], [[Tilt (American band)|Tilt]], [[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]], [[Jackson United]], [[Dance Hall Crashers]], [[The Nerve Agents]], Scattered Fall, Hudson Criminal, Hopelifter, Shadowboxer
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
Their first tour was with Los Angeles legends [[Youth Brigade (band)|Youth Brigade]], who were a major influence on the band and helped them out getting started. Screw 32 did at least five full tours with the [[Bouncing Souls]] and was also heavily influenced by them, due to their "[[wikt:no holds barred|no-holds-barred]]," all-out touring ethic.

The last show for Screw 32 was at Boarderline Warehouse near [[Twain Harte, California]] in April 1997, run by a friend of theirs named Mark Kirkman (who ran the now famous BullPen skateboard shop in [[Danville, California]] where the San Ramon and Danville straightedge scene was born and in extension the Northern California straightedge hardcore scene was also born with such bands as Unit Pride, Breakaway, Rabid Lassie, No Reason and many others) with [[Citizen Fish]] (ex-[[Subhumans (U.K. band)|Subhumans]]), [[The Criminals (band)|The Criminals]], and [[Fury 66]] from Santa Cruz, CA. The tension in the band had grown to such a level that many of them were not speaking when they took the stage that night, Andrew actually stood still and did not make a noise through an entire song at one point and then played 'One Time Angels' as their last song ever, he turned to the guys afterwards and said, 'Thanks, I quit' ([[Fat Wreck Chords]] released a compilation LP with the Screw 32 song 'Painless' on it with a cartoon of four characters looking sadly at one cartoon with a bubble above him that says, 'I quit'. With two large tours booked, two records left on their contract, and about a million t-shirts, the band had run it's course.

The band reformed in the Spring of 2016 with guitarist Zac Hunter "The Butcher" of [[The Nerve Agents]] bassist Dustin Tyler "dbc" Kanel and Jude Ramirez joining original members [[Andrew Champion]] on vocals and Grant McIntire on guitar. They recorded an EP with Andy Ernst at Art Of Ears studio that will be released in the spring of 2023 as well as a contribution to the Sell The Heart Records Fugazi tribute album with the song"Public Witness Program".

==Members==

Grant McIntire, Andrew Champion, Douglas Sangalang, Jimi Cheetah (McCluskey), Grant McIntire and Josh Kilbourn were the original members of the band.<ref> the other was a reunion show not original line up wiki and history acknowledges the original members at Screw32 as the contribution was 400 times mores ..[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027091419/http://geocities.com/stubblemusiczine/screw32.html Stubble Music Magazine - interview]</ref> Jamie Morrison played a few tours and a lot of shows in between Josh and ultimately Mark Mortenson who played on their last record and all of their remaining shows, recordings, and tours.

==Discography==
*1994: ''[[This is Berkeley, Not West Bay]]'' compilation 7" w/ [[AFI (band)]], [[Black Fork (band)|Black Fork]], and [[Dead and Gone]] - ([[Zafio Records]])
*1994: ''Old Idea, New Head'' b/w Tightrope – ([[Scooter's Records]])
*1994: ''Why Are We So Fucked Up All the Time?'' 7" – ([[Harvcore Records]])<ref>[http://www.harvcore.com/store Harvcore]</ref>
*1995: Split 7" w/ [[Youth Brigade (band)|Youth Brigade]] – ([[BYO Records]])
*1995: ''Unresolved Childhood Issues'' – ([[Wingnut Records]])
*1996: Split 7" w/ [[Fury 66]] – ([[Half Pint Records]])
*1997: ''[[Under the Influence of Bad People]]'' – ([[Fat Wreck Chords]])
• 2016: Sell The Heart Records Fugazi compilation, ‘Public Witness Program’

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p200327|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Screw 32}}
[[Category:Punk rock groups from California]]
[[Category:Fat Wreck Chords artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Berkeley, California]]

RNA Automation

2022-10-05T09:15:20Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=March 2008}}
{{advert|date=February 2012}}
}}

{{Infobox company|
name = RNA Automation Ltd. |
foundation = 1986 |
location = [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]] |
industry = [[Robotics]], [[Industrial Automation]]|
homepage = http://www.rnaautomation.com/ [http://www.rnaautomation.com/]
}}

'''RNA Automation''', a member of Rhein-Nadel Automation, was established in [[Birmingham]] UK in 1986, and has progressed into becoming the major supplier of parts handling equipment in the UK. The company operates in the area of specialised [[Automation engineering]], providing automatic parts handling equipment for high volume production in the [[cosmetics]], [[pharmaceutical]], [[electronics]], [[food and metal working industries]], with seven manufacturing facilities across Europe and North America and a network of sales and service outlets across the globe.

==Company history==
Founded in 1972, Rhein-Nadel Automation is the market leader throughout Europe and operates worldwide in parts handling technology. Rhein-Nadel Automation is a member of the Rheinnadel Group, which has been based since 1898 in the city of [[Aachen]], Germany. Rhein-Nadel Automation have four manufacturing sites in Germany and individual manufacturing plants in the UK, Spain and Switzerland, together with a world-wide, decentralised distribution and service network with 28 subsidiaries.

===Time line===
'''1968''' The department of the needle factory, so far only responsible for the internal construction of operating materials and machines, trades under the name Rheinnadel Maschinenbau and begins working for external customers.

'''1972''' Rheinnadel Maschinenbau now also uses the firm name Rhein-Nadel Automation GmbH and concentrates exclusively on the area of Feeding Technology.

'''1980-1989''' Rhein-Nadel Automation expands. The permanent establishment in Ergolding and the subsidiaries in Switzerland and Great Britain are found.

'''1990-1999''' Rhein-Nadel Automation continues to grow. The Spanish company Vibrant S.A. is purchased.

'''2000''' With RNA Automated Systems Inc., the first subsidiary outside of Europe to take up its commercial activities in Canada.

'''2004''' The Rheinnadel Group concentrates its activities on the area of Automation. RNA broadens its range with the components and continues to extend its development capacities.

RNA Automation specializes in automated feeder and specialist handling systems, offering vibratory bowl feeders, Linear Feeders, Centrifugal Feeders and Step Feeder systems. RNA also supplies a range of specialist handling equipment, including Vision Guided Robots, Tablet Inspection, Vision Inspection, Tray Loading, and Bottle Handling.

=== Technology ===
RNA supplies a range of vibratory http://www.rna-uk.com/, centrifugal feeders, linear and conveyor feed systems, and hopper elevator systems in different formats. RNA bowl tops and drive units are designed to work in harmony alongside each other and handle components from all areas of industry, providing the widest possible range of shapes and sizes made of any kind of material can be catered for.

In association with Hoppmann Corporation, RNA offers a full range of tooled centrifugal feeders. The centrifugal feeder systems can be interfaced and supplied as a complete packaging line with further production transportation via downstream conveyor systems to subsequent packaging operations such as capping, labelling, flow wrapping, and [[cartoning machines]].

The RNA Step Feeder is a compact, low-noise alternative to a bowl feeding system, and in many circumstances, components can be tooled without the aid of air. The RNA step feeder is manufactured in such a way that the static hopper, which has a very low filling height, can be loaded manually. The components are collected from the hopper by elevating plates, pre-sorted, and fed to the top without any further feeding technique until they reach the desired transfer height.

Directional Carpet Linear feeders are developed to orient components where a step feeder or bowl feeder is not suitable They enable gentle handling of oriented components from bulk to escapement devices, creating product accumulation prior to a machine or handling unit. Large heavy and bulky components contaminated with oil or swarf can be oriented and conveyed to a machine using a carpet feeder.

===Specialist handling===
RNA are the sole agents in the UK & Ireland for the SVIA range of [[Vision Guided Robotic Systems]]. All systems have a Robotic arm for handling and manipulating the product, a camera system, and share the same pc-based control system and are, in most cases, integrated with a standard ABB robot controller.

RNA, alongside camera specialists Machine Vision Technology, has developed a tablet inspection system to inspect and sort tablets up to and over 1000 parts per minute. The specification of a tablet inspection system is as follows:

A 600mm diameter vibratory [[bowl feeder]] in Stainless Steel and a variable speed controller. A speed of 800 - 1000 tablets per minute Outputs onto a conveyor with a reject sort facility. With up to four double-speed progressive scan cameras and lighting mounted along the conveyor, A high-speed PC with a 17-inch LCD display mounted in a SS enclosure. The system is designed to meet pharmaceutical standards The software complies with FDA requirements. All documentation is to CFR 21 pt. 11, with the fully validated version option.

===References===
* ''[http://www.svia.se SVIA Industrial Automation]''
* ''[http://www.rnaautomation.com/ www.rnaautomation.com/]'' Company website
* ''[http://www.rna.de Rhein-Nadel Automation]'' Company website
* ''[http://www.learnaboutrobots.com/industrial.htm Learn about Robots-Industrial Robots]''

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Industrial robots]]

Maastricht Wildcats

2022-10-05T09:07:14Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{unreferenced|date=April 2016}}
The '''Maastricht Wildcats''' (formerly called the [[Limburg Wildcats]]) of the AFBN ([[American Football Bond Nederland]]) are an [[American Football]] League team from [[Maastricht]]. They play in the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] 1st division and are rivals to the [[Amsterdam Crusaders]]. They won the 2007 [[Dutch National Championships|Dutch National Championship]] by defeating the [[Amsterdam Crusaders]] 25-16 in the [[Tulip Bowl]]. In 2004, the Wildcats, coached by [https://www.football-hall-of-fame.de/profile/mel-crandall/ Mel Crandall], won the 3rd Division Championship and advanced to the 2nd division. Then, in the 2005 season, they won the 2nd division championship and advanced to the 1st division.

In 2007, their player/Head Coach was [[Jon Horton (American football)|Jon Horton]], formerly of the [[San Francisco 49ers]].

Many of the current and past players of the Maastricht Wildcats are U.S. Military members, former American high school and collegiate players now stationed in the neighboring areas, and former [[German Football League]] players. The Maastricht Wildcats won the Dutch National Championships on October 28th, 2007 by defeating the Amsterdam Crusaders, who had won the national title five times in a row, with a score of 25-16. However, on July 13, 2008, the [[Amsterdam Crusaders]] exacted revenge and regained the [[Tulip Bowl]] with a score of 20-8.

Despite posting a 9-1 regular season record and losing only to [[Amsterdam Crusaders]], Maastricht's 2009 season fell flat as they were shocked 10-7 in the semi-final game by [[Lightning Leiden]].

Another strong regular season in 2010 saw the Wildcats post an 8-2 record, losing only to [[Amsterdam Crusaders]] and [[Alphen Eagles]]. This time, Maastricht took care of business in the playoff game, dismissing the [[Amsterdam Panthers]] 44-20. Despite coming back strongly in the [[Tulip Bowl]], the Wildcats were not quite able to overturn a 22-point first-half deficit, eventually losing the championship game 28-22 to rivals the [[Amsterdam Crusaders]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.wildcats.nl/}}

{{Maastricht}}

[[Category:American football teams in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Sport in Maastricht]]

Paula Seling

2022-10-05T09:01:51Z

Itskaaal:

{{Short description|Romanian singer-songwriter and TV presenter}}{{Multiple issues|
{{condense|date=January 2018}}
{{peacock|date=January 2015}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=January 2018}}
{{rough translation|1=Romanian|listed=yes|date=January 2018}}
{{Missing information|date=December 2021|about=her life and career after 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Paula Seling
| image = ESC2014 - Romania 13 (crop).jpg
| caption = Paula Seling (2014)
| Img_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Baia Mare]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]
| origin =
| instrument = Vocals
*piano
*keyboard
* synthesizer
| genre = {{Flatlist|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]
*[[Latin pop]]
*[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
*[[Soul music|soul]]
*[[Dance music|dance]]}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
*Singer
*songwriter
*musician
*record producer
*composer
*radio [[DJ]]
*TV personality}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| label = {{Flatlist|
*Unicorn
*[[Roton (label)|Roton]]
*CatMusic Production}}
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
*[[Ovidiu Cernăuțeanu]]
*[[Dimitris Kontopoulos|Plan D]]
*[[Alexander Rybak]]
*[[Al Bano]]
*[[Iris (Romanian band)|Iris]]
*[[Răzvan Fodor]]
*Talisman}}
| website = http://paulaseling.com/
}}

'''Paula Seling''' ({{IPA-ro|ˈpa.ula ˈseliŋɡ}}, born December 25, 1978) is a Romanian singer, songwriter, record producer, DJ, and television personality. Raised in [[Baia Mare]], she attended [[Gheorghe Șincai National College (Baia Mare)|Gheorghe Șincai National College]] and later moved to [[Bucharest]] to pursue a career in music.

She has released more than thirteen albums (including three Christmas albums) and over twenty singles, including two top-ten hits in the [[Romanian Top 100]],<ref name="starcount1">{{cite web |url=http://www.starcount.com/profile/513d4c402418ae7bbb000073/paula-seling |title=Paula Seling ★ Starcount |publisher=Starcount.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713031148/http://www.starcount.com/profile/513d4c402418ae7bbb000073/paula-seling |archive-date=2013-07-13 }}</ref> a minor European hit which entered the charts in Finland and Norway,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acharts.us/song/55497 |title=Paula and Ovi – Playing With Fire – Music Charts |publisher=Acharts.us |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228062921/http://acharts.us/song/55497 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/100612cluk.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000220/http://zobbel.de/cluk/100612cluk.txt |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paula is trilingual and speaks, writes, and performs in French, English, and Romanian; she also performs in Italian.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klVeIXkvqn8 |title=AL BANO & PAULA SELING – Figlio Delle Ande |publisher=YouTube |date=3 December 2011 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913183544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klVeIXkvqn8 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also provided the Romanian voice in ''[[Cars 2]]'', for [[Holley Shiftwell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://a1.ro/tv/tv-1/video-paula-seling-da-glas-unui-personaj-din-cars-2-id37425.html#|title=VIDEO! Paula Seling da glas unui personaj din Cars 2|access-date=2016-04-19|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403082227/http://a1.ro/tv/tv-1/video-paula-seling-da-glas-unui-personaj-din-cars-2-id37425.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is an outspoken supporter of personal freedom, individual rights, and human rights.

Paula represented [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010]], together with [[Ovidiu Cernăuțeanu]], with the song "[[Playing with Fire (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Playing with Fire]]". They finished third in the finals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision.tv/event/artistdetail?song=25273&event=1513 |title=Paula Seling & Ovi – Playing With Fire (Romania 2010) | Participant Profile | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013 |publisher=Eurovision.tv |access-date=2010-05-14 |archive-date=2010-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404080155/http://www.eurovision.tv/event/artistdetail?song=25273&event=1513 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then participated in [[Dansez Pentru Tine]] (Romanian "[[Dancing with the Stars]]") where she finished third.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bloggs |first=Wiwi |url=http://wiwibloggs.com/2010/10/23/romanias-paula-seling-competes-on-dancing-with-the-stars/6915/ |title=Romania's Paula Seling Competes on 'Dancing with the Stars' |publisher=WiwiBloggs.Com |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416215452/http://wiwibloggs.com/2010/10/23/romanias-paula-seling-competes-on-dancing-with-the-stars/6915/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/1e1f8c04-fe49-41da-8e1f-78d8e122ea11 |title=Music – Paula Seling |publisher=BBC |access-date=2018-02-12 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925082731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/1e1f8c04-fe49-41da-8e1f-78d8e122ea11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBP1UThJXFs |title=Made in Romania – PAULA SELING – Dancing in the rain – Romanian singer – Dansez pentru tine |publisher=YouTube |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBP1UThJXFs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escunited.com/t3075-144/ |title=ROMANIA 2010 – Paula Seling & Ovi Martin – Playing with Fire – Page 144 |publisher=Escunited.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182548/http://www.escunited.com/t3075-144/ |archive-date=2014-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apropo.ro/showbiz/de-la-noi/ella-si-octavian-strunila-marii-castigatori-de-la-dansez-pentru-tine-poze-7771138 |title=Ella si Octavian Strunila, marii castigatori de la "Dansez pentru tine" (Poze) |date=2 December 2010 |publisher=Apropo.ro |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182548/http://www.apropo.ro/showbiz/de-la-noi/ella-si-octavian-strunila-marii-castigatori-de-la-dansez-pentru-tine-poze-7771138 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Starting in October 2011, Seling was a juror and mentor in the [[X Factor (Romania)|Romanian ''X Factor'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sezonul1.xfactor.a1.ro/galleries/stiri/gallery-33/media-276 |title=X Factor – Galerie Foto – site-ul oficial Antena 1 |publisher=Sezonul1.xfactor.a1.ro |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026174924/http://sezonul1.xfactor.a1.ro/galleries/stiri/gallery-33/media-276 |archive-date=2013-10-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011 she collaborated with [[Al Bano]] and [[Dimitris Kontopoulos|Plan D]].
In 2011/2012 she sang a song called [[I'll Show You (Alexander Rybak and Paula Seling song)|"I'll Show You"]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=65853&_t=alexander_rybak_and_paula_seling_in_european_tour |title=Alexander Rybak and Paula Seling in European tour | News | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013 |publisher=Eurovision.tv |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2012-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111122950/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=65853&_t=alexander_rybak_and_paula_seling_in_european_tour |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Alexander Rybak]]. The song, written by Rybak, premiered on May 30, 2012.

In 2012, she was chosen by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Walt Disney]] to record the song "My Spirit Flies" ("Chiar pot zbura") for the [[Pixar]] [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Academy Award-winning]] animation ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]''.<ref name="LazyDog">{{cite web |url=http://www.infomusic.ro/2012/08/paula-seling-lanseaza-videoclipul-melodiei-my-spirit-flies-din-coloana-sonora-a-filmului-brave-video/ |title=Paula Seling lansează videoclipul melodiei "Chiar pot zbura" din coloana sonoră a filmului Brave – VIDEO |publisher=Infomusic.ro |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127085055/http://www.infomusic.ro/2012/08/paula-seling-lanseaza-videoclipul-melodiei-my-spirit-flies-din-coloana-sonora-a-filmului-brave-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Paula Seling was born in [[Baia Mare]], a city in North Western Romania, on 25 December 1978. She has a brother named Paul. After graduating from the [[Gheorghe Şincai National College (Baia Mare)|Gheorghe Şincai National College]] in June 1997,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/biografie/ |title=Biografie | Paula Seling |date=17 September 2008 |publisher=Paulaseling.wordpress.com |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916081617/http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/biografie/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centrulculturalreduta.ro/index.php?task=news&news=concert_seling |title=Centrul Cultural Reduta – paula, reduta, concert, trupa |publisher=Centrulculturalreduta.ro |date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713031024/http://www.centrulculturalreduta.ro/index.php?task=news&news=concert_seling |archive-date=13 July 2013 }}</ref> she studied journalism in [[Bucharest]], graduating in 2002.

She has been playing piano since she was 6 years old, having studied at the "School of Performing Arts" with Mariana Tilca. At the age of 10, she began to sing in the school [[choir]], soon becoming a soloist, and at the age of 15, she joined a band, the "Enders", as a piano player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://youzeek.com/?Artist=Paula+Seling+&+Ovi&page=Biography&lng=EN#xPAGE_Artist_%3Flng%3DEN%26Artist%3DPaula%20Seling%26page%3DGeneral |title=PAULA SELING & OVI > Biography |publisher=Youzeek.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007052258/http://youzeek.com/?Artist=Paula+Seling+&+Ovi&page=Biography&lng=EN#xPAGE_Artist_%3Flng%3DEN%26Artist%3DPaula%20Seling%26page%3DGeneral |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paula has been married to Radu Bucura since 2005, a friend from her teenage years and the drummer in Dana Nalbaru's band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/LifeStar/14864/Paula-Seling-s-a-maritat-la-secret.html|title=Paula Seling s-a maritat la secret|publisher=9am.ro|access-date=2011-12-25|archive-date=2012-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203043029/http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/LifeStar/14864/Paula-Seling-s-a-maritat-la-secret.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is a [[Romanian Orthodox]] and is also [[anti-abortion]]. She attended the [[March for Life]], in [[Bucharest]], in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://basilica.ro/en/march-for-life-in-bucharest/ |title=March for Life in Bucharest (English) |access-date=2016-12-02 |archive-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203002204/http://basilica.ro/en/march-for-life-in-bucharest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
{{Quote box
| width = 300px
| align = right
| quote = "I learned a lot about music by participating in national and county level piano contests, festivals and choir music contests. It was my success in these performances that helped me find confidence. I learned a lot during this time... I gained some experience and self-confidence as a result of successful performances."
| source = —Seling, on the difficulty of her music career<ref name="paulaseling2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.paulaseling.com/biografie |title=Paula Seling |publisher=Paula Seling |date=1 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905052347/http://www.paulaseling.com/biografie |archive-date=5 September 2013 }}</ref>{{Irrelevant citation|date=May 2014}}
}}

In 1995, she won the Best Instrumental Interpreter award at the "Steaua de cristal" (The Crystal Star) Contest in [[Botoșani]], "Ursulețul de aur" (The Golden Teddy Bear) award in Baia Mare, and first place at the "Armonia" (Harmony) Festival in [[Bucharest]]. That year she met Paul Nanca of the [[Transsylvania Phoenix|Phoenix]] Cultural Foundation and most of her musician friends who are still with her today.

In 1996, she won the "Aurelian Andreescu" trophy under the guidance of Anda Popp and she had her first performance at the "Golden Stag",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monitorulexpres.ro/suplimente/cerbul_de_aur_2002/ |title=Cerbul de Aur – The Golden Stag Festival, Brasov 2002 |publisher=Monitorulexpres.ro |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2014-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205935/http://monitorulexpres.ro/suplimente/cerbul_de_aur_2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in the show "Viața de român" (Romanian life)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/biography/ |title=Biography | Paula Seling |date=7 May 2010 |publisher=Paulaseling.wordpress.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916081622/http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as a backup vocalist.

In 1997, she opened for [[Joan Baez]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/year/participant-profile/?song=25453 |title=Paula Seling & Ovi – Playing With Fire (Romania 2010) | Participant Profile | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013 |publisher=Eurovision.tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606031517/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/year/participant-profile/?song=25453 |archive-date=2013-06-06 }}</ref> participated in the Mamaia Trophy with the song "Trurli" a Romanian song, and released her first album in English, "Only Love", recorded at Sound House Records, Germany;<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulaseling.com/discografie |title=Paula Seling |publisher=Paula Seling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905052357/http://www.paulaseling.com/discografie |archive-date=2013-09-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://playalbums.net/paula-seling/only-love/ |title=Only Love – Paula Seling |publisher=Playalbums.net |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174847/http://playalbums.net/paula-seling/only-love/ |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> then sang in the show "Din darul magilor" (From the Magi's Gift) in December 1997.

Paula Seling competed in the [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998|Selectia Nationala 1998]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trilulilu.ro/video-muzica/paula-seling-si-talisman-te-iubesc-eurovizion-1998 |title=Paula Seling și Talisman – Te iubesc- Eurovizion 1998 – Video – Trilulilu |publisher=Trilulilu.ro |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2014-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509001224/http://www.trilulilu.ro/video-muzica/paula-seling-si-talisman-te-iubesc-eurovizion-1998 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/tag/talisman/ |title=Talisman | Paula Seling |publisher=Paulaseling.wordpress.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2014-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224915/http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/tag/talisman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> teaming up with band Talisman with the song "Te iubesc". They came in fourth (with 565 points), as the jury voted them in second place and tele-voters put them in sixth place. The special jury considered their song the most suitable for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998]].

Seling competed in the [[Mamaia]] Festival 2001 with her performance of "Ploaie în luna lui marte" (Rain in the Moon of Mars) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4_h_Ckr0Lw |title=''Ploaie în luna lui marte''-Paula Seling-english lyrics translation |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2016-11-22 |archive-date=2014-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606153148/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4_h_Ckr0Lw |url-status=live }}</ref> (a cover of Nicu Alifantis' older hit). She received national recognition after winning the [[Golden Stag Festival]] in 2002.

Seling was signed by [[Roton (label)|Roton Records]] in the fall of 2002, after winning [[The Golden Stag]] International trophy. In 2003, she won an MTV Romanian Award for "Best Music Video" for a video which she co-directed. In early 2005, she launched her own [[record label]], "Unicorn Records Romania", along with her father and brother. She has sung duets with [[Al Bano]], [[Anita Doth]] (from [[2 Unlimited]]) and [[Tony Hawks]]. She has performed as an opening act for [[Joan Baez]] (27 June 1997), [[Chick Corea]] (9 November 1998), [[Michael Bolton]] (7 July 2007), and [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] (26 October 2007). In 2008, she performed a song together with "[[manele]]" singer [[Florin Salam]] at the Bucharest Symphonic Orchestra.

Paula Seling decided to perform [[rock music|rock]], [[jazz]], [[jazz-rock]], [[soul music|soul]], and rhythm and blues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandID=906799 |title=SoundClick artist: Paula Seling – Paula Seling, Singer Songwriter, Pianist |publisher=Soundclick.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006222249/http://www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandID=906799 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, unplugged music was popular so Paula suggested a collaboration with the [[Transsylvania Phoenix|Phoenix]] Foundation to create an album.

Dana Cristescu proposed involving Nicu Alifantis in composing and producing this album. Seling offered her some songs and she chose ''"Ploaie în luna lui marte"'' to be the first track.{{cn|date=May 2022}}

Paula remembers ''"all the bright eyes looking at me kindly as I was looking out to the audience and hundreds of voices were singing with me "ploouuaaa infernaaaal" and "noooi ne iubeaaam..." it's an amazing feeling. It was nice to see people happy and enjoying my music! "''{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

=== The first album and "Ploaie în luna lui marte" success ===
[[File:Amy-Winehouse-Tribute-Concert-Bucharest.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Amy Winehouse]] tribute concert in [[Bucharest]] with Paula Seling.]]

The song eventually got to [[George Zafiu]], DJ at [[Radio 21]], who started to broadcast it on his shows. After many requests, Paula's team agreed to record the first album in Romanian named ''Ştiu că exist''/ "I know I exist" and "Colinde și cântece sfinte" (Christmas carols and Holy songs) with the Romanian singer-songwriter Narcisa Suciu. It represents the best of her musical self study at that time.{{cn|date=May 2022}}

At the same time, Paula Seling won the "Ascending Star" award by Avantaje magazine.

On November 9, 1998, she was the opening act for [[Chick Corea]]'s concert in Bucharest.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Following the concert Seling collaborated with percussionist Lucian Maxim on a project which was a fusion of [[jazz]], classical music and old Romanian [[gypsy jazz|gypsy music]] found in the traditional remakes of Marius Mihalache.

In 1999 Seling released an album called "De dragoste" (For Love)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/Paula-Seling-De-Dragoste-10-Cantece-De-Nicu-Alifantis/release/4235845 |title=Paula Seling – De Dragoste (10 Cantece De Nicu Alifantis) (Cassette, Album) at Discogs |publisher=Discogs.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023014725/http://www.discogs.com/Paula-Seling-De-Dragoste-10-Cantece-De-Nicu-Alifantis/release/4235845 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://youzeek.com/?Artist=Paula+Seling+&+Ovi&page=Biography&lng=EN#xPAGE_Artist_%3Flng%3DEN%26artist%3DPaula%2BSeling%26page%3DAlbums |title=PAULA SELING & OVI > Biography |publisher=Youzeek.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007052258/http://youzeek.com/?Artist=Paula+Seling+&+Ovi&page=Biography&lng=EN#xPAGE_Artist_%3Flng%3DEN%26artist%3DPaula%2BSeling%26page%3DAlbums |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trilulilu.ro/muzica-traditionala/paula-seling-de-dragoste |title=Paula Seling – De dragoste – Muzică – Trilulilu |publisher=Trilulilu.ro |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006114633/http://www.trilulilu.ro/muzica-traditionala/paula-seling-de-dragoste |url-status=live }}</ref> which gathered ten songs composed by Nicu Alifantis. It was Seling's first complete album and included songs such as "Almost Silence"/"Aproape liniște"; "The Shadow"/"Umbra"; and "How Good That You Exist"/"Ce bine că ești".

Nicu Alifantis influenced her career path. "Ploaie în luna lui Marte" brought her "The Hit of the Year" award at the Mamaia Festival in the same year. After all this, Paula took a break while trying to find her way in life and her music. "I wanted to sing, but I also wanted to give real attention to the courses I had registered for."

Eventually, Seling started to write music and lyrics with her brother, Paul Seling. They started to plan an album that would mark a change in her music, attitude, music and sound.

=== Performances and music videos ===
In January 2001 Paula released the album "Mă voi întoarce" (I will return).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neatza.a1.ro/muzica/Paula-Seling-Ma-voi-intoarce_9582.html |title=Paula Seling – Mă voi intoarce – Muzica – Neatza cu Razvan si Dani |publisher=Neatza.a1.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331205640/http://neatza.a1.ro/muzica/Paula-Seling-Ma-voi-intoarce_9582.html |archive-date=2012-03-31 }}</ref> The song "Lângă mine"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF7PU2mzIZ4 |title=PAULA SELING & DIRECTIA 5 – Langa mine (OFFICIAL VIDEO) |publisher=YouTube |date=21 August 2012}}</ref> (Next to me), a duet with the band ''Direcția 5'', more precisely with Cristi Enache<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/2009/07/31/poze-paula-seling-vs-directia-5/ |title=Poze – Paula Seling vs Directia 5 | Paula Seling |publisher=Paulaseling.wordpress.com |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015106/http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/2009/07/31/poze-paula-seling-vs-directia-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/veronique3/4655672479/ |title=Paula Seling & Cristi Enache | Flickr – Condivisione di foto! |publisher=Flickr.com |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104125019/https://www.flickr.com/photos/veronique3/4655672479/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was also included in their album.

They worked on the album until the fall of 2001. Paul and Paula succeeded to mostly finalise the album and they decided to include Cezar Stănciulescu and Cristi Ştefănescu, members of the band NSK. The two were excellent professionals to work with. It was the first album in which all the lyrics were written exclusively by Paula. The title of the album was "Știi ce înseamnă (să fii fericit)" (You know what it means (to be happy)),<ref name=autogenerated1 /> and includes songs like "Promise"/"Promit", one of Paula's most famous songs, that was available in [[Romanians|Romanian]], and in English, as well. Also in 2001, a truly intense year, Paula released the album " Prima selecție " (First selection),<ref name=autogenerated1 /> a song collection from concerts, duets and remakes of some of her best songs. In the same period, the teen star, worked with an artist that she found very interesting: [[Puya (rapper)|Puya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puyaoficial.ro/ |title=Puya – Site Oficial |publisher=Puyaoficial.ro |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708195312/http://www.puyaoficial.ro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> from [[La Familia (rap group)|La Familia]]. They arrived early at the studio where she was recording a song with a strong message and Puya had not found a [[female vocalist]] yet. The song seemed very suitable to Paula's abilities and she offered to record it with him.

The song named "Fii pregătit" (Be ready) was released and was very popular so a few weeks later, they were presenting it in a performance in Mamaia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amh12SBB9ZI |title=Paula Seling & Puya – Fii pregatit |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2016-11-22 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224132922/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amh12SBB9ZI&app=desktop |url-status=live }}</ref> As 2001 ended, Seling received ''The Award for the best female singer'' at the Awards of the Romanian Music Industries. It was very important, because it proved to her that she was on the right track with her music and performances. After that, Paula also had the opportunity to collaborate with one of the best [[Artistic director|director]]s from Romania, Andreea Păduraru, for the music video of the song "Serile verii" (Summer evenings)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5avrXv3Py9o |title=Paula Seling – Serile Verii (Official Hd Video) |publisher=YouTube |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624065203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5avrXv3Py9o |url-status=live }}</ref> (of the album "You know what it means"/"Știi ce înseamnă").

This music video brought Paula the award for the best artist in a Music Video and the award for the Best Music Video on the MTV Music Awards Romania 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mtv-music-awards-in-varianta-dimboviteana-premii-muzicale-cu-aluzii-sexuale-523762.html |title=MTV Music Awards in varianta dimboviteana: Premii muzicale cu aluzii sexuale|publisher=EVZ.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012853/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mtv-music-awards-in-varianta-dimboviteana-premii-muzicale-cu-aluzii-sexuale-523762.html |archive-date=2013-10-05 }}</ref>

At the [[Golden Stag Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Bernard |last=Brumberg |url=http://www.bucovine.com/en/pages/seling.shtml |title=Paula Seling |publisher=Bucovine.Com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224424/http://www.bucovine.com/en/pages/seling.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escradio.com/2010/05/romania-heating-up-the-competition-tune-in-to-our-exclusive-interview-with-paula-seling-today-wednesday-12th-may-at-1500-cest/ |title=Romania heating up the competition: Exclusive interview with Paula Seling |publisher=ESC Radio |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508092051/http://www.escradio.com/2010/05/romania-heating-up-the-competition-tune-in-to-our-exclusive-interview-with-paula-seling-today-wednesday-12th-may-at-1500-cest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Seling performed two of her songs: "Noapte caldă" (Warm Night) and "That old devil called love".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/tag/cerbul-de-aur/ |title=Cerbul de Aur | Paula Seling |publisher=Paulaseling.wordpress.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229121234/http://paulaseling.wordpress.com/tag/cerbul-de-aur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== International collaborations ===
[[File:Paula Seling, ESC2014 Meet & Greet 13 (crop).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Paula Seling in Copenhagen for the Eurovision Song Contest]]
In 2002, Seling played herself in the TV series documentary [[Open House with Gloria Hunniford|Open House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0666740/ |title="Open House" Episode dated 20 February 2002 (TV Episode 2002) – IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503030300/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0666740/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tony Hawks]], producer, composer, director and writer wanted to cast a documentary movie on the [[Discovery Channel]], a movie, named "One Hit Wonderland",<ref>{{cite web |first=Paula |last=Seling |url=http://www.songonlyrics.com/versuri/paula-seling-when-all-is-said-and-done-versuri.html |title=Versuri Paula Seling – When All Is Said and Done |publisher=Songonlyrics.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002326/http://www.songonlyrics.com/versuri/paula-seling-when-all-is-said-and-done-versuri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that reveals the recipe for the success of a song. He picked Paula as a study subject in Romania, they recorded a song, his composition, in his studio from London and then, the city started promoting it. They performed the song on [[Gloria Hunniford]]'s show on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in London.

2003 brought Seling a management agreement with a French producer. In the same year, the singer released the album "Fara sfârșit" (Endless) with 17 songs<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPRCMeyKBmw |title=Paula Seling – Timpul |publisher=YouTube |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309022007/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPRCMeyKBmw |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004 she was nominated for MTV Music Awards as the best artist for the same song ''(Time).'' In 2005 Paula married Radu Bucura;and both opened a production studio, ''UNICORN RECORDS''.

In 2006. Radu and Paula released a unique album called "De sarbatori" /''"For Holidays"'' with traditional [[Christmas carols]] and songs that were sacred to Paula.

In 207, Seling was the opening act for [[Michael Bolton]] in [[Brașov]] on 7 July and for [[Beyoncé]] in Cluj on 22 October. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkEWsyZpcEw |title=Paula Seling – Noapte Calda "If You Want It" (Cerbul De Aur "Golden Stag") 20020904 |publisher=YouTube |date=5 September 2009 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702112204/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkEWsyZpcEw |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Al Bano collaboration ===

Seling and her team, decided to make a "Best of", sort of a compilation with the most important songs of the 10 years of her musical career. It included 19 tracks, some of them with their original orchestration, some of them with a new production, remade in Unicorn Records studio. The album was called "1998–2008".

She won the 3rd Place Selectia Nationala Eurovision Final with the song "Seven Days".

===2009===
Her album ''[[Culeg Vise]]/[[Believe (Paula Seling album)|Believe]]''<ref>{{cite web |first=Steffen |last=Hung |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Paula+Seling&titel=Believe&cat=a |title=Paula Seling – Believe |publisher=australian-charts.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827125135/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Paula+Seling&titel=Believe&cat=a |url-status=live }}</ref> was released in 2009. The first single from this album is "Believe" and it reached the top 40 of [[Romanian Top 100]]. She attended the 2009 Golden Stag Festival, in September, as a judge, where she met her collaborator [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu]].
[[File:Paula & Ovi - Playing with Fire (2nd Semi-final).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paula Seling and Ovi performing "Playing with Fire" during the second semi-final of [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010]].]]

===Eurovision Song Contest 2010===
Ovi called her back in November, inviting her to participate together at the 2010 Selectia Nationala. They re-recorded the original version of the song{{which?|date=May 2021}} and signed up for pre-selection. They were selected as a finalist for the Romanian selection show on 27 January 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/multimedia/videos?id=11533 |title=Interview with Paula Seling & Ovi from Romania | Video | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013 |publisher=Eurovision.tv |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111024/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/multimedia/videos?id=11533 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arenamedia.ro/index.php?view=article&catid=77%3Aactualitate&id=395%3Apaula-seling-i-norvegianul-ovi-impreun-la-eurovision&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=117 |title=Arena - cotidian online călărăşean de politică, administraţie, economie, sport şi publicitate |publisher=Arenamedia.ro |access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref> and won the competition on 6 March 2010.

Seling and Ovi performed "Playing with Fire" live in the second Eurovision Song Contest 2010 semi-final, in [[Oslo]] on 27 May 2010. They finished 4th in the semi-final and competed in the final on 29 May 2010, where they finished 3rd. This is the second time that Romania had achieved this, its highest placement in the Eurovision Song Contest.

===2010: After Eurovision===
In 2010, she joined a Romanian dance competition, "Dansez pentru tine" (the Romanian version of ''[[Dancing With the Stars]]''), with her partner Tudor Moldoveanu. The pair came in 3rd in the competition.
Seling was the co-host of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]] Romanian national final, held on New Year's Eve night on [[TVR 1]], along with Ovi and Marina Almasan-Socaciu.

===New album and ''X Factor''===
[[File:Paula Seling & Ovi ESC 2010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paula and Ovi in Romania at TVR1 after Eurovision.]]

In early 2011, Seling released a new song entitled "I Feel Free".

In April 2011, Romanian TV station [[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]] (part of the [[Intact Media Group]]) announced that the British—concept reality/musical contest show X Factor will come to Romania as well. In early June, it was announced that Seling was to be one of three judges of the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.ro/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arq.ro/files/tinuta-paula-seling-gala-xf-sambata.jpg&imgrefurl=http://arq.ro/paula-seling-absolut-superba-la-x-factor&h=683&w=1024&sz=524&tbnid=K8RSURJJlID-XM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&zoom=1&usg=__4gIsASpBmzVxg19Z2a4EPFFHje4=&docid=8bHQ8shcYz2LIM&sa=X&ei=oxPgUZvKJ4KE4gSa2YHADQ&ved=0CD8Q9QEwBA&dur=865 |title=Rezultatele căutării de imagini Google pentru http://www.arq.ro/files/tinuta-paula-seling-gala-xf-sambata.jpg |publisher=Google.ro }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4bwWyRKHvs |title=paula seling X Factor |publisher=YouTube |date=22 November 2011 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913233124/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4bwWyRKHvs&app=desktop |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNrQHRjAp9c |title=Alexander Rybak & Paula Seling interview on Belgian TV. 13.8.12 |publisher=YouTube |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529041607/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNrQHRjAp9c |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seling recorded duets with Alexander Ryback, Ovi and Al Bano in late 2011 to be put together alongside "I Feel Free" and another at least eight songs on for a new album due in 2012. In February 2012, it was announced that Seling will be returning to Selectia Nationala 2012, in order to represent [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012]]. Despite this, she said the song she prepared for the contest wasn't ready and promised a comeback for [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013]].

She was the spokesperson for Romania and presented their votes during the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.<ref name="voting">{{cite web|title=Running order for the voting tonight|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=running_order_for_the_voting_tonight|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618135712/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=running_order_for_the_voting_tonight|url-status=live}} Due to an as-yet unknown reason, Georgia did not reveal their votes, leaving only 41 countries voting in total.</ref> In 2013, she was selected to be the endorser for a Romanian moisturising cream, [[Gerovital]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecomunicate.ro/stiri/paula-seling-este-endorser-pentru-gama-gerovital-plant-cu-extract-de-floare-de-colt-in-campania-realizata-de-cupid-advertising-alaturi-de-cocoon-bucharest-11825.html |title=Paula Seling este endorser pentru gama Gerovital Plant cu extract de floare de colt in campania realizata de Cupid Advertising alaturi de Cocoon Bucharest |publisher=Ecomunicate.ro |date=15 March 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227171439/http://www.ecomunicate.ro/stiri/paula-seling-este-endorser-pentru-gama-gerovital-plant-cu-extract-de-floare-de-colt-in-campania-realizata-de-cupid-advertising-alaturi-de-cocoon-bucharest-11825.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farmec.ro/Document_Files/Download/Cataloage_GalleryDetail/Brochure_RO_GP_634529278265390000.pdf|title=Revista Gerovital|access-date=2013-07-12|archive-date=2013-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325075706/http://www.farmec.ro/Document_Files/Download/Cataloage_GalleryDetail/Brochure_RO_GP_634529278265390000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The brandd ''Loncolor'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loncolor.ro/ |title=Loncolor |publisher=Loncolor.ro |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2013-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815174820/http://loncolor.ro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> proposed to Paula to become their endorser in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbOIR7o5er8 |title=Loncolor 20 de ani |publisher=YouTube |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401061308/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbOIR7o5er8 |url-status=live }}</ref> representing LONCOLOR enVogue 535.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paginademedia.ro/2013/07/spoton-paula-seling-imaginea-loncolor-florin-de-la-hiq-promoveaza-hyperion/ |title=SpotON. Paula Seling, Imaginea Loncolor. Florin De La Hi-Q Promovează Hyperion. | Pagina de media – Petrişor Obae |publisher=Paginademedia.ro |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705051718/http://www.paginademedia.ro/2013/07/spoton-paula-seling-imaginea-loncolor-florin-de-la-hiq-promoveaza-hyperion/ |archive-date=5 July 2013 }}</ref>

===Eurovision Song Contest 2014===
[[File:ESC2014 - Romania 15.jpg|thumb|200px|Paula Seling and [[Ovidiu Cernăuțeanu|Ovi]] performing their song in the first dress rehearsal for the second semi-final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014]]]]
On 1 March 2014, Paula Seling and Ovi won the Romanian [[National Selection 2014]] and were selected as the Romanian entry for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014]] in Copenhagen with the song "[[Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Miracle]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=paula_and_ovi_to_represent_romania|title=Paula and Ovi to represent Romania!|publisher=Eurovision.tv|date=1 March 2014|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604055250/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=paula_and_ovi_to_represent_romania|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seling and Ovi performed "[[Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Miracle]]" live in the second [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014]] semi-final, in [[Copenhagen]], on 8 May 2014. They qualified from the semi-finals and competed in the finals on 10 May 2014 and finished 12th.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Type
! Award
! Result
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2002
|| Golden Stag Festival
| Golden Stag Trophy
| {{won}}
|-
| Romanian Musical Industry Awards
| Best Female
| {{won}}
|-
| [[MTV Romania Music Awards]]
|Best Music Video
| {{won}}
|-
|| "Avantaje" Magazine
| Woman of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
|| 2000s
|| Fildorf Festival
| Various Awards
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2010
|| Selectia nationala
| Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| RRA Awards
| Best Pop Album
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Pop Song
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|Eurovision Song Contest]]
| Semi-Final
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfecec;"| Qualified
|-
| Final
| style="text-align:center; background:tan;"| 3rd Place
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2011
|| "Successful Women Awards"
| Young Talents
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| "[[RRA Awards 2011]]"
| "Artist of the Year"
| {{won}}
|-
| "Female Performance of the Year"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Best Pop Song" (Playing With Fire)
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014
|| ''Selecția Națională''
| [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014|Eurovision Song Contest]]
| Semi-Final
| style="text-align:center; background:#cfecec;"| Qualified
|-
| Final
| style="text-align:center; background:tan;"| 12th place
|}

==Discography==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Album details
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1998
| '''''Only Love'''''
* Released: May 1998
* Format: CD
* Label: [[Roton Records|Roton]]
* Note: Debut Album
|-
| '''''Ştiu că Exist'''''
* Release Date: 1998 
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton
|-
| '''''Colinde şi cântece sfinte'''''
* Release Date: December 1998
* Format: CD
* Label: Cat Music
* Note: Christmas album, with Narcisa Suciu
|-
| 1999
| '''''De Dragoste'''''
* Release Date: November 1999
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton
* Note: Compilation album
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2001
| '''''Mă Voi Întoarce'''''
* Release Date: 2001
* Format: Audio Tape
* Label: Cat
|-
| '''''Ştii ce înseamnă'''''
* Release Date: July 2001
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton
|-
| '''''Prima Selectie'''''
* Release Date: November 2001
* Format: CD´S
* Label: Roton
* Note: Best Of
|-
| 2002
| '''''Albumul de Craciun'''''
* Released: December 2002
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton
* Note: Christmas album
|-
| 2003
| '''''Fără Sfârşit'''''
* Released: 14 May 2003
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton, Universal
* Note: First album to hit the stores
|-
| 2006
| '''''De Sărbători'''''
* Released: 3 December 2006
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton
* Note: Christmas album
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009
| '''''[[Culeg Vise]]'''''
* Released: January 2009
* Format: CD, digital download
* Label: Universal, Unicorn
|-
| '''''Believe'''''
* Released: 10 June 2009
* Format: CD
* Label: Roton, Universal
* Note: First album in English
|-
| 2010
| '''''[[Playing with Fire (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Playing with Fire]]'''''
* Release Date: 2010
* Note: With Ovi, from Eurovision
|-
| 2013
| '''''One Mile of Words'''''
* Release Date: 2013
* Genre: Pop:Dream Pop
* Label: Universal
|}

== Singles ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Title
! rowspan="2"| Year
! colspan="9"| Peak Chart Positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! style="width:30px;"| [[Romanian Top 100|ROM]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[Bulgaria|BUL]]
! style="width:30px;"| RUS
! style="width:30px;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[Finnish Singles Chart|FIN]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]
! style="width:30px;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Ploaie în Luna lui Marte"
| rowspan="2"| 1998
| 3
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Ştiu că exist''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Te iubesc" (featuring [[Talisman (band)|Talisman]])
| 88
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998]]''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Lânga mine" (featuring Direcṭia 5)
| rowspan="4"| 2001
| 100
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Mă Voi Întoarce''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Un băiat şi o fată" (featuring Parlament)
| 41
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Prima Selecţie''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Promit"
| 24
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan="2"| ''Stii ce inseamna''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Serile Verii"
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Timpul (song)|Timpul]]"
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| 10
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan="2"| ''...fara sfarsit''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Chip de Inger"
| 69
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Culeg Vise]]"
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| 98
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Culeg Vise''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Believe"
| 55
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''Believe''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Playing with Fire (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Playing with Fire]]" (featuring [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]]) 
|| 2010
| 65
| 29
| 44
| 112
| 12
| 28
| —
| 51
| 200
| rowspan="3"| ''Playing with Fire''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Counting Down" (featuring [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]]) 
| rowspan="3"|2011
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Calling You (Hello, Hello)]]" (featuring [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]]) 
| 66
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "I Feel Free" (featuring [[Dimitris Kontopoulos|Plan D]]) 
|10
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 100
| ''Non-album single''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "Pansament"
| 2013
| 10
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''One Mile of Words''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| "[[Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)|Miracle]]" (featuring [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]]) 
| 2014
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 88
| —
| 174
| ''Non-album single''
|-
| colspan="12" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released.
|}

==Dubbing==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2011
|''[[Cars 2]]''
|Holley Shiftwell
|Romanian voice-dub
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Paula Seling}}
* [http://www.paulaseling.ro Official website — paulaseling.ro]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111222144350/http://trazneata.radiolynx.ro/2008/03/03/paula-seling-la-radio-lynx-video-galerie-foto/ Interview @ Radio Lynx Romania]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Romania}} Proconsul}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Golden Stag|Golden Stag Trofee]] at the [[Golden Stag Festival]]|years=2002}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} Sha Baoliang}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Elena Gheorghe]] with ''[[The Balkan Girls]]''
|title = [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
|years = [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]] (with [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]])
|after = [[Hotel FM]] with ''[[Change (Hotel FM song)|Change]]''
}}
{{succession box
|before = [[Florin Cezar Ouatu|Cezar]] with ''[[It's My Life (Cezar song)|It's My Life]]''
|title = [[Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
|years = [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014|2014]] (with [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi]])
|after = [[Voltaj]] with ''[[De la capăt]]''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Paula Seling}}
{{Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest |state=autocollapse}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest 2010 |state=autocollapse}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest 2014 |state=autocollapse}}
{{X Factor (Romania)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seling, Paula}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2010]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2014]]
[[Category:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:People from Baia Mare]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Romanian anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:English-language singers from Romania]]
[[Category:French-language singers]]
[[Category:Italian-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Romanian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Romanian women singers]]
[[Category:Golden Stag winners]]

Giant leopard moth

2022-10-05T08:57:26Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|Species of moth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Giant leopard moth hypercompe scribonia 3.jpg
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Hypercompe scribonia|url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=115178&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=115178&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=115178|work=[[NatureServe]]|accessdate=18 July 2013|author=Poole, Robert W.|author2=Patricia Gentili|year=1996|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210091632/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=115178&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=115178&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=115178|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| taxon = Hypercompe scribonia
| authority = ([[Caspar Stoll|Stoll]], 1790)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
* ''H. s. scribonia'' (Stoll, 1790)
* ''H. s. denudata'' ([[Annie Trumbull Slosson|Slosson]], 1888)
| synonyms =
*''Bombyx chryseis'' [[Guillaume-Antoine Olivier|Olivier]], 1790
*''Phalaena scribonia'' Stoll, 1790
*''Phalaena oculatissima'' [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|J.E. Smith]], 1797 (unjustified emendation)
*''Bombyx cunegunda'' Palisot de Beauvois, 1824
*''Ecpantheria confluens'' [[Charles Oberthür|Oberthür]], 1881
*''Ecpantheria denudata'' [[Annie Trumbull Slosson|Slosson]], 1888
*''Ecpantheria scribonia''
}}

The '''giant leopard moth''' ('''''Hypercompe scribonia''''') is a [[moth]] of the family [[Erebidae]]. They are distributed through North America from southern [[Ontario]], and southern and eastern United States through [[New England]], [[Mexico]] and south to [[Colombia]].<ref>[http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Hypercompe%20scribonia] Distribution map at DiscoverLife</ref><ref name="fearnley">{{cite web |title=Weird & Wonderful Creatures: Giant Leopard Moth |last=Fearnley |first=Kirstin |website=Science NetLinks |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=29 July 2016 |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/weird-wonderful-creatures-giant-leopard-moth |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> The obsolete name, ''Ecpantheria scribonia,'' is still occasionally encountered.

This species has a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|3|in|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. The wings of this moth are bright white with a pattern of neat black blotches, some solid and some hollow. The overside of the abdomen is dark blue with orange markings, while the underside is white with solid black spots, and males have a narrow yellow line on the sides. Their legs have black and white bands. Adult moths are strictly [[nocturnal]] and do not generally fly before nightfall.<ref>{{aut|Fullard, James H. & Napoleone, Nadia}} (2001). Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera. ''Animal Behaviour'' '''62'''(2): 349–368. {{doi|10.1006/anbe.2001.1753}} [http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf PDF fulltext] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615060834/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |date=15 June 2007 }}</ref>

This species has a notable sexual dimorphism in size, the adult male reaching about {{convert|2|in|disp=flip|abbr=on}} in length, while the adult female grows up to {{convert|1.2|in|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. In Missouri, adults are on the wing from May to September and are [[multivoltine]].<ref name="missouri">{{cite web |website=Missouri Department of Conservation |title=Field Guide: Giant Leopard Moth |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/giant-leopard-moth |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> During mating sessions, the wings of the male cover most of the female's abdomen, and this can sometimes lead to the loss of wing scales in the female, which can have negative effects on its flight efficiency.<ref>{{cite book | last=Scoble | first=M.J. | title=The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity | publisher=Natural History Museum | series=Natural History Museum publications | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-19-854952-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnpd_5iNTiwC&pg=PA63 | page=63}}</ref> Their mating sessions are notably long-lasting, taking more than 24 hours. They stay mostly immobile during the whole process but will move from spot to spot to [[Thermoregulation|thermoregulate]], walking into shadowy areas if it is too hot or into sunlight if it is too cold. The male is the one that effectuates the locomotion, while the female folds her legs to make it easier to carry.

The [[caterpillar]] is of the "[[Arctiinae (moth)|woolly bear]]" kind, with a thick coat of black bristles ([[setae]]) and red or orange bands between its segments, which become conspicuous when the caterpillar rolls into a ball for defense. Like the [[Pyrrharctia isabella|banded woolly bear]], its hairs are not [[urticating hair|urticant]] nor venomous and do not typically cause irritation. The moth [[overwinters]] as a caterpillar,<ref name="fearnley" />often under the bark of decaying wood.<ref name="missouri" /> The caterpillar grows to be {{convert|3|in|cm}} long.<ref name="missouri" />

==Recorded food plants==
{{unsourced section |date= August 2022}}
The caterpillar eats a variety of broadleaf plants such as [[Plantago|broadleaf plantains]], [[dandelion]]s and [[violet (plant)|violet]]s:
{|
|valign="top"|
* ''[[Maple|Acer]]''<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Bougainvillea]]''
* ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' (cabbage)<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Brugmansia]]'' (angel trumpet)
* ''[[Cannabis]]''
* ''[[Citrus]]''
* ''[[Dioscorea]]''
* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Helianthus]]'' (sunflower)<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' (crepe myrtle)
|valign="top"|
* ''[[Lactuca sativa]]'' (lettuce)<ref name="fearnley" />
* ''[[Lonicera]]'' (honeysuckle)
* ''[[Magnolia]]''
* ''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]'' (mulberry tree)<ref name="fearnley" />
* ''[[Musa (Musaceae)|Musa]]'' (banana/plantain)<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Ocimum basilicum]]'' (basil)<ref name="fearnley" />
* ''[[Paulownia]]'' (princess tree)
* ''[[Persea]]''
* ''[[Phytolacca]]''
|valign="top"|
* ''[[Plantago]]''
* ''[[Prunus]]''<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Pyrostegia]]''
* ''[[Ricinus]]''
* ''[[Robinia]]''
* ''[[Salix]]'' (willow)<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Syringa]]'' (lilac)
* ''[[Taraxacum]]'' (dandelion)<ref name="missouri" />
* ''[[Violet (plant)|Viola]]''<ref name="missouri" />
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Giant leopard moth caterpillar.jpg|Larval stage
File:Hypercompe scribonia.jpg|Caterpillar in typical defensive ball
File:Hypercompe scribonia - Caterpillar - Devonian Fossil Gorge - Iowa City - 2014-10-15 - image 1.jpg|Caterpillar with typical red stripes
File:Hypercompe scribonia - Caterpillar - Devonian Fossil Gorge - Iowa City - 2014-10-15 - image 3.jpg|head of a caterpillar
File:GiantLeopardMoth.jpg|Closeup of head and thorax
File:LeopardMothBlueSpots edit2.jpg|Closeup showing iridescent blue spots
File:GiantLeopardMothHatched.jpg|Closeup of newly eclosed moth
File:GiantLeopardMothHatched2.jpg|Showing the old skin, empty pupal shell, and adult moth
Image:GiantLeopardMothHatched3.jpg|Last image at night before it flew off once wings dried
File:Giant_Leopard_Moth%2C_5-23-2012%2C_IN_-03.jpg|Wings spread, displaying abdomen colors
File:Giant_Leopard_Moth%2C_5-23-2012%2C_IN_-04.jpg|Close-up while wings upswept
File:Giant_Leopard_Moth%2C_5-23-2012%2C_IN_-05.jpg|The moment before take-off
File:Scale-less moth.jpg|A female giant leopard moth after mating
File:Female Giant Leopard Moth taking off.jpg|A female taking off
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Ecpantheria scribonia|Giant leopard moth}}
* [http://www.hiltonpond.org/ThisWeek020608.html Hilton Pond Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035108/http://entweb.clemson.edu/museum/moths/local/moth7.htm Entweb]
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/493 Species ''Hypercompe scribonia'' – giant leopard moth - Hodges#8146], BugGuide

{{taxonbar|from=Q1760025}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moths of North America]]
[[Category:Hypercompe]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1790]]

Loveland Living Planet Aquarium

2022-10-05T08:11:59Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Primary sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox zoo
| zoo_name = Loveland Living Planet Aquarium
| logo = Loveland Living Planet Aquarium logo.png
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| location = [[Draper, Utah]], United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705307015/Living-Planet-Aquarium-offers-a-fun-filled-educational-experience-for-kids-of-all-ages.html |title=Living Planet Aquarium offers a fun-filled educational experience for kids of all ages |last=Wadley |first=Carma |date=31 May 2009 |accessdate=21 June 2017 |work=[[Deseret News]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023318/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705307015/Living-Planet-Aquarium-offers-a-fun-filled-educational-experience-for-kids-of-all-ages.html |archivedate=23 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date_opened = February 28, 1999
| date_closed =
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| area =
| floorspace = {{convert|136000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| num_species = 450+
| num_animals = 2,484<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelivingplanet.com/index.php/exhibits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317010101/http://www.thelivingplanet.com/index.php/exhibits|title=Living Planet Aquarium Exhibits|url-status=dead|archivedate=17 March 2015}}</ref>
| largest_tank_vol = {{convert|300000|USgal|L}}
| total_tank_vol = {{convert|600000|USgal|L|-3}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelivingplanet.com/pdf/Oct122012_groundbreaking.pdf |title=Utah Aquarium Breaks Ground October 24 |website=Thelivingplanet.com |accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=3 March 2016|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224856/http://www.thelivingplanet.com/pdf/Oct122012_groundbreaking.pdf}}</ref>
| annual_visitors = 1 million +<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksl.com/?sid=33979324&nid=148&title=photos-loveland-living-aquarium&s_cid=queue-4|title=Photos: Loveland Living Aquarium|last=Ostergar|first=Martha|date=27 March 2015|work=KSL}}</ref>
| members = 30,000
| exhibits = 74
| website = {{URL|http://www.thelivingplanet.com}}
| embedded ={{Infobox mapframe
| stroke-color = #C60C30
| marker = zoo
| marker-color = #1F2F57
| zoom = 11
}} {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=16 |marker = zoo |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

The '''Loveland Living Planet Aquarium''' is located in [[Draper, Utah|Draper]], [[Utah]], [[United States]]. It currently houses 4,500 animals representing 550 species. The [[public aquarium]] currently consists of five main exhibits.

==History==
The Loveland Living Planet Aquarium was founded in 1997 by Brent Andersen,<ref name="desnews 19980219">{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/614107/Duo-set-sights-on-huge-Living-Planet-Aquarium-for-Utah.html|title=Duo set sights on huge Living Planet Aquarium for Utah|last=Knudson|first=Max B.|date=19 Feb 1998|work=[[Deseret News]]|accessdate=21 June 2017|archivedate=23 August 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022445/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/614107/Duo-set-sights-on-huge-Living-Planet-Aquarium-for-Utah.html}}</ref> a Utah native and [[marine biologist|marine biology]] graduate from the [[University of California Santa Barbara]]. It is a regional attraction with over 850,000 annual visitors. The initial plan was to build a {{convert|90,000|sqft|sqm}} aquarium that showed ecosystems from around the world. Locations for the aquarium were considered in [[Salt Lake County]] and [[Utah County]], and feasibility studies indicated downtown [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]] would be the best location.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The first education component was launched in February 1999, when the Aquavan was outfitted with educational portable marine exhibits and began visiting Utah schools.{{citation needed|date=May 2018|https://www.deseretnews.com/article/672270/Aquavan-brings-sea-to-students.html=|reason=Deseret News Article}}

In 2004, in order to garner support for the full-size aquarium, the young organization opened a 10,000 sq ft exhibit at the Gateway Mall in downtown Salt Lake, offering an exclusive experience of marine and freshwater life that was not then available in Utah's arid climate. The Living Planet Aquarium Preview Exhibit featured freshwater fish, sharks, stingrays, eels, a coral reef, a giant octopus, a small theater, and other interactive exhibits.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Attendance reached over 150,000 visitors per year the first two years, and the small space was quickly outgrown.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Aquarium relocated in June 2006 to a much larger {{convert|43,000|sqft|sqm}} space in [[Sandy, Utah]]. Attendance reached 460,000 visitors per year. The long range plan to eventually construct a campus that would house an Aquarium and a Science Learning Center continued to get support from the community over the next 4 years and in 2010 several prominent members of the business community joined to lead the Board of Trustees including Ken Murdock, Jim Loveland, Tim Cosgrove, Jeff Flamm, Rick White, Ron Nielsen, Michele Hilton and Paul Hutchinson.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} . The Loveland Family Foundation had been a long time donor and in 2011 presented a lead gift that allowed the organization to accelerate fundraising, purchase 17 acres of land and raise $27 million to build the Aquarium's permanent home in [[Draper, Utah]]..{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The {{convert|136,000|sqft|sqm}} Loveland Living Planet Aquarium opened to the public on March 24, 2014 and saw over 1.1 million visitors in the first year of operation.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Aquarium is a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)non-profit organization]].

==Exhibits==
{{ad section|date=June 2017}}

=== Ocean Explorer ===
The Ocean Explorer features saltwater species from all over the world, including sea jellies, [[eel]]s, [[seahorse]]s, and seven species of sharks. Shark species include brown-banded [[bamboo shark]]s, [[nurse shark]]s, [[sandbar shark]]s, [[blacktip reef shark]]s, [[whitetip reef shark]]s, [[grey reef shark]]s, and [[zebra shark]]s. Guests can view the [[shark]]s, [[sea turtle|sea turtles,]] and [[sting ray]]s swimming alongside them. The shark tunnel weighs 26,000 pounds and was lifted through the roof of the aquarium with a crane. The tunnel is made from 3.5 inch thick acrylic.<ref name="llpa ocean explorer">{{cite web|url=http://thelivingplanet.com/oceanexplorer/|title=Ocean Explorer|publisher=Loveland Living Planet Aquarium|accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=11 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611091014/http://thelivingplanet.com/oceanexplorer/}}</ref>

=== Journey to South America ===
The Journey to [[South America]] takes you through the [[rain forest]]s of South America, where you will encounter a 14-foot [[anaconda]], [[piranha]], [[caiman]], desert insects, tree boas, [[electric eel]]s, [[tree frog|tree frogs,]] and Amazon giants. The exhibit also educates guests about the biodiversity of rain forest ecosystems, the benefits rain forests provide us and how we all can help protect these amazing habitats!<ref name="llopa south america">{{cite web|url=http://thelivingplanet.com/southamerica/|title=Journey to South America|publisher=Loveland Living Planet Aquarium|accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=27 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627095904/http://thelivingplanet.com/southamerica/}}</ref>

=== Discover Utah ===
Discover Utah houses some of Utah's threatened and endangered species such as [[June sucker]]s and least chub. The largest exhibit in this gallery features three male [[North American river otter]]s which will serve to educate visitors about river otters, otter reintroduction efforts, and release locations in Utah. Families can learn all about the
importance of preserving and protecting Utah's waterways as they explore and experience this exhibit.<ref name="llpa discover utah">{{cite web|url=http://thelivingplanet.com/discoverutah/|title=Discover Utah|publisher=Loveland Living Planet Aquarium|accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=27 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627053128/http://thelivingplanet.com/discoverutah/}}</ref>

=== Antarctic Adventure ===
Antarctic Adventure immerses guests in a [[Falkland Islands]] research station where they will meet [[gentoo penguin]]s.<ref name="llpa antarctica">{{cite web|url=http://thelivingplanet.com/antarcticadventure/|title=Antarctic Adventure|publisher=Loveland Living Planet Aquarium|accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=24 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624090711/http://thelivingplanet.com/antarcticadventure/}}</ref>

=== Expedition: Asia ===
Expedition: Asia opened on June 15, 2016. The traveling exhibit features three male Asian small-clawed otters, three Asian arowana, and many different species of Asian birds, fish, and reptiles. The main feature of Expedition: Asia are the aquarium's two roul-rouls, Roulanda and Raoul.<ref name="llpa asia">{{cite web|url=http://thelivingplanet.com/expeditionasia/|title=Expedition: Asia|publisher=Loveland Living Planet Aquarium|accessdate=23 June 2017|archivedate=27 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627105010/http://thelivingplanet.com/expeditionasia/}}</ref>

'''New Expansion'''

A new expansion was added to the Loveland Living Planet Aquarium. The large, alien-like structure was once used in U2's stage for their 360° World Tour. Now, visitors will have the opportunity to experience more sights and sounds in the plaza. <ref name="ABC4">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/new-expansion-at-loveland-living-planet-aquarium-formerly-used-for-major-concert-tour/|title=New expansion at Loveland Living Planet Aquarium, formerly used for major concert tour|date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

==Community outreach==
The aquarium's education department currently operates two outreach programs: the Utah Waters Van<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/916761/New-water-vans-deliver-education-to-students.html |title=New 'water' vans deliver education to students |last=Hayes |first=Elyse |date=30 May 2002 |work=Deseret News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204051914/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/916761/New-water-vans-deliver-education-to-students.html |archivedate=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Rainforest Van.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ckpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8ewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5624,2286873&dq=the-living-planet-aquarium+van+-turner&hl=en|title=Van Puts Rain Forest In The Classroom|last=Campbell|first=Joel|date=14 December 1999|work=Deseret News|accessdate=20 July 2012}}</ref> The outreach programs visit over 450 elementary schools statewide each year, reaching nearly 80,000 students. Field trip programs for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade and a teacher professional development program with resources for fourth grade teachers are offered.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.thelivingplanet.com}}

{{Zoos of Utah}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in Utah]]
[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]
[[Category:Aquaria in Utah]]
[[Category:Science museums in Utah]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Draper, Utah]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Salt Lake County, Utah]]

Julie on Sesame Street

2022-10-05T08:03:53Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Variety special}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 60 mins.
| starring = [[Julie Andrews]] [[Perry Como]] [[Jim Henson]]'s [[Muppets]] ''(performed by [[Jim Henson]], [[Frank Oz]], [[Caroll Spinney]], [[Jerry Nelson]], [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]], [[Caroly Wilcox]], [[Kermit Love]], [[Jane Henson]])''
| creator =
| director = [[Dwight Hemion]]
| writer = [[Jon Stone]], [[Marty Farrell]]
| composer = [[Jack Parnell]] Derek Scott ''(Musical Associate)''
| country = [[United States]] [[United Kingdom]]
| company = [[Associated Television|ATV]] [[ITC Entertainment]]
| channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (US) [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] (UK)
| first_aired = {{start date|1973|11|23}}
| producer = Gary Smith and [[Dwight Hemion]]
| executive_producer = [[Blake Edwards]]
| location = [[ATV Elstree]], [[Borehamwood]], England
| related =
}}
'''''Julie on Sesame Street''''' was a [[variety show|variety special]] broadcast in the United States on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] on November 23, 1973 at 9 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]] / [[Pacific Time Zone|PT]]. Sponsored on ABC by technology/telecommunications conglomerate [[GTE]], the special starred [[Julie Andrews]] and [[Perry Como]], and they were joined by several of [[Jim Henson]]'s [[Muppets]] from the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] children's series, ''[[Sesame Street]]''. No human members of the ''Sesame Street'' cast appeared in this special. Andrews and "special guest star" Como interacted with the Muppet characters (including [[Kermit the Frog]], [[Big Bird]], [[Cookie Monster]], [[Oscar the Grouch]], [[Grover]], and [[Bert and Ernie]]), sharing comedic banter and singing songs such as "[[It's Not Easy Being Green]]" and "Picture a World" on the ''Sesame Street'' "neighborhood" set.

The special was produced by [[Associated Television|ATV]] and [[ITC Entertainment|ITC]] at [[ATV Elstree]] in the United Kingdom (and not at ''Sesame Street''{{'}}s then-usual [[Teletape Studios|New York City studios]]), It was televised in that country on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] on July 10, 1974 at 8pm in most regions. The special was the first Muppets-related program to be produced with ATV and ITC, who would both co-produce the highly successful ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' three years later.

==Muppet cast==

* [[Jim Henson]] as [[Ernie (Sesame Street)|Ernie]], [[Kermit the Frog]]
* [[Frank Oz]] as [[Bert (Sesame Street)|Bert]], [[Cookie Monster]], [[Grover]]
* [[Jerry Nelson]] as Biff, Frazzle, [[Mr. Snuffleupagus]]
* [[Caroll Spinney]] as [[Big Bird]], [[Oscar the Grouch]]
* [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]]
* [[Kermit Love]]
* [[Jane Henson]]

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0385802}}

{{Sesame Street}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Julie On Sesame Street}}
[[Category:Sesame Street features]]
[[Category:British television specials]]
[[Category:Television series by ITC Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series by ITV Studios]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company original programming]]
[[Category:1973 television specials]]
[[Category:Television shows produced by Associated Television (ATV)]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows shot at ATV Elstree Studios]]

{{ITCDistributions-stub}}

GreenChip

2022-10-05T08:00:48Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|date=April 2011}}
{{Advert|date=December 2015}}}}

'''GreenChip''' is a technology brand of Philips Semiconductors (now [[NXP Semiconductors]]) and is used in the company's range of power adapter ICs with the same name. GreenChip ICs were used in power adapters and power supplies, as well as energy-saving CFL bulbs and [[LED]] lighting products.<ref>By Junko Yoshida, EE Times. “[http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1259539 NXP's foray into 'Internet of things' starts with light bulbs].” May 17, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</ref> In 2011, NXP introduced the GreenChip smart lighting solution—including the GreenChip iCFL for compact [[fluorescent lamp]]s and the GreenChip iSSL for LEDs—to enable quick start times, dimming, extended lifetimes, and [[wireless connectivity]] via IPv4 or IPv6 using [[JenNet-IP]] network layer software.<ref>By Christopher Trout, engadget. “[https://www.engadget.com/2011/05/17/greenchip-lighting-lets-you-flip-the-switch-remotely-thumbs-nos/ GreenChip lighting lets you flip the switch remotely, thumbs nose at IPv4 depletion].” May 17, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</ref>

==History==
The TEA1504 was the first IC to bear the GreenChip name. Released in 1998, it was a [[Switched-mode power supply|SMPS]] controller with integrated standby burst mode aimed at [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] monitor applications. Improvements to standby behavior meant the chip realized a < 3 W consumption (the [[Energy Star]] target at the time), without needing a separate standby power supply.

The second generation GreenChip II products appeared in 2000 with the release of the TEA1507, a quasi-resonant flyback SMPS controller targeted at standby power savings in [[monitor (computing)|monitor]]s, TVs, and VCRs<ref>By ElectronicsWeekly. “[http://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/archived/resources-archived/philips-green-power-controller-gets-greener-2000-11/ Philips 'green' power controller gets greener].” November 15, 2000. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</ref> It could achieve a standby performance of < 1 W and boasted efficiency improvements well beyond 90%. The IC was built in close cooperation with Philips CE TV and was included in the designs of numerous TV manufacturers.

In 2002/2003, the GreenChip II TEA155x series was released. Derived from the TEA1507, the new series was specifically aimed at [[notebook computer|notebook]] [[power brick|adapter]]s.The GreenChip II series was capable of reducing notebook adapter no-load power to below 500 mW (a 100% improvement over the state-of-the-art 1 W at that time). It also improved system robustness by integrating more adapter-specific protections and signalling conditioning functionality. The TEA155x grew to take a dominant share of the notebook adapter market.

The third generation GreenChip III arrived in 2007 with the launch of the TEA1750.<ref>By Paul OShea, EE Times. “[http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1303705 Third gen chip reduces standby power in notebooks].” March 6, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</ref>The GreenChip III is used in the power adapters of notebook PCs, power supplies for small PCs and all-in-one integrated systems like the iMac.

The GreenChip SR, a secondary control IC for notebook adapters, was launched in 2006 with the TEA176x family.<ref name="eetimes2006">[http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-products/other/4082890/Philips-chipset-claims-power-efficiency-boost "Philips chipset claims power efficiency boost"], ''EE Times'', March 20, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2011.</ref> The GreenChip SR family was extended in 2009 with the TEA179x family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://213.201.145.102/news/content/file_1525.html |title= NXP unveils suite of efficient power supply products including GreenChip PFC and SR controllers| access-date= 2017-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810173043/http://213.201.145.102/news/content/file_1525.html |archivedate=August 10, 2011 }}</ref> The GreenChip SR is a control circuit for the output stage of power supplies. By replacing diode rectifiers with active MOSFET rectification, GreenChip SR enabled typical loss reductions of 20-30%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Led light bulbs |url=https://ledlam.lighting/}}</ref>

In 2006, Philips also introduced the GreenChip PC, a chipset featuring a new topology designed to increase the overall efficiency of [[desktop PC]] power supplies by more than 80 percent; at the time, most desktop PC power supplies were only 60 to 70 percent efficient when operating. The GreenChip PC was based on patented Philips technology, integrating the standby supply into the main converter, reducing the number of external components required.<ref name="eetimes2006"/>

Addressing 10-70 W class power supplies, the TEA173x GreenChip Low Power generation was launched the end of 2009. The TEA173x targeted high volume computing (netbook, printer, monitor) and consumer (STB, DVD, Blu-ray, audio) applications.

GreenChip Resonant ICs such as the TEA1713, launched in early 2010, extend the higher end of the Greenchip portfolio. They feature a [[resonant converter]] capable of being applied from 90 to 600 W. They are suitable for applications including LCD TV and high density travel adapters.

2010 also saw the advent of GreenChip ICs for lamps. These enable the creation of compact energy-saving [[Compact fluorescent lamp|CFL]] bulbs that resemble the familiar incandescent bulbs.

==Technology==
The first and second generation of GreenChip ICs used a combination of High Voltage [[DMOS]] and more dense [[BiCMOS]] for control in multi-chip configurations. In the second generation and after, BiCMOS was replaced by the A-BCD2 (Advanced Bipolar CMOS DMOS 2) process.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{NXP Semiconductors}}

[[Category:NXP Semiconductors]]

Mike Tyson vs. Lou Savarese

2022-10-05T07:47:05Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|Boxing competition}}
perjuangan lelaki jantan{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}{{peacock|date=August 2013}}{{advert|date=August 2013}}}}

{{Infobox boxing match
|fight date=June 24, 2000
|Fight Name=Tyson's Back
|location=[[Hampden Park]] in [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]
|image=[[File:Tyson vs Savarese.jpg|230px]]
|fighter1={{flagicon|USA}} Mike Tyson
|nickname1=Iron
|height1=5 ft 11 in
|record1=47–3–0–1 (41 KO)
|weight1=222 lb
|style1=Orthodox
|hometown1=[[Catskill (town), New York|Catskill, New York]], US
|recognition1=Former [[Undisputed championship (boxing)|undisputed]] heavyweight champion
|fighter2={{flagicon|US}} Lou Savarese
|nickname2=
|record2=39–3 (32 KO)
|hometown2=[[Houston|Houston, Texas]], US
|height2=6 ft 5 in
|weight2=241+1/4 lb
|style2=Orthodox
|recognition2=
|titles=None
|result='''Tyson''' wins via 1st-round '''[[technical knockout|TKO]]'''
}}
'''[[Mike Tyson]] vs. [[Lou Savarese]]''', billed as '''''Tyson's Back''''', was a professional boxing match contested on June 24, 2000.

==Background==
Mike Tyson was three fights into his latest comeback, which started on January 16, 1999, with a fifth-round knockout victory over former [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Heavyweight champion [[Francois Botha]]. After a nine-month layoff due in large part to a four-month prison stint,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/sports/boxing-tyson-released-early-from-jail-for-good-behavior.html Tyson Released Early From Jail for Good Behavior], N.Y. Times article, 1999-05-29, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref> Tyson met former [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] Cruiserweight champion [[Orlin Norris]], but the bout ended in a no-contest after Tyson injured Norris with a punch that landed after the bell.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/24/sports/boxing-in-bizarre-ending-tyson-bout-is-declared-a-no-contest.html In Bizarre Ending, Tyson Bout Is Declared a No Contest], N.Y. Times article, 1999-10-24, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref> Three months later, Tyson had his first ever fight in the [[United Kingdom]], easily defeating British journeyman [[Julius Francis]] by second-round knockout. It was then announced in February 2000 that Tyson would next meet fringe-contender Lou Savarese. Initially, the fight was set to take place in [[Milan|Milan, Italy]] in May,<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2000-03-11/sports/25604107_1_jay-larkin-ibf-julian-francis Tyson and Savarese Set May Bout In Italy], Philadelphia Daily News article, 2000-03-11, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref>but the bout was postponed after Tyson decided that he needed more time to train.<ref>[http://a.espncdn.com/boxing/news/2000/0426/503164.html Site for Bout Yet to Be Determined], ESPN article, 2000-04-26, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref> The fight was then moved to Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland, and rescheduled for June 24, 2000. Though the decision to allow Tyson to return to the United Kingdom was met with protests because of Tyson's rape conviction,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/19/sports/plus-notebook-tyson-visa-sparks-protests.html Tyson Visa Sparks Protests], N.Y. Times article, 2000-05-19, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref> the Glasgow city council voted 10–1 in favor of allowing Tyson to continue on with his match with Savarese.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/sports/plus-boxing-tyson-fight-protested-again.html Tyson Fight Protested Again], N.Y. Times article, 2000-06-18, Retrieved on 2013-08-12</ref>

==The fight==
The first punch that Tyson landed was a left hand that dropped Savarese to the canvas. Savarese was able to get back up, but was met with a furious assault from Tyson. Referee John Coyle attempted to stop the fight at 26 seconds by getting in between the two, but Tyson continued to hammer away at Savarese, taking down Coyle in the process. Shortly after, Tyson's corner entered the ring, and Tyson calmed down. Tyson was awarded the technical knockout victory after only 38 seconds of action. It was the second quickest fight of his career, behind only his 30-second victory over [[Marvis Frazier]] in 1986. During his post-fight interview with [[Jim Gray (sportscaster)|Jim Gray]] of Showtime, Tyson called out [[Lennox Lewis]], famously saying, "I want your heart, I want to eat your children. Praise be to Allah. "

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mike Tyson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyson, Savarese}}
[[Category:2000 in boxing]]
[[Category:Boxing in Scotland]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Glasgow]]
[[Category:2000 in Scottish sport]]
[[Category:Boxing matches involving Mike Tyson|Savarese]]
[[Category:20th century in Glasgow]]
[[Category:June 2000 sports events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2000s in Glasgow]]

Heart Attack (band)

2022-10-05T07:41:56Z

Itskaaal:

{{short description|American hardcore band}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2008}}
{{notability|Music|date=June 2018}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Heart Attack
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| origin = New York City, U.S.
| genre = [[Hardcore punk]]
| years_active = 1980–1984
| label = [[Damaged Goods (record label)|Damaged Goods]], Broken Rekkids, [[Rat Cage Records|Rat Cage]]
| associated_acts = [[Reagan Youth]], The Mob, {{nowrap|[[D Generation]]}}, [[Jesse Malin]], [[The Finger (band)|The Finger]]
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members = [[Jesse Malin]] Javier Madriaga John Frawley Paul Praver Jack Flannagan [[Danny Sage]]
}}
'''Heart Attack''' was an American early [[New York hardcore]] band formed in 1980 and active until 1984.

== History ==
[[File:Jesse Malin Stone Pony Asbury Park 01152016c LHCollins.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Jesse Malin performing at [[The Stone Pony]] in [[Asbury Park, NJ]] as part of the Light of Day Foundation Festival in 2016]]

Formed in the suburban area of [[Whitestone, Queens]] in New York City, they were probably the youngest punk band in the New York City area at the time, according to some flyers and fanzines, as the first line-up was formed by people from 12 to 16 years old. Their first demos (''Hitler Demo'' and ''The Mojo Sessions'') was heavily influenced by English punk rock, especially [[Sex Pistols]] and [[The Clash]], with hilarious lyrics, but soon after attending a [[CBGB]] show of the [[Bad Brains]], singer [[Jesse Malin]] and guitarist Jackie Flanagan decided to switch genres to the latest wave of punk, hardcore.

Heart Attack existed for less than four years, part of the NYC hardcore scene with other bands such as the [[Beastie Boys]], [[Kraut (band)|Kraut]], Bad Brains, [[The Undead]], The Mad, [[Reagan Youth]], The Misguided, and [[Even Worse (band)|Even Worse]]. Heart Attack was the first band of the area to go on tour in the rest of the United States. Their final show was on July 4, 1984, at CBGB. All of their songs are now published on "The Last War 1980–84" CD.

Malin went on to form the bands [[The Finger (band)|The Finger]] and [[D Generation]] (also with later Heart Attack guitarist Danny Sage), and later, a successful solo career. Flanagan went on to play in the New York group [[The Mob (American hardcore band)|The Mob]]. Drummer Javier Madriaga later joined [[Reagan Youth]]. The band is mentioned in the film ''[[American Hardcore (film)|American Hardcore]]''.

== Members ==
*[[Jesse Malin]] – guitar, vocals (later of Hope, the Steps of Sounds, D Generation and [[The Finger (band)|The Finger]])
*John Frawley – bass (1980 – April 1982)
*Javier Madriaga – drums (ex-Lujuria, later in [[Reagan Youth]])
*Paul Praver – bass (April 1982 – July 1984)
*Jack Flanagan – guitar (later of [[The Mob (American hardcore band)|The Mob]])
*[[Danny Sage]] – guitar (later of Hope, D Generation, now a solo artist)
*Missy – guitar (earliest incarnation)
*Richie Ferrara – drums (1978–80)
*Ron Torina – guitar
*Brandon Lewis – bass

== Discography ==
*''God Is Dead'' 7" EP, Damaged Goods Records (1981)
*''New York Thrash'' compilation cassette, CD and vinyl (1982; contains "God Is Dead" and "Shotgun")
*''Keep Your Distance'', 12" EP, Serious Clown Records (1983)
*''Subliminal Seduction'', 12" EP, Rat Cage Records (1984)
*''FLIPSIDE VIDEO FANZINE NUMBER 5'', VHS, songs: "MAN'S WORLD" & "BRAINWASHED HEROES" recorded at Olympic, LA-Perkins, Pasadena (1984)
*''The Last War '80–'84'', CD, Broken Rekkids Records (2001)

{{Jesse Malin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heart Attack}}
[[Category:Hardcore punk groups from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Punk rock groups from New York (state)]]

Bodybuilding

2022-10-05T07:36:28Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Control and development of musculature}}
{{Hatnote|This article is almost exclusively about male-centric bodybuilding, for female bodybuilding, see [[Female bodybuilding]].}}
{{Redirect|Bodybuilder|the 2022 Russian film|Bodybuilder (film)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022|reason=There are many statements that are uncited.}}
{{Tone|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Bodybuilding
| image = File:Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], one of the most notable figures in bodybuilding, 1974
| union = [[International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness]]
| nickname = BB
| first = [[England]], late [[19th century]]
| firstlabel = First developed
| region = Worldwide
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = [[Contact sport#Non-contact|No]]
| team = No
| category = Fitness sports
| mgender = No
| type = Indoor
| equipment =
| venue = [[Auditorium]]
| glossary =
| olympic = No
| world =
| paralympic = No
| obsolete =
| IWGA = [[1981 World Games|1981]]–[[2009 World Games|2009]]
}}

'''Bodybuilding''' is the use of [[resistance training|progressive resistance exercise]] to control and develop one's [[skeletal muscle|muscles]] (muscle building) by [[muscle hypertrophy]] for aesthetic purposes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| last = Emery | first = Michael | name-list-style = vanc |url= http://www.bodybuildingreviews.net/Bodybuilding.html|title=Men's Bodybuilding: A Short History|publisher=Bodybuildingreviews.net|access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> It is distinct from similar activities such as [[powerlifting]] because it focuses on physical appearance instead of strength.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-19|title=Bodybuilding Meal Plan: What to Eat, What to Avoid|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/bodybuilding-meal-plan|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a '''bodybuilder'''.

In [[professional bodybuilding]], competitors appear in lineups and perform specified poses (and later individual posing routines) for a panel of judges who rank them based on symmetry, muscularity, size, conditioning, posing, and stage presentation. Bodybuilders prepare for competitions through the elimination of nonessential [[body fat]], enhanced at the last stage by a combination of extracellular [[dehydration]] and [[carbohydrate loading|carbo-loading]], to achieve maximum muscular definition and [[vascularity]]; they also [[Sun tanning|tan]] and shave to accentuate the contrast of their skin under the spotlights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-30|title=Shaving Body Hair For Men!|url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/shaving-body-hair-for-men.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Bodybuilding.com|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Training_Hard.jpg|thumb|A bodybuilder performs the incline dumbbell press.]]
Bodybuilding takes a great amount of effort and time to reach the desired results. A bodybuilder might first be able to gain {{convert|8|-|20|lb|kg|0}} of muscle per year, if lifting for seven hours on a weekly basis. However, gains begin to slow down after the first two years to about {{convert|5|-|15|lb|kg|0}}. After five years, gains can decrease to just {{convert|3|-|10|lb|kg|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Long Does it Take to Be a Bodybuilder?|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/438125-how-long-does-it-take-to-be-a-bodybuilder/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=[[Livestrong.com]]|language=en}}</ref>

Some bodybuilders use [[anabolic steroid]]s and other [[performance-enhancing drug]]s to build muscles and recover from injuries more quickly, but competitions sometimes ban using them because of the health risks or considerations regarding fair competition. Despite some calls for testing for steroids, the leading bodybuilding federation ([[National Physique Committee]]) does not require testing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-03-16|title=Should The IFBB Ban Steroids For Real?|url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/topicoftheweek18.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Bodybuilding.com|language=en}}</ref>

The winner of the annual [[International Federation of BodyBuilders|IFBB]] [[Mr. Olympia]] contest is generally recognized as the world's top male professional bodybuilder. Since 1950, the [[National Amateur Body-Builders' Association|NABBA]] [[Universe Championships]] have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners such as [[Reg Park]], [[Lee Priest]], [[Steve Reeves]], [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].

== History==
{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Hercules Farnese 3637104088 9c95d7fe3c b.jpg|thumb|165px|The ''[[Farnese Hercules]]'', 216 AD]]

Stone-lifting traditions were practiced in ancient [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], and [[Tamilakam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/locked-horns-and-a-flurry-of-feathers/article4294435.ece|title=Locked horns and a flurry of feathers | vauthors = Karthikeyan D |date=January 12, 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongmen]] displaying feats of [[Physical strength|strength]] for the public and challenging each other. The focus was not on their physique, and they possessed relatively large bellies and fatty limbs compared to bodybuilders of today.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Schwarzenegger A |title=The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding|year=1999|location=Fireside, NY|isbn=978-0684857213|publisher=Simon & Schuster}}</ref>

==== Eugen Sandow ====
[[File:Falk,_Benjamin_J._(1853-1925)_-_Eugen_Sandow_(1867-1925).jpg|thumb|165px|[[Eugen Sandow]], often referred to as the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding"]]
Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century and was promoted in England by the German [[Eugen Sandow]], now considered the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding". He allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in "muscle display performances". Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of strength demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, [[Florenz Ziegfeld]]. The [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning 1936 [[musical film]] ''[[The Great Ziegfeld]]'' depicts the beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-26 |title=This footage taken by Thomas Edison in 1904, shows women and men bodybuilding |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/03/26/footage-taken-thomas-edison-1904-show-women-men-bodybuilding/ |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=The Vintage News |language=en}}</ref>

Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he later created several businesses around his fame, and was among the first to market products branded with his name. He was credited with inventing and selling the first [[exercise equipment]] for the masses: machined [[Dumbbell|dumbbells]], spring [[Pulley|pulleys]], and tension bands. Even his image was sold by the thousands in "[[Cabinet card|cabinet cards]]" and other prints.

====First large-scale bodybuilding competition====
Sandow organized the first bodybuilding contest on September 14, 1901, called the "Great Competition." It was held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Jesse |name-list-style=vanc |date=July 19, 2009 |title=Bodybuilders Through the Ages |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Bodybuilders-Through-the-Ages.html}}</ref> The contest was judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]. The contest was a great success, and many bodybuilding enthusiasts were turned away due to the overwhelming number of audience members. The trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of [[Nottingham]]. The silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy{{snd}} now the most famous of all{{snd}} was presented to third-place winner A.C. Smythe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=The Fascinating Story of the First Bodybuilding Show |url=https://barbend.com/first-bodybuilding-show-eugen-sandow/ |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=BarBend |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to [[Steve Reeves]] for winning the inaugural [[National Amateur Body-Builders' Association|NABBA]] [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]] contest. It would not resurface again until 1977, when the winner of the [[International Federation of BodyBuilders|IFBB]] [[Mr. Olympia]] contest, [[Frank Zane]], was presented with a replica of the bronze trophy. Since then, [[Mr. Olympia]] winners have been consistently awarded a replica of the bronze Sandow.

From December 28, 1903, to January 2, 1904,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Eugene Avery |year=1899 |title=''Physical Culture'', vol. 10, no. 6 (December 1903), p. 555 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000756772n&view=1up&seq=569}}</ref> the first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]]. The competition was promoted by [[Bernarr Macfadden]], the father of [[physical culture]] and publisher of original bodybuilding [[Magazine|magazines]] such as ''Health & Strength''. The winner was [[Al Treloar]], who was declared "The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World." <ref>{{cite web |date=December 28, 1903 |title=Al Treloar at SandowPlus.com |url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Treloar/treloar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629104307/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Treloar/treloar.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |access-date=October 5, 2012 |publisher=Sandowplus.co.uk |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Treloar won a [[US dollar|$]]1,000 cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later, [[Thomas Edison]] made a film of Treloar's posing routine. Edison had also made two films of Sandow a few years before. Those were the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century, Macfadden and [[Charles Atlas]] continued to promote bodybuilding across the world.

==== Notable early bodybuilders ====
Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Earle Liederman (writer of some of bodybuilding's earliest books), [[Zishe Breitbart]], [[Georg Hackenschmidt]], Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing){{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}, [[Frank Saldo]], [[Monte Saldo]], [[William Bankier]], Launceston Elliot, [[Sig Klein]], Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist, [[Lionel Strongfort]] ("Strongfortism"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Strongfort/course/lesson1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802165327/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Strongfort/course/lesson1.htm|archive-date=August 2, 2008|title=STRONGFORTISM - LESSON ONE}}</ref> [[Gustav Frištenský]], [[Ralph Parcaut]] (a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on "physical culture"), and Alan P. Mead (who became an impressive muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in [[World War I]]). Actor [[Francis X. Bushman]], who was a disciple of Sandow, started his career as a bodybuilder and sculptor's model before beginning his famous [[silent movie]] career.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz2eGt6InJIC&q=Actor+Francis+X.+Bushman%2C+who+was+a+disciple+of+Sandow%2C+started+his+career+as+a+bodybuilder+and+sculptor%27s+model+before+beginning+his+famous+silent+movie+career&pg=PA1743|title=CREATIVITY OF GOD IN THE HUMAN BODY "BODYBUILDING"|publisher=Abdullah F Shrit|isbn=978-1-4840-1198-0|language=en}}</ref>

=== 1950s{{ndash}}1960s ===
Bodybuilding became more popular in the 1950s and 1960s with the emergence of strength and [[gymnastics]] champions, and the simultaneous popularization of bodybuilding magazines, training principles, nutrition for [[Muscular hypertrophy|bulking up]] and [[Fat loss|cutting down]], the use of [[protein]] and other [[food supplements]], and the opportunity to enter physique contests. The number of bodybuilding organisations grew, and most notably, the [[International Federation of Bodybuilders]] (IFBB) was founded in 1946 by Canadian brothers [[Joe Weider|Joe]] and [[Ben Weider]]. Other bodybuilding organisations include the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] (AAU), [[National Amateur Body-Builders' Association|National Amateur Bodybuilding Association]] (NABBA), and the World Bodybuilding Guild (WBBG). Consequently, the contests grew both in number and in size. Besides the many "Mr. XXX" (insert town, city, state, or region) championships, the most prestigious titles were Mr. America, Mr. World, Mr. Universe, Mr. Galaxy, and ultimately Mr. Olympia, which was started in 1965 by the IFBB and is now considered the most important bodybuilding competition in the world.

During the 1950s, the most successful and most famous bodybuilders were [[Bill Pearl]], [[Reg Park]], [[Leroy Colbert]], and [[Clarence Ross]]. Certain bodybuilders rose to fame thanks to the relatively new mediums of television and cinema. The most notable were [[Jack LaLanne]], [[Steve Reeves]], Reg Park, and [[Mickey Hargitay]]. While there were well-known gyms throughout the country during the 1950s (such as Vince's Gym in [[North Hollywood, California]] and [[Vic Tanny]]'s chain gyms), there were still segments of the United States that had no "hardcore" bodybuilding gyms until the advent of [[Gold's Gym]] in the mid-1960s. Finally, the famed [[Muscle Beach]] in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] continued its popularity as the place to be for witnessing acrobatic acts, feats of strength, and the like. The movement grew more in the 1960s with increased TV and movie exposure, as bodybuilders were [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] in popular shows and movies.

<ref name=":1" />

===1970s{{ndash}}1990s===
==== New organizations ====
[[File:Ed_Fury_and_Jackie_Coey,_1953.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Fury]] posing with model Jackie Coey in 1953]]

In the 1970s, bodybuilding had major publicity thanks to the appearance of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Franco Columbu]], [[Lou Ferrigno]], [[Mike Mentzer]] and others in the 1977 [[docudrama]] ''[[Pumping Iron]]''. By this time, the IFBB dominated the competitive bodybuilding landscape and the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] (AAU) took a back seat. The [[National Physique Committee]] (NPC) was formed in 1981 by Jim Manion,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifbbpro.com/features/jim-manion-chairman-ifbb-professional-league/|title=IFBB Professional League - Jim Manion, Chairman IFBB Professional League|publisher=Ifbbpro.com|date=September 26, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921210350/http://abhivacrossfitarena.com/|archive-date=September 21, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> who had just stepped down as chairman of the AAU Physique Committee. The NPC has gone on to become the most successful bodybuilding organization in the United States and is the amateur division of the IFBB. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the decline of AAU-sponsored bodybuilding contests. In 1999, the AAU voted to discontinue its bodybuilding events.

==== Anabolic/androgenic steroid use ====
This period also saw the rise of [[anabolic steroid]]s in bodybuilding and many other sports. More significant use began with [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Sergio Oliva]], and [[Lou Ferrigno]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and continuing through the 1980s with [[Lee Haney]], the 1990s with [[Dorian Yates]], [[Ronnie Coleman]], and [[Markus Rühl]], and up to the present day. Bodybuilders such as [[Greg Kovacs]] attained mass and size never seen previously but were not successful at the pro level. Others were renowned for their spectacular development of a particular body part, like [[Tom Platz]] or [[Paul Demayo]] for their leg muscles. At the time of shooting ''Pumping Iron'', Schwarzenegger (while never admitting to steroid use until long after his retirement) said that "you have to do anything you can to get the advantage in competition".{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} He would later say that he does not regret using anything.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-250_162-676684.html|newspaper=CBS|date=February 11, 2009|title=Arnold: No Regrets About Steroids|access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref>

To combat anabolic steroid use and in the hopes of becoming a member of the [[IOC]], the IFBB introduced [[Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport|doping]] tests for both steroids and other banned substances. Although doping tests occurred, the majority of professional bodybuilders still used anabolic steroids for competition. During the 1970s, the use of anabolic steroids was openly discussed, partly due to the fact they were legal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Theunissen|first=Steve | name-list-style = vanc |title=Arnold & Steroids: Truth Revealed|url=http://hjem.get2net.dk/JamesBond/www/artikler/steroidemisbrug/arnoldandsteroids.htm|access-date=February 27, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008172601/http://hjem.get2net.dk/JamesBond/www/artikler/steroidemisbrug/arnoldandsteroids.htm|archive-date=October 8, 2003|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the [[Controlled Substances Act]] (CSA). In [[Canada]], steroids are listed under Schedule IV of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act'', enacted by the [[Parliament of Canada|federal Parliament]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|date=September 19, 2019|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref>

==== World Bodybuilding Federation ====
{{Main|World Bodybuilding Federation}}

In 1990, [[professional wrestling]] promoter [[Vince McMahon]] attempted to form his own bodybuilding organization known as the [[World Bodybuilding Federation]] (WBF). It operated as a sister to the [[World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF, now WWE), which provided [[cross-promotion]] via its performers and personalities. Tom Platz served as the WBF's director of talent development, and announced the new organization during an [[Ambush marketing|ambush]] of that year's [[1990 Mr. Olympia|Mr. Olympia]] (which, unbeknownst to organizers, McMahon and Platz had attended as representatives of an accompanying magazine, ''Bodybuilding Lifestyles''). It touted efforts to bring bigger prize money and more "dramatic" events to the sport of bodybuilding—which resulted in its championships being held as [[pay-per-view]] events with WWF-inspired [[sports entertainment]] features and showmanship. The organization signed high-valued contracts with a number of IFBB regulars.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-17|title=When Bodybuilding Met Wrestling: The Bizarre Tale of the World Bodybuilding Federation|url=https://barbend.com/world-bodybuilding-federation/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=BarBend|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Muchnick|first=Irvin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244769018|title=Wrestling Babylon : piledriving tales of drugs, sex, death and scandal|date=2007|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55490-761-8|location=Toronto [Ont.]|oclc=244769018}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-07|title=Vince McMahon's Attempt to Take Over Bodybuilding|url=https://www.muscleandfitness.com/athletes-celebrities/news/vince-mcmahons-failed-attempt-take-over-world-bodybuilding/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Muscle & Fitness|language=en-US}}</ref>

The IFBB's inaugural championship in June 1991 (won by [[Gary Strydom]]) received mixed reviews. The WBF would be indirectly impacted by a steroid scandal involving the WWF, prompting the organization to impose a drug testing policy prior to the 1992 championship. The drug testing policy hampered the quality of the 1992 championship, while attempts to increase interest by hiring [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] wrestler [[Lex Luger]] as a figurehead (hosting a WBF television program on [[USA Network]], and planning to make a guest pose during the 1992 championship before being injured in a motorcycle accident) and attempting to sign Lou Ferrigno (who left the organization shortly after the drug testing policy was announced) did not come to fruition,. The second PPV received a minuscule audience, and the WBF dissolved only one month later in July 1992.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" />

===2000s===
[[File:Ronnie Coleman 8 x Mr Olympia - 2009 - 5.png|right|thumb|Eight-time [[Mr. Olympia]] [[Ronnie Coleman]] in October 2009]]
In 2003, [[Joe Weider]] sold Weider Publications to [[American Media (publisher)|American Media, Inc.]] (AMI). The position of president of the IFBB was filled by Rafael Santonja following the death of [[Ben Weider]] in October 2008. In 2004, contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr. Olympia contest: in 2017 AMI took the contest outright.<ref>American Media Inc., "American Media, Inc. Acquires Full Ownership Of Mr. Olympia Competition" (5 Sept. 2017): https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-media-inc-acquires-full-ownership-of-mr-olympia-competition-300513901.html</ref>

In the early 21st century, patterns of [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] and [[recreation]] similar to those of the United States became more widespread in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. This resulted in the emergence of whole new populations of bodybuilders from former [[Eastern Bloc]] states.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz2eGt6InJIC&q=in+Europe+and+especially+in+Eastern+Europe+following+the+collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union.+This+resulted+in+the+emergence+of+whole+new+populations+of+bodybuilders+from+former+Eastern+Bloc+states&pg=PA1759|title=CREATIVITY OF GOD IN THE HUMAN BODY "BODYBUILDING"|publisher=Abdullah F Shrit|isbn=978-1-4840-1198-0|language=en}}</ref>

==== Olympic sport discussion ====
In the early 2000s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport. It obtained full IOC membership in 2000 and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics, which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest. This did not happen and Olympic recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since many argue that bodybuilding is not a sport.<ref>{{cite web |last=Littman|first=Jean | name-list-style = vanc |title=Bodybuilding And The Olympics: An Ongoing Controversy|publisher=article99.com|url=http://www.article99.com/recreation-and-sports/olympics/article.php?art=63758|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205174022/http://www.article99.com/recreation-and-sports/olympics/article.php?art=63758|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2007|date=November 13, 2007}}</ref>

== Areas ==
=== Professional bodybuilding ===
{{Main|Professional bodybuilding}}

In the modern bodybuilding industry, the term "[[Professional bodybuilding|professional]]" generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned a "pro card" from their respective organization. Professionals earn the right to compete in competitions that include monetary prizes. A pro card also prohibits the athlete from competing in federations other than the one from which they have received the pro card.<ref>[http://www.ifbb.com/ifbb-faq/ Ifbb Faq – Ifbb]. Ifbb.com (February 22, 1999). Retrieved on 2016-11-29.</ref> Depending on the level of success, these bodybuilders may receive monetary compensation from sponsors, much like athletes in other sports.

===Natural bodybuilding {{anchor|MuscleMania|UFE|INBF|WNBF|INBA|PNBA|NPC|NANBF}}===
{{Main|Natural bodybuilding}}
Due to the growing concerns of the high cost, health consequences, and illegal nature of some steroids, many organizations have formed in response and have deemed themselves "natural" bodybuilding competitions. In addition to the concerns noted, many promoters of bodybuilding have sought to shed the "freakish" perception that the general public has of bodybuilding and have successfully introduced a more mainstream audience to the sport of bodybuilding by including competitors whose physiques appear much more attainable and realistic.<ref name="natural">{{cite web|url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/beginner_natural_bodybuilding_guide.htm|title=Beginner's Guide To Natural Bodybuilding Competition: Disseminating Misconception From Reality!|website=Bodybuilding.com|date=May 10, 2009|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>

In natural contests, the testing protocol ranges among organizations from [[Polygraph test|lie detectors]] to [[urinalysis]]. Penalties also range from organization to organization from suspensions to strict bans from competition. It is also important to note that natural organizations also have their own list of banned substances and it is important to refer to each organization's website for more information about which substances are banned from competition. There are many natural bodybuilding organizations; some of the larger ones include: MuscleMania, Ultimate Fitness Events (UFE), INBF/WNBF, and INBA/PNBA. These organizations either have an American or worldwide presence and are not limited to the country in which they are headquartered.<ref name="natural"/>

=== Men's physique ===
Due to those who found open-bodybuilding to be "too big" or "ugly" and unhealthy, a new category was started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spice|first=Robyn Charlotte|date=2016|title=Strong is the new slim: a study of the body and gender amongst female free weights users|url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/24355|language=en}}</ref> The first Men's Physique Olympia winner was Mark Wingson, who was followed by Jeremy Buendia for four consecutive years. Like open-bodybuilding, the federations in which bodybuilders can compete are natural divisions as well as normal ones. The main difference between the two is that men's physique competitors pose in board shorts rather than a traditional posing suit and open-bodybuilders are much larger and are more muscular than the men's physique competitors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=How Bodybuilding is Judged, Different Divisions, and Scoring|url=https://barbend.com/how-bodybuilding-is-judged/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=BarBend|language=en-US}}</ref> Open-bodybuilders have an extensive routine for posing while the Physique category is primarily judged by the front and back poses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-03-20|title=Excellence In Execution: Perfecting The Pose|url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/drobson62.htm|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Bodybuilding.com|language=en}}</ref> Many of the men's physique competitors are not above 200 lbs and have a bit of a more attainable and aesthetic physique in comparison to open-bodybuilders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Brandon M|last2=Helms|first2=Eric R|last3=Trexler|first3=Eric T|last4=Fitschen|first4=Peter J|date=2020-01-31|title=Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes|journal=Journal of Human Kinetics|volume=71|pages=79–108|doi=10.2478/hukin-2019-0096|issn=1640-5544|pmc=7052702|pmid=32148575}}</ref> Although this category started off slowly, it has grown tremendously, and currently men's physique seems to be a more popular class than open-bodybuilding.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=From 'Classical' To 'Freaky:' An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture|url=http://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/8006/|publisher=Goldsmiths, University of London|date=February 2012|degree=doctoral|first=Dimitrios|last=Liokaftos}}</ref>

=== Classic physique ===
This is the middle ground of both Men's Physique and Bodybuilding. The competitors in this category are not nearly as big as bodybuilders but not as small as men's physique competitors. They pose and perform in men's boxer briefs to show off the legs, unlike Men's Physique which hide the legs in board shorts. Classic physique has only been around for 4 years now as it started in 2016. Danny Hester was the first classic physique Mr. Olympia and as of 2021, [[Chris Bumstead]] is the 3x reigning Mr. Olympia.

=== Female bodybuilding ===
{{main|Female bodybuilding}}The female movement of the 1960s, combined with [[Title IX]] and the all around fitness revolution, gave birth to new alternative perspectives of feminine beauty that included an athletic physique of toned muscle. This athletic physique was found in various popular media outlets such as [[List of fashion magazines|fashion magazines]]. [[Female bodybuilding|Female bodybuilders]] changed the limits of traditional femininity as their bodies showed that muscles are not only just for men.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Locks|first=Adam|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203809457|title=Critical Readings in Bodybuilding|date=2013-03-01|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203809457|isbn=978-0-203-80945-7}}</ref>[[File:Nikki_Fuller.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Nikki Fuller]] posing]]
The first U.S. Women's National Physique Championship, promoted by Henry McGhee and held in 1978 in [[Canton, Ohio]], is generally regarded as the first true female bodybuilding contest—that is, the first contest where the entrants were judged solely on muscularity.<ref>Todd, Jan, "Bodybuilding", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, Gale Group, 1999</ref> In 1980, the first [[Ms. Olympia]] (initially known as the "Miss" Olympia), the most prestigious contest for professionals, was held. The first winner was [[Rachel McLish]], who had also won the NPC's USA Championship earlier in the year. The contest was a major turning point for female bodybuilding. McLish inspired many future competitors to start training and competing.

In 1985, the documentary ''[[Pumping Iron II: The Women]]'' was released. It documented the preparation of several women for the 1983 [[Caesars Palace]] World Cup Championship. Competitors prominently featured in the film were Kris Alexander, Lori Bowen, Lydia Cheng, Carla Dunlap, [[Bev Francis]], and McLish. At the time, Francis was actually a [[Powerlifting|powerlifter]], though she soon made a successful transition to bodybuilding, becoming one of the leading competitors of the late 1980s and early 1990s.

In recent years, the related areas of [[fitness and figure competition]] have increased in popularity, surpassing that of female bodybuilding, and have provided an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding. McLish would closely resemble what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competitor, instead of what is now considered a female bodybuilder. Fitness competitions also have a [[gymnastic]] element to them.

E. Wilma Conner competed in the 2011 NPC Armbrust Pro Gym Warrior Classic Championships in [[Loveland, Colorado]], at the age of 75 years and 349 days.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness World Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=The Jim Pattison Group|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/60 60]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/60}}</ref>

== Competition ==
In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to present an [[Aesthetics|aesthetically]] pleasing body on stage.<ref>{{cite web | title = Top 10 Most Impressive Bodybuilder Physiques of All Time
| publisher =Muscleprodigy
| url = http://www.muscleprodigy.com/top-10-most-impressive-bodybuilder-physiques-of-all-time-arcl-1797.html
| access-date = June 14, 2013
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://muscletime.com/news/judging-the-2008-mr-olympia-judges-provide-full-transparency-and-complete-explanation-of-results|title=Judging the 2008 Mr. Olympia: Judges Provide Full Transparency and Complete Explanation of Results|publisher=Muscletime|access-date=June 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516184738/http://muscletime.com/news/judging-the-2008-mr-olympia-judges-provide-full-transparency-and-complete-explanation-of-results|archive-date=May 16, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In prejudging, competitors do a series of mandatory poses: the front lat spread, rear lat spread, [[wiktionary:front double biceps|front double biceps]], [[wiktionary:back double biceps|back double biceps]], [[wiktionary:side chest|side chest]], [[wiktionary:side triceps|side triceps]], [[Most Muscular]] (men only), [[Abdomen|abdominals]] and [[thigh]]s. Each competitor also performs a personal choreographed routine to display their physique. A [[posedown]] is usually held at the end of a posing round, while judges are finishing their scoring. Bodybuilders usually spend a lot of time practising their posing in front of mirrors or under the guidance of their coach.

In contrast to [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] or [[powerlifting]] competitions, where [[physical strength]] is paramount, or to [[Olympic weightlifting]], where the main point is equally split between strength and technique, bodybuilding competitions typically emphasize condition, size, and symmetry. Different organizations emphasize particular aspects of competition, and sometimes have different categories in which to compete.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Probert|first1=Anne|last2=Leberman|first2=Sarah|last3=Palmer|first3=Farah|date=2007-03-01|title=New Zealand Bodybuilder Identities: Beyond Homogeneity|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207081921|journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=5–26|doi=10.1177/1012690207081921|s2cid=144186372|issn=1012-6902}}</ref>

=== Preparations ===
==== Bulking and cutting ====
{{further information|Weight cycling}}
[[File:Lukáš_Osladil.jpg|right|thumb|Lukas Osladil posing onstage with a variation of the [[Most Muscular]] pose]]
The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year (known as the "off-season") and, approximately 12–14 weeks from competition, lose a maximum of [[Adipose tissue|body fat]] (referred to as "cutting") while preserving as much muscular mass as possible. The bulking phase entails remaining in a net positive energy balance ([[calorie]] surplus). The amount of a surplus in which a person remains is based on the person's goals, as a bigger surplus and longer bulking phase will create more fat tissue. The surplus of calories relative to one's energy balance will ensure that muscles remain in a state of [[anabolism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensjournal.com/food-drink/reverse-dieting-how-go-cut-bulk-without-gaining-fat|work=[[Men's Journal]]|title=Reverse Dieting: How to Go From Cut to Bulk Without Gaining Fat|date=December 2017|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>

The cutting phase entails remaining in a net negative energy balance (calorie deficit). The main goal of cutting is to [[Oxidized fats|oxidize]] fat while preserving as much muscle as possible. The larger the calorie deficit, the faster one will lose weight. However, a large calorie deficit will also create the risk of losing muscle tissue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ | s2cid = 17233384 | title = Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 317–27 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15107010 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 }}</ref>

The bulking and cutting strategy is effective because there is a well-established link between muscle hypertrophy and being in a state of positive energy balance.<ref>the science and development of muscle hypertrophy, Dr. Brad Schoenfeld, page 139-140</ref> A sustained period of caloric surplus will allow the athlete to gain more fat-free mass than they could otherwise gain under eucaloric conditions. Some gain in fat mass is expected, which athletes seek to oxidize in a cutting period while maintaining as much lean mass as possible.

==== Clean bulking ====
The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief "competition season".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/the-clean-bulk-a-new-approach-to-adding-offseason-muscle.html|title=The Clean Bulk: A New Approach To Adding Offseason Muscle|date=2016-10-16|website=[[Bodybuilding.com]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> Clean bulking takes longer and is a more refined approach to achieving the body fat and muscle mass percentage a person is looking for. A common tactic for keeping fat low and muscle mass high is to have higher calorie and lower calorie days to maintain a balance between gain and loss. Many clean bulk diets start off with a moderate amount of carbs, moderate amount of protein, and a low amount of fats.<ref>Giblin, Chris. "Clean Bulking: for Frustrated Hard-Gainers, Clean Bulking Is Attainable If You Focus Your Diet Accordingly with the Right Foods and Strategy." ''Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness'', vol. 75, no. 8, 2014, p. 89.</ref> To maintain a clean bulk, it is important to reach calorie goals every day. [[Macronutrient]] goals (carbs, fats, and proteins) will be different for each person, but it is ideal to get as close as possible.

====Dirty bulking====
"Dirty bulking" is the process of eating at a massive caloric surplus without trying to figure out the exact amount of ingested macronutrients. Weightlifters who are attempting to gain mass quickly with no [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] concerns often choose to use the "dirty bulk" method.<ref>Evans, Rian. (April 6, 2015) [http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/dirty-bulking-why-you-need-to-know-the-dirty-truth.htm Dirty Bulking: Why You Need To Know The Dirty Truth!]. Bodybuilding.com. Retrieved on 2016-11-29.</ref>

== Muscle growth ==
Bodybuilders use three main strategies to maximize [[muscle hypertrophy]]:
* [[Strength training]] through weights or elastic/hydraulic resistance.
* Specialized [[nutrition]], incorporating extra [[protein]] and supplements when necessary.
* Adequate rest, including [[sleep]] and [[Recuperation (recovery)|recuperation]] between workouts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-01|title=9 things every athlete needs to know about sleep and recovery|url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/9-things-every-athlete-needs-know-about-sleep-and-recovery/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Men's Journal|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Weight training ===
{{Main|Weight training|Strength training}}
{{more medical citations needed|section|date=March 2022|This section covers medical topices, so [[WP:MEDRS]] should apply here.|talk=1}}
Intensive [[weight training]] causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as [[microtrauma]]. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called [[delayed onset muscle soreness]] (DOMS). It is the repair of these micro-traumas that results in [[muscle growth]]. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout. However, as muscles become adapted to the exercises, soreness tends to decrease.<ref name="pmid7371625">{{cite journal | vauthors = MacDougall JD, Elder GC, Sale DG, Moroz JR, Sutton JR | s2cid = 28377940 | title = Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–34 | date = February 1980 | pmid = 7371625 | doi = 10.1007/BF00421352 }}</ref>

Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of [[Muscle hypertrophy|hypertrophy]]: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy, which builds athletic strength. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weight Training Intensity or Volume for Bigger Muscles?|url=http://www.motleyhealth.com/strength/weight-training-intensity-or-volume-for-bigger-muscles|access-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref> In either case, there is an increase in both size and strength of the muscles (compared to what happens if that same individual does not lift weights at all), however, the emphasis is different.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Powerlifting vs. Bodybuilding: Differences, Pros, and Cons|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/powerlifting-vs-bodybuilding|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref>

=== Nutrition ===
The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more [[Food energy|calories]] than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy requirements needed to support their training and increase muscle mass. In preparation of a contest, a sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with [[cardiovascular exercise]] to lose [[body fat]]. Proteins, [[carbohydrates]] and fats are the three major macronutrients that the human body needs in order to build muscle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Nutrients in Food|url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/major-nutrients-in-food-topic-overview|publisher=webMd|access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> The ratios of calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats vary depending on the goals of the bodybuilder.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manore MM, Thompson J, Russo M | title = Diet and exercise strategies of a world-class bodybuilder | journal = International Journal of Sport Nutrition | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–86 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8499940 | doi = 10.1123/ijsn.3.1.76 | s2cid = 38151979 }}</ref>

==== Carbohydrates ====
[[Carbohydrate]]s play an important role for bodybuilders. They give the body energy to deal with the rigors of training and recovery. Carbohydrates also promote secretion of [[insulin]], a hormone enabling cells to get the [[glucose]] they need. Insulin also carries amino acids into cells and promotes [[protein synthesis]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Skinner|first=Rob | name-list-style = vanc |magazine=Scholastic Coach and Athletic Director |title=Nutrition for Muscle Mass|date=March 2002|volume=71|issue=8|page=3 |id={{ProQuest|208050071}} |department=Sidelines |issn=1077-5625}}</ref> Insulin has steroid-like effects in terms of muscle gains.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, Maratou E, Raptis SA | title = Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue | journal = Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice | volume = 93 Suppl 1 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S52-9 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21864752 | doi = 10.1016/S0168-8227(11)70014-6 }}</ref> It is impossible to promote protein synthesis without the existence of insulin, which means that without ingesting carbohydrates or protein—which also induces the release of insulin—it is impossible to add muscle mass.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miranda L, Horman S, De Potter I, Hue L, Jensen J, Rider MH | s2cid = 6649224 | title = Effects of contraction and insulin on protein synthesis, AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation state of translation factors in rat skeletal muscle | journal = Pflügers Archiv | volume = 455 | issue = 6 | pages = 1129–40 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17957382 | doi = 10.1007/s00424-007-0368-2 }}</ref> Bodybuilders seek out [[Glycemic index|low-glycemic]] [[polysaccharide]]s and other slowly digesting carbohydrates, which release energy in a more stable fashion than high-glycemic sugars and starches. This is important as high-glycemic carbohydrates cause a sharp insulin response, which places the body in a state where it is likely to store additional food energy as fat. However, bodybuilders frequently do ingest some quickly digesting sugars (often in form of pure [[Glucose|dextrose]] or [[maltodextrin]]) just before, during, and/or just after a workout. This may help to replenish [[glycogen]] stored within the muscle, and to stimulate muscle protein synthesis.<ref>{{cite web |last=King|first=Michael W. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Substrates for Gluconeogenesis|publisher=IU School of Medicine|url=http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gluconeogenesis.html}}</ref>

==== Protein ====
[[File:Protein_shake.jpg|thumb|Protein milkshakes, made from protein powder (center) and milk (left), are a common [[bodybuilding supplement|supplement]]]]
The motor proteins [[actin]] and [[myosin]] generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles. [[Cortisol]] decreases amino acid uptake by muscle and inhibits protein synthesis.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Manchester KL |chapter=Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgMwXpQRGQ8C&pg=PA229|pages=229–98 |veditors = Munro HN |year=2012|title=Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Volume 4|isbn=978-0-323-14257-1}}</ref> Current recommendations suggest that bodybuilders should consume 25–30% of protein per total [[calorie]] intake to further their goal of maintaining and improving their body composition.<ref name="LambertCP">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ | s2cid = 17233384 | title = Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 317–27 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15107010 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 }}</ref> This is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight per day is ideal, some suggesting that less is sufficient, while others recommending 1.5, 2, or more.<ref>Heller, Samantha (April 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703013711/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-114819458.html Protein: a guide to maximum muscle: confused? Let us separate the gristle from the meat], ''Men's Fitness'',</ref> It is believed that protein needs to be consumed frequently throughout the day, especially during/after a workout, and before sleep.<ref>"Your nutrition problems solved; This month: pre- and postworkout nutrition, calculating protein intake and adding simple carbs".
''FLEX Magazine'', January 2005</ref> There is also some debate concerning the best type of protein to take. Chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans, and lentils. [[Casein]] or [[Whey protein|whey]] are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high [[biological value]] (BV) and quick absorption rates. Whey protein also has a bigger effect than casein on insulin levels, triggering about double the amount of insulin release.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM | title = Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 108 | issue = 6 | pages = 958–62 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22289570 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114511006271 | doi-access = free }}</ref> That effect is somewhat overcome by combining casein and whey.

Bodybuilders were previously thought to require protein with a higher BV than that of [[soy]], which was additionally avoided due to its alleged [[estrogenic]] (female hormone) properties, though more recent studies have shown that soy actually contains [[phytoestrogens]] which compete with estrogens in the male body and can block estrogenic actions.<ref name="MikeFalcon">{{cite web|last=Falcon|first=Mike | name-list-style = vanc |url=http://www.maxmuscle.com/index.cfm?fa=article&doc_id=116&subcat=science|title=Estrogens, Testosterone & Phytoestrogens|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025023850/http://www.maxmuscle.com/index.cfm?fa=article&doc_id=116&subcat=science|archive-date=October 25, 2006|website=maxmuscle.com}}</ref> Soy, [[flax]], and other plant-based foods that contain phytoestrogens are also beneficial because they can inhibit some [[pituitary]] functions while stimulating the liver's P450 system (which eliminates hormones, drugs, and waste from the body) to more actively process and excrete excess estrogen.<ref name="TestosteroneSyndrome">{{cite book| first1 = Eugene | last1 = Shippen | first2 = William | last2 = Fryer | name-list-style = vanc |title=The testosterone syndrome: the critical factor for energy, health, and sexuality: reversing the male menopause|publisher=M. Evans|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0-87131-829-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/testosteronesynd00euge}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}</ref>

==== Meals ====
Some bodybuilders often split their food intake into 5 to 7 meals of equal nutritional content and eat at regular intervals (e.g., every 2 to 3 hours). This approach serves two purposes: to limit overindulging in the cutting phase, and to allow for the consumption of large volumes of food during the bulking phase. Eating more frequently does not increase [[Metabolic rate|basal metabolic rate]] when compared to 3 meals a day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Kester AD | title = Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–15 | date = July 1993 | pmid = 8399092 | doi = 10.1079/BJN19930108 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While food does have a metabolic cost to digest, absorb, and store, called the [[thermic effect of food]], it depends on the quantity and type of food, not how the food is spread across the meals of the day. Well-controlled studies using whole-body calorimetry and [[doubly labeled water]] have demonstrated that there is no metabolic advantage to eating more frequently.<ref name="BellisleF">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AM | title = Meal frequency and energy balance | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 77 Suppl 1 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S57-70 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9155494 | doi = 10.1079/BJN19970104 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="TaylorMA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor MA, Garrow JS | s2cid = 19686244 | title = Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeter | journal = International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–28 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11319656 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801572 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid18053311">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smeets AJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS | title = Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the lower range of meal frequency | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 1316–21 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18053311 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114507877646 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==== Dietary supplements ====
{{Main|Bodybuilding supplement}}
The important role of nutrition in building muscle and losing fat means bodybuilders may consume a wide variety of [[dietary supplements]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Philen RM, Ortiz DI, Auerbach SB, Falk H | title = Survey of advertising for nutritional supplements in health and bodybuilding magazines | journal = JAMA | volume = 268 | issue = 8 | pages = 1008–11 | date = August 1992 | pmid = 1501305 | doi = 10.1001/jama.268.8.1008 }}</ref> Various products are used in an attempt to augment muscle size, increase the rate of fat loss, improve joint health, increase natural testosterone production, enhance training performance and prevent potential nutrient deficiencies.

=== Performance-enhancing substances ===
Some bodybuilders use drugs such as [[anabolic steroid]]s and precursor substances such as [[prohormone]]s to increase [[muscle hypertrophy]]. Anabolic steroids cause [[hypertrophy]] of both types (I and II) of muscle fibers, likely caused by an increased synthesis of muscle proteins. They also provoke undesired side effects including [[hepatotoxicity]], [[gynecomastia]], [[acne]], the early onset of [[male pattern baldness]] and a decline in the body's own testosterone production, which can cause [[testicular atrophy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schroeder ET, Vallejo AF, Zheng L, Stewart Y, Flores C, Nakao S, Martinez C, Sattler FR | display-authors = 6 | title = Six-week improvements in muscle mass and strength during androgen therapy in older men | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 60 | issue = 12 | pages = 1586–92 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16424293 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/60.12.1586 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs A, Glesby M, Bhasin S | s2cid = 25911263 | title = Oxandrolone in the treatment of HIV-associated weight loss in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | journal = Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–14 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16540931 | doi = 10.1097/01.qai.0000197546.56131.40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW | title = Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study | journal = Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 341–55 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10710012 | doi = 10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80007-3 }}</ref> Other performance-enhancing substances used by competitive bodybuilders include [[Growth hormone treatment|human growth hormone]] (HGH). HGH is also used by female bodybuilders to obtain bigger muscles "while maintaining a 'female appearance'".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9juCAgAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|title=Bodybuilding, Drugs and Risk|year=2002|author=Lee Monaghan|isbn=9781134588527|pages=145}}</ref>

Muscle growth is more difficult to achieve in older adults than younger adults because of [[biological aging]], which leads to many metabolic changes detrimental to muscle growth; for instance, by diminishing growth hormone and [[testosterone]] levels. Some recent clinical studies have shown that low-dose HGH treatment for adults with HGH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing muscle mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing [[bone density]] and muscle strength, improves [[cardiovascular]] parameters, and affects the quality of life without significant side effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alexopoulou O, Abs R, Maiter D | s2cid = 24874132 | title = Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: who, why and how? A review | journal = Acta Clinica Belgica | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–22 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20373593 | doi = 10.1179/acb.2010.002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP | title = Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 54 | issue = 6 | pages = 709–17 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11422104 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x | s2cid = 12681649 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10971102">{{cite journal | vauthors = Savine R, Sönksen P | s2cid = 30263334 | title = Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause? | journal = Hormone Research | volume = 53 Suppl 3 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = 37–41 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10971102 | doi = 10.1159/000023531 }}</ref>

In rodents, knockdown of [[metallothionein]] gene expression results in activation of the [[Akt/PKB signaling pathway|Akt pathway]] and increases in [[myotube]] size, in [[myocyte|type IIb fiber]] hypertrophy, and ultimately in muscle strength.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Summermatter S, Bouzan A, Pierrel E, Melly S, Stauffer D, Gutzwiller S, Nolin E, Dornelas C, Fryer C, Leighton-Davies J, Glass DJ, Fournier B | display-authors = 6 | title = Blockade of Metallothioneins 1 and 2 Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27956698 | pmc = 5311239 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.00305-16 }}</ref>

==== Injecting oil into muscles {{anchor|synthol}} ====

A recent{{when|date=June 2021}} trend in bodybuilding is to inject synthol<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pupka A, Sikora J, Mauricz J, Cios D, Płonek T | title =Stosowanie Syntholu w kulturystyce | language = pl | journal = Polimery W Medycynie | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–5 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19580174 | url = http://www.polimery.umed.wroc.pl/en/article/2009/39/1/63/ | trans-title = The usage of the Synthol in the body building }}</ref> into muscles to create larger bulges, or injecting [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]] into muscles to shape them. Use of PMMA to shape muscles is prohibited in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://internationalsurgery.com/pmma-injections-and-bodybuilding/ |title=Buttock Lift & Augmentation | PMMA Injections | Non-Surgical BBL |website=internationalsurgery.com |access-date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> However, it is not illegal to use synthol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Synthol: The New Vice of Bodybuilding {{!}} The Sport Digest|url=http://thesportdigest.com/archive/article/synthol-new-vice-bodybuilding.html|access-date=2020-08-25|website=thesportdigest.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Which Body Building Substances Are Legal (and Illegal) in the US?|url=http://bodypass.net/nutrition/body-building-substances-legal/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=BodyPass.net {{!}} Expertise and Experience are combined in one Fitness portal|language=en-US}}</ref>

Site enhancement oil, often called ''santol'' or ''synthol'' (no relation to the [[Synthol (mouthwash)|Synthol]] mouthwash brand), refers to oils injected into muscles to increase the size or change the shape. Some bodybuilders, particularly at the professional level, inject their muscles with such mixtures to mimic the appearance of developed muscle where it may otherwise be disproportionate or lacking.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Jason P |title=Synthol Abuse in Bodybuilding|url=http://proteinfart.com/64-of-the-grossest-synthol-freaks-you-never-wanted-to-see/|website=ProteinFart.com|date=March 31, 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120003847/http://proteinfart.com/64-of-the-grossest-synthol-freaks-you-never-wanted-to-see/|archive-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> This is known as "fluffing".<ref name="synthol" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Fitness/story?id=3179969&page=1|title=Like Implants for the Arms: Synthol Lures Bodybuilders: Risky Injections Mean Massive Muscles for Users|last=Childs|first=Dan | name-list-style = vanc |date=May 16, 2007|work=ABC News|access-date=March 4, 2011}}</ref> Synthol is 85% oil, 7.5% [[lidocaine]], and 7.5% alcohol.<ref name="synthol" /> It is not restricted, and many brands are available on the Internet.<ref name="popeye">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article1782095.ece|title=Bodybuilders puff up with 'Popeye the Sailorman' oil jab|last=Foggo|first=Daniel | name-list-style = vanc |date=May 13, 2007|work=Sunday Times|access-date=March 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524043824/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article1782095.ece|archive-date=May 24, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The use of injected oil to enhance muscle appearance is common among bodybuilders,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henriksen TF, Løvenwald JB, Matzen SH | title = [Paraffin oil injection in bodybuilders calls for preventive action] | language = da | journal = Ugeskrift for Laeger | volume = 172 | issue = 3 | pages = 219–20 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20089216 }}</ref><ref name="adv" /> despite the fact that synthol can cause [[pulmonary embolism]]s, nerve damage, infections, [[sclerosing lipogranuloma]],<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Schaefer N |s2cid=27634653|title=Muscle enhancement using intramuscular injections of oil in bodybuilding: review on epidemiology, complications, clinical evaluation and treatment|doi=10.1007/s10353-011-0033-z|volume=44|issue=2|journal=European Surgery|pages=109–115|year=2011}}</ref> stroke,<ref name="synthol">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pupka A, Sikora J, Mauricz J, Cios D, Płonek T | title = [The usage of synthol in the body building] | language = pl | journal = Polimery W Medycynie | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–5 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19580174 }}</ref> and the formation of oil-filled [[granuloma]]s, [[cyst]]s or ulcers in the muscle.<ref name="adv">{{cite journal | vauthors = Iversen L, Lemcke A, Bitsch M, Karlsmark T | title = Compression bandage as treatment for ulcers induced by intramuscular self-injection of paraffin oil | journal = Acta Dermato-Venereologica | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 196–7 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19326015 | doi = 10.2340/00015555-0583 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Darsow U, Bruckbauer H, Worret WI, Hofmann H, Ring J | title = Subcutaneous oleomas induced by self-injection of sesame seed oil for muscle augmentation | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 42 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 292–4 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10642691 | doi = 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90144-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schäfer CN, Guldager H, Jørgensen HL | title = Multi-organ dysfunction in bodybuilding possibly caused by prolonged hypercalcemia due to multi-substance abuse: case report and review of literature | journal = International Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–5 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21072745 | doi = 10.1055/s-0030-1267200 }}</ref> Rare cases might require surgical intervention to avoid further damage to the muscle and/or to prevent loss of life.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grenoble|first=Ryan | name-list-style = vanc |title=Guy Who Wanted To Be A Real-Life Hulk Almost Had To Have Arms Amputated|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-12-01|date=2015-05-05|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/05/real-life-hulk-arms-amputated-synthol_n_7214190.html}}</ref>

[[Sesame oil]] is often used in such mixtures, which can cause allergic reactions such as [[vasculitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koopman M, Richter C, Parren RJ, Janssen M | title = Bodybuilding, sesame oil and vasculitis | journal = Rheumatology | volume = 44 | issue = 9 | pages = 1135 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16113147 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/keh712 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

As the injected muscle is not actually well-developed, it might droop under gravity.<ref name="popeye" />

=== Rest ===
Although muscle ''stimulation'' occurs when lifting weights, muscle ''growth'' occurs afterward during rest periods. Without adequate rest (48 to 72 hours) and sleep (6 to 8 hours a night), muscles do not have an opportunity to recover and grow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=Exercise Rest Day: Benefits, Importance, Tips, and More|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/exercise-fitness/rest-day|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, many athletes find that a daytime nap further increases their body's ability to recover from training and build muscles. Some bodybuilders add a [[massage]] at the end of each workout to their routine as a method of recovering.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shusterman|first1=Richard | name-list-style = vanc |title=Thinking Through the Body: Essays in Somaesthetics|date=2012|page=43|publisher=Cambridge University|isbn=978-1107019065}}</ref>

=== Overtraining ===
{{Main|Overtraining}}
Overtraining occurs when a bodybuilder has trained to the point where their workload exceeds their recovery capacity. There are many reasons why overtraining occurs, including lack of adequate nutrition, lack of recovery time between workouts, insufficient sleep, and training at a high intensity for too long (a lack of splitting apart workouts). Training at a high intensity too frequently also stimulates the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) and can result in a hyperadrenergic state that interferes with sleep patterns.<ref name="LonnieLowery_Overtraining">Lowery, Lonnie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191307/http://www.t-nation.com/readTopic.do?id=459318 Testosterone Nation – The Warrior Nerd: Overtraining or Under-eating?] Part 1</ref> To avoid overtraining, intense frequent training must be met with at least an equal amount of purposeful recovery. Timely provision of [[carbohydrate]]s, [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]]s, and various micronutrients such as [[vitamin]]s, [[Dietary mineral|minerals]], phytochemicals, even nutritional supplements are critical. A mental disorder, informally called [[bigorexia]] (by analogy with [[anorexia]]), may account for overtraining in some individuals. Sufferers feel as if they are never big enough or muscular enough, which forces them to overtrain in order to try to reach their goal physique.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mosley PE | title = Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia | journal = European Eating Disorders Review | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 191–8 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 18759381 | doi = 10.1002/erv.897 }}</ref>

An article by ''[[Muscle & Fitness]]'' magazine, "Overtrain for Big Gains", claimed that overtraining for a brief period can be beneficial. Overtraining can be used advantageously, as when a bodybuilder is purposely overtrained for a brief period of time to super compensate during a regeneration phase. These are known as "shock micro-cycles" and were a key training technique used by Soviet athletes.<ref name="pmid14719980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith DJ | s2cid = 2021999 | title = A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 33 | issue = 15 | pages = 1103–26 | year = 2003 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 14719980 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003 | url = http://www.pgedf.ufpr.br/Smith%20SpMed%202003%20%20SG%20%20DEspor%201.pdf }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{collist|colwidth=18em|
* [[Athletic training]]
* [[Beefcake]]
* [[Body image]]
* [[Exercise physiology]]
* [[Health club]]
* [[Lean body mass]]
* [[Muscle dysmorphia]]
* [[Physical exercise]]
* [[Physical fitness]]
* [[Power training]]
* [[Sports medicine]]
* [[Sports nutrition]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary category|type=used in bodybuilding|category=Bodybuilding}}{{wikibooks}}
{{Commons category|Bodybuilding}}


{{Physical exercise}}
{{Sports of the World Games program}}
{{Strength training exercises}}
{{Strength Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodybuilding| ]]
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Athletic sports]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Weight training]]
[[Category:Body shape]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]

Terry Woods (Emmerdale)

2022-10-05T07:30:11Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|Fictional character from Emmerdale}}
{{In-universe|date=May 2020}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Terry Woods (''Emmerdale'')}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox soap character
| series=Emmerdale
| image=Terry Woods 2 (Emmerdale).jpg
| imagesize=200px
| name=Terry Woods
| introducer = Mervyn Watson
| portrayer=[[Billy Hartman]]
| first = {{start date|1995|02|02|df=y}}
| last = {{end date|2011|01|13|df=y}}
| years = 1995–2011
| classification = [[List of former Emmerdale characters#Last appeared in 2011|Former; regular]]
| spinoffs = ''The Dingles Down Under'' (1997)
| occupation = {{plainlist|
*Manager of The Woolpack
*Co-owner of The Grange B&B
*Chauffeur
}}
| father = [[Duke Woods]]
| sons = Thomas Carter [[T.J. Woods]]
| wife = [[Britt Woods]] (until 1995) [[Dawn Woods]] (2003–2004) 
}}
'''Terry Woods''' is a fictional character from the [[Television in the United Kingdom|British]] television soap opera ''[[Emmerdale]]'', played by [[Billy Hartman]]. Terry was one of the longest-serving characters in the show before he was killed off alongside [[Viv Hope]] ([[Deena Payne]]) in early 2011, after 16 years.

==Development==
Hartman said he found his audition for the role daunting. Terry was meant to be a former rugby player and there were five "really huge blokes" also waiting to audition, which made Hartman think he had come for the wrong job.<ref name="Pg1412">[[Terry Woods (Emmerdale)#refhayward|Hayward 1991]], p.141.</ref> He won the role and was paired with [[Michelle Holmes|Michelle Holmes,]] who was cast as Terry'swife,e [[Britt Woods]]. It was known that Holmes was only staying for six months, and Hartman assumed that he would be leaving too, which is why he accepted the part. He admitted that he never wanted to appear in a soap, but came to realize that it often led to major roles in other shows.<ref name="Pg1412">[[Terry Woods (Emmerdale)#refhayward|Hayward 1991]], p.141.</ref> Hartman made his first appearance as Terry on February 2, 1995.<ref name="Parkin2">[[Terry Woods (Emmerdale)#refparkin|Parkin 2002]], pp.167–169.</ref>

Terry and Britt's relationship soon runs into problems, which are exacerbated when they are offered the chance to run a pub in York. Britt decides to take the job as she hopes that it will improve their marriage, but Terry is not so sure.<ref name="Ross2">{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Victoria |date=5–28 September 1995 |title=Come back Britt! |magazine=[[Inside Soap]] |issue=38 |page=12}}</ref> Hartman told Victoria Ross of ''[[Inside Soap]]'': "He is truly in love with Britt, but their marriage just isn't working out. Britt thought that by moving on they could make a fresh start, but Terry stood up to her for once. He realized that their problems wouldn't just vanish because of a change of location."<ref name="Ross2">{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Victoria |date=5–28 September 1995 |title=Come back Britt! |magazine=[[Inside Soap]] |issue=38 |page=12}}</ref> Terry decides to make a final plea to Britt and visits her in York in an attempt to take her home with him, but she refuses to return to Emmerdale. Back in the village, Terry begins drinking heavily, and [[Alan Turner (Emmerdale)|Alan Turner]] ([[Richard Thorp]]) tries to help him out. Hartman reckoned the development would lead to the pair forming a good friendship. He told Ross that his character was starting to feel at home in the village, and the trouble with Britt meant that he and Alan had started getting along better.<ref name="Ross2">{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Victoria |date=5–28 September 1995 |title=Come back Britt! |magazine=[[Inside Soap]] |issue=38 |page=12}}</ref>

==Storylines==
When Terry Woods and his wife, [[Britt Woods|Britt Woods,]] arrive in Emmerdale, no one is impressed by their brash attitude. As managers of the Woolpack, the couple have a pivotal position in the community but are unable to stay out of trouble with landlord [[Alan Turner (Emmerdale)|Alan Turner]] ([[Richard Thorp|Richard]] Thorp), who disapproves of their lifestyle. Although Terry dotes on Britt, it is clear their marriage is introuble, and when they are offered their own bar in [[York]], Britt goes alone. The marriage limps on but Terry discovers that Britt is having an affair with brewery boss Gerald Taylor and the couple divorce.

Now single, Terry takes up ballroom dancing with [[Viv Windsor]] ([[Deena Payne|Deena]] Payne), wife of his best friend, [[Vic Windsor|Vic]] ([[Alun Lewis (actor)|Alun Lewis]]). After a while, they begin an affair, and when Vic finds out, Viv and their daughter, [[Donna Windsor|Donna]] (Sophie Jeffrey), move into the Woolpack with Terry. Terry and Viv's relationship does not last, and she and Donna go back to live with Vic and his daughter Kelly. Terry's job at the Woolpack comes to a violent end in 1998 when he sleeps with his boss, Alan's granddaughter, Tricia Stokes, only to discover she is also sleeping with [[Scott Windsor]] ([[Ben Freeman]]). When he exposes Tricia's lack of morals in front of the entire village at [[Kelly Windsor]]'s ([[Adele Silva]]) 18th birthday party in the village hall, Alan punches Terry and fires him.

On Christmas Day 1998, Terry visits Vic at the post office and discovers his body after he was killed by [[Billy Hopwood]] ([[David Crellin]]) during a robbery. In 1999, Terry starts working for [[Chris Tate]] ([[Peter Amory]]). Terry is there for Chris when he needs someone to talk to, and Chris knows he can trust Terry with anything, leading to a strong friendship between the two men. Terry is saddened when Chris commits suicide in September 2003.

Terry later develops feelings for Woolpack barmaid [[Louise Appleton]] ([[Emily Symons|Emily]] Symons), but she is dating businessman [[Ray Mullan]] (Seamus Gubbins). When Louise realizes she is being stalked, she thinks Terry is responsible, but eventually learns that Ray is her stalker. When the truth comes out on Christmas Day 2002, Louise and Ray fight, and she accidentally kills him. She calls Terry for help, and together they cover up Ray's death. Thinking their relationship had developed, Terry tries to kiss Louise, but she rejects him. He goes on holiday to Spain and, whilst there, falls in love with a young woman called [[Dawn Woods|Dawn]] ([[Julia Mallam]]), and she comes back to Emmerdale with him. Only then does Terry discover that she is his friend [[Bob Hope]]'s ([[Tony Audenshaw]]) daughter. They are soon engaged, horrifying Dawn's parents. Despite their objections, Terry and Dawn marry, and in 2003, Dawn discovers that she is pregnant.

Shortly after Terry and Dawn's son, [[TJ Woods|Terry "TJ" Woods]] (Connor Lee), is born, Terry has a serious stroke and nearly dies. He clings to life, and Dawn helps nurse him back to health. However, Dawn struggles with caring for Terry and T.J, putting their marriage under strain, and Terry was heartbroken when Dawn left him for Scott, now her stepbrother. After a brief custody battle, Terry and Dawn's relationship improves, and their lives become more stable.

In the meantime, Louise discovers that she has feelings for Terry after all, and they get together and decide to buy the B&B from Alan. However, Louise is attracted to [[Matthew King (Emmerdale)|Matthew King]] ([[Matt Healy]]) and is unable to resist when he starts flirting with her. Soon, they begin an affair behind Terry's back. It goes on for weeks, and Terry finds out when Louise ends their relationship just as they are about to complete the sale of the B&B. After Louise moves in with Matthew, he loses interest in her and, realising her mistake, Louise begs Terry for a second chance, but he is not interested.

He throws himself into work and takes a job as [[Tom King (Emmerdale)|Tom King]]’s ([[Kenneth Farrington]]) chauffeur. When Bob marries Viv again, Terry spends the night with [[Jean Hope]] ([[Susan Penhaligon]]), Bob's ex-wife and Dawn's mother, and they agree it was a one-off but eventually start seeing each other again. When Dawn is imprisoned for benefit fraud, Jean is devastated, and Terry struggles to look after TJ, and the trauma brings them back together. They begin a relationship but are determined to keep it secret. Jean flirts with Tom King, but the relationship is exposed when Terry and Jean are caught having sex in public and are arrested. Tom, feeling foolish, sacks them both, so they decide to buy the B&B from Alan. Terry could not afford to buy it when he and Louise split up, so Jean agrees to go into business with him, deciding to sell her hotel in Spain. Unfortunately, it emerges that she could not afford to go into business with Terry, but Louise jumps at the chance, selling her share of The Woolpack to [[Val Pollard|Val Lambert]] ([[Charlie Hardwick]]). Jean is unhappy about this, but she and Louise eventually come to an agreement.

Dawn finds out about Terry and Jean's relationship when she is released from prison and furiously insists that they end it, but Jean refuses. Dawn goes to [[Newquay]] to think things over and clear her head, and when she returns, Dawn tells them that she and T.J are moving to Cornwall. Hurt at the prospect of losing contact with his son, Terry threatens to sue for custody but backs down when he realizes that he is tearing the family apart. On the day Dawn and T.J are due to leave, TJ stays with Terry for the day so Dawn can pack, but Terry returns T.J later than planned, so he and Dawn miss their flight. While waiting for Terry, Donna (now [[Verity Rushworth]]) persuades Dawn to go and see her and her husband [[Marlon Dingle|Marlon]]'s ([[Mark Charnock]]) new home at the Kings River development, along with the rest of the village. During the opening, a huge gas explosion makes the show home collapse, and Dawn dies after suffering internal injuries. Although Terry is sad Dawn has died, he is relieved not to lose his son and gains custody of T.J. Dawn's family, however, are devastated, and Dawn's father, Bob, and brother, [[Jamie Hope|Jamie]] ([[Alex Carter (British actor)|Alex Carter]]), begin a campaign for justice for her. Jean grows tired of Bob's obsession and asks Terry to talk sense into him. When Tom offers compensation, Jean accepts it as she sees it as the King admitting liability and plans to leave the country with T.J for a fresh start. When Terry finds out, he races to the airport to stop her, but she and T.J leave for Morocco. Terry is devastated. Terry holds a grudge against Tom for losing him contact with his son, and when Tom is murdered on Christmas Day 2006, Terry is a prime suspect. Shortly after Tom's death, Terry disappears and returns with T.J a few weeks later after going to Morocco and persuading Jean to give him back. He is questioned by the police as a suspect in the murder investigation but is released without charge.

Terry's father, [[Duke Woods|Duke]] ([[Dicken Ashworth]]), arrives in the village in June 2007. Louise had seen Duke Wood appear as a guest on ''[[The Jeremy Kyle Show]]'', speaking out against anti-social young men. Duke's friend, [[Andrea Hayworth]] ([[Cathy Tyson]]), persuades Terry to ask Duke to visit for a while in the hope that they will reconcile. They do not reconcile completely but learn to respect each other a little more. Duke hopes that Terry and Andrea will get together, as they are both single parents. Andrea is keen to embark on a relationship, but Terry is not.

Terry is scared when T.J is admitted to the hospital in 2008 after food poisoning strikes the village and the surrounding area. T.J contracts [[Escherichia coli|E coli]] and a possible cause is [[Jo Sugden]]'s ([[Roxanne Pallett]]) organic goat cheese. Jo is cleared, and Environmental Health tells Jo and Terry that a local supermarket is responsible. Since then, Terry concentrates on looking after his son and his business. After his former girlfriend Viv is imprisoned for fraud, Terry and Jamie, now living with him, ask Bob and their twins to move in with them, arguing that Bob needs help with childcare and the twins are company for TJ. Terry later embarks on a relationship with [[Brenda Walker (Emmerdale)|Brenda Walker]] ([[Lesley Dunlop]]). T.J does not like her at first, but comes around eventually. Brenda moves in with Terry and T.J. and eventually convinces Terry to sell the B&B to [[Eric Pollard|Eric]] ([[Chris Chittell]]) and Val Pollard. Brenda is later angry with Terry when she discovers that her adopted daughter, [[Genesis Walker|Gennie]] ([[Sian Reese-Williams|Sian]] Reese-Williams), had slept with Bob whilst Viv was in prison. Bob had told Terry, but Terry lets Bob stay with him and T.J. briefly after Viv throws him out. Terry begins work as a limousine driver with [[Rodney Blackstock]] ([[Patrick Mower]]).

In December 2010, Terry becomes close to Viv again after she is robbed numerous times. He helps Viv install a new lock on the flat door, and after injuring his hand, he looks for a first aid kit and discovers items lost in the burglaries and an alleged mugging that Viv claimed had occurred when she had been taking the money from the till to the bank. Terry confronts Viv, and she tells him that she faked some of the burglaries and the mugging to get Bob's attention as she had been feeling lonely after their split. Terry reassures Viv, and she promises never to do anything like that again. Terry later invites Viv over for drinks with him and Brenda, and they get on well, much to Brenda's discomfort. After [[Christmas]], Terry encourages Viv to move on from Bob, find a new boyfriend, and take salsa dancing classes again. Viv agrees and asks Terry to come with her, as she felt he had been a good dance partner before. Terry agrees and decides not to tell Brenda for fear of her getting the wrong idea. Viv mistakes Terry's friendliness as a sign that he wanted to restart their relationship and on 11 January 2011, when he drops her off at the café, she kisses him. Terry hesitates at first, then goes home. He later confides in Bob about what happened with Viv, and he tells Bob that he intends to set her straight and goes to visit her. Unbeknownst to Terry, Brenda sees him as he enters the café. Viv is waiting in the flat with a bottle of wine, and Terry explains to her that they cannot be together as he is with Brenda. He also explains that she is a special friend to him and that he was trying to cheer her up. Viv accepts his explanation, and Terry leaves and goes home. Brenda confronts him about his meetings and dance classes with Viv and accuses him of having an affair with her. Terry denies it, but before he can tell her the truth, they hear shouts outside and are told the houses are on fire and that they should leave their home in case it spreads. Terry packs a bag and gets T.J ready, but Brenda continues to pester him about Viv. Terry takes Brenda and T.J to [[Carl King]]'s ([[Tom Lister (actor)|Tom Lister's]]) house and goes back to help with the rescue effort. Terry finds out that Viv is trapped in the shop with the twins, and he and Bob go into the building to rescue them, despite Brenda begging Terry not to go. Bob gets out safely after rescuing the twins, but Terry is not with him. The post office and shopexplode,e and Terry and Viv are killed. Brenda is devastated when the chief firefighter tells them that the ferocity of the blaze means that he has to remove his men from the building. Brenda breaks down as she comes to terms with the fact that Terry is dead and regrets arguing with him, and Bob remarks that both his wife and his best friend have gone. <ref>{{cite web |title=Fond Farewells |url=http://www.itv.com/soaps/emmerdale/newsandgossip/fondfarewells/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117042844/http://www.itv.com/soaps/emmerdale/newsandgossip/fondfarewells/ |archive-date=2011-01-17 |access-date=2011-01-13 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Hayward|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Hayward|title=The Emmerdale Companion|year=1997|publisher=Orion Media|isbn=978-0-7528-1776-7|ref=refhayward}}
*{{cite book|last=Parkin|first=Lance|author-link=Lance Parkin|title=30 Years of Emmerdale|year=2002|publisher=Granada Media Group|isbn=978-0-233-05068-3|ref=refparkin}}

==External links==
*[http://www.itv.com/page.asp?partid=3719 Terry Woods]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[itv.com]]

{{Emmerdale characters|past}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woods, Terry}}
[[Category:Emmerdale characters]]
[[Category:Fictional bartenders]]
[[Category:Fictional businesspeople]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 1995]]
[[Category:Male characters in television]]

Deer stalking

2022-10-05T07:20:38Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Short description|British term for the stealthy hunting of deer without hounds or horses}}
{{For|the hat associated with the sport|Deerstalker}}
{{See also|Deer hunting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=January 2009}}
{{refimprove|article|date=November 2010}}
{{Tone|date=November 2020}}
}}
[[File:Professional stalker glassing deer Ardnamurchan Estate Scotland 01.png|thumb|Scottish deer stalker glassing the surroundings with a [[monocular]]]]
'''Deer stalking,''' or simply '''stalking''', is a [[British English|British]] term for the stealthy pursuit of [[deer]] on foot with the intention of [[hunting]] for [[meat]], for [[leisure]]/[[Trophy hunting|trophy]], or to [[Population control|control their numbers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitehurst |first=Frederick Feild |url=https://archive.org/details/ongrampianhills.00whitrich |title=On the Grampian hills. Grouse and ptarmigan shooting, deer stalking, salmon and trout fishing |publisher=Tinsley Brothers |year=1882 |location=London |publication-date=1882 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ongrampianhills.00whitrich/page/64 64] |chapter=Chapter VIII |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> As part of [[wildlife management]], just as with [[rabbiting]] and [[boar hunting]], the aim of deer stalking is to help reduce crop damage and obtain [[venison]]. Also, as with other types of [[hunting]], deer stalking has long been considered a [[pastime]] [[sport]].

Stalked deer are commonly shot with a high-powered [[Bow and arrow|bow]] (in countries other than the UK; in the UK, it is illegal to hunt any animal [[Bowhunting|with a bow]]). Or a [[rifle]]; prior to the invention of the modern [[centerfire]] rifle, deer were stalked with the aid of a [[sighthound]], such as the [[Scottish Deerhound]].<ref>[[William Scrope|Scrope, William]]. ''The Art of Deer-stalking''. London: John Murray 1839.</ref><ref>MacRae, Alexander, ''A Handbook of Deer-stalking'' (1880) </ref> Stalking sticks are often used to steady the aim of the rifle and to steady the binoculars when scanning the ground.{{cn|date=September 2017}}

The term "[[deer hunting]]" is used in [[North America]] to specifically describe the hunting of deer without using [[Hunting dog|hunting dogs]], but in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]], the term generally refers to the pursuit of deer with [[Scent hound|scent hounds]] and unarmed pursuers, typically on [[horseback]].{{cn|date=September 2017}}

==History==
[[File:-Spying in Glenfeshie- MET DP148525.jpg|thumb|Deer stalkers on Glenfeshie Estate spying with monoculars, ca. 1858]]
"Stalking" is defined as to pursue or approach stealthily, which is often necessary when approaching wild deer or the high seat overseeing the area where the deer are likely to be passing. Scottish deer stalking is often done under the guidance of a [[Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom|professional stalker]] or a resident expert.

Deer stalking is not the only form of control, or [[culling]], for the six wild species of deer at large in the UK. The six species are [[Red deer]], [[Roe deer]], [[Fallow deer]], [[Sika deer]], [[Muntjac]] and [[Water deer|Chinese Water Deer,]] and there have never been more deer at large or more widely distributed in the UK than there are now.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The first two species are indigenous; new populations have appeared after deliberate releases and escapes from parks or farms. A result of this is that both Red Deer and Roe Deer are now present in several parts of Wales, a country from which both have been absent as wild animals for several centuries. Fallow deer have been at large in many parts of the UK for at least 1,000 years, added to by more recent escapes, but the other three species have solely originated from ornamental collections and deer farms, principally from [[Woburn Abbey]], escaping through damaged fences or sometimes by deliberate release. A number of deer escaped in southern England following damage to fences by the [[Great Storm of 1987|hurricane of 1987]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Apart from the stalking of Red and Sika Deer on the open hillsides of [[Scotland]] and the [[Lake District|Lake District,]] which takes place in daylight, most deer stalking takes place in the first and last two hours of daylight and most people never come into contact with it, although it occurs almost everywhere.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The only English county without any wild deer is [[Middlesex|Middlesex,]] and in all other English and Scottish counties, as well as most Welsh counties, there are deer populations controlled by deer stalking. Antlers are measured by one of several scoring systems used to compare the relative merits of the heads. In Europe, including the UK, the Conseil International du Chasse (CIC) system is use;, in America it is either the [[Boone and Crockett Club|Boone & Crockett]] or [[Safari Club International]] (SCI), and in Australia it is the Douglas system.

==Purpose==
[[File:Professional stalker standing next to red deer stag Ardnamurchan Estate Scotland darker 01.png|thumb|[[Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom|Professional stalker]] standing next to a [[red deer]] stag shot on [[Ardnamurchan]] Estate in the Scottish Highlands]]
There are no natural predators of deer in Britain. Therefore, to maintain a stable and healthy population of deer, a [[cull]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Cull planning |url=http://www.thedeerinitiative.co.uk/uploads/guides/115.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=www.thedeerinitiative.co.uk |format=PDF}}</ref> of some of them is required each year. This is not random, however, and a deer stalker will have carried out a population count/census to determine the age and sex profile of those to be culled. So then, during the correct deer season, barren, genetically odd, or very old animals are taken. This selection results in a balanced pyramid profile with a few healthy older animals of each sex at the top and increasing numbers of each sex down to the yearlings at the bottom.

The males with outstanding antlers are sometimes referred to as trophy animals, and as part of the cull, can be shot as part of a purchased sporting package to bring income to help with the management of the deer population as a whole. If population reduction is required, more females will be culled. If a population increase is required, only a select few will be culled.

Deerstalkers have the humane despatch of the deer at the forefront of their mind (right behind safe shooting practice), and there are many scenarios which prevent a shot from being taken, such as no safe backstop, no clear shot, the deer does not stop, there are other deer behind the chosen deer, the deer which is visible is out of season, it is not an appropriate animal to cull, it is a good healthy specimen which would be worth keeping to spawn future generations of healthy deer or it is a trophy animal which could bring in much needed funds. This means that not every stalk results in a killed deer, and so it must be borne in mind that elements of selection can result in a "walk with a rifle" which in itself is rewarding as much can be learned by the stalker in the process of stalking deer.

Injured or sick animals are given priority at any time of year whereby a humane exemption in law allows a person to humanely kill any deer out of season or at night "by any reasonable means", if it is so seriously injured or so seriously diseased that to kill it would be an act of mercy. {{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

A rifle is used that complies with the minimum requirements of the Deer Act (1991) in England and Wales or the Deer (Scotland) Act 1996 in calibre and ballistic performance. Not only are there differences in the law regarding the calibre and ballistic performance between Scotland and England & Wales (popular calibres are [[.243 Winchester|.243]], [[.270]], [[.303 British|.303]], [[.308]], [[6.5×55mm]], [[.25-06]], and [[.30-06]]) there are differences in the deer open seasons too. In recent times, the use of [[Suppressor|sound moderators]] has greatly increased as a health and safety measure.

==See also==
[[File:Bodleian Libraries, Game of deer stalking.jpg|thumb|Game of Deer Stalking; Bodleian Libraries]]
*[[Deer hunting]]
*[[Deerstalker]] – hat associated with this pastime, and [[Sherlock Holmes]]
*[[Game stalker]]
*[[Hunting strategy]]
*[[Muckle Hart of Benmore]], a famous stag whose stalking was widely anthologized

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
[[File:The Deer Stalker in Northernhay Gardens.jpg|thumb|"The Deer Stalker"; Northernhay Gardens, Exeter; Edward Bowring Stephens]]
*The British Deer Society, ''Training Manual For Deer Stalkers'' (2012)
*The Deer Initiative, ''Welcome to the England and Wales Deer Best Practice Guides''
*[[William Scrope|Scrope, William]], Charles Landseer, & Edwin Henry Landseer, ''The Art of Deer-stalking..''(1839)[https://archive.org/details/artdeerstalking00landgoog/page/n13 The art of deer-stalking];
*MacRae, Alexander, ''A Handbook of Deer-stalking'' (1880)[https://archive.org/details/ahandbookdeerst00macrgoog/page/n12 A Handbook of Deer-stalking]
*Whitehurst, Frederick Feild, ''On the Grampian Hills: Grouse and Ptarmigan Shooting, Deer Stalking, Salmon and Trout Fishing'' (1882)
*Scrope, William, ''Days of Deer-stalking in the Scottish Highlands'' (1883)
*Grimble, Augustus, ''Deer-stalking'' (1886)[https://archive.org/details/deerstalking00grimrich/page/n8 Deer-stalking]
*Brander, M., ''Deer Stalking in Britain'' (1986)
*Chaplin, Raymond E. BSc., MIBiol.,''Deer'' (1977)

==External links==
*[http://www.bds.org.uk/ The British Deer Society]
*[http://www.thedeerinitiative.co.uk/best_practice/ The Deer Initiative]
*[http://www.deerstalkingscotland.co.uk/ Deer Stalking Scotland]
*[http://www.thestalkingdirectory.co.uk/ The Stalking Directory]

{{Americana Poster|Deer-stalking}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deer Stalking}}
[[Category:Deer hunting]]
[[Category:Hunting and shooting in Scotland]]

Terry Burrus

2022-10-05T07:14:15Z

Itskaaal:

{{Short description|American musician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Music|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Peacock|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Terry Burrus
| image =Terry_Burrus.jpg
| caption = Terry Burrus
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Terrance Corley Burrus
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], United States
| genre = Pop, rock, R&B, [[electro music|electro]], [[house music|house]], [[soul music|soul]]
| occupation = Musician, record producer, composer, conductor, dj, bandleader
| instrument =Keyboards
| label = [[Ichiban Records|Ichiban]], [[EMI Records|Ichiban-EMI]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Zakia Records|Bee Pee]], [[Easystreet Records|Easystreet]], [[Blue Corner Records|Blue Corner]], [[Lovelight Records|Lovelight]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.terryburrus.com}}
}}

'''Terrance Corley Burrus''' is an American [[keyboardist]], [[composer]], [[record producer]], [[Conductorless orchestra|conductor]], business, realty and [[Fashion design|fashion designer]] executive.

Born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]], he started touring as a teenager, playing with [[jazz fusion]] violinist [[Michał Urbaniak]] and singer [[Jean Carne]] while still in high school in New York. At that time, Burrus replaced [[James Urbaniak|Urbaniak's]] keyboardist, Barry Eastman (who wrote "You Are My Lady" years later for [[Freddie Jackson]]). Burrus was brought to Jean Carne through percussionist-producer Norman Hedman, who was one of Burrus's musical mentors as a child. Later on, through these types of associations, Burrus went on to play with trumpeter [[Tom Browne (trumpeter)|Tom Browne]], drummer [[Lenny White]], and singer [[Melba Moore]]. Recommended by his friend and pianist [[Kenny Kirkland]], who was the keyboardist for [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] during the mid-1980's, Burrus had moved on to play with the great [[Lena Horne]] in her award-winning show ''Lady and Her Music'' in 1984. The Lena Horne Quintet consisted of Terry on piano and keyboards, Ben Brown on bass, [[Rodney Jones (guitarist)|Rodney Jones]] on guitar, Wilby Fletcher on drums, Ron Bridgewater on saxophone, and music director Linda Twine, and an array of musicians from the [[London Symphony Orchestra]]. While still playing for artists, Burrus is releasing solo recordings and concertizing on his own.

In 1983, Terry released his first solo single, called "Love Rockin", for [[Arista Records|Arista Records;]] a funk/electro/soul piece written and with all vocals and instruments by Burrus, with high-school buddy [[Omar Hakim]] on drums. This was known as Terry Burrus and Transe, and was produced by Burrus and [[Marcus Miller]], another high-school friend. Burrus and Miller, along with drummer Poogie Bell, [[Bobby Broom]], another high-school guitar friend, and [[Bernard Wright]] (also a high-school companion), went on to play for an off-Broadway show written by [[Weldon Irvine]] in 1977 called ''Young Gifted And Broke'' at the [[Billie Holiday]] Theater in [[Brooklyn]], New York. Irvine had co-written with [[Nina Simone]] the famed song "[[To Be Young, Gifted and Black]]". [[Return To Forever]]'s drummer and [[jazz fusion]] pioneer [[Lenny White]] joined the "Young Gifted And Broke" crew of musicians as a replacement drummer for Poogie Bell at times, and this is where Burrus became ecstatic over the magic of Lenny White. This was during the high post-Chick [[Chick Corea|Corea]] Return to Forever season.

As time went on, Terry became a respected recording session artist, playing on recordings of [[Michael Jackson]], [[Toni Braxton]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Swing Out Sister]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[The Cardigans]], [[Donna Summer]], [[Lisa Stansfield]], [[Gloria Estefan]], [[Madonna]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Phyllis Hyman]], [[Frankie Knuckles]], [[David Morales]], [[Satoshi Tomiie]], [[Todd Terry|Todd Terry,]] and others. Burrus is said to own just about every electric keyboard that has come out since the [[Wurlitzer]] electric piano. In addition, Burrus has always been intrigued by the great [[Classical music|classical]] masters, having studied the artistry of [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]],Handel, and others during his school days in New York, and in his contemporary piano compositions and playing can be heard classical influences. He performs many classical piano recitals around the world as well as playing in the jazz and pop genres.

Burrus has been sideman/music director on many tours of Jazz Explosion, as they were known in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as on soul, dance and gospel concerts with the Harlem Gospel Singers, [[Gato Barbieri]], [[George Benson]], [[Angela Bofill]], [[Larry Carlton]], [[Bill Withers]], [[Ramsey Lewis]], [[Crown Heights Affair]], [[Chaka Khan]], [[Ronnie Laws]], [[The Main Ingredient (band)|The Main Ingredient]], [[Johnny Kemp]], [[Stanley Clarke]], [[Noel Pointer]], [[Bobbi Humphrey]]. Burrus also wrote and produced with the president of [[Philadelphia International Records]], [[Kenny Gamble]], including "Living In Confusion" and "Forever With You" for Phyllis Hyman. Burrus wrote "I Just Love You So Much" for [[Billy Paul]] and wrote and produced "Love Goddess" for [[Lonnie Liston Smith]]. Burrus also wrote and produced "I'll Wait for You" and "The One And Only Lady In My Life" for Virgin recording group Burrell, among other compositions and productions to his credit.

With contributions to many remixes of artists from the 1980s to the present day, reinforcing the sound of [[house music]] and [[electronic music]], his early associations working with Def Mix Productions, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Satoshi Tomei and Todd Terry, [[Junior Vasquez]], [[Paul Simpson (musician)|Paul Simpson]], Winston Jones, Dave Shaw, [[Jellybean Benitez]], [[Tony Humphries (musician)|Tony Humphries]], [[François K]] and many other international and American DJ producers have rooted him well on the dance-floor and in the remix world. Burrus has created sounds in [[electronica]] that he has extended into the worlds of [[Techno]], [[Trance music|Trance]], [[Ambient music|Ambient]], [[World music|World Music]] and more, his piano style especially being prevalent and dominant in the 1990s on many recordings by well-known and new artists around the world.

== Early life ==
Terry Burrus's interest in the organ and piano began at age five in Brooklyn at the Washington Temple Church of God In Christ, a Pentecostal church under the founder, Pastor Bishop F.D. Washington. Terry's mother, Carter Lee, and father, James, had been singing in the choir there since the mid-1950s. When Terry was five, his parents enrolled him at the Alfred Miller Music School, where he began playing gospel hymns a year or so later.

He studied music in New York City at the La Guardia School of Arts (formerly known as the High School of Music and Art) and later attended [[Long Island University]] in New York. He gained a deeper affection for jazz, improvising, classical, and composing. All the time while in school, he was recording in his personal home recording studio and public studios as well as playing concerts worldwide as a sideman with Jean Carne, Michael Urbaniak, Tom Browne, [[Stanley Turrentine]], Lenny White, Lena Horne, Phyllis Hyman, Crown Heights Affair, and The Main Ingredient with [[Cuba Gooding, Sr.|Cuba Gooding]]. Terry Burrus always credits [[Sticks Evans]], his junior high school music teacher at John Coleman I.S. 271 Junior High School in Brooklyn, for giving him encouragement and inspiration as a youngster. Stick Evans played drums for [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]] Apart from being his teacher and mentor, Stick Evans regarded Terry as a little brother or even a son. Through this relationship, Burrus acquired the strength to go on in the music world. In the late 1980s, Burrus moved into a newly built apartment in mid-Manhattan in the area where Evans lived for many years until his death in 1994.

==Discography==

===As a leader===
*''Bust It Out'' (1989; Easystreet)
*''Dance to the Mix'' (EP) (1990; Easystreet)
*''Urban Smooth Jazz'' (2006; Ichiban)
*''Mighty Mouth Vavoom'' (1985; Zakia/Bee Pee)
*''Invisible Weapon'' (1994; Startrak)
*''Love Rockin'' (1983; Arista)
*''Nation 2 Nation'' (1992; Ichiban)
*''Free Spirit'' (1991; Ichiban-EMI)
*''Soul of Jazz'' (1996; Ichiban)
*''I Am for You'' (1996; Lovelight)
*''Acid Jazz Hipabop Project'' (1994; Lovelight)
*''At the Konzerthaus in Dortmund'' (2007; Blue Corner)
*''Global Dancefloor Booked'' (2008; Lovelight)

===As a sideman===
*George Benson - ''[[Big Boss Band]]'' with the Count Basie Orchestra (1990; Warner Bros.)
*Lonnie Liston Smith - ''Love Goddess'' (1990; Startrak/Ichiban)
*Tom Browne - ''Yours Truly'' (1981; GRP/Arista)
*Michael Jackson - ''You Are Not Alone'' (1995; Epic)
*Cardigans - ''Love Fool'' (1997; Motor/Mercury)
*Mary J. Blige - ''Everything'' (1997; MCA/Universal)
*Phyllis Hyman - ''Prime of My Life'' (1992; Zoo Entertainment)
*Phyllis Hyman - ''Living All Alone'' (1986; Philadelphia International)
*Lisa Stansfield - ''Change [Ultimate Club Mix]'' (Remixed by [[Frankie Knuckles]]) (1991, Arista)

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052937/http://www.jazzreview.com/article/review-5754.html Jazz Review article] Biography (Skelle, Belgium)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=Billboard+Terry+Burrus&source=bl&ots=uu6Cl3xxZ4&sig=KCJj9jy_U5VwdPYwA3nCS56tAkM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivqfGs9a7dAhUxmeAKHfBpCNcQ6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Billboard%20Terry%20Burrus&f=false= Billboard Dance]
* [https://t2conline.com/love-and-other-feelings-revealed-at-hidden-cabaret= Hidden Cabaret] Time Square Chronicles (2020)
* Cheryl Lacey Donovan (2015). [https://www.blogtalkradio.com/realliferealfaith/2015/05/27/terry-burrus--songwriter-pianist-musical-living-legend Blog Talk Radio]
* [https://ra.co/events/297813 Paris Events]
* [https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/VIDEO-Terry-Burrus-Guest-Stars-on-TAWKIN-WITH-THE-ROSES-20210331 Broadway World] Bonnie Rose, Stephen S. Miller (2021).
* [https://www.expatexchange.com/expatguide/215/3350491/Germany/Expats-Living-in-Germany/Terry-Burrus-and-the-Jazz-Commissioners-in-Lisbon-Portugal-February-11-12-2011-at-the-OndaJazz= OndaJazz]
* Fran James Cross Rhythms (1992). [https://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Terry_Burrus/Free_Spirit/22662/ Terry Burrus Review]
*[http://www.smoothvibes.com/Vaults/jazzpage_9_22_97.html Terry Burrus Soul Of Jazz Review]. Peter's Contemporary Jazz (1996).
* Lena Horne Quintet https://sentinelarchivemrdia.blogspot.com
*[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/terry-burrus-mn0000024860/credits/?m= Allmusic.com]

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.terryburrus.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burrus, Terry}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]
[[Category:African-American classical composers]]
[[Category:African-American classical pianists]]
[[Category:African-American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American classical pianists]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American pop pianists]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American men]]

Leonar3Do

2022-10-05T07:09:44Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Leonar3Do}}
{{advert|date=October 2019}}
'''Leonar3Do''' is an integrated software and hardware platform that is capable of creating an entire three-dimensional virtual reality environment. It enables the transformation of the traditional configuration of desktop computers (or other devices) into an interactive, three-dimensional work environment. By using this virtual reality kit, the creation, manipulation, and analysis of three-dimensional objects are feasible in a real three-dimensional space. The methods{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}}, products, and applications based on the Leonar3Do platform are developed and marketed by Leonar3Do International Inc. (founded by the inventor of Leonar3Do, [[Daniel Rátai|Daniel]] Rátai, in Budapest, Hungary).
[[File:LeoCapture in use.jpeg|thumbnail|right|LeoCapture in use]]

==About the technology and structure==
The Leonar3Do has the following main hardware components:

* The so-called "bird", which is the spatial input device, This device replaces the traditional mouse, which was originally

developed for the 2D flat dimensions of desktop computers. The bird has six degrees of freedom; thanks to this feature, the user of Leonar3Do can not only grab and move the entire space or the object, but rotation is also possible.

* Three-dimensional glasses with built-in infra-LEDs which enable the detection of the eyeglasses’ position.
* The three sensors, which should be placed on the top of the display
* The central panel, which enables bi-directional communication

*

The three sensors' task is to track the position of both the 3D glasses and the input device (bird) and send this information to the central unit. The central unit transmits the received data to the computer and the Leonar3Do system software, which generates, manages, and displays the virtual reality environment produced in accordance with the data processed. The result is a complete 3D virtual reality environment. The user perceives the virtual object from any angle, as if it were real. Leonar3Do also has a complete software development kit, which allows the development, in the generally known programming language, of new applications based on the Leonar3Do platform. With Leonar3Do's modelling software, users can give physical attributes to virtual objects like changeable mass, gravity, impeccability, and rebounding.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.v3d.co.kr/Leonar3Do/download/Leonar3Do_User_Guide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075909/http://www.v3d.co.kr/Leonar3Do/download/Leonar3Do_User_Guide.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonar3Do |url=http://leonar3do.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007213150/http://leonar3do.com/ |archive-date=2010-10-07 |access-date=2012-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DMD: Research Report - Leonar3Do |url=http://dmdorsi.blogspot.hu/2011/06/research-report-leonar3do.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074326/http://dmdorsi.blogspot.hu/2011/06/research-report-leonar3do.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref>http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20010395-1.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Versions of Leonar3Do and additional applications==
[[File:Leonar3Do hardver elements illustration.jpeg|thumbnail|right|Leonar3Do hardware elements]]

===Leonar3Do hardware kit===
This kit contains the following components:
*central panel
*3D glasses
*bird (the spatial input device)
*the 3 sensors
*AVC (Analog Video Controller)
*DVC (Digital Video Controller)
*Leonar3Do Software and Operating Instructions DVD
Further methods{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}} and software applications are available, based on Leonar3Do platform:

===Products and industrial solutions{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}}===

* '''Vimensio''': This product{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}} was also built on the Leonar3Do platform, and its main target is primary, secondary, and higher education.

: By using Vimensio, users can create [[virtual reality]] environments, simulations or develop new 3D VR ([[virtual reality]]) applications for effective studying. Vimensio contains the abovementioned Leonar3Do hardware elements and the Vimensio educational software.
: ''Vimensio Edit:'' Gives users the ability to create their own three-dimensional educational applications without the use of programming languages.
: ''Vimensio Play:'' A cross-platform application system that allows the presentation of already created three-dimensional content.

* '''Leonar3Do for 3D Designers and Artists:''' It offers an interactive and intuitive method of 3D VR modeling. This solution{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}} contains the LeoWorld and the LeoBrush software (details below); also, an Autodesk Maya plug-in has been developed for the Leonar3Do platform. Small changes can be carried out more precisely by manipulating the vertex, polygon, and face surfaces. So-called BOX MODELING character building is also feasible in the spatial space. The hardware kit is also included.
* '''Leopoly''': Leopoly was also built on the Leonar3Do platform, and its main target is online co-creation, [[Digital sculpting|sculpting,]] and sharing 3D models.

===Software applications===

* Software applications require a 3D monitor and a Leonar3Do Professional Edition Kit or a Vimensio Kit, including the Leonar3Do system software and the hardware elements.
** '''LeoWorld:''' A 3D VR ([[virtual reality]]) animation and modelling software. It enables real-time [[polygon]] optimisation, lightning modification, and 3D coloring. The software forms the geometry of the object in real-time as the [[Polygon|polygons]] are rearranged. Users can also give physical attributes to the 3D virtual objects like changeable mass, gravity, impeccability, and rebounding.
** '''LeoCapture:''' With the help of this software, the 3D VR work process, which has been carried out by the user, can be captured in 3D and represented (even in real-time) in the flat 2D environment without a 3D camera and 3D player. The software creates accurate video clips with the help of a traditional web camera.
** '''LeoConf Software''': LeoConf is the multi-user version of Leonar3Do. This means that the picture, which is displayed by any Leonar3Do application, can also be projected in real time to the audience. LeoConf is suitable to create 3D demonstrations or presentations for masses of people, just like in a 3D cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leonar3do - LeoConf Kit for Presentations and Conferences |url=http://leonar3do.com/index.php/en/leoconf-kit-for-presentations-and-conferences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411061849/http://leonar3do.com/index.php/en/leoconf-kit-for-presentations-and-conferences |archive-date=2013-04-11 |access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref>
** '''LeoBrush:''' LeoBrush is an airbrush simulation software. The software application transforms the monitor into a canvas, and the bird can be used as a 3D airbrush. The user can save the completed creation in various file types.
** '''LeoGomoku:''' This is the 3D [[virtual reality]] version of the so-called "Tic Tac Toe" game.
** '''SDK Software:''' Application development software, which enables the development of new, Leonar3Do-based software in a [[C++]] or [[OpenGL]] working environment. It includes the application programming interface, the sample files, the source code, and one year of developer support.
** '''Autodesk Maya plug-in:''' Leonar3Do International has developed a 3D plug-in for the [[Autodesk Maya]] software. The plug-in allows the viewing of the processed objects in real time 3D without rendering. Subtle changes can be carried out precisely by manipulating the vertex, polygon, and face surfaces. So-called BOX MODELING character building is also feasible in the spatial space.
** '''Unity game engine plug-in:''' The plug-in for the Unity game engine allows the user to develop a unique 3D VR game.
** '''Vimensio software:''' The Vimensio software has been developed for educational use. It has the aforementioned Leonar3Do features. In addition, it has an integrated application builder software, with which users are able to create their own educational content. Vimensio also offers built-in, preconstructed educational content. With the help of this software, teaching, studying, and demonstrating are made possible in a 3D virtual reality environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leonar3do by 3mension | the first-ever desktop virtual reality kit in Australia |url=http://3mension.com.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416062024/http://3mension.com.au/ |archive-date=2013-04-16 |access-date=2012-12-05}}</ref>

*

===Services===
Personalized services are also provided. (e.g. trainings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonar3Do |url=http://leonar3do.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007213150/http://leonar3do.com/ |archive-date=2010-10-07 |access-date=2012-12-04}}</ref> development support, etc.)

==History of Leonar3Do==
Even in his childhood, Daniel Rátai was already interested in the construction of spatial 3D drawing. He wanted to break with the 2D drawing and modelling method in which all design methods are rooted. This motivation has led to the creation of the first edition of Leonar3Do, which won him the second prize in the National High School Competition in Innovation (2004). In 2005, the Hungarian Association for Innovation asked Daniel to represent Hungary at the finals of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (Intel ISEF) (May 2005, Arizona, PX).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sciserv.org/isef/results/grnd2005.asp |title=Intel International Science and Engineering Fair: 2005 Intel ISEF Grand Awards |access-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710224028/http://sciserv.org/isef/results/grnd2005.asp |archive-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.innovacio.hu/en_3c.htm |title=Hungarian Association for Innovation |access-date=2012-12-05 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041924/http://www.innovacio.hu/en_3c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Daniel Rátai and the Leonar3Do project were awarded six first prizes at the fair (details below). In the same year, Daniel founded 3D For All Ltd. (the present Leonar3Do International Inc.) as a family business. The development team and the entire company succeeded by 2010 in turning Daniel Rátai's invention into a finished 3D virtual reality product.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonar3do – Virtual Reality is Now for Real | Hungarian Success Stories |url=http://hungarian-success-stories.com/2012/09/27/leonar3do-the-virtual-reality-is-now-for-real/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015125000/http://hungarian-success-stories.com/2012/09/27/leonar3do-the-virtual-reality-is-now-for-real/ |archive-date=2012-10-15 |access-date=2012-12-05}}</ref> In 2011, venture capital was invested in the business by [https://www.otpbank.hu/portfolion/Home PortfoLion], enabling the company to make further developments and to start the mass-production of the Leonar3Do virtual reality kit.

==Awards==
*'''2005:''' '''[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/education/competitions/international-science-and-engineering-fair.html International Science and Engineering Fair] (Arizona, Phoenix May 2005, Intel–ISEF)'''
The inventor, Daniel Rátai, and his Leonar3Do project were awarded with the following six first prizes:

# First Place: IEEE Computer Society Award
# First Place: Computer Science Award—Presented by Intel Foundation
# First Place: Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) Society Award
# Best of Category: Computer Science-Presented by Intel Foundation
# The Intel Foundation Achievement Award
# Seaborg's SIYSS Award

In the same year, a [[planetoid]] was named after Daniel by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Lincoln Laboratory. In addition, he won the György Oláh Young Scientist Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://3dnewsandreviews.com/education-leonar3do-is-revolutionizing-innovation/ |title=Education: Award Winning Leonar3Do is Revolutionizing Innovation | 3D News and Reviews.com |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116012242/http://3dnewsandreviews.com/education-leonar3do-is-revolutionizing-innovation/ |archive-date=2013-01-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://leonar3do.com/en/explore/awards |title=Leonar3do - Awards |access-date=2012-12-08 |archive-date=2013-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125222619/http://leonar3do.com/en/explore/awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''2008:''' Spring: Daniel Rátai was awarded by the Prime Minister with the Youth of March state award, for his innovative activity.
September: '''[http://thetechawards.thetech.org/ The Tech Award]''' ([[San José (Kalifornia)|San Jose]], [[Tech Museum of Innovation]])
In the category of education, the Leonar3Do project was awarded to be among the five most significant innovations of the world. This [[Tech Award]] was the first to be was won by a Hungarian project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thetechawards.thetech.org/the-laureates/stories/1461 |title=The Tech Awards | Technology Benefiting Humanity |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103071403/http://thetechawards.thetech.org/the-laureates/stories/1461 |archive-date=2013-01-03 }}</ref>
*'''2009:''' Pannon Role Model Award <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.origo.hu/itthon/hirdetes/20090313-a-pannon-peldakep-alapitvany-tizenhetedszer-hirdette-ki-dijazottjait.html |title=Példaképek Magyarországnak tizenhetedszer - a Pannontól |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051329/http://www.origo.hu/itthon/hirdetes/20090313-a-pannon-peldakep-alapitvany-tizenhetedszer-hirdette-ki-dijazottjait.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
December: Patronage was taken over the Leonar3Do education project, by the Conference of Hungarian Rectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://3dnewsandreviews.com/education-leonar3do-is-revolutionizing-innovation/ |title=Education: Award Winning Leonar3Do is Revolutionizing Innovation | 3D News and Reviews.com |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116012242/http://3dnewsandreviews.com/education-leonar3do-is-revolutionizing-innovation/ |archive-date=2013-01-16 }}</ref>
*'''2010:''' The [http://corp.intelius.com/press/intelius-honors-student-run-startups-2011-kairos-global-summit Intelius International Entrepreneurship Award] was won by the Leonar3Do, at Kairos Society Global Summit, the New York Stock Exchange.<ref>http://www.naveenandanujainfamilyfoundation.org/pdf/Leaders_of_Tomorrow-Churchill_Club.pdf{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*'''2011:''' February: The Man of the Year - The Hope of the Future Award (by Blikk magazine) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediainfo.hu/hirek/article.php?id=19076 |title=Megtalálta az év embereit a Blikk - sajtó hírek - mediainfo - Médiások médiája |access-date=2012-12-08 |archive-date=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130052001/http://mediainfo.hu/hirek/article.php?id=19076 |url-status=live }}</ref>
December: Hungarian Heritage award <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.magyarorokseg.hu/fajlok/2011/dec/RataiDaniel_laudacio.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-08 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017152727/https://www.magyarorokseg.hu/fajlok/2011/dec/RataiDaniel_laudacio.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''2012:''' [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]: Leonar3Do was awarded with the "Best of CES" award, by [http://www.e-vmi.com/ Vanquard Marketing], at ([http://www.cesweb.org/ Consumer Electronics Show]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.e-vmi.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2012-VMIs-2012-CES-Show-Top-Picks-and-Highlights.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-08 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035625/http://blog.e-vmi.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2012-VMIs-2012-CES-Show-Top-Picks-and-Highlights.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December, Leonar3Do inventor Dániel Rátai received the Docler Holding New Generation Gábor Dénes prize in the Hungarian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.doclerholding.com/hu/about/supports/68/ |title=Docler Holding - Rólunk - Felelősségvállalás - Gábor Dénes Új Generáció |access-date=2013-01-21 |archive-date=2013-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127151340/http://www.doclerholding.com/hu/about/supports/68/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/7/3845122/leonar3do-3d-virtual-reality-objects The Verge / Ellis Hamburger: Sculpting in virtual reality: meet Leonar3Do (hands-on)]

[[Category:Virtual reality]]
[[Category:Hungarian inventions]]

Bryan W. Simon

2022-10-05T07:00:37Z

Itskaaal:

{{COI|date=August 2013}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Bryan W. Simon
| image = Bryan W. Simon.jpg
| birth_place = [[Champaign, Illinois]]
| occupation = Film and stage director and writer
| nationality = American
}}
'''Bryan. W. Simon,''' is a stage and film director, and writer.

== Early life ==
Simon grew up in [[Waukegan, Illinois]] and attended Waukegan High School, the [[College of Lake County|College of Lake]] County, and then the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], where he graduated with a B.A. in [[political science]].[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]''] His father, Shadie Simon, was a high school English teacher, a writer, and a scriptwriter for [[Coronet Films]] in Chicago, and was an educational film producer. His mother, Denise Pautz Simon, was a former school teacher and a homemaker. At a young age, Simon became interested in photography and film, buying a [[Super 8 film camera|Super 8 camera]] and making short films.

== Career ==

=== Stage ===
[[File:BryanSimonDirectingAtStageTwo.jpg|thumb|Bryan W. Simon directs a world premiere production at Stage Two in 1992.]]Simon directed his first professional stage play at age 17, directing the regional tour of a children’s show entitled ''Jack and The Wishing Beans'' for the Roundtree Players.<ref name="Rick Moser News-Sun" /> At age 29 Simon founded the Chicago area Stage Two Theatre Company in 1985. Stage Two under the artistic direction of Simon held a quiet national status recognized on both coasts for taking risks having staged 36 World and Midwest premieres.<ref name="Rick Moser News-Sun">Rick Moser, (December 9, 1993) Rising success touches home base for reality, The News-Sun, page 5B</ref><ref name="H. Lee Murphy">H. Lee Murphy, (January 24, 1986) Stage Two out to shake up suburban scene, Chicago Tribune, Section 7 page 10 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-01-24/entertainment/8601240388_1_drama-teacher-bathwater-technical-director</ref><ref name="H. Lee Murphy Chicago Tribune">H. Lee Murphy, (December 22, 1989) Original plays find home with Stage Two, Chicago Tribune, Section 7 page 13</ref><ref name="Frederic Woldt">Frederic Woldt, (December 22, 1989) Doing it First, The News-Sun, page 4</ref> The troupe specialized in debuting works of new playwrights.<ref name="Rick Moser">Rick Moser, (March 1, 2001), Simon takes “Ride” to film, Pioneer Press, page B4 .</ref> Simon's goal for Stage Two was to stimulate thought and arouse the imagination.

=== Films ===

''The Second Room'', Simon's first film, is about an alienated architect, who is paralyzed by disengagement and fear of experience. ''The Second Room'' received the Gold Award at the Charleston International Film Festival and was one of only five shorts accepted for the AFI-Los Angeles International Film Festival in 1995. In addition, ''The Second Room'' was selected for the Discovery Series at the [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]].<ref name="Santa Barbara IFF">10th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival Program Guide, March 1995</ref>

[[File:BryanSimonbyElizabethHedges.jpg|thumb|Bryan W. Simon directs Director of Photography Denise Brassard on the set of ''[[Along for the Ride (2000 film)|Along for the Ride]]''.]]Simon's next feature film was ''[[Along for the Ride (2000 film)|Along for the Ride]]'', a film about two estranged brothers who meet in Mexico to lay their deceased father to rest. Each man's story, their lies, fears, and deceits weaves a humorous, hallucinatory and heartbreaking journey toward understanding.<ref name="AustinFF">7th Annual Austin Film Festival Program Guide, October 2000</ref> It won Best of Fest - First Feature at the Saguaro Film Festival International. It was an official selection in competition at the Austin Film Festival, Sarasota Film Festival, New Haven Film Festival and Atlanta Film Festival. The film was originally distributed by Fabrication Films formerly Search Party Films (distribution rights purchased at Sun dance Film Festival).<ref name="SearchParty">Dana Harris and Charles Lyons, (January 22, 2001), At Sundance, Buyers bear up, Daily Variety, Page 1</ref> It is now distributed by Pop Twist Entertainment after a complete digital restoration of picture and sound from the original 35 mm negative.<ref name="IMDB Along for the Ride">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0206545/] IMDB Along for the Ride </ref>

2010 marked the release of [[I'm No Dummy]], the first feature length theatrical documentary about ventriloquism,<ref name="Digital Cinema Report">Digital Cinema Report http://digitalcinemareport.com/node/1165</ref> which examined and dissected the world of ventriloquism through clips, photos, and interviews with many of the greatest events from today and yesterday, illustrating that this perceived novelty act is truly an extraordinary art form. [[I'm No Dummy]] was re-released in a Special Edition two-disc set and for streaming on September 18, 2015. The Special Edition was subsequently released on August 22, 2016 in the UK, Germany, Spain, France, and Israel.<ref name="IMDB I'm No Dummy Release Info">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0926091/releaseinfo] IMDB I'm No Dummy Release Info</ref>

The picture stars popular ventriloquists such as [[Comedy Central]]’s two-time Comedian of the Year and YouTube sensation [[Jeff Dunham]], Tony Award winner [[Jay Johnson (ventriloquist)|Jay Johnson]] of sitcom SOAP fame, and Campus Entertainer of the Year Lynn Trefzger.<ref name="Digital Cinema Report2">Digital Cinema Report http://digitalcinemareport.com/node/1165</ref> The film had its world premiere at The [[Seattle International Film Festival]]<ref name="SIFF2">SIFF {{cite web |title=I'm No Dummy | 2009 Seattle International Film Festival | Bryan W. Simon | USA < Films |url=http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id%3D29102%26FID%3D123 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626063318/http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=29102&FID=123 |archivedate=2010-06-26 |accessdate=2011-04-06}}</ref> and played at The New York International Children’s Film Festival before being released by Salient Media and Vivendi/NBC Universal.<ref name="Digital Cinema Report2">Digital Cinema Report http://digitalcinemareport.com/node/1165</ref>

In 2012, Simon directed the big screen adaptation of Jay Johnson’s Tony® Award winning Broadway play, JAY JOHNSON: THE TWO & ONLY!. It was shot in Wilmington, North Carolina at the historic Thalian Hall.<ref name="Playbill2">{{cite web |title=Tony Award-Winning Jay Johnson: The Two and Only! Will be Filmed in NC - Playbill.com |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/167563-Tony-Award-Winning-Jay-Johnson-The-Two-and-Only-Will-Be-Filmed-in-NC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106051952/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/167563-Tony-Award-Winning-Jay-Johnson-The-Two-and-Only-Will-Be-Filmed-in-NC |archivedate=2012-11-06 |accessdate=2012-11-07}} Playbill News Article: Tony Award-Winning Jay Johnson: The Two and Only! Will Be Filmed in NC</ref><ref name="variety2">Variety News Article: 'Two and Only' to be film</ref>The film was released on Pay-Per-View in over 55 million households. In December 2014, it was released worldwide on DVD. The film became part of the Broadway HD library and began streaming worldwide in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the SVOD service BroadwayHD is making Broadway shows accessible to everyone – Found Remote |url=http://foundremote.com/how-the-svod-service-broadwayhd-is-making-broadway-shows-accessible-to-everyone/}}</ref>

=== Writing and Teaching ===

Simon has been a frequent contributor to magazines and websites on filmmaking such as [http://nofilmschool.com/2016/08/13-things-new-filmmakers-should-consider-but-rarely-do No Film School], [http://moviemaker.com/your-query-sucks-why--your-screenplay-is-ignored MovieMaker Magazine] and [http://thewrap.com/what-could-be-more-surreeal-film-about-talking-puppet-15971 The Wrap]. His first book was published on April 6, 2021, a follow-up to his [[I'm No Dummy|I'M NO DUMMY]] documentary, the book is entitled [https://amazon.com/dp/0578855593 I'M NO DUMMY Everyday: 365 Days of Ventriloquial Oddities, Curiosities, and Fun Facts].

== Reception ==
{{Advert section|date=March 2018}}
Simon's career as a director has received positive reviews from the critics.

'''The Second Room'''

Rick Moser of the Copley News Service stated, "An exciting directorial debut. Simon has successfully translated his keen artistic vision to the screen." and "For a film debut, ''The Second Room'' shows a strong directorial hand."<ref name="The News-Sun">Rick Moser, (January 19, 1995) Ex-Stage Two Director Bryan Simon Directs His First Feature, The News-Sun (Copley News Service), Section B, page 6</ref>

Film Threat Magazine in its BEST OF issue gave ''The Second Room'' an 8 (out of 10 points); and said "''The Second Room'' is a hot feature from a director to be on the look out for."<ref name="Threat Video">J. Bartoo, (1995) THE SECOND ROOM Review, Film Threat Video Best of Issue, Vol. 2, Issue #14, page 62</ref>

'''[[Along for the Ride (2000 film)|Along for the Ride]]'''

Bill Gallo of the Los Angeles New Times proclaimed, "This first feature by a young Chicago director named Bryan W. Simon is an astonishing thing to behold", and said the film was a "brave, funny, and engaging movie."<ref name="New Times Los Angeles">Bill Gallo, (February 15–21, 2001) Ride Into the Sunset, New Times Los Angeles, page 52</ref>

Russell Smith of The Austin Chronicle called ''Along for the Ride'', "Fresh and compelling, look and feel is nothing short of amazing" and stated, "Thanks to Simon's assured and straightforward direction, this film rises well above the lackluster status quo of current indie cinema."<ref name="That's a Wrap">Russell Smith, (October 20, 2000) That’s A Wrap, Austin Chronicle, page 37</ref>

Daria Snadowsky of INsite Magazine declared, "''Along for the Ride'' is a triumph for independent cinema... an extraordinary antidote to the mediocre mainstream".<ref name="INsite Magazine">Daria Snadowsky, (June 2001, Volume 5:9), MOVIE REVIEWS, INsite Magazine, page 20</ref>

Les Paul Robley wrote, "This is an impressively moving indie film, Bryan W. Simon is to be congratulated."<ref name="Easy READER">Les Paul Robley, (February 15, 2001) Volume XXXI, Number 26, Film Clips, Easy READER, page 41</ref>

Rick Moser said, "Bryan Simon knows how to make movies, and how to make them work."<ref name="Rick Moser" />

'''[[I'm No Dummy]]'''

Patrick Hickey of The Review Fix stated, "Simon has without a doubt done his homework and made his subjects charming, thoughtful and fun, from start to finish."<ref name="The Review Fix">[http://reviewfix.com/2010/03/no-dummies-here/ Patrick Hickey, No Dummies Here]</ref>

Dan Pearson, Sun Times Media for the Beacon-News, "''I'm No Dummy'', an entertaining and often eloquent 2009 documentary by Waukegan filmmaker Bryan W. Simon."<ref name="The Beacon-News">[https://archive.today/20130717082258/http://beaconnews.suntimes.com/photos/galleries/2893744-421/dunham-jeff-ventriloquism-ventriloquist-2010.html Dan Pearson, Popular ventriloquist Dunham to appear at Rosemont]</ref>

Edward Yerke-Robins of LAist commented that, "I'm No Dummy presents ventriloquism as a complicated, controlled, and nuanced exercise. [[I'm No Dummy]] isn't interested in throwing the last word on ventriloquism; its only wish is to entertain while it educates, and it does so beautifully."<ref name="LAist">[http://laist.com/2010/05/16/dvd_review_im_no_dummy.php#photo-1 Edward Yerke-Robins, DVD Review: I'm No Dummy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028104719/http://laist.com/2010/05/16/dvd_review_im_no_dummy.php |date=2017-10-28 }}</ref>

David Dickstein of OC Family Magazine stated, "This is a highly entertaining look into the art and history of ventriloquism...Grade: A."<ref name="OC Family Magazine">[http://www.ocfamily.com/t-FilmsDVDs0610.aspx David Dickstein, New to the big screen, June 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903204848/http://www.ocfamily.com/t-FilmsDVDs0610.aspx |date=September 3, 2013 }}</ref>

'''[[Jay Johnson: The Two & Only!]]'''

Patrick Hickey of The Review Fix stated, "Bryan W. Simon’s directing also brings out Johnson’s quirky and sincere style with shots that showcase his wide smile. At others, the shot selection adds some extra uniqueness. At one point in the show, Simon takes us the inside of one of Johnson’s doll’s cases. A rarely seen shot, it caps off an incredibly dramatic segment. Always in the right place at the right time, Simon’s work on this production is both well-executed and well-edited."<ref name="JTTAO Film Review Fix">[http://reviewfix.com/2014/06/jay-johnson-the-two-and-only-review-touching/] JTTAO! Film ReviewFix</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://bryanwsimon.com Official Website]
*{{IMDb name|0800086}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simon, Bryan W.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Lloyd (film)

2022-10-05T06:53:50Z

Itskaaal:

{{short description|2001 film by Hector Barron}}
{{unreferenced|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lloyd
| director = Hector Barron
| producer = Samuel Calvillo
| writer = Hector Barron
| starring = [[Todd Bosley]] [[Brendan Ryan Barrett]] [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]
| music = Conrad Pope
| cinematography = Michael Orefice
| editing = Hector Barron Samuel Calvillo Chris Cundy Karen Weintraub
| studio = Shadow Productions Lloyd T.U.C.K.
| distributor = SoHo Entertainment
| released = May 4, 2001
| runtime = 77 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lloyd''''' is a 2001 American comedy film. The film was released on May 4, 2001.

==Plot==
Lloyd is the "class clown." He often gets in trouble with teachers, one of whom is very strict. When he tries to rebel, he is put into a class for "less enthusiastic students." Once there, he joins the other students in the group: Troy, Carla, and Storm. He soon falls in love with the class's newest member, Tracy (Kristin Parker). However, she is taken by storm. When Lloyd talks to his mother, she tells him that he can still win her back by being himself.

The role of Lloyd is played by Todd Bosley. [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]], a friend of the producers, played a small role.

==Cast==
*[[Todd Bosley]] - Lloyd
*[[Brendon Ryan Barrett]] - Troy
*[[Mary Mara]] - Joann
*Chloe Peterson - Carla
*Sammy Elliott - Nathan
*Patrick Higgins - Storm
*Kristin Parker - Tracy
*[[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]] - Tom
*[[Taylor Negron]] - Mr. Weid

==Production==
The film was shot in [[Sunnyvale]], [[California]], in 1997.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0207585}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd (Film)}}
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

{{2000s-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Bear Creek Studio

2022-10-05T06:52:37Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Short description|Recording studio in Woodinville, Washington, US}}
{{advert|date=October 2014}}{{coord|47|48|21.42|N|122|8|58.74|W|region:US-WA|display=title}}

'''Bear Creek Studio''' is a residential [[recording studio]] located in [[Woodinville, Washington]], situated in a [[barn]] on a 10 acre farm.<ref name=putnam>{{cite journal|last=Putnam|first=Rob|title=Producer Crosstalk|journal=Primary Wave|date=April 2013|volume=37|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hollywood Music Industry Directory|year=2006|publisher=Watson-Guptill|isbn=1-928936-45-8|editor=Hollywood Creative Directory|page=275}}</ref><ref name=meow>{{cite web|last=Black |first=Carla DeSantis |title=Bear Creek Studio is a Family Affair |url=http://meowonline.org/bear-creek-studio-is-a-family-affair/ |work=Musicians for Equal Opportunities for Women |accessdate=April 20, 2013 |date=June 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113213448/http://meowonline.org/bear-creek-studio-is-a-family-affair/ |archivedate=November 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=billboard>{{cite magazine|last=Stout|first=Gene|title=Ryan Hadlock's Northwest Sound Emporium|magazine=Billboard|volume=125|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/86534995/ryan-hadlocks-northwest-sound-emporium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113220042/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/86534995/ryan-hadlocks-northwest-sound-emporium|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 13, 2013|issue=12|date=March 30, 2013|page=19}}</ref> Known for its "rural farmhouse" location,<ref name=weissman /> a number of artists have recorded at the studio, including: [[Brandi Carlile]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Black |first=Carla DeSantis |title=Brandi Carlile Goes Bear (Creek) |url=http://meowonline.org/brandi-carlile-goes-bear-creek/ |work=Musicians for Equal Opportunities for Women |accessdate=April 20, 2013 |date=June 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113213452/http://meowonline.org/brandi-carlile-goes-bear-creek/ |archivedate=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> [[Train (band)|Train]],<ref name="billboard11-3-2015">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/holiday/6752810/train-merry-christmas-everybody-song-premiere-pat-monahan-interview|first=Gary|last=Graff|title=Train's Pat Monahan Talks Getting Into the Holiday Spirit With 'Christmas In Tahoe' Album: Exclusive Song Premiere|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 3, 2015|accessdate=November 15, 2015}}</ref> [[The Lumineers]],<ref name=billboard /><ref name=LumineersMadeInSeattle>{{cite web|last=Driscoll|first=Matt|title=The Lumineers: Made in Seattle|url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/946687-129/lumineers-says-band-seattle-hadlock-hey|work=Seattle Weekly|accessdate=April 30, 2013|date=April 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503115723/http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/946687-129/lumineers-says-band-seattle-hadlock-hey|archive-date=May 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Soundgarden]],<ref name=weissman>{{cite book|last=Weissman|first=Dick|title=Making a Living in Your Local Music Market: Realizing Your Marketing Potential|year=2010|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-1-4234-8450-9|page=177}}</ref><ref name="debarros">{{cite news |last=de Barros |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Family-owned Bear Creek Studio makes music and magic |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/pacificnw/2020793257_pacificpstudio28.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514131001/http://seattletimes.com/html/pacificnw/2020793257_pacificpstudio28.html |archivedate=May 14, 2013}}</ref> [[Foo Fighters]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rocco|first1=John M|last2=Rocco|first2=Brian|title=The Nirvana Companion: Two Decades of Commentary|year=1998|publisher=Schirmer Trade Books|isbn=0-02-864930-3|page=228}}</ref> [[James Brown]],<ref name=debarros /> [[Modest Mouse]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldsher|first=Alan|title=Modest Mouse: A Pretty Good Read|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=0-312-35601-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/modestmouseprett00gold/page/157 157]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/modestmouseprett00gold/page/157}}</ref> [[Geoff Tate]],<ref name=chicagosuntimes>{{cite news|last=Titus|first=Christa|title=Tate takes turn to electronica|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|date=July 4, 2002}}</ref> [[The Tragically Hip]], [[Eric Clapton]]<ref name=billboard /> and [[Lionel Richie]].<ref name=billboard /> [[James Shaw (musician)|James Shaw]] of [[Metric (band)|Metric]] called it "the oldest family owned studio in America, and a really special place."<ref name=larsen>{{cite news|last=Larsen|first=Leif|title=Metric's system|url=http://www.themanitoban.com/2009/10/metrics-system/373/|accessdate=April 19, 2013|newspaper=The Manitoban|date=October 27, 2009}}</ref> [[Chris Cornell]] said: "It was such a pleasant place, we didn't want to leave."<ref name=debarros />

== History ==

Bear Creek Studio was established in 1977 by Joe and Manny Hadlock. Their son, [[Ryan Hadlock|Ryan]], has since taken over as chief engineer and has learned the family trade over time, earning credit as producer, engineer, and mixer on a variety of different works. Originally a 19th century dairy barn, in 1977 Joe Hadlock decided to convert the 1750 sq. foot structure into a state-of-the-art recording studio while retaining the rural setting. Working with architect Doug Thompson, a new post and beam structure was created on the footprint of the old barn. In the mid-nineties, a new tracking room was constructed which doubled the size of the studio. The studio was also used for commercials from time to time, but the Hadlocks kept those two sides of their business separated, as it was considered in the music industry "not hip" to do commercials.

In 2014, a new recording studio was built in a treehouse, as featured on the February 21 episode of ''[[Treehouse Masters]]''.

== Discography ==
{{Main category|Albums recorded at Bear Creek Studio}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.bearcreekstudio.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1977 establishments in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Recording studios in Washington (state)]]

The Video Link

2022-10-05T06:51:22Z

Itskaaal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2019|bot=noref (GreenC bot)}}
{{Infobox album
| name = The Video Link
| type = video
| artist = [[Rage (German band)|Rage]]
| cover = Rage The Video Link.jpg
| alt =
| released = 21 January 1994 (video/VHS) 3 February 2003 (DVD)
| recorded = Docks, Hamburg, 25 September 1993
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Speed metal]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[power metal]]
| length = 54:03
| label = [[Noise Records]]
| producer = Sven Conquest, Karl-U. Walterbach, Peter Ernst
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Metal Meets Classic Live]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

'''''The Video Link''''' is a live concert video album by German [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Rage (German band)|Rage]], released on [[VHS]] in January 1994 and on [[DVD]] in February 2003. The video contains shows that the band played in the Docks in [[Hamburg]] on 25 September 1993 as well as documentaries and "Behind the Scenes" during the songs.

== VHS track listing ==
{{tracklist
| headline =
| total_length = 54:03
| title1 = Shame on You
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Don't Fear the Winter
| length2 = 3:56
| title3 = Certain Days
| length3 = 5:26
| title4 = Documentary
| note4 = Stage Setup
| length4 =
| title5 = Suicide
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = [[Refuge (EP)|Refuge]]
| length6 = 3:56
| title7 = Interview at the Venue
| length7 =
| title8 = Baby, I'm Your Nightmare
| length8 = 5:07
| title9 = Down by Law
| length9 = 3:38
| title10 = Firestorm
| length10 = 5:06
| title11 = Nevermore
| length11 = 4:25
| title12 = Solitary Man
| length12 = 3:38
| title13 = Documentary 2
| length13 =
| title14 = Enough is Enough" / "Invisible Horizons
| length14 = 10:14
| note14 = Medley
}}

== DVD track listing ==
{{tracklist
| headline =
| total_length = 54:03
| title1 = Opening Titles
| length1 = 1:36
| title2 = Shame on You
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Don't Fear the Winter
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Certain Days
| length4 = 5:26
| title5 = Suicide
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Band Interview
| length6 =
| title7 = [[Refuge (EP)|Refuge]]
| length7 = 3:56
| title8 = Baby, I'm Your Nightmare
| length8 = 5:07
| title9 = Down by Law
| length9 = 3:38
| title10 = Firestorm
| length10 = 5:06
| title11 = Behind the Scenes 1
| length11 =
| title12 = Solitary Man
| length12 = 3:38
| title13 = Behind the Scenes 2
| length13 =
| title14 = Enough is Enough" / "Invisible Horizons
| length14 = 10:14
| note14 = Medley
| title15 = End Credits
| length15 =
}}

== Personnel ==

=== Band members ===
*[[Peavy Wagner|Peter "Peavy" Wagner]] – vocals, bass, arrangements
*[[Manni Schmidt]] – guitars
*Chris Ephthimiadis – drums

=== Production ===
*Sven Conquest – producer, engineer, mixing
*Peter Ernst – mastering
*Karl-Ulrich Walterbach – executive producer

{{Rage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Video Link}}
[[Category:Rage (German band) albums]]
[[Category:1994 video albums]]
[[Category:1994 live albums]]
[[Category:Noise Records live albums]]
[[Category:Speed metal video albums]]

Cultural learning

2022-10-05T06:50:18Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{short description|Passing on of information from one group of people or animals to another}}
{{Tone|date=May 2020}}
'''Cultural learning''' is the way a group of people or animals within a [[society]] or [[culture]] tend to learn and pass on information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people. Cross-cultural research in the past fifty years has primarily focused on differences between [[Eastern culture|Eastern]] and [[Western culture]]s. <ref>Chang, et al., 2010</ref> Some scholars believe that cultural learning differences may be responses to the physical environment in the areas in which a culture was initially founded. <ref>Chang, et al., 2010</ref> These environmental differences include climate, migration patterns, war, agricultural suitability, and [[endemic disease|endemic pathogens]]. [[Cultural evolution]], upon which cultural learning is built, is believed to be a product of only the past 10,000 years and to hold little connection to genetics. <ref>Chang, et al., 2010</ref>

== Overview ==
Cultural learning allows individuals to acquire skills that they would be unable to do independently over the course of their lifetimes. <ref>Van Schaik & Burkart, 2011</ref> Cultural learning is believed to be particularly important for humans. Humans are weaned at an early age compared to the emergence of [[adult dentition]]. <ref>MacDonald, 2007</ref> The immaturity of dentition and the digestive system, the time required for growth of the brain, and the rapid skeletal growth needed for the young to reach adult height and strength mean that children have special digestive needs and are dependent on adults for a long period of time. <ref>MacDonald, 2007</ref> This time of dependence also allows time for cultural learning to occur before passage into adulthood.

On the basis of cultural learning, people create, remember, and deal with ideas. They understand and apply specific systems of [[symbolic meaning]]. Cultures have been compared to sets of [[control mechanisms]], plans, recipes, rules, or instructions. Cultural differences have been found in academic motivation, achievement, learning style,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Different Types of Learning Styles in Education |url=https://sites.google.com/site/educationhelphub/ |access-date=2018-05-31 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> conformity, and compliance. <ref>Chang, et al., 2010</ref> Cultural learning is dependent on innovation, or the ability to create new responses to the environment and the ability to communicate or imitate the behaviour of others. <ref>Lehmann, Feldman & Kaeuffer, 2010</ref> Animals that are able to solve problems and imitate the behaviour of others are therefore able to transmit information across generations.

[[Cass Sunstein]] described in 2007 how [[Wikipedia]] moves us past the rigid limits of socialist planning that [[Friedrich Hayek]] attacked on the grounds that "no planner could possibly obtain the dispersed bits of information held by individual members of society. Hayek insisted that the knowledge of individuals, taken as a whole, is far greater than that of any commission or board, however diligent and expert."<ref>{{cite news |author=Sunstein, Cass R. |date=24 February 2007 |title=A Brave New Wikiworld |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/23/AR2007022301596.html}}</ref>

==Examples==
An example of cultural transmission can be seen in post-World War II [[Japan]] during the American [[Occupation of Japan|occupation of]] the country. There were political, economic, and social changes in Japan influenced by America.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The American Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952 {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref> Some changes include changes to their constitution, reforms, and the consumption of media, which were influenced by American occupiers. The occupation of Japan by the Japanese turned into a strong link between nations. Over time, Japanese culture began to accept American touchstones like jazz and baseball, while Americans were introduced to Japanese cuisine and entertainment.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The American Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952 {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref>

A modern approach to cultural transmission would be that of the internet. One example would be [[millennials]], who "are both products of their culture as well as [[influencers]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Millennials: Mapping Their 'Culture Code' |url=https://www.millennialmarketing.com/2009/10/millennials-mapping-their-culture-code/ |website=Millennial Marketing}}</ref> Millennials are often the ones teaching older generations how to navigate the web. The teacher has to accommodate to the learning process of the student, in this case an older generation student, in order to transmit the information fluently and in a manner that is easier to understand. This goes hand in hand with the [[Communication Accommodation Theory]], which "elaborates the human tendency to adjust their behaviour while interacting."<ref>{{cite web |title=Communication Accommodation Theory |url=https://www.communicationtheory.org/communication-accommodation-theory/ |website=Communication Theory}}</ref> The end result would be that, with the help of someone else, people are able to share their newly acquired skills among people in their culture, which was not possible before.

Humans also tend to follow "communicative" ways of learning, as seen in a study by Hanna Marno, a researcher at the [[International School for Advanced Studies]]. In the study, infants followed an adult's action of pressing a button to light up a lamp based on the adult's "non-verbal (eye contact) and verbal cues."<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2015 |title=Cultural transmission: The most powerful learning 'tool' |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150409081824.htm |website=ScienceDaily |agency=Sissa Medialab}}</ref>

==In non-human animals==
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= [[File:Zebra finch 1 (7325890448).jpg | 210px]] | video1 = [https://www.crowdcast.io/e/bird-behavior/1 “The cultural lives of birds”], [[Knowable Magazine]], February 26, 2022 }}

Enculturation can also be used to describe the raising of an animal in which the animal acquires traits and skills that would not otherwise be acquired if it were raised by another of its own species. <ref>van Schaik and Judith M. Burkart, 2011</ref>

Cultural learning is dependent on innovation, or the ability to create new responses to the environment and the ability to communicate or imitate the behavior of others. <ref>Lehmann, Feldman & Kaeuffer, 2010</ref> Animals that are able to solve problems and imitate the behavior of others are therefore able to transmit information across generations. A wide variety of [[social animals]] learn from other members of their group or pack. [[Wolves]], for example, learn multiple [[hunting strategies]] from the other pack members. A large number of bird species also engage in cultural learning; such learning is critical for the survival of some species. [[Dolphins]] also pass on knowledge about [[Tools|tool use]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Krützen M, Mann J, Heithaus MR, Connor RC, Bejder L, Sherwin WB |date=June 2005 |title=Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=25 |pages=8939–43 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0500232102 |pmc=1157020 |pmid=15947077 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Educational anthropology]]
* [[Intercultural competence]]
* [[Intercultural communication principles]]
* [[Socialization]]
* [[Dual inheritance theory]]

==References==
===Inline===
{{reflist}}

===General===
* van Shaik, Carel P. & Burkart, Judith M. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049085/ "Social learning and evolution: the cultural intelligence hypothesis"]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 1008-1016
* Chang, Lei; Mak, Miranda C. K.; Li, Tong; Wu, Bao Pei; Chen, Bin Bin; & Lu, Hui Jing (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140118180804/http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/eps/people/changlei_doc/04.pdf "Cultural Adaptations to Environmental Variability: An Evolutionary Account of East–West Differences"] (PDF). ''[[Educational Psychology Review]]'', 23(1), 99-129. doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9149-0
* Lehmann, L. L., Feldman, M. W., & Kaeuffer, R. R. (2010). "Cumulative cultural dynamics and the co-evolution of cultural innovation and transmission: an ESS model for panmictic and structured populations". Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2356-2369. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02096.x
* MacDonald, K. (2007). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-007-9019-8/fulltext.html "Cross-cultural Comparison of Learning in Human Hunting"]. Human Nature, 18(4), 386-402. doi:10.1007/s12110-007-9019-8
*{{cite book |first=Phillip |last=Conrad |year=2005 |title=Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-289028-0}}
*[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm "The American Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952 | Asia for Educators | Columbia University".]

{{Culture}}

[[Category:Applied learning]]
[[Category:Human communication]]

Indiana Botanic Gardens

2022-10-05T06:43:42Z

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{{Infobox park
| name = Indiana Botanic Gardens
| photo =
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| location = [[Hammond, Indiana]]
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The '''Indiana Botanic Gardens''' is the largest and oldest retailer of [[herbs]] in the United States.

==Founder==
Born in Wisconsin in 1878, [[Joseph E. Meyer]] acquired a curiosity about plants and nature at a young age. His father, who was a photographer, often took Meyer out on assignments into forests and fields. From here, he learned a great deal about various aspects of nature. Complications in Meyer's family and financial life caused him to temporarily step aside from nature and take up a career in printing. Meyer soon found himself in Chicago working for a large printer. Not long after, a strike shut down the printer and Meyer began working for The Hammond Times.

After settling in [[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]], Meyer desired to have a business of his own, preferably something in the printing industry. Giving consideration to his set of skills, Meyer realized that he knew a great deal about printing and even more about nature. A company that sold herbs through a catalogue would be a profitable endeavor thanks to his possession of an old printing press and vast knowledge of natural remedies. It was with the blending of these two passions that gave birth to Indiana Botanic Gardens.

==The company==
Indiana Botanic Gardens is a privately owned, family-run business that operates within the vitamin and herbal supplement industry. The Indiana Botanic Gardens have had a history in the [[Northwest Indiana]] region for nearly 100 years. Its history can be read about in botanical and herbal publications, as well as literature pertaining to the history of the Calumet Region. The Indiana Botanic Gardens were founded in 1910 by horticulturalist and herbalist Joseph Meyer (1878–1950) in a small cottage in the rear of his home in Hammond, Indiana.

Initially called the Indiana Herb Gardens, the business barely covered living expenses for the large Meyer family, which eventually consisted of seven sons and one daughter. Joseph Meyer's elder sons helped their father to grow the business by gathering herbs from the nearby fields. The family packed boxes, filled orders, fed the printing press, and folded circulars during the day. The daily workload for the Meyer's often bled into their evenings where they put catalogs together by binding them with needles and thread.

Once the company began to sustain itself, it moved from Meyer's cottage to a larger building off of Calumet Avenue in Hammond, Indiana. Due in part to his roots as a printer, Joseph E. Meyer published a 400-page book in 1918 entitled, ''The Herbalist''. Seven years later, [[The Herbalist Almanac]], an annual publication, was produced in 1925. The Herbalist Almanac was a booklet containing listings of the herbs and roots that the company sold, recipes, Indian weather forecasts, treatments for common ailments, popular songs of the day, and advice on farming issues. In 1979, after fifty-four years of publication, The Herbalist Almanac was retired. Vintage copies of The Herbalist Almanac are still around, some dating back to the 1950s, and can be purchased online through book shops and [[eBay]]. There are many collectors and agricultural, botanical, and gardening enthusiasts that have copies. Colleges and universities still study and use the almanack for educational purposes in many horticulture classes. The University of Florida also contributed to the preservation effort and has a number of the almanacks ranging from 1929-1971 in their rare book collection. A copy of The Herbalist can be found in the [[Smithsonian]] Institution Library.

Later, in 1925, Meyer purchased a wild tract of land on the [[Little Calumet River]]. The land held a profusion of [[medicinal plants]], shrubbery, and virgin forest. One year later, in 1926, this fertile ground would become home to the newly named Indiana Botanic Gardens. The offices and warehouse were now housed in a {{convert|36000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} English gabled building. The grounds and gardens covered {{convert|10|acre|m2}} and were filled with beautiful landscaping and architecture. The property also featured a mill where all of the botanicals were manufactured.

During the next few years, Meyer travelled to all parts of North America to gather material and information on native plants and their uses. He received mail on an international scale from [[universities]], libraries, [[Botanist|botanists,]] and people from all ranks of life. In 1932, he travelled to Europe to seek rare herbals. In Joseph Meyer's time, self-treatment with herbs was commonly practiced and often necessary due to economic conditions or the scarcity of professional medical help. Meyer devoted his life to providing herbs to people, and many grateful customers sent letters and recipes extolling the benefits. ''The Old Herb Doctor'' was compiled from this information to let other customers know how other customers had used herbs and the good results they had obtained from them.

The business has been handed down from generation to generation on to his grandson David Meyer, who is still part of the organization, along with great-grandson Tim Cleland, current president of the company. In 1990, the company moved into a more modern facility in nearby [[Hobart, Indiana]]. Although no longer a grower of herbs, Indiana Botanic Gardens sells vitamins, essential oils, teas, beauty care products, and other nutritional supplements in addition to being a distributor of bulk herbals. The Hobart location has a retail store that contains the majority of the Botanic Choice line and also sells wholesale products. The bulk of the business continues to be derived from mail order catalogue sales. However, with the re-launch of their website in May 2008, the Indiana Botanic Gardens have been focusing on expanding their online operations.

* The old IBG building is still standing in Hammond, IN off of I-80/94. For those individuals that are familiar with the area, Reaper's Realm Haunted Mansion is housed in the building Joseph Meyer built in 1926.
* In 1998, the [[United States House of Representatives]] paid a tribute<ref>[http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/record/1998/1998_E00290.pdf Congressional Record of Rep. Peter Visclosky's Tribute to Joseph Meyer]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to Joseph Meyer for being an upstanding citizen within his community.
* The Indiana Botanic Gardens has a growing list of health articles covering a wide array of topics from exercise, to male concerns, to detoxification.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Companies based in Indiana]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in Indiana]]

Respect (TV series)

2022-10-05T06:37:42Z

Itskaaal: Grammar Mistakes

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2008}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Respect''''' was a seven-part [[Documentary film|documentary]] [[television series]] featuring some of the biggest names in British sport and was broadcast each Sunday at 5.00pm on [[Central Independent Television]] during November/December 1995.

The series of half-hour programmes was produced at Central Independent Television studios in [[Birmingham]], and focused on sportspeople of African Caribbean origin who have gained "[[respect]]" through their single-minded determination to succeed in their chosen sport.

The subjects in the series were [[Lennox Lewis]] (Boxing), [[Judy Simpson]] (Athletics), [[Martin Offiah]] (Rugby League), [[Diana Bowles]] (Disabled Tennis), [[Tony Daley]] (Football), [[Gladstone Small]] (Cricket) and [[John Regis (athlete)|John Regis]] (Athletics). The narration was provided by sports presenter [[Garth Crooks]].

series producer and director, [[Pogus Caesar]]. "Over the past decade, Britain has seen the tremendous impact and contribution of black people in sport on a worldwide scale." This will be the first series of its type which concentrates exclusively on black sportspeople, looking at their life stories and lifestyles and, perhaps more importantly, finding out what gives them the will to win. " Contributors to the series included [[Sharron Davies]], [[Ian Botham]], [[Nigel Benn]], [[Henry Cooper]], [[Denise Lewis]], [[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]], [[Roger Black|Roger Black,]] and [[Kriss Akabusi]].

''Respect'' was produced and directed by [[Pogus Caesar]], and is a [[Carlton Television]] UK production and a [[Central Independent Television]] programme.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1995 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:1995 British television series endings]]
[[Category:ITV documentaries]]
[[Category:British sports television series]]
[[Category:Documentary television series about sports]]
[[Category:Television series by ITV Studios]]
[[Category:Television shows produced by Central Independent Television]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
{{sport-documentary-stub}}

Super Bowl LI

2022-10-05T06:32:51Z

Itskaaal: Grammer Error

{{short description|2017 National Football League championship game}}
{{redirect|2017 Super Bowl|the Super Bowl that was played at the completion of the 2017 season|Super Bowl LII}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox NFL game
| type = sb
| name = LI
| image = Super Bowl LI logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| visitor = [[2016 New England Patriots season|New England Patriots]]
| visitor_abbr = NE
| visitor_conf = [[American Football Conference|AFC]]
| visitor_coach = [[Bill Belichick]]
| visitor_record = 14–2
| visitor_place = 1
| home = [[2016 Atlanta Falcons season|Atlanta Falcons]]
| home_abbr = ATL
| home_conf = [[National Football Conference|NFC]]
| home_coach = [[Dan Quinn (American football)|Dan Quinn]]
| home_record = 11–5
| home_place = 2
| visitor_qtr1 = 0
| visitor_qtr2 = 3
| visitor_qtr3 = 6
| visitor_qtr4 = 19
| visitor_qtr5 = 6
| home_qtr1 = 0
| home_qtr2 = 21
| home_qtr3 = 7
| home_qtr4 = 0
| home_qtr5 = 0
| date = February 5, 2017
| stadium = [[NRG Stadium]]
| city = [[Houston|Houston, Texas]]
| attendance = 70,807<ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl LI Game Summary|url=https://nflcdns.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/57167/ATL_Gamebook.pdf|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>
| odds = Patriots by 3<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Cody|title=Super Bowl 51: Patriots Open As Favorites Over Falcons|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/super-bowl-51-patriots-open-as-favorites-over-falcons-012217|work=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|date=January 22, 2017|access-date=January 23, 2017}}</ref>
| MVP = [[Tom Brady]], [[quarterback]]
| anthem = [[Luke Bryan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Luke Bryan to sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl LI on Fox|url=https://nflcommunications.com/Pages/LUKE-BRYAN-TO-SING-THE-NATIONAL-ANTHEM--AT-SUPER-BOWL-LI-ON-FOX.aspx|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFLCommunications.com|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref>
| coin_toss = Former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush]], Former [[First Lady of the United States|U.S. First Lady]] [[Barbara Bush]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=George H.W. Bush to flip coin at Super Bowl LI|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/feb/1/george-hw-bush-to-flip-coin-at-super-bowl-li/|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref>
| referee = [[Carl Cheffers]]<ref name="Super Bowl 51 officials"/>
| HOFers =
| halftime = [[Lady Gaga]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Gaga headlines Pepsi Zero Sugar Super Bowl LI Halftime Show|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000711980/article/lady-gaga-headlines-pepsi-zero-sugar-super-bowl-li-halftime-show|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=September 29, 2016|access-date=September 29, 2016}}</ref>
| network = [[NFL on Fox|Fox]]
| announcers = [[Joe Buck]] (play-by-play) [[Troy Aikman]] (analyst) [[Erin Andrews]] and [[Chris Myers]] (sideline reporters) [[Mike Pereira]] (rules analyst)
| rating = 45.3 (national) 57.0 (Atlanta) 54.3 (Boston) U.S. viewership: 111.3 million est. avg.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ratings: Super Bowl LI Posts Huge Numbers, Just Shy of Record (Updated)|url=https://www.yahoo.com/tv/ratings-super-bowl-li-posts-huge-numbers-just-154243304.html|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl LV Draws Nearly 92 Million TV Viewers|url=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-releases/2021/super-bowl-lv-draws-nearly-92-million-tv-viewers/|publisher=[[Nielsen Media Research]]|date=February 9, 2021|access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref>
| share =
| commercial = $5.02 million
| radio = [[NFL on Westwood One Sports|Westwood One]]
| radioannouncers = [[Kevin Harlan]] (play-by-play) [[Boomer Esiason]] (analyst) [[James Lofton]] and [[Tony Boselli]] (sideline reporters)
| last = 50
| next = LII
}}
'''Super Bowl LI''' was an [[American football]] game played at [[NRG Stadium]] in [[Houston|Houston, Texas]], on February 5, 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Houston Super Bowl Host Committee announces date of Super Bowl LI|url=http://abc13.com/734622/|access-date=May 21, 2015|work=[[KTRK-TV]]|publisher=American Broadcasting Companies|date=May 21, 2015|location=[[Houston]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clayton|first=John|title=Ranking all 51 Super Bowls|url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/14660038/ranking-all-51-super-bowls-new-england-patriots-comeback-atlanta-falcons-ranks-best-ever|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017|location=[[Houston]]}}</ref> to determine the champion of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) for the [[2016 NFL season|2016 season]]. The [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) champion [[2016 New England Patriots season|New England Patriots]] defeated the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) champion [[2016 Atlanta Falcons season|Atlanta Falcons]], 34–28. Super Bowl LI featured the largest comeback in [[Super Bowl]] history,<ref name=footballdb>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdb.com/games/boxscore.html?gid=2017020501|title=Super Bowl LI Box Score|work=The Football Database|publisher=Patrick Gilligan|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Wesseling|first=Chris|title=Patriots erase deficit, defeat Falcons in Super Bowl LI|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000783692/article/patriots-erase-deficit-defeat-falcons-in-super-bowl-li|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref> with the Patriots overcoming a 28–3 deficit to emerge victorious. Due to the comeback, the game is nicknamed "'''28–3'''".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2020/03/atlanta-falcons-28-3 |title=NFL fans will never miss an opportunity to troll the Falcons with '28-3' jokes |date=March 14, 2020 |website=For The Win |access-date=April 5, 2020 }}</ref> The game was also the first and currently only Super Bowl to be decided in [[overtime (sports)|overtime]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Falcons-Patriots first teams to play in SB overtime|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000783676/article/falconspatriots-first-teams-to-play-in-sb-overtime|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Boren|first=Cindy|title=What happens in overtime in the Super Bowl?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/02/05/what-happens-in-overtime-in-the-super-bowl-we-may-be-about-to-find-out/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

The Patriots' victory was their fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the [[Dallas Cowboys]] and the [[San Francisco 49ers]] for the second-most Super Bowl wins. After finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, New England advanced to their [[List of Super Bowl champions|record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance]] and their seventh [[Brady–Belichick era|under the leadership]] of head coach [[Bill Belichick]] and quarterback [[Tom Brady]]. The Falcons, led by the league's top offense and [[National Football League Most Valuable Player Award|MVP]] quarterback [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]], finished the regular season with an 11–5 record and were seeking their first Super Bowl title in their second appearance.

Atlanta scored three consecutive touchdowns to take a 21–3 halftime lead, which they increased to 28–3 midway through the third quarter. However, the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game in the final seconds of regulation. In overtime, New England received the kickoff after winning the coin toss and scored a touchdown to claim the Super Bowl title. More than 30 team and individual Super Bowl records were broken or matched,<ref name="BergmanNFL">{{cite news|last=Bergman|first=Jeremy|title=At least 30 records set or tied in Super Bowl LI|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000783986/article/at-least-30-records-set-or-tied-in-super-bowl-li|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> including Patriots running back [[James White (running back)|James White]]'s 14 receptions and 20 points scored<ref>{{cite web|title=Dozens of records were set or tied in Super Bowl LI. The list …|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/02/06/records-were-set-tied-super-bowl-li-patriots/|website=The Denver Post|date=February 6, 2017|publisher=Digital First Media|access-date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> and Brady's 43 completed passes, 62 pass attempts, and 466 passing yards. Brady was named [[Super Bowl MVP]] for a record fourth time and was the oldest player to receive the honor at 39; he would surpass both records in [[Super Bowl LV]].

[[NFL on Fox|Fox]]'s broadcast of the game averaged around 111.3 million viewers, slightly down from the 111.9 million viewers of the previous year's Super Bowl, while the total number of viewers for all or part of the game hit a record number of 172 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/811507-super-bowl-li-audience-hits-a-record-172-million-viewers|title=Super Bowl LI Audience Hits a Record 172 Million Viewers|date=February 6, 2017|work=ComingSoon.net|access-date=September 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="lat-ratings"/> Average television viewership for the [[Super Bowl LI halftime show|halftime show]], headlined by [[Lady Gaga]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/05/entertainment/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-show-2017/index.html|title=Lady Gaga brings message of inclusion to Super Bowl halftime -- oh, and drones|first=Chloe|last=Melas|work=CNN|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> was higher at 117.5 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox, Shy of 2015 Ratings Record|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/super-bowl-li-ratings-patriots-falcons-24-1201978629/|access-date=February 6, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 6, 2017|last=Schwindt|first=Oriana}}</ref> The game is regarded by several media outlets as the greatest Super Bowl of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2017/feb/06/super-bowl-51-patriots-falcons-best-ever |title=Simply, the best Super Bowl ever |first=Les|last=Carpenter|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/news/best-super-bowls-history-patriots-falcons-comeback-51-2017/neloim73216d1kuxjp8e8o4fn |title=Seeing is believing: Patriots' comeback made for best Super Bowl ever |first=David |last=Steele |work=[[Sporting News]] |date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gagnon">{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2691357-super-bowl-li-was-the-best-ever |title=Super Bowl LI Was the Best Ever |first=Brad |last=Gagnon |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]] |date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> ''NFL.com''{{'}}s "100 Greatest Games" ranked it ninth, the fourth-highest among Super Bowls.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-100-greatest-games-no-9-patriots-falcons-in-super-bowl-li |title='NFL 100 Greatest' Games, No. 9: Patriots-Falcons in Super Bowl LI |website=[[NFL.com]] }}</ref>

==Background==
===Host-selection process===
[[File:NRG stadium prepared for Super Bowl Li (32513086661).jpg|thumb|[[NRG Stadium]] in January 2017]]

The NFL selected the sites for [[Super Bowl 50]] and Super Bowl LI at the owners' spring meetings in [[Boston]] on May 21, 2013.<ref name=pft328/> On October 16, 2012, the NFL announced that [[NRG Stadium|Reliant Stadium]] in Houston, which was renamed NRG Stadium in 2014, was a finalist to host Super Bowl LI.<ref name="SA20121016" >{{cite news|last=McClain|first=John|title=Houston a finalist to host Super Bowl LI in 2017|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/cowboys/article/Houston-a-finalist-to-host-Super-Bowl-LI-in-2017-3954532.php|access-date=October 22, 2012|work=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=October 16, 2012|location=[[Houston]]}}</ref> Houston then competed against the runner-up for the site of Super Bowl 50: [[Sun Life Stadium|Hard Rock Stadium]] in [[Miami Gardens, Florida]].<ref name=pft328>{{cite web|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/03/28/nfl-plans-spectacular-super-bowl-l/|title=NFL plans "spectacular" Super Bowl L |work=Pro Football Talk |date=March 28, 2012 |publisher=NBC Sports|access-date=October 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=SA20121016/> The South Florida bid for either Super Bowl partially depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations. However, on May 3, the [[Florida Legislature]] refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing a blow to South Florida's chances.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fla. Legislature refuses to aid Fins|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9240615/florida-legislature-refuses-help-aid-miami-dolphins|agency=Associated Press|work=ESPN|date=May 3, 2013|access-date=May 3, 2013}}</ref> The NFL ultimately selected Houston as the host city of Super Bowl LI.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Gregg|title=San Francisco awarded Super Bowl L; Houston lands LI|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000205086/article/san-francisco-awarded-super-bowl-l-houston-lands-li|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=May 21, 2013|access-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>

This was the second Super Bowl to be held at NRG Stadium, the other being [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]] in 2004, which also featured the [[2003 New England Patriots season|New England Patriots]] against [[2003 NFL season|that season's]] [[NFC South]] champion [[2003 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]]. It was also the third time the Super Bowl has been played in Houston, with [[Super Bowl VIII]] in 1974 having been held at [[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]. With the [[Houston Astros|Astros]] baseball team reaching the [[2017 World Series|World Series]] eight months later, Houston would become just the fourth city to host both the Super Bowl and the Fall Classic in the same calendar year, following [[San Diego]] (1998), [[Detroit]] (2006), and [[Arlington, Texas]] (2011), and the first among the four to win the [[Major League Baseball]] championship.

====Proposition 1 controversy====
[[Houston, Texas Proposition 1, 2015|Proposition 1]], an ordinance which would have prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity in Houston's housing, employment, public accommodations, and city contracting, was rejected by voters (60.97% opposing<ref>{{cite web|title=Cumulative Report, Harris County, Texas, General and Special Elections|date=November 3, 2015|at=9 |website=HARRISVotes.com|url=http://www.harrisvotes.com/HISTORY/20151103/cumulative/cumulative.pdf#page=9}}</ref>) during the [[United States elections, 2015|November 3, 2015 elections]]. Subsequently, the NFL announced it would not alter plans to have the city host Super Bowl LI.<ref name="robinson1" >{{cite web|last=Robinson|first=Charles|title=NFL won't alter Houston Super Bowl plans after city's repeal of non-discrimination law|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nfl-won-t-alter-houston-super-bowl-plans-after-city-s-repeal-of-non-discrimination-law-223940728.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|access-date=November 7, 2015|location=[[Houston]]|date=November 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gryboski|first1=Michael|title=Former Astros Star Speaks Out Against Houston's Transgender Bathroom Ordinance|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/astros-lance-berkman-transgender-bathroom-houston-147872/|website=Christian Post|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=October 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Houston Texans]] owner [[Bob McNair]] donated $10,000 to Campaign for Houston, an organization that opposes the ordinance, which he later rescinded.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gibbs |first=Lindsay |url=http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2015/10/16/3713392/texans-owner-lgbt-rights/|title=Texans Owner Donates $10,000 To Fight LGBT Protections In Houston|publisher=ThinkProgress.org|date=October 16, 2015|access-date=December 28, 2015}}</ref>

===Teams===

====New England Patriots====
{{main|2016 New England Patriots season}}
[[File:Tom Brady 2016.JPG|thumb|upright|Patriots quarterback [[Tom Brady]] was playing in a record seventh Super Bowl]]
[[File:LeGarrette Blount speaks at 7vs7 football camp, Keesler AFB, Mississippi 2017-07-08 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|New England RB [[LeGarrette Blount]] led the league in touchdowns (18) during the regular season]]
In 2016, New England tied an NFL record, earning 12+ wins for the seventh consecutive season. Even though starting quarterback [[Tom Brady]] was suspended for the first four games, and All-Pro tight end [[Rob Gronkowski]] was lost to injury in midseason, the Patriots still recorded an NFL-best 14–2 record; their only losses were a shutout loss to the [[2016 Buffalo Bills season|Buffalo Bills]] in Week 4 and a loss to the [[2016 Seattle Seahawks season|Seattle Seahawks]] in Week 10. They scored 441 points (third in the NFL) while allowing the fewest in the league (250).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nwe/|title=Boston/New England Patriots Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

Brady missed the first four games of the year on suspension due to a 2014–15 postseason incident known as [[Deflategate]]. [[Jimmy Garoppolo]] and [[Jacoby Brissett]] each started two games in Brady's place. After his suspension ended, Brady took back command of the offense and went on to earn his 12th [[2017 Pro Bowl|Pro Bowl]] selection, passing for 3,554 yards and 28 touchdowns with only two interceptions, while his 112.2 passer rating ranked second in the NFL. The team's leading receiver was [[Julian Edelman]], who caught 98 passes for 1,106 yards and added 135 more returns punts. Wide receivers [[Chris Hogan (American football)|Chris Hogan]] (38 receptions for 680 yards) and [[Malcolm Mitchell]] (32 receptions for 401 yards) were also significant receiving threats. Gronkowski caught 25 passes for 540 yards before suffering a season-ending back injury in Week 13. Tight end [[Martellus Bennett]] stepped up in his absence, hauling in 55 receptions for 701 yards and a team-leading seven touchdown catches. Running back [[LeGarrette Blount]] was the team's top rusher with 1,168 yards and a league-leading 18 touchdowns. In passing situations, the team relied heavily on running back [[James White (running back)|James White]], who caught 60 passes for 551 yards and added another 166 on the ground.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nwe/2016.htm|title=2016 New England Patriots Statistics & Players - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref> Running back [[Dion Lewis]] was also a valuable asset to the offense, rushing for 283 yards on offense and catching 17 passes for 94 yards.<ref name="auto"/>

Despite trading [[All-Pro]] outside linebacker [[Jamie Collins (American football)|Jamie Collins]] to the [[2016 Cleveland Browns season|Cleveland Browns]] in the middle of the season, the Patriots defensive line was led by tackles [[Trey Flowers]], who ranked first on the team with seven quarterback sacks, and [[Jabaal Sheard]], who recorded five sacks of his own. Linebacker [[Dont'a Hightower]] earned his first Pro Bowl selection and made the second All-Pro team, compiling 65 tackles and {{frac|2|1|2}} sacks. Linebacker [[Rob Ninkovich]] also made a big impact, recording 34 tackles, two forced fumbles, and four sacks. In the secondary, cornerback [[Malcolm Butler]] led the team with four interceptions, while [[Logan Ryan]] led the team in tackles and intercepted two passes. Safety [[Devin McCourty]] ranked second on the team with 83 tackles and notched one interception while earning his third career Pro Bowl selection. The team also had a defensive expert on special teams, [[Matthew Slater]], who made the Pro Bowl for the sixth consecutive year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriots.com/news/2016/12/20/four-patriots-selected-nfl-pro-bowl-squad|title=Four Patriots Selected to NFL Pro Bowl Squad|date=December 20, 2016|publisher=New England Patriots}}</ref>

By advancing to play in Super Bowl LI, the Patriots earned their NFL-record [[list of Super Bowl champions|ninth Super Bowl appearance]], as well as their seventh in the past 16 years under Brady and head coach [[Bill Belichick]]. The Patriots have also participated in the only other Super Bowl to be held at NRG Stadium; they won [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]] over the [[2003 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] by a 32–29 score 13 years earlier. The Patriots entered Super Bowl LI with an overall record of 4–4 in their previous eight Super Bowl appearances, with all four of their wins and two of their four losses coming under the leadership of Belichick and Brady.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/BeliBi0.htm|title=Bill Belichick Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

With his appearance in Super Bowl LI, Belichick broke the tie of six Super Bowls as a head coach that he had shared with [[Don Shula]]. It was also his record tenth participation in a Super Bowl in any capacity, which overtook the mark of nine that he had shared with [[Dan Reeves]]. This was also Brady's seventh Super Bowl appearance, the most appearances by a player in Super Bowl history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/01/06/nfl-playoffs-super-bowl-quarterbacks-tom-brady-most-ever |title=Which NFL quarterback has been to the most Super Bowls? |date=January 6, 2017 |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/look-tom-brady-has-played-in-more-super-bowls-than-the-entire-falcons-roster|title=LOOK: Tom Brady has played in more Super Bowls than the entire Falcons roster |date=January 25, 2017|work=CBS Sports}}</ref>

====Atlanta Falcons====
{{main|2016 Atlanta Falcons season}}
[[File:Matt_Ryan_2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Falcons quarterback [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] was named the 2016 regular season MVP]]
The Atlanta Falcons, under second-year head coach [[Dan Quinn (American football)|Dan Quinn]], finished the 2016 season with an 11–5 record, earning them the No. 2 seed in the NFC playoffs. It was a major reversal of declining fortunes for the team, which had failed to qualify to play in the [[NFL playoffs|playoffs]] in each of the last three seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/atl/|title=Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

The Falcons were loaded with offensive firepower, leading all NFL teams in scoring with 540 points. Nine-year veteran quarterback [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] earned the [[NFL MVP]] and the [[AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award]], as well as his fourth career Pro Bowl selection, leading the league in passer rating (117.1). While he ranked only ninth in completions (373), his passing yards (4,944) and touchdowns (38) both ranked second in the NFL. His favorite target was receiver [[Julio Jones]], who caught 83 passes for 1,409 yards (second in the NFL) and six touchdowns. But Ryan had plenty of other options, such as newly acquired wide receivers [[Mohamed Sanu]] (59 receptions for 653 yards) and [[Taylor Gabriel]] (35 receptions for 579 yards and six touchdowns). Pro Bowl running back [[Devonta Freeman]] was the team's leading rusher, with 1,078 yards, 11 touchdowns, and 4.8 yards per rush. He was also a superb receiver out of the backfield, catching 54 passes for 462 yards and two more scores. Running back [[Tevin Coleman]] was also a major asset on the ground and through the air, with 520 rushing yards, 31 receptions for 421 yards, and 11 total touchdowns. The Falcons also had an excellent special teams unit led by veteran kick returner [[Eric Weems]]. His 24 punt returns for 273 yards gave him the sixth highest return average in the NFL (11.4), and he added another 391 yards returning kickoffs. Pro Bowl kicker [[Matt Bryant]] led the league in scoring with 158 points while also ranking third in field goal percentage (91.8%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2016/scoring.htm |title=2016 NFL Scoring Summary |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2016/kicking.htm |title=2016 NFL Kicking & Punting |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref> Atlanta's offensive line featured center [[Alex Mack]], who earned his fourth Pro Bowl selection.<ref name="pro-football-reference.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/atl/2016.htm|title=2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

The Falcons' defensive line was led by defensive ends [[Adrian Clayborn]], who recorded five sacks and a fumble recovery, and long-time veteran [[Dwight Freeney]], who ranks as the NFL's 18th all-time leader in sacks ({{frac|122|1|2}}). Behind them, linebacker [[Vic Beasley]] was the team's only Pro Bowl selection on defense, leading the NFL in sacks with {{frac|15|1|2}}; he also forced six fumbles. Rookie linebacker [[Deion Jones]] was also an impact player, leading the team in combined tackles (108) and interceptions (three). The Falcons' secondary featured hard-hitting safety [[Keanu Neal]], who had 106 tackles and forced five fumbles. Safety [[Ricardo Allen]] added 90 tackles and two interceptions. But overall, the defense ranked just 27th in the league in points allowed (406).<ref name="pro-football-reference.com"/>

This game marked the Falcons' second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, after having lost [[Super Bowl XXXIII]] in January 1999 to the [[1998 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/atl/playoffs.htm |title=Atlanta Falcons Playoff History |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=December 10, 2017}}</ref>

===Playoffs===
{{main|2016–17 NFL playoffs}}

The Patriots, with the AFC's #1 seed, began their postseason run by defeating the fourth-seeded [[2016 Houston Texans season|Houston Texans]] in the Divisional Round, 34–16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/matchup?gameId=400927746 |title=Texans vs. Patriots - Team Statistics - January 14, 2017 - ESPN |date=January 14, 2017 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2017/1/14/14276312/patriots-texans-2017-results-score-nfl-playoffs |title=Texans vs. Patriots 2017 final score: New England overcomes turnovers with big plays that Houston couldn't match |first=Adam |last=Stites |date=January 14, 2017 |publisher=SB Nation}}</ref> The next week, in the [[AFC Championship Game]], the Patriots defeated the third-seeded [[2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] 36–17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/matchup?gameId=400927750 |title=Steelers vs. Patriots - Team Statistics - January 22, 2017 - ESPN |date=January 22, 2017 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2017/1/22/14353286/patriots-steelers-2017-results-score-nfl-playoffs-afc-championship |title=Steelers vs. Patriots 2017 final score: New England blows out Pittsburgh on the way to yet another Super Bowl |first=Adam |last=Stites |date=January 22, 2017 |publisher=SB Nation}}</ref>

The Falcons, with the NFC's #2 seed, began their postseason run by defeating the third-seeded [[2016 Seattle Seahawks season|Seattle Seahawks]] in the Divisional Round, 36–20, racking up 422 yards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/matchup?gameId=400927747 |title=Seahawks vs. Falcons - Team Statistics - January 14, 2017 - ESPN |date=January 14, 2017 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/news/seahawks-falcons-seavsatl-russell-wilson-matt-ryan-julio-jones-devin-hester/1no4hos8k4ln21qpk919qymxix |title=Seahawks miscues were non-factors in Falcons' blowout win |first=Ron |last=Clements |date=January 14, 2017 |publisher=Sporting News}}</ref> The next week, in the last NFL game ever played at the [[Georgia Dome]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/sport/georgia-dome-final-game/index.html |title=Georgia Dome's final NFL game has Super Bowl significance |first=Jill |last=Martin |date=January 22, 2017 |work=CNN}}</ref> the Falcons racked up 493 total yards as they defeated the fourth-seeded [[2016 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 44–21 to win the [[NFC Championship Game|NFC Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/matchup?gameId=400927751 |title=Packers vs. Falcons - Team Statistics - January 22, 2017 - ESPN |date=January 22, 2017 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-football-nfl-atl-gb-idUSKBN15617E |title=Falcons beat Packers 44-21 to reach Super Bowl |date=January 22, 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

===Pre-game notes===
As the [[Super Bowl#Home team designation|designated home team]] in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Falcons elected to wear their red home jerseys with white pants,<ref name="SBLIUnis">{{cite news|last=Hanzus|first=Dan|title=Pats wearing white in Super Bowl, will definitely win|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000778558/article/pats-wearing-white-in-super-bowl-will-definitely-win|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weaver|first=Tim|title=Falcons choose to wear red jerseys for Super Bowl LI vs. Patriots|url=http://thefalconswire.usatoday.com/2017/01/24/falcons-choose-to-wear-red-jerseys-for-super-bowl-li-vs-patriots/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=January 24, 2017|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> which meant that the Patriots wore their white road jerseys.<ref name="SBLIUnis" /> The game featured Atlanta's #1 scoring offense versus New England's #1 scoring defense. This was the sixth Super Bowl since the [[AFL–NFL merger]] in 1970 to feature a #1 scoring offense against a #1 scoring defense, with the team with the #1 scoring defense winning four of the previous five matchups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/blog/statsinfo/post/_/id/129236/top-10-stats-on-patriots-falcons-heading-into-super-bowl-li|title=Top 10 stats on Patriots, Falcons heading into Super Bowl LI|date=January 31, 2017|work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/what-happens-when-no-1-offense-meets-no-1-defense-in-super-bowl/ar-AAmaZay?li=BBnba9I|title=What happens when No. 1 offense meets No. 1 defense in Super Bowl?|publisher=MSN}}</ref>

Gambling establishments had the Patriots as 3 point favorites.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Cody|title=Super Bowl 51: Patriots Open As Favorites Over Falcons|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/super-bowl-51-patriots-open-as-favorites-over-falcons-012217|work=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|date=January 22, 2017|access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>

====Super Bowl week events====
Fan-oriented activities during the lead-up to Super Bowl LI were centered around the [[George R. Brown Convention Center]] and [[Discovery Green]] park. Discovery Green hosted Super Bowl Live, a 10-day festival which featured live concerts and other attractions, including projection shows, fireworks shows, and a [[virtual reality]] attraction, ''Future Flight'', in conjunction with [[NASA]]. The neighboring George R. Brown Convention Center hosted the annual [[NFL Experience]] event, which featured interactive activities and appearances by players.<ref name="hpress-sblive">{{cite web|title=Super Bowl LIVE Kicks Off at Discovery Green|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/super-bowl-live-kicks-off-at-discovery-green-9128633|website=Houston Press|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> Super Bowl Opening Night, the second edition of the game's revamped media day, was held on January 30, 2017 at nearby [[Minute Maid Park]].<ref name="David Barron of the Houston Chronicle">{{cite web|last1=Barron|first1=David|title=Super Bowl LI "Opening Night" at Minute Maid on Jan. 30|url=https://www.chron.com/sports/texans/article/Super-Bowl-LI-Opening-Night-at-Minute-Maid-on-10620658.php|website=Houston Chronicle.com|date=November 17, 2016|publisher=Houston Chronicle|access-date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>

Super Bowl Live was organized by the Houston Super Bowl Host Committee, which was led by Honorary Chairman [[James A. Baker, III]], Chairman Ric Campo, and President and CEO Sallie Sargent.<ref name="texans-committee">{{cite web|title=James Baker, Ric Campo to lead Houston's Super Bowl bid|url=http://www.houstontexans.com/news/article-2/James-Baker-Ric-Campo-to-lead-Houstons-Super-Bowl-bid/585eaf80-dc4c-434d-ac11-867cafcd8c4c|publisher=Houston Texans|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

According to [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] story two most anticipated pre-Super Bowl parties were invite-only 13th annual [[ESPN]] party and the ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' party.<ref name="bparty">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-31/the-400-000-super-bowl-trip-to-houston-texas|title=The $400,000 Way to Do the Super Bowl|first=Nikki |last=Ekstein|date=January 31, 2017|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> ESPN party was hosted by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]] and [[DJ Khaled]] and took place in a 65,000-square-foot warehouse in the [[Houston Museum District|Houston Arts District]].<ref name="bparty" /> The Rolling Stone party celebrated the magazine 50th anniversary. It took place at the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] and featured the performance of [[Big Sean]], [[DJ Cassidy]], [[Nas]], [[Diplo]] and [[Busta Rhymes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fanhospitality.com/blog/2017/11/14/fans-review-of-the-rolling-stone-super-bowl-party/|title=Fan's Review of the Rolling Stone Super Bowl Party|author=Rachel|date=November 14, 2017|website=fanhospitality.com|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>

====Team facilities====
The Patriots stayed at the JW Marriott Houston and practised at the [[University of Houston]]. The Falcons stayed at the Westin Houston Memorial City and practised at [[Rice University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriots to practice at UH, Falcons at Rice|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/sports/superbowl/article/Patriots-to-practice-at-UH-Falcons-at-Rice-10879745.php|website=Houston Chronicle|date=January 24, 2017|access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref>

====Tickets====
In the beginning of February 2017 the NFL and law enforcement announced that tickets to Super Bowl LI would feature [[thermal paper|heat-sensitive logos]] to deter [[counterfeit]] tickets. On the front of each ticket was a full polymer graphic that was raised and the back featured a true color security label with Houston's skyline and the Super Bowl logo. The final security feature was a graphic on the lower portion of the back of each ticket printed with [[thermochromic ink]]. The [[Houston|HTX]] logo and the [[NRG Stadium]] image faded when heat was applied and returned when the heat source was removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pro32.ap.org/article/officials-tell-fans-how-spot-fake-super-bowl-tickets|title=Officials tell fans how to spot fake Super Bowl tickets|first=Kristie|last=Rieken|date=February 2, 2017|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>

====Transportation issue====
In late 2016, [[Uber]] had threatened to leave Houston ahead of the Super Bowl LI festivities, insisting various city regulations, including fingerprint background checks of drivers, were too burdensome and prevented drivers from working. Houston officials and Uber reached a compromise in December, which determined that Houston would continue to require a fingerprint check for drivers but eliminate requirements for driver drug testing and physicals through at least February 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mashable.com/2017/02/03/uber-super-bowl-houston/#KU1P7afA5PqJ |title=Uber barely hangs on in Houston ahead of Super Bowl, while Airbnb claims 'biggest nights ever' |last=Hinchliffe |first=Emma |work=[[Mashable]] |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=February 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
===U.S. television===
In the United States, Super Bowl LI was televised by [[NFL on Fox|Fox]], as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.<ref>{{cite news|title=The tradition continues: NFL to remain on broadcast TV|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d8250cb48/article/the-tradition-continues-nfl-to-remain-on-broadcast-tv|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=December 14, 2011|access-date=July 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Molloy|first=Tim|title=NBC, Fox, CBS Extend NFL Deals Through 2022|url=https://www.thewrap.com/tv/article/nbc-fox-cbs-reach-long-term-nfl-deals-33611|website=TheWrap.com|date=December 14, 2011|access-date=October 23, 2012}}</ref> The game was carried in Spanish by sister cable network [[Fox Deportes]].<ref name=dep1>{{cite web|title=NFL Celebrates Hispanic Heritage Month|url=http://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-game/nfl-celebrates-hispanic-heritage-month/|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=Operations.NFL.com|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=December 27, 2016|quote=The season will culminate with Super Bowl LI live in Spanish on FOX Deportes and Entravision Radio.}}</ref><ref name=dep2>{{cite web|title=NFLEROS Premieres on FOX Deportes|url=http://www.foxsports.com/presspass/latestnews/2016/09/19/nfleros-premieres-on-fox-deportes|work=Fox Sports|access-date=December 30, 2016|date=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=dep3>{{cite web|last1=Tanklefsky|first1=David|title=Record World Series Numbers Help Fox Deportes Show Off Its Rebrand|url=http://promaxbda.org/brief/content/record-world-series-numbers-help-fox-deportes-show-off-its-rebrand|website=PromaxBDA|access-date=December 30, 2016|date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> Online streams of the game were provided via [[Fox Sports Go]]; although normally [[TV Everywhere|requiring a television subscription to use]], Fox made the service available as a free preview for the Super Bowl. Due to [[Verizon Communications]] exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was exclusive to [[Verizon Wireless]] subscribers via the NFL Mobile app.<ref name="thr-fsgooutage">{{cite web|title=Super Bowl: Fox Sports Go Streaming Service Goes Down Briefly in 4th Quarter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-sports-go-streaming-service-goes-down-briefly-fourth-quarter-972309|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge-fsgo">{{cite web|title=Super Bowl 2017: How to watch the big game online|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/5/14503362/super-bowl-li-live-stream-watch-online-streaming-2017|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

As with Super Bowl 50, the stadium was equipped for [[Intel]] freeD [[instant replay]] technology, using an array of 36 [[5K resolution]] cameras positioned around the stadium to enable 360-degree views of plays. Fox introduced a new feature utilizing the system known as ''Be the Player'', which composited the various camera angles into a single view of a play from the point-of-view of a player on the field.<ref name="svg-betheplayer">{{cite web|title=Live from Super Bowl LI: Intel's 'Be the Player' Set to Transform Analysis|url=http://www.sportsvideo.org/2017/02/05/live-from-super-bowl-li-intels-be-the-player-set-to-transform-analysis/|website=Sports Video Group|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="variety-foxpovreplay">{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Todd|title=Fox's Super Bowl LI Broadcast to Include Virtual Player POV Replays|url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/fox-super-bowl-li-virtual-player-pov-replays-1201959112/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 12, 2017|access-date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> Fox constructed a temporary, two-floor studio in [[Discovery Green]], which originated pre-game coverage, and broadcasts of [[Fox Sports 1]] studio programs during the week leading up to the game, such as ''[[Fox Sports Live|Fox Sports Live with Jay and Dan]]'', ''[[The Herd with Colin Cowherd]]'', ''[[Skip and Shannon: Undisputed]]'', ''[[NASCAR Race Hub]]'', and ''[[UFC Tonight]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportsvideo.org/2017/02/04/live-from-super-bowl-li-fox-sports-presence-at-discovery-green-raises-bar/|title=Live From Super Bowl LI: Fox Sports Presence at Discovery Green Raises Bar|last=Kerschbaumer|first=Ken|work=Sports Video Group|access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref>

====Ratings====
An average of 111.3 million viewers watched Super Bowl LI, marking [[Super Bowl television ratings|Super Bowl]]'s second consecutive year of average viewership drop since its all-time average high in [[Super Bowl XLIX|2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/super-bowl-ratings-patriots-seahawks-2015-superbowl-xlix-1201364688/|title=Touchdown! NBC's Super Bowl Scores Record-Smashing Viewership – Update |first=Dominic|last=Patten|date=February 2, 2015 |publisher=Hollywood| access-date=February 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/02/media/super-bowl-ratings/index.html/|title=Super Bowl XLIX posts the largest audience in TV history|first=Frank|last=Pallotta|date=February 2, 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208013112/http://money.cnn.com/2015/02/02/media/super-bowl-ratings/index.html|archive-date=February 8, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, viewership steadily increased since the end of halftime when it eventually tallied the first, and so far only, [[overtime]] game in Super Bowl history. Fox and NFL stated that 1.72 million viewers utilized its online streams, and by the conclusion of overtime, the broadcast gained 172 million viewers (more than half of the U.S. population of 340 million people that same year).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syracuse.com/superbowl/index.ssf/2017/02/super_bowl_2017_patriots_comeback_win_most-viewed_show_in_television_history.html |title=Super Bowl 2017: Patriots' comeback win most-viewed show in television history |first=Brent |last=Axe |date=February 7, 2017 |website=syracuse.com| access-date=February 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://programminginsider.com/fox-sports-reports-172-million-viewers-total-super-bowl-li/|title=Fox Sports: Super Bowl LI Most-Viewed U.S. Program Ever |first=Chris |last=Tribbey |date=February 6, 2017 |publisher=NewBay Media| access-date=February 7, 2018}}</ref> This was the [[Super Bowl television ratings|largest overall audience ever tallied by any broadcast in U.S. television history]].<ref name="lat-ratings">{{cite web|title=Super Bowl's TV ratings slip for the second straight year|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-super-bowl-ratings-20170206-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|date=February 7, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

====Advertising====
Fox set the base rate for a 30-second [[Super Bowl commercials|commercial]] at $5 million, the same rate [[NFL on CBS|CBS]] charged for Super Bowl 50,<ref name=snickerslivead>{{cite news|last=Vranica|first=Suzanne|title=Snickers to Air First Live Super Bowl Ad|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/snickers-to-air-first-live-super-bowl-ad-1485345610|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> leading to advertising revenue of $534 million for the single day event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fry|first=Erika|date=February 1, 2018|title=Super Bowl Ads Can't Save TV|url=|journal=Fortune|type=print mail distribution|page=12|issn=0015-8259}}</ref> [[Snickers]] announced that it would present a live commercial during the game.<ref name=snickerslivead/> [[Nintendo]] broadcast an ad showcasing its upcoming [[Nintendo Switch]] [[video game console]].<ref name=nintendoad>{{cite web|last=Molina|first=Brett|title=Nintendo devotes its first-ever Super Bowl ad to Switch|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/01/nintendo-devotes-its-first-ever-super-bowl-ad-switch/97331552/|work=USA Today|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] broadcast three spots for [[Alfa Romeo]], as part of an effort to re-launch the Italian brand in the U.S.<ref name="adage-alfaromeo">{{cite web|title=What Is Fiat Chrysler Up to for the Super Bowl?|url=http://adage.com/article/special-report-super-bowl/fiat-chrysler-back-super-bowl/307839/|website=Advertising Age|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="adage-avoidpolitics">{{cite web|title=Fiat Chrysler Avoids Politics in Super Bowl Ads, Plugs Alfa Romeo|url=http://adage.com/article/special-report-super-bowl/super-bowl-fiat-chrysler-avoids-politics-plugs-alfa-romeo/307861/|website=Advertising Age|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

A spot from longtime advertiser [[Budweiser]] garnered controversy before the game for depicting [[Anheuser-Busch]] co-founder [[Adolphus Busch]]'s emigration to the United States from Germany, its broadcast coming on the heels of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] signing [[Executive Order 13769|an executive order that bans travelers from several Muslim nations]].<ref name=budimmigration>{{cite web|last=Godoy|first=Maria|title=Budweiser's Super Bowl Ad And The Great Debate Over What It Means To Be An American|website=NPR|date=February 3, 2017|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/03/513263766/budweiser-s-super-bowl-ad-misses-the-real-timelier-story-about-immigrants-and-be|publisher=NPR|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[84 Lumber]] aired a commercial depicting a mother and daughter journeying from [[Mexico]] to the [[United States]], which had been edited following Fox's objection to its depiction of a [[border wall]] for sensitivity reasons.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Framke|first1=Caroline|title=The story behind 84 Lumber's Super Bowl ad about Trump's border wall|url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/5/14518244/84-lumber-super-bowl-commercial|access-date=February 6, 2017|work=Vox|date=February 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shields|first1=Mike|title=84 Lumber Super Bowl Campaign Shows Border Wall With a Big Door|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/84-lumber-super-bowl-campaign-shows-border-wall-with-a-big-door-1486343484|access-date=February 6, 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Payne|first1=Marissa|title=84 Lumber forced to re-tool Super Bowl ad rejected for depicting Trump's border wall|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-84-lumber-super-bowl-ad-trump-wall-20170205-story.html|access-date=February 6, 2017|work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Lara|title=The 84 Lumber Super Bowl ad's creative director explains the thinking behind the Mexican immigration-themed spot|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/84-lumber-super-bowl-ad-explained-2017-2|access-date=February 6, 2017|work=Business Insider|date=February 5, 2017}}</ref>

Many films were advertised with ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]'', ''[[Logan (film)|Logan]]'', ''[[Transformers: The Last Knight]]'', ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'', ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' and ''[[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]''. [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] and [[Netflix]] advertised their shows, ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' and ''[[Stranger Things (TV series)|Stranger Things]]'', respectively, while Fox-owned [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic Channel]] teased its new historical anthology drama series ''[[Genius (U.S. TV series)|Genius]]'' with an ad featuring [[Albert Einstein]] and a nod to [[Lady Gaga]]'s halftime performance.<ref name="variety-genius">{{cite web|title=Geoffrey Rush as Albert Einstein: Nat Geo Channel Releases Super Bowl Spot for 'Genius' (Watch)|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/genius-trailer-albert-einstein-lady-gaga-video-watch-super-bowl-1201977405/|website=Variety|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Petski|first=Denise|title='Genius' Teaser: Nat Geo Unveils Einstein Drama's Super Bowl Spot With Lady Gaga's 'Bad Romance'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/genius-teaser-nat-geo-einstein-dramas-super-bowl-spot-lady-gaga-bad-romance-1201901718/|access-date=February 6, 2017|website=Deadline|date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>

Fox was able to earn an estimated $20 million by airing four extra commercials due to the additional overtime period. Even without historical precedent, Fox negotiated deals with a handful of advertisers in case overtime were to occur.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=Jason |url=http://www.adweek.com/tv-video/the-first-overtime-in-super-bowl-history-gives-fox-another-20-million-in-ad-revenue/ |title=The First Overtime in Super Bowl History Gives Fox Another $20 Million in Ad Revenue |work=[[Adweek]] |date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=February 7, 2017 }}</ref>

===International broadcasts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Rights holder(s)
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Seven Network]], [[7mate]], [[ESPN Australia|ESPN]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/us-sports/nfl-2016-how-to-watch-in-australia-20160904-gr8mcy.html|title=NFL 2016: How to watch in Australia|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|[[Puls 4]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Das ist der Super Bowl LI! - puls4.com|url=http://www.puls4.com/sport/infos/Das-ist-der-Super-Bowl-LI!-478266|website=PULS 4|publisher=PULS 4 TV GmbH & Co KG|access-date=February 5, 2017|language=de}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[ESPN Brasil]], [[Esporte Interativo]]<ref name="UOL">{{cite web|title=ESPN e Esporte Interativo exibem hoje Super Bowl com Lady Gaga; relembre outras apresentações|date=February 5, 2017|url=https://observatoriodatelevisao.bol.uol.com.br/especial/2017/02/espn-e-esporte-interativo-exibem-hoje-super-bowl-com-lady-gaga-relembre-outras-apresentacoes|publisher=Leandro Lel Lima|access-date=February 6, 2017|language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[CTV Television Network|CTV]], [[CTV Two]], [[The Sports Network|TSN]] (English), [[Réseau des sports|RDS]] (French)<ref name="bell-licanada">{{cite web|title=SUPER BOWL LI to be Broadcast in Triple-Simulcast for First Time Ever on CTV, CTV Two, and TSN, February 5|url=http://www.bellmedia.ca/pr/press/super-bowl-li-to-be-broadcast-in-triple-simulcast-for-first-time-ever-on-ctv-ctv-two-and-tsn-february-5/|publisher=Bell Media|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[TV3+ (Denmark)|TV3+]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://super-bowl.dk/tv/|title=Super-Bowl.dk|access-date=February 16, 2017|language=da}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|[[BeIN Sports (France)|beIN Sports]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beinsports.com/france/nfl/video/nfl-le-super-bowl-li-sur-bein-sports/432731|title=NFL : Le Super Bowl LI|publisher=beIN SPORTS|access-date=February 5, 2017|language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Sat.1]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl 2017 en direct et TV|url=http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/sport/sonstige-sportarten/Super-Bowl-2017-im-Live-Stream-und-TV-id40298307.html|website=Augsburger Allemagne|language=de|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NFL – NFL: Super Bowl 2017 live – New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons im kostenlosen Livestream|url=http://www.ran.de/us-sport/nfl/live/nfl-super-bowl-2017-live-new-england-patriots-vs-atlanta-falcons-im-kostenlosen-livestream|website=www.ran.de|publisher=ProSieben/Sat.1 Sports GmbH|access-date=February 4, 2017|language=de|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Sport1 (Eastern Europe)]] (Hungary)
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|[[Sony ESPN]]<ref name="peotv.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.peotv.com/tvguide/program/sony-espn/nfl-2016%2F17-super-bowl/5634667/|title=NFL 2016/17 Super Bowl|publisher=peotv.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|[[Italia 1]], [[Mediaset Premium|Premium Sport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2017/02/05/super-bowl-li-tv-streaming/|title=Super Bowl 2017: dove guardarlo in streaming o in tv|date=February 5, 2017|publisher=ilpost.it|access-date=February 12, 2021|language=it}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|[[Sky Sports]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/superbowl/10755600/super-bowl-li-on-sky-sports|title=Super Bowl LI on Sky Sports|website=SkySports|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|'''Middle East and North Africa'''{{hidden begin|title=List of countries}}
*{{flag|Algeria}}
*{{flag|Bahrain}}
*{{flag|Comoros}}
*{{flag|Djibouti}}
*{{flag|Egypt}}
*{{flag|Iraq}}
*{{flag|Israel}}
*{{flag|Jordan}}
*{{flag|Kuwait}}
*{{flag|Lebanon}}
*{{flag|Libya}}
*{{flag|Mauritania}}
*{{flag|Morocco}}
*{{flag|Oman}}
*{{flag|Palestine}}
*{{flag|Qatar}}
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*{{flag|Somalia}}
*{{flag|Sudan}}
*{{flag|Syria}}
*{{flag|Tunisia}}
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
*{{flag|Yemen}}
|[[OSN Sports]]<ref name="techradar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.techradar.com/how-to/how-to-watch-super-bowl-51-online-for-free|title=How to watch Super Bowl 51 online for free|date=February 8, 2021|publisher=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref> [[beIN Sports (MENA)|beIN Sports]]<ref name="twitter.com">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/beINSPORTS/status/927917204612116482|title=@beIN Sports|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|[[Sony ESPN]]<ref name="peotv.com"/>
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Fox (Netherlands)|Fox]], [[Fox Sports (Netherlands)|Fox Sports]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totaaltv.nl/nieuws/super-bowl-2017-live-op-fox-tv-en-fox-sports/|title=Super Bowl 2017 live op FOX TV en FOX SPORTS|publisher=Totaaltv.nl|access-date=February 5, 2017|language=nl}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|[[Television New Zealand]], [[ESPN Australia|ESPN]]
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|[[Viasat 4]]
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|[[ABS-CBN]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.ph/football/news/super-bowl-51-on-free-tv-abs-cbn-sports-action|title=Super Bowl 51 between Patriots, Falcons to be aired live on free TV via ABS-CBN sports channel|publisher=[[Sports Interactive Network Philippines]]|last=Terrado|first=Reuben|date=January 24, 2017|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[SuperSport (TV channel)|SuperSport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superbowl51.org/broadcast-the-super-bowl|title=Channels that will broadcast the Super Bowl|date=January 24, 2017|publisher=Superbowl51.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Movistar+]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comunidad.movistar.es/t5/Blog-Movisfera/La-Super-Bowl-LI-en-directo-y-en-exclusiva-para-todos-los/ba-p/3130672?tc_alt=4541|title=La Super Bowl LI, en directo y en exclusiva para todos los abonados de Movistar+ (Spanish)|date=February 2, 2017|publisher=Blog Movisfera (Comunidad Movistar)}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Sony ESPN]]<ref name="peotv.com"/>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[BBC Sport|BBC]] (via world feed),<ref>{{cite news|title=Super Bowl LI: New England Patriots v Atlanta Falcons|work=BBC Sport|date=January 30, 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/american-football/38321470|access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> [[Sky Sports]] (via Fox)<ref>{{cite web|title=Where to watch Super Bowl LI on British TV|url=http://www.nfluk.com/news/superbowl/article-1/Where-to-watch-Super-Bowl-LI-on-British-TV/10b38148-1d8d-48cb-879c-29954f203873|website=NFLUK.com|publisher=NFL Enterprises|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl LI is on Sky Sports 1, Sky Sports NFL and Sky Sports Mix on Sunday February 5|url=http://www.skysports.com/nfl/news/12118/10750139/super-bowl-li-is-on-sky-sports-1-sky-sports-nfl-and-sky-sports-mix-on-sunday-february-5|website=Sky Sports|publisher=Sky|access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>
|}

====Canadian broadcast====
Canadian broadcast rights to Super Bowl LI were subject to a still-ongoing legal dispute; although U.S. network affiliates are carried by pay TV providers in the country, Canadian law grants domestic broadcast stations the right to require that these signals be [[Simultaneous substitution|substituted with their own]] if they are carrying the same program in simulcast with a U.S. station ("simsub"). This policy is intended to help protect Canadian advertising revenue from being lost to viewers watching via U.S. feeds of a program. In 2016, as part of a larger series of regulatory reforms, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) banned the Super Bowl from being substituted under these circumstances, meaning that the telecast on [[CTV Television|CTV]]—a simulcast of the U.S. telecast with Canadian advertising inserted, would co-exist with feeds of the game from U.S. network affiliates. The CRTC cited dissatisfaction surrounding the practice from Canadian viewers—particularly the unavailability of the U.S. [[Super Bowl commercials|commercials]], which the CRTC cited as being an "integral part" of the game based on this reception, but also other technical problems caused by poorly implemented simsubs (such as reduced quality and missing content due to mistimed transitions back into the U.S. program feed).<ref name=gandm-bellappeal/><ref name=gandm-nomoresuperbowlsimsub>{{cite news|title=CRTC opens door for U.S. Super Bowl ads to air on Canadian TV|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/crtc-opens-door-for-us-super-bowl-ads-to-air-on-canadian-tv/article22696212/|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=January 29, 2015|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=crtc-2015-25>{{cite web|title=Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2015-25|date=January 29, 2015|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2015/2015-25.htm|publisher=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

The NFL's Canadian rights holder [[Bell Media]], as well as the league itself, have displayed objections to the policy; Bell felt that the decision devalued its exclusive Canadian rights to the game, and violated Canada's [[Broadcasting Act (1991)|Broadcasting Act]], which forbids the "making of regulations singling out a particular program or licensee."<ref name=gandm-bellappeal>{{cite news|title=Bell appeals CRTC decision to air U.S. Super Bowl commercials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/bell-to-fight-crtc-ruling-on-super-bowl-simsub/article23244271/|access-date=March 12, 2015|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|location=Toronto|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> On November 2, 2016, Bell was granted the right to challenge the ruling in the [[Federal Court of Appeal (Canada)|Federal Court of Appeal]].<ref name="gandm-bellwinappeal">{{cite news|title=Bell wins right to appeal new Super Bowl ad policy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/bell-wins-right-to-appeal-new-super-bowl-ad-policy/article32643801/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref> Bell, the NFL, and government representatives from both Canada and the U.S., have lobbied the CRTC for the rule to be retracted.<ref name="bloomberg-blitzes">{{cite web|title=NFL Blitzes Trudeau in Arcane Super Bowl Advertising Dispute|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-09/nfl-blitzes-trudeau-in-arcane-super-bowl-advertising-dispute|website=Bloomberg|access-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> However, court action on the ruling was not taken in time for the game, meaning that it was in effect for the first time during Super Bowl LI.<ref name="gandm-cdnratings">{{cite news|title=Bell's Super Bowl ratings drop 39 per cent as CRTC ad policy takes effect|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/bells-super-bowl-ratings-drop-39-per-cent-as-ad-policy-takes-effect/article33919635/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> Bell Media cited the decision, among other factors, as justification for a planned series of layoffs it announced on January 31, 2017.<ref name="fp-belllayoffs17">{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Emily|title=Bell Media cites CRTC Super Bowl ad policy as a factor in latest round of layoffs|url=http://business.financialpost.com/fp-tech-desk/bell-media-cites-crtc-super-bowl-ad-policy-in-latest-round-of-layoffs|website=Financial Post|date=January 31, 2017|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref>

The simsub prohibition only applied to the game itself, and not pre-game or post-game programming (which was simulcast with Fox and subject to simsub). In an attempt to mitigate the loss of ''de facto'' exclusivity to the clean U.S. feeds, Bell simulcast the game across [[CTV Two]] and [[The Sports Network|TSN]] in addition to CTV, and organized a sponsored sweepstakes in which viewers could earn entries to win cash and automobile prizes by [[text messaging|texting]] keywords displayed during the Canadian telecast.<ref name="faguy-sbli"/><ref name="gandm-paytowatch">{{cite news|title=It may pay to watch Super Bowl on Canadian TV. Literally|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/it-may-pay-to-watch-super-bowl-on-canadian-tv-literally/article33892725/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' media analyst Steve Faguy felt that these promotions were an attempt to offset the loss of viewership by carrying the game across as many of its channels as possible, and providing incentives for viewers to watch the game on CTV instead of Fox. He further noted that Bell still had exclusive rights to stream the game in Canada via CTV's [[TV Everywhere]] services, as the CRTC does not regulate web content, and Fox's online stream is only available to U.S. users.<ref name="faguy-sbli">{{cite web|last1=Faguy|first1=Steve|url=http://blog.fagstein.com/2017/01/27/ctv-super-bowl-li-plans/|title=CTV Super Bowl LI plans|website=Fagstein.com|date=January 27, 2017|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> Consequently, some Canadian companies (such as [[Leon's]] and [[Pizza Pizza]]) took advantage of the CRTC decision by buying local advertising time during the game from Fox affiliates distributed in Canada in order to target these viewers, such as [[KAYU-TV]] in [[Spokane]] (which is widely carried by television providers in the significantly larger markets of [[Calgary]] and [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]).<ref name="gandm-willfight">{{cite news|title=Bell will fight CRTC ad policy after Super Bowl ratings drop|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/bells-super-bowl-ratings-drop-39-per-cent-as-ad-policy-takes-effect/article33919635/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref>

Viewership of Super Bowl LI across the three English-language Bell Media properties broadcasting it was down by 39% in comparison to Super Bowl 50, with only 4.47 million viewers. Viewership on the French-language telecast presented by TSN's sister network [[Réseau des sports|RDS]] was in line with that of Super Bowl 50. It is not known how many Canadian viewers watched the game via Fox, as neither Nielsen or Canadian ratings provider [[Numeris]] calculate Canadian viewership of American broadcasters.<ref name="gandm-cdnratings"/>

===Radio===
In the United States, [[NFL on Westwood One Sports|Westwood One]] carried the broadcast nationwide, with [[Kevin Harlan]] on play-by-play, [[Boomer Esiason]] and [[Mike Holmgren]] on color commentary, and sideline reports from [[Tony Boselli]] and [[James Lofton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://westwoodonesports.com/?post_type=broadcast&p=53542|title=Atlanta Falcons vs. New England Patriots Super Bowl LI|work=Westwood One|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> The Westwood One broadcast was simulcast in Canada on [[TSN Radio]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.bellmedia.ca/pr/press/tsn-bell-media-radio-nfl-announce-multi-year-radio-broadcast-agreement/|title=TSN, Bell Media Radio, and NFL Announce Multi-Year Radio Broadcast Agreement|publisher=Bell Media|date=September 18, 2015|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> Each team's network [[flagship (broadcasting)|flagship station]] carried the local feed: [[WBZ-FM]] for the Patriots (with [[Bob Socci]] and [[Scott Zolak]] announcing), and [[WZGC (FM)|WZGC]] for the Falcons (with [[Wes Durham]] and [[David Archer (quarterback)|Dave Archer]] announcing); under the league's contract with Westwood One, no other stations in the teams' usual radio networks were allowed to carry the local broadcast, and unlike in recent years when at least one of the two flagships was a [[clear-channel station]], both the Patriots and Falcons use FM radio stations as their local flagships, limiting listenership to those within the local metropolitan areas or with access to those feeds via [[Sirius XM]] [[satellite radio]] or [[TuneIn]] Premium.

Spanish-language radio rights are held by [[Entravision]] as part of a three-year agreement signed in 2015.<ref name=dep1/> Erwin Higueros served as the play-by-play announcer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2015/09/11/entravision-inks-three-year-radio-deal-with-nfl.html|title=Entravision inks three-year radio deal with the NFL|work=L.A. Biz|date=September 11, 2015|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>

The United Kingdom's [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] produced a commercial-free broadcast, with Darren Fletcher and [[Rocky Boiman]] returning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfluk.com/news/specialfeatures/article-1/BBC-Radio-5-Live-Sports-Extra-to-air-weekly-commentaries-all-season-in-2016/9b2b46ee-f75a-4e86-8009-4c3926089d43|title=BBC RADIO 5 LIVE SPORTS EXTRA TO AIR WEEKLY COMMENTARIES ALL SEASON IN 2016|website=NFLUK.com|date=September 3, 2016|access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>

==Entertainment==

===Pre-game===
{{Quote box|width=31%|align=right|quote="May this year's Super Bowl be a sign of peace, friendship, and solidarity to the world."|source=–[[Pope Francis]] indicated that by participating in sports events, people show an ability to go beyond self-interests and build friendship and solidarity with one another.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2017/2/5/14515168/super-bowl-2017-pope-francis-filmed-message-of-peace-inclusion|title=Super Bowl 2017: Pope Francis filmed message of peace and inclusion for the big game|work=SB Nation|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=April 19, 2017|last=D'Andrea|first=Christian}}</ref>}}
During pre-game festivities, the NFL honored members of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] that had played [[college football]] at [[historically black colleges and universities]]. Of the 303 members of the Hall of Fame, 29 were from HBCUs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Estrada|first1=Cheryl|title=HBCU Hall of Fame Players Honored at Super Bowl|url=http://www.diversityinc.com/news/hbcu-hall-fame-players-honored-super-bowl/|website=Diversity, Inc.|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

The Patriots took the field first as the designated away team to [[Ozzy Osbourne]]'s "[[Crazy Train]]". The Falcons took the field second as the designated home team to [[Trick Daddy]]'s "[[Let's Go (Trick Daddy song)|Let's Go]]". Both teams' season recaps were presented by [[Ving Rhames]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/05/sports/live-updates-super-bowl-51.html |title=Super Bowl LI Highlights and Analysis |date=February 5, 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 15, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Before the game, American [[country music]] singer and songwriter [[Luke Bryan]] sang the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|US national anthem]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hagemann|first=Andie|title=Luke Bryan to sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000777452/article/luke-bryan-to-sing-national-anthem-at-super-bowl-li|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> Bryan was the first male performer to sing the national anthem at a Super Bowl since Billy Joel at Super Bowl XLI. Immediately before Bryan sang the national anthem, [[Phillipa Soo]], [[Renée Elise Goldsberry]] and [[Jasmine Cephas Jones]], who originated the roles of the [[Schuyler family|Schuyler sisters]] in the Broadway musical ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]'', performed "[[America the Beautiful]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/theater/super-bowl-pregame-hamilton-schuyler-sisters.html?_r=0|title='Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl|first=Michael|last=Paulson|work=The New York Times|date=January 27, 2017|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref>

After the national anthem, former President [[George H. W. Bush]] performed the [[Coin flipping|coin toss]] alongside his wife, [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Former-President-Bush-fired-up-for-coin-toss-at-10909057.php|title=Former President Bush 'fired up' for coin toss at Houston's Super Bowl|last=George|first=Cindy|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=February 4, 2017|access-date=February 5, 2017}}</ref> The Patriots called heads, but the Falcons won the coin toss with tails.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/02/05/who-won-coin-toss-super-bowl-li-patriots-falcons|title=Who won the coin toss at Super Bowl LI?|website=Sports Illustrated|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> The Falcons chose to defer to the second half.

===Halftime show===
{{Main|Super Bowl LI halftime show}}
[[File:Super Bowl LI halftime show 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lady Gaga performing "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" during the halftime show]]
On September 29, 2016, [[Lady Gaga]], who had performed the national anthem the previous year at [[Super Bowl 50]], confirmed that she would be performing at the Super Bowl LI halftime show on her [[Instagram]] account with the message: "It's not an illusion. The rumors are true. This year the SUPER BOWL goes GAGA!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/arts/music/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime.html?_r=0|title=Lady Gaga to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=September 29, 2016|access-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref> [[Fox Sports]] president and executive producer of the show, John Entz, confirmed Gaga's involvement adding "[She] is one of the most electric performers of our generation, and we couldn't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show... It is going to be an incredible night."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-show-2017-headline-934058|title=It's Official: Lady Gaga to Headline 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Show|last=Halperin|first=Shirley|date=September 29, 2016|access-date=November 8, 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

Lady Gaga opened the halftime show with a combination of "[[God Bless America]]" and "[[This Land Is Your Land]]". Her performance also included some of her biggest hit songs, such as "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]", "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]", "[[Million Reasons]]", and "[[Bad Romance]]"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2017/02/05/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-show-recap/21707575/|title=Lady Gaga kicks off Super Bowl halftime show performance with shocking, patriotic moment|publisher=AOL|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> and was accompanied by a [[Swarm robotics|swarm]] of 300 LED-equipped Intel [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] forming an [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] in the sky in a pre-recorded segment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Drone expert explains how Lady Gaga's 300 Super Bowl halftime flyers worked|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-300-drones-aeryon-labs-1.3969347|publisher=CBC News|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Barrett|first1=Brian|title=All About Lady Gaga's Super Bowl Halftime Show Drones|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/02/lady-gaga-halftime-show-drones/|magazine=Wired|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Chris|title=This is what 300 drones flying in sync looks like|url=https://nypost.com/2017/02/06/this-is-what-300-drones-flying-in-sync-looks-like/|work=[[New York Post]]|access-date=February 6, 2017|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yes, those were drones at Lady Gaga's Super Bowl 51 halftime show|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2017/02/yes-those-were-drones-at-lady-gagas-super-bowl-51-halftime-show|publisher=For The Win|access-date=February 6, 2017|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

Mohamed Sanu stated the long length of the halftime show played a part in Atlanta ultimately losing the game. Teams on average are off the field for fifteen minutes during halftime, but Super Bowl halftimes are considerably longer. Unlike the Falcons it appears Bill Belichick actually incorporated the length of the show into the team's practices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/falcons-player-says-lady-gaga-halftime-show-contributed-to-super-bowl-meltdown/|title=Falcons player says Lady Gaga halftime show contributed to Super Bowl meltdown|website=CBS Sports|access-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> Sanu's argument was discounted by the fact that Atlanta marched the ball downfield and scored a touchdown right out of halftime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://247sports.com/Bolt/Mohamed-Sanu-blames-the-long-halftime-for-Super-Bowl-LI-loss--51479967|title=Atlanta Falcons Mohamed Sanu blames the long halftime for Super Bowl 51 loss to New England Patriots|work=247Sports|access-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref>

==Game summary==
{{tone|section|date=February 2017}}

===First half===
The first quarter of Super Bowl LI was a scoreless defensive match with each team punting twice. The longest play from scrimmage was a 37-yard carry by Falcons running back [[Devonta Freeman]], which did not lead to any points, though it would be the longest run of the game for either team.

On the first play of the second quarter, New England's quarterback [[Tom Brady]] completed a 27-yard pass to wide receiver [[Julian Edelman]] on the Falcons 33-yard line. But on the next play, linebacker [[Deion Jones]] stripped the ball from running back [[LeGarrette Blount]]; the fumble was recovered by defensive back [[Robert Alford (American football)|Robert Alford]] on the 29-yard line. On the next two plays, [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] completed passes to [[Julio Jones]] for gains of 19 and 23 yards. Freeman ran the ball on the next three plays, covering the remaining 29 yards to the end zone, with the last carry being a 5-yard touchdown run that put Atlanta on the board with a 7–0 lead.

New England failed to get a first down on the series following the Freeman score, and the Falcons moved the ball 62 yards in five plays. Ryan started the drive with a 24-yard completion to [[Taylor Gabriel]], then completed a pass to Jones for an 18-yard gain. On 3rd-and-9, he threw a 19-yard touchdown pass to tight end [[Austin Hooper]], giving the Falcons a 14–0 lead. It was the largest deficit Brady had ever faced in his seven Super Bowl appearances, and it would soon grow larger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BradTo00.htm|title=Tom Brady Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

New England responded with a drive to the Falcons 23, aided by three defensive holding penalties against the Atlanta defense, each one giving them a first down on a third down play. However, on 3rd-and-6, Brady threw a pass that was intercepted by Alford and returned 82 yards for a touchdown, increasing Atlanta's lead to 21–0. It was the first time in his career that Brady had thrown a pick-six (interception returned for a touchdown) in his 33 postseason games,<ref>{{cite web|title=Can't-Miss Play: Tom Brady's first-ever playoff pick six goes to Robert Alford|url=http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-cant-miss-plays/0ap3000000783470/Can-t-Miss-Play-Brady-s-first-playoff-pick-six|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com/Videos|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> and Alford's 82-yard return was the second longest interception return in Super Bowl history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl Records: Individual - Interceptions|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/superbowls/player/ints|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref>

Getting the ball back with 2:20 left in the second quarter, Brady completed a 15-yard pass to [[Martellus Bennett]], and then a short pass to running back [[James White (running back)|James White]], who took off for a 28-yard gain. The drive stalled at the Falcons 20-yard line, but [[Stephen Gostkowski]] successfully made a field goal with two seconds left on the clock to send the teams into their locker rooms with the score 21–3.

===Second half===

New England had an early third quarter scoring opportunity when Edelman returned a punt 26 yards to the Patriots' 47-yard line, but they could not gain a first down on the drive. Following the Patriots' punt, the Falcons started their drive on their own 15-yard line; Ryan completed two long passes to wide receiver Taylor Gabriel for gains of 17 and 35 yards to bring the ball to the New England 28-yard line. Four plays later, Ryan finished the 85-yard drive with a 6-yard touchdown pass to running back [[Tevin Coleman]], giving the Falcons a 28–3 lead with 8:31 left in the quarter.

On the next series, Brady led the Patriots 75 yards in 13 plays for an answering touchdown, completing five of seven passes for 43 yards, the longest a 17-yard completion to [[Danny Amendola]] on 4th-and-3 from the New England 46-yard line. Brady, not known for running the ball, also ran for a 15-yard gain (the longest rushing play by the Patriots that day) on 3rd-and-8 from the Atlanta 35-yard line. Three subsequent carries by Blount moved the ball 15 yards to the 5-yard line, and then Brady threw the ball to White for a touchdown. Gostkowski missed the extra point, the ball hitting the goalpost, leaving the score 28–9.

New England then attempted an [[onside kick]], but the ball was recovered by Falcons linebacker [[LaRoy Reynolds]], and a penalty against Gostkowski for touching the ball before it went ten yards gave Atlanta even better field position. Ryan completed a 9-yard pass to Hooper to the Patriots 32-yard-line, but on the next play, a holding penalty on Atlanta tackle [[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]] pushed the team back ten yards. Then, after an incompletion, [[Trey Flowers]] and [[Kyle Van Noy]] shared a sack on Ryan that forced the Falcons to punt on the first play of the fourth quarter.

[[Matt Bosher]]'s 42-yard punt pinned the Patriots back on their own 13-yard line. Brady led the next drive down the field, completing three passes to wide receiver [[Malcolm Mitchell]] for 40 yards and one to Bennett for 25 to bring the ball to the Falcons 7-yard line. However, Brady was sacked twice by defensive tackle [[Grady Jarrett]] over the next three plays. The Patriots had to settle for a field goal – Gostkowski's 33-yard attempt was good. This cut their deficit to 28–12, with less than 10 minutes left in the game. Atlanta had used two of their three time outs on defense and equipment malfunction.

On the third play of Atlanta's ensuing drive, Freeman missed his blocking assignment on a New England blitz that allowed linebacker [[Dont'a Hightower]] to sack Ryan as he was winding up for a pass, resulting in a fumble that was recovered by defensive tackle [[Alan Branch]] on the Falcons 25-yard line. It was Ryan's first turnover in two months.<ref name="Gagnon"/> New England soon cashed in their scoring opportunity, with Brady throwing a 6-yard touchdown pass to Amendola. White then took a direct snap in for a two-point conversion to make the score 28–20 in favor of Atlanta with 5:56 left on the clock.

On the first play of Atlanta's next possession, Freeman caught a short pass from Ryan and ran it for a 39-yard gain, the longest play of the game for either team. Then on 2nd-and-9 from the Patriots 49-yard line, Ryan threw a deep pass to Jones, who made an acrobatic catch at the right sideline for a 27-yard gain, giving the Falcons a first down on the Patriots 22-yard line with 4:40 left on the clock and a chance for a late-game two-score lead that would have clinched the game.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=February 5, 2017|title=Julio Jones Unreal Sideline Catch! – Patriots vs. Falcons – Super Bowl LI Highlights|medium=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSirjCbbP1c|access-date=September 27, 2019|location=Houston|publisher=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> On the next play, Freeman ran for a 1-yard loss on a tackle by [[Devin McCourty]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Bucky|title=Super Bowl LI explained: How Patriots pulled off epic comeback|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000784357/article/super-bowl-li-explained-how-patriots-pulled-off-epic-comeback|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 7, 2017|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> Atlanta tried to pass the ball on second down, but Flowers sacked Ryan for a 12-yard loss on the Patriots 35-yard line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/the-falcons-super-bowl-collapse-is-one-of-the-biggest-choke-jobs-in-sports-history/|title=The Falcons' Super Bowl collapse is one of the biggest choke jobs in sports history}}</ref> Ryan then completed a 9-yard pass to [[Mohamed Sanu]] on 3rd-and-23 to get back into field goal range, but this was nullified by an offensive holding penalty on Matthews. Now out of field goal range and faced with 3rd-and-33 from the New England 45-yard line, Ryan threw an incomplete pass, and the team was forced to punt the ball to New England.<ref name="Gagnon"/>

Bosher's 36-yard kick gave the Patriots the ball on their own 9-yard line with 3:30 left on the clock and two of their timeouts left.<ref name=":0" /> After two incompletions, Brady picked up a first down with a 16-yard pass to [[Chris Hogan (American football)|Chris Hogan]]. After an 11-yard pass to Mitchell, Brady threw a pass that was nearly intercepted by Alford. Instead, he batted the ball in the air, and it fell into the arms of Edelman, who made a diving catch as it bounced off Alford's shoe. Edelman just barely managed to get his hands under the ball before it hit the ground, securing the football for what would be ruled as a 23-yard pass completion. Atlanta challenged the on-field ruling, but referee [[Carl Cheffers]] announced that the call stood, and Atlanta was charged with their final timeout.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=February 5, 2017|title=Julian Edelman Makes Ridiculous Catch! – Patriots vs. Falcons – Super Bowl LI Highlights|medium=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SiUNdkIwzQ|access-date=September 27, 2019|location=Houston|publisher=[[National Football League]]}}</ref>

Brady's next pass to Amendola gained 20 yards to the Falcons' 21-yard line as the clock ran down below the two-minute warning. Two more passes to White gained 20 yards and gave New England a first down at the 1-yard line. With 58 seconds left, White scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, and Brady completed a two-point conversion pass to Amendola, tying the score at 28 points apiece, thereby coming back from a 25-point deficit.

With the hopes of winning their first championship on the line, Atlanta started their drive deep in their own end with just under a minute and no timeouts. The Falcons failed to get in range to score a possible game-winning field goal and punted, with the Patriots fair catching the ball at their own 35-yard line. The Patriots considered attempting a [[fair catch kick]], which would be the first ever attempted in a Super Bowl.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/sports/new-england-patriots/2017/02/06/bill-belichick-passed-up-an-opportunity-to-end-super-bowl-51-in-the-weirdest-possible-way|title=Bill Belichick passed up an opportunity to end Super Bowl 51 in the weirdest possible way|first=Nick|last=DeCosta-Klipa|work=The Boston Globe|date=February 7, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> Instead, New England attempted a fake [[quarterback kneel]] running play for [[Dion Lewis]], who gained several yards but failed to score. This ended the fourth quarter and forced the game into overtime, the first ever Super Bowl to go to overtime, and the first NFL title game to do so since the [[1958 NFL Championship Game|1958 meeting]] between the [[1958 Baltimore Colts season|Baltimore Colts]] and the [[1958 New York Giants season|New York Giants]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mark|title=The Best Game Ever: Giants vs. Colts, 1958, and the Birth of the Modern NFL|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=978-0-87113-988-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bestgameevergian00bowd}}</ref>

===Overtime===
The Patriots won the coin toss to start overtime, and elected to receive the ball. Starting at their 25-yard line after a touchback, Brady completed passes to White, Amendola, and Hogan for gains of 6, 14, and 18 yards, respectively. Then, after White was dropped for a 3-yard loss, Brady completed a 15-yard pass to Edelman to the Falcons' 25-yard line. White then took a lateral throw from Brady to the 15-yard line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/american-football/38876834|title=Super Bowl LI: New England Patriots recover from record deficit to beat Atlanta Falcons|date=February 6, 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

Brady's pass to Bennett in the end zone fell incomplete, but Falcons linebacker [[De'Vondre Campbell]] was called for [[pass interference]], giving the Patriots first-and-goal from the Falcons' 2-yard line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/05/new-england-patriots-super-bowl-51-champions-atlanta-falcons|title=Super Bowl 2017: Tom Brady leads Patriots to historic comeback win|date=February 6, 2017|work=Guardian|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> On first down, Brady threw another incomplete pass to Bennett that was deflected and nearly intercepted by [[Vic Beasley]]. On second down, White took a pitch and ran the ball right. He was hit by Falcons defenders at the 1-yard line but managed to stretch forward and get the ball across the goal line before his knee hit the ground, scoring the winning touchdown. Due to NFL overtime rules, the Falcons did not have an offensive possession in overtime.

The Patriots won the game 34–28 for their fifth Super Bowl title after trailing by 25 points. It also marked the first time in NFL postseason history that a team leading by 17 points or more at the start of the fourth quarter went on to lose the game.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/MikeAndMike/statuses/828572383514595328|title=Mike & Mike on Twitter|publisher=Twitter|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref> Previously, dating back to 1940, teams leading by 17 or more points after three quarters in playoff games were 133–0 in such situations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pfref.com/tiny/uVqwV|title=Playoffs with Score margin after 3 Qtrs >= 17|publisher=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref>

[[File: Confetti after Super Bowl LI.jpg|thumb|right|Confetti falls after the game]]

===Statistics and records===
[[File:New England Patriots Victory Parade 2017.jpg|thumb|left|A parade took place in [[Boston]] two days after the game|alt=The New England Patriots Victory Parade on Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts Tuesday February 7, 2017.]]
Super Bowl LI had more than 30 records either broken or tied by the time it was finished.<ref name="BergmanNFL" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/patriots-and-falcons-set-or-tie-31-records-in-thrilling-super-bowl-li/|title=Patriots and Falcons set or tie 31 records in thrilling Super Bowl LI|work=CBS Sports|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> Brady completed 43 of 62 passes for 466 yards and two touchdowns, with one interception, while also rushing for 15 yards. His completions, attempts, and passing yards were all single-game Super Bowl records. Brady ultimately became the first quarterback to win a Super Bowl in which he threw [[Interception|a ball that was intercepted for a touchdown]]. He also set the career Super Bowl records for games played (7), completions (207), attempts (309), yards (2,071), and touchdown passes (15). James White caught a Super Bowl record 14 passes for 110 yards, rushed for 29 yards, and tied a Super Bowl record with three touchdowns. He also set the record for most points scored with 20. After the game, Brady said he felt White deserved the MVP award more than he did.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tom Brady: I think James White deserves game MVP|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000783969/article/tom-brady-i-think-james-white-deserves-game-mvp|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> Brady planned to give White the vehicle that has traditionally been awarded to Super Bowl MVPs (he'd given the truck he received after Super Bowl XLIX to Malcolm Butler<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Tim |title=Chevy Presents Malcolm Butler with Tom Brady's MVP Truck |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2352282-tom-brady-wants-to-give-malcolm-butler-his-2015-super-bowl-mvp-truck |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=Bleacher Report }}</ref>) but found out after the game that there was no vehicle to give to White because the sponsor had decided to end its practice of donating one. Edelman caught five passes for 87 yards and returned three punts for 39 yards. Amendola recorded eight receptions for 78 yards and one touchdown. Flowers recorded six tackles and 2.5 sacks. The Patriots overall gained an NFL postseason record 37 first downs in the game.

For Atlanta, Ryan completed 17 of 23 passes for 284 yards and two touchdowns. Freeman was the top rusher of the game with 11 carries for 75 yards and a touchdown, while also catching two passes for 46 yards. Jones was Atlanta's leading receiver with four receptions for 87 yards. Robert Alford had 11 tackles (9 solo), an interception returned for a touchdown, and a fumble recovery. Grady Jarrett had five tackles and tied a Super Bowl record with three sacks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons [02/05/2017]|url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2017020500/2016/POST22/patriots@falcons#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId:0ap3000000783776&tab=analyze|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref>

Atlanta became the first team in Super Bowl history to return an interception for a touchdown and lose the game. Prior to Super Bowl LI, teams returning an interception for a touchdown in the Super Bowl had been a perfect 12–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2017/02/06/5-mind-blowing-facts-to-sum-up-patriots-super-bowl-stunner |title=5 Mind-Blowing Facts To Sum Up Patriots' Super Bowl Stunner |publisher=CBS Boston |date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> New England had two turnovers for the game, while Atlanta only turned the ball over once. This made New England the fifth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle, joining the Baltimore Colts in [[Super Bowl V]], the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowls [[Super Bowl XIV|XIV]] and [[Super Bowl XL|XL]], and the Patriots in [[Super Bowl XLIX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.101sports.com/2015/02/12/looking-back-super-bowl-xlix-stats-records/|title=Looking Back at Super Bowl XLIX Stats and Records|first=Stats|last=Doctor|date=February 12, 2015|work=101Sports.com|access-date=April 11, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140742/http://www.101sports.com/2015/02/12/looking-back-super-bowl-xlix-stats-records/|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

The game set the record for the largest deficit overcome to win the Super Bowl (the previous record was ten points, set by the [[Washington Redskins]] in [[Super Bowl XXII]] and matched by the [[New Orleans Saints]] in [[Super Bowl XLIV]] and by the Patriots in [[Super Bowl XLIX]]);<ref>{{cite news|last=Rapaport|first=Daniel|title=The biggest comebacks in Super Bowl history|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/02/05/super-bowl-biggest-comebacks-patriots|work=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=February 5, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> it is the third-largest comeback win in NFL playoff history, behind [[The Comeback (American football)|The Comeback]] (32-point deficit; [[Buffalo Bills]] trailed 35–3 and won 41–38) and the [[2013–14 NFL playoffs#AFC: Indianapolis Colts 45, Kansas City Chiefs 44|wild card game]] between the [[Indianapolis Colts]] and the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] during the [[2013–14 NFL playoffs]] (28-point deficit; Colts trailed 38–10 and won, 45–44). In addition to being the largest Super Bowl comeback, the game set the record for the largest fourth-quarter comeback in NFL playoff history, as no team had previously won a playoff game after trailing by 17 or more points entering the final quarter; the Patriots were trailing by 19 points at the start of the fourth quarter by a score of 28–9. The Patriots won their fifth franchise championship, all under the leadership of starting [[quarterback]] [[Tom Brady]], the most by a single quarterback. Brady won his fourth [[Super Bowl MVP]], the most such awards by a single player in history. This game represented the largest comeback in the history of the New England Patriots' regular season or post-season games,<ref>{{cite web|title=New England Patriots Biggest Comebacks|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nwe/comebacks.htm|website=Pro Football Reference|access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref> and Tom Brady's NFL career.

Super Bowl LI became the first Super Bowl in history in which the winning team had never held the lead at any point during regulation time, and it also became the first Super Bowl in history in which the winning team did not score on a [[Point after touchdown|PAT]] kick, as the Patriots missed their only PAT attempt during the game, which occurred following their first touchdown, opted for two-point conversions after each of their next two touchdowns, and did not have to attempt the extra point after their game-winning touchdown in overtime.

Late in the third quarter, the Falcons' chances of winning were estimated at 99.8%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriots Vs. Falcons Game Summary|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/game?gameId=400927752|website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th, 2017|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201702050atl.htm|website=Pro Football Reference}}</ref>

===Box score===
{{Americanfootballbox
|bg=#eee
|titlestyle=text-align:center; {{Gridiron primary style|NFL|border=2}};
|title=New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons – Game summary
|date=February 5, 2017
|time=6:30 PM [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|road='''Patriots (AFC)'''
|R1=0|R2=3|R3=6|R4=19|R5=6
|home=Falcons (NFC)
|H1=0|H2=21|H3=7|H4=0|H5=0
|stadium=[[NRG Stadium]], [[Houston|Houston, Texas]]
|attendance=70,807
|weather=None ([[retractable roof]] closed)
|referee=[[Carl Cheffers]]
|TV=[[NFL on Fox|Fox]]
|TVAnnouncers=[[Joe Buck]], [[Troy Aikman]], [[Erin Andrews]] and [[Chris Myers]]
|reference=[https://www.nfl.com/games/patriots-at-falcons-2016-post-4 Recap], [https://nflcdns.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/57167/ATL_Gamebook.pdf Game Book]
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart |VisitorName=NE |HomeName=ATL |state=expanded}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=2 |Time=12:15 |Team=ATL |DrivePlays=5 |DriveLength=71 |DriveTime=1:53 |Type=RushTD |Runner=[[Devonta Freeman]] |yards=5 |kickresult=good |Kicker=[[Matt Bryant]] |Visitor=0 |Home=7}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=2 |Time=8:48 |Team=ATL |DrivePlays=5 |DriveLength=62 |DriveTime=1:49 |Type=RecTD |Receiver=[[Austin Hooper]] |QB=[[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] |yards=19 |kickresult=good |Kicker=Bryant |Visitor=0 |Home=14}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=2 |Time=2:21 |Team=ATL |DrivePlays=— |DriveLength=— |DriveTime=— |Type=IntTD |Def=[[Robert Alford (American football)|Robert Alford]] |yards=82 |kickresult=good |Kicker=Bryant |Visitor=0 |Home=21}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=2 |Time=0:02 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=11 |DriveLength=52 |DriveTime=2:19 |Type=FG |yards=41 |Kicker=[[Stephen Gostkowski]] |Visitor=3 |Home=21}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=3 |Time=8:31 |Team=ATL |DrivePlays=8 |DriveLength=85 |DriveTime=4:14 |Type=RecTD |Receiver=[[Tevin Coleman]] |QB=Ryan |yards=6 |kickresult=good |Kicker=Bryant |Visitor=3 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=3 |Time=2:06 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=13 |DriveLength=75 |DriveTime=6:25 |Type=RecTD |Receiver=[[James White (running back)|James White]] |QB=[[Tom Brady]] |yards=5 |kickresult=no good (hit right upright) |Kicker=Gostkowski |Visitor=9 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=4 |Time=9:44 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=12 |DriveLength=72 |DriveTime=5:07 |Type=FG |yards=33 |Kicker=Gostkowski |Visitor=12 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=4 |Time=5:56 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=5 |DriveLength=25 |DriveTime=2:28 |Type=RecTD |Receiver=[[Danny Amendola]] |QB=Brady |yards=6 |2pt type=run |2pt result=good (White run) |Visitor=20 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=4 |Time=0:57 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=10 |DriveLength=91 |DriveTime=2:33 |Type=RushTD |Runner=White |yards=1 |2pt type=pass |2pt result=good (Brady–Amendola pass) |Visitor=28 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry |Quarter=OT |Time=11:02 |Team=NE |DrivePlays=8 |DriveLength=75 |DriveTime=3:58 |Type=Other |Other=White 2-yard touchdown run |Visitor=34 |Home=28}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd |Visitor=34 |Home=28}}

==Final statistics==

===Statistical comparison===
<div style="float:left;width:50%">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Statistic
!New England Patriots
!Atlanta Falcons
|-
|First downs||37||17
|-
|First downs rushing||7||3
|-
|First downs passing||26||13
|-
|First downs penalty||4||1
|-
|Third down efficiency||7/14||1/8
|-
|Fourth down efficiency||1/1||0/0
|-
|Total net yards||546||344
|-
|Net yards rushing||104||104
|-
|Rushing attempts||25||18
|-
|Yards per rush||4.2||5.8
|-
|Net yards passing||442||240
|-
|Passing – completions/attempts||43/63||17/23
|-
|Times sacked-total yards||5–24||5–44
|-
|Interceptions thrown||1||0
|-
|Punt returns-total yards||4–39||1–0
|-
|Kickoff returns-total yards||1–20||5–42
|-
|Interceptions-total return yards||0–0||1–82
|-
|Punts-average yardage||4–41.5||6–47.0
|-
|Fumbles-lost||1–1||1–1
|-
|Penalties-yards||4–23||9–65
|-
|Time of possession||40:31||23:27
|-
|Turnovers||2||1
|}

</div>
<div style="float:right;width:50%">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3|Records set<ref name="BergmanNFL" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Amount Of Records Set And Tied In Super Bowl LI Is Astounding|url=http://nesn.com/2017/02/the-amount-of-records-set-and-tied-in-super-bowl-li-is-astounding/|publisher=[[New England Sports Network]]|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, as team || 9 || rowspan="12" | [[New England Patriots]]
|-
|Most pass attempts, team (game) || 63
|-
|Most pass completions, team (game) || 43
|-
|Most passing yards, team (game) || 442
|-
|Most first downs, team (game) || 37
|-
|Most first downs via pass, team (game) || 26
|-
|Most offensive plays, team (game) || 93
|-
|Most points in overtime, team (game) || 6
|-
|Largest deficit overcome, winning team || 25 points
|-
|Largest deficit overcome after third quarter, winning team || 19 points
|-
|Largest deficit overcome after second quarter, winning team || 18 points
|-
|Least playing time in lead, winning team || 0:00
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, as player || 7 || rowspan="12" | [[Tom Brady]] (New England)
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, as starting player || 7
|-
|Most Super Bowl championships won, as quarterback || 5
|-
|Most Super Bowl MVP awards || 4
|-
|Most pass attempts, player (career) || 309
|-
|Most pass attempts, player (game) || 62
|-
|Most pass completions, player (career) || 207
|-
|Most pass completions, player (game) || 43
|-
|Most passing yards, player (career) || 2,071
|-
|Most passing yards, player (game) || 466
|-
|Most touchdown passes, player (career) || 15
|-
|Oldest starting quarterback<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://patriotswire.usatoday.com/2018/01/31/tom-brady-why-does-everyone-want-me-to-retire-so-bad/|title=Tom Brady: 'Why does everyone want me to retire so bad?'|date=February 1, 2018|work=Patriots Wire|access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> || 39 years, 186 days
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, as head coach || 7 || rowspan="4" | [[Bill Belichick]] (New England)
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, as coach || 10
|-
|Most Super Bowl appearances, in any capacity<ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Tara|title=Sullivan: For NFL great Belichick, performance is all that matters|url=http://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/columnists/tara-sullivan/2017/02/04/sullivan-nfl-great-belichick-performance-all-matters/97485704/|publisher=[[North Jersey Media Group]]|date=February 4, 2017|access-date=February 12, 2017}}</ref> || 10
|-
|Most Super Bowls won, as head coach || 5
|-
|Most pass receptions, player (game) || 14 || rowspan="2" | [[James White (running back)|James White]] (New England)
|-
|Most points scored, player (game) || 20
|-
|Most net passing yards, total (both teams, game) || 682 || [[New England Patriots]] 442, [[Atlanta Falcons]] 240
|-
|Most gross passing yards, total (both teams, game) || 750 || New England 466, Atlanta 284
|-
|Most first downs, total (both teams, game) || 54 || New England 37, Atlanta 17
|-
|Most first downs via pass, total (both teams, game) || 39 || New England 26, Atlanta 13
|-
|Most points in overtime, total (game) || 6 || New England 6, Atlanta 0
|-
|Longest playing time (game) || 63:58 || ''first overtime game in Super Bowl history''
|-
|Most playing time in lead, losing team || 41:18 || Atlanta Falcons
|-
!colspan=3|Records tied
|-
|Most games won, as player || 5 || [[Tom Brady]] (New England)
|-
|Most touchdowns scored, player (game) || 3 || [[James White (running back)|James White]] (New England)
|-
|Most sacks, player (game) || 3 || [[Grady Jarrett]] (Atlanta)
|-
|Most touchdowns scored, losing team (game) || 4 || Atlanta
|-
|Most two-point conversions scored, player (game) || 1 || rowspan="2" | [[James White (running back)|James White]] (New England) [[Danny Amendola]] (New England)
|-
|Most two-point conversions scored, player (career) || 1
|-
|Most two-point conversions scored, team (game) || 2 || New England
|-
|Most two-point conversions scored, total (both teams, game) || 2 || New England 2, Atlanta 0
|-
|Most first downs via penalty, team (game) || 4 || New England
|}
</div>

{{Clear}}

===Individual statistics===
Sources: [https://www.footballdb.com/games/boxscore.html?gid=2017020501 The Football Database Super Bowl LI]
<div style="float:left;width:50%">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|New England Patriots|year=2016}}"|Patriots passing
|-
!
!C/ATT1
!Yds
!TD
!INT
!Rating
|-
| [[Tom Brady]] || 43/62 || 466 || 2 || 1 || 95.2
|-
| [[Julian Edelman]] || 0/1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 39.6
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|New England Patriots|year=2016}}"|Patriots rushing
|-
!
!Car2
!Yds
!TD
!LG3
!Yds/Car
|-
| [[LeGarrette Blount]] || 11 || 31 || 0 || 9 || 2.82
|-
| [[James White (running back)|James White]] || 6 || 29 || 2 || 10 || 4.83
|-
| [[Dion Lewis]] || 6 || 27 || 0 || 13 || 4.50
|-
| Tom Brady || 1 || 15 || 0 || 15 || 15.00
|-
| Julian Edelman || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2.00
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|New England Patriots|year=2016}}"|Patriots receiving
|-
!
!Rec4
!Yds
!TD
!LG3
!Target5
|-
| [[James White (running back)|James White]] || 14 || 110 || 1 || 28 || 16
|-
| [[Danny Amendola]] || 8 || 78 || 1 || 20 || 11
|-
| [[Malcolm Mitchell]] || 6 || 70 || 0 || 18 || 7
|-
| Julian Edelman || 5 || 87 || 0 || 27 || 13
|-
| [[Martellus Bennett]] || 5 || 62 || 0 || 25 || 6
|-
| [[Chris Hogan (American football)|Chris Hogan]] || 4 || 57 || 0 || 18 || 7
|-
| Dion Lewis || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 3
|}
</div>
<div style="float:right;width:50%">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Atlanta Falcons|year=2016}}"|Falcons passing
|-
!
!C/ATT1
!Yds
!TD
!INT
!Rating
|-
| [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] || 17/23 || 284 || 2 || 0 || 144.1
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Atlanta Falcons|year=2016}}"|Falcons rushing
|-
!
!Car2
!Yds
!TD
!LG3
!Yds/Car
|-
| [[Devonta Freeman]] || 11 || 75 || 1 || 37 || 6.82
|-
| [[Tevin Coleman]] || 7 || 29 || 0 || 9 || 4.14
|-
!colspan="6" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Atlanta Falcons|year=2016}}"|Falcons receiving
|-
!
!Rec4
!Yds
!TD
!LG3
!Target5
|-
| [[Julio Jones]] || 4 || 87 || 0 || 27 || 4
|-
| [[Taylor Gabriel]] || 3 || 76 || 0 || 35 || 5
|-
| [[Austin Hooper]] || 3 || 32 || 1 || 19 || 6
|-
| Devonta Freeman || 2 || 46 || 0 || 39 || 2
|-
| [[Mohamed Sanu]] || 2 || 25 || 0 || 13 || 2
|-
| [[Patrick DiMarco]] || 2 || 12 || 0 || 10 || 2
|-
| Tevin Coleman || 1 || 6 || 1 || 6 || 1
|}
</div>
{{Clear}}
1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted

==Starting lineups==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="width:160px" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|New England Patriots|year=2016}}" | New England !!colspan="2"| Position !! style="width:160px" style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Atlanta Falcons|year=2016}}" | Atlanta
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center" | Offense
|-
| [[Chris Hogan (American football)|Chris Hogan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | WR || [[Julio Jones]]
|-
| [[Nate Solder]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | LT || [[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]]
|-
| [[Joe Thuney]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | LG || [[Andy Levitre]]
|-
| [[David Andrews (American football)|David Andrews]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | C || [[Alex Mack]]
|-
| [[Shaq Mason]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | RG || [[Chris Chester (American football)|Chris Chester]]
|-
| [[Marcus Cannon]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | RT || [[Ryan Schraeder]]
|-
| [[Martellus Bennett]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | TE || [[Levine Toilolo]]
|-
| [[Julian Edelman]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | WR || [[Mohamed Sanu]]
|-
| [[Tom Brady]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | QB || [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]]
|-
| [[Malcolm Mitchell]] || style="text-align:center" | WR || style="text-align:center" | RB || [[Devonta Freeman]]
|-
| [[Dion Lewis]] || style="text-align:center" | RB || style="text-align:center" | FB || [[Patrick DiMarco]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center" | Defense
|-
| [[Duron Harmon]] || style="text-align:center" | DB || style="text-align:center" | DE || [[Dwight Freeney]]
|-
| [[Alan Branch]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | DT || [[Ra'Shede Hageman]]
|-
| [[Malcom Brown]] || style="text-align:center" | DT || style="text-align:center" | DB || [[Brian Poole (American football)|Brian Poole]]
|-
| [[Trey Flowers]] || style="text-align:center" | RE || style="text-align:center" | DE || [[Grady Jarrett]]
|-
| [[Shea McClellin]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | LB || [[Vic Beasley]]
|-
| [[Dont'a Hightower]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | LB || [[Deion Jones]]
|-
| [[Rob Ninkovich]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | LB || [[De'Vondre Campbell]]
|-
| [[Logan Ryan]] || style="text-align:center" | RCB || style="text-align:center" | CB || [[Robert Alford (American football)|Robert Alford]]
|-
| [[Malcolm Butler]] || style="text-align:center" | LCB || style="text-align:center" | CB || [[Jalen Collins]]
|-
| [[Patrick Chung]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | S || [[Ricardo Allen]]
|-
| [[Devin McCourty]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | S || [[Keanu Neal]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center" | '''Special Teams'''
|-
| [[Stephen Gostkowski]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | K || [[Matt Bryant]]
|-
| [[Ryan Allen (American football)|Ryan Allen]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | P || [[Matt Bosher]]
|}

==Officials==
Super Bowl LI had eight [[Official (American football)|officials]].<ref name="Super Bowl 51 officials">{{cite web|last1=Austro|first1=Ben|date=January 18, 2017|title=Carl Cheffers is confirmed as referee for Super Bowl LI|url=http://www.footballzebras.com/2017/01/18/carl-cheffers-is-confirmed-as-referee-for-super-bowl-li/|website=FootballZebras.com|access-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers.
* Referee: [[Carl Cheffers]] (51)
* Umpire: Dan Ferrell (64)
* Head linesman: Kent Payne (79)
* Line judge: Jeff Seeman (45)
* Field judge: Doug Rosenbaum (67)
* Side judge: Dyrol Prioleau (109)
* Back judge: Todd Prukop (30)
* Replay official: [[Tom Sifferman]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Super Bowl LI}}
{{external media|video1={{YouTube|id=noLK78Hgq0A|title=Super Bowl 51 FULL GAME: New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons}}}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Super Bowl}}
{{Super Bowl LI}}
{{New England Patriots}}
{{Atlanta Falcons}}
{{2016 NFL season by team|state=collapsed}}
{{NFLC-SuperBowl}}
{{NFL on Fox}}
{{Portal bar|American football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super Bowl 051}}
[[Category:Super Bowl|Super Bowl 051]]
[[Category:2016 National Football League season]]
[[Category:2017 in American football]]
[[Category:2017 in American television]]
[[Category:2017 in Houston]]
[[Category:2017 in sports in Texas]]
[[Category:Atlanta Falcons postseason|Super Bowl 051]]
[[Category:American football in Houston]]
[[Category:February 2017 sports events in the United States]]
[[Category:New England Patriots postseason]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Houston]]
[[Category:Tom Brady]]