Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Casino chip

2016-05-30T08:57:42Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 87.102.107.1 (talk): No links to sales websites. (TW)

{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}
[[File:IsthmusCityChips.jpg|thumb|right|size=486px|Chips from the fictional "Casino de Isthmus City".]]
[[File:MDGGamingPlaque.jpg|thumb|right|50,000 [[Malagasy franc]] gaming plaque from Grand Cercle casino, [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]], circa 1995.]]

'''Casino tokens''' (also known as casino or gaming '''chips''', '''checks''', or '''cheques''') are small discs used in lieu of [[currency]] in [[casino]]s. Colored metal, injection-molded [[plastic]] or compression molded [[clay]] tokens of various denominations are used primarily in table games, as opposed to metal [[token coin]]s, used primarily in [[slot machine]]s. Casino tokens are also widely used as [[play money]] in casual or tournament games.

Some casinos also use rectangular '''gaming plaques''' for high-stakes table games ($25,000 and above). Plaques differ from chips in that they are larger, usually rectangular in shape and contain [[serial number]]s.

==Use==
[[File:Set of Poker Chips in Case.jpg|thumb|A set of injection molded [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]] poker chips "hot-stamped" with denominations 100, 50, 25, & 10.]]
Money is exchanged for tokens in a casino at the casino cage, at the gaming tables, or at a cashier station. The tokens are interchangeable with money at the casino. They generally have no value outside of the casino, but certain businesses (such as taxis or waiters—especially for tips) in gambling towns may honor them informally.

Tokens are employed for several reasons. Because of the uniform size, shape, and patterns of stacks of chips, they are easier to tally compared to currency. This attribute also enables the [[pit boss]] or security to quickly verify the amount being paid, reducing the chance that a dealer might incorrectly pay a customer. The uniform weight of the casino's official tokens allows them to weigh great stacks or heaps of chips rather than tally them. (Though aids such as chip trays are far more common.) Furthermore, it is observed that consumers gamble more freely with replacement currencies than with cash.{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} A more pragmatic reason for casinos using chips in place of cash at table games is discourage players from grabbing back their bet and attempting to flee should their bet not win, because chips, unlike cash, must be redeemed at the casino cashier and have no value outside the casino in question. Lastly, the chips are considered to be an integral part of the casino environment, and replacing them with some alternate currency would be unpopular.

Many casinos have eliminated the use of metal tokens (and coins) in their slot machines, in favor of paper receipts or pre-paid cards, which, while requiring heavy infrastructure costs to install, eliminate the coin handling expenses, jamming problems encountered in machines which took coins or tokens and can allow more game-specific technology in the space of a machine which would usually be dedicated to coin mechanisms. While some casinos (such as the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas) which installed the receipt system had kept the $1 tokens around for use as $1 chips, most other casinos using the receipts had simply scrapped the tokens entirely. Most casinos using receipts have automated machines at which customers may redeem receipts, eliminating the need for coin counting windows and decreasing labor costs.
[[File:Poker chips.jpg|thumb|right|A standard 300 piece set of Plastic Injection chips often sold as "clay composite" chips.]]
[[Casino chip collecting]] is a part of [[numismatics]], more specifically as specialized [[exonumia]] collecting. This hobby has become increasingly popular with the Casino Chips & Gaming Tokens Collectors Club formed in 1988. Some chips are worth up to $100,000 and the most popular way to collect and trade is on [[eBay]]. Several casinos sell custom-made sets of chips and one or two decks of cards stamped with the name of the casino on them. Each set is contained in a small briefcase or box.

==History==
Although the first gambling house was legalised in Venice in 1626, actual poker chips as they are now known were still not used for over two hundred more years. Back in the 19th century and prior, poker players seemed to use any small valuable object imaginable. Early poker players sometimes used jagged gold pieces, gold nuggets, gold dust, or coins as well as "chips" primarily made of ivory, bone, wood, paper, and a composition made from clay and shellac.

Several companies between the 1880s and the late 1930s made clay composition poker chips. There were over 1000 designs from which to choose. Most chips were white, red, blue, and yellow, but they could be made in almost any color desired.

==Construction==
[[File:broken clay.jpg|thumb|Authentic clay chip manufactured for home use.]]
[[File:Treasure Island Hotel and Casino chip.jpg|thumb|$1 chip from [[Treasure Island Hotel and Casino|Treasure Island]], Las Vegas, NV.]]
The vast majority of authentic casino chips are "clay" chips but can be more accurately described as compression molded chips. Contrary to popular belief, no gaming chip going as far back as the 1950s has been 100% clay. Modern clay chips are a composition of materials more durable than clay alone. At least some percentage of the chips is of an earthen material such as sand, chalk, and clay similar to that found in [[cat litter]]. The process used to make these chips is a [[trade secret]], and varies slightly by manufacturer, most being relatively expensive and time-consuming per chip. The edge spots, or inserts, are not painted on; to achieve this effect, this area of the clay is removed and then replaced with clay of a different color; this can be done to each chip individually or a strip can be taken out of a cylindrical block of material and replaced with the alternate color before the block is cut into chips. Then each chip receives a mid-inlay if desired, and is placed in a special mold that heats and compresses the chip at approximately 10,000 [[pounds per square inch|psi]] (70 [[pascal (unit)|MPa]]) at {{convert|300|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, hence the term compression molded chips.

The printed graphics on clay chips is called an inlay. Inlays are typically made of paper and are then clad with a plastic film applied to the chip prior to the compression molding process. During the molding process the inlay becomes permanently fastened to the chip and can not be removed from the chip without destroying it.

Ceramic chips were introduced in the mid 1980s as alternative to clay chips, and are also used in casinos, as well as being readily available to the home market. The ability to print lettering and graphics on the entire surface of the chip, instead of just the inlay, made them popular. Ceramic chips are sometimes also referred to as clay or clay composite, but they are in fact an injection-molded chip made with a special plastic or resin formula that approximates the feel and sound of ceramic or porcelain. There are less expensive chips for the home market, made from various forms of plastic and plastic covered metal slugs as well.

The chips used in North American casinos typically weigh about 10 grams, but are usually between 8 and 10.5 g. Companies that manufacture chips for actual casinos include Gaming Partners International's subdivision Paulson, Nevada Jacks Manufacturing Co., Classic Poker Chips, Palm Gaming International and Game On Chip Co. Paulson (GPI, and Classic Poker Chips produce compression molded clay and Game On and Palm Gaming make ceramic chips. NevadaJacks utilizes a sublimation process on a ceramic chip. Palm Gaming acquired the assets of the now defunct Chipco in January 2013, GPI acquired Blue Chip Co. ( BCC).

===Colors===
There is no universally standardized color scheme for poker chip values, and schemes not only vary nationally and regionally, but even from venue to venue, or by event type within a single venue.

Chip colors found in home sets typically include red, white, blue, and sometimes green and black; however, more recently a wide assortment of colors have become readily available, particularly in lower-cost ABS plastic chips. Common additional colors are pink, purple, yellow, orange, and grey. Newer designs in home chips include three-color designs where a three-step molding process creates a chip with unique base, secondary, and detail colors. As chip sets are tailored to the buyer, the values of various colors vary widely, with less traditional colors either used as very high values such as $500, $1000, $5000, and so forth, common in tournaments, or as special "fractional" values such as $2 or $0.50, common in low-limit games.

In casinos, uniform chip colors and sizes are sometimes specified by the local [[gaming control board]] for consistency. For example, regulations in [[New Jersey]]<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/casinos/actreg/reg/chapter_46.html Chapter 46: Gaming Equipment], [[New Jersey Casino Control Commission]]</ref> and [[Illinois]]<ref>[http://www.igb.illinois.gov/regs/3000.625.pdf Chip specifications], Illinois Gaming Board Regulations</ref> specify similar uniform colors. Notably, Nevada has no regulations regarding color, which is why Nevada casinos may use white, blue, or gray as $1, though $5 and greater are almost always consistently colored. All US states where gambling is legal require that casino chips have a unique combination of edge spots for identification, the name and location of the casino and the chip's value, if any, impressed, printed, or molded onto the obverse and reverse of the token.

$2.50 chips are mostly used for [[blackjack]] tables, since a "natural" (a 21 on the first two cards dealt to a player) typically pays 3:2 and most wagers are in increments of $5. However, the [[Tropicana Casino Resort Atlantic City|Tropicana Casino]] and [[Borgata]] in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], and others, have used $2.50 (pink) chips in $7.50 to $15 and $10 to $20 poker games.

$20 chips are used mostly at [[Baccarat (card game)|baccarat]] and [[pai gow poker]] because a 5% commission charged for all winning banker wagers at baccarat and winning wagers at pai gow converts evenly. Bets of $20 are not uncommon in traditional table games such as [[craps]] and [[roulette]]; a $20 chip, for example, places a $5 bet on each of the "hard ways" in craps and is preferable to passing a stack of chips or making change.

Because eight is a considered a [[lucky number]] in Chinese culture, chips denominated 8, 88, and 888 (e.g., $8 in the US) are common in casinos catering to a Chinese clientele, often as a promotion for the Chinese Lunar New Year. They will sometimes contain an image of the animal associated with the year and are issued in a variety of colors.

Low-denomination yellow chips vary in value: $20 in Atlantic City and Illinois (which also uses "mustard yellow" $0.50 chips); $5 at most [[Southern California]] poker rooms; $2 at [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods]]' poker room in [[Ledyard, Connecticut]]; [[Running Aces Harness Park]] and [[Canterbury Park]], both in [[Minnesota]]; and at Casino del Sol in [[Tucson, Arizona]]; and $0.50 at [[Potawatomi Casino]] in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]. Blue chips are occasionally used for $10, most notably in Atlantic City. In Las Vegas and [[California]], most casinos use blue or white for $1 chips, though many Las Vegas casinos now use $1 metal tokens in lieu of chips.

Chips are also available in denominations of $1000 or more, depending on the wagering limits of the casino. Such chips are often yellow or orange and greater. Casinos in Nevada, Atlantic City, and other areas that permit high wagers typically have chips available in $5000, $10,000, $25,000, and more; the colors for these vary widely.

Denominations above $5000 are almost never encountered by the general public; their use is usually limited to "high limit rooms" where bet sizes are much greater than on the main floor. Casinos often use gaming plaques for these denominations: These plaques are about the size of a playing card, and must be marked with [[serial number]]s. The greatest value placed on a plaque to date is $10 million, used at the London Club in Las Vegas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.casinocitytimes.com/news/article/the-london-clubs-$10-million-gaming-%60plaque-raises-the-bar-for-las-vegas-127220 |work=Business Wire |title=The London Club's $10 Million Gaming 'Plaque' Raises the Bar for Las Vegas |date=2000-08-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20141010230736/http://www.casinocitytimes.com:80/news/article/the-london-clubs-$10-million-gaming-%60plaque-raises-the-bar-for-las-vegas-127220 |archivedate=October 10, 2014 }}</ref>

Televised poker tournaments and cash games sometimes use bundled [[United States dollar|paper bills]] for high denominations, though the [[World Series of Poker]] and the [[World Poker Tour]] use round chips exclusively with denominations up to $250,000; these tournament chips, however, are not redeemable for cash.

European casinos use a similar scheme, though certain venues, such as the [[Aviation Club de France]], use pink for €2 and blue for €10. European casinos also use plaques rather than chips for high denominations, usually in the €1000 and higher range.

===Security===
Each casino has a unique set of chips, even if the casino is part of a greater company. This distinguishes a casino's chips from others, since each chip and token on the gaming floor has to be backed up with the appropriate amount of cash. In addition, with the exception of Nevada, casinos are not permitted to honor another casino's chips.

The security features of casino chips are numerous. Artwork is of a very high resolution or of photographic quality. Custom color combinations on the chip edge (edge spots) are usually distinctive to a particular casino. UV markings can be made on the inlay. Certain chips incorporate [[RFID]] technology, such as those at the [[Wynn Casino]] in Las Vegas. Also, maker's marks are difficult to reproduce. Also being used by one manufacturer(Palm Gaming) is an audible taggant incorporated into the ceramic chip blank. A simple handheld reader will BEEP if the gaming chip is authentic. Palm Gaming is even manufacturing custom made molds for their ceramic gaming chips- adding yet another high level of security to its gaming chip.

Counterfeit chips are rare. High levels of surveillance, along with staff familiarity with chip design and coloring, make passing fake chips difficult. Casinos, though, are prepared for this situation. All states require that casinos have a set of chips in reserve with alternate markings,{{citation needed|date=April 2009}} though they may not be required to have exactly the same number of reserve chips as they do on the floor. The most notable instance of counterfeiting chips was broken up in 2005, when two men were caught falsely converting $1 chips into higher denominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegastripping.com/news/blog/384/counterfeit-chip-ring-broken-up-in-vegas|title=Counterfeit Chip Ring Broken Up in Vegas|publisher=''Vegas Tripping''}}</ref>

Casino chips used in [[tournament]]s are usually much cheaper and much simpler in design. Because the chips have no cash value, usually chips are designed with a single color (usually differing in shade or tone from the version on the casino floor), a smaller breadth, and a basic mark on the interior to distinguish denominations; however, at certain events (such as the [[World Series of Poker]] or other televised poker), chips approach quality levels of chips on the floor.

==Variations==
Several casinos, such as the [[Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)|Hard Rock Hotel and Casino]] in Las Vegas, issue "limited edition" varied-designed chips, commemorating various events, though retaining a common color scheme. This encourages customers to keep them for souvenirs, at a profit to the casino.

In certain casinos, such as the [[Wynn Las Vegas|Wynn]] and [[Encore Las Vegas|Encore]] Casinos in Las Vegas, chips are embedded with [[RFID]] tags to help casinos keep better track of them, determine gamblers' average bet sizes, and to make them harder for counterfeiters to reproduce. However, this technique is costly and considered by many to be unnecessary to profit. Also, this technology provides minimal benefits in games with layouts that do not provide gamblers with their own designated betting areas, such as [[craps]].

==In television==
The first game show to use them, [[Duel (U.S. game show)|Duel]], had a variation in which the contestants answer questions using oversized casino tokens. [[The World Series of Poker]] at one time actually used its casino tokens for the poker tournaments, but in more recent years has had special Paulson [[World Series of Poker|WSOP]] clay sets made for the tournaments.

==See also==
{{Portal|Numismatics|Sports and games}}
*[[Barber's pole]]
*[[Jeton]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Commons category|Casino tokens}}

{{Poker}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Casino Token}}
[[Category:Casinos|token]]
[[Category:Exonumia]]
[[Category:Gambling terminology]]
[[Category:Game equipment]]
[[Category:Gaming devices]]
[[Category:Poker gameplay and terminology]]
[[Category:Poker tools]]

BetUS

2016-05-30T08:56:11Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 68.50.207.227 (talk): Not suitable for an encyclopedia. (TW)

{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = BetUS
| logo =
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder =
| location_city = San Jose
| location_country = [[Costa Rica]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = International (via Internet)
| key_people =
| industry = [[Gambling]]
| products = [[Bookmaker]], [[Online casino]], [[Financial betting]]
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| company_slogan = We've Got Your Game
| url = {{url|www.BetUS.com.pa}}
| screenshot =
| caption =
| website_type = [[Online gambling]]
| language = [[Multilingual]]
| advertising =
| registration =
| launch_date =
| current_status = Open
| intl = Yes
}}

'''BetUS.com''' is a privately held [[online gambling|online gaming]] company offering [[sports betting]], [[Online casino|casino games]], and [[horse racing]]. As of June 2015, BetUS is a C rated sportsbook at SportsBookReview.com. <ref>[http://www.sportsbookreview.com/betus/news/]</ref>

==Products==
The company accepts bets on sports and horse racing, and operates a casino. Games can be played as instant play using one's web browser.

==Proposition wagers==
BetUS offers so-called proposition wagers on current events, celebrities, reality TV and politics. It made headlines by offering odds on the effects of global warming<ref>{{Cite news | title=Place your bets on global warming | url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-13-global-betting_N.htm | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=April 13, 2007 | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> and whether the world will end on 06/06/06.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Borenstein | first=Seth | title=Curiosity, humor surround June 6, 2006 | url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2006-06-04-666-day_x.htm | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=June 4, 2006 | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref>

==Payouts==
Prior to ceding a payout requires photocopies of both sides of any credit card used to make a deposit, a photocopy of your state ID card, a signed authorization form swearing that you will honor all deposits made from your credit card account to BetUS, your home address, your phone number, and your checking account routing numbers for the deposit.<ref>[http://www.betus.com/about-us/terms-conditions.aspx BetUS Terms and Conditions]</ref>

==BetUS Radio==
The company once operated a radio station called BetUS Radio.<ref>[http://radio.betus.com BetUS Radio]</ref>

Damon Durante, who has been featured on ESPN radio, [[Fox Sports (USA)|Fox Sports]] Radio and other syndicated programs throughout North America, used to host the Radio Show.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.betus.com/ Official site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Betus}}
[[Category:Poker companies]]
[[Category:Gambling websites]]
[[Category:Bookmakers]]

List of poker hands

2016-05-29T12:59:00Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by Alanpun1202 (talk): Incorrect. (TW)

{{Refimprove|date=December 2014}}
{{Imageframe|width=300|caption=Examples of poker hand categories in descending order|align=right|content=
<hr />

[[#Straight flush|Straight flush]] {{card|club|J|60px}}{{card|club|10|60px}}{{card|club|9|60px}}{{card|club|8|60px}}{{card|club|7|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Four of a kind|Four of a kind]] {{card|club|6|60px}}{{card|diamond|6|60px}}{{card|heart|6|60px}}{{card|spade|6|60px}}{{card|heart|J|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Full house|Full house]] {{card|spade|5|60px}}{{card|club|5|60px}}{{card|diamond|5|60px}}{{card|club|K|60px}}{{card|heart|K|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Flush|Flush]] {{card|diamond|J|60px}}{{card|diamond|10|60px}}{{card|diamond|8|60px}}{{card|diamond|7|60px}}{{card|diamond|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Straight|Straight]] {{card|diamond|K|60px}}{{card|club|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|J|60px}}{{card|heart|10|60px}}{{card|spade|9|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Three of a kind|Three of a kind]] {{card|club|A|60px}}{{card|spade|A|60px}}{{card|heart|A|60px}}{{card|diamond|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Two pair|Two pair]] {{card|heart|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|Q|60px}}{{card|heart|8|60px}}{{card|spade|8|60px}}{{card|club|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#One pair|One pair]] {{card|spade|7|60px}}{{card|heart|7|60px}}{{card|spade|K|60px}}{{card|club|4|60px}}{{card|spade|3|60px}}
<hr />
[[#High card|High card]] {{card|diamond|A|60px}}{{card|spade|10|60px}}{{card|heart|9|60px}}{{card|diamond|4|60px}}{{card|club|3|60px}}
<hr />
}}
In [[poker]], players construct hands of [[playing cards]] according to predetermined rules, which vary according to which [[List of poker variants|variant of poker]] is being played. These hands are compared using a hand ranking system that is standard across all variants of poker. The player with the highest-ranking hand wins that particular deal in most poker games. In some variants, the lowest-ranking hand can win or tie.

These hand rankings are also used in some other [[card game]]s and in [[poker dice]]. The ranking of a particular hand is increased by including multiple cards of the same card rank, by all five cards being from the same [[suit (cards)|suit]], or by the five cards forming a consecutive series. The relative ranking of the various hand categories is based on the [[probability]] of being randomly dealt such a hand from a well-[[Shuffling|shuffled]] deck.

==General rules==
The following rules apply to the ranking of all poker hands unless specifically changed by game variant rules or house rules.

A poker hand consists of exactly five cards; no more, no fewer. In games where more than five cards are available to each player, the best five-card combination of those cards must be played. Any cards not included in the hand do not affect its ranking. For example, if player A holds {{cards|3s|qd}} and player B holds {{cards|3c|ac}}, and five cards {{cards|4c|5d|6d|7s|th}} are available to both players, the players hold equally ranking 3-4-5-6-7 straights despite the fact that the player B's [[ace]] ranks higher than the player A's queen.

Individual cards are ranked A (highest), K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 (lowest). Aces can appear low (as if having a value of "1") when part of an A-2-3-4-5 [[#Straight|straight]] or [[#Straight flush|straight flush]]. In the poker variants ace-to-five and ace-to-six lowball, the ace only plays low, and only plays high in deuce-to-seven lowball. Individual card ranks are used to rank hands that are in the same rank category.

The [[Suit (cards)|suits]] of the cards are used to determine whether a hand forms a [[#Flush|flush]] or [[#Straight flush|straight flush]]. In most variants, suits do not have an associated value, and play no part in determining the ranking of a hand. Sometimes a ranking called [[high card by suit]] is used for randomly selecting a player to deal. ''Low'' card by suit usually determines the [[bring-in#Bring-in|bring-in]] bettor in [[stud poker|stud games]].

Hands are ranked first by category, then by individual card ranks; even the lowest hand that qualifies in a certain category defeats all hands in all lower categories. For example, {{cards|2d|2s|3d|3c|4s}}, the lowest-valued [[#Two pair|two pair]] hand, defeats all hands with just [[#One pair|one pair]] or [[#High card|high card]] (such as {{cards|as|ad|kd|qh|jc}}). Only between two hands in the same category are card ranks used to break ties.

A poker hand has the same hand ranking regardless of the order in which it is arranged by the deal, by a description, or by a picture. So a hand arranged as {{cards|ts|8d|td|6c|tc}} is ranked the same as {{cards|tc|td|ts|8d|6c}} even though in the first hand the [[#Three of a kind|three of a kind]] is not necessarily immediately obvious.

If there are multiple hands of the same rank at the showdown (therefore no kicker(s), or [[Kicker (poker)|kickers]] have equal ranks), the pot is divided equally between the winning players. If the divided number creates fractions (odd chip), the odd chip is awarded by house rules. Typically, in draw and community card games, this award is to the winning first hand clockwise from the button/dealer; in stud games it is to the player with highest card by suit in hand.

There are 311,875,200 ways (5-[[permutation]]s)<ref group=Note>In general, the number of ''k''-[[permutation]]s taken from a set of ''n'' is
:<math>n^{\underline k} = \frac {n!}{(n-k)!}</math>,
which in this case gives
<math>
\frac {52!}{(52-5)!} = \frac {52!}{47!} = 52\times51\times50\times49\times48 = 311,875,200
</math>
</ref> of being dealt five cards from a 52-card deck, but since the order of cards does not matter, there are 5! = 120 5-permutations given in any one hand, so there are only 2,598,960 (<math>\begin{matrix} {52 \choose 5} \end{matrix}</math>) possible [[combination]]s in five-card poker. Similarly, in seven-card poker there are 133,784,560 (<math>\begin{matrix} {52 \choose 7} \end{matrix}</math>) combinations.<ref group=Note><math>
{52 \choose 5} = \frac{52!}{5!(52-5)!} = \frac{52!}{5!47!} = \frac {52 \times 51 \times 50 \times 49 \times 48} { 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1} = 2{,}598{,}960
</math>; 
<math>
{52 \choose 7} = \frac{52!}{7!(52-7)!} = \frac{52!}{7!45!} = \frac {52 \times 51 \times 50 \times 49 \times 48 \times 47 \times 46} { 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1} = 133{,}784{,}560
</math></ref>

If the game is played without the high card by suit rule, hands that have equivalent values are considered to be the same hand, there will be 7,462 distinct hands in five-card poker, and 4,824 distinct hands when choosing the best five in seven-card poker, like [[Texas hold 'em]]; the number of seven-card poker hands is fewer than of five-card poker because some hands are impossible with seven cards (e.g. 7-high).{{citation needed|reason=Previous reference removed due to malware|date=February 2016}}

==Hand categories==

===Straight flush===
{{redirect|Straight flush|the World War II bomber|Straight Flush (B-29)|NATO designation of the Soviet radar|2K12 Kub}}
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Straight flush examples|align=left|content=
{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|heart|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|spade|2|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|J|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|club|7|50px}} Ties with {{card|diamond|J|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}
}}

A straight flush is a hand that contains five cards in sequence, all of the same [[Suit (cards)|suit]], such as {{cards|qc|jc|tc|9c|8c}} (a hand that meets the requirements of both a straight and a flush). Two such hands are compared by their card that is ranked highest. Aces can play high or low in straights and straight flushes: {{cards|5d|4d|3d|2d|ad}} is a 5-high straight flush, also known as a "steel wheel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokertips.org/glossary/w/STEEL+WHEEL|accessdate=20 December 2007|title=Glossary|publisher=PokerTips.com}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerworks.com/poker-dictionary/steel-wheel.html|accessdate=20 December 2007|title=Poker dictionary|publisher=PokerWorks.com |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071227073226/http://pokerworks.com/poker-dictionary/steel-wheel.html  |archivedate = 27 December 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}</ref>

An ace-high straight flush such as {{cards|ad|kd|qd|jd|td}} is known as a '''royal flush''', and is the highest-ranking standard poker hand. It is usually treated as a distinct hand in [[video poker]]. There are four possible royal flushes, one of each suit.

In five-card poker, there are 40 possible straight flushes, including the four royal flushes. The probability of being dealt a straight flush is <math>\frac {4\cdot 10}{2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.0015\%</math>.

In seven-card poker such as Texas hold 'em, the [[frequency]] of straight flush is 41,584 (4,324 for royal flush and 37,260 for non-royal straight flush); the probability of straight flush is approximately 0.0311% (0.0032% for royal flush and 0.0279% for non-royal straight flush).<ref name="7cardprobref">{{cite web|url=http://people.math.sfu.ca/~alspach/comp20/|title=7-Card Poker Hands|date=18 January 2000|first=Brian|last=Alspach|authorlink= Brian Alspach |accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob">See also [[Poker probability#Derivation of frequencies of 7-card poker hands]] for the derivation. This can apply to [[Texas hold 'em]] and [[seven-card stud]]. Note that the probabilities vary in [[Omaha hold 'em|Omaha]]; the derivation of frequencies of Omaha hands is different from 7-card or 9-card poker hands.</ref>

{{clear}}

===Four of a kind===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Four of a kind examples|align=right|content=
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|club|6|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}}
}}
Four of a kind, also known as quads, is a poker hand such as {{cards|9c|9s|9d|9h|jh}}, that contains all four cards of one rank and any other (unmatched) card. Quads with higher-ranking cards defeat lower-ranking ones. In community-card games (such as [[Texas Hold 'em]]) or games with wildcards or multiple decks it is possible for two or more players to obtain the same quad; in this instance, the unmatched card acts as a kicker, so {{cards|7c|7s|7d|7h|jh}} defeats {{cards|7c|7s|7d|7h|tc}}. If two hands have the same kicker, they tie and the pot is split. In some countries the term Carré is used.

In five-card poker, there are 624 possible hands that can have four of a kind, the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_{4}^4 \cdot C_{12}^1 C_{4}^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 1 \cdot 12 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.024\%</math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of four of a kind is 224,848, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 0.168%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Full house===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Full house examples|align=left|content=
{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|A|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|A|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|diamond|3|50px}}
}}
A full house, also known as a full boat, is a hand such as {{cards|3c|3s|3d|6c|6h|}}, that contains three matching cards of one rank and two matching cards of another rank. Between two full houses, the one with the higher-ranking three cards in their hand wins, so {{cards|7s|7h|7d|4s|4c}} defeats {{cards|6s|6h|6d|As|Ac}}. If two hands have the same three cards (possible in [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] and [[Community card poker|community card games]]), the hand with the higher pair wins, so {{cards|5h|5d|5s|qh|qc}} defeats {{cards|5c|5d|5s|Js|jd}}. Full houses are described as "''three'' full of ''pair''" or "full house, ''three''s over ''pair''s"; thus, {{cards|qc|qd|qs|9h|9c}} could be described as "queens full of nines" (or simply "queens full" if no mention of the pair as tiebreaker is necessary).

In five-card poker, there are 3,744 possible full houses; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^3 \cdot C_{12}^1 C_4^2} {C_{52}^5} = \frac{13 \cdot 4 \times 12 \cdot 6}{2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.1441 \% </math>.

An explanation of the formula: there are 13 [[Playing card|ranks]] (ace through king), and four of each rank (one per [[Suit (cards)|suit]]), in the standard 52-card deck. Denominator: we express choosing five cards out of the 52 cards in the deck. Numerator: first we multiply the number of ways to choose one rank out of the 13, then three cards out of four of that chosen rank. Second, we choose one out of 12 remaining ranks, and choose two cards out of four from that rank.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of full house is 3,473,184, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 2.60%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Flush===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Flush examples|align=right|content=
{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|heart|Q|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|K|50px}}{{card|spade|Q|50px}}{{card|spade|J|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|heart|Q|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}
}}
A flush is a poker hand such as {{cards|qc|tc|7c|6c|4c}}, where all five cards are of the same suit, but not in sequence. Two flushes are compared as if they were [[#High card|high card]] hands; the highest-ranking card of each is compared to determine the winner. If both hands have the same highest card, then the second highest-ranking card is compared, and so on until a difference is found. If the two flushes contain the same five ranks of cards, they are tied and split the pot, that is, suits are not used to rank them.

Flushes are described by their highest card, as in "queen-high flush" to describe {{cards|qd|9d|7d|4d|3d}}. If the rank of the second card is important, it can also be included: {{cards|ks|ts|5s|3s|2s}} is a "king-ten-high flush" or just a "king-ten flush", while {{cards|kh|qh|9h|5h|4h}} is a "king-queen-high flush". In community card games the highest card in the flush may be a community card which is used by multiple players, in which case the flush may be described by the highest non-communal card; in a game with community cards {{cards|ac|10c|6c|2c}}, a player holding {{cards|qc|jd}} would have a "queen-high flush" while a player with {{cards|kc|10s}} holds a "king-high flush"; both players making use of the high ace.

In five-card poker, there are 5,148 possible flushes, of which 40 are also straight flushes; the probability of being dealt a flush that is not also a straight flush is <math>\frac {4 \cdot C_{13}^5 - 40} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {4 \cdot 1{,}287 - 40} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {5{,}108} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.196\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of flush is 4,047,644, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 3.03%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Straight===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Straight examples|align=left|content=
{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}} Ties with {{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|club|6|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}}
}}
A straight is a poker hand such as {{cards|Qc|Js|Ts|9h|8h}}, that contains five cards of sequential rank in at least two different suits. Two straights are ranked by comparing the highest card of each. Two straights with the same high card are of equal value, suits are not used to separate them.

Straights are described by their highest card, as in "ten-high straight" or "straight to the ten" for {{cards|tc|9d|8h|7c|6s}}.

A hand such as {{cards|Ac|Kc|Qd|Js|Ts}} is an ace-high straight (also known as "[[Broadway (poker)|broadway]]" or "royal straight"), and ranks above a king-high straight such as {{cards|kh|qs|jh|th|9c}}. The ace may also be played as a low card (having a value of "1") in a five-high straight such as {{cards|5s|4d|3d|2s|Ah}}, which is colloquially known as a "[[Wheel (poker)|wheel]]" or Baby Straight. The ace may not "wrap around", or play both high and low; {{cards|3s|2d|ah|ks|qc}} is not a straight. Drawing to an "Inside Straight" is the case wherein the player does not hold 4 sequential straight cards which can be completed by a card at either 'end', but rather 4 cards with a gap so that only 1 card can complete the straight. For example, 4-5-6-8 can only be competed with an 'inside' 7 (also called 'gut-shot'), whereas 4-5-6-7 can be completed by either a 3 or an 8 (also called 'open-ended')...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playwinpoker.com/poker-dictionary.htm|title=Glossary of Poker Terms|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref>

In five-card poker, there are 10,240 possible straights, of which 40 are also straight flushes; the probability of being dealt a straight that is not also a straight flush is <math>\frac {10 \cdot 4^5 - 40} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {10{,}200} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.39\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of straight is 6,180,020, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 4.62%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Three of a kind===
{{redirect|Three of a kind|other uses|Three of a Kind (disambiguation)}}{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Three of a kind examples|align=right|content=
{{card|spade|Q|50px}}{{card|club|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}}
}}
Three of a kind, also called trips or a set, is a poker hand such as {{cards|2d|2s|2c|ks|6h}} that contains three cards of the same rank, plus two cards which are not of this rank nor the same as each other. In [[Texas hold 'em]] and other flop games, three of a kind is called a "set" usually when it is composed of a [[Glossary of poker terms#pocket pair|pocket pair]] and one card of matching rank on the [[Glossary of poker terms#board|board]];<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Sklansky|title=Small Stakes Hold 'Em|year=2004|publisher=Two Plus Two Publishing|isbn=978-1880685327|edition=1|page=127}}</ref> It is called "trips" usually when it is made by one card that player has in the [[List of poker terms#hole cards|hole]] with two matching cards on the board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://poker.about.com/od/pokerglossary/g/Trips.htm|title=Trips Poker Term -- Definition of the Poker Term Trips|publisher=About.com|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref>

A higher-valued three-of-a-kind defeats a lower-valued three-of-kind, so {{cards|qs|qh|qd|7s|4c}} defeats {{cards|js|jc|jd|ad|kc}}. If two hands contain three of a kind of the same value, which is possible in games with [[Wild card (poker)|wild cards]] or [[community card]]s, the [[Kicker (poker)|kicker]]s are compared to break the tie, so {{cards|4d|4c|4s|9d|2c}} defeats {{cards|4d|4c|4s|8c|7d}}.

In five-card poker, there are 54,912 possible three of a kind hands that are not also full houses or four of a kind; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^3 \cdot C_{12}^2 C_4^1 C_4^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 4 \cdot 66 \cdot 4 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {54{,}912} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 2.11\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of three of a kind is 6,461,620, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 4.83%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Two pair===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Two pairs examples|align=left|content=
{{card|heart|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}}{{card|heart|J|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|J|50px}}{{card|spade|J|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|5|50px}}{{card|club|K|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|3|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}
}}
A poker hand such as {{cards|jh|jc|4c|4s|9h}}, that contains two cards of the same rank, plus two cards of another rank (that match each other but not the first pair), plus any card not of either rank, is called two pair. To rank two hands both containing two pair, the higher-ranking pair of each is first compared, and the higher pair wins (so {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}} defeats {{cards|8h|8c|4s|4c|10s}}). If both hands have the same top pair, then the second pair of each is compared, such that {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}} defeats {{cards|ts|tc|4s|4h|8h}}. If both hands have the same two pairs, the [[Kicker (poker)|kicker]] determines the winner, so {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|ad}} beats {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}}.

Two pair are described by the higher pair first, followed by the lower pair if necessary; {{cards|kc|kd|9s|9h|5h}} is described as "Kings and nines", "kings over nines", or simply "Kings up" if the nines are not important.

In five-card poker, there are 123,552 possible two pair hands that are not also three of a kind hands or higher hands; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^2 C_4^2 C_4^2 \cdot C_{11}^1 C_{4}^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {78 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \cdot 11 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {123{,}552} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 4.75\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of two pair is 31,433,400, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 23.5%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===One pair===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=One pair examples|align=right|content=
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}}{{card|heart|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|diamond|2|50px}}{{card|heart|2|50px}}{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|2|50px}}{{card|spade|2|50px}}{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}
}}
One pair is a poker hand such as {{cards|4h|4s|ks|td|5s}}, that contains two cards of one rank, plus three cards which are not of this rank nor the same as each other. Higher-ranking pairs defeat lower-ranking pairs; if two hands have the same pair, the non-paired cards (the [[kicker (poker)|kicker]]s) are compared in descending order to determine the winner.

In five-card poker, there are 1,098,240 possible one pair hands; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^2 \cdot (C_{12}^3 \cdot 4^3)} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 6 \cdot (220 \cdot 64)} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {1{,}098{,}240} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 42.26\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of one pair is 58,627,800, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 43.8%. Unlike in 5-card poker, in 7-card poker one-pair hands are more frequent than "no-pair" hands.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===High card===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=High card examples|align=left|content=
{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|club|J|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|heart|7|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|club|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}}
}}
A high-card or no-pair hand is a poker hand such as {{cards|kh|jh|8c|7d|4s}}, made of any five cards not meeting any of the above requirements. Essentially, no hand is made, and the only thing of any potential meaning in the hand is the highest card. Nevertheless, they sometimes win a pot if the other players fold or even at a showdown. Two high-card hands are ranked by comparing the highest-ranking card. If those are equal, then the next highest-ranking card from each hand is compared, and so on until a difference is found.

High card hands are described by the one or two highest cards in the hand, such as "king high", "ace-queen high", or by as many cards as are necessary to break a tie. They are also referred to as "nothing", "garbage", and other derogatory terms.

The lowest possible high card is seven-high (such as {{cards|7s|5c|4d|3d|2c}}), because a hand such as {{cards|6d|5c|4s|3d|2h}} would be a straight, and in {{cards|6d|4s|3d|2c|ah}} the ace would serve as the high card.

Of the 2,598,960 possible five-card combinations, <math>(C^5_{13} - 10)(4^5 - 4)=1{,}302{,}540</math> do not contain any pairs and are neither straights nor flushes. As such, the probability of being dealt "no pair" in a five-card deal is <math>\frac {1{,}302{,}540} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 50.11\%</math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of such "no pair" is 23,294,460; the probability of being dealt one is approximately 17.4%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

==Variations==

===Decks using a wild card or bug===
The use of a [[Joker (playing card)|joker]] as a [[bug (poker)|bug]] creates a variation to game play. When a joker is introduced, it most commonly functions as a fifth ace, unless it can be used to complete a flush or straight. Some [[casino]] [[draw poker]] variants use a joker, and thus the best possible hand is [[five of a kind]] aces, or {{cards|ah|ad|ac|as|jkr}} with the joker representing the fifth ace. In lowball, the joker plays as the lowest card not already in the hand. In non-casino settings the joker is sometimes a full [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]].{{clarify|reason=Using how many jokers per otherwise-52-card deck? Two as in "Bicycle" brand decks? Only one as in some other decks?|date=January 2016}}

The odds of being dealt a five of a kind (of any kind) in a five-card deal is ~0.0005%, three times less likely than a straight flush. The odds of being dealt five of a kind aces is ~0.0000348%—one in every 2,869,685 deals.

===Lowball===
{{main|Lowball (poker)}}
Some variants of poker called lowball or low poker are played with the standard hand rankings described here, but with the objective reversed: players strive not for the highest ranking of the above hands but for the ''lowest'' ranking hand. There are several methods of ranking low hands, including ace-to-five low, deuce-to-seven low, ace-to-six low and deuce-to-six low. The ace-to-five (known as California lowball) is used in [[razz (poker)|razz]], in some [[draw poker]] varieties, and in deuce-to-seven (known as Kansas City lowball).

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports and games}}
*[[Glossary of poker terms]]
*[[List of poker hand nicknames]]
*[[Non-standard poker hand]]
*[[Poker probability]] – various probability calculations on poker hands

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Poker Encyclopedia
|first1=Elkan |last1=Allan |first2=Hannah |last2=Mackay
|publisher=Anova |year=2007 |isbn=1-906032-09-2 }}
* {{cite book
| title = The Poker Player's Bible
| first = Lou
| last = Krieger
| publisher = Struik
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1-77007-469-9
| page = 249
}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Rules of Neighborhood Poker According to Hoyle
| first = Stewart
| last = Wolpin
| publisher = New Chapter Press
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-0-942257-19-9
| page = 335
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Poker hands}}
*[[commons:Image:PokerHandRankings.pdf|Printable chart of poker hand rankings]] ([[.pdf]] format)

{{Poker}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poker hands}}
[[Category:Poker hands|*]]
[[Category:Gaming-related lists]]

List of World Series of Poker Main Event champions

2016-05-17T12:30:38Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 68.41.11.26 (talk): Revert to last good version. (TW)

[[File:JoeCada.jpg|right|thumb|[[Joe Cada]] won the WSOP Main Event in 2009.]]
The following is the '''list of World Series of Poker Main Event champions'''. The [[World Series of Poker]] (WSOP) is "the oldest, largest, most prestigious, and most media-hyped gaming competition in the world".<ref name ="ESPNhistory">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/eoe/wsop/history.html| title= World Series of Poker History|work=ESPN.com|date=July 28, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> It is held annually since 1970 in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]. Since 1972, the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 [[Buying in (poker)|buy-in]] [[Betting in poker#No limit|no-limit]] [[Texas hold 'em|Texas Hold 'Em]] tournament. The winner of the WSOP Main Event receives a [[World Series of Poker bracelet]], millions of dollars (with the exact amount based on the number of entrants), and the right to be considered the year's World Champion of Poker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060809005375&newsLang=en|title=Final Table Set at World Series of Poker Main Event; Nine to Compete at Rio for $12 Million and Title of World Champion| date= 2006-08-09| accessdate= 2009-01-22|publisher= Business Wire}}</ref> Since 2008, the nine players who make it to the [[Glossary of poker terms#final table|final table]] of the Main Event are called the [[November Nine]], a reference to the fact that the final table competes in November, months after the Main Event's preliminary rounds are completed.

Until 2005, the WSOP was held at [[Binion's Horseshoe]]. In 2005, the event moved to the [[Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/wsop/history.asp|title=From Moss to Gold: A Brief History of the World Series of Poker|last= Dala|first= Nolan|work = World Series of Poker|accessdate= 2009-01-23|publisher= Harrah's Entertainment}}</ref> The 2005 Main Event was not played completely at the Rio. However, the final three tables (27 players) played the conclusion of the event at the Horseshoe. All of the Main Events that proceeded the 2005 event were played completely at the Rio. Consequently, this made [[Joe Hachem]] the final player to win the Main Event at the original home of the World Series of Poker.

==Milestones==
[[Johnny Moss]] was the first person to win the WSOP. Since then only Moss and [[Stu Ungar]] have won the Main Event three times; Ungar is the only one to have won three times in the freeze-out format. Moss, Ungar, [[Doyle Brunson]] and [[Johnny Chan]] are the only people who have won the Main Event two years in a row. Johnny Chan's second victory in 1988 was featured on the 1998 film ''[[Rounders (film)|Rounders]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2008/08/sextons-corner-59-johnny-chan-part-4.htm|title=Sexton's Corner, Vol.59, Johnny Chan, Legend of Legends: Part 4, "The Golden Touch"| work= pokernews.com|last=Sexton|first=Tom|date=2008-08-25|accessdate=2009-01-23|publisher=pokernews.com}}</ref> Peter Eastgate was the youngest person to win the Main Event when he won it in 2008, at 22 years of age.<ref name = "petername" /> He held that record for one year, when 21-year-old Joe Cada became the youngest Main Event champion.

==Key==
[[File:Wsop2007.jpg|right|thumb|The 2007 Main Event WSOP Bracelet]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99; width:6em;"| *
|Elected to the [[Poker Hall of Fame]].
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | †
|Denotes player who is deceased.
|-
| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Year
| The year of the tournament linked to the WSOP for the given year.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winner
| The person who won the Main Event.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Nickname
| Nickname of the player.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Hand
| The two hole cards the winner held on the final hand.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Prize (US$)
| WSOP Main Event prize money.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Entrants
| This column indicates the number of players in that year's Main Event.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winnings
| Lifetime winnings in WSOP and WSOP Circuit events as of April 15, 2013.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Bracelets
| WSOP victories are counted in terms of bracelets, as of April 15, 2013.
|-
|style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Ref.
| References
|}

==World Series of Poker Main Event==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"s
! class="unsortable"| Image
! Year
! Winner
! class="unsortable" | Nickname
! class="unsortable" | Hand
! Prize (US$)
! Entrants<ref name = "bracelet">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/bracelet-winners-by-year.asp?byr=2005|title = Championships by Year |work= World Series of Poker Bracelet Winners |accessdate=2009-01-23|publisher=Harrah's Casinos}}</ref>
! Total tournament earnings (US$)
! [[World Series of Poker bracelet|WSOP bracelets]]
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| [[Image:JMoss.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1970 World Series of Poker|1970]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Johnny|Moss}}*†
|align="center"| The Grand Old Man of Poker<ref name = "mossname">{{cite web|url=http://world-series-poker.co.uk/bracelets.html |title=All-Time List of World Series of Poker Bracelet Winners|work=World Series of Poker|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|align="center"| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|824922}}
|align="center"| 9
|align="center"|<ref name = "moss">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17691&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Johnny Moss |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrahs Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:JMoss.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1971 World Series of Poker|1971]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"|{{sortname|Johnny|Moss}}*†
|align="center"| The Grand Old Man of Poker
|align="center"| '''6  6 '''
| {{nts|30000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6}}
| {{nts|824922}}
|align="center"| 9
|align="center"|<ref name = "moss" />
|-
| [[Image:AmarilloSlim.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1972 World Series of Poker|1972]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Thomas|Preston|Amarillo Slim}}*†
|align="center"| Amarillo Slim<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amarilloslim.org/default.aspx |title=Amarillo Slim Preston — The Worlds Greatest Gambler!|work=The Official Site Of Amarillo Slim Preston |accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=Amarilloslim.org}}</ref>
|align="center"| '''K  J '''
| {{nts|80000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|8}}
| {{nts|436055}}
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/profiles/3805/thomas-preston.htm|work=World Series of Poker|title=Thomas Preston |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:PuggyPearson.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1973 World Series of Poker|1973]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Walter|Pearson}}*†
|align="center"| Puggy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2006/4/legend-poker-puggy-pearson.htm|title=Legend of Poker: Walter Clyde 'Puggy' Pearson 1929-2006|work=Pokernews.co|last= Caldwell|first=John|date= 2006-04-13|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=Poker News}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|A♠|7♠}}
| {{nts|130000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|13}}
| {{nts|245740}}
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17879&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Puggy Pearson |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:JMoss.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1974 World Series of Poker|1974]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Johnny|Moss}}*†
|align="center"| The Grand Old Man of Poker
|align="center"|{{cards|3♥|3♠}}
| {{nts|160000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|16}}
| {{nts|824922}}
|align="center"| 9
|align="center"| <ref name = "moss" />
|-
| [[Image:SailorRoberts.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1975 World Series of Poker|1975]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Brian|Roberts|Sailor Roberts}}†
|align="center"| Sailor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerworks.com/poker-news/2008/01/30/where-are-they-now-brian-sailor-roberts.html|title=Where Are They Now: Brian "Sailor" Roberts|last= Monroe|first=Billy|date= 2008-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=Pokerworks.com}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|J♠|J♥}} <ref>[http://www.pokerjunkie.com/wsop-main-event-final-hands pokerjunkie - WSOP final hands]</ref>
| {{nts|210000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|21}}
| {{nts|266650}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=18104&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Brian Roberts |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrahs' Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Doyle Brunson.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1976 World Series of Poker|1976]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Doyle|Brunson}}*
|align="center"| Texas Dolly<ref name = "brunsonname">{{cite web|url=http://www.professional-poker.com/poker-players/doyle-brunson.htm34 |title=Doyle Brunson|work=Professional-poker.com|last=McGuire |first=Paul |accessdate=2009-01-13|publisher=Professional-Poker Online}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>{{ref label|Doyle Brunson|h|h}}
|align="center"|{{cards|10♠|2♠}}
| {{nts|220000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|22}}
| {{nts|2808945}}
|align="center"| 10
|align="center"|<ref name = "brunson">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=162&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Doyle Brunson |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Doyle Brunson.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1977 World Series of Poker|1977]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Doyle|Brunson}}*
|align="center"| Texas Dolly
|align="center"|{{cards|10♠|2♥}}
| {{nts|340000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|34}}
| {{nts|2808945}}
|align="center"| 10
|align="center"| <ref name = "brunson" />
|-
| [[Image:Bobby Baldwin 2010.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1978 World Series of Poker|1978]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Bobby|Baldwin}}*
|align="center"| The Owl<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerplayerpress.com/Gallery-BobbyBaldwin.html|title=Bobby "The Owl" Baldwin |work =PokerPlayerPress.com|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=PokerPlayerPress}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|Q♦|Q♣}}
| {{nts|210000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|42}}
| {{nts|604900}}
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=241&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title= Bobby Baldwin |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:HalFowler.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1979 World Series of Poker|1979]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Hal|Fowler}}†
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|7♠|6♦}}
| {{nts|270000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|54}}
| {{nts|270000}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=18165&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Hal Fowler |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Stu Ungar.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1980 World Series of Poker|1980]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Stu|Ungar}}*†
|align="center"| Stuey or The Kid<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.nytimes.com/show/163049/High-Roller-The-Stu-Ungar-Story/overview |title=High Roller: The Stu Ungar Story |work=New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=New York Times Company | first=Alessandra | last=Stanley}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|5♠|4♠}}
| {{nts|385000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|73}}
| {{nts|2078838}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"|<ref name = "stu">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17296&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title= Stu Unger |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Stu Ungar.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1981 World Series of Poker|1981]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Stu|Ungar}}*†
|align="center"| Stuey or The Kid
|align="center"|{{cards|A♥|Q♥}}
| {{nts|375000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|75}}
| {{nts|2078838}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"| <ref name = "stu" />
|-
| [[Image:JackStraus.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1982 World Series of Poker|1982]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Jack|Straus}}{{ref label|Jack Straus|b|b}}*†
|align="center"| Treetop<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajlmagazine.com/content/052006/poker/jackstraus.html |title=Poker Pro: Jack "Treetop" Straus |date= May–June 2006|accessdate=2009-01-16|work=American Jewish Life Magazine|publisher=Leader Publishing}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|A♥|10♠}}
| {{nts|520000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|104}}
| {{nts|555000}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=18101&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Jack Straus |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Tom McEvoy 2010.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1983 World Series of Poker|1983]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99" |{{sortname|Tom|McEvoy}}*
|align="center"| Grand Rapids Tom
|align="center"|{{cards|Q♦|Q♠}}
| {{nts|540000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|108}}
| {{nts|1291031}}
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"|<ref name = "mcevoyname">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=238&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Tom McEvoy |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[1984 World Series of Poker|1984]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Jack|Keller|Jack Keller (poker player)}}*†
|align="center"| Gentleman<ref name = "kellername" />
|align="center"|{{cards|10♥|10♠}}
| {{nts|660000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|132}}
| {{nts|2048763}}
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| <ref name = "kellername">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17008&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Jack Keller |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[1985 World Series of Poker|1985]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Bill|Smith|Bill Smith (poker player)}}†
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|3♠|3♥}}
| {{nts|700000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|140}}
| {{nts|788000}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17982&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Bill Smith |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Berry Johnston 2007 cropped.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1986 World Series of Poker|1986]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Berry|Johnston}}*
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|A♠|10♥}}
| {{nts|570000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|141}}
| {{nts|2265523}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=172&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Berry Johnston |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Johnny Chan.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1987 World Series of Poker|1987]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Johnny|Chan}}*
|align="center"| Orient Express<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2005/07/legends-poker-johnny-orient-express-chan.htm |title=Legends of Poker — Johnny "The Orient Express" Chan |last=Moe|first=Al|date= 2005-07-05|accessdate=2009-01-16|publisher=Poker News}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|A♠|9♣}}
| {{nts|625000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|152}}
| {{nts|4148868}}
|align="center"| 10
|align="center"| <ref name = "chan">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=262&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Johnny Chan |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Johnny Chan.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1988 World Series of Poker|1988]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Johnny|Chan}}*
|align="center"| Orient Express
|align="center"|{{cards|J♣|9♣}}
| {{nts|700000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|167}}
| {{nts|4148868}}
|align="center"| 10
|align="center"| <ref name = "chan" />
|-
| [[Image:Phil Hellmuth.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1989 World Series of Poker|1989]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Phil|Hellmuth}}{{ref label|Phil Helmuth|g|g}}*
|align="center"| The Poker Brat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluffmagazine.com/poker-news/Hellmuth-Appearing-on-Best-Damn-Sports-Show-Wednesday-1720.htm/ |title=Hellmuth Appearing on Best Damn Sports Show Wednesday |work=Bluff Magazine |last=Bradley |first=Lance |date=2009-01-14 |accessdate=2009-01-16 |publisher=Bluff Media |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090117082005/http://www.bluffmagazine.com:80/poker-news/Hellmuth%2DAppearing%2Don%2DBest%2DDamn%2DSports%2DShow%2DWednesday-1720.htm |archivedate=January 17, 2009 }}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|9♠|9♣}}
| {{nts|755000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|178}}
| {{nts|12189531}}
|align="center"| 14
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=271|work=World Series of Poker|title=Phil Hellmuth|accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[1990 World Series of Poker|1990]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Mansour|Matloubi}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|6♥|6♠}}
| {{nts|895000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|194}}
| {{nts|6019630}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/profiles/5465/mansour-matloubi.htm|title=Mansour Matloubi|accessdate=2009-01-17|publisher=PokerPages.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Brad Daugherty.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1991 World Series of Poker|1991]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Brad|Daugherty|Brad Daugherty (poker player)}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|K♠|J♠}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|215}}
| {{nts|1165170}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=423&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Brad Daugherty|accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:HamidDastmalchi.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1992 World Series of Poker|1992]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Hamid|Dastmalchi}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|8♥|4♣}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|201}}
| {{nts|1642463}}
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=17442&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Hamid Dastmalchi|accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Jim Bechtel.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1993 World Series of Poker|1993]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Jim|Bechtel}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|Js|6s}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|220}}
| {{nts|1944623}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=142&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title= Jim Bechtel|accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/4558-wsop-history-1993-recap | title = WSOP: History -- 1993 Recap | accessdate = 2013-04-17 | last = Lucchesi | first = Ryan | date = 2008-06-08 | work = CardPlayer.com }}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Russ Hamilton.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1994 World Series of Poker|1994]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Russ|Hamilton}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|K♠|8♥}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|268}}
| {{nts|1261940}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=859&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work= World Series of Poker|title= Russ Hamilton |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Dan-HarringtonWSOP.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1995 World Series of Poker|1995]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Dan|Harrington}}*
|align="center"| Action Dan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allinmag.com/index.php/online-poker/poker-features/poker-instructionals/action-dan-harrington-bullying-the-bully/|title=Action Dan Harrington — Bullying The Bully|last=Harrington|first='Action' Dan|work=All In Magazine|date =2008-04-18 |accessdate=2009-01-13|publisher=All In Magazine}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|9♦|8♦}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|273}}
| {{nts|3491513}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=218&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title = Dan Harrington |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Huck seed.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1996 World Series of Poker|1996]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Huck|Seed}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|9♦|8♦}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|295}}
| {{nts|2426842}}
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=245&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Huck Seed |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Stu Ungar.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1997 World Series of Poker|1997]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Stu|Ungar}}*†
|align="center"| Stuey or The Kid
|align="center"|{{cards|A♥|4♣}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|312}}
| {{nts|2078838}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/profiles/62350/stu-ungar.htm |title=Stu Unger.|work=PokerPages.com |accessdate=2009-01-13|publisher=PokerPage}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Scotty Nguyen.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1998 World Series of Poker|1998]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"|{{sortname|Scotty|Nguyen}}*
|align="center"| The Train or The Prince of Poker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/magazine/article/15300|title=Poker's Prince is Back 'On Track' |last= Marchand |first=Justin |date=2006-03-01 |accessdate=2009-01-16 |work=Card Player Magazine|publisher=Card Player Media |subscription=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806012248/http://www.cardplayer.com/cardplayer-magazines/65584-scotty-nguyen-19-4/articles/15300-poker-39-s-prince-is-back-39-on-track-39 |archive-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|J♦|9♣}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|350}}
| {{nts|4794817}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=266&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Scotty Nguyen |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Noel Furlong.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[1999 World Series of Poker|1999]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Noel|Furlong}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|5♣|5♦}}
| {{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|393}}
| {{nts|1070785}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=120&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Noel Furlong |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Chris Ferguson.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2000 World Series of Poker|2000]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Chris|Ferguson}}
| align="center"|Jesus <ref name = "Jesus">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=201 |work=World Series of Poker|title=Chris "Jesus" Ferguson |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|A♠|9♣}}
| {{nts|1500000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|512}}
| {{nts|7075300}}
|align="center"| 5
|align="center"|<ref name = "Jesus"/>
|-
| [[Image:Carlos Mortensen 2007.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2001 World Series of Poker|2001]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Carlos|Mortensen}}
|align="center"| El Matador<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/magazine/article/14433 |title=Juan Carlos Mortensen: El Matador! |last=Shulman|first=Allyn|date=2004-12-31 |accessdate=2009-01-16|work=Card Player Magazine|publisher=Card Player Media}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|K♣|Q♣}}
| {{nts|1500000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|613}}
| {{nts|8457033}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=497&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Carlos Mortensen |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Robert Varkonyi.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2002 World Series of Poker|2002]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Robert|Varkonyi}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|Q♦|10♠}}
| {{nts|2000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|631}}
| {{nts|2110212}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=122&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Robert Varkonyi |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Chris Moneymaker.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2003 World Series of Poker|2003]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Chris|Moneymaker}}{{ref label|Chris Moneymaker|c|c}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|5♦|4♠}}
| {{nts|2500000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|839}}
| {{nts|2532041}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=129&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Chris Moneymaker |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Greg Raymer.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2004 World Series of Poker|2004]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Greg|Raymer}}
|align="center"|Fossil-Man
|align="center"|{{cards|8♠|8♦}}
| {{nts|5000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|2576}}
| {{nts|5712585}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=275&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Greg Raymer |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Joe Hachem 2008.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2005 World Series of Poker|2005]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Joe|Hachem}}
| align="center"|—
|align="center"|{{cards|7♣|3♠}}
| {{nts|7500000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|5619}}
| {{nts|8029995}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=3426&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Joe Hachem |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Jamie Gold WSOP 2006.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2006 World Series of Poker|2006]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Jamie|Gold}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|Q♠|9♣}}
| {{nts|12000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|8773}}
| {{nts|12067292}}{{ref label|Jamie Gold|i|i}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=14271&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=Jamie Gold |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Jerry Yang 2008.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2007 World Series of Poker|2007]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Jerry|Yang|Jerry Yang (poker player)}}
|align="center"| The Shadow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://82.165.181.152/news.php |title=WSOP Circuit - Harrah's New Orleans Pt. 2| date = 2008-05-19|accessdate=2009-01-16|work=All In Magazine}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|8♦|8♣}}
| {{nts|8250000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6358}}
| {{nts|8250000}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=13044&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Jerry Yang |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Peter Eastgate.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2008 World Series of Poker|2008]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Peter|Eastgate}}
|align="center"| Isser<ref name = "petername">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_peter-eastgate |title=Peter Eastgate |accessdate=2009-01-16|work=Poker Listing}}</ref>
|align="center"|{{cards|A♦|5♠}}
| {{nts|9152416}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6844}}
| {{nts|9152416}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=44509&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Peter Eastgate |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Joseph Cada at the WSOP 2009 Main Event.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2009 World Series of Poker|2009]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Joe|Cada|}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|9♦|9♣}}
| {{nts|8574649}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6494}}
| {{nts|8574649}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=61471&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Joe Cada |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Jonathan Duhamel.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2010 World Series of Poker|2010]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Jacob|Zwiersen}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|As|Jh}}
| {{nts|8944138}}
|align="center"| {{nts|7319}}
| {{nts|8944310}}
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pokernews.com/news/2010/11/2010-world-series-of-poker-jonathan-duhamel-wins-2010-wsop-m-9297.htm | title = 2010 World Series of Poker: Jonathan Duhamel Wins 2010 WSOP Main Event! | accessdate = 2010-11-09 | last = Peters | first = Donnie | date = 2010-11-09 | work = PokerNews.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Pius Heinz.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2011 World Series of Poker|2011]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Pius|Heinz}}
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|{{cards|As|Kc}}
| {{nts|8715638}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6865}}
| {{nts|8798924}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsop.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=121170 | title = Pius Heinz | accessdate = 2011-11-09 | publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[2012 World Series of Poker|2012]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Greg|Merson}}
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|{{cards|Kd|5d}}
| {{nts|8531853}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6598}}
| {{nts|9781483}}
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsop.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=38984 | title = Greg Merson | accessdate = 2012-10-31 | publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[2013 World Series of Poker|2013]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Ryan|Riess}}
|align="center"| Riess the Beast
|align="center"|{{cards|Ah|Kh}}
| {{nts|8359531}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6352}}
| {{nts|8359531}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsop.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=159541&pagecolor=FFFFFF | title = Ryan Riess | accessdate = 2012-10-31 | publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Martin_Jacobson_2015.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2014 World Series of Poker|2014]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Martin|Jacobson}}
|align="center"|
|align="center"|{{cards|10h|10d}}
| {{nts|10000000}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6683}}
| {{nts|14833732}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsop.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=52681&pagecolor=FFFFFF | title = Martin Jacobson | accessdate = 2014-11-12 | publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Joe McKeehen 2015.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2015 World Series of Poker|2015]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Joe|McKeehen}}
|align="center"|
|align="center"|{{cards|Ah|10d}}
| {{nts|7683346}}
|align="center"| {{nts|6420}}
| {{nts|8877625}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsop.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=153786&pagecolor=FFFFFF | title = Joe McKeehen | accessdate = 2014-11-12 | publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>
|}

==World Series of Poker Europe Main Event==

The [[World Series of Poker Europe]] (WSOPE) is the first expansion effort of [[World Series of Poker]]-branded [[poker]] [[poker tournament|tournaments]] outside the United States. Since 1970, the bracelet events have occurred every year in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. The inaugural WSOPE, held in 2007, marked the first time that a [[World Series of Poker bracelet|WSOP bracelet]] was awarded outside Las Vegas.<ref name = "Gaming">{{cite web|url=http://www.igamingbusiness.com/article-detail.php?articleID=12961 |title=Harrah's Set to Launch World Series of Poker Europe|date = 27 Feb 2007 |accessdate=2007-07-25|work=Gaming Business|publisher=iGamingBusiness.com |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930055513/http://www.igamingbusiness.com/article-detail.php?articleID=12961  |archivedate = 2007-09-30}}</ref> The 2007 Main Event, a [[pound sterling|GBP]] 10,000 buy-in no-limit hold 'em tournament, was won by [[Norway|Norwegian]] player [[Annette Obrestad]] on the day before her 19th birthday. This made her the youngest person to win a WSOP bracelet, a record that cannot be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in [[Nevada]] is 21. Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the [[United Kingdom]] is 18. The World Series of Poker [[Europe]] has a unique identity from the Las Vegas WSOP, but according to Harrah's will remain true to the traditions and heritage.<ref name = "Gaming" /> The 2011 WSOP Europe main event was an 8-handed event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?grid=827&tid=11617|title=2011 World Series of Poker Europe: Saturday, October 15, 2011 to Wednesday, October 19, 2011: Event #7: WSOPE Main Event Championship|accessdate=2011-10-21|date=2011-10-20|publisher=[[World Series of Poker]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable"| Image
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Year
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winner
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" | Nickname
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" | Hand
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Prize
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Entrants<ref name = "bracelet" />
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winnings
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | [[World Series of Poker bracelet|WSOP bracelets]]
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| [[Image:Annette Obrestad1 EPT.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2007 World Series of Poker Europe results|2007]]
|align="center"|{{sortname|Annette|Obrestad}} {{ref label|Annette_15|e|e}}
|align="center"| Annette_15<ref name = "annettename" />
|align="center"|{{cards|7♥|7♠}}
| £{{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| 362
| ${{nts|2086437}}
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=34486&pagecolor=FFFFFF|work=World Series of Poker|title=Annette Obrestad|accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:John Juanda 2008.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2008 World Series of Poker Europe Results|2008]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|John|Juanda}}{{ref label|John Juanda|f|f}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|Ks|6c}}
| £{{nts|868800}}
|align="center"| 362
| ${{nts|4825816 }}
| align="center" | 5
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=261&pagecolor=FFFFFF |work=World Series of Poker|title=John Juanda |accessdate=2009-01-21|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Barry Shulman.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2009 World Series of Poker Europe|2009]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Barry|Shulman}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|10s|10c}}
| £{{nts|801603}}
|align="center"| 334
| —
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[2010 World Series of Poker Europe|2010]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|James|Bord}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|10d|10h}}
| £{{nts|830401}}
|align="center"| 346
| —
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[2011 World Series of Poker Europe|2011]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Elio|Fox}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|Ad|10s}}
| €{{nts|1400000}}
|align="center"| 593
| —
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|
|-
| [[Image:Phil Hellmuth.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2012 World Series of Poker Europe|2012]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF99"| {{sortname|Phil|Hellmuth}}{{ref label|Phil Helmuth|g|g}}*
|align="center"| The Poker Brat
|align="center"|{{cards|Ah|10d}}
| €{{nts|1022376}}
|align="center"| {{nts|420}}
| ${{nts|12189531}}
|align="center"| 14
|align="center"|<ref name="PNWSOPE13">{{cite web | url = http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/10/phil-hellmuth-wins-2012-world-series-of-poker-europe-13546.htm | title = Phil Hellmuth Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event; Watson Wins High Roller | accessdate = 2012-10-05 | last = Cahlik | first = Josh |author2=Donnie Peters | date = 2012-10-04 | work = PokerNews.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{N/A}}
|align="center"| [[2013 World Series of Poker Europe results|2013]]
|align="center"| {{sortname|Adrián|Mateos}}{{ref label|Adrián Mateos|f|f}}
|align="center"| —
|align="center"|{{cards|As|Kc}}
| £{{nts|1000000}}
|align="center"| 375
| ${{nts|1375200 }}
| align="center" | 1
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Official WSOP Live Updates: Main Event – No-Limit Hold'em |url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?tid=12994&grid=1046}}</ref>
|}

==World Series of Poker Asia Pacific Main Event==

The [[World Series of Poker Asia Pacific]] (WSOP APAC) is the most recent expansion of World Series of Poker-branded tournaments outside the United States. On April 30, 2012, WSOP owner [[Caesars Entertainment Corporation|Caesars Entertainment]] and [[Australia]]n casino [[Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex|Crown Melbourne]] announced that the first WSOP APAC would be launched with five bracelet events in April 2013.<ref name="WSOP APAC">{{cite press release|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2012/May/3761/WSOP-ANNOUNCES-PARTNERSHIP-WITH-CROWN-FOR-APRIL-2013-EVENT-IN-MELBOURNE-AUSTRALIA.html |title=WSOP Announces Partnership With Crown for April 2013 Event in Melbourne, Australia |publisher=World Series of Poker |date=April 30, 2012 |accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable"| Image
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Year
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winner
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" | Nickname
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" | Hand
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Prize ([[Australian dollar|A$]])
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Entrants
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | Winnings ([[United States dollar|US$]])
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" | [[World Series of Poker bracelet|WSOP bracelets]]
! style="background: #E9E9E9;" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| [[File:Daniel Negreanu 2007.jpg|75px]]
|align="center"| [[2013 World Series of Poker Asia Pacific|2013]]
|align="center"|{{sortname|Daniel|Negreanu}}
|align="center"| Kid Poker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unknownpoker.com/players/daniel-negreanu.htm |title=How Daniel Negreanu Became "Kid Poker" |publisher=''UnknownPoker.com'' |date=January 7, 2006 |accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"| {{cards|2s|2h}}
| ${{nts|1038825}}
|align="center"| 405<ref name="Feldman 2013-04-15">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/poker/story/_/id/9173209/wsop-asia-pacific-2013-daniel-negreanu-wins-main-event |title=Negreanu wins APAC main event |first=Andrew |last=Feldman |publisher=''[[ESPN.com]]'' |date=April 15, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
| ${{nts|17471425}}
|align="center"| 6
|align="center"|<ref name="Feldman 2013-04-15"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/2013/daniel-negreanu-wins-wsop-apac-1m-and-br-132273.html |title=Daniel Negreanu wins WSOP APAC, $1m and bracelet number five |first=Rick |last=Dacey |publisher=''[[PokerStars|PokerStars Blog]]'' |date=April 15, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{note label|n/a|a|a}} The first World Series of Poker was not a freeze out tournament, but rather a game with a set start and stop time. [[Benny Binion]] took a secret ballot that asked the players who the best player was. According to poker lore, everybody said that they were the best player. Binion then asked who the second-best player was, and Johnny Moss won.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerroom.com/newsroom/news/592/ |title=A History of the WSOP: The Champions|date = 2007-06-13 |accessdate=2007-07-17|work=The Poker Room}}</ref>

{{note label|Jack Straus|b|b}} Jack Strauss' 1982 WSOP tournament victory is considered to be one of the greatest comebacks in poker history. At one point, Strauss was down to one chip, and he came back to win. This victory is considered the origin of the poker saying, "A chip and a chair." A saying that means that as long as you have a chip and a chair you have a chance. Modern lore indicates that this happened at the final table, but the 1983 book ''The Biggest Game in Town'' implies this occurred on the first day of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://betting.betfair.com/wsop/news/a-chip-and-a-chair-170708.html/ |title=A chip and a chair! |work=betfair.com|accessdate=2009-01-20|publisher=Betfair}}</ref>

{{note label|Chris Moneymaker|c|c}}Chris Moneymaker won the entry into the WSOP Main Event via a $39 online satellite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerstars.com/press/2006-07-24.html |title=PokerStars.com Launches Moneymaker Millionaire Tournament|work=PokerStars.com |date=2006-07-26 |accessdate=2009-01-17|publisher=Rational Enterprises}}</ref>

{{note label|Joe Cada|d|d}}Joe Cada is the youngest person to have won the WSOP Main Event.<ref name = "petername" />

{{note label|Annette_15|e|e}} Annette Obrestad won the WSOPE at the age of {{age in years and days|1988|9|18|2007|9|17}}, making her the youngest person to have won a WSOP bracelet. She is also the first woman to have won a Main Event tournament and in 2007 was considered to be one of the best online multi-table tournament players in the world.<ref name = "annettename">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/tourney/updates_pn.asp?tourneyID=3572&groupid=316 |title=World Series of Poker Live Results Reporting|work = WSOP |accessdate=2007-07-17|publisher=Harrah's Casino}}</ref>

{{note label|John Juanda|f|f}}The final table at the 2008 WSOPE Main Event, was the longest final table in the WSOP history. The tournament lasted 22 hours (a WSOP record) and 434 hands (a WSOP record).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://betting.betfair.com/poker/wsop-europe/john-juanda-wins-wsope-2008-main-event-031008.html|title=John Juanda wins WSOPE 2008 Main Event|work=betfair.com|accessdate= 2009-01-17|publisher=Betfair}}</ref>

{{note label|Phil Helmuth|g|g}}At the [[2012 World Series of Poker Europe]] Main Event, Hellmuth won his record-breaking 13th bracelet. This also made him the first player ever to win the Main Events at both the WSOP and WSOPE.<ref name="PNWSOPE13"/> Hellmuth also holds the records for most WSOP cashes (100) and most WSOP final tables (49).<ref name = "Espnrecords">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/poker/columns/story?columnist=wise_gary&id=3629313|title=Hellmuth's legacy?|work=espn.com|accessdate= 2009-01-20|publisher=ESPN}}</ref>

{{note label|Doyle Brunson|h|h}}Doyle Brunson obtained the nickname of Texas Dolly when Jimmy The Greek mispronounced his name.<ref name = "brunsonname" />

{{note label|Jamie Gold|i|i}}In recent years, the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners in tournament poker. Jamie Gold (2006) is number eight on that list, Joe Hachem (2005) is number ten, and Peter Eastgate (2008) is number eleven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/lists/worlds-top-players.htm|title=All Time Money List|accessdate= 2009-01-17|work=PokerPages.com}}</ref>

{{note label|Gambling Act|j|j}}The [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006]] curtailed online gambling in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15240569/|title=Will ban end Internet gambling? Don't bet on it|work=MSNBC.com|last=Brunker|first=Mike|accessdate=2009-01-20|date=October 17, 2006|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{WSOP Main Event champions}}
{{featured list}}

[[Category:World Series of Poker]]
[[Category:Lists of celebrities]]

Darkest Dungeon

2016-03-02T14:26:21Z

JaeDyWolf: Correcting minor spelling error, superfluous text

{{Infobox video game
| title = Darkest Dungeon
| image = [[File:Darkest Dungeon Logo.png|250px]]
| developer = Red Hook Studios
| director = Chris Bourassa
| producer = Tyler Sigman
| designer = Tyler Sigman
| programmer = Keir Miron Pierre Tardif Kelvin McDowell
| artist = Chris Bourassa Brooks Gordon
| composer = [[Stuart Chatwood]]
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[OS X]] [[Linux]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation Vita]]
| released = '''Windows, OS X'''{{vgrelease|WW=January 19, 2016}}'''PS4, Vita'''{{vgrelease||Q2 2016}}'''Linux'''{{vgrelease||TBD}}
| genre = [[Role-playing video game]], [[dungeon crawl]], [[turn-based strategy]], [[roguelike]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
}}

'''''Darkest Dungeon''''' is a [[roguelike]], [[dungeon crawl]]er video game created by [[independent game development|indie]] game developer Red Hook Studios. The game, following an [[Early Access]] development period, was released on January 19, 2016 for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[OS X]], with a release for [[PlayStation 4]], and [[PlayStation Vita]] consoles a few months later. [[Linux]] release is also planned at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Linux :: Darkest Dungeons General Discussion|url=https://steamcommunity.com/app/262060/discussions/0/527273983047102859/#c494632768632687348|website=Steam}}</ref>

''Darkest Dungeon'' has the player manage a roster of heroes to explore dungeons below a gothic mansion the player has inherited. Played out in a mix of real-time movement and turn-based combat, a core feature of ''Darkest Dungeon'' is the stress level of each hero that increases with further exploration and combat; a character sustaining a high stress level may gain afflictions that will hamper, or possibly enhance, their performance as an explorer. This concept was drawn into the game by the developer based on film characters that suffer from the traumas of combat stress such as from ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' or ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]''.

==Plot==
At the outset of ''Darkest Dungeon'', the player learns that they have inherited an estate from a relative who, while seeking fame and fortune by excavating the dungeons and catacombs beneath their manor, has unearthed portals to dark dimensions and released a number of horrific and evil creatures onto the world. Cowardly, the relative took his own life rather than deal with his mistake. As the current owner of the estate and the surrounding lands, the player must recruit a roster of adventurers and mount expeditions to cleanse the estate of its vile inhabitants.

As the player ventures into the manor, the dungeons below it, and the surrounding lands, they find their relative's memoirs telling of the terrible deeds he had done in pursuit of knowledge and power. Eventually, the player is able to send a party into the titular Darkest Dungeon, the source of the land's corruption, taking steps to reveal its ultimate form. Within the deepest chamber, the player encounters the disembodied spirit of their ancestor, who now remains as "an Avatar of the Crawling Chaos." After defeating the ancestor's apparition, the party battles the Heart of Darkness - revealed to be the progenitor of all life on the planet. The party manages to defeat its physical form at great cost, but the ancestor's spirit reveals to the player that this has only delayed its inevitable awakening and, by extension, the end of the world. The ancestor explains that this is merely part of an endless cycle in the player's lineage, and that the player will eventually meet the same fate as he, and their descendants onward. The ancestor then accentuates this cycle by repeating his first words from the start of the game: "Ruin has come to our family."

==Gameplay==
''Darkest Dungeon'' is a [[role-playing video game|role-playing game]] in which the player manages a roster of heroes and adventurers to explore these dungeons and fight the creatures within. Prior to entering a dungeon, the player can use facilities in a town near the mansion to dismiss or recruit more heroes, send heroes to perform various activities that will heal them, gain new combat or camping skills, reduce their stress, or remove any afflictions that they incurred while in a dungeon, and buy and sell equipment and supplies to outfit their heroes, using money and loot gained during dungeon runs. Many of these facilities can also be improved to add more benefits or options to the player. The player can recruit up to twenty-five heroes on their roster at any time; each hero belongs to one of fifteen character classes, and has their own statistics and skills that can be upgraded over time. If a hero dies while exploring a dungeon, that hero is lost for good.

Once the player has completed preparations, they select four of their heroes to go explore a dungeon. Access to most dungeons requires completing several previous dungeons and collecting specific types of loot, with such later dungeons being more difficult than the earlier ones. Dungeons are procedurally-generated in a [[roguelike]] manner, and presented as a series of interconnected rooms with hallways between each. The parties move between rooms in a real-time, [[side-scrolling video game|side-scrolling]] view, with the potential to discover interesting objects to search or random combat encounters during this time. When the party reaches a room, they may be forced into combat, but once clear the room remains a safe zone allowing the player to apply healing and other remedies to the party. When combat occurs, it plays out in a turn-based manner, with each character having their own order based on initiative that changes each turn. Heroes can use attacks, magic, special skills, or items during their turn to defeat the other party. The order which the party moves through the passages and rooms is critical as it affects who may interact with various items, and the available actions that a character can do while in combat; for example, a swordsman in the back of the party cannot easily attack, while range-attack characters like archers and mages can. The positions of heroes can be changed around, but this can consume time or a combat turn. While each dungeon has a target goal, the player can opt to leave the dungeon at any time, retaining all loot collected but forgoing the larger reward for clearing out the dungeon.

A core element of ''Darkest Dungeon'' is its Affliction system, a concept of a hero's stress level or resolve. Though a hero will have little stress when they are hired, it will worsen from a number of factors encountered while in a dungeon, such as adventuring without food or light sources, seeing the death or wounding of a fellow party member in battle, or from blights cast on them by enemies. If the hero's high stress remains unchecked, they may develop afflictions that will interfere with the behavior of the character, such as being frightened and unable to fight directly. Less frequently, a stressed character may develop virtues that enhance their attributes, such as becoming more invigorated within battle. Some afflictions, left unchecked, may become permanent quirks that remain on the character. Other afflictions can be removed back in the village and by performing special activities, such as drinking at a bar or repenting at a church, that occupy the character's time, preventing them from being part of a dungeon party. Stress can be lowered while in a dungeon through camping offered at specific locations, or other restorative items, as well as when back in the nearby town. While camping, the characters will have another set of available skills that can be used to help relieve stress and help with other party members.

==Development==
Chris Bourassa and Tyler Sigman had become friends while working at [[Backbone Entertainment]], and had talked about the idea of building a game together, but their commitments to other studios left them unable to do so. During 2012 and early 2013, they had developed a number of ideas for potential games to develop, from which the core aspects of ''Darkest Dungeon'' bore out.<Ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> In April 2013, they found they had the time to work on this project, and decided it was a "now or never" moment, forming [[British Columbia]]-based Red Hook Studios to develop the game.<ref name="gamasutra may2015">{{cite web | url =
http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/244480/Game_Design_Deep_Dive_Darkest_Dungeons_Affliction_System.php | title = Game Design Deep Dive: Darkest Dungeon's Affliction System | work = [[Gamasutra]] | date = 2015-05-28 | accessdate = 2016-01-22 | first1 = Tyler | last1 = Sigman | first2 = Chris | last2 = Bourass }}</ref><Ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> By 2015, their team included six people in addition to three more supporting their sound, music, and narration for the game.

The core idea of the game was its Affliction system, in which the dungeon-crawling characters would gain stress and eventually afflictions as they explored.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> Bourassa and Sigman noted that while fans of classic [[computer role-playing game|role-playing games]] such as ''[[Eye of the Beholder (video game)|Eye of the Beholder]]'', ''[[The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)|The Bard's Tale]]'', and ''[[Ultima Underworld]]'', most of these games lacked the human element to the characters. They give an example of a character being down to their last [[hit point]] in battle and the player simply making decisions to win, the character reacting regardless of their low health.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> They instead wanted to "toy with player agency", giving moments where the player is reminded they do not have full control of the actions of the adventurers in the party.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> They also sought to alter how most loot systems in role-playing games work so that the player was not always focused on finding the best gear for the characters but instead working to support their characters.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> Bourassa and Sigman were aware that these facets may turn players away from the game due to the difficulty and inability to have full control, but continued to stay true to their vision of the game.<ref name="gamasutra feb2015">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/237092/Darkest_Dungeon_Designing_for_despair_and_kicking_you_when_youre_down.php | title = Darkest Dungeon: Designing for despair, and kicking you when you're down | first = Phill | last = Cameron |date = February 24, 2015 | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[Gamasutra]] }}</ref>

The Affliction system was inspired by psychologically traumatized heroes, both through historical events as well as works of fiction such as Hudson from ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' and the soldiers from ''[[Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' who are transformed by the horrors of combat.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuCUII7eDn4|title=Tyler Sigman Discusses Darkest Dungeon - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-02-21}}</ref> Though they were also inspired by [[Lovecraftian horror]], they did not want to use the concept of "insanity" that is common in that genre, and instead focused more on the nature of stress and how it affected the human psyche.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> Because of the importance of the Affliction system to ''Darkest Dungeon'', the developers spent significant time to make sure that the impact of stress and afflictions were emphasized dramatically in the game's presentation, using special graphics and sound cues to signal the onset of an affliction.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> They also created a "bark system", dialog stated by a character reflecting their current stress, affliction, and other attributes as another means to humanize the characters and remind the player that they do not have full control of the characters.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> Alongside the Affliction system, they developed the town facilities that are used to cure afflictions and reduce stress, using concepts they borrowed from [[tabletop game]]s.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/> They also included Virtues, positive afflictions that can result from high stress situations, and a means of tracking the afflictions of a given character over time, so that in future stress situations the character will often become encumbered by the same afflication, developing a behavioral pattern that the player may be able to use to their benefit.<ref name="gamasutra may2015"/>

A disembodied narrator, voiced by Wayne June, was also included to comment in a sardonic manner throughout the game, furthering the atmosphere they wanted.<ref name="gamasutra feb2015"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shacknews.com/article/92872/darkest-dungeon-review-delightful-terror | title = Darkest Dungeon Review: Delightful Terror | first = Andrew | last = Zucosky | date = January 22, 2016 | accessdate = January 24, 2016 | work = [[Shacknews]] }}</ref> Bourassa had listened to June's readings of various [[H.P. Lovecraft]] works prior to developing the game, which partially inspired ''Darkest Dungeon''. When the two were preparing the game's first teaser trailing, they felt they needed a narrator and approached June for his work. Once the trailer was completed, they recognized that June's voice as narrator was a necessary element for the game.<ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/265011/Road_to_the_IGF_Red_Hook_Studios_Darkest_Dungeon.php | title = Road to the IGF: Red Hook Studios' Darkest Dungeon | work = [[Gamasutra]] | date = February 8, 2016 | accessdate = February 8, 2016 | first = Kris | last = Graft }}</ref> Art assets were created by Bourassa; in addition to the Lovecraftian nature, he wanted to give the game the look of [[woodcut]] and illuminated manuscripts, and took inspiration from eastern European artists such as [[Albrecht Dürer]].<ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> He further modernized the look by using ideas from [[comic book]] artists including [[Mike Mignola]], [[Alan Davis]], [[Chris Bachalo]], and Viktor Kalvachev.<ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> The game uses a homebrewed, lightweight cross-platform [[game engine]] developed by programmer Kelvin McDowell.<ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/>

===Release===
Bourassa and Sigman used their personal savings to fund the creation of Red Hook Studios, and sought to gain a grant from the [[Canada Media Fund]], but were rejected.<ref name="globeandmail"/> Having originally anticipated an eighteen-month development period, they sought a way to fund the extended development period.<Ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> They launched a [[Kickstarter]] campaign in April 2014 for funding; prior to starting the Kickstarter, they made sure they had prepared enough of a media interest, including a trailer for the game released in October 2013, to attract attention at the onset of the campaign.<Ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerSigman/20140305/211326/A_Darkest_Dungeon_Kickstarter_PostMortem_Part_1.php | title = A Darkest Dungeon Kickstarter Post-Mortem (Part 1) | first = Tyler | last = Sigman | date = 2014-03-05 | accessdate = 2015-10-15 | work = [[Gamasutra]] }}</ref> Due to the early marketing, the funding goal of $75,000 was reached within the first two days of the campaign,<ref name="kicktraq">{{cite web|url=http://www.kicktraq.com/projects/1460250988/darkest-dungeon-by-red-hook-studios/#chart-daily|title=Darkest Dungeon by Red Hook Studios by Tyler Sigman :: Kicktraq|publisher=kicktraq.com|accessdate=2014-02-21}}</ref> and completed with over $313,000 of funding from over 10,000 backers.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerSigman/20140718/218975/A_Darkest_Dungeon_Kickstarter_PostMortem_Part_2.php | title = A Darkest Dungeon Kickstarter Post-Mortem (Part 2) | first = Tyler | last = Sigman | date = 2014-07-18 | accessdate = 2015-10-15 | work = [[Gamasutra]] }}</ref><ref name="globeandmail"/>

''Darkest Dungeon'' was released on [[Steam (software)|Steam]] [[Early Access]] on January 30, 2015 for Early Access backers, and Steam Early Access on February 3, 2015 for the public.<ref name="kickstarter">{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1460250988/darkest-dungeon-by-red-hook-studios/posts/1102363|title=Darkest Dungeon Kickstarter Update}}</ref> They used feedback from the Early Access period, particularly through those that streamed their playthrough of the game, to help with playtesting and adjust the balance of the game, while also finding that their approach to gameplay and presentation was validated by positive reception from these streamers.<ref name="gamasutra feb2015"/> Sigman noted that developing in Early Access was comparable to "working while naked in a transparent cube suspended above Times Square", but felt their transparency with players made the final product much better.<Ref name="gamasutra roadtoigf"/> Though Red Hook anticipated releasing the game in October 2015, a personal loss affected one of the team members, and the game was subsequently released on January 19, 2016 for personal computers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-10-15-the-marvellously-malicious-darkest-dungeon-gets-a-release-date | title = The marvellously malicious Darkest Dungeon gets a release date |date = 2015-10-15 | accessdate = 2015-10-15 | first = Robert | last = Purchase | work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref> A cross-buy version for the [[PlayStation 4]] and [[PlayStation Vita]] is expected to release in the second quarter of 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-11-18-oh-no-darkest-dungeon-is-coming-to-ps4-and-vita | title = Oh no! Darkest Dungeon coming to PS4 and Vita in spring | work = [[Eurogamer]] | date = 2015-11-18 | accessdate = 2015-11-18 | first = Robert | last= Purchase }}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
|MC = 86%<ref name="MC">{{cite web | url = http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/darkest-dungeon | title = Darkest Dungeon (pc) | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[MetaCritic]] }}</ref>
|Destruct = 8/10<ref name="dtoid review">{{Cite web | url = http://www.destructoid.com/review-darkest-dungeon-337158.phtml | |title = Darkest Dungeon Review | first = Nic | last = Rowen | date = January 27, 2016 | accessdate = January 27, 2015 | work = [[Destructoid]] }}</ref>
|GI = 9.25/10<ref name="gi review">{{cite web | url = http://www.gameinformer.com/games/darkest_dungeon/b/pc/archive/2016/01/18/aphotic-atmospheric-and-awesome.aspx | title = Darkest Dungeon | first = Daniel | last = Tack | date = January 18, 2016 | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[Game Informer]] }}</ref>
|IGN = 9.1/10<ref name="ign review">{{cite web | url = http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/01/27/darkest-dungeon-review | title = Darkest Dungeon Review | first = Dan | last = Stapleton | date = January 26, 2016 | accessdate = January 26, 2016 | work = [[IGN]] }}</ref>
|PCGUS = 88/100<ref name="pcgamer review">{{cite web | url = http://www.pcgamer.com/darkest-dungeon-review/| title = Darkest Dungeon Review | first = Ian | last = Birnbaum | work = [[PC Gamer]] | date = January 25, 2016 | accessdate = January 25, 2016 }}</ref>
| rev1 = ''[[Hardcore Gamer]]''
| rev1Score = 4/5<ref name="hardcore gamer review">{{cite web|url=http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/01/18/review-darkest-dungeon/187837/|title=Review: Darkest Dungeon |work=[[Hardcore Gamer]]|first=Mark|last=Steighner|date= 18 January 2016|accessdate=2016-01-24}}</ref>
}}

The game received generally positive reviews on its full release in 2016, holding a score of 86% on [[Metacritic]].<ref name="usg review">{{cite web | url = http://www.usgamer.net/articles/darkest-dungeon-pc-review-perched-on-the-precipice | title =
Darkest Dungeon PC Review: Circle in the Dark | first = Kat | last = Bailey | date = January 20, 2016 | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[US Gamer]] }}</ref><ref name="wired review">{{cite web | url = http://www.wired.com/2016/01/darkest-dungeon-review/ | title = Playing Darkest Dungeon Makes You a Middle Manager, Not a Hero | first = Jake | last = Muncy | date = January 22, 2016 | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref><ref name="metro review">{{cite web | url = http://metro.co.uk/2016/01/21/darkest-dungeon-review-stressed-to-hell-5635607/ | title = Darkest Dungeon review – stressed to hell | first = David | last = Jenkins | date = January 21, 2016 | accessdate = January 22, 2016 | work = [[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] }}</ref><ref name="avclub review">{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/review/darkest-dungeon-considers-psychological-toll-adven-231345 | title = Darkest Dungeon considers the psychological toll of adventuring |first = Drew | last = Toal | date = February 2, 2016 | accessdate = February 2, 2016 | work = [[A.V. Club]] }}</ref> ''[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]]'' awarded it a score of 4 out of five, saying "Darkest Dungeon will kill your party, drive you insane, and leave you a gibbering mess at the Sanitarium. Yet it's so compelling and rewarding at the same time, you won't be able to resist diving back in for one more quest."<ref>http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/editorials/reviews/15294-Darkest-Dungeon-Review#&gid=gallery_5442&pid=1</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' awarded it 9.1 out of 10, saying "Darkest Dungeon is a punishing and awesome game of tactics, management, and pushing your luck to the breaking point."<ref name="ign review"/> ''[[PC Gamer]]'' awarded it 88%, saying "A wonderfully executed, brilliantly stressful reinvention of party-based dungeon-crawling, Darkest Dungeon is great fun, even when it’s cruel."<ref name="pcgamer review"/> [[Gamespot]] awarded it a score of 9 out of 10, saying "Darkest Dungeon plays the long game. It builds you up for a grand bout that will test everything you've learned, as well as your ability to plan several in-game weeks out."<ref>http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/darkest-dungeon-review/1900-6416354/</ref>

Red Hook Studios reported that a week after the game's 2016 release, over 650,000 copies of ''Darkest Dungeon'' had been sold, including those from Kickstarter backers and Early Access purchases.<ref name="globeandmail">{{Cite web | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/darkest-dungeon-developers-find-success-in-bcs-budding-gaming-industry/article28409660/ | title = Darkest Dungeon developers find success in B.C.’s growing gaming industry | first = Andrew Glen | last = McCutcheon | date = January 26, 2016 | accessdate = January 28, 2016 | work = [[The Globe and Mail]] }}</ref>

''Darkest Dungeon'' was nominated for three 2016 [[Independent Games Festival]] awards: the Seumas McNally Grand Prize and for Excellence in Visual Art and Audio.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vg247.com/2016/01/06/her-story-2016-igf-awards/ | title = Her Story, Undertale, Darkest Dungeon receive multiple 2016 IGF Award nominations | work = [[VG247]] | date = 2016-01-06 | accessdate = 2016-01-06 | first = Stephany | last = Nunneley }}</ref>

{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

{{Media based on H. P. Lovecraft works}}

[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Crowdfunded video games]]
[[Category:Cthulhu Mythos games]]
[[Category:Dark fantasy video games]]
[[Category:Early access video games]]
[[Category:Indie video games]]
[[Category:Kickstarter projects]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:OS X games]]
[[Category:Roguelike video games]]
[[Category:Role-playing video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Vita games]]
[[Category:Single-player-only video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]
[[Category:Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender]]
[[Category:Windows games]]

List of largest poker tournaments in history (by prize pool)

2016-01-31T04:20:41Z

JaeDyWolf: Adding a tournament held 6 months ago... who knew? :P

For the last eight years, the largest tournament in the world has been the [[World Series of Poker]] Main Event. With the exception of 1992, the [[United States dollar|US$]]10,000 [[Buying in (poker)|buy-in]] tournament has increased in prize pool year-over-year from its start in 1970 until 2007 (the latter a result of the [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006]], which reduced the number of players winning their seats via online play).

The first tournament to reach a million dollar prize pool was the 1983 WSOP Main Event. The WSOP Main Event of 2004 had the first prize pool of above $10,000,000.

The largest non Hold'em Tournament has been the [[2008 World Series of Poker#Event schedule|2008 WSOP $50K HORSE]] with a prize pool of $7,104,000 and the first prize of $1,989,120 going to [[Scotty Nguyen]].<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=29714 Hendon Mob]</ref>

Below are the 30 largest [[poker tournament]]s with respect to the prize pool in [[United States dollar]]s and not number of entrants. This list includes live and [[online poker]].

Currently, the 11 largest prize pools in history have been WSOP Main Events. The largest prize pool outside of the Main Event is the [[2012 World Series of Poker|2012 WSOP]] event known as The Big One for One Drop, held from July 1–3. It featured a buy-in of US$1 million, the largest in poker history. Of the buy-in, $111,111 was a charitable donation to the [[One Drop Foundation]], and the WSOP took no rake. All 48 seats available for that event were filled, resulting in a prize pool of $42,666,672, with over 5 million dollars donated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2012/Jun/3911/THE-BIGGEST-ONE---WORLDS-MOST-SPECTACULAR-POKER-EXTRAVAGANZA-STARTS-SUNDAY.html |title=The Biggest One—World's Most Spectacular Poker Extravaganza Starts Sunday |first=Nolan |last=Dalla |publisher=World Series of Poker |date=June 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 3, 2012}}</ref> The largest pool for any event outside of the WSOP was the 2012 Macau High Stakes Challenge, with a [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]2 million (US$260,000) buy-in plus a rebuy option. The event drew a field of 73, of which 21 made a rebuy, resulting in a prize pool of HK$182,360,000 (slightly over US$23.5 million).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/08/stanley-choi-wins-macau-high-stakes-challenge-13330.htm |title=Stanley Choi Wins Macau High Stakes Challenge for US$6,465,746 |first=Donnie |last=Peters |publisher=''PokerNews.com'' |date=August 31, 2012 |accessdate=October 21, 2012}}</ref>

All of the 30 richest tournaments to date were played in No Limit Hold'em.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Event
! Prize Pool (US$)
! Winner
! 1st Prize
! Ref.
|-
| [[2006 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2006 WSOP Main Event]]
| $82,512,162
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Jamie|Gold}}
| $12,000,000
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=15849 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2010_World_Series_of_Poker#Main_Event|2010 WSOP Main Event]]
| $68,799,059
| {{flagicon|CAN}} {{sortname|Jonathan|Duhamel}}
| $8,944,310
|<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/payouts.asp?grid=764&tid=10878 wsop.com]</ref>
|-
| [[2011 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2011 WSOP Main Event]]
| $64,531,000
| {{flagicon|DEU}} {{sortname|Pius|Heinz}}
| $8,711,956
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PIUS HEINZ WINS 2011 WSOP MAIN EVENT CHAMPIONSHIP|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2011/Nov/3605/PIUS-HEINZ-WINS-2011-WSOP-MAIN-EVENT-CHAMPIONSHIP.html|publisher=WSOP|accessdate=9 November 2011|date=8 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 World Series of Poker#Main event|2008 WSOP Main Event]]
| $64,333,600
| {{flagicon|DNK}} {{sortname|Peter|Eastgate}}
| $9,152,416
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=29730 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2014 World Series of Poker#Main event|2014 WSOP Main Event]]
| $62,820,200
| {{flagicon|SWE}}[[Martin Jacobson]]
| $10,000,000
|<ref>[http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/martin-jacobson-wins-2014-wsop-main-event-26388 Poker News Daily]</ref>
|-
| [[2012 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2012 WSOP Main Event]]
| $62,021,200
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Greg|Merson}}
| $8,527,982
|<ref>[http://www.pokernews.com/live-reporting/2012-world-series-of-poker/event-61-no-limit-hold-em-main-event/payouts.htm pokernews.com]</ref>
|-
| [[2009 World Series of Poker#Main event|2009 WSOP Main Event]]
| $61,043,600
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Joe|Cada}}
| $8,547,042
|<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/tourney/tournament-results.asp?tid=7283&grid=607 wsop.com]</ref>
|-
| [[2015 World Series of Poker#Main event|2015 WSOP Main Event]]
| $60,348,000
| Joe McKeehen
| $7,680,021
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/chipcounts.asp?grid=1136&tid=14268 |title=Event #68: No-Limit Hold'em MAIN EVENT |work=2015 World Series op Poker Chip Counts |publisher=World Series of Poker |accessdate=July 15, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[2007 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2007 WSOP Main Event]]
| $59,784,954
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Jerry|Yang|dab=poker player}}
| $8,250,000
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=26201 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2013 WSOP Main Event]]
| $59,708,800
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Ryan|Riess}}
| $8,359,531
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/chipcounts.asp?grid=968&tid=12861 |title=2013 44th Annual World Series of Poker, Event #62: No-Limit Hold'em Main Event |publisher=''WSOP.com'' |accessdate=July 20, 2013}} Click on the "Prizepool" tab for the first prize.</ref>
|-
| [[2005 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2005 WSOP Main Event]]
| $52,818,610
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Joe|Hachem}}
| $7,500,000
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=14015 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2012 World Series of Poker results#Event 55|2012 WSOP Event 55]] – The Big One for One Drop
| $42,666,672
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Antonio|Esfandiari}}
| $18,346,673
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2012/Jul/3926/ANTONIO-ESFANDIARI-PULLS-OFF-AMAZING-TRICK-BY-WINNING-ONE-DROP.html |title=Antonio Esfandiari Pulls Off Amazing Trick by Winning One Drop |first=Nolan |last=Dalla |publisher=''WSOP.com'' |date=July 3, 2012 |accessdate=July 4, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 World Series of Poker results#Event 57|2014 WSOP Event 57]] – The Big One for One Drop
| $37,333,338
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Daniel|Colman}}
| $15,306,668
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=169391 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2004 World Series of Poker#Main Event|2004 WSOP Main Event]]
| $24,224,400
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Greg|Raymer}}
| $5,000,000
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=6628 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| 2012 Macau High Stakes Challenge Super High Roller
| $23,511,128
| {{flagicon|China}} Stanley Choi
| $6,465,560
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=72912 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| Super High Roller Bowl 2015
| $21,500,000
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Brian|Rast}}
| $7,525,000
| <ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=303034 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 World Series of Poker results#Event 47|2013 WSOP Event 47]] – One Drop High Roller
| $17,891,148
| {{flagicon|USA}} Anthony Gregg
| $4,830,619
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=80517 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[World Poker Tour season 5 results#WPT Championship|2007 WPT Championship]]
| $15,495,750
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Carlos|Mortensen}}
| $3,970,415
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=24516 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| 2013 GuangDong Ltd Asia Millions Main Event
| $15,376,897
| {{flagicon|GER}} {{sortname|Niklas|Heinecker|nolink=1}}
| $4,456,885
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=83462 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[PokerStars Caribbean Adventure|2011 Pokerstars Caribbean Adventure]]
| $15,132,000
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Galen|Hall|nolink=1}}
| $2,300,000
|<ref>[http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/2011-pca-prizes-and-winners.html pokerstarsblog.com]</ref>
|-
| [[PokerStars Caribbean Adventure|2010 Pokerstars Caribbean Adventure]]
| $14,831,300
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Harrison|Gimbel}}
| $2,200,000
|<ref>[http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/2010-pca-payout-structure-and-prizewinne.html pokerstarsblog.com]</ref>
|-
| [[World Poker Tour season 4 results#WPT Championship|2006 WPT Championship]]
| $14,671,250
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Joe|Bartholdi, Jr.}}
| $3,760,165
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=16899 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[2015 World Series of Poker results#Event 58|2015 WSOP Event 58]] – High Roller for One Drop
| $14,249,925
| {{flagicon|CAN}} {{sortname|Jonathan|Duhamel}}
| $3,989,985
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2015/Jun/6391/JONATHAN-DUHAMEL-WINS-2015-HIGH-ROLLER-FOR-ONE-DROP.html |title=Jonathan Duhamel Wins 2015 High Roller for One Drop |first=Nolan |last=Dalla |publisher=''WSOP.com'' |date=June 30, 2015 |accessdate=September 25, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[European Poker Tour season 4 results#EPT 4 Monte Carlo (European Poker Tour Grand Final)|2008 EPT Grand Final]]
| $13,323,417
| {{flagicon|CAN}} {{sortname|Glen|Chorny}}
| $3,196,354
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=31625 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[World Poker Tour season 6 results#WPT Championship|2008 WPT Championship]]
| $13,216,250
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|David|Chiu|dab=poker player}}
| $3,389,140
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=27646 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[European Poker Tour season 5 results#EPT PokerStars Caribbean Adventure|2009 EPT Pokerstars Caribbean Adventure]]
| $12,674,000
| {{flagicon|CAN}} {{sortname|Poorya|Nazari}}
| $3,000,000
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=34797 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| 2011 PokerStars 10th Anniversary Celebration - Sunday Million
| $12,423,200
| {{flagicon|CAN}} {{sortname|Kyle|Weir|nolink=1}} ('First-Eagle')
| $1,146,574.65
| online<ref>[http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/10th_anniversary/2011/pokerstars-10th-anniversary-from-unemplo-089446.html Pokerstarsblog]</ref>
|-
| [[European Poker Tour season 5 results#EPT_5_Monte_Carlo_.28European_Poker_Tour_Grand_Final.29|2009 EPT Grand Final]]
| $12,293,896
| {{flagicon|NLD}} {{sortname|Pieter De|Korver}}
| $3,024,167
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=32210 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|-
| [[WCOOP#2010 Events|2010 World Championship of Online Poker]]
| $12,215,000
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Tyson|Marks}} ('POTTERPOKER')
| $2,278,097.50
| online<ref>[http://www.pokernews.com/news/2010/09/wcoop-day-23-tyson-potterpoker-marks-wins-wcoop-main-event-9072.htm pokernews.com]</ref>
|-
| Seminole Hard Rock 2013 Poker Open Championship Event
| $11,920,000
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{sortname|Blair|Hinkle}}
| $1,745,245
|<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=84270 Hendon Mob]</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:Poker tournaments]]
[[Category:Lists of superlatives]]

Likelihood function

2015-12-08T13:49:34Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 2 edits by 151.232.121.235 (talk): Rv; sentence was fine before. (TW)

In [[statistics]], a '''likelihood function''' (often simply the '''likelihood''') is a function of the [[statistical parameter|parameters]] of a [[statistical model]].
Likelihood functions play a key role in [[statistical inference]], especially methods of estimating a parameter from a set of [[statistic]]s. In informal contexts, "likelihood" is often used as a synonym for "[[probability]]." But in statistical usage, a distinction is made depending on the roles of the outcome or parameter. ''Probability'' is used when describing a function of the outcome given a fixed parameter value. For example, if a coin is flipped 10 times and it is a fair coin, what is the ''probability'' of it landing heads-up every time? ''Likelihood'' is used when describing a function of a parameter given an ''outcome.'' For example, if a coin is flipped 10 times and it has landed heads-up 10 times, what is the ''likelihood'' that the coin is fair?

==Definition==
The ''likelihood'' of a set of parameter values, θ, given outcomes x, is equal to the ''probability'' of those observed outcomes given those parameter values, that is
:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta |x) = P(x | \theta)</math>.

The likelihood function is defined differently for discrete and continuous probability distributions.

===Discrete probability distribution===
Let ''X'' be a random variable with a discrete probability distribution ''p'' depending on a parameter ''θ''. Then the function

:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta |x) = p_\theta (x) = P_\theta (X=x), \, </math>

considered as a function of ''θ'', is called the likelihood function (of ''θ'', given the outcome ''x'' of ''X''). Sometimes the probability on the value ''x'' of ''X'' for the parameter value ''θ'' is written as <math>P(X=x|\theta)</math>; often written as <math>P(X=x;\theta)</math> to emphasize that this differs from <math>\mathcal{L}(\theta |x) </math> which is not a [[conditional probability]], because θ is a parameter and not a random variable.

===Continuous probability distribution===
Let ''X'' be a random variable with a continuous probability distribution with [[probability density function|density function]] ''f'' depending on a parameter ''θ''. Then the function

:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta |x) = f_{\theta} (x), \, </math>

considered as a function of ''θ'', is called the likelihood function (of ''θ'', given the outcome ''x'' of ''X''). Sometimes the density function for the value ''x'' of ''X'' for the parameter value ''θ'' is written as <math>f(x|\theta)</math>, but should not be confused with <math>\mathcal{L}(\theta |x) </math> which should not be considered a conditional probability density.

For discussion about making inferences via likelihood functions, see the method of [[maximum likelihood]] and [[likelihood-ratio test]]ing.

==Log-likelihood==
For many applications, the [[natural logarithm]] of the likelihood function, called the '''log-likelihood''', is more convenient to work with. Because the logarithm is a [[monotonically increasing]] function, the logarithm of a function achieves its [[maximum]] value at the same points as the function itself, and hence the log-likelihood can be used in place of the likelihood in [[maximum likelihood]] estimation and related techniques. Finding the maximum of a function often involves taking the [[derivative]] of a function and solving for the parameter being maximized, and this is often easier when the function being maximized is a log-likelihood rather than the original likelihood function.

For example, some likelihood functions are for the parameters that explain a collection of statistically independent observations. In such a situation, the likelihood function factors into a product of individual likelihood functions. The logarithm of this product is a sum of individual logarithms, and the [[derivative]] of a sum of terms is often easier to compute than the derivative of a product. In addition, several common distributions have likelihood functions that contain products of factors involving [[exponentiation]]. The logarithm of such a function is a sum of products, again easier to differentiate than the original function.

Edwards <ref>Edwards, A.W.F. 1972. ''Likelihood.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (expanded edition, 1992, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore). ISBN 0-8018-4443-6</ref> established the axiomatic basis for use of the log-likelihood ratio as a measure of relative '''support''' for one hypothesis against another. The '''support function''' is then the natural logarithm of the likelihood function. Both terms are used in [[phylogenetics]] but were not adopted in a general treatment of the topic of statistical evidence.<ref> Royall, R. 1997. ''Statistical Evidence.''
Chapman and Hall / CRC, Boca Raton.</ref>

===Example: the gamma distribution===

The [[gamma distribution]] has two parameters ''α'' and ''β''. The likelihood function is

:<math>\mathcal{L} (\alpha, \beta \,|\, x) = \frac{\beta^\alpha}{\Gamma(\alpha)} x^{\alpha-1} e^{-\beta x}</math>.

Finding the maximum likelihood estimate of ''β'' for a single observed value ''x'' looks rather daunting. Its logarithm is much simpler to work with:

:<math>\log \mathcal{L}(\alpha,\beta \,|\, x) = \alpha \log \beta - \log \Gamma(\alpha) + (\alpha-1) \log x - \beta x. \, </math>

Maximizing the log-likelihood first requires taking the [[partial derivative]] with respect to ''β'':

:<math>\frac{\partial \log \mathcal{L}(\alpha,\beta \,|\, x)}{\partial \beta} = \frac{\alpha}{\beta} - x</math>.

If there are a number of independent observations {{nowrap|''x''1, ..., ''x''''n''}}, then the joint log-likelihood will be the sum of individual log-likelihoods, and the derivative of this sum will be a sum of derivatives of each individual log-likelihood:

:<math>\frac{\partial \log \mathcal{L}(\alpha,\beta \,|\, x_1, \ldots, x_n)}{\partial \beta} = \frac{\partial \log \mathcal{L}(\alpha,\beta \,|\, x_1)}{\partial \beta} + \cdots + \frac{\partial \log \mathcal{L}(\alpha,\beta \,|\, x_n)}{\partial \beta} = \frac{n \alpha}{\beta} - \sum_{i=1}^n x_i.</math>

To complete the maximization procedure for the joint log-likelihood, the equation is set to zero and solved for ''β'':

:<math>\hat\beta = \frac{\alpha}{\bar{x}}.</math>

Here <math>\hat\beta</math> denotes the maximum-likelihood estimate, and <math>\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i</math> is the [[sample mean]] of the observations.

==Likelihood function of a parameterized model==
Among many applications, we consider here one of broad theoretical and practical importance. Given a [[parameterized family]] of [[probability density function]]s (or [[probability mass function]]s in the case of discrete distributions)

:<math>x\mapsto f(x\mid\theta), \!</math>

where ''θ'' is the parameter, the '''likelihood function''' is
:<math>\theta\mapsto f(x\mid\theta), \!</math>
written
:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x)=f(x\mid\theta), \!</math>

where ''x'' is the observed outcome of an experiment. In other words, when ''f''(''x'' | ''θ'') is viewed as a function of ''x'' with ''θ'' fixed, it is a probability density function, and when viewed as a function of ''θ'' with ''x'' fixed, it is a likelihood function.

This is not the same as the probability that those parameters are the right ones, given the observed sample. Attempting to interpret the likelihood of a hypothesis given observed evidence as the probability of the hypothesis is a common error, with potentially disastrous consequences in medicine, engineering or jurisprudence. See [[prosecutor's fallacy]] for an example of this.

From a geometric standpoint, if we consider ''f'' (''x'', ''θ'') as a function of two variables then the family of probability distributions can be viewed as a family of curves parallel to the ''x''-axis, while the family of likelihood functions are the orthogonal curves parallel to the ''θ''-axis.

===Likelihoods for continuous distributions===
The use of the [[probability density function|probability density]] instead of a probability in specifying the likelihood function above may be justified in a simple way. Suppose that, instead of an exact observation, ''x'', the observation is the value in a short interval (''x''''j''−1, ''x''''j''), with length Δ''j'', where the subscripts refer to a predefined set of intervals. Then the probability of getting this observation (of being in interval ''j'') is approximately

:<math>\mathcal{L}_\text{approx}(\theta \mid x \text{ in interval } j) = f(x_{*}\mid\theta) \Delta_j, \!</math>

where ''x''* can be any point in interval ''j''. Then, recalling that the likelihood function is defined up to a multiplicative constant, it is just as valid to say that the likelihood function is approximately

:<math>\mathcal{L}_\text{approx}(\theta \mid x \text{ in interval } j)= f(x_{*}\mid\theta), \!</math>

and then, on considering the lengths of the intervals to decrease to zero,

:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x )= f(x\mid\theta). \!</math>

===Likelihoods for mixed continuous–discrete distributions===
The above can be extended in a simple way to allow consideration of distributions which contain both discrete and continuous components. Suppose that the distribution consists of a number of discrete probability masses ''pk''(θ) and a density ''f''(''x'' | ''θ''), where the sum of all the ''p'''s added to the integral of ''f'' is always one. Assuming that it is possible to distinguish an observation corresponding to one of the discrete probability masses from one which corresponds to the density component, the likelihood function for an observation from the continuous component can be dealt with as above by setting the interval length short enough to exclude any of the discrete masses. For an observation from the discrete component, the probability can either be written down directly or treated within the above context by saying that the probability of getting an observation in an interval that does contain a discrete component (of being in interval ''j'' which contains discrete component ''k'') is approximately

:<math>\mathcal{L}_\text{approx}(\theta \mid x \text{ in interval } j \text{ containing discrete mass } k)=p_k(\theta) + f(x_{*}\mid\theta) \Delta_j, \!</math>

where <math>x_{*}\ </math> can be any point in interval ''j''. Then, on considering the lengths of the intervals to decrease to zero, the likelihood function for an observation from the discrete component is

:<math>\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x )= p_k(\theta), \!</math>

where ''k'' is the index of the discrete probability mass corresponding to observation ''x''.

The fact that the likelihood function can be defined in a way that includes contributions that are not commensurate (the density and the probability mass) arises from the way in which the likelihood function is defined up to a constant of proportionality, where this "constant" can change with the observation ''x'', but not with the parameter ''θ''.

==Example 1==
[[Image:likelihoodFunctionAfterHH.png|thumb|400px|The likelihood function for estimating the probability of a coin landing heads-up without prior knowledge after observing HH]]
[[Image:likelihoodFunctionAfterHHT.png|thumb|400px|The likelihood function for estimating the probability of a coin landing heads-up without prior knowledge after observing HHT]]
Let <math>p_\text{H}</math> be the probability that a certain coin lands heads up (H) when tossed. So, the probability of getting two heads in two tosses (HH) is <math>p_\text{H}^2</math>. If <math>p_\text{H} = 0.5</math>, then the [[Conditional probability#Conditioning on a random variable|probability]] of seeing two heads is 0.25.

:<math>P(\text{HH} | p_\text{H}=0.5) = 0.25.</math>

Another way of saying this is that the likelihood that <math>p_\text{H} = 0.5</math>, given the observation HH, is 0.25, that is

:<math>\mathcal{L}(p_\text{H}=0.5 | \text{HH}) = P(\text{HH} | p_\text{H}=0.5) = 0.25.</math>

But this is not the same as saying that the probability that <math>p_\text{H} = 0.5</math>, given the observation HH, is 0.25. The probability of observing HH, given that <math>p_\text{H} = 1</math>, is 1, but it is not true that the probability that <math>p_\text{H} = 1</math>, given the observation HH, is 1. Two heads in a row does not prove that the coin always comes up heads, because two heads in a row is possible for any <math>p_\text{H} > 0</math>.

The likelihood function is not a [[probability density function]]. The integral of a likelihood function is not in general 1. In this example, the integral of the likelihood over the interval [0, 1] in <math>p_\text{H}</math> is 1/3, demonstrating that the likelihood function cannot be interpreted as a probability density function for <math>p_\text{H}</math>.

==Example 2==
{{Main|German tank problem}}

Consider a jar containing ''N'' lottery tickets numbered from 1 through ''N''. If you pick a ticket randomly then you get positive integer ''n'', with probability 1/''N'' if ''n'' ≤ ''N'' and with probability zero if ''n'' > ''N''. This can be written

:<math>P(n|N)= \frac{[n \le N]}{N}</math>

where the [[Iverson bracket]] [''n'' ≤ ''N''] is 1 when ''n'' ≤ ''N'' and 0 otherwise.
When considered a function of ''n'' for fixed ''N'' this is the probability distribution, but when considered a function of ''N'' for fixed ''n'' this is a likelihood function. The [[maximum likelihood]] estimate for ''N'' is ''N''0 = ''n'' (by contrast, the [[Bias of an estimator#Maximum of a discrete uniform distribution|unbiased estimate]] is 2''n'' − 1).

This likelihood function is not a probability distribution, because the total

:<math>\sum_{N=1}^\infty P(n|N) = \sum_{N} \frac{[N \ge n]}{N} = \sum_{N=n}^\infty \frac{1}{N}</math>

is a [[divergent series]].

Suppose, however, that you pick ''two'' tickets rather than ''one''.

The probability of the outcome {''n''1, ''n''2}, where ''n''1 < ''n''2, is

:<math>P(\{n_1,n_2\}|N)= \frac{[n_2 \le N]}{\binom N 2} .</math>

When considered a function of ''N'' for fixed ''n''2, this is a likelihood function. The [[maximum likelihood]] estimate for ''N'' is ''N''0 = ''n''2.

This time the total

:<math>\sum_{N=1}^\infty P(\{n_1,n_2\}|N)
= \sum_{N} \frac{[N\ge n_2]}{\binom N 2}
=\frac 2 {n_2-1} </math>

is a convergent series, and so this likelihood function can be normalized into a probability distribution.

If you pick 3 or more tickets, the likelihood function has a well defined [[mean value]], which is larger than the maximum likelihood estimate. If you pick 4 or more tickets, the likelihood function has a well defined [[standard deviation]] too.

==Relative likelihood==

===Relative likelihood function===
Suppose that the [[maximum likelihood]] estimate for ''θ'' is <math>\hat \theta</math>. Relative plausibilities of other ''θ'' values may be found by comparing the likelihood of those other values with the likelihood of <math>\hat \theta</math>. The '''relative likelihood''' of ''θ'' is defined<ref name='Kalbfleisch'>Kalbfleisch J.G. (1985) ''Probability and Statistical Inference'', Springer (§9.3.)</ref><ref name='Sprott'>Sprott D.A. (2000) ''Statistical Inference in Science'', Springer (chap.2)</ref> as <math>\mathcal{L}(\theta | x)/\mathcal{L}(\hat \theta | x).</math>

A 10% likelihood region for ''θ'' is
:<math>\{\theta : \mathcal{L}(\theta | x)/\mathcal{L}(\hat \theta | x) \ge 0.10\},</math>
and more generally, a ''p''% '''likelihood region''' for ''θ'' is defined<ref name='Kalbfleisch'/><ref name='Sprott'/> to be
:<math>\{\theta : \mathcal{L}(\theta | x)/\mathcal{L}(\hat \theta | x) \ge p/100 \}.</math>
If ''θ'' is a single real parameter, a ''p''% likelihood region will typically comprise an interval of real values. In that case, the region is called a '''likelihood interval'''.<ref name='Kalbfleisch'/><ref name='Sprott'/><ref name=Hudson>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Hudson | first1 = D. J.
| title = Interval Estimation from the Likelihood Function
| journal = [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B]]
| volume = 33
| issue = 2
| pages = 256–262
| doi =
| year = 1971
| pmid =
| pmc =
}}</ref>

Likelihood intervals can be compared to [[confidence interval]]s. If ''θ'' is a single real parameter, then under certain conditions, a 14.7% likelihood interval for ''θ'' will be the same as a 95% confidence interval.<ref name='Kalbfleisch'/> In a slightly different formulation suited to the use of log-likelihoods (see [[Likelihood-ratio test#Distribution: Wilks.27 theorem|Wilks' theorem]]), the test-statistic is twice the difference in log-likelihoods and the probability distribution of the test statistic is approximately a chi-squared distribution with degrees-of-freedom (df) equal to the difference in df's between the two models (therefore, the ''e''−2 likelihood interval is the same as the 0.954 confidence interval; assuming difference in df's to be 1).<ref name=Hudson/>

The idea of basing an [[interval estimate]] on the relative likelihood goes back to [[Sir Ronald Fisher|Fisher]] in 1956 and has been used by many authors since then.<ref name=Hudson/> A likelihood interval can be used without claiming any particular [[coverage probability]]; as such, it differs from [[confidence interval]]s.

===Relative likelihood of models===
The definition of relative likelihood can be generalized to compare different statistical models. This generalization is based on [[Akaike information criterion|AIC]] (Akaike information criterion), or sometimes [[Akaike Information Criterion#AICc|AICc]] (Akaike Information Criterion with correction).

Suppose that, for some dataset, we have two statistical models, ''M''1 and ''M''2. Also suppose that AIC(''M''1) ≤ AIC(''M''2). Then the '''relative likelihood''' of ''M''2 with respect to ''M''1 is defined<ref>Burnham K. P. & Anderson D.R. (2002), ''Model Selection and Multimodel Inference'', §2.8 (Springer).</ref> to be
:exp((AIC(''M''1)−AIC(''M''2))/2)

To see that this is a generalization of the earlier definition, suppose that we have some model ''M'' with a (possibly multivariate) parameter ''θ''. Then for any ''θ'', set ''M''2 = ''M''(''θ''), and also set ''M''1 = ''M''(<math>\hat\theta</math>). The general definition now gives the same result as the earlier definition.

==Likelihoods that eliminate nuisance parameters==
In many cases, the likelihood is a function of more than one parameter but interest focuses on the estimation of only one, or at most a few of them, with the others being considered as [[nuisance parameter]]s. Several alternative approaches have been developed to eliminate such nuisance parameters so that a likelihood can be written as a function of only the [[Nuisance parameter|parameter (or parameters) of interest]]; the main approaches being marginal, conditional and profile likelihoods.<ref>
{{cite book
| title=In All Likelihood: Statistical Modelling and Inference Using Likelihood
| first=Yudi | last=Pawitan | year=2001| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850765-8
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | author = Wen Hsiang Wei
| url= http://web.thu.edu.tw/wenwei/www/glmpdfmargin.htm
| title = Generalized linear model course notes | pages = Chapter 5
| publisher = Tung Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan | accessdate = 2007-01-23 }}</ref>

These approaches are useful because standard likelihood methods can become unreliable or fail entirely when there are many nuisance parameters or when the nuisance parameters are high-dimensional. This is particularly true when the nuisance parameters can be considered to be "missing data"; they represent a non-negligible fraction of the number of observations and this fraction does not decrease when the sample size increases. Often these approaches can be used to derive closed-form formulae for statistical tests when direct use of maximum likelihood requires iterative numerical methods. These approaches find application in some specialized topics such as [[sequential analysis]].

===Conditional likelihood===
Sometimes it is possible to find a [[sufficient statistic]] for the nuisance parameters, and conditioning on this statistic results in a likelihood which does not depend on the nuisance parameters.

One example occurs in 2×2 tables, where conditioning on all four marginal totals leads to a conditional likelihood based on the non-central [[hypergeometric distribution]]. This form of conditioning is also the basis for [[Fisher's exact test]].

===Marginal likelihood===
{{Main|Marginal likelihood}}

Sometimes we can remove the nuisance parameters by considering a likelihood based on only part of the information in the data, for example by using the set of ranks rather than the numerical values. Another example occurs in linear [[mixed model]]s, where considering a likelihood for the residuals only after fitting the fixed effects leads to [[residual maximum likelihood]] estimation of the variance components.

===Profile likelihood===


When the likelihood function depends on many parameters, depending on the application, we might be interested in only a subset of these parameters. It is often possible to reduce the number of the [[nuisance parameter|uninteresting (nuisance) parameters]] by writing them as functions of the parameters of interest. For example, the functions might be the value of the nuisance parameter which maximizes the likelihood given the value of the other (interesting) parameters.

This procedure is called concentration of the parameters and results in the concentrated likelihood function, also occasionally known as the maximized likelihood function, but most often called the '''profile likelihood''' function. It is then possible (and simpler) to find the values of the parameters which maximizes the profile likelihood function (similar to the [[Maximum likelihood]])


For example, consider a [[regression analysis]] model with [[normal distribution|normally distributed]] [[errors and residuals in statistics|errors]]. The most likely value of the error [[variance]] is the variance of the [[errors and residuals in statistics|residuals]]. The residuals depend on all other parameters. Hence the variance parameter can be written as a function of the other parameters.

Unlike conditional and marginal likelihoods, profile likelihood methods can always be used, even when the profile likelihood cannot be written down explicitly. However, the profile likelihood is not a true likelihood, as it is not based directly on a probability distribution, and this leads to some less satisfactory properties. Attempts have been made to improve this, resulting in modified profile likelihood.

The idea of profile likelihood can also be used to compute [[confidence interval]]s that often have better small-sample properties than those based on asymptotic [[Standard error (statistics)|standard errors]] calculated from the full likelihood. In the case of parameter estimation in partially observed systems, the profile likelihood can be also used for [[identifiability analysis]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Raue |first=A
|title=Structural and practical identifiability analysis of partially observed dynamical models by exploiting the profile likelihood
|url=http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/btp358?ijkey=iYp4jPP50F5vdX0&keytype=ref
|journal=Bioinformatics
|year=2009
|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btp358
|pmid=19505944
|last2=Kreutz
|first2=C
|last3=Maiwald
|first3=T
|last4=Bachmann
|first4=J
|last5=Schilling
|first5=M
|last6=Klingmüller
|first6=U
|last7=Timmer
|first7=J
|volume=25
|issue=15
|pages=1923–9
}}</ref>
Results from profile likelihood analysis can be incorporated in [[uncertainty analysis]] of model predictions.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Vanlier |first=J
|title=An integrated strategy for prediction uncertainty analysis
|url=http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/8/1130.long
|journal=Bioinformatics
|year=2012
|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/bts088
|pmid=22355081
|last2=Tiemann
|first2=C
|last3=Hilbers
|first3=P
|last4=van Riel
|first4=N
|volume=28
|issue=8
|pages=1130–5
}}</ref>

===Partial likelihood===
A partial likelihood is a factor component of the likelihood function that isolates the parameters of interest.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Cox |first=D. R. |authorlink=David Cox (statistician)
|title=Partial likelihood
|journal=[[Biometrika]]
|year=1975 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=269–276
|doi=10.1093/biomet/62.2.269 |mr=0400509
}}</ref> It is a key component of the [[proportional hazards model]].

==Historical remarks==
'''Likelihood''' (''eikos'', ''versimilis'') captures the idea that something is likely to happen or to have happened. As a formal concept, it has appeared in [[jurisprudence]], [[commerce]] and [[scholasticism]] long before it was given a rigorous mathematical foundation.<ref>{{citation|author=James Franklin | title=The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2001| ISBN=0-8018-7109-3}}</ref> In English, "likelihood" has been distinguished as being related to, but weaker than, "probability" since its earliest uses. The comparison of hypotheses by evaluating likelihoods has been used for centuries, for example by [[John Milton]] in [[Areopagitica]] (1644): "when greatest likelihoods are brought that such things are truly and really in those persons to whom they are ascribed".

In the Netherlands [[Christiaan Huygens]] used the concept of likelihood in his book "Van rekeningh in spelen van geluck" ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance") in 1657.

In Danish, "likelihood" was used by [[Thorvald N. Thiele]] in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930 |author=[[Anders Hald]]|year=1998 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0-471-17912-4}}</ref><ref>[[Steffen L. Lauritzen]], [http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~steffen/papers/isi99.ps ''Aspects of T. N. Thiele’s Contributions to Statistics'']. ''Bulletin of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'', 58, 27–30, 1999.</ref><ref>
{{cite book|author=[[Steffen L. Lauritzen]]|title=Thiele: Pioneer in Statistics|publisher=[Oxford University Press]|year=2002|pages=288|isbn=978-0-19-850972-1}}</ref>

In English, "likelihood" appears in many writings by [[Charles Sanders Peirce]], where [[Statistical model|model]]-based inference (usually [[abductive reasoning|abduction]] but sometimes including [[inductive reasoning|induction]]) is distinguished from statistical procedures based on [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objective]] [[randomization]]. Peirce's preference for randomization-based inference is discussed in "[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#illus|Illustrations of the Logic of Science]]" (1877–1878) and "[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#SIL|A Theory of Probable Inference]]" (1883)". <blockquote>
"probabilities that are strictly objective and at the same time very great, although they can never be absolutely conclusive, ought nevertheless to influence our preference for one hypothesis over another; but slight probabilities, even if objective, are not worth consideration; and merely subjective likelihoods should be disregarded altogether. For they are merely expressions of our preconceived notions" (7.227 in his ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#CP|Collected Papers]]'').
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"But experience must be our chart in economical navigation; and experience shows that likelihoods are treacherous guides. Nothing has caused so much waste of time and means, in all sorts of researchers, as inquirers' becoming so wedded to certain likelihoods as to forget all the other factors of the economy of research; so that, unless it be very solidly grounded, likelihood is far better disregarded, or nearly so; and even when it seems solidly grounded, it should be proceeded upon with a cautious tread, with an eye to other considerations, and recollection of the disasters caused." (''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#EP|Essential Peirce]]'', volume 2, pages 108–109)
</blockquote>
Like Thiele, Peirce considers the likelihood for a binomial distribution. Peirce uses the [[log odds|logarithm of the odds-ratio]] throughout his career. Peirce's propensity for using the [[log odds]] is discussed by [[Stephen Stigler]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods|first=Stephen M.|last=Stigler|authorlink=Stephen Stigler|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780674009790|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQusWukdPa4C&pg=PA195|quote=[Peirce] found that [his subjects'] estimates varied directly with the log odds that they actually were correct, a remarkable early appearance of the log odds as an experimentally determined measure of certainty}}</ref>

In Great Britain, "likelihood" was popularized in mathematical statistics by [[Ronald Fisher]] in 1922:<ref name=Fisher1922>{{cite journal
| last=Fisher | first=R.A. |authorlink=Ronald Fisher
| journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
| title=On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics
| volume=222
| issue=594–604 | year=1922 | pages=309–368
| url=http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/15172
| jstor=91208 | jfm = 48.1280.02 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1922.0009
}}</ref> "On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics". In that paper, Fisher also uses the term "[[method of maximum likelihood]]". Fisher argues against [[inverse probability]] as a basis for statistical inferences, and instead proposes inferences based on likelihood functions. Fisher's use of "likelihood" fixed the terminology that is used by statisticians throughout the world.

In 2010, the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] published the following "likelihood scale" for use in its [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]]:<ref>M. D. Mastrandrea, C. B. Field, [[Thomas Stocker|T. F. Stocker]], O. Edenhofer, K. L. Ebi, D. J. Frame, H. Held, E. Kriegler, K. J. Mach, P. R. Matschoss, G.-K. Plattner, G. W. Yohe, and F. W. Zwiers, [https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf ''Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties''], [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], 2010.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Term
! Likelihood of the outcome
|-
| Virtually certain
| 99-100 % probability
|-
| Very likely
| 90-100 % probability
|-
| Likely
| 66-100 % probability
|-
| About as likely as not
| 33 to 66 % probability
|-
| Unlikely
| 0-33 % probability
|-
| Very unlikely
| 0-10 % probability
|-
| Exceptionally unlikely
| 0-1 % probability
|}

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Bayes factor]]
* [[Bayesian inference]]
* [[Conditional entropy]]
* [[Conditional probability]]
* [[Likelihood principle]]
* [[Likelihood-ratio test]]
* [[Maximum likelihood]]
* [[Principle of maximum entropy]]
* [[Pseudolikelihood]]
* [[Score (statistics)]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{Citation| last=Hald | first= A. |authorlink=Anders Hald|year=1998| title=A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930| publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons]]| isbn=0-471-17912-4}}.
* {{Citation | title=On the History of Maximum Likelihood in Relation to Inverse Probability and Least Squares| first= A. | last=Hald |authorlink=Anders Hald |journal=[[Statistical Science]] |volume= 14| issue=2 |year=1999 | pages =214–222 | doi=10.1214/ss/1009212248 | jstor = 2676741}}.
* {{Citation |doi=10.1214/aos/1176343457 |title=[[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth|F. Y. Edgeworth]] and [[R. A. Fisher]] on the Efficiency of Maximum Likelihood Estimation | authorlink=John W. Pratt |first= J. W. | last= Pratt| journal=[[The Annals of Statistics]]| volume=4| issue=3 |date=May 1976|pages=501–514 | jstor = 2958222 }}.
* {{Citation |doi=10.2307/2344804 |title=[[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth]], Statistician|first= S. M. | last= Stigler|authorlink=Stephen Stigler|journal= [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A]] | volume=141 |issue= 3 |year= 1978 | pages =287–322 |jstor=2344804 }}.
* {{Citation| first=S. M. | last=Stigler|authorlink=Stephen Stigler|title=The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900| isbn=0-674-40340-1 | year=1986 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]}}.
* {{Citation|first=S. M. | last=Stigler|authorlink=Stephen Stigler|title=Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods | year=1999| isbn=0-674-83601-4|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]}}.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|likelihood}}
* [http://planetmath.org/likelihoodfunction Likelihood function at Planetmath]
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Likelihood.html Likelihood function at Wolfram Mathworld]

{{Portal bar|Statistics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Likelihood Function}}
[[Category:Estimation theory]]
[[Category:Bayesian statistics]]

Talk:Leffen

2015-12-08T13:47:27Z

JaeDyWolf:

{{Old AfD multi | date = 3 February 2015 (UTC) | result = '''keep''' | page = William Hjelte | date2 = 29 September 2015 | result2 = '''keep''' | page2 = William "Leffen" Hjelte}}

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=yes
|class=start
|sports-work-group=yes
|listas=Hjelte, William
}}
{{WikiProject Video games|class=stub|importance=Low|eSports=yes}}
==A couple notes==
I tried cleaning up this article a bit, focusing on style and more careful attribution to sources. The article could definitely benefit from some expansion: in the article, Leffen's competitive ''Melee'' history focuses on Apex 2015. While that tournament was quite significant for Leffen, as he became the first ''Melee'' player to take sets off of all the Melee "gods", Leffen had been notable (at least within the ''Melee'' scene) ''long'' before Apex. If there are good enough sources for it, his tournament history should be greatly fleshed out. —[[User:MathMaven |MathMaven]] ([[User_talk:MathMaven |talk]] '''<big>∫</big>''' [[Special:Contributions/MathMaven |edits]]) 06:45, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
:As much as I'd like to see his tourney history expanded on, most of the sources would end up being SmashBoards or reddit posts, and I'm not sure if that's cool with wikipedia.--[[User:Prisencolinensinainciusol|Prisencolinensinainciusol]] ([[User talk:Prisencolinensinainciusol|talk]]) 01:15, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

== Unreliable sources ==

([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_%22Leffen%22_Hjelte&oldid=684048620&diff=prev diff]) {{ping|Prisencolin|p=}}, the following sources are [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|unreliable]] and should be sourced to a [[WP:VG/RS|vetted vg source]] or otherwise removed: Melee It On Me, Smash Boards, Nintendo Enthusiast, YouTube as a primary source, EventHubs, Reddit, and Twitter when it isn't being used in the set [[WP:SPS|self-published source]] (basic info) way. For instance, it is not notable that a parody Twitter account was created unless a secondary source covers it—it is inappropriate to link to its existence as the reason for its citation. Please revert your edit. [[user talk:czar|czar]] 14:45, 4 October 2015 (UTC)
:I support Czar's stance here. The source are not reliable, and the SPS sources are not used in the appropriate manner... [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 03:20, 7 October 2015 (UTC)
::EventHubs and SmashBoards aren't SPSs, and the portion of SmashBoards used is a database that can't be publicly edited. YouTube videos are a recording of a broadcast and did not originate on the site. This being said I do agree that reddit sources should probably be excised.--[[User:Prisencolin|Prisencolin]] ([[User talk:Prisencolin|talk]]) 15:51, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

== Article name ==

Forgive my OCD, but shouldn't this article be under the name, "William Hjelte", as opposed to his gaming handle, in the interests of consistency? [[Jason Zimmerman]], [[Kevin Nanney]], [[Joseph Marquez]], [[Juan Debiedma]] and [[Adam Lindgren]] are all articles titled based on their first names. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 13:47, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Leffen

2015-12-08T13:35:12Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 24.18.218.177 (talk): Unexplained breaking of sentence. (TW)

{{Infobox Pro Gaming player
| ID = Leffen
| name = William Hjelte
| image =
| caption =
| nickname = L3ff3n Leffen
| name_trans =
| status = Active
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|16}}
| hometown =
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| team = [[Team SoloMid]]
| leagues =
| coach =
| games = ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' ''[[Project M (mod)|Project M]]'' ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U]]'' ''[[Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3]]''
| earnings =
| website =
| years1 = 2015-present
| team1 = Team SoloMid
| years2 =
| team2 =
| years3 =
| team3 =
| years4 =
| team4 =
}}
'''William Hjelte''', (born 16 October 1994) better known as '''L3ff3n''' or '''Leffen''', is a Swedish gamer who primarily plays ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'', in which he is a [[Fox McCloud|Fox]] main. In the ''Melee'' scene he is considered one of the dominant "Top 6" players, the others being [[Juan "Hungrybox" Debiedma]], [[Joseph "Mango" Marquez]], [[Adam "Armada" Lindgren]], [[Jason "Mew2King" Zimmerman]], and [[Kevin "PPMD" Nanney]].<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/one-of-the-best-smash-bros-matches-in-history-went-dow-1683233018|title=One Of The Best Smash Bros. Matches In History Went Down Last Night|first=Patricia|last=Hernandez|website=[[Kotaku]]|date=February 2, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Though Leffen has only recently become considered among the very best ''Super Smash Bros. Melee'' players in the world, Melee It On Me, a well-known group for articles about competitive smash, ranked Hjelte 2nd best in the world in the summer of 2015, a substantial improvement from 14th in the world in 2013 and 6th in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meleeitonme.com/ssbm-rank-2014-6/|title=Melee It On Me - SSBM Rank 2014 (6)|website=Melee It On Me|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Lee}}</ref>

==Career==
Hjelte started playing ''Super Smash Bros.'' in 2009, when he was introduced to ''[[Super Smash Bros. Brawl]]''.<ref name="Red Bull"/> When Leffen eventually transitioned to ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' in 2011, he initially played as a [[Yoshi]] and [[Falco Lombardi|Falco]] player before switching to Fox.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Leffen feels that he made the gradual switch from Falco to Fox because he views Falco as requiring more discipline and Fox being more suited to his play style.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

He placed 9th in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] national tournament B.E.A.S.T 2 within his first year of playing ''Melee''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smashboards.com/threads/melee-in-2011-year-in-review.316388/|title=Melee in 2011: Year in Review|website=[[SmashBoards]]|date=January 3, 2012|author=Juggleguy|accessdate=March 27, 2015}}</ref> Throughout 2014 Leffen began placing highly in tournaments and defeating the top five ''Melee'' players regularly. Prior to [[EVO 2014]], Joe Cribari of ''Nintendo Enthusiast'' listed Leffen among the three "underdogs" with the greatest chance to win the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nintendoenthusiast.com/article/evolution-2014-largest-smash-tournament-players-can-make-history/|title=Who Will Be Crowned Greatest Smash Player Alive at EVO 2014? "5 Gods" vs "3 Underdogs"|website=Nintendo Enthusiast|first=Joe|last=Cribari|date=July 10, 2014|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

In VGBootCamp's Apex 2015 Salty Suite, Hjelte defeated Kashan "Chillin" Khan in a first-to-five set without dropping a single game.<ref>{{cite video |people= |date=February 4, 2015 |title=VGBC's Salty Suite - Leffen (Fox) Vs. Liquid Chillin (Fox) SSBM - Super Smash Bros. Melee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i0PUCX7VEw |format=YouTube |medium=Livestream |publisher=VGBootCamp |accessdate=February 7, 2015 |time=4:37}}</ref> Because of this, Hjelte has the "rights" to use Fox's default color.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/feb/01/leffen-and-chillin-settle-their-super-smash-grudge-one-most-disprespectful-first-five-sets-ever/|title=Leffen and Chillin settle their Super Smash grudge in one of the most disrespectful first to five sets ever|first=John "Velociraptor"|last=Guerrero|website=EventHubs|date=February 1, 2015|accessdate=January 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="eventhubs 1000">{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/feb/01/1000-and-americas-pride-line-mango-plays-leffen-winners-semi-finals-apex-2015/|title=$1,000 and America's pride on the line as Mango plays Leffen in winners semi finals at Apex 2015}}</ref> [[Joseph "Mango" Marquez]] subsequently challenged Hjelte to a {{usd}}1,000 money match if they were to face-off in the Apex Singles bracket. Hjelte would in turn beat Mango when they played in Winners' Semifinals.<ref name="eventhubs 1000"/> After defeating [[Jason "Mew2King" Zimmerman]] at Apex 2015 in singles bracket, Hjelte has taken at least one set off each of the "five gods" of ''Melee''. Hjelte ultimately finished third in [[Apex (tournament series)|Apex]] [[Apex 2015|2015]] ''Melee'' singles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/02/02/apex-2015-fighting-game-tournament-roundup|title=Apex 2015 Fighting Game Tournament Roundup|website=[[IGN]]|first=Michael|last=Martin|date=February 2, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

On 9 March, Hjelte was signed by [[Team SoloMid]] as its first player on their ''Super Smash Bros.'' division, as well as their first fighting game player.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Ian "Iantothemax"|title=Team SoloMid Signs William "Leffen" Hjelte|url=http://shoryuken.com/2015/03/09/team-solomid-signs-william-leffen-hjelte/|website=Shoryuken|publisher=Shoryuken|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref> In the aftermath of his Apex 2015, Leffen is now viewed as one of the ''Melee'' gods.<ref name="Red Bull">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us/en/esports/stories/1331713136573/friendlies-tsm-leffen-the-villain|title=Friendlies: TSM Leffen, Smash's Loveable Villain|first=Barrett|last=Womack|date=24 March 2015|website=[[Red Bull]]|accessdate=March 27, 2015}}</ref> At CEO 2015 in [[Orlando, Florida]], Leffen won his first American major, defeating Armada. Unfortunately, he placed 5th at [[EVO 2015]] later that year, despite being a favorite to win. He was upset by Panda Gaming's Justin "Plup" McGrath who played [[Samus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/7/20/9006025/evo-2015-highlights|title=Evo 2015: 12 great fights you shouldn't miss|first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=July 20, 2015|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> ''Melee it on Me'' ranked Leffen as the 2nd best player in the world in their summer 2015 mid-season rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thescoreesports.com/news/4122|title=Leffen denied entry to USA for Smash tournament|first= Matt|last=Demers|website=[[TheScore eSports]]|date=October 1, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Leffen was barred from entering the United States just before The Big House 5 tournament because he was travelling on a [[Electronic System for Travel Authorization]] (ESTA) and employed by US-based [[Team SoloMid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thescoreesports.com/news/4122|title=Leffen denied entry to USA for Smash tournament|first= Matt|last= Demers|date= October 1, 2015|accessdate=November 8, 2015}}</ref>

===Other games===
Hjelte has competed in fighting games including ''[[Ultra Street Fighter IV]]'', ''[[Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3]]'', and ''[[The King of Fighters XIII]]''. In an interview with EventHubs prior to Apex 2015, he suggested he might play ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd]]'' on his [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] stream after [[Apex 2015]] concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/jan/29/4-5-smash-gods-fell-his-confidence-and-lack-fear-leffen-talks-apex-smash-4-his-mindset-guilty-gear-xrd-and-more/|title=4 of the 5 Smash gods fell to his confidence and lack of fear - Leffen talks Apex, Smash 4, his mindset, Guilty Gear Xrd and more|website=EventHubs|first=Nicholas "MajinTenshinhan"|last=Taylor|date=January 29, 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hjelte's father is Korean-Swedish, who was [[International adoption of South Korean children|adopted]] from [[South Korea]] and his mother is Swedish.<ref name="ggnoread">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggnoread.com/ssb/ggnoread-interview-with-leffen-part-1/|title=Interview with Leffen, Part 1|date=November 2, 2014|website=GGNOREAD|first=Jung|last=Shin|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Despite this, Hjelte says his family does not regularly follow [[Culture of Korea|Korean cultural traditions]].<ref name="ggnoread"/>

Leffen has stated his goal is not to just be the best Super Smash Bros player, but the best fighting game player.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hjelte|first1=William|title=Meet TSM Leffen|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf5aS-m2xBw|website=Youtube|accessdate=24 April 2015|quote=Event occurs at 3:09}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Leffen is a controversial figure in the ''Super Smash Bros.'' scene, where he has been called a "villain" due to alleged acts of bad [[sportsmanship]], which has included insulting other players of the game and starting drama within online forums involving the game series.<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.majorleaguegaming.com/blog/players-mlg-anaheim-smash-bros-qualifiers|title=Meet the players in the MLG Anaheim Smash Bros. Tournament|website=[[Major League Gaming]] blog|date=June 17, 2015|author=pitmonkey|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meleeitonme.com/evidence-zip/|title=Evidence.zip|website=Melee It On Me|first=Daniel|last=Lee|date=January 27, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> He was banned from attending tournaments in [[Sweden]] and from [[SmashBoards]] for much of 2013 because of these reasons.<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku"/> The accusations against Leffen were contained in a [[Zip (file format)|Zip]] file called "evidence.zip".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/esports/team-solomid-leffen-sponsorship/|title=Team SoloMid enters Smash Bros with Leffen pickup|first= Imad |last=Khan|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref>

==Notable tournament placings==

===''Melee''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smashboards.com/rankings/leffen.121016/user?id=2|title=Melee|website=[[SmashBoards]]|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>!!Date!!1v1 Placement!!2v2 Placement!!Partner
|-
|B.E.A.S.T||January 7–9, 2011||9th||13th||AJP
|-
|GENESIS 2||July 15–17, 2011||17th||13th||AJP
|-
|B.E.A.S.T II||August 10–14, 2011||4th||5th||AJP
|-
|[[Apex 2012]]||January 6–8, 2012||33rd||25th||Zoler
|-
|Epita Smash Arena 5||April 20–23, 2012||5th||2nd||Fuzzyness
|-
|Smashers' Reunion: Melee Grande||July 13–15, 2012||3rd||2nd||[[Kevin Nanney|Dr. PeePee]]
|-
|King Funk's Castle II: Måske||October 4–7, 2012||3rd||2nd||Ice
|-
|[[Apex 2013]]||January 11–13, 2013||17th||5th||Ice
|-
|[[EVO 2013]]||July 12–14, 2013||9th||5th||Ice
|-
|[[Apex 2014]]||January 17–19, 2014||4th||9th||Dr. PeePee
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 4||February 12–16, 2014||1st||2nd||Ice
|-
|Republic of Fighters 3||May 17–18, 2014||1st||2nd||Fuzzyness
|-
|[[MLG Anaheim 2014]]||June 20–22, 2014||5th||5th||Hax
|-
|[[EVO 2014]]||July 11–13, 2014||9th||3rd||Ice
|-
|COMEBACK I||August 1–3, 2014||2nd||1st||Beat
|-
|Hit & Stun Tournament 2||September 6–7, 2014||3rd||2nd||Ice
|-
|The Big House 4||October 4–5, 2014||3rd||3rd||Hax
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||2nd||2nd||Ice
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||1st||2nd||Ice
|-
|Paragon 2015||January 17–18, 2015||3rd||3rd||MacD
|-
|[[Apex 2015]]||January 30-February 1, 2015||3rd||3rd||Ice
|-
|I'm Not Yelling||April 11-12, 2015||3rd||1st||MacD
|-
|Press Start||May 9-10, 2015||9th||2nd||MacD
|-
|CEO 2015||June 26-28, 2015||1st||2nd||HungryBox
|-
|FC Smash 15XR: Return||July 4-5, 2015||1st||-||-
|-
|WTFox||July 10-11, 2015||1st||2nd||Mango
|-
|[[EVO 2015]]||July 17-19, 2015||5th||-||-
|-
|Super Smash Con||August 6-9, 2015||1st||1st||MacD
|-
|PAX Prime 2015||August 28-30, 2015||2nd||1st||MacD
|-
|Paragon Los Angeles 2015||September 5-6, 2015||5th||-||-
|-
|HTC Throwdown 2015 ||September 9, 2015 || 1st || − ||−
|}

===''Project M''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 Placement!!2v2 Placement!!Partner
|-
|King Funk's Castle II: Måske||October 4–7, 2012||2nd||1st||Fuzzyness
|-
|Apex 2014||January 17–19, 2014||9th||—||—
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 4||February 12–16, 2014||3rd||—||—
|-
|COMEBACK I||August 1–3, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|Hit & Stun Tournament 2||September 6–7, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|The Big House 4||October 4–5, 2014||33rd||—||—
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||4th||—||—
|}

===''Super Smash Bros. for 3DS''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 placement!!2v2 placement!!Partner
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||1st||—||—
|}

===''Super Smash Bros. for Wii U''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 placement!!2v2 placement!!Partner
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||3rd||—||—
|}

===''Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!Placement
|-
|Republic of Fighters 3||May 19, 2014||7th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|tsm_leffen}}

{{Team SoloMid}}
{{Competitive Super Smash Bros.}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = William Hjelte
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Leffen
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Swedish electronic sports player
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 October 1994
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Sweden
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hjelte, William}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Super Smash Bros. players]]
[[Category:Swedish esports players]]
[[Category:Team SoloMid players]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

User talk:2A02:C7D:7025:B600:C8F:188E:99A0:36C0

2015-12-08T13:20:40Z

JaeDyWolf: General note: Unconstructive editing on Jason Somerville. (TW)

== December 2015 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7D:7025:B600:C8F:188E:99A0:36C0|your recent contributions]] to [[:Jason Somerville]] has been undone because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:JaeDyWolf|my talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Jason Somerville

2015-12-08T13:20:32Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 2A02:C7D:7025:B600:C8F:188E:99A0:36C0 (talk) to last revision by 92.24.110.49. (TW)

{{Infobox poker player
|name = Jason Somerville
|nickname = jcarverpoker (PokerStars), Jcarver (Full Tilt), Taknapotin (former Pokerstars)
|residence = [[Toronto]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|04|15}}

|wsop bracelet count = 1
|wsop final tables = 5
|wsop money finishes = 20
|wsop main event best finish rank = 69th
|wsop main event best finish year = 2012
|wsop main event best finish year 2 =
|wsop main event best finish year 3 =
|wsop main event best finish year 4 =

|wpt titles = 0
|wpt final tables = 1
|wpt money finishes = 4

|ept titles = 0
|ept final tables = 0
|ept money finishes = 2

|updated = 2015-05-08
}}

'''Jason 'JCarver' Somerville''' (born April 15, 1987) is an [[United States|American]] professional [[poker player]] and [[Team PokerStars]] Pro specializing in [[Texas Hold'em]].<ref>http://www.bluff.com/news/pokerstars-signs-jason-somerville-launches-twitch-channel-63949/</ref> He has one [[World Series of Poker bracelet]] and 3.9 million in live tournament results.<ref>http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=52937</ref> He is the founder of Run It UP, a video/live stream series where viewers are encouraged to watch, listen, and learn as he turns $50 into $10,000.<ref>http://www.pokernews.com/news/2014/03/jason-somerville-feature-17643.htm</ref> He has been a contributor to the PokerVT training team as an advanced instructor in [[poker tournament]]s and a “Ones to Watch” for the [[World Poker Tour]] XI Season.

==Career==
Somerville discovered [[poker]] in 2004 while watching the [[World Poker Tour]] with his dad on television. Shortly thereafter, he began researching the game on the internet and playing locally with friends. Graduating from high school that year, a year early, he began playing [[Freeroll|freeroll tournaments]] online hoping to emerge into real money poker. In doing so, he turned “free” money into a six-figure bankroll without ever making a single deposit.<ref>{{cite web|title=JCarver: Origins|url=http://jcarver.badbeatscrew.com/poker/jcarver-origins|work=http://jcarver.badbeatscrew.com/tag/origins/|publisher=Bad Beats Crew|accessdate=2012-09-24|author=Jason Somerville}}</ref> From the ages of 18-20, Somerville added live tournaments to his online schedule where he was legally able to do so. He has played at the [[World Series of Poker]] every year since turning 21, as well as many other tournaments around the world, gaining increasing success and notoriety with each year. In 2013, Jason Somerville signed as a sponsored Pro with Ultimate Poker, the official gaming partner of the UFC.<ref>http://www.ufc.com/media/ultimate-poker</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Somerville, Poker Biography|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/poker-biography/jason-somerville.htm|publisher=PokerPages.com|accessdate=2012-09-24|author=Jennifer Newell}}</ref> In 2008, Somerville joined the PokerVT training team as an instructor in the advanced [[poker tournament]] arena.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason "JCarver" Somerville|url=http://pokervt.com/poker-pro/jason-jcarver-somerville/|publisher=PokerVT.com|accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> In 2012, the [[World Poker Tour]] named him a “Ones to Watch” for their eleventh season (2012-2013).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Somerville|url=http://www.worldpokertour.com/Shared/Players/Bios/J/Jason_Somerville.aspx|work=WPT Season XI Ones to Watch|publisher=WPT Enterprises, Inc|accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> On February 27, 2015, Jason was announced as a [[Team Pokerstars]] Pro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Somerville signs with Team PokerStars Pro|url=https://www.pokerstars.com/en/blog/team_pokerstars_pro/2015/jason-somerville-signs-with-team-pokerst-154235.shtml|work=Pokerstars Blog|publisher=Pokerstars, Inc|accessdate=2015-05-08}}</ref>

===Online Poker===
Somerville has over 250 online tournament "[[in the money]]" finishes, totaling over $2.2 million in online tournament winnings. In 2009, he cashed his first [[Spring Championship of Online Poker]] event earning $35,140 for a 20th-place finish and cashed in five [[World Championship of Online Poker]] events, including one final table, for a combined $21,760. In 2010, he won his first [[Spring Championship of Online Poker|SCOOP]] event and cashed in five others, including another final table finish, for $448,421 and three [[World Championship Of Online Poker|WCOOP]] events for $19,100.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Somerville|url=http://www.bluffmagazine.com/players/jason-somerville/33356/online-poker-results.asp|publisher=Bluff Magazine|accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>

In April 2011, [[online poker]] was [[United States v. Scheinberg|shut down in the USA]]. Somerville was mostly absent from online tournament poker until 2013 when Ultimate Poker brought legalized and regulated online poker back to America, having chosen not to relocate out of the country.<ref>http://www.pokernews.com/news/2013/04/ultimate-poker-to-deal-historic-first-legal-hand-of-online-p-14874.htm</ref>

In September 2012, Somerville cashed in six [[World Championship Of Online Poker|WCOOP]] events, including two final tables, for $31,453.

====Ultimate Poker====
On May 31, 2013, Somerville, [[Jonathan Little]], and [[William Reynolds (poker player)|William Reynolds]] joined [[Antonio Esfandiari]] as the first members of the [[Ultimate Poker]] team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerville, Little & Reynolds Sign with UltimatePoker|url=http://www.bluff.com/news/jonathan-little-william-reynolds-sign-with-ultimatepoker-42652/|publisher=Bluff Magazine|author=Paul Oresteen|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref>

In October 2014, Somerville and [[Ultimate Poker]] parted ways. The parting was due to financial consequences created by Ultimate Poker’s withdrawal from the [[New Jersey]] market.<ref>http://www.pokernews.com/news/2014/10/jason-somerville-discusses-departure-from-ultimate-poker-fut-19460.htm</ref>

===Live Poker===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Total !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014
|-
| Worldwide Results<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Somerville|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=52937|work=The Hendon Mob Poker Database|publisher=The Hendon Mob|accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref> || $3,900,480|| $451 || $555 || $31,934 || $17,869 || $425,794 || $722,384 || $525,274 || $783,703 || $19,120 || $1,347,352
|}

====WSOP====
In 2008, Somerville played his first [[World Series of Poker]] schedule, cashing in three [[Texas hold 'em|No Limit Hold’em]] events for $16,027. In 2009, he cashed in 3 No-Limit Hold'em events for $311,786 with 2 [[final table]] finishes. In 2010, he cashed in four No-Limit Hold'em events for $640,904 with 2 [[final table]] finishes and his first [[WSOP Main Event]]. In 2011, Jason won his first [[WSOP bracelet|bracelet]] in a $1,000 [[NLHE|No Limit Texas Hold’em]] event, defeating a field of 3,175 players, and cashed in one other No-Limit Hold'em event that year for $525,274. In 2012, he cashed in 3 No-Limit Hold'em events for $124,683, including his deepest yet run in the [[WSOP Main Event]] placing 69th of 6,598 players. That same summer he also placed 3rd in No Limit Hold’em [[satellite tournament]] to the Big One for One Drop $1,000,000 [[buying in (poker)|buy-in]] tournament for $400,000.

====Other Notable Events====
In April 2009, Somerville placed 19th in the €10,000 [[European Poker Tour|EPT]] [[Texas hold 'em|No Limit Hold’em]] Grand Final in [[Monte Carlo]] for $68,372. In October later that year, he placed 73rd in the [[European Poker Tour|EPT]] €5,000 [[Texas hold 'em|No Limit Hold’em]] Main event in [[London]] for $14,646. In January 2010, he placed 4th in the Poker Caribbean Adventures $5,000 [[Texas hold 'em|No Limit Hold’em]] tournament for $81,480. In February 2012, he made the final table, placing 6th, of the [[World Poker Tour]] Los Angeles Poker Classic $5,000 [[Texas hold 'em|No Limit Hold’em]] tournament for $202,910. In June 2014, Somerville FYF'd a 100k High Roller tournament at the Bellagio and chopped into 4th place money for $1,327,352.

===Online poker content===
Somerville began his online video career creating strategy videos for [[PokerVT]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokervt.com/poker-pro/jason-jcarver-somerville/|title=Jason "JCarver" Somerville|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref>

Somerville posted his first YouTube series titled "Eating Cake" to [[YouTube]] on December 2, 2011. The series lasted 30 episodes, with the final episode being published on February 13, 2012. After [[Russell Thomas (poker player)|Russell Thomas]] made the final table of the 2012 [[WSOP Main Event]], he contacted Somerville to help him prepare during the three months leading up to the October 28 event. Somerville chronicled the experience in a six episode documentary series titled "The Final Table".

Since August 2013, Somerville has periodically released videos for a series titled "STORYTIME: Life and Times of J. Carver" in which he tells the story of how his career in poker began and has progressed throughout the years. Also discussed is the origin of the name "JCarver." The series currently sits at six parts, although Somerville has expressed interested in creating more videos for the series in the future.

On April 14, 2014, [[PokerNews]] announced that Somerville would cohost the live hour-long PokerNews Podcast every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday during the 2014 [[World Series of Poker]], available on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2014/04/jason-somerville-cohost-pokernews-podcast-wsop-18028.htm|title=Jason Somerville to Cohost PokerNews Podcast During the 2014 World Series of Poker|publisher=PokerNews|accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref>

===Run It Up===
As of early 2014, Somerville has focused on live-streaming poker sessions for Run It Up on his [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] channel. He was signed to [[Team PokerStars]] and began Season 3 of his Twitch stream on March 1, 2015.<ref name="PokerStars">{{cite web | url=http://www.bluff.com/news/pokerstars-signs-jason-somerville-launches-twitch-channel-63949/ | title=PokerStars Signs Jason Somerville, Launches Twitch Channel | work=Bluff Magazine | date=27 February 2015 | accessdate=1 March 2015 | author=Bradley, Lance}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Somerville was born and raised in [[Long Island, New York]]. While signed with [[Ultimate Poker]] from 2013-2014, he has resided in [[Las Vegas]]. In early 2015 he moved to [[Toronto]] so he could play on PokerStars, which is not available in the United States.<ref name="PokerStars" />

On [[Valentine’s Day]] of 2012, Somerville [[coming out|came out]] as [[gay]] in a [[blog]] post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jcarver.badbeatscrew.com/thoughts-and-theory/real-talk/ |title=not a problem » Blog Archive » real talk |publisher=Jcarver.badbeatscrew.com |date=2012-02-14 |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> He is the first, and currently the only, openly gay [[High Stakes Poker|high-stakes]] male player. He has found great support both from within the [[poker]] community and from media outlets outside of the world of [[poker]], including [[Perez Hilton]] and [[The Advocate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WSOP success for Somerville 2.0|url=http://espn.go.com/poker/story/_/id/8288062/blog-gives-jason-somerville-balance-poker-felt|publisher=ESPN|author=Gary Wise|date=2012-09-21|accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://runitup.com/ Official Website]
* [https://twitter.com/jasonsomerville Verified Twitter Account]
* [http://manschoolshow.com/blog/2013/8/21/class-30-the-poker-player-who-came-out-of-the-closet Jason Somerville in-depth podcast interview about coming out, winning big, and UFC]

{{2010s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Somerville, Jason
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Jcarver
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 15, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Somerville, Jason}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:LGBT people from the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Long Island]]

Shithead (card game)

2015-12-05T15:26:42Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by Lcgerms132 (talk): The vast majority of variants I've played do allow the clearing player to then play another card. (TW)

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Shed
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[File:shithead.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = A hand during a game of Shithead
| alt_names = F-Knows, Lungnut, China Hand, Palace, Shed, Karma, Danish, or "OG"
| type = Shedding-type
| players = 2-4 (recommended); 5 maximum
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = [[French deck|French]]
| play = Variable
| card_rank = Highly variable
| origin =
| related = [[Paskahousu]]
| playing_time = 5 mins.+
| random_chance = High
| skills = Memory
}}

'''Shithead''' (also known as '''Karma''', '''Palace''', '''Shed''' and by many other names<ref name="parlett"> {{cite book | title=The Penguin Encyclopedia of Card Games|author=Parlett, David | authorlink=David Parlett | year=1979 | pages=480 | isbn=0140280324|quote=(Karma, Palace, Shed, many other names)}}</ref>) is a [[card game]] similar to the Finnish game [[Paskahousu]]. In the game the object is to [[Card game#Shedding games|lose]] all of one's [[Playing card|cards]], with the last player to do so being the "shithead",<ref name="pagat">[http://www.pagat.com/beating/shithead.html Pagat.com rules of Shithead]</ref> who must deal the next game and may be subject to some minor forfeit of the group's choice, such as fetching the next round of drinks.

The game, and variations of it, is popular in many countries amongst [[Backpacking (travel)|backpacker]]s, and as a result is widespread.<ref name="parlett"/><ref name="pagat"/> Although the basic structure of the game generally remains constant there are often regional variations of the game's original rules. It is usually played by the Bardéèl convention.

==Rules==
There are many variations of the rules, and there is no universally accepted set. A common{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} set of rules is listed here.

===Dealing the cards===
From a standard, shuffled deck of 52 cards, each player is dealt three 'face down cards' in a row. Players are not allowed to see or change these cards. On top of the 'face down cards', they are dealt the same number of 'face up cards'. Three cards are again dealt to each player (face down), and this becomes the player's 'hand'. Players are then allowed to switch the cards in their 'hand' with their 'face up cards' in an attempt to produce a strong set of 'face up cards' for later in the game. Other versions have the dealer dealing each player three face-down cards, then dealing them each six cards. The player then chooses the three best and lays them down The dealer places the remaining cards face-down in the 'deck'. Players will lay their cards in turn in the 'pick up pile' or 'pile'.

===Starting play===
After the cards have been dealt, players lay cards in turn onto the pick up pile, starting with the ''first'' player to lay a three. If nobody has a three, then the holder of a four must lay and so-on. If two players hold a four, the first player with a four after the dealer begins the game. Play will then continue in a clockwise direction until the cards dictate otherwise. Other variations start with the person left of the dealer.

===Rules of Play===
Each player must lay a card equal to or higher in value than the one at the top of the pick up pile, then draw cards from the deck so they have at least 3 cards in their hand (unless the deck has run out of cards or they already have 3 or more cards in their hand). If a player has no single card that is higher in value than the previous card they may play a pair of cards, in which case the next player must play a higher pair or a triple. If they cannot play a card (or cards), they must pick up the pick-up pile (put it in their hand) and end their turn. In some variants when two cards of the same value are played the next player is skipped.

Play continues sequentially in a clockwise direction unless certain wildcards are played, depending on rule set.

[[File:Shithead1 (card game).JPG|thumb|A game of shithead in its final phase]]

When a player has no more cards in his or her hand, and the deck is empty, he or she may proceed to play from their three face up cards onto the pick up pile. They may not play from this set of cards until they have finished with their hand. If the deck is empty and there are no cards in the player's hand, he or she may lay one or more (if they share the same rank) of the face up cards on the pile. The rank of the face up card must be higher than the rank of the card on the top of the pile, otherwise the player cannot play the face up card and must pick up the pile.

Picking up the pile can often put a player at a great disadvantage when many cards have been played as they will have more cards to lose than other players. Even so, it is still possible to quickly recover from this handicap.

Once all of the face up cards have been played, a player must then play their face down cards, which are known as "blind cards". These must be turned over so that all the group may see what has been played. If the card is less than the previous card played, they must pick up the pile and put it in their hand, forcing them to play their hand again before progressing to the rest of their face down cards.

If a player is able to complete a set in turn (e.g. complete four-of-a-kind {{cards|8h|8d|8s|8c}}) he or she can do so clearing (burning) and removing the entire pile from play. For example, if a player first plays {{cards|7h|7d|7s}} and the next player in turn has the {{cards|7c}} he or she can drop that card to complete the set thus clearing the pile. The player who clears may play another card after. Some alternate rule sets allow players to clear at any time in or out of turn. Other rules make the a four-of-a-wild a normal wild.

If a player has no cards left to play, they are out. The loser, known as "The Shithead" is the last player left in the game. Under most rules the shithead's only role is to deal the next set of cards. Players may adapt this so that the shithead is also required to fulfill a forfeit.

===Wildcards and special attributes===
Aside from the basic order of play, the core aspect of Shithead is the "wildcards". These vary greatly depending on regional variations, though the core of the rules remains the same. With certain exceptions, wildcards may be played on any other card.

Most variants have the 2 and 10 as wildcards, which may be played onto any card, and can be followed by any card. Playing a 10 or a 4-of-a-kind removes the discard pile from the game, and gives the active player another turn. There are two important distinctions between a 2 and a 10; whilst both may be laid on any card, the 2 does not "burn" the pile, and does not entitle the player to another turn: Following a 2 the player's turn is ended and the subsequent player is then free to play any card he or she wishes. After a 10 is played, the same player may play any card, though without picking up a fresh card from the deck. Additionally, 4 of a kind can only be played in sequence, but does entitle the player to an additional turn to lay. <ref name="pagat"/>

Many rulesets and house rules give special attributes to other card values, such as reversing the order of play,<ref name="pagat"/> requiring the next play to be ''lower'' than the played card,<ref name="pagat"/> forcing the next player to miss a turn,<ref name="pagat"/> or having a particular value card be considered "glass", with the next player playing as if that card were not on the discard pile.<ref name="pagat"/>

Also additional rules at the end of the game involve 3 cards. The 3 card, the 8 card and the joker card. Your final 3 cards that you turn over can change the game entirely. As the final person to turn over the cards, if you turn over a 3 as your last card instead of winning, you lose by 3.

Having lost the game, you still turn over your face down cards in whichever order you wish. If your last card turned is a joker, you win the game by 3. If you turn over an 8, you just simply win the game.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cardgames}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shithead (Card Game)}}
[[Category:Anglo-American playing card games]]
[[Category:Shedding-type card games]]
[[Category:Two-player card games]]
[[Category:Year of introduction missing]]

User talk:112.209.37.218

2015-12-01T14:08:52Z

JaeDyWolf: Caution: Unconstructive editing on Bayes' theorem. (TW)

== December 2015 ==
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Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 13:15, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Bayes' theorem]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 14:08, 1 December 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Bayes' theorem

2015-12-01T14:08:44Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 112.209.37.218 (talk) to last revision by Oshwah. (TW)

[[File:Bayes' Theorem MMB 01.jpg|thumb|right|A blue neon sign, showing the simple statement of Bayes' theorem]]
{{Bayesian statistics}}
In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], '''Bayes' theorem''' (alternatively '''Bayes' law''' or [[Bayes' rule]]) describes the [[probability]] of an [[event (probability theory)|event]], based on conditions that might be related to the event. For example, suppose one is interested in whether Addison has cancer, and that she is 65. If cancer is related to age, information about Addison's age can be used to more accurately assess the probability of her having cancer using Bayes' Theorem.

When applied, the probabilities involved in Bayes' theorem may have different [[probability interpretation]]s. In one of these interpretations, the theorem is used directly as part of a particular approach to [[statistical inference]]. With the [[Bayesian probability]] interpretation the theorem expresses how a subjective degree of belief should rationally change to account for evidence: this is [[Bayesian inference]], which is fundamental to [[Bayesian statistics]]. However, Bayes' theorem has applications in a wide range of calculations involving probabilities, not just in Bayesian inference.

Bayes' theorem is named after Rev. [[Thomas Bayes]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|z}}; 1701–1761), who first{{citation needed| reason="first EVER?"|date=February 2015}} showed how to use new evidence to update beliefs. It was further developed by [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], who first published the modern formulation in his 1812 ''[[Pierre-Simon Laplace#Analytic theory of probabilities|Théorie analytique des probabilités]]''. [[Harold Jeffreys|Sir Harold Jeffreys]] put Bayes' algorithm and Laplace's formulation on an axiomatic basis. Jeffreys wrote that Bayes' theorem "is to the theory of probability what the [[Pythagorean theorem]] is to geometry".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jeffreys |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Jeffreys |year=1973 |title=Scientific Inference |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-521-18078-8 |page=31}}</ref>

==Statement of theorem==
[[File:Bayes' Theorem 2D.svg|thumb|Visualization of Bayes' theorem by the superposition of two [[decision tree]]s]]
Bayes' theorem is stated mathematically as the following equation:<ref>{{Citation | first1= A. | last1= Stuart | first2= K. | last2= Ord | title= Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics: Volume I—Distribution Theory | year= 1994 | publisher= [[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] | at= §8.7}}.</ref>

:<math>P(A|B) = \frac{P(A)\, P(B | A)}{P(B)},</math>

where ''A'' and ''B'' are [[Event (probability theory)|events]].

* ''P''(''A'') and ''P''(''B'') are the [[marginal probability|probabilities]] of ''A'' and ''B'' without regard to each other.
* ''P''(''A'' | ''B''), a [[conditional probability]], is the probability of observing event ''A'' given that ''B'' is true.
* ''P''(''B'' | ''A''), is the probability of observing event ''B'' given that ''A'' is true.

==Examples==
===Cancer at age 65===
Suppose we want to know a person's probability of having cancer, but we don't know anything about him or her. Despite not knowing anything about that person, a probability can be assigned based on the general prevalence of cancer. For the sake of this example, suppose it is 1%. This is known as the base rate or prior probability of having cancer. "Prior" refers to the time before being informed about the particular case at hand.

Next, suppose we find out that person is 65 years old. If we assume that cancer and age are related, this new piece of information can be used to better assess that person's chance of having cancer. More precisely, we'd like to know the probability that a person has cancer when it is known that he or she is 65 years old. This quantity is known as the current probability, where "current" refers to upon finding out information about the particular case at hand.

In order to apply knowledge of that person's age in conjunction with Bayes' Theorem, two additional pieces of information are needed. Note, however, that the additional information is not specific to that person. The needed information is as follows:

# The probability of being 65 years old. Suppose it is 0.2%
# The probability that a person ''with cancer'' is 65 years old. Suppose it is 0.5%. Note that this is greater than the previous value. This reflects that people with cancer are disproportionately 65 years old.

Knowing this, along with the base rate, we can calculate that a person who is age 65 has a probability of having cancer equal to

<math>(1% * 0.5%) \div 0.2% = 2.5%</math>

It may come as a surprise that even though being 65 years old increases the risk of having cancer,that person's probability of having cancer is still fairly low. This is because the base rate of cancer (regardless of age) is low. This illustrates both the importance of base rate, as well as that it is commonly neglected.<ref name="Kahneman2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Kahneman|title=Thinking, Fast and Slow|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZuKTvERuPG8C|accessdate=8 April 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-6935-2}}</ref> [[Base rate neglect]] leads to serious misinterpretation of statistics; therefore, special care should be taken to avoid such mistakes. Becoming familiar with Bayes' Theorem is one way to combat the natural tendency to neglect base rates.

===Drug testing===
[[File:Bayes theorem drugs example tree.svg|thumb|Tree diagram illustrating drug testing example. U, U bar, "+" and "−" are the events representing user, non-user, positive result and negative result. Percentages in parentheses are calculated.]]
Suppose a drug test is 99% [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitive]] and 99% [[Specificity (tests)|specific]]. That is, the test will produce 99% true positive results for drug users and 99% true negative results for non-drug users. Suppose that 0.5% of people are users of the drug. If a randomly selected individual tests positive, what is the [[probability]] he or she is a user?

:<math>
\begin{align}
P(\text{User}\mid\text{+}) &= \frac{P(\text{+}\mid\text{User}) P(\text{User})}{P(\text{+}\mid\text{User}) P(\text{User}) + P(\text{+}\mid\text{Non-user}) P(\text{Non-user})} \\[8pt]
&= \frac{0.99 \times 0.005}{0.99 \times 0.005 + 0.01 \times 0.995} \\[8pt]
&\approx 33.2\%
\end{align}</math>

Despite the apparent accuracy of the test, if an individual tests positive, it is more likely that they do ''not'' use the drug than that they do. This again illustrates the importance of base rates, and how the formation of policy can be egregiously misguided if base rates are neglected.

This surprising result arises because the number of non-users is very large compared to the number of users; thus the number of false positives (0.995%) outweighs the number of true positives (0.495%). To use concrete numbers, if 1000 individuals are tested, there are expected to be 995 non-users and 5 users. From the 995 non-users, 0.01 × 995 ≃ 10 false positives are expected. From the 5 users, 0.99 × 5 ≃ 5 true positives are expected. Out of 15 positive results, only 5, about 33%, are genuine.

Note: The importance of specificity can be illustrated by showing that even if sensitivity is 100% and specificity is at 99% the probability of the person being a drug user is ≈33% but if the specificity is changed to 99.5% and the sensitivity is dropped down to 99% the probability of the person being a drug user rises to 49.8%.

===A more complex example===
The entire output of a factory is produced on three machines. The three machines account for 20%, 30%, and 50% of the output, respectively. The fraction of defective items produced is this: for the first machine, 5%; for the second machine, 3%; for the third machine, 1%. If an item is chosen at random from the total output and is found to be defective, what is the probability that it was produced by the third machine?

A solution is as follows. Let ''Ai'' denote the event that a randomly chosen item was made by the ''i''th machine (for ''i'' = 1,2,3). Let ''B'' denote the event that a randomly chosen item is defective. Then, we are given the following information:
:''P''(''A''1) = 0.2,    ''P''(''A''2) = 0.3,    ''P''(''A''3) = 0.5.
If the item was made by machine ''A''1, then the probability that it is defective is 0.05; that is, ''P''(''B'' | ''A''1) = 0.05. Overall, we have
:''P''(''B'' | ''A''1) = 0.05,    ''P''(''B'' | ''A''2) = 0.03,    ''P''(''B'' | ''A''3) = 0.01.
To answer the original question, we first find ''P''(''B''). That can be done in the following way:
:''P''(''B'') = Σ''i'' ''P''(''B'' | ''A''''i'') ''P''(''Ai'') = (0.05)(0.2) + (0.03)(0.3) + (0.01)(0.5) = 0.024.

Hence 2.4% of the total output of the factory is defective.

We are given that ''B'' has occurred, and we want to calculate the conditional
probability of ''A''3. By Bayes' theorem,
:''P''(''A''3 | ''B'') = ''P''(''B'' | ''A''3) ''P''(''A''3)/''P''(''B'') = (0.01)(0.50)/(0.024) = 5/24.

Given that the item is defective, the probability that it was made by the third
machine is only 5/24. Although machine 3 produces half of the total output, it
produces a much smaller fraction of the defective items. Hence the knowledge
that the item selected was defective enables us to replace the prior probability
''P''(''A''3) = 1/2 by the smaller posterior probability ''P''(''A''3 | ''B'') = 5/24.

==Interpretations==
[[File:Bayes theorem visualisation.svg|thumb|300px|A geometric visualisation of Bayes' theorem. In the table, the values ''w'', ''x'', ''y'' and ''z'' give the relative weights of each corresponding condition and case. The figures denote the cells of the table involved in each metric, the probability being the fraction of each figure that is shaded. This shows that ''P''(''A'' | ''B'') ''P''(''B'') = ''P''(''B'' | ''A'') ''P''(''A'') i.e. ''P''(''A''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''B'') = {{sfrac|''P''(''B'' | ''A'') ''P''(''A'') | ''P''(''B'')}} . Similar reasoning can be used to show that ''P''(Ā<nowiki>|</nowiki>''B'') = {{sfrac|''P''(''B'' | Ā) ''P''(Ā) | ''P''(''B'')}} etc.]]
The interpretation of Bayes' theorem depends on the [[Probability interpretations|interpretation of probability]] ascribed to the terms. The two main interpretations are described below.

===Bayesian interpretation===
In the [[Bayesian probability|Bayesian (or epistemological) interpretation]], probability measures a ''degree of belief''. Bayes' theorem then links the degree of belief in a proposition before and after accounting for evidence. For example, suppose it is believed with 50% certainty that a coin is twice as likely to land heads than tails. If the coin is flipped a number of times and the outcomes observed, that degree of belief may rise, fall or remain the same depending on the results.

For proposition ''A'' and evidence ''B'',

:* ''P''(''A''), the ''prior'', is the initial degree of belief in ''A''.
:* ''P''(''A'' | ''B''), the ''posterior'', is the degree of belief having accounted for ''B''.
:* the quotient ''P''(''B'' | ''A'')/''P''(''B'') represents the support ''B'' provides for ''A''.

For more on the application of Bayes' theorem under the Bayesian interpretation of probability, see [[Bayesian inference]].

===Frequentist interpretation===
[[File:Bayes theorem tree diagrams.svg|thumb|Illustration of frequentist interpretation with [[Tree diagram (probability theory)|tree diagrams]]. Bayes' theorem connects conditional probabilities to their inverses.]]

In the [[Frequentist interpretation of probability|frequentist interpretation]], probability measures a ''proportion of outcomes''. For example, suppose an experiment is performed many times. ''P''(''A'') is the proportion of outcomes with property ''A'', and ''P''(''B'') that with property ''B''. ''P''(''B'' | ''A'') is the proportion of outcomes with property ''B'' ''out of'' outcomes with property ''A'', and ''P''(''A'' | ''B'') the proportion of those with ''A'' ''out of'' those with ''B''.

The role of Bayes' theorem is best visualized with tree diagrams, as shown to the right. The two diagrams partition the same outcomes by ''A'' and ''B'' in opposite orders, to obtain the inverse probabilities. Bayes' theorem serves as the link between these different partitionings.

====Example====
[[File:Bayes theorem simple example tree.svg|thumb|Tree diagram illustrating frequentist example. R, C, P and P bar are the events representing rare, common, pattern and no pattern. Percentages in parentheses are calculated. Note that three independent values are given, so it is possible to calculate the inverse tree (see figure above).]]

An [[Entomology|entomologist]] spots what might be a rare [[subspecies]] of [[beetle]], due to the pattern on its back. In the rare subspecies, 98% have the pattern, or ''P''(Pattern | Rare) = 98%. In the common subspecies, 5% have the pattern. The rare subspecies accounts for only 0.1% of the population. How likely is the beetle having the pattern to be rare, or what is ''P''(Rare | Pattern)?

From the extended form of Bayes' theorem (since any beetle can be only rare or common),
:
<math>\begin{align}P(\text{Rare}\mid \text{Pattern}) &=
\frac{P(\text{Pattern}\mid \text{Rare})P(\text{Rare})} {P(\text{Pattern}\mid \text{Rare})P(\text{Rare}) \, + \, P(\text{Pattern}\mid \text{Common})P(\text{Common})} \\[8pt]
&= \frac{0.98 \times 0.001} {0.98 \times 0.001 + 0.05 \times 0.999} \\[8pt]
&\approx 1.9\%. \end{align}</math>

==Forms==

===Events===

====Simple form====
For events ''A'' and ''B'', provided that ''P''(''B'') ≠ 0,

:<math>P(A\mid B) = \frac{P(B \mid A)\, P(A)}{P(B)}\cdot \,</math>

In many applications, for instance in [[Bayesian inference]], the event ''B'' is fixed in the discussion, and we wish to consider the impact of its having been observed on our belief in various possible events ''A''. In such a situation the denominator of the last expression, the probability of the given evidence ''B'', is fixed; what we want to vary is ''A''. Bayes' theorem then shows that the posterior probabilities are [[proportionality (mathematics)|proportional]] to the numerator:

:<math>P(A\mid B) \propto P(A) \cdot P(B\mid A) \ </math> (proportionality over ''A'' for given ''B'').

In words: '''posterior is proportional to prior times likelihood'''.<ref>

{{Cite book
|last=Lee
|first=Peter M.
|title=Bayesian Statistics
|url=http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~pml1/bayes/book.htm
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]
|year=2012
|isbn=978-1-1183-3257-3

|chapter=Chapter 1
}}

</ref>

If events ''A''1, ''A''2, ..., are mutually exclusive and exhaustive, i.e., one of them is certain to occur but no two can occur together, and we know their probabilities up to proportionality, then we can determine the proportionality constant by using the fact that their probabilities must add up to one. For instance, for a given event ''A'', the event ''A'' itself and its complement ¬''A'' are exclusive and exhaustive. Denoting the constant of proportionality by ''c'' we have

:<math>P(A\mid B) = c \cdot P(A) \cdot P(B\mid A) \ </math> and <math>P(\neg A\mid B) = c \cdot P(\neg A) \cdot P(B\mid \neg A)\cdot </math>

Adding these two formulas we deduce that

:<math> c = \frac{1}{P(A) \cdot P(B\mid A) + P(\neg A) \cdot P(B\mid \neg A) } .</math>

====Alternative form====
Another form of Bayes' Theorem that is generally encountered when looking at two competing statements or hypotheses is:

:<math>P(A\mid B) = \frac{P(B\mid A)\,P(A)}{ P(B\mid A) P(A) + P(B\mid \neg A) P(\neg A)}\cdot</math>

For an epistemological interpretation:

For proposition ''A'' and evidence or background ''B'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayes Theorem: Introduction|url=http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/bayesweb/|website=Trinity University}}</ref>

* ''P''(''A''),the [[prior probability]], is the initial degree of belief in ''A''.
* ''P''(−''A''), is the corresponding probability of the initial degree of belief against ''A'': 1 − ''P''(''A'') = ''P''(−''A'')
* ''P''(''B'' | ''A''), the [[conditional probability]] or likelihood, is the degree of belief in ''B'', given that the proposition ''A'' is true.
* ''P''(''B'' | ''-A''), the [[conditional probability]] or likelihood, is the degree of belief in ''B'', given that the proposition ''A'' is false.
* ''P''(''A'' | ''B''), the [[posterior probability]], is the probability for ''A'' after taking into account ''B'' for and against ''A''.

====Extended form====
Often, for some [[partition of a set|partition]] {''Aj''} of the [[event space]], the event space is given or conceptualized in terms of ''P''(''Aj'') and ''P''(''B'' | ''Aj''). It is then useful to compute ''P''(''B'') using the [[law of total probability]]:

:<math>P(B) = {\sum_j P(B\mid A_j) P(A_j)},</math>
:<math>\Rightarrow P(A_i\mid B) = \frac{P(B\mid A_i)\,P(A_i)}{\sum\limits_j P(B\mid A_j)\,P(A_j)}\cdot</math>

In the special case where ''A'' is a [[binary variable]]:

:<math>P(A\mid B) = \frac{P(B\mid A)\,P(A)}{ P(B\mid A) P(A) + P(B\mid \neg A) P(\neg A)}\cdot</math>

===Random variables===
[[File:Bayes continuous diagram.svg|thumb|Diagram illustrating the meaning of Bayes' theorem as applied to an event space generated by continuous random variables ''X'' and ''Y''. Note that there exists an instance of Bayes' theorem for each point in the [[Domain of a function|domain]]. In practice, these instances might be parametrized by writing the specified probability densities as a [[Function (Mathematics)|function]] of ''x'' and ''y''.]]
Consider a [[sample space]] Ω generated by two [[random variables]] ''X'' and ''Y''. In principle, Bayes' theorem applies to the events ''A'' = {''X'' = ''x''} and ''B'' = {''Y'' = ''y''}. However, terms become 0 at points where either variable has finite [[probability density function|probability density]]. To remain useful, Bayes' theorem may be formulated in terms of the relevant densities (see [[#Derivation|Derivation]]).

====Simple form====
If ''X'' is continuous and ''Y'' is discrete,

:<math>f_X(x\mid Y=y) = \frac{P(Y=y\mid X=x)\,f_X(x)}{P(Y=y)}.</math>

If ''X'' is discrete and ''Y'' is continuous,

:<math> P(X=x\mid Y=y) = \frac{f_Y(y\mid X=x)\,P(X=x)}{f_Y(y)}.</math>

If both ''X'' and ''Y'' are continuous,

:<math> f_X(x\mid Y=y) = \frac{f_Y(y\mid X=x)\,f_X(x)}{f_Y(y)}.</math>

====Extended form====
[[File:Continuous event space specification.svg|thumb|Diagram illustrating how an event space generated by continuous random variables X and Y is often conceptualized.]]

A continuous event space is often conceptualized in terms of the numerator terms. It is then useful to eliminate the denominator using the [[law of total probability]]. For ''fY''(''y''), this becomes an integral:

:<math> f_Y(y) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty f_Y(y\mid X=\xi )\,f_X(\xi)\,d\xi .</math>

===Bayes' rule===
{{main|Bayes' rule}}
[[Bayes' rule]] is Bayes' theorem in [[odds|odds form]].

:<math>O(A_1:A_2\mid B) = O(A_1:A_2) \cdot \Lambda(A_1:A_2\mid B) </math>

where

:<math>\Lambda(A_1:A_2\mid B) = \frac{P(B\mid A_1)}{P(B\mid A_2)}</math>

is called the [[Bayes factor]] or likelihood ratio and the odds between two events is simply the ratio of the probabilities of the two events. Thus

:<math>O(A_1:A_2) = \frac{P(A_1)}{P(A_2)},</math>

:<math>O(A_1:A_2\mid B) = \frac{P(A_1\mid B)}{P(A_2\mid B)},</math>

So the rule says that the posterior odds are the prior odds times the [[Bayes factor]], or in other words, posterior is proportional to prior times likelihood.

==Derivation==

===For events===
Bayes' theorem may be derived from the definition of [[conditional probability]]:

:<math>P(A\mid B)=\frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}, \text{ if } P(B) \neq 0, \!</math>
:<math>P(B\mid A) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(A)}, \text{ if } P(A) \neq 0, \!</math>

:<math>\Rightarrow P(A \cap B) = P(A\mid B)\, P(B) = P(B\mid A)\, P(A), \!</math>
:<math>\Rightarrow P(A\mid B) = \frac{P(B\mid A)\,P(A)}{P(B)}, \text{ if } P(B) \neq 0.</math>

===For random variables===
For two continuous [[random variable]]s ''X'' and ''Y'', Bayes' theorem may be analogously derived from the definition of [[conditional density]]:

:<math>f_X(x\mid Y=y) = \frac{f_{X,Y}(x,y)}{f_Y(y)} </math>
:<math>f_Y(y\mid X=x) = \frac{f_{X,Y}(x,y)}{f_X(x)} </math>

:<math>\Rightarrow f_X(x\mid Y=y) = \frac{f_Y(y\mid X=x)\,f_X(x)}{f_Y(y)}.</math>

==History==
Bayes' theorem was named after the Reverend [[Thomas Bayes]] (1701–61), who studied how to compute a distribution for the probability parameter of a [[binomial distribution]] (in modern terminology). Bayes' unpublished manuscript was significantly edited by [[Richard Price]] before it was posthumously read at the [[Royal Society]]. Price edited<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Allen|title=David Hartley on Human Nature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NCu6HhGlAB8C&pg=PA243|accessdate=16 June 2013|year=1999|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9451-6|pages=243–4}}</ref> Bayes' major work ''[[An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances]]'' (1763), which appeared in ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'',<ref name="Price1763">{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rstl.1763.0053 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=53 |issue=0 |year=1763 |pages=370–418 |url=http://www.stat.ucla.edu/history/essay.pdf |title=An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chance. By the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S. |author=Bayes, Thomas, and Price, Richard}}</ref> and contains Bayes' Theorem. Price wrote an introduction to the paper which provides some of the philosophical basis of [[Bayesian statistics]]. In 1765 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his work on the legacy of Bayes.<ref name="Holland46">Holland, pp. 46–7.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Price|title=Price: Political Writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xdH-gjy2vzUC&pg=PR23|accessdate=16 June 2013|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40969-8|page=xxiii}}</ref>

The French [[mathematician]] [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] reproduced and extended Bayes' results in 1774, apparently quite unaware of Bayes' work.<ref>Laplace refined Bayes' theorem over a period of decades:
* Laplace announced his independent discovery of Bayes' theorem in: Laplace (1774) "Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements," ''Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences de MI (Savants étrangers)'', '''4''': 621–656. Reprinted in: Laplace, ''Oeuvres complètes'' (Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1841), vol. 8, pp. 27–65. Available on-line at: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k77596b/f32.image Gallica]. Bayes' theorem appears on p. 29.
* Laplace presented a refinement of Bayes' theorem in: Laplace (read: 1783 / published: 1785) "Mémoire sur les approximations des formules qui sont fonctions de très grands nombres," ''Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris'', 423–467. Reprinted in: Laplace, ''Oeuvres complètes'' (Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1844), vol. 10, pp. 295–338. Available on-line at: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k775981/f218.image.langEN Gallica]. Bayes' theorem is stated on page 301.
* See also: Laplace, ''Essai philosophique sur les probabilités'' (Paris, France: Mme. Ve. Courcier [Madame veuve (i.e., widow) Courcier], 1814), [http://books.google.com/books?id=rDUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false page 10]. English translation: Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace with F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory, trans., ''A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities'' (New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1902), [http://google.com/books?id=WxoPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false page 15].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Classical Probability in the Enlightenment |first=Lorraine |last=Daston |publisher=Princeton Univ Press |year=1988 |page=268 |isbn=0-691-08497-1}}</ref> [[Stephen Stigler]] suggested in 1983 that Bayes' theorem was discovered by [[Nicholas Saunderson]] some time before Bayes;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stigler | first1 = Stephen M | year = 1983 | title = Who Discovered Bayes' Theorem? | url = | journal = The American Statistician | volume = 37 | issue = 4| pages = 290–296 | doi = 10.1080/00031305.1983.10483122 }}</ref> that interpretation, however, has been disputed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Edwards | first1 = A. W. F. | year = 1986 | title = Is the Reference in Hartley (1749) to Bayesian Inference? | url = | journal = The American Statistician | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 109–110 | doi = 10.1080/00031305.1986.10475370 }}</ref>

Martyn Hooper<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hooper | first1 = Martyn | year = 2013 | title = Richard Price, Bayes' theorem, and God | url = | journal = Significance | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 36–39 | doi = 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2013.00638.x }}</ref> and Sharon McGrayne<ref name="mcgrayne2011theory">{{cite book |author=McGrayne, S. B.|title=The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines & Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-300-18822-6}}</ref> have argued that [[Richard Price]]'s contribution was substantial:

{{quote|By modern standards, we should refer to the Bayes–Price rule. Price discovered Bayes' work, recognized its importance, corrected it, contributed to the article, and found a use for it. The modern convention of employing Bayes' name alone is unfair but so entrenched that anything else makes little sense.|<ref name="mcgrayne2011theory" />}}

==See also==
* [[Bayesian inference]]
* [[Inductive probability]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bruss, F. Thomas (2013), "250 years of 'An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chance. By the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S.' ", DOI 10.1365/s13291-013-0077-z, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, Springer Verlag, Vol. 115, Issue 3-4 (2013), 129-133.
* Gelman, A, Carlin, JB, Stern, HS, and Rubin, DB (2003), "Bayesian Data Analysis", Second Edition, CRC Press.
* Grinstead, CM and Snell, JL (1997), "Introduction to Probability (2nd edition)", American Mathematical Society (free pdf available) [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html].
* {{springer|title=Bayes formula|id=p/b015380}}
* {{cite book |last=McGrayne |first=SB |title=The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines & Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-300-18822-6}}
* Laplace, P (1774/1986), "Memoir on the Probability of the Causes of Events", ''Statistical Science'' 1(3):364–378.
* Lee, PM (2012), "Bayesian Statistics: An Introduction", Wiley.
* Rosenthal, JS (2005), "Struck by Lightning: the Curious World of Probabilities". Harper Collings.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stigler | first1 = SM | year = 1986 | title = Laplace's 1774 Memoir on Inverse Probability | url = | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 359–363 | doi=10.1214/ss/1177013620}}
* Stone, JV (2013), download chapter 1 of [http://jim-stone.staff.shef.ac.uk/BookBayes2012/BayesRuleBookMain.html "Bayes' Rule: A Tutorial Introduction to Bayesian Analysis"], Sebtel Press, England.

==External links==
* {{Britannica|56808|Bayes' theorem}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/books/review/the-theory-that-would-not-die-by-sharon-bertsch-mcgrayne-book-review.html The Theory That Would Not Die by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne] New York Times Book Review by [[John Allen Paulos]] on 5 August 2011
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxm4Xxvzohk Visual explanation of Bayes using trees] (video)
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8VZqxcu0I0 Bayes' frequentist interpretation explained visually] (video)
* [http://jeff560.tripod.com/b.html Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (B)]. Contains origins of "Bayesian", "Bayes' Theorem", "Bayes Estimate/Risk/Solution", "Empirical Bayes", and "Bayes Factor".
* {{MathWorld | urlname=BayesTheorem | title=Bayes' Theorem}}
* {{PlanetMath | urlname=BayesTheorem | title=Bayes' theorem | id=1051}}
* [http://rldinvestments.com/Articles/BayesTheorem.html Bayes Theorem and the Folly of Prediction]
* [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/statistics/bayestutorial.pdf A tutorial on probability and Bayes' theorem devised for Oxford University psychology students]
* [http://yudkowsky.net/rational/bayes An Intuitive Explanation of Bayes' Theorem by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayes' Theorem}}
[[Category:Bayesian statistics|Theorem]]
[[Category:Probability theorems]]
[[Category:Statistical theorems]]

Rick and Morty

2015-11-30T13:04:33Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 142.55.48.29 (talk): Not a part of the Back To The Future franchise. (TW)

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name=Rick and Morty
| image=[[File:Rick and Morty opening credits.jpeg|250px|alt=Promotional art for the animated television series Rick and Morty.]]
| caption=
| genre={{plainlist|
* [[Adventure]]
* [[Science fiction]]
* [[Comedy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Pilot-HD/dp/B00GWEQN9U | title=Amazon.com: Rick and Morty [HD]: Season 1, Episode 1 "Pilot [HD]": Amazon Video | accessdate=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
}}
| creator={{unbulleted list|[[Justin Roiland]]|[[Dan Harmon]]}}
| developer=
| director=
| voices={{plainlist|
* Justin Roiland
* [[Chris Parnell]]
* [[Spencer Grammer]]
* [[Sarah Chalke]]
}}
| composer=Ryan Elder
| country=United States
| language = English
| num_seasons= 2
| num_episodes= 21
| list_episodes= List of Rick and Morty episodes
| executive_producer={{plainlist|
* Dan Harmon
* Justin Roiland
* James A. Fino
* Joe Russo II
}}
| producer={{unbulleted list|J. Michael Mendel|Kenny Micka (pilot)}}
| runtime=22 minutes
| company={{plainlist|
* Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions
* Harmonious Claptrap
* Starburns Industries
* [[Williams Street]]
| distributor= [[Turner Broadcasting System]] [[Warner Bros. Television Distribution]]
}}
| network=[[Adult Swim]]
| picture_format=[[16:9]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]
| audio_format=
| first_aired={{Start date|2013|12|2|mf=y}}
| last_aired=present
| related=
| website=http://video.adultswim.com/rick-and-morty/
}}
'''''Rick and Morty''''' is an American [[Adult animation|adult animated television series]] created by [[Justin Roiland]] and [[Dan Harmon]] for [[Adult Swim]]. The series follows the misadventures of alcoholic scientist Rick and his easily influenced grandson Morty, who split their time between domestic family life and interdimensional travel. Roiland voices the series' eponymous characters, while the series also stars the voice talent of [[Chris Parnell]], [[Spencer Grammer]], and [[Sarah Chalke]]. The series has its origins in an animated parody of ''[[Back to the Future]]'' created by Roiland for film festival [[Channel 101]]. Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas, and he and Roiland developed the program based on the short's two characters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/mega-dan-harmon-interview-part-3-rick-and-morty/2 | title=Mega Dan Harmon interview, part 3: Rick and Morty | accessdate=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

The series premiered December 2, 2013, to critical acclaim.<ref name="Metacritic staff 2013-11-22">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/rick-morty | title='Rick and Morty' Reviews | publisher=CBS Interactive | work=Metacritic | date=November 22, 2013 | accessdate=December 26, 2013 | author=Metacritic staff}}</ref> In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season that began on July 26, 2015.<ref name="Adult Swim tweet 2013-05-14">{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/adultswim/status/598946662816452608 | title='Twitter' | publisher=Adult Swim | work=Twitter | date=May 14, 2015 | accessdate=May 14, 2015 | author=Adult Swim}}</ref> In August 2015, the series was renewed for a third season.<ref name= "Deadline article 2015-08-12">{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/rick-and-morty-renewed-season-3-adult-swim-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-1201497834/ | title= 'Deadline' | publisher = Penske Business Media, LLC | work= Deadline | date=August 12, 2015 | accessdate= August 12, 2015 | first=Denise |last= Petski}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rick is an [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]], elderly, [[alcoholic]] [[scientist]] who has moved in with the family of his veterinarian daughter, Beth. He spends most of his time taking his young grandson Morty (and later his granddaughter Summer) on dangerous, outlandish adventures throughout the cosmos and [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate universes]]. Compounded with Morty's already unstable family life, these events cause Morty much distress at home and school.

With the exception of the pilot episode, each episode ends with a post-credits scene.

==Characters==
{{main|List of Rick and Morty characters}}

* '''Rick Sanchez''' (voiced by [[Justin Roiland]]<ref name="sdcc2013 youtube">{{cite video | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74dgHFEJksI | format = YouTube | title=SDCC 2013 - Rick and Morty - Adult Swim | author = Adult Swim | authorlink = Adult Swim | date = July 29, 2013 }}</ref>) – A genius [[scientist]] who is the father of Beth Smith, and the maternal grandfather of Morty and Summer. His alcoholic tendencies lead his daughter's family to worry about the safety of their son Morty. The series is often [[Retroscripting|retroscripted]] for Rick's lines. He displays "diagnosable qualities of various mental illnesses." An extremely intellectual character that views his time as valuable,<ref name="hitfix"/> he eschews the usefulness of many ordinary human conventions such as school, marriage, and even love. His reaction to the mundane requests asked of him by Morty and other family members suggests he considers himself wholly superior to them, though in several instances throughout the series he shows a lonelier side. He frequently 'burp-talks' words in the middle of a sentence while speaking, presumably as a result of his alcoholism. He is identified as being the Rick of Dimension C-137.
* '''Mortimer "Morty" Smith''' (voiced by Justin Roiland<ref name="sdcc2013 youtube"/>) – Rick's good-hearted but easily distressed 14-year-old grandson is frequently dragged into Rick's misadventures. He is often reluctant to follow Rick's plans, and he often ends up traumatized by the unorthodox methods Rick uses to 'fix' situations. The Morty of C-137 is referred to as the "Mortiest Morty" by Rick, due to his courage, which nearly every other Morty lacks due to their main use being makeshift cloaking devices.
* '''Beth Smith''' (née '''Sanchez''') (voiced by [[Sarah Chalke]]) – Rick's daughter, Summer and Morty's mother, and Jerry's wife. She is a [[cardiac surgeon]] for [[horse]]s. Level-headed and assertive, she struggles with her husband's ego, which thrives in defiance of his proven mediocrity. Several episodes have dealt with Beth's deep dissatisfaction with her life, stemming from her belief that she has "settled" in her marriage, family, and job. She wanted to become a "real" surgeon but became pregnant with Summer at 17. She is the most assertive force in her household, while also displaying traits of selfishness, humor, and intelligence. Beth is unperturbed by her father's destructive and dangerous tendencies around her son, due to the fact that she, from childhood, views Rick more favorably than her mother due to their separation.<ref name="hitfix"/> Harmon expanded upon this origin in an interview: "Kids can sometimes idolize their worst parent and blame their supportive parent for chasing off the dad with the guts to leave. [...] She believes that Rick, as crazy as he is, is the better of her two parents even though she was raised by her mother and she blames her mother’s unremarkability on her father’s departure and will do anything to keep her father back in her life."<ref name="hitfix">{{cite news|first=Alan|last= Sepinwall|date=March 24, 2014|title=Mega Dan Harmon interview, part 3: 'Rick and Morty'|url=http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/mega-dan-harmon-interview-part-3-rick-and-morty/1|publisher=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref>
* '''Jerry Smith''' (voiced by [[Chris Parnell]]<ref name="sdcc2013 youtube"/>) – Morty's insecure father, Beth's husband, and Rick's son-in-law, who strongly disapproves of Rick's influence over Morty. His marriage is sometimes jeopardized by his wife's reactions to his poor relationship with Rick. Jerry worked at a low-level [[advertising agency]] until he was fired for incompetence. The episode '"Mortynight Run"' reveals that one of the Ricks, keenly aware that every Jerry is incapable of surviving off of Earth, created a daycare where every Jerry is dropped off by their Rick and Morty during adventures should he attempt to accompany them.
* '''Summer Smith''' (voiced by [[Spencer Grammer]]<ref name="sdcc2013 youtube"/>) – Morty's 17-year-old older sister, a more conventional and often superficial teenager, is obsessed with anything that can improve her status with her peers. Summer is very similar to her mother, as she is often shown to be very smart and humorous, but is much more selfless. She occasionally expresses jealousy that Morty gets to accompany Rick on his inter-dimensional adventures. In the second season, she accompanies Rick and Morty on adventures more frequently and sometimes will even prove herself to be more competent than Morty.

==Production==
===Development===
{{multiple image
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Dan Harmon by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
|footer=Creators Dan Harmon (left) and Justin Roiland
|width1={{#expr: (215 * 815 / 1158) round 0}}
|image2=2010 Justin Roiland.jpg
|width2={{#expr: (215 * 765 / 1158) round 0}}
}}
''Rick and Morty'' was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo first met at [[Channel 101]], a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon.<ref name="vulture"/> At Channel 101, participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot, and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series. Roiland, then a producer on reality programming, began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch, in 2004. His pilots typically consisted of [[shock value]] — "sick and twisted" elements that received a confused reaction from the audience.<ref name="vulture"/> Nevertheless, Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating. In 2006, Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling, and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101. The result was ''The Adventures of Doc and Mharti'', an animated short starring [[Emmett Brown|Doc Brown]] and [[Marty McFly]], characters from the ''[[Back to the Future]]'' film trilogy.<ref name="Czajkowski 2013-11-12">{{cite web | url=http://splitsider.com/2013/11/dan-harmons-rick-and-morty-premieres-on-adult-swim-on-dec-2/ | title=Dan Harmon's ''Rick and Morty'' Premieres on Adult Swim on Dec. 2 | publisher=The Awl | work=Splitsider | date=November 12, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013 | last= Czajkowski| first=Elise}}</ref> In the short, which Harmon would dub "a bastardization, a pornographic vandalization," Doc Brown urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him [[oral sex]].<ref name="hitfix"/> The audience reacted to it wildly, and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters, which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled.<ref name="hitfix"/><ref name="lat">{{cite news|first= Yvonne |last= Villarreal|date=March 5, 2014|title=Dan Harmon, Justin Roiland talk bringing absurd to 'Rick and Morty'| work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/05/entertainment/la-et-st-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-on-bringing-the-absurd-to-adult-swims-rick-and-morty-20140304|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Harmon would later create and produce ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]'', a [[NBC]] sitcom, while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for [[Disney Channel|Disney]]'s ''[[Fish Hooks]]''.

In 2012, Harmon was fired from ''Community''. Adult Swim, searching for a more prime-time, "hit" show,<ref name="crave"/> approached Harmon shortly afterward, who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style. He also was unfamiliar with animation, and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue, characters, and story.<ref name="lat"/> Instead, he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series. Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters, renamed Rick and Morty.<ref name="hitfix"/> Roiland initially wanted the show's run time to consist of one eleven-minute segment, but Adult Swim pushed for a half-hour program.<ref name="crave">{{cite news|first= Fred |last= Topel|date=December 2, 2013|title=Exclusive Interview: Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland on ‘Rick and Morty’
|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|url=http://www.craveonline.com/tv/interviews/612291-exclusive-interview-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-on-rick-and-morty|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters, while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty's grandfather. Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground, Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch.<ref name="hitfix"/> Prior to developing ''Rick and Morty'', he had created three failed animated pilots for [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], and he had begun to feel "burned out" with developing television.<ref name="lat"/>

The first draft was completed in six hours on the [[Paramount Pictures]] lot in Dan Harmon's unfurnished ''Community'' office.<ref name="HarmonCommentary">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Rick and Morty season 1 Blu-ray commentary for the episode "Pilot" |people=Dan Harmon |year=2014|medium=Blu-ray Disc |publisher=Warner Bros. Home Entertainment}}</ref> The duo had broken the story that day, sold the pilot, and then sat down to write.<ref name="lat"/><ref name="RoilandCommentary">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Rick and Morty season 1 Blu-ray commentary for the episode "Pilot" |people=Justin Roiland |year=2014|medium=Blu-ray Disc |publisher=Warner Bros. Home Entertainment}}</ref> Roiland, while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination, encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft.<ref name="HarmonCommentary"/> "We were sitting on the floor, cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said, 'Wait, if you go home, it might take us three months to write this thing. Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours.' He just had a premonition about that," recalled Harmon.<ref name="lat"/> Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices, partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty. Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo.<ref name="HarmonCommentary"/> Adult Swim placed a tamer [[TV-14]] rating on the program, which initially was met with reluctance from the show's staff. The network's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime-time, competing with major programs.<ref name="lat"/>

===Writing===

The general formula of ''Rick and Morty'' consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios: an extremely selfish, alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson across space for intergalactic and/or interdimensional adventures, intercut with domestic family drama.<ref name="hitfix"/><ref name="crave"/> This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and ''[[Futurama]]'', balancing family life with heavy [[science fiction]].<ref name="split">{{cite news|first= Bradford |last= Evans| date= December 2, 2013| title=Talking to Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland About Their New Adult Swim Show, 'Rick and Morty'|publisher=[[Splitsider]]| url= http://splitsider.com/2013/12/talking-to-dan-harmon-and-justin-roiland-about-their-new-adult-swim-show-rick-and-morty/|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Roiland stated his and Harmon's intentions for the series to lack traditional [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]], opting for discontinuous storylines "not bound by rules". In a similar interview session at the 2013 [[San Diego Comic-Con International]], he described each episode as being "[its] own point of entry."<ref name="Turner Broadcasting System 2013-07-29a">{{cite AV media | url=http://video.adultswim.com/convention-panels/sdcc-2013-rick-and-morty-panel.html | title=SDCC 2013: ''Rick and Morty'' Panel | publisher=Turner Broadcasting System | date=July 29, 2013 | people=[[Dan Harmon]] (co-creator); [[Justin Roiland]] (co-creator) | location=[[San Diego Comic-Con International]] | at=14:36}}</ref>

The first season writing staff consisted of Roiland, Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph, Eric Acosta, while writer's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit. Described as a "very, very tiny little writers' room with a lot of heavy lifting from everybody," the show's writing staff, like many Adult Swim productions, is not unionized with the [[Writers' Guild of America]].<ref name="split"/> The writing staff first meets and discusses ideas, which evolve into a story.<ref name="vulture"/> Discussions often include anecdotes from personal life as well as thoughts on the science fiction genre.<ref name="lat"/> After breaking the story — which consists of developing its consistency and logical beginning, middle, and conclusion — a writer is assigned to create an outline. Roiland and Harmon do a "pass" on the outline, and from there the episode undergoes several more drafts. The final draft of the script is last approved by either of the co-creators.<ref name="vulture"/> In producing the series' first season, episodes were occasionally written out of order. For example, "Rick Potion #9" was the second episode written for the series, but was instructed to be animated as the fifth, as it would make more sense within the series' continuity.<ref name="vulture"/> The series is inspired by British-style storytelling, as opposed to traditional American "family TV" stories.<ref name="vulture">{{cite news|first= Ivan |last= Cohen|date=January 24, 2014|title=Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland on Rick and Morty, How Community Is Like Star Trek, and Puberty|publisher=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/01/rick-and-morty-dan-harmon-and-justin-roiland-interview.html| accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Harmon noted that the writers room at the show's studio bears a striking resemblance to the one used for ''Community''.<ref name="lat"/> In comparing the two, he noted that the writing staff of ''Rick and Morty'' was significantly smaller, and more "rough and tumble verbally," commenting, "There’s a lot more [[Lego]]s and [[Nerf]] guns."<ref name="lat"/>

Many episodes are structured with use of a story circle, a Harmon creation based largely on [[Joseph Campbell]]'s [[monomyth]], or The Hero's Journey. Its two-act structure places it at an odd location in the stages of the monomyth, after The Meeting with the Goddess, instead of Atonement with the Father.<ref name="HarmonCommentary"/> Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series, such as ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' and ''[[Doctor Who]]''. He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty's point of view, but stated "we don't want to be the [[companion (Doctor Who)|companions]]. We want to hang out with the [[Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]], we idolize the Doctor, but we don't think like him, and that's really interesting, Rick is diseased, he's mentally ill, he's an absolute lunatic because he lives on this larger scale."<ref name="Schwartz 2013-11-25">{{cite web | url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2013/11/dan-harmon-rick-and-morty-will-be-the-doctor-who-of-adult-swim-cartoons.html | title=Dan Harmon: ''Rick and Morty'' will be the ''Doctor Who'' of Adult Swim cartoons | publisher=Zap2it | work=From Inside the Box | date=November 25, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013 | last= Schwartz| first= Terri}}</ref>

===Animation===
Roiland's cartooning style is heavily indebted to ''The Simpsons'', a factor he acknowledged in a 2013 interview, while also comparing his style to that of [[Pendleton Ward]] (''[[Adventure Time]]'') and [[J.G. Quintel]] (''[[Regular Show]]''): "You'll notice mouths are kind of similar and teeth are similar, but I think that's also a stylistic thing that... all of us are kind of the same age, and we're all inspired by ''The Simpsons'' and all these other shows we're kind of subconsciously tapping into."<ref name="split"/>

According to one of the technical directors, animation is done using [[Toon Boom Animation|Toon Boom Harmony]] with post production work done in [[Adobe After Effects]]. The background art for the show is done in [[Adobe Photoshop]]. Production of animation is handled by [[Bardel Entertainment]] in Canada.

===Cast===
Several [[guest appearance]]s were featured during the first season. Among them were [[Tom Kenny]], [[Maurice LaMarche]], [[Rob Paulsen]], [[Alfred Molina]], [[John Oliver (comedian)|John Oliver]], [[David Cross]], [[Rich Fulcher]], [[Claudia Black]] and [[Virginia Hey]] of ''[[Farscape]]'' fame, [[Jess Harnell]], [[Phil Hendrie]], [[Dana Carvey]], and [[Aislinn Paul]] and [[Cassie Steele]] of ''[[Degrassi: The Next Generation|Degrassi]]'' fame.<ref name="Turner Broadcasting System 2013-07-29b">{{cite AV media | url=http://video.adultswim.com/convention-panels/sdcc-2013-rick-and-morty-panel.html | title=SDCC 2013: ''Rick and Morty'' Panel | publisher=Turner Broadcasting System | date=July 29, 2013 | people=[[Dan Harmon]] (co-creator); [[Justin Roiland]] (co-creator) | location=[[San Diego Comic-Con International]] | at=12:54}}</ref> The second season has featured appearances from [[Keegan-Michael Key]], [[Jordan Peele]], [[Andy Daly]], [[Jemaine Clement]], [[Christina Hendricks]], [[Patton Oswalt]], [[Alan Tudyk]], [[Tara Strong]], [[Kevin Michael Richardson]], [[Keith David]], [[Matt Walsh (comedian)|Matt Walsh]], [[Kurtwood Smith]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Nathan Fielder]], [[Chelsea Kane]], [[Arin Hanson]], and [[Alex Hirsch]] as well as the return of several of the season one guest stars such as Kenny, LaMarche, and Paulsen.

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Rick and Morty episodes}}

==Release and reception==
The series was first announced during Adult Swim's 2012 Upfront presentation.<ref name="Rose 2012-05-15">{{cite journal | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/adult-swim-pilots-community-harold-kumar-324657 | title=Upfronts 2012: Adult Swim Orders Eight Pilots, Including a Project From ''Community''{{'s}} Dan Harmon | last= Rose| first= Lacey | journal=The Hollywood Reporter | date=May 15, 2012 | accessdate=November 26, 2013}}</ref> Adult Swim ordered 10 half-hour episodes (not including the pilot) to comprise the first season.<ref name="Harnick 2013-10-29">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/29/rick-and-morty-dan-harmon_n_2039346.html | title=''Rick And Morty'': Dan Harmon's Animated Series Coming To Adult Swim | publisher=AOL | work=The Huffington Post | date=October 29, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013 | last= Harnick| first= Chris}}</ref><ref name="O'Neal 2012-10-29">{{cite web | url=http://www.avclub.com/article/dan-harmon-is-still-doing-just-fine-now-has-an-adu-88057 | title=Dan Harmon is still doing just fine, now has an Adult Swim series | publisher=The Onion, Inc. | work=The A.V. Club | date=October 29, 2012 | accessdate=November 26, 2013 | last= O'Neal| first= Sean}}</ref> Matt Roller, a writer for the series, confirmed via [[Twitter]] that the network renewed ''Rick and Morty'' for a second season, which premiered on July 26, 2015.<ref name="Evans 2014-01-29">{{cite web | url=http://splitsider.com/2014/01/adult-swim-renews-rick-and-morty-for-season-2/ | title=Adult Swim Renews Dan Harmon's ''Rick and Morty'' for Season 2 | publisher=The Awl | work=Splitsider | date=January 29, 2014 | accessdate=January 29, 2014 | last= Evans| first= Bradford}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Rick and Morty'' has received critical acclaim, with its first season holding a [[Metacritic]] score of 85, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="Metacritic staff 2013-11-22"/> David Weigand of ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' described it as "offbeat and occasionally coarse... the take-away here is that it works." He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being "fresh, colorful and as wacky as the script", and compares the series as to having "shades of ''Futurama'', ''[[South Park]]'' and even ''[[Beetlejuice]]''", ultimately opining that its humor felt "entirely original."<ref name="Weigand 2013-11-26">{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/Rick-and-Morty-review-Funny-and-edgy-5011147.php | title=''Rick and Morty'' review: Funny and edgy | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=November 26, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013 | last= Weigand| first= David | publisher=Hearst Corporation}}</ref> [[Neil Genzlinger]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the series and compared it to the film ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]''; he concluded his review stating: "Grandparenting at its unhinged finest."<ref name="Genzlinger 2013-12-01">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/02/arts/television/rick-and-morty-on-adult-swim.html | title=A Warm and Fuzzy Grandpa? Well, Not Exactly: 'Rick and Morty' on Adult Swim | work=New York Times | date=December 1, 2013 | accessdate=December 7, 2013 | last= Genzlinger| first= Neil}}</ref> Todd Spangler of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' gave the series a lukewarm review; while he found the series was passable, he contrasted it with other Adult Swim series as "often seems overly reliant on simply being frenetic at the expense of being witty" and enjoyed it as "a welcome attempt to dream just a little bigger."<ref name="Spangler 2013-12-01">{{cite journal | url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/rick-and-morty-tv-review-cartoon-network-adult-swim-1200883197/ | title=TV Review: ''Rick and Morty'' | last= Spangler| first= Todd | journal=Variety | date=December 1, 2013}}</ref> David Sims of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' gave the series an "A−". In reviewing the first two episodes, he complimented the animation for its "clean, simple style." He stated that while the series has "a dark, sick sensibility," he praised its "effort to give each character a little bit of depth," further applauding Roiland's voice talent for the eponymous characters.<ref name="Sims 2013-12-02">{{cite news | url=http://www.avclub.com/review/dan-harmons-new-series-is-a-warped-take-on-the-doc-106087 | title=Dan Harmon's new series is a warped take on the Doc Brown/Marty McFly dynamic | work=The A.V. Club | date=December 2, 2013 | accessdate=December 3, 2013 | last= Sims|first= David}}</ref>

===Online distribution===
Adult Swim has made the pilot episode available on [[iTunes]], bundled as part of the complete first season, as well as a 37-minute interview between creators Harmon and Roiland at the 2013 [[San Diego Comic-Con International]].<ref name="Turner Broadcasting System/Apple Inc. 2013-11-08">{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rick-and-morty-season-1/id741096885 | title=''Rick and Morty'', Season 1 | publisher=Apple Inc. | date=November 8, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013}}</ref> Eleven episodes have also been made available on the series' official website,<ref name="Turner Broadcasting System 2013-11-22">{{cite web | url=http://video.adultswim.com/rick-and-morty/special/ | title=''Rick and Morty'' – Premieres December 2nd at 10:30p on Adult Swim | publisher=Turner Broadcasting System | work=AdultSwim.com | date=November 22, 2013 | accessdate=November 26, 2013}}</ref> The first six episodes were uploaded to [[YouTube]] for a short period.<ref name="Harris 2013-11-27">{{cite journal | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/11/27/rick_and_morty_pilot_watch_the_first_episode_of_dan_harmon_s_new_animated.html | title=Watch the Pilot for Dan Harmon’s New Animated Series | last= Harris| first= Aisha | journal=Slate | date=November 27, 2013 | accessdate=November 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Evans 2013-11-27">{{cite web | url=http://splitsider.com/2013/11/you-can-watch-the-pilot-for-dan-harmons-new-adult-swim-show-online-now/ | title=You Can Watch the Pilot for Dan Harmon's New Adult Swim Show Online Now | publisher=The Awl | work=Splitsider | date=November 27, 2013 | accessdate=November 27, 2013 | last= Evans| first=Bradford}}</ref> The episode "Rixty Minutes" was released early by the network via 109 15-second videos on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/14/5509214/adult-swim-splits-up-rick-and-morty-episode-into-109-instagram-videos|title=Adult Swim splits up 'Rick and Morty' episode into 109 Instagram videos| last=Lowensohn| first=Josh|publisher=Vox Media|work=The Verge}}</ref> Some of the episodes are available for free streaming on Adult Swim's website, for the rest a U.S. cable subscription is required.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/|title=Watch Rick and Morty on Adult Swim|date=June 24, 2015|work=Adult Swim}}</ref> It was made available for on-demand viewing on [[Hulu]] in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/23/8484309/hulu-cartoon-network-adult-swim-stream |title=Hulu snags Cartoon Network and Adult Swim shows in exclusive deal|last= Plaugic| first= Lizzie|date=April 23, 2015|accessdate=April 23, 2015|work=The Verge}}</ref>

===DVD and Blu-ray release===
The complete first season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014, as had been announced on July 11, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Rick-Morty-Season-1/20042|title=Rick and Morty - 'The Complete 1st Season' on DVD, Blu-ray: Date, Cost, Extras|work=[[TVShowsOnDVD.com]] |last= Lambert| first= David |date=July 11, 2013 |accessdate=July 12, 2013}}</ref> Before its release, Roiland had confirmed that it would contain uncensored audio tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JustinRoiland/status/479843527644282881|title=Justin Roiland on Twitter|work=Twitter}}</ref>

===Dota 2 announcer pack===
On August 10, 2015, a ''Rick and Morty''-themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game ''[[Dota 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dota2.com/store/itemdetails/20737|title=Rick and Morty Announcer Pack|work=Valve Corporation|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with the interdimensional mischief of Adult Swim's ''Rick and Morty'', voiced by [[Justin Roiland]].

==Comics==
At [[New York Comic Con| New York Comic Con 2014]], editor-in-chief of [[Oni Press]], James Lucas Jones, announced that a ''Rick and Morty'' comic book adaptation would be released in early 2015.<ref name="ComicsAllianceOni">{{cite web | url=http://comicsalliance.com/oni-brings-rick-and-morty-to-the-universe-of-comics-nycc/ | title=Oni Brings ‘Rick And Morty’ To The Universe Of Comics [NYCC] Read More: Oni Brings 'Rick And Morty' To The Universe Of Comics [NYCC] | publisher=ComicsAlliance | date=October 13, 2014 | accessdate=April 8, 2015 | last= Wilson| first= Matt D.}}</ref> On April 1, 2015, the series debuted with its first monthly issue, entitled "BAM!"<ref name="comicbookdb">{{cite web | url=http://www.comicbookdb.com/issue.php?ID=332793 | title=Rick and Morty (2015) - #1 | publisher=Comicbookdb | accessdate=April 8, 2015}}</ref> The series is written by Zac Gorman and illustrated by CJ Cannon.<ref name="Comicbook">{{cite web | url=http://comicbook.com/2015/01/22/rick-and-morty-comic-book-preview-revealed/ | title=Rick and Morty Comic Book Preview Revealed | publisher=Comicbook.com | date=January 22, 2015 | accessdate=April 8, 2015 | last= Steinbeiser| first= Andrew}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{portal|Cartoon|Cartoon Network|Animation|Television|2010s}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official website|http://video.adultswim.com/rick-and-morty/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt2861424}}
* {{Twitter|RickandMorty|''Rick and Morty''}}

{{Rick and Morty}}
{{Dan Harmon}}
{{Adult Swim programming}}
{{Williams Street}}

[[Category:2013 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2010s American animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:Adult Swim original programs]]
[[Category:Alcohol abuse in television]]
[[Category:American animated television series]]
[[Category:American science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Animated duos]]
[[Category:Cartoons animated with Adobe After Effects]]
[[Category:Comic science fiction]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Parallel universes in fiction]]
[[Category:Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]

User talk:92.12.136.2

2015-11-27T09:14:49Z

JaeDyWolf: Caution: Unconstructive editing on 2015 World Series of Poker Europe. (TW)

== November 2015 ==
[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 15)]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Class455fan1|Class455fan1]] ([[User talk:Class455fan1|talk to me]]) 07:20, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:2015 World Series of Poker Europe]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 09:14, 27 November 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

2015 World Series of Poker Europe

2015-11-27T09:14:36Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 92.12.136.2 (talk) to last revision by Armbrust. (TW)

{{update|date=October 2015}}
The '''2015 [[World Series of Poker Europe]]''' (WSOPE) was held from October 8-24 at the Spielbank Casino in [[Berlin, Germany]]. There were 10 [[WSOP bracelet|bracelet]] events, including a €550 Oktoberfest No Limit Hold'em event and a €550 Pot Limit Omaha event, the lowest buy-in for an Omaha tournament in WSOP history. The series of events culminated in the €10,450 Main Event beginning on October 18, and the €25,600 High Roller event on October 21. This was the first WSOP Europe since 2013, and the first held in Germany.

==Event schedule==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 World Series of Poker Europe Schedule|url=http://www.wsop.com/tourney/tourneydetails.asp?groupID=1154|publisher=WSOP.com|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | #
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Event
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Entrants
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Winner
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Prize
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Runner-up
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | Results
|-
|1
|€2,200 Six Handed No Limit Hold'em
| 197
| Makarios Avramidis
| €105,000
| Frederic Schwarzer
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 1|Results]]
|-
|2
|€550 The Oktoberfest No Limit Hold'em
| 2,144
| Dietrich Fast
| €157,749
| [[John Gale (poker player)|John Gale]]
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 2|Results]]
|-
|3
|€3,250 Eight Handed Pot Limit Omaha
| 161
| Richard Gryko
|€126,345
| Mike Leah
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 3|Results]]
|-
|4
|€1,650 Monster Stack No Limit Hold'em
| 580
| Ryan Hefter
| €176,205
| Gilbert Diaz
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 4|Results]]
|-
|5
|€2,200 Mixed Event
| 113
| Alex Komaromi
| €65,740
| [[Scott Clements]]
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 5|Results]]
|-
|6
|€3,250 No Limit Hold'em
| 256
| Pavlos Xanthopoulos
| €182,510
| Mario Lopez
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 6|Results]]
|-
|7
|€550 Pot Limit Omaha
| 503
| [[Barny Boatman]]
| €54,725
| Grzegorz Grochulski
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 7|Results]]
|-
|8
|€1,100 Turbo No Limit Hold'em Re-Entry
| 546
| Georgios Sotiropoulos
| €112,133
| Paul Tedeschi
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 8|Results]]
|-
|9
|€10,450 No Limit Hold'em Main Event
| 313
| [[Kevin MacPhee]]
| €883,000
| David Lopez
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 9|Results]]
|-
|10
|€25,600 High Roller No Limit Hold'em
| 64
| [[Jonathan Duhamel]]
| €554,395
| [[Davidi Kitai]]
|[[2015 World Series of Poker Europe results#Event 10|Results]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Major poker tournaments}}

[[Category:World Series of Poker Europe]]
[[Category:2015 in poker]]

Pikmin 3

2015-11-25T13:33:32Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 96.242.79.9 (talk): No citation. (TW)

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{infobox video game
| name= Pikmin 3
| image= [[File:Pikmin 3 box artwork.png]]
| caption= Packaging artwork released for all territories
| publisher= [[Nintendo]]
| developer= [[Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development|Nintendo EAD Group No. 4]]
| director= [[Shigefumi Hino]] Yuki Kando
| designer= Keisuke Nishimori Atsushi Miyagi Takafumi Kiuchi Takuro Shimizu
| producer= [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] [[Hiroyuki Kimura]]
| writer= Kunio Watanabe Makoto Wada
| composer= Asuka Hayazaki Atsuko Asahi Hajime Wakai
| series= ''[[Pikmin (series)|Pikmin]]''
| genre= [[Real-time strategy]]
| modes= [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
| platforms= [[Wii U]]
| released= {{vgrelease new|JP|July 13, 2013|EU|July 26, 2013|AU|July 27, 2013|NA|August 4, 2013{{efn|Pre-ordered digital release available August 3, 2013}}}}
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Pikmin 3'''''|ピクミン3|Pikumin Surī|lead=yes}} is a [[real-time strategy]] [[video game]] developed and published by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Wii U]] [[video game console]]. It is the sequel to ''[[Pikmin 2]]'' (2004) and was first released in Japan on July 13, 2013 and then in all other regions the following month. [[Video game designer|Game designer]] [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] first announced ''Pikmin 3'' on July 16, 2008 as a game for the [[Wii]] console, later stating at [[E3 2011]] that its development had transitioned to Wii U. ''Pikmin 3'' retains the gameplay elements introduced in previous [[Pikmin (series)|''Pikmin'' games]] and adds new features, including new [[Player character|playable character]]s and Pikmin types, [[Off-TV Play]], and [[downloadable content]].

In the single-player campaign, the player controls three [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] captains who explore the surface of a planet known as "PNF-404" in search of cultivable fruit seeds to save their home planet, Koppai, from [[famine]]. They meet and befriend the Pikmin, who assist them.

==Gameplay==
''Pikmin 3'' expands on the gameplay of the first ''Pikmin'' title, in which the player commands a horde of up to 100 plant-like creatures called Pikmin and uses their unique abilities to explore the in-game world and uncover treasures within it. Pikmin can be directed to accomplish various tasks, such as building bridges, destroying barriers, collecting spoils, and defeating enemies. The Pikmin themselves come in various colors and different physical features that signify their special abilities or immunities to hazards. For example, Red Pikmin are immune to fire, Yellow Pikmin are immune to electricity and Blue Pikmin can swim in water without drowning.

Alongside the returning red, yellow and blue Pikmin from previous ''Pikmin'' games, ''Pikmin 3'' introduces two new Pikmin types: grey-colored Rock Pikmin, which can destroy tough barriers such as glass, crystals, enemy armor, and are immune to being crushed by heavy objects, and pink-colored Winged Pikmin which can attack airborne enemies, carry items through the air,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/06/05/e3-2012-flying-pink-pikmin-join-pikmin-3 |title=E3 2012: Flying Pink Pikmin Join Pikmin 3 |publisher=IGN}}</ref> and lift gates.

The player controls up to three different leaders of the Pikmin, compared to its predecessor ''[[Pikmin 2]]'' in which only two leaders were available. Players can instantly switch between these groups in order to accomplish tasks more quickly or solve certain puzzles.

''Pikmin 3'' originally offered three control schemes: the [[Wii U GamePad]], [[Wii U Pro Controller]] or [[Wii Remote]] ([[Wii Remote Plus|Plus]]) with the [[Wii Nunchuk|Nunchuk]] accessory. In all cases the Wii U GamePad gives the player an overhead map of the game environment, visible on its touch screen. An update, made available on 30 May 2014, allowed for stylus control on the GamePad. The GamePad is used to access the similar-looking "KopPad" in the game, which is used to view the map and other statistics, and for communication with the other squad members. The KopPad also allows players to trace paths on the map, which the in-game characters will automatically begin to follow, and take HD pictures of the surrounding environments, which can then be uploaded to Miiverse.

Aside from a full single-player campaign, the game features split-screen, competitive, two-player multiplayer in a mode called "Bingo Battle". In this mode each player has a 4 by 4 grid of items to collect, and must compete to get four-in-a-row on their board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webpronews.com/there-can-be-only-one-in-this-pikmin-3-multiplayer-battle-2013-06 |title=There Can Be Only One In This Pikmin 3 Multiplayer Battle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdYF0JqBdhU |title=Pikmin 3 Hype Reel}}</ref>
The game also features "Mission Mode": a cooperative multiplayer experience where the players are presented with a task based on Pikmin fundamentals, which must be completed in a limited amount of time. There are three trials present within Mission Mode: Collect Treasure, where the players must collect all the fruit and enemies on the map using a set amount of Pikmin before time runs out, Battle Enemies, where the players must kill all the enemies on the map as quickly as possible, and Defeat Bosses, which allows the players to re-encounter the boss creatures from Story Mode.

==Plot==
''Pikmin 3'' is set on the surface of the planet "PNF-404", which is the setting in previous ''Pikmin'' games. Five different areas on PNF-404 are accessible for the player to explore, each with diverse topography.

The game opens with a narrator explaining that the inhabitants of the planet Koppai are suffering from [[famine]]. After scouting multiple planets, PNF-404 returns positive with abundance of cultivable food. Three Koppaite explorers, Alph, Brittany, and Charlie, are sent to explore and retrieve food sources from PNF-404. As they approach the planet, their ship, the SS Drake, malfunctions and crash-lands, separating the three of them in the process. Alph awakens on the planet's surface and meets the Pikmin creatures, who help recover the SS Drake. Alph discovers that the "[[warp drive|cosmic drive]] key", an item needed to travel back to Koppai, is missing. Alph reunites with Brittany and Charlie, finding more Pikmin colors in the process. The explorers use the Pikmin to help retrieve [[fruit]] to use as food supply during the journey and harvest the seeds. The SS Drake and the Pikmin Onion ascend into low orbit each evening to avoid the nocturnal creatures.

Throughout the game the explorers recover data files left by [[Captain Olimar]], the protagonist from the first two Pikmin games, and suspect that he is in possession of the cosmic drive key, and explore in pursuit of him. They encounter and rescue [[Pikmin 2|Louie]], Olimar's partner, from a monstrous creature, believing him to be Olimar. Shortly afterward Louie steals all their food supplies and escapes, leading them to track him down, rescue him again and recover all their food. They restrain and interrogate Louie, learning that Olimar and the cosmic drive key are in a region known as the "Formidable Oak." The explorers and the Pikmin land at the Formidable Oak and find that Olimar has been captured by a mysterious lifeform known as the Plasm Wraith. The explorers and the Pikmin attack the Plasm Wraith, rescue Olimar, and recover the cosmic drive key. With Louie being mysteriously absent, they transport Olimar back to his home planet Hocotate, and then fly back to Koppai with the harvested seeds, leaving the Pikmin behind on PNF-404.

The narrator then speaks over the game's epilogue, which varies based on the number of fruit the player retrieved during the game. If the player collects a minimum amount of fruit, the narrator states the explorers feel "unease" over the possibility the seeds collected will not be enough to save Koppai. In the case where the player collects a respectable amount of fruit, it is stated that careful planning will be required to save Koppai. If the player collects all the fruit, the narrator states the three have successfully completed their mission and life on Koppai will be restored. The narrator then adds that the cause of the SS Drake's crash-landing is unknown and suggests that it may not have been accidental.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Pikmin 3 |developer=Nintendo |publisher=Nintendo |date=July 13, 2013 |quote='''Narrator''': And so the intrepid explorers successfully complete their mission! [...] Under their guidance, the seeds they've recovered will be used to kick off a sustainable cycle of cultivation and harvesting, thus bringing new life to Koppai. [...] What was the cause of the accident that sent the SS Drake hurtling to PNF-404's surface? Perhaps it wasn't an accident after all...}}</ref>

In a [[post-credits scene]], a flaming object is seen crashing onto the surface of PNF-404 as the Pikmin look on. Depending on the game's ending, the game's final log entry by Alph states that Louie was somehow accidentally left behind on the planet, although Alph states little concern, claiming that Louie's behavior and ability to eat anything should keep him alive.

==Development==
[[File:Pikmin 3 characters concept art.png|thumb|[[Concept art]] of ''Pikmin 3'' characters Alph, Brittany, Charlie, (each labeled 'A', 'B', and 'C', respectively) a Pikmin, and an unnamed fourth character (labeled 'D') who was removed during development.]]
[[Shigeru Miyamoto]] first hinted about the possibilities of a new ''Pikmin'' game in a July 2007 interview with IGN, saying "I certainly don't think we've seen the last of ''Pikmin''. I definitely would like to do something with them, and I think the Wii interface in particular is very well suited to that franchise."<ref>{{cite web |last=Casamassina |first=Matt |authorlink=Matt Casamassina |date=July 12, 2007 |title=E3 2007: Miyamoto: We Haven't Seen the Last of Pikmin |work=IGN |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/804/804262p1.html |accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref> A later [[CNET.com]] interview in April 2008 reported that "For now, Miyamoto looks ahead to other projects for the Wii, mentioning his desire to continue the ''Pikmin'' series."<ref>{{cite web |first=Jeff |last=Bakalar |url=http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9922578-1.html |title=Up close with Shigeru Miyamoto and 'Wii Fit' |work=CNET.com |date=April 18, 2008 |accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref>

A new ''Pikmin'' game was eventually confirmed at [[Electronic Entertainment Expo|E3]] 2008 during Nintendo's developer roundtable, in which Miyamoto stated that his team were working on a new entry in the series.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kyle |last=Orland |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2008/07/16/liveblog-from-nintendos-2008-e3-developer-roundtable/ |title=Liveblog from Nintendo's 2008 E3 Developer Roundtable |work=Joystiq |date=July 16, 2008 |accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6194394.html |title=E3 2008: Miyamoto conducts Wii Music, confirms Pikmin |work=Gamespot |date=July 16, 2008 |accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref> However, details concerning gameplay and development were left unmentioned.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Bozon |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/891/891395p1.html |title=E3 2008: Miyamoto Confirms Pikmin |work=IGN |date=July 16, 2008 |accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref> At Miyamoto's roundtable discussion at the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011]], Miyamoto stated that ''Pikmin 3'' development was moved to [[Wii U]], the Wii successor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/26645 |title=Pikmin Coming to Wii U |publisher=Nintendo World Report |date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> He felt that the HD graphics for the next system and its special screen-based controller would work better for it.

On June 5, 2012, ''Pikmin 3'' was shown at Nintendo's press conference at E3. It demonstrated some of the new gameplay aspects including the new rock Pikmin and the GamePad controls.<ref>{{cite web |first=Riley |last=Little |url=http://gamerant.com/pink-flying-pikmin-3-riley-153575/ |title=New Flying Pink Pikmin Spotted |publisher=Game Rant |date=June 7, 2012}}</ref> It was said that it would be released around the same time as the Wii U,<ref>{{cite web |first=Samuel |last=Claiborn |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/06/05/e3-2012-pikmin-3-doesnt-need-your-fancy-new-controller |title=E3 2012: Pikmin 3 Doesn't Need Your Fancy New Controller |work=ign.com |date=June 5, 2012 |accessdate=June 11, 2012}}</ref> but its release was later delayed until mid-2013. When questioned about the presence or absence of the purple and white Pikmin types featured in the second game, Miyamoto stated that "They're in there somewhere, just hidden...". A video released from [[Nintendo Direct]] confirmed that they would in fact be in the game, but only in the game's Mission Mode and Bingo Battle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/12/05/dissecting-the-latest-from-pikmin-3 |title=Dissecting the Latest From Pikmin 3 |author=Thomas, Lucas M. |date=December 5, 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}</ref>

In a Polygon interview, Miyamoto stated that he plans to have a series of animated Pikmin shorts released on the Nintendo 3DS prior to ''Pikmin 3'''s launch.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crecente |first=Brian |title=Nintendo tests the waters for new cartoon series based on Pikmin |url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/3/11/4088868/nintendo-tests-the-waters-for-new-cartoon-series-based-on-pikmin |work=Good Game |publisher=Polygon |accessdate=27 June 2013 |date=11 March 2013}}</ref> While the shorts went unheard of for months after the game's initial release, they were eventually brought back up again by Miyamoto a year later, and eventually were announced to be released on November 5, 2014 on the Nintendo Eshop for $4.99.

==Release==
''Pikmin 3'' was first released in Japan on July 13, 2013.<ref name="Pikmin3JapaneseRelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/wiiu/software/pikmin3.html |title=ピクミン3}}</ref> The game was released in Europe, Australia, and North America on July 26, July 27, and August 4 respectively.<ref name="Pikmin3EURelease">{{cite web |title=Get the latest on upcoming and future titles with Nintendo Direct @E3! |url=http://www.nintendo.co.uk/News/2013/June/Get-the-latest-on-upcoming-and-future-titles-with-Nintendo-Direct-E3--765437.html |publisher=Nintendo UK |accessdate=16 June 2013 |location=Los Angeles |date=June 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pikmin3AUSRelease">{{cite web |title=New Adventures in the Super Mario, Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda, Luigi, Pokémon and Pikmin Franchises All Coming This Year for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS |url=http://www.nintendo.com.au/index.php?action=news&nid=2927&pageID=6 |publisher=Nintendo Australia |accessdate=16 June 2013 |date=June 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pikmin3NARelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/33889 |title=Pikmin 3 Out in August, New Pikmin Species Shown |author=Malina, Tom |date=April 17, 2013 |publisher=Nintendo World Report |accessdate=April 17, 2013}}</ref>

The ''Collect Treasure'' stage pack [[downloadable content]] (DLC) was released on October 1, 2013. It adds four missions to the mission mode. Also releasing with the DLC, was the free 1.2.0 update.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/10/01/pikmin-3-getting-paid-dlc|title=Pikmin 3 getting paid DLC|last=Suszek|first=Mike|date=1 October 2013|work=[[Joystiq]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref> ''Battle Enemies'' stage pack DLC was released November 6, 2013. It adds four missions to the mission mode. Also releasing with the DLC was the free 1.3.0 update.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/06/new-pikmin-3-dlc-available-now|title=New Pikmin DLC [''Battle Enemies''] Available Now|author=Jose Otero|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=6 November 2013|accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> A third DLC pack of completely new stages (rather than remixes of old stages as in previous DLC) was released on December 2, 2013. Four new "Collect Treasure" and four new "Battle Enemies" stages have been announced. Update 1.4.0 released at the same time adds one free "Collect Treasure" and one free "Battle Enemies" mission as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/11/13/guide-captain-olimar-through-new-pikmin-3-dlc-in-december/|title=Guide Captain Olimar through new Pikmin 3 DLC|last=Suszek|first=Mike|date=13 November 2013|work=[[Joystiq]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| GR = 86.59%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/wii-u/633263-pikmin-3/index.html |title=Pikmin 3 for Wii U |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| MC = 87/100<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/wii-u/pikmin-3 |title=Pikmin 3 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| Edge = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edge-online.com/review/pikmin-3-review/ |title=Edge Pikmin 3 review |publisher=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| EuroG = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-07-10-pikmin-3-review |title=Eurogamer Pikmin 3 review |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| Fam = 37/40<ref name="Famitsu reviews Pikmin 3"/><ref name="Famitsu Pikmin 3 at MNN"/>
| GRadar = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/pikmin-3-review/ |title=Gamesrader Pikmin 3 review |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| IGN = 8.8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/22/pikmin-3-review |title=IGN Pikmin 3 review |publisher=IGN |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
| Joystiq = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Joystiq">{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/07/31/pikmin-3-review/ |title=Pikmin 3 review: To boldly go |first=Sinan |last=Kubba |date=July 31, 2013 |accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref>
| ONM = 90%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/52429/pikmin-3-review/ |title=Official Nintendo Magazine Pikmin 3 review |publisher=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-07-22}}</ref>
}}

The game received very positive reviews; most reviewers praised its well thought-out levels, high-quality graphics and gameplay. The Japanese video game magazine ''[[Famitsū]]'' scored the game 37/40, with four reviewers awarding three 9s and one perfect 10.<ref name="Famitsu reviews Pikmin 3">{{cite journal | title=NEW GAME CROSS REVIEW - ピクミン3 | magazine=[[Famitsū]] | issue=1284 | page=44 | date=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Famitsu Pikmin 3 at MNN">{{cite web |url=http://mynintendonews.com/2013/07/09/famitsu-reviews-pikmin-3/ |title=Famitsu Reviews Pikmin 3 |publisher=My Nintendo News |date=2013-07-09 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' gave it 5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |author=David Phelan |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/ingear/Tech___Games/Games___Apps/article1286013.ece |title=Pikmin 3 |publisher=The Sunday Times |date=2013-07-14 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> [[IGN]] scored the game 8.8/10, praising its design but also stating that it was too short.<ref>{{cite web |author=Keza MacDonald 22 Jul 2013 |url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/07/22/pikmin-3-review |title=Pikmin 3 Review - IGN |publisher=Uk.ign.com |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> ITF Gaming gave it a 9/10 for its lush, well-crafted environments.<ref>{{cite web |author=Darryl Linington |url=http://www.itfgaming.com/game-review/pikmin-3-review/ |title=Pikmin 3 Review |publisher=ITF Gaming |date=2013-07-30 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> [http://superealmedia.com/2013/10/30/game-review-pikmin-3/ Superealmedia] gave "Pikmin 3" a Grade A praising the graphics and the controls. Ben Croshaw of [[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] gave similar praise, notably of the game's incentive for the player to be urgent, but critiqued the Wii U itself for not utilizing the touch screen as a means of individually selecting targets.<ref>{{cite journal | title=PIKMIN 3 | last=Croshaw | first=Benjamin | magazine=Escapist Magazine | date=4 September 2013}}</ref> This feature was added in a later software update.

=== Sales ===

In Japan, ''Pikmin 3'' was the best selling game during its launch week, selling around 93,000 copies in two days and helping to move 22,200 Wii U systems.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ishaan . July 17, 2013 . 1:00pm |url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/07/17/this-week-in-sales-pikmin-3-and-luigi-lift-wii-u-sales/ |title=This Week In Sales: Pikmin 3 And Luigi Lift Wii U Sales |publisher=Siliconera |date=2013-07-17 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> In the UK, the game debuted at number 2 in the all-formats chart, behind the retail version of ''[[Minecraft]]'' for [[Xbox 360]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/07/pikmin_3_makes_uk_chart_debut_in_second_place |title=Pikmin 3 UK Debut Sales |publisher=Nintendo Life |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2014-01-18}}</ref> In the US, the game was the best selling game on its debut week, and according to the NPD Group, it sold 115,000 units in its first month, entering the all-formats chart at number 10.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pickles |first=Fuzzy |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2013/09/12/madden-saints-row-top-npd-charts-3ds-sales-strong.aspx |title=Madden, Saints Row Top August 2013 NPD Charts, 3DS Sales Strong - News |publisher=www.GameInformer.com |date=2013-09-12 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/pikmin-3-us-sales-reach-115000-units-6414410|title=Pikmin 3 US sales reach 115,000 units|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|date=12 September 2013|work=[[GameSpot]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> According to a later report, the game has sold around 210,000 units in the US as of December 31, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nintendoeverything.com/december-2013-npd-lifetime-sales-for-wii-u-and-3ds-titles/ |title=LTD Nintendo Games Numbers |publisher=Nintendo Everything |date=2014-01-17 |accessdate=2014-01-18}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://pikmin3.nintendo.com/}} {{En icon}}

{{Portalbar|Nintendo|2010s|Video games}}
{{Pikmin series}}

[[Category:2013 video games]]
[[Category:Cancelled Wii games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Network games]]
[[Category:Pikmin]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Video games with downloadable content]]
[[Category:Wii U games]]
[[Category:Wii U eShop games]]
[[Category:Wii U-only games]]
[[Category:Asymmetrical multiplayer video games]]

John Gale (poker player)

2015-10-13T10:36:55Z

JaeDyWolf:

{{About|the poker player|other uses|John Gale (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox poker player
| name = John Gale
| image = 
| caption = 
| nickname = ''Gentleman''
| residence = [[Bushey]], [[Hertfordshire]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|December 13, 1953}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| wsop bracelet count = 2
| wsop money finishes = 10
| wsop main event best finish rank = 522nd
| wsop main event best finish year = 2006
| wpt titles = 1
| wpt final tables = 2
| wpt money finishes = 4
| ept titles = ''None''
| ept final tables = 0
| ept money finishes = 3
}}

'''John Gale''' (born December 13, 1953 in [[London]]) is an [[England|English]] professional [[poker]] player based in [[Bushey]], [[Hertfordshire]].

Gale is a relative newcomer to poker, having only begun playing [[Texas hold 'em]] in mid-2004. He first made a name for himself by qualifying for the [[World Poker Tour]] (WPT) 2005 [[PokerStars Caribbean Poker Adventure]] tournament in [[The Bahamas]] in an online satellite tournament. He went on to win the first place prize of $890,600, outlasting a 461 player field in his first major live tournament.

Upon returning to his management consultant job he found less of an interest in day-to-day activities and sold the business to concentrate on poker full-time.

Gale finished in the money on the [[European Poker Tour]] the next month, and finished in the money four times during the 2005 [[World Series of Poker]], including a second-place finish to [[Brian Wilson (poker player)|Brian Wilson]] in the $5,000 [[betting (poker)|pot limit]] hold 'em event. He also made it through to day 2 of the $10,000 [[betting (poker)|no limit]] hold 'em main event.

At the [[2006 World Series of Poker|2006 WSOP]], Gale won Event #29 (a $2,500 Pot Limit Hold'em event) when his {{Unicode|K♣}} {{Unicode|9♠}} defeated Maros Lechman's {{Unicode|A♠}} {{Unicode|6♠}} on a board of {{Unicode|T♣}} {{Unicode|9♦}} {{Unicode|7♣}} {{Unicode|5♠}} {{Unicode|2♣}} in the final hand. Gale was awarded $374,849 along with a WSOP bracelet.

During the [[2015 World Series of Poker|2015 WSOP]], Gale won Event #18 (a $1,000 Turbo No Limit Hold'em event). He secured victory over Gary Luther in heads-up play when he was re-raised all in pre-flop holding {{Unicode|2♣}} {{Unicode|2♥}} versus Luther's {{Unicode|A♣}} {{Unicode|3♠}}. Gale called and the board ran out {{Unicode|8♥}} {{Unicode|4♥}} {{Unicode|4♦}} {{Unicode|10♠}} {{Unicode|9♣}} giving him the winning hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/update/GFH/john-gale-wins-event-18-1000-turbo-no-limit-298290/|title=World Series of Poker - Official Tournament Coverage and Results|accessdate=2015-06-09|date=2015-06-07|publisher=WSOP.com}}</ref> He was awarded $298,290 and his second WSOP bracelet.

As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings exceed $3,600,000.<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=36553 Hendon Mob tournament results]</ref> His 10 cashes as the WSOP account for $954,900 of those winnings.<ref>[http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/index.asp?sort=cashearned&pagenum=3 World Series of Poker Earnings], worldseriesofpoker.com</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.worldpokertour.com/players/?x=profile&poker-player=1880 World Poker Tour profile]
* [http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player-interviews/john-gale-blows-away-competition PokerListings.com interview]

{{2000s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{2010s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gale, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 13, 1953
| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gale, John}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:English poker players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:World Poker Tour winners]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners]]
[[Category:People from Bushey]]

Rake (poker)

2015-09-29T16:12:27Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 4 edits by 112.197.224.17 (talk): Please read WP:EL. (TW)

'''Rake''' is the scaled commission fee taken by a [[cardroom]] operating a [[poker]] game. It is generally 2.5 to 10 percent of the [[Pot (poker)|pot]] in each [[poker hand]], up to a predetermined maximum amount.<ref name="stars">[http://www.pokerstars.com/poker/room/rake/ PokerStars Poker Table Rake]</ref><ref>[http://www.partypoker.com/how-to-play/playing-on-our-tables/getting-started/rake-and-blind-structure.html Partypoker.com: Rake And Blind Structure]</ref> There are also other non-percentage ways for a casino to take the rake. Some cardrooms will not take a percentage rake in any [[community card poker]] game like [[Texas hold 'em]] when a hand does not have a [[flop (poker)|flop]]. This is called "no flop, no drop".<ref name="stars"/>

Poker is a player-versus-player game, and the house does not wager against its players (unlike [[blackjack]] or [[roulette]]), so this fee is the principal mechanism to generate revenues.

It is primarily levied by an establishment that supplies the necessary services for the game to take place. In [[online poker]] it covers the various costs of operation such as support, software and personnel. In traditional [[brick and mortar business|brick and mortar]] casinos it is also used to cover the costs involved with providing a [[Poker dealer|dealer]] (though in many places tips provide the bulk of a dealer's income) for the game, support staff (from servers to supervisors), use of gaming equipment, and the physical building in which the game takes place. The rake in live games is generally higher than for online poker.

To win when playing in poker games where the house takes a cut, a player must not only beat opponents, but also the financial drain of the rake.<ref>[http://www.playwinningpoker.com/poker/rake/ Raked Over the Coals: Poker Rake]</ref>

==Mechanism==
There are several ways for the rake to be taken.<ref>[http://www.thepokerforum.com/rakeandtime.htm Thepokerforum.com: The Effects of the Rake or Time Charge on your Bottom Line"]</ref>

===Pot rake===
A percentage rake is taken directly from the pot. In a live casino, the dealer manually removes [[Poker chips|chips]] from the pot while the hand is being played and sets them aside to be dropped into a secure box after completion of the hand. When playing online, the rake is taken automatically by the game software. Some software shows the rake amount next to a graphical representation of the dealer and takes it incrementally between the rounds of betting, whereas other software programs wait until the entire hand is over and then takes it from the pot total before giving the rest to the winner of the hand. This is the prevalent method of collecting rake in online poker.

===Dead drop===
The fee is placed on the dealer button each hand by the player in that position, and taken in by the dealer before any cards are dealt.

===Time collection===
Time collection (also "timed rake" or "table charge") is a set fee collected (typically) every half hour during the game. This form of rake is collected in one of two ways:
*Player time: A set amount is collected from each player.
*Time pot: A set amount is collected from the first pot over a certain amount.

Time rakes are generally reserved for higher limit games ($10–$20 and above).

===Tournament fees===
The above examples are used in [[Cash game|ring games]], also known as cash games. The rake for participation in [[poker tournaments]] is collected as an entrance fee. This may be displayed by showing the tournament buy-in as $100+$20, with the $20 being the house fee or [[Vigorish|"Vig"]].

===Subscription fees===
Some online cardrooms charge a monthly subscription fee, and then do not rake individual pots or tournaments.

===Rake free===
Some [[online poker]] websites have done away with the rake altogether. These "rake free" poker rooms generate revenue by increasing traffic to the company's other profitable businesses (such as a [[Online casino|casino]] or [[sportsbook]]) or by charging monthly membership or deposit fees. Some sites are only completely rake-free for frequent players, while offering reduced rake instead for other customers. Due to high [[fixed costs]] of operating a poker room, such as [[marketing]], few online poker rooms have been successful in offering rake-free game, often going bankrupt or sustaining themselves by exploiting loopholes in offshore jurisdictions to refuse to honor players' cash withdrawals. However, some financially sound poker rooms have on occasion offered rake-free games to entice new sign-ups or to encourage players to try out new game formats.

== Rakeback ==
'''Rakeback''' is a player rewards method that began in 2004, whereby some [[online poker]] sites or their [[affiliate]] partners return part of the rake or tournament entries a player pays as an incentive for them to continue playing on that site.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Daragh |url=http://www.cardplayer.com/cardplayer-magazines/65729-john-juanda-5-12/articles/18053-the-perks-of-online-poker-rakeback |title=The Perks of Online Poker:Rakeback - CardPlayerEurope.com |publisher=Cardplayer.com |date=2008-11-30 |accessdate=2010-01-29}}</ref>

Rakeback in cash games can be calculated using two different methods: dealt and contributed. The dealt method awards the same amount of rakeback to each player dealt into a hand, and the contributed method rewards players based on their actual contribution to the pot. In poker tournaments, rakeback is deducted from cardroom's entry fee. Rakeback is similar to [[Comps (casino)|comps]] in "brick and mortar" casinos.

As online poker becomes more mainstream online poker professionals have begun using rakeback as a means of increasing profits or cutting their losses. Depending upon the stakes the player is playing, how many tables they are playing at once, and the number of hours played daily, online poker pros can earn thousands of dollars in rakeback every month. This gave rise to so-called [[rakeback pro]]s, players using a less intensive losing strategy at many tables simultaneously while offsetting their losses through rakeback.

Not every online poker room offers rakeback. Sites such as [[Full Tilt Poker]], [[Cake Network]] and [[UltimateBet]] allow [[affiliate]]s to offer rakeback as a direct percentage of rake and tournament entries paid back to the players. Other card rooms such as [[PokerStars]], [[PartyPoker]], [[Ongame Network]] and the [[Playtech|iPoker Network]] forbid affiliates to give rakeback. Instead they offer [[in-house]] loyalty programs that gives cash and other rewards to players based upon how much they play.<ref>{{cite web|author=flopturnriver.com |url=http://www.flopturnriver.com/blogs/make-thousands-by-playing-at-pokerstars-in-2010-12085 |title=Make Thousands by Playing at PokerStars in 2010 |publisher=Flopturnriver.com |date=2010-01-13 |accessdate=2010-01-29}}</ref> At such networks, rakeback deals are sometimes cut between an affiliate and a player without the poker operator's knowledge. Such deals, if discovered, tend to result in the expulsion of either offending party, and, sometimes, in penalties for the poker operator, if they are part of a bigger poker network.

In [[brick and mortar]] rooms, the [[floorperson]] may offer a rake reduction or rake-free play to players willing to start a table [[shorthanded (poker)|shorthanded]].

==Legality==
In most legal jurisdictions, taking a rake from a poker table is explicitly illegal if the party taking the rake does not have the proper gaming [[licence]]s and/or permits. The laws of many jurisdictions are written in such a manner that they do not prohibit the playing of poker for money at a private dwelling, so long as nobody is taking a rake.

==See also==
*[[Rake race]]
*[[Vigorish]]
*[[Poker jargon]]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Poker gameplay and terminology]]

La Línea corruption case

2015-09-07T16:28:53Z

JaeDyWolf:

[[File:Chacalacadefresa.jpg|thumb| "Pacific demonstration" in [[Guatemala City]], on April 25, 2015 after the first corruption allegations against the Pérez Molina Administration.]]
'''''La Línea'' corruption case''' ("''La Línea''" meaning the "telephone line" used by the corruption ring) began in [[Guatemala]] on April 16, 2015, when the [[International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala]] accused a number of politicians within the Administration of President [[Otto Pérez Molina]] of having set up a customs corruption ring with the help of high ranking officials within the tax and customs administration. Several demonstrations ensued, calling for the resignation of Otto Pérez Molina and his Vice-President, [[Roxana Baldetti]].

On September 1st, Otto Pérez Molina was stripped of his immunity; he resigned on the 2nd and was put in custody on the 3rd, as had previously been the case for Roxana Baldetti<ref>{{es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150821155710/http://elperiodico.com.gt/2015/08/21/pais/exvicepresidenta-baldetti-capturada-esta-manana-por-tres-delitos/ Exvicepresidenta Baldetti capturada esta mañana por tres delitos], (accessed on September 6, 2015)</ref> and over twenty accomplices.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{es}} [http://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/justicia/desmantelan-red-de-defraudadores Desmantelan red de defraudadores], on ''prensalibre.com'' (accessed on September 6, 2015).
* {{es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150821185039/http://www.guatevision.com/cicig-otto-perez-participo-en-la-liena/ CICIG: Otto Pérez participó en “La Línea”] (accessed on September 6, 2015).
* {{fr}} [http://www.rfi.fr/ameriques/20150822-guatemala-le-president-coeur-reseau-corruption-selon-justice Guatemala: le président au cœur d'un réseau de corruption, selon la justice], on ''rfi.fr'' (accessed on September 5, 2015).
* {{fr}} [http://www.lesechos.fr/monde/ameriques/021300720914-guatemala-la-justice-lance-un-mandat-darret-contre-le-president-1150261.php Guatemala : accusé de corruption, le président Pérez démissionne], on ''lesechos.fr'' (accessed on September 5, 2015).
* {{fr}} [http://www.humanite.fr/guatemala-demission-du-president-582950 Guatemala : démission du président], on ''humanite.fr'' (accessed on September 5, 2015).

{{stub}}

User talk:213.233.147.83

2015-09-03T13:20:42Z

JaeDyWolf: General note: Unconstructive editing on David Mitchell (comedian). (TW)

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David Mitchell (comedian)

2015-09-03T13:20:38Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 213.233.147.83 (talk) to last revision by Rambunctious Racoon. (TW)

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = David Mitchell
|image = David_mitchell.jpg
|alt = David Mitchell wearing a red shirt looks at the camera
|caption = Mitchell in 2009
|birthname = David James Stuart Mitchell
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|7|14}}
|birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom
|residence = [[Kilburn, London]], England
|occupation = [[Actor]], [[Comedian]], [[Writer]], [[Television presenter|Presenter]]
|years_active = 1995–present
|education = Modern History
|alma_mater = [[Abingdon School]] [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
|spouse = [[Victoria Coren Mitchell]] (2012–present)
|children = 1
|module = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename=David mitchell bbc radio4 desert island discs 19 07 2009.flac |title=David Mitchell's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 19 July 2009<ref name="XXX">{{Cite episode |title=David Mitchell |series=[[Desert Island Discs]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ln1b2 |accessdate=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=19 July 2009}}</ref> }}
}}
'''David James Stuart Mitchell''' (born 14 July 1974)<ref name=whowho>{{cite book |title=David Mitchell |work=[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who 2011]] |author=A & C Black |edition=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U250146 |accessdate=10 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=ds>{{cite web |last=Oatts |first=Joanne |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a43909/mitchell--webb.html?page=4 |title=Mitchell & Webb |date=11 April 2007 |accessdate=13 April 2007 |publisher=''Digital Spy''}}</ref> is a British actor, comedian and writer. He is half of the comedy duo [[Mitchell and Webb]], alongside [[Robert Webb]], whom he met at [[Cambridge University]]. There they were both part of the [[Footlights|Cambridge Footlights]], of which Mitchell became President. Together the duo star in the [[Channel 4]] sitcom ''[[Peep Show (TV series)|Peep Show]]'' in which Mitchell plays [[Mark Corrigan (Peep Show)|Mark Corrigan]]. Mitchell won the [[British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Performance]] in 2009 for his performance in the show.

The duo have written and starred in several sketch shows including ''[[Bruiser (TV series)|Bruiser]]'', ''[[The Mitchell and Webb Situation]]'', ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Sound]]'' and most recently ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Look]]''. Mitchell and Webb also starred in the UK version of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s ''[[Get a Mac]]'' advertisement campaign. Their first film ''[[Magicians (2007 film)|Magicians]]'' was released in 2007.

Mitchell is a frequent participant on British panel shows, being a team captain on ''[[Would I Lie to You? (TV series)|Would I Lie to You?]]'', host of ''[[The Bubble (game show)|The Bubble]]'', and a frequent guest on other panel shows, including ''[[QI]]'', ''[[Mock the Week]]'' and ''[[Have I Got News for You]]''. He also hosts the television panel game ''[[Was It Something I Said? (TV series)|Was It Something I Said?]]'', the radio show ''[[The Unbelievable Truth (radio show)|The Unbelievable Truth]]'' and the comedy news programme ''[[10 O'Clock Live]]''. As a writer, Mitchell regularly contributes comment articles to ''[[The Observer]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''.

==Early life==
Mitchell's ancestry can in part be traced back to the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>{{cite news |last=McKenzie |first=Steven |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8144305.stm |title=Comedian traces Clearances link |work=BBC News |accessdate=5 August 2009 |date=26 July 2009}}</ref> He was born in [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England, to Ian Douglas Mitchell and Kathy Grey Mitchell (née Hughes),<ref name=whowho/> who were then hotel managers. In 1977, his parents gave up their jobs to lecture and to look after a then two-year-old Mitchell.<ref name=ds/> He attended Napier House primary school.<ref name=mailbio>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Simon |title=So what was my big secret? Was I gay? Or on drugs? No, just hopelessly in love: My life as a total loser |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2217212/David-Mitchell-autobiography-Peep-Show-star-reveals-meeting-fianc-e-Victoria-Coren-changed-life.html |accessdate=13 October 2012 |newspaper=Mail Online |date=13 October 2012}}</ref> He is the older of two boys; when David was seven and a half years old his parents had another son, Daniel.<ref name=mailbio/><ref name="DIDiscs DM">{{cite episode |title=Desert Island Discs (David Mitchell as participant) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ln1b2|series=Desert Island Discs |serieslink=Desert Island Discs |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] |airdate=19 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=timesinter/> The family moved to [[Oxford]] where Mitchell's parents became lecturers on hotel management at [[Oxford Brookes University|Oxford Polytechnic]].<ref name=ds/><ref name=timesinter>{{cite news |last=Turner |first=Janice |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3303938.ece |title=Mitchell and Webb are back on TV |date=9 February 2008 |accessdate=11 February 2008 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

In a 2006 interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', Mitchell stated his childhood dreams:
{{bq|text=When I was at school I either wanted to be a comedian-stroke-actor or [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]]. But I didn't admit that to other people, I said I wanted to be a [[barrister]] and that made my parents very happy. I didn't admit I wanted to be a comedian until I came to university, met a lot of other people who wanted to be comedians, and realised it was an okay thing to say.<ref name=Independent>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Deborah |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article1988496.ece |title=Peep Show's David Mitchell and Robert Webb |date=18 November 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=''The Independent''}}</ref>}}

[[File:Abingdon School, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England-23April2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abingdon School]]]]

From the age of 12 Mitchell was educated at [[Abingdon School]], a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] in Oxfordshire. Having always been top of the class at primary school, once he moved to [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], he realised that there were plenty of people more intelligent than he was and so turned his attention to debating and drama, "where [he] had a chance of being the best".<ref name=timesinter/> There, Mitchell often took part in plays, "largely because you got to play cards backstage."<ref name=Independent/> His roles mainly consisted of small minute-long parts, until he won the role of [[Rabbit (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Rabbit]] in ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]''. This was the first time that he was "consciously aware I was doing a performance" and that that "was better, even, than playing cards."<ref name=Independent/> Mitchell had been "obsessed" with comedy writing since his school days, as he "always felt that doing a joke was the cleverest thing", and "would intrinsically prefer a parody of something to the actual thing itself".<ref name=inter>{{cite web |last=Richman |first=Darren |url=http://www.wessexscene.co.uk/article.php?sid=1011| title=David 'peep show' Mitchell Interview |date=7 March 2005 |accessdate=17 March 2007 |publisher=''Wessex Scene'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061004003828/http://www.wessexscene.co.uk/article.php?sid=1011 |archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref>

===Education===
Rejected by [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]], [[University of Oxford]],<ref name=mailbio/>{{sfn|Mitchell|2012|page=131}} in 1993, Mitchell went up to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], Cambridge where he read history.<ref name=ds/> There, he began performing with the Cambridge [[Footlights]], of which he became president<ref name=bbc>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/thatmitchellandwebbsite/cast/mitchell.shtml |title=David Mitchell |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 March 2007}}</ref> for the 1995–96 academic year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://footlights.org/alumni-archive?name=1990-1999 |title=Footlight alumni 1990–1999 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121015035204/http://footlights.org/alumni-archive?name=1990-1999 |archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref>

Mitchell was in his first year at university when he met [[Robert Webb]] during rehearsals for a 1993 Footlights production of ''[[Cinderella]]'',<ref name=theobserver>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1856420,00.html |last=Mitchell |first=Ben |title=Masters of comedy |date=27 August 2006 |accessdate=28 April 2007 |work=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> and the two men soon set up a comedy partnership.<ref name=inter/> According to Mitchell these factors had a detrimental effect on his studies at university and he attained a [[Lower second-class honours|2:2]] in his final exams.<ref name=inter/>

==Career==

===Early work and ''Peep Show''===
Before his break into comedy, Mitchell worked as an usher at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]] theatre,<ref name=ddailymail>{{cite news |last=Fryer |first=Jane |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=489764&in_page_id=1773 |title=Who are Mitchell & Webb? |accessdate=3 November 2007 |date=25 October 2007 |publisher=''[[Daily Mail]]''}}</ref> and in the cloakroom of ''[[TFI Friday]]'' among other jobs.<ref>{{cite video |people=Mitchell, David |date=2 November 2007 |title=The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz |medium=Television production |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref>

{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:28em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"We have superficial differences and underlying similarities. We pretty much agree about what we think is funny. But we come across differently. We get on really. And together we're greater than the sum of our parts."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|— Mitchell describing his partnership with Webb.<ref name=timesinter/>
|}
Mitchell's first project with Webb was in January 1995, a show about a nuclear apocalypse<ref>{{cite podcast |url=http://asitecalledfred.com/2012/06/26/david-mitchell-ken-plume-chat-3/ |title=A Bit of a Chat With Ken Plume & David Mitchell 3|website=FRED Entertainment |host=Ken Plume |date=26 June 2012 |time=1:23:23 |accessdate=8 August 2013 |quote='Innocent Millions Dead or Dying' ... which wasn't actually about the first world war, that's what they put on Wikipedia ... it was about a nuclear apocalypse.}}</ref> entitled ''Innocent Millions Dead or Dying: A Wry Look at the Post-Apocalyptic Age''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.varsity.co.uk/arts/871 |title=That Mitchell and Webb interview |work=Varsity |date=22 February 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2011}}</ref> Webb later described it as being "fucking terrible".<ref name=theobserver/> After leaving university he and Webb began performing a number of two-man shows at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe|Edinburgh Fringe]].<ref name=inter/>

As a result of their performances at the Edinburgh Fringe, the duo were given the chance to write for [[Alexander Armstrong (comedian)|Alexander Armstrong]] and [[Ben Miller]] and for series two of ''[[Big Train]]''.<ref name=bbc/> After minor work on ''[[The Jack Docherty Show]]'' and ''[[Comedy Nation]]'',<ref name=media100/> their first break into television acting was in 2000, on the short-lived BBC sketch show ''[[Bruiser (TV series)|Bruiser]]'', which they primarily wrote, and starred in. The show also featured [[Olivia Colman]], who would become a regular cast member of Mitchell and Webb projects, and [[Martin Freeman]], later of ''[[The Office (UK TV series)|The Office]]'' fame. Other cast members included [[Matthew Holness]] and [[Charlotte Hudson]]. Additional material for the show was provided by various people, including [[Ricky Gervais]] and [[James Bachman]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lewisohn |first=Mark |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/b/bruiser_66600740.shtml |title=Bruiser |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

In 2001 the two men were commissioned for a sketch show of their own, entitled ''[[The Mitchell and Webb Situation]]'', which ran for six episodes on the now defunct channel [[Play UK]].<ref name=bbc/> Despite the show running for a mere series, it was reasonably well received. ''Wessex Scene''{{'}}s Darren Richman said "what the series lacked in budget, it made up for in magnificent material" and went on to call it "far superior to the vastly overrated ''[[Little Britain]]''" and "perhaps the greatest forgotten sketch show of modern times."<ref name=inter/> ''Eureka! TV'' said that the show "gushes forth an hilarious stream of surreal and quirkily inventive sketches", as well as calling it a "cult success". ''Eureka! TV'' released ''The Mitchell and Webb Situation'' on DVD in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekavideo.co.uk/tv/the-mitchell-webb-situation/ |title=The Mitchell & Webb Situation |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=Eureka! TV}}</ref> In the interview with ''Wessex Scene'', Mitchell stated that he was "more proud of the way it turned out than annoyed that it was only aired on a small channel."<ref name=inter/>

Mitchell and Webb's next project came in 2003, with starring roles in the [[Channel 4]] sitcom ''[[Peep Show (TV series)|Peep Show]]'', as flatmates [[Mark Corrigan (Peep Show)|Mark Corrigan]] and [[Jeremy Usbourne]] respectively.<ref name=peepshow>{{cite web |url=http://www.sitcom.co.uk/peep_show/ |title=Peep Show |publisher=''[[British Sitcom Guide]]'' |accessdate=4 April 2007}}</ref> The show originated from writers [[Jesse Armstrong]] and [[Sam Bain]]'s failed attempt to complete a team-written sitcom for the BBC; they had an old script that they wanted to revive and Mitchell and Webb helped out, with it eventually evolving into ''Peep Show''.<ref name=Independent/> Despite low viewing figures (which almost got the show cancelled after series three)<ref name=TAP>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/news/2006/01/26/29162.shtml |title=That's all, Peeps |date=20 May 2007 |accessdate=21 June 2007 |publisher=BBC |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060206161613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/news/2006/01/26/29162.shtml |archivedate=6 February 2006}}</ref> the show was received to wide critical acclaim.<ref name=media100/> The ''[[British Sitcom Guide]]'' called it "without a doubt one of the best sitcoms of the decade."<ref name=peepshow/> Ricky Gervais has been cited as saying "the last thing I got genuinely excited about on British TV was ''Peep Show'', which I thought was the best sitcom since ''[[Father Ted]]''".<ref name=Independent2>{{cite news |last=Rampton |first=James |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article1525333.ece |title=Robert Webb and David Mitchell: The Peep Show duo's new pain game |date=13 September 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |work=The Independent}}</ref> The BBC hailed Mitchell's performance in the series, citing that "As Mark Corrigan, David reached out to all those middle-aged men in a twentysomething's body, who believe drugs are boring and systems are necessary if society is to function at all."<ref name=bbc/> Mitchell has stated that he empathises with Mark and enjoys playing him and that he "agrees with many of [Mark's] opinions."<ref name=inter/> ''Peep Show'' has aired eight series, making it the longest-running sitcom in Channel 4 history.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11100448 |title=Frankie Boyle heads new Channel 4 season |date=26 August 2010 |accessdate=27 August 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

In 2009, Mitchell won the [[British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Performance]] for his work on ''Peep Show'', after having lost in the same category the year before.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8018970.stm |title=Branagh picks up best drama Bafta |accessdate=26 April 2009 |date=26 April 2009 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7302291.stm |title=Bafta TV Awards 2008: The nominations |accessdate=18 March 2008 |publisher=BBC News |date=18 March 2008}}</ref> He was nominated again in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/825338-bafta-tv-awards-2010-full-list-of-nominations |title=Bafta TV Awards 2010: Full list of nominations |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref> He won the award "Best Television Comedy Actor" at the 2007 [[British Comedy Awards]],<ref name=award07>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7129639.stm |title=British Comedy Awards: winners' list |accessdate=6 December 2007 |date=6 December 2007 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and the pair shared the 2007 [[Royal Television Society]] Award for "Comedy Performance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.org.uk/winners-rpa?term_node_tid_depth=230 |title=Programme Awards 2007: Winners |publisher=Royal Television Society |date=19 March 2008 |accessdate=20 March 2008}}</ref> They were also jointly nominated for "Best Television Comedy Actor" at the 2006 British Comedy Awards.<ref name=bca>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6147936.stm |title=British Comedy Awards: Nominations |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=7 December 2007 |date=14 November 2006}}</ref> ''Peep Show'' itself has also won the BAFTA for "Best situation comedy" in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7302291.stm |title= Bafta TV Awards 2008: The winners |publisher=BBC |date=20 April 2008 |accessdate=11 May 2008}}</ref> and the [[British Comedy Awards 2006|British Comedy Award]] for "Best TV comedy" in 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6177591.stm |title=Merchant takes top comedy honour |publisher=BBC |date=14 December 2006| accessdate=14 December 2006}}</ref> and retained it the following year.<ref name=award07/> It also won "Best TV Comedy" at the ''South Bank Show Awards'',<ref name=Independent2/> and claimed a [[Rose d'Or|Golden Rose]] in 2004.<ref name=magicians/>

===Other Mitchell and Webb projects===
[[File:Mitchellandwebb.jpg|thumb|alt=Two men in torn clothes stand on a stage: the man on the left is wearing a long coat and has a hat on, the man on the right wears a chequered hat, a string vest, jacket and orange trousers|Mitchell (right) as "Ginger" on stage with Robert Webb during a performance of their ''The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb'' stage tour]]
After the success of ''Peep Show'' Mitchell and Webb returned to sketch comedy with their [[BBC Radio 4]] [[sketch show]] ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Sound]]'', which ran for four series. The show was adapted for television and became ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Look]]''. Producer [[Gareth Edwards (producer)|Gareth Edwards]] described it as "the shortest pitch [he had] ever written".<ref name=theobserver/><ref name=BSA>{{cite web |url=http://www.sitcom.co.uk/features/awards2006.php |title=The British Sitcom Guide Awards 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=''British Sitcom Guide''}}</ref> The show has run for four series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2010/02/02/10448/mitchell_and_webb_look_again |title=Mitchell And Webb Look again |work=Chortle |accessdate=6 July 2010 |date=2 February 2010}}</ref> Towards the end of 2006 the pair made their first tour, with a show called ''[[The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Perry |title=David Mitchell interviewed about ''The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb'' |url=http://thebeaverdialogues.blogspot.com/2006/12/david-mitchell.html |publisher=''[[The Beaver]]''|date=5 December 2006 |accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> The tour was criticised as just "a succession of largely unrelated scenes" by ''[[The Guardian]]'''s Brian Logan, who gave it a rating of two stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Logan |first=Brian |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0,,1929726,00.html |title=The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb |date=24 October 2006 |publisher=''The Guardian'' |accessdate=4 April 2007}}</ref>

''That Mitchell and Webb Look'' won them the BAFTA for Best Comedy Programme or Series at the 2007 awards,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6670797.stm |title=Victoria Wood scoops Bafta double |accessdate=20 May 2007 |date=20 May 2007 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and they earned a further nomination for it in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/mar/24/bafta-tv-awards-nominations |title=Bafta TV Awards 2009: nominations |accessdate=19 August 2009 |date=24 March 2009 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> It was nominated for two British Comedy Awards in 2006: Britain's Best New TV Comedy and the Highland Spring People's Choice.<ref name=bca/> Their stage tour ''The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb'' was nominated for the British Comedy Award for Best Stage Comedy,<ref name=bca/> and ''That Mitchell and Webb Sound'' won a Sony Silver Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/thatmitchellandwebbsite/radio.shtml |title=That Mitchell and Webb Sound |accessdate=14 April 2007 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Their first film, ''[[Magicians (2007 film)|Magicians]]'' was released on 18 May 2007. It was directed by [[Andrew O'Connor (actor)|Andrew O'Connor]] and written by Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2006/05/25/4217/that_mitchell_and_webb_movie |title=That Mitchell and Webb movie |date=25 May 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=chortle.co.uk}}</ref> Mitchell played the role of a magician named Harry.<ref name=magicians>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/film/advertorial/magicians/ |title=Magicians |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=28 April 2007}}</ref> Later in 2007, the pair recorded a pilot [[BBC Radio 2]] sitcom entitled ''Daydream Believers'', in which Mitchell played Ray, a science-fiction writer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2007/04/21/5241/wireless_webb |title=Wireless Webb |date=21 April 2007 |publisher=Chortle.co.uk |accessdate=21 April 2007}}</ref> The show was previously a one-off television pilot from Channel 4's ''Comedy Lab'', and also starred Mitchell and Webb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/d/daydreambeliever_66601150.shtml |title=Daydream Believers |publisher=BBC |accessdate=4 April 2007}}</ref>

Mitchell and Webb's first comedy book ''This Mitchell and Webb Book'' was published in 2009,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/books/article2455361.ece|title=Mitchell and Webb: 'Alan Bennett – tabloid columnist' |work=[[The Times]] |date=12 October 2009 |accessdate=19 September 2010 |first1=Charles |last1=Bremner |first2=David |last2=Robertson}}</ref> and a second book is in the works.<ref>{{cite news |last=Button |first=Katie |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a87257/mitchell-and-webb-to-write-comedy-books.html|title=Mitchell and Webb to write comedy books |accessdate=12 June 2008 |publisher=''[[Digital Spy]]'' |date=24 January 2008}}</ref> They also wrote and filmed ''Playing Shop'', a comedy television pilot for [[BBC2]] about two men who operate a business out of their shed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thornton |first=Michael |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a137869/mitchell--webb-reveal-new-sitcom.html |title=Mitchell and Webb reveal new sitcom |date=9 December 2008 |work=[[Digital Spy]] |accessdate=11 December 2008}}</ref> Although the BBC commissioners were happy with it, Mitchell and Webb scrapped it themselves, as they felt it was too similar to ''Peep Show''. A new pilot had been commissioned,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pettie |first=Andrew |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5487340/Interview-David-Mitchell-and-Robert-Webb.html |title=Interview: David Mitchell and Robert Webb |accessdate=15 June 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=10 June 2009}}</ref> but the plan was later shelved.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Phil |url=http://www.timeout.com/london/comedy/features/9598/David_Mitchell-interview.html |title=David Mitchell: interview |work=[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]] |accessdate=7 July 2010 |date=12 February 2010}}</ref> Mitchell and Webb voiced a robotic duo in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[Dinosaurs on a Spaceship]]" in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jefferey |first1=Morgan |last2=Sperling |first2=Daniel |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/tubetalk/a403969/doctor-who-game-of-thrones-homeland-tube-talk-qa.html |title='Doctor Who', 'Game of Thrones', 'Homeland': Tube Talk Q&A |date=6 September 2012 |accessdate=8 September 2012 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

The duo also fronted the UK version of [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[Get a Mac]] adverts, with Mitchell playing PC.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gamet |first=Jeff |url=http://www.macobserver.com/article/2007/01/29.2.shtml |title=Apple UK Get a Mac Ads Debut |date=29 January 2007 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=Mac Observer.com}}</ref> The adverts have received much criticism. Writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Charlie Brooker]] claimed that the use of Mitchell and Webb in the adverts was a curious choice. He compared the characters of PC and Mac in the adverts to those of Mark and Jeremy in ''Peep Show'', stating that "when you see the ads, you think, 'PCs are a bit rubbish yet ultimately lovable, whereas Macs are just smug, preening tossers.'"<ref>{{cite news |last=Brooker |first=Charlie |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2006031,00.html |title=I hate Macs |date=5 February 2007 |publisher=''The Guardian'' |accessdate=28 April 2007}}</ref> ''The British Sitcom Guide'' also criticised the pair for "selling their souls".<ref name=BSA/> One journalist called the adverts "worse than not funny", and accused Mitchell and Webb of "an act of grave betrayal" for taking corporate work.<ref name=who>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/04/07/btmitch107.xml&page=2 |title=Who are those guys? |date=7 April 2007 |publisher=''The Telegraph'' |accessdate=28 April 2007 |first=Andrew |last=Pettie}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Telegraph'', Robert Webb responded to the duo's critics, stating that "when someone asks, 'Do you want to do some funny ads for not many days in the year and be paid more than you would be for an entire series of ''Peep Show''?' the answer, obviously, is, 'Yeah, that's fine.'"<ref name=who/> In the same interview, Mitchell also said: "I don't see what is morally inconsistent with a comedian doing an advert. It's all right to sell computers, isn't it? Unless you think that capitalism is evil – which I don't. It's not like we're helping to flog a baby-killing machine."<ref name=who/>

In 2005, the duo were placed ninth on a list of the United Kingdom's best television talent,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4465560.stm |title=New Doctor Who tops talent list |accessdate=17 June 2007 |date=24 November 2005 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and were named twelfth in a ''[[Radio Times]]'' list of the most powerful people in television comedy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4162609.stm |title=Comedy power list: The top 50 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=18 May 2013 |date=10 January 2005}}</ref>

===Solo acting, presenting and written work===
As well as his work alongside Webb, Mitchell has appeared on his own in several shows. He played technical expert Owen in the Radio 4 sitcom ''[[Think the Unthinkable]]'' in 2001.<ref name=bbc/> He played the surgeon Dr Toby Stephens in the [[BBC2]] sitcom ''[[Doctors and Nurses (TV series)|Doctors and Nurses]]''.<ref name=bbc/> In 2005 he played Kate's hapless secretary Tim in the BBC's updating of ''[[The Taming of The Shrew]]'' in its [[ShakespeaRe-Told]] series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/shakespeare/tamingoftheshrew/david_mitchell.shtml |title=Characters & Actors |accessdate=6 January 2007 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Mitchell appeared as various roles on the Channel 4 sketch programme ''[[Blunder (TV series)|Blunder]]''. The show was not well received, with the [[British Sitcom Guide]] naming it as the worst thing that Mitchell did in all of 2006 in their "British Sitcom Awards" of that year.<ref name=BSA/> He portrayed the recurring character of Dr. James Vine in the BBC sitcom ''[[Jam and Jerusalem]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/jamandjerusalem/|title=Jam and Jerusalem |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 January 2007}}</ref> Mitchell had a small part in the film ''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]'', playing an English writer, also named David.<ref name=Independent2/> While in Los Angeles to record the part he decided that he did not like the area much, and preferred filming in Britain.<ref name=timesinter/>

He wrote for series five of the [[BBC2]] impressionist sketch show ''[[Dead Ringers (comedy)|Dead Ringers]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/d/deadringers_66601180.shtml |title=Dead Ringers |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 January 2007}}</ref> and voiced Mitch in the [[Disney]] animated series ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the-28-best-cartoon-movie-parodies/the-empire-strikes-back-1980-2|title=The 28 Best Cartoon Movie Parodies|work=[[Total Film]] |accessdate=30 August 2011 |date=23 August 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100827004112/http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the-28-best-cartoon-movie-parodies/the-empire-strikes-back-1980-2 |archivedate=27 August 2010}}</ref> He also narrated the reality show ''[[Beauty and the Geek (UK)|Beauty and the Geek]]''.<ref name=bbc/> Following the success of ''Channel 4's Alternative Election Night'' in 2010, which Mitchell hosted with [[Jimmy Carr]], [[Charlie Brooker]] and [[Lauren Laverne]], the four presented ''[[10 O'Clock Live]]'', a series of live shows looking at the week's affairs. Mitchell has a solo segment entitled ''Listen to Mitchell''. The show has run for three series.<ref>{{cite news |last=Conlan |first=Tara |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/sep/07/channel-4-jimmy-carr|title=Jimmy Carr commissioned for Channel 4 show |accessdate=14 December 2010 |work=The Guardian| date=7 September 2010}}</ref>

Mitchell has presented four series of the online video show ''David Mitchell's Soapbox'', a series of short [[monologue]]s co-written with [[John Finnemore (writer)|John Finnemore]] for [[ChannelFlip]]. In these monologues Mitchell has criticised a variety of subjects, including the BBC show ''[[Doctor Who]]''<ref name=doctorwho>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/09/09/dr-who-too-grown-up-says-comic-115875-22547965/|title=Dr Who too grown-up, says comic David Mitchell|work=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=16 March 2012}}</ref> and [[3D television]].<ref name=3DTV>{{cite web |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/home-cinema/david-mitchell-rails-against-bad-3d-in-bad-3d-711465 |title=David Mitchell rails against bad 3D, in bad 3D |publisher=Techradar |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref> Matt Warman of the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' suggested that the series could be a sign that new comedy will increasingly become available online, rather than on television.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/4528080/Log-on-watch-this-David-Mitchell.html |title=Log on, watch this: David Mitchell – Telegraph |work=The Telegraph |first=Matt |last=Warman |date=5 February 2009}}</ref> The series has been released on DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/David-Mitchells-Soap-Box-DVD/dp/B005GJTNAI/ref=wl_mb_hu_c_1_dp |title=David Mitchell's Soap Box [DVD] |publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref>

He provided the voiceover for a £1 million government advert for [[FRANK (drugs)|FRANK]], warning of the dangers of cocaine, as "[[Pablo the Drug Mule Dog]]";<ref>{{cite news |last=Sweney |first=Mark |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/dec/04/david-mitchell-cocaine-ad-pablo|title=Government lines up anti-cocaine ad featuring Peep Show's David Mitchell |date=14 December 2008 |accessdate=11 December 2008 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and also for the [[Driving Standards Agency]]'s "The Highway Code".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_183290 |title=The Highway Code is for life – not just for learners |date=15 December 2009 |work=Direct.gov |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110612023746/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Nl1/Newsroom/DG_183290 |archivedate=12 June 2011}}</ref> He writes columns for ''[[The Observer]]'' and ''The Guardian''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/davidmitchell|title=David Mitchell |accessdate=11 April 2009 |work=The Guardian |date=1 July 2008}}</ref> He also took part in ''[[Channel 4's Comedy Gala]]'', a [[Benefit concert|benefit show]] held in aid of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital]] at the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cavendish |first=Dominic |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/comedy/7540879/Channel-4-Comedy-Gala-at-the-O2-Arena-review.html |title=Channel 4 Comedy Gala at the O2 Arena, review |date=31 March 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> In October 2009, Mitchell signed a deal with [[HarperCollins]] and its [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] Fourth Estate to write a volume of memoirs and a novel. The memoirs, ''[[David Mitchell: Back Story|Back Story: A Memoir]]'', was published in October 2012 with the novel scheduled for 2013.<ref name=Allen>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Kate |date=14 October 2009 |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/hc-acquires-david-mitchell-memoir-and-novel.html|title=HC acquires David Mitchell memoir and novel |work=The Bookseller|accessdate=18 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=Turner>{{cite news |last=Turner |first=Dom |url=http://therabbitbooks.wordpress.com/2012/05/19/an-interview-with-david-mitchell/ |title=An interview with David Mitchell |date=19 May 2012 |work=The Rabbitm |accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |accessdate=22 August 2012 |publisher=Amazon |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/David-Mitchell-Back-Story/dp/0007351720 |title=David Mitchell: Back Story}}</ref>

===Panel shows===
Mitchell has become a regular participant on many panel shows, leading ''The Independent''{{'}}s James Rampton to christen him "if not king, then certainly prince regent of the panel games."<ref name=Independent2/> Mitchell is a team captain on the panel show ''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]]'', opposite [[Lee Mack]]. The show has run since 2007, airing eight series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.endemoluk.com/?q=node/317&tid=7&shownews=1|title=Would I Lie To You? Brand New Primetime Comedy Series For BBC One |accessdate=16 June 2007| date=26 April 2007 |publisher=Endemol}}</ref> Since 2006, he has hosted fourteen series of ''[[The Unbelievable Truth (radio show)|The Unbelievable Truth]]'', a [[panel game]] on [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/unbelievabletruth/|title=The Unbelievable Truth|publisher=BBC Radio 4 |accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref> The inaugural episode of ''[[Was It Something I Said? (TV series)|Was It Something I Said?]]'', a panel comedy show that Mitchell hosts, was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2013.<ref name="Adam">{{cite news |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |title=Peep Show star David Mitchell defends panel shows after attack by Fast Show co-creator Charlie Higson |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/peep-show-star-david-mitchell-defends-panel-shows-after-attack-by-fast-show-cocreator-charlie-higson-8839444.html |accessdate=24 October 2013 |newspaper=The Independent |date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

He was a team captain on the Channel 4 comedy quiz show ''[[Best of the Worst (UK)|Best of the Worst]]'', opposite [[Johnny Vaughan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Best_of_the_Worst|title=Best of the Worst|accessdate=4 April 2007|publisher=UK Gameshows.com}}</ref> Mitchell has also hosted three episodes of ''Have I Got News For You''.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Episode 7|series=Have I Got News for You|serieslink=Have I Got News for You|credits=Mitchell, David; [[Paul Merton|Merton, Paul]]; [[Ian Hislop|Hislop, Ian]]; [[Andy Hamilton|Hamilton, Andy]]; [[Sarah Millican|Millican, Sarah]].|network=BBC 1|airdate=2008-12-05|season=36 |number=7}}</ref> Mitchell hosted the panel show ''[[The Bubble (UK TV series)|The Bubble]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=Parker |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/broadcasters/bbc/hat-trick-brings-israeli-panel-format-to-bbc2/5006482.article |title=Hat Trick brings Israeli panel format to BBC2 |accessdate=16 October 2009 |date=6 October 2009 |work=Broadcast Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/sense-of-humour-failure-as-bbc-boycotts-its-own-comedy-show-1901731.html|title=Sense of humour failure as BBC boycotts its own comedy show |last=Burrell |first=Ian |date=17 February 2010|publisher=''The Independent''|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> He hosted the second week of Channel 4's ''[[FAQ U]]'', and appeared as himself in an episode of ''[[Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive]]'', a panel show parody.<ref name=bbc/> He also appeared as one of the participants on the Channel 4 show ''[[TV Heaven, Telly Hell]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0792788/ |title=TV Heaven, Telly Hell |publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=17 March 2007}}</ref> and has appeared on several episodes of ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/question_time/7941467.stm |title='Tax flights, not chocolate' |accessdate=13 March 2009 |date=13 March 2009 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Other appearances include ''[[QI]]'', ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'', ''[[Mock the Week]]'', ''[[Just a Minute]]'', ''[[Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive]]'' and ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'',<ref name=bbc/> as well as appearances on ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/The_Big_Fat_Quiz_of_the_Year |title=The Big Fat Quiz of the Year |accessdate=4 April 2007 |publisher=UK Gameshows.com}}</ref>

In a 2007 interview with Digital Spy, Mitchell stated that he enjoyed panel shows, as they are "a game worth playing".<ref name=ds/> He then further explained his appreciation of the panel format in response to criticism from ''Fast Show'' co-creator Charlie Higson, who stated in September 2013 that panel comedies were overtaking television programming at the expense of sketch shows and sitcoms:
{{bq|text=
There was a quote from Catherine Zeta-Jones about playing golf with her husband Michael Douglas. We essentially all started to imagine the scene of the two of them playing golf and that was very enjoyable and turned into a really fun bit of TV. It is moments like that which, for me, justify the existence of panel shows because no-one would ever have written those words. It purely came out of that combination of people which proves panel shows can produce funny TV in a way you could never write into a sitcom or a sketch show and thereby justifies its place on screen. I think it is a great form of entertainment and we shouldn't lose sight of that.<ref name="Adam" />}}

The ''[[Radio Times]]'' named him "The Best Comedy Panel Show Guest" in the world, stating that "he's incredibly, disgustingly witty" and "even starting to make [[Paul Merton]] look slow on the uptake".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/peep-show/the-best-comedy-panel-show-guest/ |title=The Best…Comedy Panel Show Guest |accessdate=5 May 2007 |publisher=''Radio Times'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070527141810/http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/peep-show/the-best-comedy-panel-show-guest/ |archivedate=27 May 2007}}</ref>

Following his BAFTA win, Mitchell was ranked at No. 53 in the 2009 MediaGuardian 100, an annual ranking of media people in ''The Guardian''. In reference to his ubiquitous presence in broadcast and print media, ''The Guardian''{{'}}s writer called him "the go-to funnyman of the moment".<ref name=media100>{{cite news |author=Staff |date=13 July 2009 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/10/david-mitchell-mediaguardian-100-2009 |title=53: David Mitchell |publisher=MediaGuardian.co.uk (Guardian News & Media)|accessdate=13 July 2009|location=London}}</ref> In their entry for ''Peep Show'' on their list of "The top 50 TV shows of the Noughties", ''[[The Times]]'' labelled Mitchell "a national institution".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6955835.ece|title=The top 50 TV shows of the Noughties|date=19 December 2009|work=The Times|author=Andrew Billen, David Chater, Tim Teeman, Caitlin Moran|location=London}}</ref>

==Influences==
Mitchell's favourite actor is [[Sir Alec Guinness]],<ref name=RT/> and he lists [[Spike Milligan]], [[Peter Sellers]] and [[Peter Cook]] as his comedy idols.<ref name=inter/> Additionally, following the death of British actor [[Richard Briers]] in February 2013, Mitchell revealed that whenever he has acted he "always hoped to be something like him [Briers]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Penelope Keith leads tributes to Richard Briers |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/newsfeeds//11587/2013/02/19/penelope-keith-leads-tributes/|work=Virgin Media |publisher=Virgin Media |accessdate=9 June 2013 |date=19 February 2013}}</ref> Mitchell has also identified ''[[Morecambe and Wise]]'', ''Monty Python'' and ''[[The Two Ronnies]]'' as highly influential on his career.<ref name=theobserver/>

==Personal life==
Mitchell's father was born in [[Liverpool]] of [[Scottish people|Scottish ancestry]], and his mother is [[Welsh people|Welsh]]—Mitchell considers himself British rather than English.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=David |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/15/david-mitchell-scotland-secession-britain |title=If Scotland does secede, I won't be alone in mourning for my country|work=[[The Observer]] |date=15 May 2011 |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> On 7 August 2014, Mitchell's name appeared—as part of a list of 200 signatories—in support of an open letter to ''The Guardian'' opposing [[Scottish independence]] prior to the September 2014 [[Scottish independence referendum, 2014|referendum on the issue]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrities' open letter to Scotland – full text and list of signatories|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/celebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text|accessdate=29 August 2014|work=The Guardian|date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Mitchell's participation in the open letter follows a May 2011 ''Observer'' column, in which he concludes that the "British will have lost their country" if Scotland ever achieves independence.<ref>{{cite news|author1=David Mitchell|title=If Scotland does secede, I won't be alone in mourning for my country|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/15/david-mitchell-scotland-secession-britain?guni=Article:in%20body%20link|accessdate=29 August 2014|work=The Observer|date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

Mitchell has often joked about his personal life in interviews. In 2005 he stated he had "been in so many situations when I've just said nothing to someone I've fancied."<ref name=inter/> He later added that "I'm sort of all right on my own. I don't want it to be forever, but the fundamental thing is I'm all right alone."<ref name=timesinter/> For many years he lived in [[Kilburn, London]], as the flatmate of novelist [[Robert Hudson (novelist)|Robert Hudson]].{{sfn|Mitchell|2012|page=263}} In 2007, he was best man at Robert Webb's wedding to Abigail Burdess.<ref name=ddailymail/>

He first met broadcaster [[Victoria Coren Mitchell|Victoria Coren]] at a showbusiness party in 2007 and was "completely smitten", and although she decided to pursue someone else, he continued to pine for her.<ref name=mailbio/> In December 2010 they began dating.<ref name=guardianDecember2010>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=David |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/19/david-mitchell-under-the-spotlight|title=David Mitchell under the spotlight |date=19 December 2010 |accessdate=8 June 2009 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Tim |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/8362654/David-Mitchells-double-act-with-Victoria-Coren.html |title=David Mitchell's double act with Victoria Coren |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=6 March 2011 |accessdate=7 March 2011}}</ref> In March 2012 their engagement was announced in ''[[The Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Seale |first=Jack |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-03-20/david-mitchell-and-victoria-coren-announce-engagement |title=David Mitchell and Victoria Coren announce engagement |work=The Radio Times |date=20 March 2012 |accessdate=20 March 2012}}</ref> and they married on 17 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2234461/David-Mitchell-marries-girlfriend-Victoria-Coren-lavish-ceremony-Peep-Show-star-Robert-Webb-best-man.html |title=David Mitchell marries Victoria Coren in a lavish ceremony ... and Peep Show co-star Robert Webb is his best man |date=17 November 2012 |accessdate=17 November 2012 |work=[[Mail Online]]}}</ref> In May 2015, Victoria announced the birth of their daughter.<ref>https://twitter.com/VictoriaCoren/status/601749407063769090</ref>

He remains interested in history and said in an interview with ''[[The Observer]]'' that "I can see myself in a few years' time joining the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and going round the odd castle. I think I might find that restful as the anger of middle age sets in."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ben|title=A pair of jokers |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/observerblog/2006/aug/25/apairofjoker |accessdate=12 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |date=25 August 2006}}</ref> In his interview on ''Parkinson'' he stated that if he could go back in time to do one thing, it would be to go to the building of [[Stonehenge]], to ask them "why they were bothering".<ref name=Park>{{cite interview |last=Mitchell |first=David |interviewer=[[Michael Parkinson]] |callsign =[[ITV1]] |city=London |date=5 May 2007 |title=[[Parkinson (TV series)|Parkinson]] }}</ref> He is a cricket and snooker fan,<ref name="cricket">[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/301996/Robert-Webb-swots-up-on-cricket-for-benefit-of-David-Mitchell Robert Webb swots up on cricket for benefit of David Mitchell]</ref><ref name="cricket2">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2009/07/75_years_of_hurt.shtml 75 years of hurt are ended]</ref><ref name="cricket3">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/19/david-mitchell-under-the-spotlight David Mitchell under the spotlight]</ref> and also plays the occasional game of squash and tennis.<ref name=theobserver/> He is a user of Twitter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RealDMitchell|title=David Mitchell's Twitter Stream|publisher=Twitter.com|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref> and does not drive.<ref name=mos/><ref name="guardian high street boarded up">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=David |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/sep/11/high-street-shopping-david-mitchell |title=Is your high street boarded up? Blame yourself for shopping online|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 September 2011 |accessdate=11 September 2011 |quote=[...] I'm even worse off for cars than I am for doorbells. I have none [...] and neither do I have a driving licence [...]}}</ref> He is an [[agnostic]].{{sfn|Mitchell|2012|pp=157–158}}

Mitchell walks for an hour each day to counter a bad back, and as a result lost weight, but he "probably [has] quite a bad diet" and "probably drinks too much."<ref>{{cite news |last=Potter |first=Laura |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/feb/14/my-body-and-soul-david-mitchell |title=My body & soul: David Mitchell |accessdate=26 May 2012 |date=14 February 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> He is constantly "checking and re-checking things",<ref name=mos>{{cite web |url=http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/home/moslive/article-452796/Peepshows-Mitchell-Webb-let-secrets.html |title=Peepshow's Mitchell and Webb let us in on a few secrets |accessdate=13 May 2007 |date=5 May 2007 |publisher=''[[The Mail on Sunday]]''}}</ref> and describes himself as a worrier.<ref name=lifeinday>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Ria |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/comedy/article4255472.ece?Submitted=true |title=A Life in the Day: David Mitchell |accessdate=7 July 2008 |date=6 July 2008 |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Naughton |first=John |title=Just Joking |publisher=''Radio Times'' |date=16–22 February 2008 |accessdate=7 July 2008 |page=24}}</ref> Mitchell is a keen [[cricket]] fan and has written on the subject for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=David |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jun/21/cricket.davidmitchell |title=If Test cricket is boring then I'm a Texan billionaire | Sport |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref>

His favourite television programmes include ''[[The Simpsons]]'', which he called the "best programme ever".<ref name="RT">{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/peep-show/david-mitchell-tv-favourites/ |title=David Mitchell's TV favourites |accessdate=5 May 2007 |publisher=''Radio Times''|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090115205521/http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/peep-show/david-mitchell-tv-favourites/ |archivedate=15 January 2009 |date=April 2007}}</ref> He claims that watching new comedy is "very stressful", and cites ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'', ''[[The Office (UK TV series)|The Office]]'' and ''[[Monty Python]]'' as being among his favourite television programmes.<ref name=inter/> He has also stated a liking for ''[[Extras (TV series)|Extras]]'', ''[[30 Rock]]'', ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'', ''[[Bleak House (2005 TV serial)|Bleak House]]'', ''[[Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy]]'',<ref name=RT/> ''[[Terry and June]]'' and the television programmes of [[Adam Hart-Davis]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=David Mitchell |series=TV Heaven, Telly Hell |serieslink=TV Heaven, Telly Hell |network=Channel 4| airdate=30 April 2006 |season=1 |number=6}}</ref>

Beyond the realm of film and television, Mitchell cites [[Evelyn Waugh]] as among his favourite authors.<ref name=Turner/> He once claimed that he is "not remotely interested in music",<ref name=mos/> but appeared on the radio programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ln1b2 |title=David Mitchell |accessdate=19 July 2009 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Mitchell has revealed that he owns two CDs, [[Phil Collins]]'s ''[[...But Seriously]]'' and [[Susan Boyle]]'s [[I Dreamed a Dream (album)|debut]], but has expressed a dislike for both.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/06/album-buying-tribal-choice |title=Boyle's in the Bag, now time for Marmite |accessdate=6 December 2009 |work=The Guardian |first=David |last=Mitchell |date=6 December 2009}}</ref>

==Credits==

===Film===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Magicians (2007 film)|Magicians]]''
| Harry
| First starring role
|-
| ''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]''
| David
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Up All Night (2015 film)|Up All Night]]''
| Policeman
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Jack Docherty Show]]''
| Various characters
| Also writer
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Comedy Nation]]''
| Various characters
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Bruiser (TV series)|Bruiser]]''
| Various characters
| Also writer; appeared in all six episodes
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2001
| ''[[Fun at the Funeral Parlour]]''
| Strachan
| Episode 1.4: "The Mountains of Doom"
|-
| ''[[The Mitchell and Webb Situation]]''
| Various characters
| Also writer; appeared in all six episodes
|-
| ''[[Comedy Lab]]''
| Ray
| ''Daydream Believers'': "Brand New Beamer"; later adapted into a radio one-off
|-
| 2002
| ''[[TLC (TV series)|TLC]]''
| 1950s patient
| Episode 1.6: "Agency Nurse"
|-
| 2003
| ''The Strategic Humor Initiative''
| Various characters
|
|-
| 2003–
| ''[[Peep Show (TV series)|Peep Show]]''
| [[Mark Corrigan (Peep Show)|Mark Corrigan]]
| Longest running role; Won – [[British Comedy Award]] for Best TV Comedy Actor in 2007 Nominated – [[BAFTA]] for Best Comedy Performance in 2008 Won – BAFTA for Best Comedy Performance in 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=BAFTA TV Awards 2009: The winners |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7960793.stm |publisher=BBC |date=26 April 2009}}</ref> Nominated – BAFTA for Male Performance in a Comedy Role in 2010, 2011
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Doctors and Nurses (TV series)|Doctors and Nurses]]''
| Dr Toby Stephens
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2005
| ''[[Twisted Tales (TV series)|Twisted Tales]]''
| Ray
| Episode 1.9: "Nothing to Fear"; also writer
|-
| ''All About George''
| Jed
| Episode 1.3
|-
| ''[[Dirty tricks]]''
| Penguin
| Episode 1.5
|-
| ''[[Look Around You]]''
| Pat Taylor
| Episode 2.6: "Live Final"
|-
| ''[[ShakespeaRe-Told]]''
| Tim Agnew
| Episode 1.3: ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive]]''
| 'Himself'
| Episode 1.1
|-
| 2006–2009
| ''[[Jam & Jerusalem]]''
| Dr James Vine
| Appeared in 12 episodes
|-
| 2006–2010
| ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Look]]''
| Various characters
| Also writer; Won – [[British Academy Television Award|BAFTA]] for Best Comedy Programme or Series in 2007; nominated 2009 Two British Comedy Award nominations
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Blunder (TV series)|Blunder]]''
| Various characters
| Also writer
|-
| 2009–2012
| ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]''
| Mitch
| Two episodes
|-
| 2010
| ''Playing Shop''
|
| Also writer, unaired pilot.
|-
| 2011
| ''[[How TV Ruined Your Life]]''
| 'Himself'
| Episode 1.6
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff]]''
| Jolliforth Jollington
| Two episodes
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Doctor Who]]''
| Robot (voice)
| Episode 7.2: "[[Dinosaurs on a Spaceship]]"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ambassadors (TV series)|Ambassadors]]''
| Keith Davis<ref>{{cite news |last=Fletcher |first=Alex |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a401329/bottom-reunion-mitchell-and-webb-sue-perkins-comedies-for-bbc-two.html?utm_medium=snets&utm_campaign=twitter&utm_source=lcorner |title='Bottom' reunion, Mitchell and Webb, Sue Perkins comedies for BBC Two |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |accessdate=23 August 2012 |date=23 August 2012}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2014
| ''The Incredible Adventures of Professor Branestawm''
| Harold Haggerstone
| TV film
|}


====Non-fictional appearances====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
;As narrator
* ''[[Beauty and the Geek (UK TV series)|Beauty and the Geek]]'' (2006)
* ''Sci-Fi Saved My Life'' (2007)
* ''TV Is Dead?'' (2007)
* ''Wonderland – The Secret Life of Norman Wisdom Aged 92¾'' (2008)
* ''[[Blackadder]] Exclusive: The Whole Rotten Saga'' (2008)
* ''Blackadder's Most Cunning Moments'' (2008)
* ''The Real Swiss Family Robinson'' (2009)
* ''The Million Pound Bike Ride: A Sport Relief Special'' (2010)
* ''Around the World in 90 Minutes'' (2010)
* ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]'' (2015)

;[[Panel game]]s
* ''Fanorama'' – Team captain (2001–2002)
* ''[[FAQ U]]'' – Host for 5 episodes (2005)
* ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' – 10 appearances; 7 times as guest presenter (2005–2014)
* ''[[Mock the Week]]'' – 11 appearances (2005–2009)
* ''[[QI]]'' – 21 appearances (2005–2013)
* ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' – 5 appearances (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014)
* ''[[Best of the Worst (UK)|Best of the Worst]]'' – Team captain (2006)
* ''[[Would I Lie to You? (TV series)|Would I Lie to You?]]'' – Team captain (2007–)
* ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year#The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz|The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz]]'' – 1 appearance (2007)
* ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'' – 1 appearance (2008)
* ''[[You Have Been Watching]]'' – 2 appearances (2009–2010)
* ''[[The Bubble (UK TV series)|The Bubble]]'' – host (2010)
* ''[[24 Hour Panel People]]'' – 1 appearance (2011)
* ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year#The Big Fat Quiz of the '00s|The Big Fat Quiz of the '00s]]'' – 1 appearance (2012)
* ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year#The Big Fat Quiz of the '80s (2013)|The Big Fat Quiz of the '80s]]'' – 1 appearance (2013)
* ''[[Only Connect]]'' – 1 appearance (2013)
* ''[[Was It Something I Said? (TV series)|Was it Something I Said?]]'' – host (2013)

{{Col-2}}
;Other programmes
* ''The 100 Greatest Cartoons'' (2005)
* ''Britain's 50 Greatest Comedy Sketches'' (2005)
* ''[[Imagine (TV series)|Imagine]]'' – 1 appearance (2006)
* ''[[TV Heaven, Telly Hell]]'' – 1 appearance (2006)
* ''[[The Law of the Playground]]'' – 7 appearances (2006)
* ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]'' – 2 appearances (2007, 2009)
* ''The World's Greatest Comedy Characters'' (2007)
* ''[[Dawn French's Boys Who Do Comedy]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Parkinson (TV series)|Parkinson]]'' – 1 appearance (2007)
* ''Time Shift'' – 1 appearance (2007)
* ''[[Lily Allen and Friends]]'' – 1 appearance (2008)
* ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]'' – 4 appearances (2008, 2009, 2011, 2013)
* ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' – 3 appearances (2008, 2009, 2011)
* ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' – 1 appearance (2009)
* ''[[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]]'' – 3 appearances (2009, 2012, 2013)
* ''[[The One Show]]'' – 2 appearances (2009, 2011)
* ''[[Alan Carr: Chatty Man]]'' – 2 appearances (2009, 2013)
* ''Channel 4's Comedy Gala'' (2010)
* ''Channel 4's Alternative Election Night'' – host (2010)
* ''[[BBC Breakfast]]'' – 5 appearances (2010, 2011, 2012)
* ''[[10 O'Clock Live]]'' – Co-host (2011– )
* ''Mark Lawson Talks to...'' – 1 appearance (2011)
* ''Ronnie Corbett's Comedy Britain'' – 1 appearance (2011)
* ''QI – Genesis'' (2011)
* ''[[Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow#Christmas special (2011)|Michael McIntyre's Christmas Comedy Roadshow]]'' (2011)
* ''Channel 4's 30 Greatest Comedy Shows'' (2012)
* ''[[The Jonathan Ross Show]]'' (2012)
* ''Goodbye Television Centre'' (2013)
* ''The Comedy Vaults: BBC2's Hidden Treasure'' (2014)
* ''50 Years of BBC2 Comedy''
{{Col-end}}

===Radio===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''Until Morning''
|
| [[BBC Radio 4]] ''[[Afternoon Play]]''
|-
| 2001–2005
| ''[[Think the Unthinkable]]''
| Owen
| 4 series
|-
| 2003–2009
| ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Sound]]''
| Various
| 4 series; also writer
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vent (radio series)|Vent]]''
| John Dee
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Daydream Believers''
| Ray
| [[BBC Radio 2]] pilot
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bleak Expectations]]''
| Reverend Fecund
| BBC Radio 4, 3 appearances
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Death of Grass]]''
| Narrator
| BBC Radio 4 serial
|-
| 2014
| ''Blocked''
| Felix
|
|}

====Non-fictional appearances====
* ''[[The Unbelievable Truth (radio show)|The Unbelievable Truth]]'' – Host (2006–)
* ''[[Heresy (radio series)|Heresy]]'' – 4 appearances (2008–2010)
* ''[[Just a Minute]]'' – 4 appearances (2009, 2010)
* ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' – 1 appearance – (2009)
* ''[[The News Quiz]]'' – 1 appearance – (2009)
* ''[[I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue]]'' – 6 appearances – (2009–2011)

===Publications===
* ''This Mitchell and Webb Book'' (2009), with Robert Webb
* ''[[David Mitchell: Back Story|Back Story: A Memoir]]'' (2012)
* ''Thinking About It Only Makes it Worse'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=David Mitchell New Book|url=http://faber.co.uk/content/guardian-faber-acquire-new-david-mitchell|publisher=Faber|accessdate=3 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=David |title=Back Story: A Memoir |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0007351725 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|David Mitchell (actor)}}
* {{Twitter|RealDMitchell|David Mitchell}}
* {{IMDb name|0593267|David Mitchell}}
* {{YouTube channel|davidmitchellsoapbox|David Mitchell's Soapbox}}
*

{{s-start}}
{{s-culture}}
{{succession box|title=[[Footlights]] president|before=Charlie Hartill|after=Sarah Moule|years=1996–1997}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mitchell and Webb}}

{{good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Mitchell, David
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor, writer and comedian
|DATE OF BIRTH = 14 July 1974
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, David}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:21st-century English writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. advertising]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (people)]]
[[Category:British agnostics]]
[[Category:British columnists]]
[[Category:British comedy writers]]
[[Category:English male comedians]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:British people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:British television writers]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Wiltshire]]
[[Category:People educated at Abingdon School]]
[[Category:People educated at New College School]]
[[Category:People from Salisbury]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Wiltshire]]
[[Category:The Observer people]]

Tom Dwan

2015-09-03T12:19:44Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 166.170.55.241 (talk): No reference. (TW)

{{for|the Irish hurler|Tom Dwan (hurler)}}
{{Infobox poker player
|name=Tom Dwan
|nickname=durrrr
|image=Tom Dwan.jpg
|caption=
|hometown=Edison, New Jersey
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|7|30}} [[Edison, New Jersey]]
|wsop bracelet count=''None''
|wsop final tables=3
|wsop money finishes=10
|wsop main event best finish rank=''None''
|wsop main event best finish year=
|multi-year wsop winner=
|wpt titles=''None''
|wpt final tables=1
|wpt money finishes=2
|ept titles=''None''
|ept final tables=''None''
|ept money finishes=1
}}

'''Thomas Dwan Jr.''' (born July 30, 1986)<ref name="WSOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2008/09/pokernews-profile-tom-dwan-durrrr.htm |title=Profile: Tom Dwan |accessdate=2010-02-11 |work=Poker News }}</ref> is an American professional [[poker]] player who played [[Online poker|online]] in the highest-stakes No-Limit [[Texas hold 'em]] and Pot-Limit [[Omaha hold 'em|Omaha]] games, primarily on [[Full Tilt Poker]] under the screen name "'''durrrr'''". Dwan has won prize money in live [[poker tournament]]s and has appeared on [[NBC]]'s ''[[National Heads-Up Poker Championship]]'', the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh seasons of ''[[Poker After Dark]]'',<ref name="NBCPAD4">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/24173656/ |title=Poker After Dark's 4th season ready |accessdate=2008-04-23 |last=Oehring |first=Dennis |date=2008-04-17 |work=NBCsports.MSNBC.com |publisher=NBC Universal |archiveurl=http://archive.is/RAja8|archivedate=2013-01-29}}</ref> the third, fourth and fifth seasons of Full Tilt Poker's ''Million Dollar Cash Game'', and the fifth and sixth seasons of [[GSN]]'s ''[[High Stakes Poker]]''.

== Poker ==
Dwan attended [[Boston University]] before [[dropping out]] to pursue poker full time.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2010-03-29 |url=http://forumserver.twoplustwo.com/29/news-views-gossip/durrrrs-blog-632583-post14565256/?highlight=engineering#post14565256 |title=durrrr's blog |publisher=Two Plus Two |date=2009-11-14 |author=Dwan, Tom }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2010-03-29 |url=http://www.fulltiltpoker.com/tom-dwan |title=Tom 'durrrr' Dwan |publisher=Full Tilt Poker }}</ref>

=== Online poker ===
Dwan began playing online poker with a $50 bankroll. He initially focused on [[Glossary of poker terms#S|sit-and-go]] tournaments, later switching to multiplayer [[cash games]] then to [[Glossary of poker terms#H|heads-up]] cash games.

According to HighStakesDB.com, a site that tracks high-stakes online poker, Dwan earned $312,800 in 2007 on [[Full Tilt Poker]] and $5.41 million in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highstakesdb.com/profiles/durrrr.aspx|title=Player Profile Durrrr|accessdate=2009-04-10|date=|publisher=HighStakesDB.com }}</ref> Before the [[2007 World Series of Poker]], Dwan claimed to have lost, at the time, $2 million of his $3 million bankroll, over a four month period.<ref name=Wondurrrrful>{{cite web|author=Kristy Amett|date=2009-01-22|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/cardplayer-poker-magazines/65739-tom-dwan-6-4/articles/18288-the-won-39-durrrr-39-ful-life-of-tom-dwan|title=The Won'durrrr'ful Life of Tom Dwan|publisher=[[Card Player]]}}</ref> He recovered from this loss within a year. In January 2009, Dwan lost more than $3.5 million, which he recovered after six months. However, from late October to late December 2009, Dwan suffered his then largest downswing, losing approximately $2 million to [[Phil Ivey]], [[Ilari Sahamies|Ilari "Ziigmund" Sahamies]] and $5 million to [[Viktor Blom]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Gary Wise]]|date=2009-12-14|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/poker/columns/story?columnist=wise_gary&id=4713282|title=A pause in the action|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref>

In mid-November 2009, a player from [[Sweden]] using the online name "Isildur1" challenged Dwan to a series of heads-up No Limit Holdem cash games. Isildur1's foray into online high-stakes cash games began in late October, when he initially lost $1.1 million to [[Patrik Antonius]], [[Brian Townsend]], and other high-stakes players. By the beginning of November, Isildur1 had recovered his losses and challenged Dwan to a heads-up marathon playing six tables at a time with over a million dollars in play. By the end of the week, Isildur1 had gone on the largest run in the history of online poker, winning approximately $5 million from Dwan, prompting Dwan to issue a live challenge to play Isildur1 at the Full Tilt Poker Durrrr Million Dollar Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-11-13|url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/tom-dwan-issues-live-challenge-to-isildur1-45131|title=Tom Dwan issues live challenge to Isildur1|publisher=Poker Listings}}</ref>

At the end of 2009, HighStakesDB.com reported that Dwan had lost $4.35 million in 2009, putting his cumulative online poker winnings at Full Tilt since January 2007 at approximately $1.4 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highstakesdb.com/profiles/statistics/2009/durrrr.aspx|title=Player Profile Durrrr|accessdate=2010-01-04|date=|publisher=HighStakesDB.com }}</ref> HighStakesDB.com also reported that after stepping down in limits following his loss to Isildur1, Dwan won $2.7 million in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highstakesdb.com/1364-year-end-summary-for-durrrr.aspx |title=Year-end summary for durrrr |author="Baard" |accessdate=2009-12-30 |date=2009-12-28 |publisher=HighStakesDB.com}}</ref> According to the same site, Dwan had more than recouped his 2009 losses in the first few months of 2010; he was reported to have won $1.6 million in the first two weeks of April 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.highstakesdb.com/1531-durrrr-and-patrik-antonius-making-some-nice-profit-in-april.aspx |title=durrrr and Patrik Antonius making some nice profit in April |author="Teemu" |date=2010-04-13 |accessdate=2010-04-14 |publisher=HighStakesDB.com}}</ref> and after a session in which he won $1.6 million from Sahamies in a little over two hours,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.highstakesdb.com/1545-durrrr-wins-15m-from-ziigmund-in-just-over-two-hours.aspx |title=Durrrr wins $1.5 million from Ziigmund in just over two hours |author="Baard" |date=2010-04-21 |accessdate=2010-04-21 |publisher=HighStakesDB.com}}</ref> was ahead $7.3 million for the year as of April 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highstakesdb.com/1546-durrrr-is-unstoppable-reaches-73-million-in-winnings.aspx |title=Durrrr is unstoppable – reaches $7.3 million in winnings |author="Teemu" |date=2010-04-21 |accessdate=2010-04-21 |publisher=HighStakesDB.com}}</ref> However Dwan lost about $4 million in the next three weeks, leaving him ahead about $3.3 million for 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highstakesdb.com/1588-durrrr-keeps-plummeting.aspx |title=Durrrr keeps plummeting |author="Teemu" |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |publisher=HighStakesDB.com}}</ref>

==== Million dollar challenge ====
In January 2009, Dwan issued a $1,000,000 challenge to play anyone online, "with the exception of [[Phil Galfond]]", heads up for 50,000 hands four-tabling $200/$400 or higher No-Limit hold 'em or Pot-Limit Omaha. If his opponent is ahead after 50,000 hands, Dwan agreed to give them $1,500,000 more, while if Dwan is ahead, he will get $500,000.<ref name="PL-Million">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/durrrr-issues-million-dollar-challenge-34455 |title=durrrr issues million-dollar challenge |accessdate=2009-01-07 |last=Polson |first=Sarah |date=2009-01-06 |work=pokerlistings.com }}</ref><ref name="CPM-Million">{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/article/5842/ivey-accepts-durrrrs-poker-challenge |title=Ivey Accepts Durrrr's Poker Challenge |accessdate=2009-01-07 |last=Murphy |first=Steve |date=2009-01-06 |work=CardPlayer.com }}</ref> Regarding his challengers, Dwan has said, "I think all of them actually are better over-all poker players than me -- by quite a bit; I happen to think in this one area, I might have a little edge -- and we'll see if I do."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/tv?clip_id=35270 |title=Cardplayer TV interview |accessdate=2009-01-07 |date=2009-01-07 |work=cardplayer.com }}</ref>

[[Patrik Antonius]] and [[Daniel Cates]] are playing Dwan as part of the challenge, but no challenge has been completed. In October 2013, Cates was ahead about $1.2 million after roughly 20,000 hands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/16236-dan-cates-extends-lead-over-tom-dwan-in-heads-up-poker-challenge |title=Dan Cates Extends Seven-Figure Lead Over Tom Dwan In Heads-Up Poker Challenge |author=Brian Pempus |publisher=''[[Card Player]]'' |date=October 4, 2013 |accessdate=May 12, 2015}}</ref> Since then, however, Cates has publicly claimed that Dwan has stopped playing and is not responding to his queries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/jungleman-dwan-avoiding-playing-penalties-in-durrrr-challenge-66484 |title=Jungleman: Dwan Won't Play, Pay Penalties in durrrr Challenge |author= Matthew Showell |publisher=pokerlistings.com |date=September 22, 2014 |accessdate=May 12, 2015}}</ref>

=== Live tournaments ===
Dwan was 19 when he cashed in his first live tournament, finishing 12th in the £3,000 [[betting (poker)|no limit]] Texas Hold 'em Main Event of the [[European Poker Tour]]'s [[European Poker Tour season 2 results|second season]] held in London, earning £7,000 ($12,398). His next cash was not until he was 21 years old, at the [[World Poker Tour]]'s 2007 World Poker Finals $9,700 No Limit Hold 'em Championship Event, where he finished 4th earning $324,244.<ref name="results">{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=50670|title=Tom Dwan - results|publisher=The Hendon Mob|author=Butt, Robert|accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> In January 2008, Dwan finished second at the [[Aussie Millions]] A$3,000 Pot Limit Omaha with Rebuys event, winning A$103,200 ($90,716) and later finished in 62nd place in the A$10,000 No Limit Hold 'em Main Event, good for A$25,000 ($21,976).<ref name="results"/> Dwan finished second to James Michael Sowers at the 2008 WPT Borgata Winter Open in the preliminary $5,000 No Limit Hold 'em event, earning $226,100.<ref name="results"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poker-king.com/poker-king-articles.php?article=361 |title=Mike "SowersUNCC" Sowers Takes Down $5k Borgata Winter Poker Open Event for $399,000 |accessdate=2008-04-23 |date=2008-01-27 |work=Poker-King.com }}</ref>

Dwan cashed twice in the first year that he was eligible to play in a [[World Series of Poker]] (WSOP) event held in the United States. Dwan reached the final table in the $10,000 World Championship Mixed Event at the [[2008 World Series of Poker]] finishing in 8th place, earning $54,144. He then nearly made another in a seven person final table, but finished again in 8th, this time in the $5,000 No Limit 2-7 Draw with Rebuys event, earning $45,110.<ref name="results"/>

Dwan participated in the 2008 NBC [[National Heads-Up Poker Championship]], where in his first match he defeated [[Phil Hellmuth]] in the third hand. Dwan was eliminated in the next round by [[Mike Matusow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/article/11001/nbc-national-heads-up-championship-day-2 |title=NBC National Heads-Up Championship Day 2 |accessdate=2008-04-23 |last=LUCCHESI |first=RYAN |date=2008-03-01 |work=CardPlayer.com }}</ref> At the 2008 Five-Star World Poker Classic (the $25,500 WPT Championship), Dwan finished in ninth place, winning $184,670.<ref name="P5live-HAT">{{cite web|url=http://www.pocketfiveslive.com/hat-bet-durrrr-9th-71/ |title=Hat Bet is Over, Durrrr 9th |accessdate=2008-04-25 |first=Court |date=2008-04-24 |work=PocketFivesLIVE.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/tournaments/live_updates/14236/18885?page=2 |title=Hands #37-38: Tom "Durrrr" Dwan Eliminated in 9th Place |accessdate=2008-04-25 |work=WPT Enterprises, Inc. |publisher=CardPlayer.com }}</ref>

At the [[2010 WSOP]] in the [[2010 World Series of Poker results#Event 11|$1,500 No Limit Hold 'em event]], Dwan finished in second place for $381,885.<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/pdfs/reports/10832-final-report.pdf Full House gets Simon Watt the win]</ref>

In 2011, Dwan cashed three times at the [[2011 WSOP]], including a 5th place finish in the $10,000 H.O.R.S.E. Championship for $134,480.<ref>http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=50670</ref>

As of 2013, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,200,000.<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=s&n=50670 Hendon Mob Database: Tom Dwan]</ref>

=== Live cash games ===
Dwan holds the record for the largest pot won in a televised live game at over $1.1 million, which occurred during the fourth season of Full Tilt Poker's ''Million Dollar Cash Game''. This record broke the previous record of over $919,000 also won by Dwan in the fifth season of ''High Stakes Poker''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/ivey-durrrr-play-largest-pot-in-tv-history-44072 |title=Ivey, durrrr play largest pot in TV history|accessdate=2011-03-21 |work=Pokerlistings.com }}</ref>

==== Full Tilt Poker Durrrr Million Dollar Challenge ====
Dwan's Million Dollar Challenge was expanded to a 500 hand live heads up format in the [[Full Tilt Poker]] Durrrr Million Dollar Challenge. The event was held November 17 to 19, 2009, at Les Ambassadeurs Club in London and televised by [[Sky Sports]].

The rules of the Challenge were that each player paid $250,000 for the privilege of playing, blinds were set at $500/$1,000 with each opponent having the choice of playing either [[Texas hold 'em]] or [[Pot Limit Omaha]] (PLO). Neither player could leave the match until at least 500 hands had been completed or one of them lost all of his buy-in and decided not to re-buy. Dwan's opponents were Marcello "luckexpress" Marigliano, [[Ilari Sahamies|Ilari "Ziigmund" Sahamies]], and Sammy "Any Two" George respectively.<ref name="cypra">[http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/full-tilt-poker-million-dollar-challenge-tom-dwan-takes-sammy-george-for-750000-6571/ Full Tilt Poker Million Dollar Challenge], Cypra, Dan (2009-11-21) ''Poker News Daily''.</ref>

The first match between Dwan and Marigliano consisted mainly of Texas hold 'em, although the players did agree to play PLO near the end of the match. Dwan lost $22,500 which was highlighted by two bluffs by Marigliano. In the second match between Dwan and Sahamies the players played only PLO. Although the match started surprisingly slow considering the history of online competition between Dwan and Sahamies, the match eventually became aggressive as expected. There were several large pots resulting in large swings in the players’ stacks. After 12 hours, the match concluded with Dwan winning $68,000.

The final round pitted Dwan against George in an exclusively Texas hold 'em match.<ref name="cypra"/> During the match, the parties agreed to a 7-2 prop bet wherein if a player wins a pot with 7-2 then he earns an additional $10,000. This led to one of the most memorable bluffs in television poker when Dwan bet $479,500 on the river, all in, into a pot of only $162,000. Dwan was bluffing with 7-2 against George’s two pair (aces and sixes). George folded his two pair after much consideration even though Dwan, after making a 6x pre-flop raise, had said he had 7-2 and just wanted the blinds. George went on to lose $750,000.<ref name="cypra"/>

Dwan made a final profit of $795,500 after winning two of the three matches.

=== Team Full Tilt ===
In November 2009, Dwan became a member of [[Full Tilt Poker#Team Full Tilt|Team Full Tilt]] and re-signed as a brand ambassador for the site on October 15, 2012.<ref name="tft">{{cite web|url= http://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/11/full-tilt-poker-signs-tom-durrrr-dwan-to-team-full-tilt-7509.htm |title=Full Tilt Poker Adds Tom "durrrr" Dwan to Team Full Tilt|accessdate=2009-11-09|date=2009-11-09|publisher=Poker News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Full Tilt Poker Adds Tom "durrrr" Dwan and Viktor "Isildur1" Blom to Roster http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/10/full-tilt-poker-tom-durrrr-dwan-viktor-isildur1-blom-13601.htm|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/10/full-tilt-poker-tom-durrrr-dwan-viktor-isildur1-blom-13601.htm|accessdate=16 October 2012}}</ref> In December 2013, Full Tilt Poker confirmed that they and Dwan "agreed to part ways following the recent expiration of Dwan’s contract".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/breaking-tom-durrrr-dwan-dropped-as-full-tilt-poker-professional-61268 |title=Breaking: Tom "durrrr" Dwan Dropped as Full Tilt Poker Professional |author=Matthew Showell |publisher=pokerlistings.com |date=December 16, 2013 |accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Team Full Tilt}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dwan, Tom
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 30, 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwan, Tom}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:Poker After Dark tournament winners]]
[[Category:People from Edison, New Jersey]]

Five Nights at Freddy's (video game)

2015-08-25T09:17:22Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 2 edits by 92.21.33.71 (talk): Unsourced information; cannot find confirmation of either online. (TW)

{{for|the series as a whole|Five Nights at Freddy's (series)}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Five Nights at Freddy's
| image =[[File:Five nights at freddys cover art.jpg|250px]]
| caption = [[Steam (software)|Steam]]
| designer = [[Scott Cawthon]]
| series = ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (series)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]''
| engine = [[Clickteam#Products|Clickteam Fusion 2.5]]
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[iOS]]
| released = '''Microsoft Windows''' {{start date|2014|08|08}} '''Android''' {{start date|2014|08|27}} '''iOS''' {{start date|2014|09|11}}
| genre = [[Survival horror]], [[Graphic adventure game|point-and-click]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
}}
'''''Five Nights at Freddy's''''' is a 2014 [[Indie game|indie]] [[Graphic adventure game|point-and-click]] [[survival horror]] [[video game]] designed by [[Scott Cawthon]]. The game centers on the fictional pizza [[restaurant]] called "Freddy Fazbear's Pizza", where the player must act as a night security guard, defending themselves from the [[Animatronics|animatronic]] animal characters by tracking their movement through the facility using [[Closed-circuit television|security camera]]s.

''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was first released via [[Desura]] on August 8, 2014. On August 20, 2014, after it was approved by the service's [[crowdsourcing]] platform [[Steam Greenlight|Greenlight]], ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was also released via [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Mobile ports of the game have been released for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]].

The game was praised by critics for being a unique take on the survival horror genre, with a particular emphasis on its simplistic design, along with how its gameplay mechanics and aesthetics contributed to an overall feeling of fear and [[paranoia]]. ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was the top-selling game on Desura for the week ending August 18, 2014, and the game became the subject of a number of popular "[[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]]" videos on [[YouTube]]. Three sequels have been released, ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 2]]'' on November 10, 2014, ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 3]]'' on March 2, 2015, and ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 4]]'' on July 23, 2015.

==Gameplay==
[[Image:FNAF Camera Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The player must check security cameras to find the animatronics.]]
The player must survive their shift, lasting from midnight to {{nowrap|6:00 a.m.}} (approximately 8 minutes and 36 seconds of real time, 4 minutes and 30 seconds on the mobile and tablet editions),<ref name="pcg-review"/> without being attacked by one of the animatronic animal robots roaming the facility. The player, who sits in an office and is unable to move, is given access to a network of [[security camera]]s throughout the facility to track the movement of the animatronic robots. Four of the five characters have distinct movement patterns while the fifth, "Golden Freddy", only appears when certain actions are taken; however, most of the characters' movements take place off-screen. The camera feeds are dimly lit and [[Noise (video)|distorted]], one of the rooms only contains an audio feed, and the cameras do not cover certain areas of the building, most notably the two hallways directly to the left and right of the player. The player cannot leave the guard room, but can close the doors to defend themselves, and briefly turn on lights in the hallways to check for animatronics.<ref name="pcg-review"/><ref name="softpedia-review"/> Use of these actions consume the player's limited electrical power; if the power runs out, the cameras become inoperable, the doors open, and the lights go out, leaving the player with no defense against an attack.<ref name="pcg-review"/> Once these things happen, music will play, it will go pitch black, and, if the player is not lucky enough to survive to 6 AM in the meantime, Freddy will [[jumpscare]] the player, who then loses the game.

The game has five levels comprising five "nights" in the game, which increase in difficulty. Completion of the game unlocks an even more difficult 6th night level, and completion of this level opens up a "Custom Night" [[level editor]] where the player can adjust the [[Artificial intelligence (video games)|AI difficulty]] of the individual characters.<ref name=igm-fivenights>{{cite news|last1=Couture|first1=Joel|title=Five Nights at Freddy’s Review – Nightmares and Death at Chuck E Cheese’s|url=http://indiegamemag.com/five-nights-at-freddys-review-nightmares-and-death-at-chuck-e-cheeses/|accessdate=16 August 2014|work=Indie Game Magazine|date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
The main character, whose name is later revealed to be Mike Schmidt,<ref name="fivenights-name">{{cite video game| title = Five Nights at Freddy's| developer = Scott Cawthon| publisher = | date = 2014-08-08| platform = [[Personal computer|PC]]| scene = Completion of Night 5| quote = }}</ref> has started a job working as a night watch [[security guard]] at the restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza (a pastiche of restaurants like [[ShowBiz Pizza Place]] and [[Chuck E. Cheese's]]).<ref name=igm-fivenights/><ref name="destructoid"/> A [[voicemail]] message left by Mike's predecessor explains that the animatronic animal characters used at the restaurant, Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica and the disused Foxy, are able to roam freely around it at night, because if they were left off for too long, their [[servomotor]]s would lock up. He also adds that the animatronics were no longer allowed to roam freely during the day following an incident referred to as the "Bite of '87", which apparently involved the loss of someone's [[frontal lobe]]. The employee warns Mike that if one of the robots encounters a human, they will automatically assume that it is an endoskeleton that is not in costume yet, and "forcefully stuff them" into a spare mechanical Freddy Fazbear costume, killing the person in the process.<ref name="fivenights-phone1">{{cite video game| title = Five Nights at Freddy's| developer = Scott Cawthon| publisher = | date = 2014-08-08| platform = [[Personal computer|PC]]| scene =Night 1 phone call| quote = }}</ref>

Newspaper clippings in the background of one of the scenes reveal that the restaurant was site to the disappearances of five children whose bodies were never found, after a man dressed as one of the animatronics lured them into a back room and reportedly murdered them. Later, the restaurant received complaints that the animatronics began to smell foul and became stained with blood and mucus around the eyes and mouth, with one customer comparing them to "reanimated carcasses". After the seventh night, Mike is fired from his job and the restaurant is closed down.<ref name="fivenights-hallway">{{cite video game| title = Five Nights at Freddy's| developer = Scott Cawthon| publisher = | date = 2014-08-08| platform = [[Personal computer|PC]]| level = East Hall| quote = }}</ref>

==Development and release==
The idea for ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' stems from the negative reception towards Scott Cawthon's previous game, the family friendly ''Chipper & Sons Lumber Co.'', where players ridiculed the main character (a young beaver) as looking like "a scary animatronic animal", with reviewer [[Jim Sterling]] calling the game unintentionally "terrifying".<ref name=IGM>{{cite web|url=http://indiegamemag.com/igm-interviews-scott-cawthon-five-nights-at-freddys/|title=IGM Interviews – Scott Cawthon (Five Nights at Freddy’s)|work=IGM}}</ref><ref name=KotakuAU>{{cite web|url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2015/02/why-five-nights-at-freddys-is-so-popular-explained/|title=Why Five Nights At Freddy's Is So Popular|work=Kotaku}}</ref> Although initially depressed by the poor reception to ''Chipper & Sons'', Cawthon, who had previously mainly developed Christianity-orientated games, eventually used it inspire himself to make something intentionally scarier.<ref name=IGM/>

''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was first released via [[Desura]] on August 8, 2014. On August 20, 2014, after it was approved by the service's [[crowdsourcing]] platform [[Steam Greenlight|Greenlight]], ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was also released via [[Steam (software)|Steam]].<ref name="destructoid">{{cite news |author= |title=Five Nights at Freddy's is nightmare fuel mixed with Chuck E. Cheese's |url=http://www.destructoid.com/five-nights-at-freddy-s-is-nightmare-fuel-mixed-with-chuck-e-cheese-s-279886.phtml |newspaper=[[Destructoid]] |date=August 20, 2014 |accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Conditt |first=Jessica |date=August 20, 2014 |title=All of the nightmares live in Five Nights at Freddy's |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2014/08/19/all-of-the-nightmares-live-in-five-nights-at-freddys/ |newspaper=[[Joystiq]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref> A port for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] was released on August 27, 2014, via [[Google Play Store]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Priestman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2014 |title=Hit PC horror game Five Nights At Freddy's is now terrifying Android players |url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/Android/Five+Nights+at+Freddy's/news.asp?c=61217 |newspaper=[[Pocket Gamer]] |location= |publisher=Steel Media Limited |accessdate=August 27, 2014}}</ref> On September 11, 2014, an [[iOS]] port was released. The [[Windows Phone]] version was published on December 5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windowscentral.com/five-nights-freddys-1-and-2-creep-their-way-windows-phone-store|title=Five Nights at Freddy's 1 and 2 creep their way onto the Windows Phone Store|work=Windows Central}}</ref> and then quickly removed from the store on December 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmpoweruser.com/five-nights-at-freddys-12-unpublished-from-the-windows-phone-store|title=Five Nights at Freddys 1&2 unpublished from the Windows Phone Store|work=WMPowerUser}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
|title=Reviews
|GR=(PC) 85%<ref name="gamerankings">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/827431-five-nights-at-freddys/index.html|title=Five Nights at Freddy's for PC|work=GameRankings.com|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> (iOS) 80%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/iphone/843057-five-nights-at-freddys/index.html|title=Five Nights at Freddy's for iOS|work=GameRankings.com|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref>
|MC=(PC) 78/100<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/five-nights-at-freddys|title=Five Nights at Freddy's on Metacritic|work=metacritic.com|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref>
|GameRev={{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="gamerev">{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Ryan |date=August 27, 2014|title=Five Nights at Freddy's Review |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/five-nights-at-freddys|newspaper=[[Game Revolution]]|publisher=Evolve Media, LLC|accessdate=August 29, 2014}}</ref>
|PCGUS=80/100<ref name="pcg-review">{{cite news|last=Petitte|first=Omri|date=August 25, 2014|title=Five Nights at Freddy's review|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/review/five-nights-at-freddys-review/|newspaper=[[PC Gamer]]|publisher=[[Future plc]]|accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Five Nights at Freddy's jump scare scene.png|thumb|left|The animatronics suddenly popping up in front of the protagonist's view is the cause of most jumpscares.]]
''Five Nights at Freddy's'' received positive reviews from critics. ''Indie Game Magazine'' praised ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' for its simple take on the horror genre, noting that its artistic direction and gameplay mechanics contributed to a feeling of "brutal tension" — worsened by how a player may be familiar with similar restaurants such as [[Chuck E. Cheese's]], and that "it's an incredibly terrifying experience to try to save yourself from the single jump scare that ends the game". In conclusion, ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was considered a "fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying". However, the game was criticized for taking too long to load when launched.<ref name=igm-fivenights/>

Omri Petitte for ''[[PC Gamer]]'' gave ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' a score of 80 out of 100, commenting that the game took a "less-is-more" approach to its design, and that, while "the AI isn't some masterwork of procedural unpredictability, it would [still] head straight to you and eat your face off, or it'll play around like an innocent child before closing in for the kill. Your mind will fill in the rest". The game's overall atmosphere was praised for emphasizing the fear and suspense of an approaching threat, rather than the arrival of the threat itself as in other horror-oriented games. However, the gameplay of ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was criticized for becoming repetitive once a player masters it, as there is "not much more to expect beyond managing battery life and careful timing of slamming doors shut, so those with steely willpower won't find anything else past the atmosphere of it all."<ref name="pcg-review" /> Ryan Bates of ''[[Game Revolution]]'' gave the game a 4.5 out of 5; comparing its camera-oriented gameplay to the 1992 game ''[[Night Trap]]'', he praised the game's minimalistic presentation (with particular emphasis on its audio design and lack of music) for contributing to the terror of the game, along with the fact that the "nervous impulses" of its repetitive gameplay would "[reach] almost [[OCD]]-type levels, adding to the tense environment." In conclusion, he felt that the game was "horror done right", but that it was too short.<ref name="gamerev" />

''[[Eurogamer]]''{{'}}s Jeffrey Matulef compared the animatronic animals in the game to [[Weeping Angel]]s — predatory creatures from the universe of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' — due to their ability to only move when they are not being observed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Matulef |first=Jeffrey |date=August 19, 2014 |title=Five Nights at Freddy's brings horrifying animatronic animals to Steam |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-08-19-five-nights-at-freddys-brings-horrifying-animatronic-animals-to-steam |newspaper=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network Ltd. |accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref> ''[[Softpedia]]'' gave the game 4 out of 5 stars, with reviewer Cosmin Anton noting that it "drifts away from the classic first-person horror survival titles", but that the "inability to move combined with the limited power available will make you feel quite helpless in front of those relentless robots that just want to share a bit of their 'love' with you".<ref name="softpedia-review">{{cite web |url=http://games.softpedia.com/get/Games-Demo/Five-Nights-at-Freddy-s.shtml |title=Softpedia Editor's Review for Five Nights at Freddy's |last1=Anton |first1=Cosmin |date=August 20, 2014 |website=[[Softpedia]] |publisher=SoftNews NET SRL. |accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref> [[Ben Croshaw]] of [[Zero Punctuation]] hailed the game as extremely effective, but expressed doubts about using jumpscares as a central game mechanic.<ref>http://www.escapistmagazine.com/videos/view/zero-punctuation/10005-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-and-This-War-of-Mine-Review</ref>

''Five Nights at Freddy's'' was the top-selling game on Desura for the week ending August 18, 2014, and the game became the subject of a number of popular "[[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]]" videos on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=PC download charts: 'Five Nights at Freddy's' tears up Desura |url=http://news.yahoo.com/pc-download-charts-five-nights-freddys-tears-desura-110647990.html |agency=[[Relaxnews]] |date=August 18, 2014 |accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

==Commercial performance==
''Five Nights at Freddy's'' is installed an estimated 4,694 times per day, earning a daily revenue of $12,879.<ref>https://thinkgaming.com/app-sales-data/8779/five-nights-at-freddys/</ref> During a streaming charity drive on Twitch benefitting St. Jude Children's Research Hospitals, Cawthon gave away $249,999 to the charity helping it raise at total of $256,499 and surpassing the charity's initial goal of $15,000.<ref>http://www.gamnesia.com/news/five-nights-at-freddys-creator-donates-250k-to-charity</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.scottgames.com/}}
* ''[http://www.indiedb.com/games/five-nights-at-freddys Five Nights at Freddy's]'' on [[IndieDB]]

{{Five Nights at Freddy's}}

[[Category:2014 video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Indie video games]]
[[Category:Point-and-click adventure games]]
[[Category:Psychological horror games]]
[[Category:Single-player-only video games]]
[[Category:Robot video games]]
[[Category:Video games featuring anthropomorphic characters]]

Hajime Isayama

2015-08-14T10:51:56Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 96.40.160.53 (talk) to last revision by Sim0n2170. (TW)

{{Infobox person
| name = Hajime Isayama
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|August 29, 1986}}
| birth_place = [[Ōyama, Ōita]], Japan
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Mangaka|Manga artist]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| notable_works = ''[[Attack on Titan]]''
| awards = [[Kodansha Manga Award]] (2011)
| website =
}}

{{nihongo|'''Hajime Isayama'''|諫山創|Isayama Hajime|born August 29, 1986}} is a Japanese [[Mangaka|manga artist]] from [[Ōyama, Ōita]]. His first and currently ongoing series, ''[[Attack on Titan]]'', is experiencing success with 52.5 million copies in circulation as of July 2015.<ref>http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/07/27/english-version-of-attack-on-titan-tops-25-million-copies-in-print</ref> He has mentioned [[Tsutomu Nihei]], [[Ryōji Minagawa]], [[Kentaro Miura]], [[Hideki Arai]], and Tōru Mitsumine as artists he respects, and stated that the manga that had the biggest influence on him was ''[[Project ARMS|ARMS]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geek-news.mtv.com/2012/06/14/attack-on-titan-creator-hajime-isayama-interview/|title=Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2013-11-02}}</ref>

==Biography==
Isayama was born in [[Ōyama, Ōita|Ōyama]], [[Ōita Prefecture]], Japan, which is now part of [[Hita, Ōita|Hita]]. It was in high school, Hita Rinko Senior High School, that he began submitting manga works to contests.<ref name="early">{{cite web | url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201307200007| title='Attack on Titan' author expresses fears through popular boys' manga| date=2013-07-20 | publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] | accessdate=2013-11-01}}</ref> After graduating, he matriculated in the manga design program of the arts department at Kyushu Designer Gakuin. In 2006, he applied for the Magazine Grand Prix known as MGP promoted by [[Kodansha]] Ltd. and his work "Attack on Titan" (Shingeki no Kyojin) was given the "Fine Work" award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703231951/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/SEP/02065/01/nf/happyou/prize_b/2006_07/|title=7月期MGP結果大発表!!|work=講談社コミックプラス|publisher=Kodansha|date=2009|accessdate=2014-08-30}}</ref> At age twenty, he moved to [[Tokyo]] and worked at an [[internet cafe]] in order to pursue a career in manga.<ref name="early"/><ref name="exhibit">{{cite web | url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201304150005| title='Attack on Titan' exhibition held in manga artist Hajime Isayama's hometown| date=2013-04-15 | publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] | accessdate=2013-11-01}}</ref> This one-shot would later be included in the series' guidebook and included with the first [[Blu-ray]] of the [[anime]] adaptation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-05-07/1st-attack-of-titan-blu-ray/dvd-to-bundle-manga-prototype |title=1st Attack on Titan Blu-ray/DVD to Bundle Manga 'Prototype' |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2013-05-07 |accessdate=2013-11-02}}</ref>

Originally, he also offered his work to the ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' department at [[Shueisha]], where he was advised to modify his style and story to be more suitable for ''Weekly Shōnen Jump''. He declined and instead, decided to take it to the ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'' department at Kodansha Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|last=Isayama|first=Hajime |title=Transformation!!!!|url=http://blog.livedoor.jp/isayamahazime/archives/1922630.html|accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>

In 2008, he applied for the 80th ''Weekly Shōnen Magazine'' Freshman Manga Award, where his work "Heart Break One" was given the Special Encouragement Award. His other work, "orz", was chosen as a selected work in the same contest the following year.

In 2009, his first serial work ''[[Attack on Titan]]'' began in the monthly ''[[Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine]]''. It won the ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]'' category of the 35th [[Kodansha Manga Award]] in 2011,<ref name="award">{{cite web | url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/anime_news/AJ201212280033| title=ANIME NEWS: 'Attack On Titan' anime adaptation to hit the small screen in spring| date=2012-12-28 | publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] | accessdate=2013-11-01}}</ref> and was nominated for both the 4th annual [[Manga Taishō]] award and the 16th annual [[Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-01-16/13-titles-nominated-for-4th-manga-taisho-awards |title=13 Titles Nominated for 4th Manga Taisho Awards |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2011-01-16 |accessdate=2013-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-02-20/16th-tezuka-osamu-cultural-prize-nominees-announced |title=16th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2012-02-10 |accessdate=2013-11-02}}</ref> ''Attack on Titan'' has inspired four spin-off manga series, two [[light novel]] series, a television anime adaptation, several [[visual novel]]s, a video game, and a two-part live-action film that is in production. The resort Bungo Oyama Hibiki no Sato in his hometown of Ōyama, ran a free exhibit displaying copies of Isayama's manuscripts for the manga in 2013.<ref name="exhibit"/> A special ''Attack on Titan'' event was held in Hita on November 1, 2014, with Isayama and approximately 2,500 spectators attending. The following day, Isayama gave a speech at the Patria Hita cultural hall and was officially named the Tourism Ambassador of Hita by the city's mayor Keisuke Harada.<ref name="tour ambassador">{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-04/attack-on-titan-creator-named-tourism-ambassador-of-hometown/.80679 |title=Attack on Titan Creator Named Tourism Ambassador of Hometown |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=2014-11-04 |accessdate=2014-11-05}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{nihongo|"Attack on Titan"|進撃の巨人|Shingeki no Kyojin|2006, one-shot version}}
* "Heart Break One" (2008)
* "orz" (2008)
* {{nihongo|''[[Attack on Titan]]''|進撃の巨人|Shingeki no Kyojin|2009–present}}
* {{nihongo|''Attack on Titan Special Episode''|進撃の巨人特別編|Shingeki no Kyojin Tokubetsuhen|2010, 2011}}

==Awards==
*2006: Fine Work, Magazine Grand Prix for "Attack on Titan"
*2008: Special Encouragement Award, 80th ''Weekly Shōnen Magazine'' Freshman Manga Award for "Heart Break One"
*2008: Selected Work, 81st ''Weekly Shōnen Magazine'' Freshman Manga Award for "orz"
*2011: Shōnen category, 35th [[Kodansha Manga Award]] for ''Attack on Titan''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://blog.livedoor.jp/isayamahazime/ Hajime Isayama official blog]
* {{ann|people|97559}}

{{Attack on Titan}}
{{Kodansha Manga Award - Shōnen}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Isayama, Hajime
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Manga artist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 29, 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Ōyama, Ōita, Japan
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isayama, Hajime}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manga artists]]
[[Category:People from Ōita Prefecture]]

Eren Yeager

2015-08-14T10:51:45Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 96.40.160.53 (talk) to last revision by General Ization. (TW)

{{Infobox animanga character
| name = Eren Yeager
| series = [[Attack on Titan]]
| image = ErenYeager.jpg
| caption = Eren as depicted in the ''Attack on Titan'' anime
| first = ''Attack on Titan'' chapter 1: ''To You, 2,000 Years from Now''
| creator = [[Hajime Isayama]]
| voiced by = '''Japanese''' [[Yūki Kaji]] '''English''' [[Bryce Papenbrook]]
| oaux1 name = Portrayed by
| oaux1 = [[Haruma Miura]]
| species = Human, Titan Shifter
| relatives = [[List of Attack on Titan characters#Kalura Yeager|Kalura Yeager]] (mother) [[List of Attack on Titan characters#Grisha Yeager|Grisha Yeager]] (father) [[Mikasa Ackerman]] (Foster sister)
}}

{{nihongo|'''Eren Yeager'''|エレン・イェーガー|Eren Yēgā}}, spelled '''Eren Jaeger''' in the [[Funimation]] dub, is a fictional character appearing as the protagonist from the [[manga]] series ''[[Attack on Titan]]'' by [[Hajime Isayama]]. Eren is a teenager who swears revenge on enormous creatures known as Titans that devour his mother. In order to defeat the Titans, Eren, alongside his childhood friends [[Mikasa Ackerman]] and [[Armin Arlert]], enlist in the Military and join the Survey Corps—an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls. As the story progresses it is revealed Eren has the power of becoming a Titan which mankind uses to their advantage to defeat their enemies.

In the [[anime]] adaptation of the series, Eren has been voiced by [[Yūki Kaji]] in Japanese and [[Bryce Papenbrook]] in English. In the live-action film adaptation, he is portrayed by [[Haruma Miura]]. Critical reception to Eren's character has been mixed. While some critics called him a stereotypical male lead character, his actions across the story led to shocks and praises. Eren has also been popular within the ''Attack on Titan'' fanbase and anime in general.

==Creation and design==
Author [[Hajime Isayama]] created Eren to be "an ordinary youngster who gets paralyzed with fear when he sees a titan" rather than a stereotypical hotheaded protagonist often seen in [[shonen manga]]s.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Nelkin|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-07-22/live-action-attack-on-titan-writer-warns-fans-of-more-changes/.90765 |title= Live-Action Attack on Titan Writer Warns Fans of More Changes|publisher=Anime News Network|date=July 22, 2015|accessdate=July 23, 2015}}</ref> He also stated that Eren's wish to go outside the city's walls is similar to his own when he was a child: He lived in a rural Japanese town surrounded by mountains. One day, he wanted to go beyond the mountains, which reflected in the town surrounded by walls in the manga where Eren lived in the series' beginning.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Nelkin|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-23/attack-on-titan-creator-reveals-secrets-on-japanese-tv-show |title=Attack on Titan Creator Reveals Secrets on Japanese TV Show|publisher=Anime News Network|date=September 23, 2013|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref> The character's Titan form's physique was modeled after middleweight mixed martial artist [[Yushin Okami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geek-news.mtv.com/2012/06/14/attack-on-titan-creator-hajime-isayama-interview/ |first=Brigid |last=Alverson | title=MTV Geek – Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama |work = MTV Geek News | publisher = Viacom | date=2012-06-14 |accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name="vol 1 interview">''Attack on Titan'' manga, volume 1, interview "For the Titan version of Eren, I use martial artist Yuushin Okami's body as a model. My ideal is the physique of a middleweight mixed martial artist. I only use the shape of the body as a model."</ref> Japanese actor [[Yūki Kaji]] commented on how it was important that he should voice Eren's Titan form because he believes it is an extension of the character. He had a meal with Isayama after he visited the recording studio and the manga artist told him he found Eren quite a difficult character but complimented Kaji by saying "You know Eren already", which gave him confidence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bessatsu SPOON 2Di|volume=41}}</ref> Eren's characterization was briefly altered for the English dub of the series making him self-reflective and eloquent in some scenes.<ref name="english dub">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/attack-on-titan/episodes-1 | first=Hope|last=Chapman | title=Attack on Titan Episodes 1-5 (English Dub)|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:10.12.12BrycePapenbrookByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|right|English voice actor [[Bryce Papenbrook]] used three different voices for the character.|200px]]
English voice actor [[Bryce Papenbrook]] got excited when he got the role of Eren as he was a fan of the show before it was announced that it would be dubbed into English. As a result, he viewed this as an advantage as he managed to understand the character beforehand.<ref name="interview">{{cite web|first=Bamboo |last=Dong|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2014-03-29/interview-bryce-papenbrook |title=Interview: Bryce Papenbrook|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=June 13, 2014}}</ref> For example, he could understand the delivery of several lines because he already knew of the anime's series of twists. Additionally, he saw himself prepared for the role's pressure due to his previous works in popular anime.<ref name="ukanime">{{cite web|first=Bamboo |last=Dong|url=http://www.uk-anime.net/articles/Voice_Acting_Titan:_The_Bryce_Papenbrook_Interview/2 |title=Voice Acting Titan: The Bryce Papenbrook Interview - Page 2|publisher=UK Anime Network|accessdate=September 2, 2014}}</ref>

He was excited because Eren was different from his previous characters despite sharing a similar age and vocal range, He commented "It's a very raw sound. Some of the noises he pulled out of me were just disgusting. I loved it. I loved every second of it." Papenbrook noted how different was Eren from his previous role as noted in the delivery of emotions and notable screams.<ref name="interview"/> There were three different kinds of voices he used for Eren: One for his kid persona, another deeper for his young adult self and a third "which was different from anything else." He recorded all three of those, and "there were noises that were required that were just disgusting and nasty."<ref name="interview"/> While he saw Eren's screams as challenging, he believes it was not the most difficult he ever had.<ref name="ukanime"/>

==Appearances==

===In ''Attack on Titan''===
Eren is introduced as a hot-headed, vocal twelve-year-old in the town of Shiganshina who dreams of joining the Survey Corps in order to explore the outside world beyond the walls, but is constantly chastised by his mother Kalura. When the Titans invade his town, he is powerless to save her from being devoured by one of the Titans, and vows to kill every Titan henceforth.<ref name="vol 1">{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 1|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61262-024-4|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> Enlisting in the military, Eren eventually places fifth overall in his graduating class.<ref name="vol 1"/> Parts of Eren's past are revealed through the series. Following Shingashina's fall, he has a brief encounter with his father Grisha who entrusts him with a key to the basement of their house, and who injects him with a mysterious liquid.<ref name="vol 1"/> When he was nine years old, he and his father were planning to meet [[Mikasa Ackerman]] and her family, but they discover that her parents have been killed and that she is held hostage. He kills two of the captors and convinces Mikasa to kill the third as he is being strangled by the latter.<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 2|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61262-025-1|chapter=Chapter 6|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref>

During a mission, Eren is swallowed by a Titan when he sacrifices himself to save his friend [[Armin Arlert]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 1|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61262-024-4|chapter=Chapter 4|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> Inside the Titan, however, he suddenly transforms into a 15-meter class Titan that attacks the other Titans and disregards humans before the Titan collapses and his real body is exposed, unconscious, at the back of the neck.<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 2|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61262-025-1|chapter=Chapter 9|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> Though he is distrusted initially by the military, especially due to his inability to control himself in Titan form, Eren earns a place in the Special Operations Squad, a branch of Survey Corps under Levi assigned to watch over him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 3|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61262-026-8|chapter=Chapter 12|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 5|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2013|isbn=978-1-61262-254-5|chapter=Chapter 20|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> Shortly after joining, Eren finds himself hunted by a female Titan who kills all of his squadmates to get to him. With help of Levi and Mikasa, Eren is saved from the Titan who is later revealed to be Annie Leonhart. Though Eren defeats Annie alongside his allies, they are unable to get answers as they watch her encase herself.

When encountering the Titan that devoured his mother years earlier during his kidnapping by Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover, who are the human forms of the Titans responsible for the Shiganshina attack, Eren develops a new ability to mentally control other Titans called "the Coordinate". After first subconsciously directing a group to kill and devour the Titan that killed his mother, he then directs the Titans to attack the Armored Titan so he and his friends can escape back to within the Walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan, vol. 12|author=Isayama, Hajime|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61262-678-9|chapter=Chapter 50|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> After being rescued, Eren is sent with his friends to an isolated village while preparations are made for a campaign to retake Wall Maria for good, by making use of his newfound power. However, Eren is then captured by the royal family's patriarch Rod Reiss, who reveals that his family long possessed a power that created the walls. Eren also learned that his ability to become a Titan was caused by his father, another human who can assume Titan form, whom he devoured once subjected to the liquid that caused his transformation and inheriting the power that Grinsha obtained from eating Historia's half sister Frieda Reiss. Eren realizes by then that Rod Reiss intends to restore his family by having Historia become a Titan and eat Eren, accepting his fate out guilt of the people he failed to save as he asks Historia to save humanity in his place. However, Eren finds Historia refusing to aid her father as she frees him while Rod becomes an Abnormal Titan while Misaka, Levi, and Jean arrive. Eren ingests a liquid labeled "Armor" that bestows him a new power to harden his Titan form, using it to save himself and his friends before he and the Survey Corps head to the Orvud district to face Rod.

===Other media===
Outside the official manga and anime, Eren also appears in the parody manga ''Attack on Titan: Junior High'' where he is presented as a student from high school who is obsessed with the Titans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Attack on Titan: Junior High, vol. 1|author=Nakagawa, Saki|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61262-916-2|publisher=Kodansha Comics USA}}</ref> He is also a playable character in ''Attack on Titan: The Last Wings of Mankind'' for the [[Nintendo 3DS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/12/04/one-glimpse-attack-titan-game-3ds/|title=One More Glimpse At The Attack On Titan Game For 3DS|publisher=Siliconera}}</ref> His Titan form also makes an appearance in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2014/01/matters_of_import_grappling_with_attack_on_titan_the_last_wings_of_mankind|title=Matters of Import: Grappling With Attack On Titan: The Last Wings Of Mankind|publisher=Nintendo Life}}</ref> Jin Haganeya's visual novel ''In the Forest of the Night, Burning Bright'' has Eren and Levi as the leading characters.

==Reception==
Critical reception to Eren's character has been varied. Hope Chapman of [[Anime News Network]] referred to Eren as "almost deliberately not a 'likable' protagonist, even by 15-year-old boy standards" based on his rude behavior and intelligence. However, she liked that he inspires people by believing in his feelings, hopes, and dreams, making him the "heart of humanity".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/attack-on-titan/bd-dvd-part-1/.75464 | title=Attack on Titan BD+DVD - Part 1 [Limited Edition] | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=June 12, 2014 | last=Chapman | first=Hope}}</ref> Theron Martin noted that while Eren initially has hardly any emotion besides anger,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/attack-on-titan |title=Attack on Titan episodes 1-6 - Review |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2013-05-20 |accessdate=2014-07-29}}</ref> in later episodes he eventually does have emotions beyond that.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/attack-on-titan/by-theron-martin | title=Attack on Titan | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=July 26, 2014 | last=Martin | first=Theron}}</ref> Jeffrey Kaufman of Blu-ray.com calls Eren "a compelling character, and once a really surprising development crops up a few episodes in, he becomes even more compelling."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Attack-on-Titan-Part-1-Limited-Edition-Blu-ray/87942/#Review | title=Attack on Titan Part 1 Limited Edition | publisher=Blu-Ray | accessdate=June 12, 2014 | last=Kaufman | first=Jeffrey}}</ref>

Kyle Charizanis of The Fandom Post found the anime portrayal of Eren's transformation to be amusing, starting from his "almost pitiful" look while declaring how he's going to kill all of the Titans. When the anime portrays him as capable of controlling his transformation, Charizanis adds "Maybe one day he’ll be able to contort his body to be used as a bridge, or heal other people’s wounds, or morph his arms into sharp blades like a certain other anime character."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fandompost.com/2013/06/04/attack-on-titan-episode-09-anime-review/ | title=Attack On Titan Episode #09 Anime Review | publisher=The Fandom Post | accessdate=June 19, 2014 | last=Charizanis | first=Kyle}}</ref> In the final anime episode, when Eren is fighting the Female Titan, he describes Eren's internal monologue as changing "from the usual violent determination to a kind of gleeful madness." and likens his tone to that of [[The Joker]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fandompost.com/2013/10/03/attack-on-titan-episode-25-anime-review/ | title=Attack On Titan Episode #25 Anime Review | publisher=The Fandom Post | accessdate=June 19, 2014 | last=Charizanis | first=Kyle}}</ref> Elijah Watson from ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' magazine liked the plot twist of Eren's titan form turning on the other titans that he called it a [[WorldStarHipHop|Worldstar moment]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/03/attack-on-titan-bingewatch | title=I Binge-Watched "Attack On Titan," an Anime About Giants Eating People | publisher='[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]' | accessdate=June 25, 2014 | date=March 22, 2014 | first=Elijah | last=Watson}}</ref> Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network was fond on Eren's Titan abilities as "there has not been anything as uncomfortable for me to watch as Eren chomping into his own hand, trying to transform. There is something visceral and real about Eren drawing blood from his own hand, and boy, it gave me the chills," and later praised his thoughts when fighting the Female Titan due to the portrayal of Eren's humanity despite being a Titan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-stream/2013-09-23#aot | title=The Stream - Unhappy Families | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=June 12, 2014 | last=Dong | first=Bamboo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-stream/2013-10-08#aot | title=The Stream - Last Call | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=June 12, 2014 | first=Bamboo | last=Dong}}</ref>

Other writers were more critical on the character. Nick Browne of THEM Anime Reviews found him "a frustrating protagonist" based on his fits of rage often seen as childish.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1681 | title=Attack on Titan | publisher=THEM Anime Reviews | accessdate=July 4, 2014 | last=Browne | first=Nick}}</ref> Elliot Gray from Japanator called him a "typical shonen manga lead" based on some of his cliche traits and instead found Mikasa and Armin more appealing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.japanator.com/review-attack-on-titan-volume-1-5-29310.phtml | title=It's an attack on your senses | publisher=Japanator / The Fandom Post | accessdate=June 19, 2014 | date=August 7, 2013 | first=Elliot | last=Gray}}</ref> Similarly, Anna Neatrour from Manga Bookshelf called him a "fairly typical brash and opinionated shonen hero" and considered the manga design of the humans to be "drawn stiffly and not in proportion. For much of the time Eren and his comrades are yelling at each other, with facial expressions that don’t have very much variation".<ref name="anna">{{cite web | url=http://mangareport.mangabookshelf.com/2014/01/28/attack-on-titan-vol-1/ | title=Attack on Titan, Vol 1 | publisher=Manga Bookshelf | work=Manga Report | accessdate=July 4, 2014 | date=January 28, 2014 | first=Anna | last=Neatrour}}</ref> On the other hand, Justin Wu from ''The Artifice'' saw Eren's hotheadness as a positive trait of the character.<ref name="the artifice">{{cite web | url=http://the-artifice.com/reasons-why-attack-on-titan-is-popular/ | title=5 Reasons Why ‘Attack on Titan’ Is So Popular | publisher=Articife | accessdate=July 4, 2014 | first=Justin | last=Wu | date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> Chapman found Papenbrook's child Eren forced but noted his performance once the character grew up was far better.<ref name="english dub"/>

In the ''[[Newtype (magazine)|Newtype]]'' anime awards for 2013, Eren was voted as eighth best male character.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-10-13/attack-on-titan-wins-top-prizes-in-newtype-anime-awards | title=Attack on Titan Wins Top Prizes in Newtype Anime Awards | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=June 12, 2014 | date=October 13, 2013}}</ref> In ''[[Animage]]''{{'}}s [[Anime Grand Prix]] 2014 polls, Eren ranked as the fourth most popular male anime character, behind [[List of Attack on Titan characters#Levi|Levi]] who was voted the most popular. However, his Japanese voice actor ranked first among all voice actors, with Eren as his primary credit for that period.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afachan.asia/2014/06/seiyuu-shingeki-kyojin-cast-sweeps-animage-magazines-annual-anime-grand-prix-seiyuu-poll/ | title=[Seiyuu] Shingeki no Kyojin cast sweeps Animage's Anime Grand Prix Seiyuu Polls! | work=AFA Channel | accessdate=June 16, 2014}}</ref> In the ''Animedia'' Eren was nominated for multiple categories including "Most valuable player", "darkness", "hot" and "brave"; He only won the hot award but took high places in the rest.<ref>{{cite journal | title=2013 Animedia Character Awards | publisher=[[Gakken]] | date=February 2013 | journal=Animedia | language=Japanese}}</ref> Anime News Network also listed his Titan form as one of the weirdest power ups seen in anime.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-list/2014-09-13/.78657 | title=7 Powered-Up Forms That Are More Weird Than Awesome | publisher=Anime News Network | accessdate=September 13, 2014 | date=September 13, 2014}}</ref>

Eren is featured in a variety of merchandise. In December 2013, the [[Good Smile Company]] released the Eren Picktam! strap along with straps of other characters from the series.<ref>[http://www.goodsmile.info/en/product/4071/Picktam+Attack+on+Titan+Part+1.html Eren Yeager Picktam! Strap]</ref> The official Eren Yeager [[nendoroid]] and [[figma]] were also launched after the series' success. These figures exist via a variety of figurine and merchandise companies. Eren's figma was released in May 2014, and the nendoroid was released in April 2014.<ref>[http://www.goodsmile.info/en/product/4095/Nendoroid+Eren+Yeager.html Erin Yeager Nendoroid]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.goodsmile.info/en/product/4089/figma+Eren+Yeager.html Erin Yeager Figma]</ref> In addition to figures, [[Bandai]] has released Eren plushes, a smaller one in December 2013 and a larger one in July 2014.<ref>[http://myfigurecollection.net/item/173067 Smaller Bandai Eren Plush]</ref><ref>[http://myfigurecollection.net/item/210702 Larger Bandai Eren Plush]</ref>
Eren Yeager, along with many other characters from the series, also has a dedicated perfume inspired by his character traits. His perfume was released by Koubutsuya in fall of 2013 along with the perfumes for Mikasa Ackerman and Levi.<ref>[http://www.cafereo.co.jp/goods/10762 Attack on Titan Perfume Announcement]</ref><ref>[http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2014/05/23-1/second-wave-of-attack-on-titan-perfumes-go-on-sale Second Line of Attack on Titan Perfumes]</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Attack on Titan}}

[[Category:Male characters in anime and manga]]
[[Category:Attack on Titan]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Fictional murderers]]
[[Category:Fictional child soldiers]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can change size]]

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Steven Universe

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{{Infobox television
| image=[[File:Steven Universe.png|250px]]
| caption=
| genre={{ubl|[[Action (fiction)|Action]]|[[Comedy]]|[[Fantasy]]<ref name="amazon">{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Gem-Glow-Laser-Light-Cannon/dp/B00G90794U | title=Amazon.com: Steven Universe: Season 1, Episode 1 "Gem Glow / Laser Light Cannon": Amazon Instant Video | accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref>}}[[Drama]]<ref name="NYDN">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/steven-universe-tv-review-article-1.1504338 |title='Steven Universe,' TV review |date=4 November 2013 |publisher=''[[New York Daily News]]'' |accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref>
| creator=[[Rebecca Sugar]]
| story={{ubl|Rebecca Sugar|[[Ian Jones-Quartey]]|Matt Burnett|Ben Levin|Kat Morris}}
| voices={{ubl|[[Zach Callison]]|[[Estelle (musician)|Estelle]]|[[Michaela Dietz]]|[[Deedee Magno]]|[[Matthew Moy]]|[[Kate Micucci]]|[[Tom Scharpling]]|Grace Rolek}}
| director={{ubl|Elle Michalka (art)|Nick DeMayo (animation)|Ian Jones-Quartey (supervising)}}
| theme_music_composer={{unbulleted list|Rebecca Sugar|Aivi & Surasshu|[[Jeff Liu]]}}
| opentheme="We Are the Crystal Gems"
| endtheme="Love Like You", performed by Rebecca Sugar (from Season 2)
| composer=Aivi Tran Steven "Surasshu" Velema
| country=United States
| language=English
| network=[[Cartoon Network]]
| executive_producer={{ubl|Rebecca Sugar|Ian Jones-Quartey (co-executive producer, from Season 2)}}
| producer={{ubl|Jackie Buscarino|[[Chuck Austen]] (supervising producer)}}
| company=[[Cartoon Network Studios]]<ref name="McLean 2012a">{{cite journal|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cn-greenlights-steven-universe-uncle-grandpa-series/|title=Cartoon Network Greenlights ''Steven Universe'', ''Uncle Grandpa'' Series|date=2012-09-11|accessdate=2013-08-11|last=McLean|first=Thomas J.|journal=Animation Magazine}}</ref>
| num_seasons=2 
| num_episodes=67
| list_episodes=List of Steven Universe episodes
| runtime=11 minutes
| picture_format=[[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[HDTV]])
| audio_format=[[Dolby Surround]]
| first_run={{Start date|2013|7|27}} (Pilot)
| first_aired={{Start date|2013|11|4}}
| last_aired=present
| related_series=''[[Adventure Time]]'' ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]''
| website=http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/tv_shows/steven-universe/video/index.html?atclk_gn=picker_Steven_Universe+
}}

'''''Steven Universe''''' is an American [[animated series|animated]] television series created by [[Rebecca Sugar]] for [[Cartoon Network]]. It is the [[coming-of-age story]] of a young boy named Steven, who grows up with three magical aliens, the "Crystal Gems" Garnet, Amethyst and Pearl, and helps them protect the world from their own kind. A part of [[Cartoon Network Studios]]' artist-driven "Shorts Program", ''Steven Universe'' is the first Cartoon Network series to be created by a woman, and was developed by Sugar while she worked on the Cartoon Network series ''[[Adventure Time]]''. It premiered on November 4, 2013.

''Steven Universe'' has received critical acclaim for its art design, music, voice acting and its depth of characterization and [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] [[worldbuilding]]. The series was nominated for an [[Primetime Emmy Award for Short-format Animation|Emmy Award]] and two [[Annie Awards]]. It was renewed in July 2015 for a third season.<ref name="THR 7 July 2015">{{cite news|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|title='Adventure Time,' 'Regular Show,' 3 More Renewed at Cartoon Network (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/adventure-time-regular-show-3-807037|accessdate=7 July 2015|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Companion books, comics and a video game based on the series have been also released.

==Setting and synopsis==
{{see also|List of Steven Universe characters|l1=List of ''Steven Universe'' characters}}

The series is set in the fictional Beach City on the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] on the [[East Coast of the United States|American East Coast]], where ageless alien warriors, the Crystal Gems, live in an ancient beachside temple, protecting the world from evil. They project female humanoid forms from magical gemstones that are the core of their being. The Crystal Gems are Garnet, Amethyst, Pearl – and Steven, a young half-human, half-Gem boy who inherited his gemstone from his mother, the Gems' former leader Rose Quartz. As Steven tries to figure out his powers, he spends his days with his human father Greg, his friend Connie, other people in Beach City, or the other Gems, whether to help them save the world or just to hang out. He explores the abilities passed down to him by his mother, which include fusion — the ability of Gems to merge their identities and bodies to form a new and more powerful personality.

The first season slowly reveals that the four Crystal Gems are remnants of a once great interstellar civilization. Most of the locations they visit are ruins that were once of great importance to Gem culture, but have become derelict for millennia. The Gems are cut off from their homeworld, and it becomes apparent that the monsters and artifacts they encounter are Gems who have lost the ability to maintain rational humanoid forms. In parallel, flashbacks related by Greg develop the history of Rose Quartz and her relationships. By the end of the first season, Steven learns that the Homeworld Gems intended to sterilize the Earth to incubate new Gems within it. Now, 5,000 years after Rose Quartz led the other Crystal Gems in a violent and apparently successful rebellion against these genocidal plans, the homeworld's machinations once again extend towards the Earth with the arrival of two hostile envoys, Peridot and Jasper.

==Development==
===Concept and creation===
The titular character, Steven, is loosely based on Sugar's younger brother Steven Sugar,<ref name="Cavna 2013-11-01">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/steven-universe-creator-rebecca-sugar-is-an-idealistic-trailblazer/2013/11/01/fe622da2-4338-11e3-a751-f032898f2dbc_story.html|title='Steven Universe' creator Rebecca Sugar is a Cartoon Network trailblazer|work=The Washington Post|date=2013-11-01|last=Cavna|first=Michael}}</ref> who is one of the series's background artists.<ref name="Hot Topic" /> Growing up, Sugar would collaborate with Steven and other friends to create comics.<ref name="Zargari 2013-07-27">{{cite journal|url=http://www.verbicidemagazine.com/2013/07/27/sdcc-2013-press-roundtable-interview-series-uncle-grandpa-clarence-steven-universe/|title=SDCC 2013 Press Roundtable Interview Series: ''Uncle Grandpa'', ''Clarence'', and ''Steven Universe''|date=2013-07-27|accessdate=2013-08-12|last=Zargari|first=Shahab|author2=Ryan Brunty |author3=Ryan Davis |journal=Verbicide Magazine|format=Audiovisual work |quote=[''Steven Universe'', 1:58–2:06] I've always loved working with my friends on comics, and growing up, I did a lot of comics, and me and my brother together, we would do a lot of comics ...}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'', she commented on developing the background of the show's protagonist, expressing her desire to base the character from the viewpoint of her brother growing up "where you're so comfortable in your life because you get all the attention, but you also want to rise up and not be the little brother."<ref name="Ito 2013-07-26">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/movies/rising-animators-spring-into-motion.html|title=Rising Animators Spring Into Motion|work=New York Times|date=2013-07-26|accessdate=2013-08-11|last=Ito|first=Robert|author2=Jeremy Egner}}</ref>

Beach City, the setting of the series, is loosely based on [[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]], [[Bethany Beach, Delaware|Bethany Beach]] and [[Dewey Beach, Delaware|Dewey Beach]], [[Delaware]], all places that Sugar visited as a child.<ref name="Cavna 2013-11-01"/> The supporting characters Lars and Sadie were originally created in Sugar's college days.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjvzqk3|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> The Gems are, according to Sugar, all "some version of me... neurotic, lazy, decisive".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjw018y|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> She wanted their gems to reflect their personalities – Pearl's perfect smoothness, Amethyst's coarseness, and Garnet's air of mystery.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjvyr7j|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = "God forbid a piece of media not include super masculine self-insert super powered hero characters for straight males to identify with."
|source = — Series story editor Matt Burnett in response to fans asking for male Gems<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burnett|first1=Matt|title=Tweet at 10:29 AM - 9 Jul 2015|url=https://twitter.com/mcburnett/status/619196691028287488|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
}}

The unusually strong female presence in a series about a boy – all major characters except Steven and Greg are female – is intentional, according to Sugar. She intended to "tear down and play with the [[semiotics]] of [[gender]] in cartoons for children" because she considered it absurd that shows for boys should be fundamentally different from those for girls. In terms of plot, according to her, the series is developing towards a far-off end goal, although everything in between is kept flexible, in part, because her own intentions have "changed since I've started because I’ve grown up a lot" while working on ''Steven Universe''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Howe-Smith|first1=Nia|title=Steven Universe creator Rebecca Sugar on growing up, gender politics and her brother|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/15/steven-universe-creator-growing-gender-politics-her-brother|accessdate=22 June 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|issue=15 June 2015}}</ref>

Sugar said that ''Steven Universe'' was influenced by the anime series ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' and ''[[Revolutionary Girl Utena]]'', as well as by ''[[The Simpsons]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjvykmy|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> Musically, she considers [[Aimee Mann]] "a huge influence".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjvyk5b|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> She described a theory underlying the series as "reverse [[escapism]]", that is, the notion that fantasy characters would become interested in real life and would want to participate in it. The titular character, Steven, personifies this "love affair between fantasy and reality".<ref name="Hot Topic">{{cite web|date=6 June 2014|title=Interview: Steven Universe Creator Rebecca Sugar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9rQlh0KxYo|publisher=Hot Topic|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref>

===Voice casting===
[[File:Zach Callison January 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|[[Zach Callison]] (Steven)]]
[[File:Estelle Swaray (headshot).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|[[Estelle (musician)|Estelle]] (Garnet)]]

The 16-year-old American actor [[Zach Callison]], who has appeared in several animated series and films, voices Steven in his first leading role on television. Garnet, the leader of the Crystal Gems, is voiced by [[Estelle Swaray]], a noted British singer, songwriter and actress. She was asked by Cartoon Network to take the part, her first voice acting role.<ref name="The Mary Sue 15 October 2014">{{cite news|last1=Polo|first1=Susanna|title=Our Interview With the Cast and Creator of Cartoon Network’s Steven Universe!|url=http://www.themarysue.com/steven-universe-interview/|accessdate=8 August 2015|work=[[The Mary Sue]]|date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

For her colleagues, the actress [[Michaela Dietz]] and the actress and ''[[The Party (band)|The Party]]'' singer [[Deedee Magno]], the roles of Amethyst and Pearl were also their first part in an animated production.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=Chris|title=No, You’re The Joke: The Cast Of ‘Steven Universe’ At Comic-Con 2014 [Interview]|url=http://comicsalliance.com/steven-universe-cast-interview-comic-con-2014/|accessdate=8 August 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Del Castillo|first1=Chris|title=SDCC 2014: Regular Show and Steven Universe cast and crew interviews|url=http://nerdreactor.com/2014/08/07/sdcc-2014-regular-show-and-steven-universe-cast-and-crew-interviews/|accessdate=8 August 2015|work=Nerd Reactor|date=7 August 2014}}</ref> The comedian and writer [[Tom Scharpling]], who voices Steven's father Greg, is better known for his radio work, notably as the host of ''[[The Best Show with Tom Scharpling]]''. Grace Rolek, who plays the part of Steven's friend Connie, was also 16 years old at the series's start, and has appeared as a voice actress in animated productions since the age of five or six.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Crispin|title=Interview with Grace Rolek|url=http://www.voiceactingmastery.com/vam-077-interview-with-grace-rolek-part-1|accessdate=8 August 2015}|date=28 May 2014}</ref>

===Production===
[[File:Steven_Universe_storyboard_from_Island_Adventure.png|thumb|upright=1.2|left|A part of the [[storyboard]] and script from the episode "Island Adventure". Unlike in other series, the storyboard artists are also the writers, and create script and storyboards in conjunction.]]
According to Sugar, production for ''Steven Universe'' began while she was working on ''Adventure Time''. Her last episode for the latter series was "[[Simon & Marcy]]"; following that episode, working on both series simultaneously "became impossible to do". Similarly, she encountered difficulty in the production of the episode "[[Bad Little Boy]]".<ref name="Kohn 2013-11-01">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/television/adventure-time-writer-rebecca-sugar-on-steven-universe|title=''Adventure Time'' Writer Rebecca Sugar on ''Steven Universe'', Being Cartoon Network's First Female Show Creator And Why Pop Art Is 'Offensive'|publisher=[[Indiewire]]|date=2013-11-01|accessdate=2013-11-25|last=Kohn|first=Eric|page=1}}</ref> As [[executive producer]], Sugar works on every part of the series including art, animation and sound, but considers herself "the most hands on" at the storyboarding stage.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugar|first1=Rebecca|title=I am Rebecca Sugar, creator of Steven Universe, and former Adventure Time storyboarder, AMA!|date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2e4gmx/i_am_rebecca_sugar_creator_of_steven_universe_and/cjvykrt|website=[[Reddit]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref>

The series is developed such that the outline for an episode is passed to storyboarders, who then draw and write the episode simultaneously. The resulting storyboards are then animated based on traditional paper drawings by one of two Korean studios, Sunmin and [[Rough Draft Studios|Rough Draft]],<ref name="Ben Levin 15 May 2015">{{cite web|date=15 May 2015|last1=Levin|first1=Ben|title=15 May 2015|url=http://ben-levin.tumblr.com/post/119088359955/i-heard-somewhere-that-it-takes-8-9-months-for|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> based on the production crew's designs.<ref name="Hot Topic" />

''Steven Universe'' features songs and musical numbers produced by Sugar along with her story writers, who collaborate on the lyrics for each song. According to Sugar, not every episode is meant to feature a song. She has instead opted to use them only occasionally to avoid forcing creativity.<ref name="Kohn 2013-11-01"/>

On November 14, 2013, 13 additional episodes were ordered for the first season.<ref>http://m.deadline.com/2013/11/paw-patrol-season-two-cartoon-network/</ref>
On July 25, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|title=Comic-Con Exclusive: Cartoon Network Renews 'Adventure Time,' 'Regular Show,' 3 More|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/comic-con-cartoon-network-renews-721092|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=July 25, 2014|date=July 25, 2014}}</ref> and began airing on March 13, 2015. It was again renewed in July 2015 for a third season.<ref name="THR 7 July 2015" />

==Broadcast==
{{Main|List of Steven Universe episodes}}
The pilot episode for ''Steven Universe'' was released on Cartoon Network's video platform on May 21, 2013,<ref name="Amidi 2013-05-21">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/steven-universe-rebecca-sugar-cartoon-network-83118.html|title=Sneak Peek: Cartoon Network's ''Steven Universe'' by Rebecca Sugar|work=[[Cartoon Brew]]|date=2013-05-21|accessdate=2013-08-11|last=Amidi|first=Amid}}</ref> and again in an edited version on July 20.<ref name="Bricken 2013-07-20">{{cite news|url=http://io9.com/the-first-look-at-rebecca-sugars-amazing-new-cartoon-s-853310801|title=The first look at Rebecca Sugar's amazing new cartoon ''Steven Universe''|work=io9|date=2013-07-20|accessdate=2013-08-12|last=Bricken|first=Rob}}</ref> The pilot was also exhibited at the 2013 [[San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con]],<ref name="Wolfe 2013-07-22">{{cite news|url=http://www.awn.com/news/cartoons/cn-sneak-peeks-rebecca-sugar-s-steven-universe|title=Cartoon Network Sneak Peeks Rebecca Sugar’s ''Steven Universe''|work=Animation World Network|date=2013-07-22|accessdate=2013-08-12|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer}}</ref> and Rebecca Sugar hosted a 30-minute panel about ''Steven Universe'' at the 2013 [[New York Comic Con]] on October 13.<ref name="New York Comic Con 2013">{{cite web|url=http://nycc13.mapyourshow.com/5_0/sessions/sessiondetails.cfm?ScheduledSessionID=18ABC9C6|title=Cartoon Network presents ''Steven Universe''|publisher=[[New York Comic Con]]|work=Panels & Autographing|year=2013|accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref>

The series premiered in the United States on November 4, 2013 on Cartoon Network, with two episodes.<ref name="Cartoon Network 2013-10-03">{{cite press release|url=http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/PR/pr-stevenuniverse/|title=''Steven Universe''|publisher=[[Cartoon Network]]|date=2013-10-03|accessdate=2013-10-03|at=Characters tab|last=D’Amato|first=Adrienne|last2=Lach|first2=Dawn|last3=Ungerson|first3=Shana}}</ref> In Canada, it began airing on [[Cartoon Network (Canada)|Cartoon Network]] on November 11, 2013<ref>https://twitter.com/CartoonCAN/status/397347554611851264</ref> and on [[Teletoon]] on April 24, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/rebecca-sugars-steven-universe-headed-teletoon-canada|title=Rebecca Sugar's 'Steven Universe' Headed to Teletoon Canada|date=April 8, 2014|publisher=Animation World Network|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer|accessdate=November 10, 2014}}</ref> It also aired on Cartoon Network channels in Australia from beginning on February 3, 2014<ref>{{cite web|author1=DHiggins|title=New this week: Selling Houses, Tony Robinson's Time Walks, Freddie Flintoff and Big Cat Week|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/New-this-week-Selling-Houses-Tony-Robinson-s-Time-Walks-Freddie/ba-p/7367|publisher=[[Foxtel]]|accessdate=17 November 2014|date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> and in the United Kingdom and Ireland since May 12, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Munn|first1=Patrick|title=Turner UK Unveils 2014 Programming Slate: 4 New Shows For Cartoon Network, New ‘Tom & Jerry’ Series & More|url=http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2014/03/turner-uk-unveils-2014-programming-slate-4-new-shows-catoon-network-new-tom-jerry-series/|publisher=TV Wise|accessdate=17 November 2014|date=March 10, 2014}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Main|List of Steven Universe episodes}}
{{:List of Steven Universe episodes}}

==Crossover==
{{Main|1=Say Uncle (Steven Universe)|l1=Say Uncle (''Steven Universe'')}}
A [[Fictional crossover|crossover]] episode with ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]'', "[[Say Uncle (Steven Universe)|Say Uncle]]", aired on April 2, 2015.<ref>http://www.zap2it.com/tv/steven-universe/episodes/SH016164320000?aid=zap2it</ref>

==Other media==
===Short films===
A short film made available in July 2015, "What are Gems?",<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cartoon Network|title=What are Gems?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjIXIpvkr4c}}</ref> has Pearl teach Steven about the nature and abilities of Gems. The sequence is inspired by ''[[omake]]'' clips from [[anime]] series such as ''[[Gunbuster#Science lessons|Gunbuster]]'', in which characters teach the audience about aspects of the series's lore.

===Companion books===
Several companion books are to be published by the Cartoon Network Books imprint of [[Penguin_Group|Penguin]]:
* ''Steven Universe's Guide to the Crystal Gems for Humans'' (October 2015, ISBN 978-0843183160) by series creator Rebecca Sugar contains information about the Crystal Gems as well as original art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Universe's Guide to the Crystal Gems for Humans|url=http://www.amazon.com/Steven-Universes-Guide-Crystal-Humans/dp/0843183160|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>
* ''Quest for Gem Magic'' (October 2015, ISBN 978-0843183177) by Max Brallier is a "colorful journal and activity book" aimed at 8- to 12-year-olds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quest for Gem Magic|url=http://www.amazon.com/Quest-Gem-Magic-Steven-Universe/dp/0843183179|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>
* ''Steven Universe Mad Libs'' (October 2015, ISBN 978-0843183092) by Walter Burns is a [[Mad Libs]] word game book.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Universe Mad Libs|url=http://www.amazon.ca/Steven-Universe-Libs-Walter-Burns/dp/0843183098|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>
* ''Steven Universe: Live From Beach City'' (February 2016, ISBN 978-0843183498) is a music and activity book with chord charts and sheet music for the major songs from the first season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Live From Beach City|url=http://www.amazon.com/Live-Beach-City-Steven-Universe/dp/0843183497|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* ''What in the Universe?'' (February 2016, ISBN 978-0843183481) by Jake Black is a book of trivia about Steven and the Gems.<ref>{{cite web|title=What in the Universe?|url=http://www.amazon.com/What-Universe-Steven-Jake-Black/dp/0843183489/ref=pd_bxgy_14_img_y|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>

===Video games===
{{main|Steven Universe: Attack the Light!}}
A [[tactical role-playing game|tactical role-playing]] video game based on the series, ''Steven Universe: Attack the Light!'', was released on April 2, 2015 for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>http://grumpyfacestudios.blogspot.com/2015/03/attack-light-steven-universe-rpg.html</ref> It was developed by [[Grumpyface Studios]] in collaboration with Rebecca Sugar for mobile devices. Players control the four Crystal Gems in fights against light monsters.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dotson|first1=Carter|title=Cartoon Network Shows Off New 'Adventure Time' and 'Steven Universe' Games at PAX|url=http://toucharcade.com/2014/09/02/upcoming-adventure-time-game-wizard-and-steven-universe-attack-the-light/|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=Touch Arcade}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jutte|first1=Garrett|title=Steven Universe: Attack the Light! Video Game Coming to iOS|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/10/steven-universe-attack-the-light-video-game-coming-to-ios/|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=Guardian Liberty Voice|date=4 October 2015}}</ref>

''Steven Universe'' characters also appear in Cartoon Network's cart racing video game ''Formula Cartoon All-Stars''. As with other Cartoon Network series, several browser-based games are made available on the channel's website, including ''Heap of Trouble'', ''Goat Guardian'' and ''Gem Bound''.<ref>{{cite web|title=STEVEN UNIVERSE GAMES|url=http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/games/steven-universe/index.html?atclk_gp=gn_Steven-Universe|website=Cartoon Network|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

===Comics===
[[BOOM! Studios]] publishes an ongoing monthly comics series based on ''Steven Universe'' written by Jeremy Sorese and illustrated by Coleman Engle.<ref>{{cite web|title=BOOM! Studios Steven Universe|url=http://boom-studios.com/series/title?series_id=1333&name=Steven Universe|website=boom-studios.com|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> A preview appeared in ''Adventure Time: 2013 Spoooktacular'' #1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boom! Studios Announces ‘Steven Universe’ Ongoing Comic Book Series|url=http://comicsalliance.com/boom-studios-steven-universe-comic-book-series/|website=comicsalliance.com|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The first issue was published in August 2014.

A graphic novel based on ''Steven Universe'', the first in a planned series, is to be published by [[Boom! Studios#KaBOOM!|KaBOOM!]] in December 2015. Also written by Sorese and drawn by Engle, ''Steven Universe: Too Cool for School'' focuses on the friendship between Steven and Connie as he accompanies her to school one day.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Tracy|title=Exclusive cover reveal: 'Steven Universe' graphic novel continues to dream big|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-steven-universe-original-graphic-novel-cover-20150625-story.html|accessdate=28 June 2015|work=LA Times|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Steven Universe'' has received critical acclaim for its art, music and voice performances, storytelling and its characterization. As an "equally rewarding watch" for adults and children, according to James Whitbrook in ''[[io9]]'',<ref name="io9 16 June 2015" /> and "one of the stealthiest, smartest, and most beautiful things on the air" in the view of Eric Thurm in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'',<ref name="Wired 19 February 2015">{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=STEVEN UNIVERSE’S NEW EPISODE PROVES IT’S THE BEST SHOW YOU DON’T WATCH|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/02/steven-universe-best-show-youre-not-watching/|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=Wired|date=19 February 2015}}</ref> it attracted a quickly growing fan base.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paltridge|first1=Peter|title=SDCC: Cartoon Network Renews The Big Five|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2015/07/sdcc-cartoon-network-renews-the-big-five/|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=[[Toonzone]]|date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

===Production values===
Critics praised the "breathtaking beauty",<ref name="A.V. Club 4 November 2015">{{cite news|last1=Adams|first1=Erik|title=A cartoon with an Adventure Time pedigree breaks down barriers|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/iia-cartoon-with-an-iadventure-timei-pedigree-brea-105068|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=4 November 2015}}</ref> "intriguing, immersive environments"<ref name="A.V. Club 11 November 2013">{{cite news|last1=Sava|first1=Oliver|title=Steven Universe|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-105415|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=11 November 2013}}</ref> and "loveably goofy aesthetic"<ref name="io9 16 June 2015">{{cite news|last1=Whitbrook|first1=James|title=Why I Fell In Love With The Brilliant Steven Universe, And You Will Too|url=http://io9.com/why-i-fell-in-love-with-the-brilliant-steven-universe-1711666770|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=[[io9]]|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> of ''Steven Universe''{{'}}s art. They noted the distinct look imparted by the soft pastel backgrounds,<ref name="A.V. Club 11 November 2013" /> as well as the series's "gorgeous, expressive, clean" animation.<ref name="A.V. Club 9 April 2014">{{cite news|title=Steven Universe: “Steven The Sword Fighter”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-steven-sword-fighter-203257|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[chiptune]]-inspired music by the duo of Aivi Tran and Steven "Surasshu" Velema was also often highlighted in reviews, with Oliver Sava in the ''[[A.V. Club]]'' mentioning its range from "peppy retro" to [[Studio Ghibli|Ghibli]]-esque "smooth jazz piano".<ref name="A.V. Club 11 November 2013" /> The musical numbers featured in some episodes are distinguished by their "uplifting determination", according to Thurm.<ref name="A.V. Club 15 June 2015">{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=Steven Universe: “Sworn To The Sword”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-sworn-sword-220161|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> As Whitbrook wrote, they evolve from "little (...) goofy ditties" to become an integral part of the storytelling, with the much-lauded song performed by [[Estelle (musician)|Estelle]] in the first season's finale being "a rap about the power of two women in romantic love, delivered during a fight aboard an exploding spaceship. It's as awesome as it sounds".<ref name="io9 16 June 2015" />

Reviewers also appreciated the [[voice acting]] of the broad ensemble cast. [[Tom Scharpling]]'s Greg,<ref name="A.V. Club 10 March 2015">{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=Steven Universe: “The Message”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-message-216256|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=10 March 2015}}</ref> [[Zach Callison]]'s "exuberant and expressive"<ref name="A.V. Club 7 May 2014">{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=Steven Universe: “Steven's Lion”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-stevens-lion-204369|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=7 May 2014}}</ref> work as Steven and Grace Rolek "singing her heart out" as Connie<ref name="A.V. Club 15 June 2015" /> were among the actors particularly noted for their performances.

===Writing and themes===
''Steven Universe'' covers a broad range of themes, including a low-key [[slice of life]] portrayal of childhood, an examination of unconventional family dynamics, an intensive homage to [[anime]], video games and other pop culture mainstays, as well as being a "straightforward kids' show about superheroes", according to Thurm.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=Steven Universe: “Lion 2: The Movie”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-lion-2-movie-203778|accessdate=8 July 2015|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> Hope Chapman of ''[[Anime News Network]]'' noted that the anime series ''[[Revolutionary Girl Utena]]'' and ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' are visually and structurally ''Steven Universe''{{'}}s strongest influences, as reflected in its "predominantly playful tone, interrupted by crushing drama at key moments", as well as in its "glorification of the strengths of femininity, dilution of gender barriers, and emphasis on a wide variety of relationships between women, aimed at a family audience".<ref name="ANN 31 July 2015">{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Hope|title=Why Are Anime Fans Obsessed with Steven Universe?|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2015-07-31/why-are-anime-fans-obsessed-with-steven-universe/.91130|accessdate=1 August 2015|work=Anime News Network|date=31 July 2015}}</ref> Other Japanese cultural icons the series references include ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', ''[[Akira (film)|Akira]]'', ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' and ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'', as well as [[Studio Ghibli]] movies and [[Junji Ito]]'s horror manga ''[[The Enigma of Amigara Fault]]''.<ref name="ANN 31 July 2015" />

The series's "masterful sense of pace", wrote Whitbrook, allows the series to subtly integrate elements of [[foreshadowing]] and [[worldbuilding]] into individual scenes that almost imperceptibly make an overarching dramatic narrative emerge from what might appear to be "[[Villain of the week|monster of the week]]" episodes.<ref name="io9 16 June 2015" /> The series's conceit of telling a complex story from a child's perspective means that its [[Exposition (narrative)|exposition]] remains "artfully restrained, growing in ambition with the series" and Steven's character, in the view of Thurm.<ref name="Wired 19 February 2015" /> ''Steven Universe''{{'}}s measured pace also allows its characters to become "more complex and interesting than most of their counterparts on prestige dramas",<ref name="A.V. Club 12 March 2015">{{cite news|title=Steven Universe: “The Return”/“Jail Break”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-returnjail-break-216313|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=12 March 2015}}</ref> in Thurm's view, developing "as real people and not entities serving narrative functions".<ref name="A.V. Club 7 May 2014" /> The series explores increasingly challenging facets of their relationships, such as the notion that Pearl may in part resent Steven because he is why his mother Rose no longer exists,<ref name="A.V. Club 9 March 2015">{{cite news|last1=Thurm|first1=Eric|title=Steven Universe: “Rose’s Scabbard”|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/steven-universe-roses-scabbard-216243|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=A.V. Club|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> or the point where Pearl's "all-consuming passion" for Rose<ref name="A.V. Club 15 June 2015" /> becomes self-destructive. Even the action showpieces are on occasion cast as philosophical arguments, such as when Estelle's song presents the climactic fight in "Jailbreak" as the contest between Garnet's loving relationship and Jasper's "lone wolf" attitude.<ref name="A.V. Club 12 March 2015" />

"[[Gender]] is at the forefront of the conversation surrounding ''Steven Universe''", according to Erik Adams in the ''A.V. Club'', who noted as remarkable that "the show's superheroes are all women".<ref name="A.V. Club 4 November 2015" /> As, among other things, a self-aware [[pastiche]] of "[[magical girl]]" [[anime]], the series subverts that genre's premises, according to Whitbrook, by having Steven, a boy, embody the loving femininity of the typical magical girl protagonist – without being mocked for it or losing his masculine side in turn. Whitbrook also highlighted that the series was ultimately "about love — ''all'' kinds of love", including nontraditional forms such as the both motherly and friendly bond between Steven and the Crystal Gems, as well as Garnet as a "physical embodiment of a lesbian relationship".<ref name="io9 16 June 2015" /> [[Autostraddle]]'s Mey Rude noted that ''Steven Universe'' was the most recent animated series aimed at a younger audience to feature significant representation of [[queer]] themes, such as through the [[Androgyny|androgynous]] fusion Stevonnie and the relationship between the Gems Ruby and Sapphire. This, according to Rude, reflects the growing prominence of these themes in children's cartoons: previous depictions were either [[subtext|subtextual]] or minimal, such as in the 2011 ''[[Adventure Time]]'' episode "[[What Was Missing]]" or in the 2014 series ''[[Clarence (2014 TV series)|Clarence]]'', or more explicit but unexplored, such as in the 2014 finale of Nickelodeon's ''[[The Legend of Korra]]''. In ''Steven Universe'', on the other hand, [[LGBT]] themes appear prominently in the first season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mey|title=“Steven Universe” and the Importance of All-Ages Queer Representation|url=http://www.autostraddle.com/steven-universe-and-the-importance-of-all-ages-queer-representation-281482/|accessdate=12 July 2015|work=[[Autostraddle]]|date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

Adams highlighted the "groundbreaking and inventive" portrayal of the complicated "mentor/caregiver/older sibling dynamic" between Steven and the Crystal Gems<ref name="A.V. Club 4 November 2015" /> in a series that, at its core, is about sibling relationships, according to Sava.<ref name="A.V. Club 11 November 2013" /> A notable emotional difference to ''Adventure Time'' and ''[[Regular Show]]'', wrote Thurm, is that while these series deal with their protagonists' transition to adulthood, ''Steven Universe'' was, at least in its first season, content to be "enamored with the simplicity of childhood".<ref name="A.V. Club 9 April 2014" /> Nonetheless, Thurm noted, by the first season's end, Steven had slowly grown from an obnoxious tag-along kid to being accepted as a Crystal Gem in his own right, a change brought about by increased insight and experience rather than merely age.<ref name="A.V. Club 12 March 2015" />

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
|-
| 2013
| Behind the Voice Actor Awards<ref name="behindthevoiceactors2013">{{cite web|title=Behind the Voice Actors Award 2013|url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/btva-awards/2013/|work=''Behind the Voice Actors'|publisher=Inyxception Enterprises, Inc.|accessdate=July 8, 2015}}</ref>
| Best Male Vocal Performance by a Child
| [[Zach Callison]] (as Steven for "Steven Universe")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8"|2014
| rowspan="2"|[[Annie Award]]
| Outstanding Achievement in Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production<ref name=emmyssitearchive>{{cite web|title=Annie Awards Nominations|url=http://annieawards.org//index.php?cID=187|work=''AnnieAwards.org''|publisher=[[ASIFA-Hollywood]]|accessdate=July 8, 2015}}</ref>
| Danny Hynes and Colin Howard
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Achievement in Production Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production<ref name=emmyssitearchive />
| Steven Sugar, Emily Walus, Sam Bosma, Elle Michalka, and Amanda Winterstein (for "Gem Glow")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6"|Behind the Voice Actor Awards<ref name="behindthevoiceactors2014">{{cite web|title=Behind the Voice Actors Award 2014|url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/btva-awards/2014/|work=''Behind the Voice Actors'|publisher=Inyxception Enterprises, Inc.|accessdate=July 8, 2015}}</ref>
| Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series - Comedy/Musical
| Cast of "Steven Universe" (for "Steven Universe")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Comedy/Musical
| [[Deedee Magno Hall]] (as Pearl for "Steven Universe")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Michaela Dietz]] (as Amethyst for "Steven Universe")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Comedy/Musical
| [[Kate Micucci]] (as Sadie for "Steven Universe")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role - Comedy/Musical
| [[Jennifer Paz]] (as Lapis Lazuli for "Steven Universe")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Susan Egan]] (as Rose Quartz for "Steven Universe")
| {{nom}}
|-
|2015
|[[67th Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=67th Emmy Awards (2014-2015) Complete Nominations List|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/67th-nominations-list-v1.pdf|publisher=Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Short-format Animation|Short-format Animation]]
|"Lion 3: Straight to Video"
| {{pending}}
|}

==Home media==
===Video on demand===
Depending on the customer's region, ''Steven Universe'' is available through various [[video on demand]] services such as [[Hulu]], [[iTunes]], [[Amazon Instant Video]], and [[Xbox Video]].

===DVD===
Episodes on the ''Steven Universe'' DVDs are not in original broadcast order. In the table below, the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD, and are numbered according to [[List of Steven Universe episodes#Episodes|the order in which they were originally broadcast]].
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Region 1]]
|-
! style="width:18%;"|DVD title
! style="width: 6%;"|Season(s)
! style="width: 5%;"|Aspect ratio
! style="width: 6%;"|Episode count
! style="width:7%;"|Total running time
! style="width:10%;"|Release date
!|Episodes
|-
|"Gem Glow"
|1
|16:9
|12
|132 minutes
|January 13, 2015
|2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 1 ("Gem Glow"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 18 ("Beach Party") and 22 ("Steven and the Stevens")
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{portal|Cartoon|Cartoon Network|Animation|Television|2010s}}

* {{IMDb title|3061046}}
* {{bcdb |Other_Studios/C/Cartoon_Network_Studios/Steven_Universe/|Steven Universe}}
* {{Facebook|StevenUniverse|''Steven Universe''}}

{{Steven Universe}}
{{Cartoon Network programming}}

[[Category:Cartoon Network original programs]]
[[Category:2010s American animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:Animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:Science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2013 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American children's television series]]
[[Category:Anime-influenced animation]]
[[Category:Television series by Warner Bros. Television]]
[[Category:American children's comedy series]]
[[Category:Steven Universe]]
[[Category:Musical television series]]
[[Category:LGBT-related animation]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related television programs]]

Tekken 7

2015-08-12T08:00:19Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 189.40.90.41 (talk): No, it isn't. (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Tekken 7
| collapsible =
| state =
| image = Official Tekken 7 Logo.jpg
| caption = Promotional image from Evolution 2014
| developer = [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]
| publisher = Bandai Namco Entertainment
| distributor =
| series = ''[[Tekken]]''
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| arcade system =
| platforms = [[Arcade game|Arcade]]
| released = '''Arcade'''{{vgrelease|JP=March 18, 2015<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/562806548008017920|title=TEKKEN 7 Release Date|date=2015-02-03|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref>}}
| genre = [[Fighting game]]
| modes =
| media =
| director = Yuichi Yonemori
| producer = [[Katsuhiro Harada]]
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = Akitaka Tohyama
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Tekken 7'''''|鉄拳7}} is a 3D [[fighting game]] developed and published by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]. It is the ninth installment in the ''[[Tekken]]'' [[fighting game]] series. The game is the first in the series to make use of the [[Unreal Engine|Unreal]] 4 game engine. ''Tekken 7'' had a limited arcade release in Japan on February 18, 2015, followed by a nationwide release on March 18, 2015.<ref name="ReleaseDate" /><ref name="T7JPdate">{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/1/25/tekken-7-will-be-available-in-japanese-arcade-on-feb-18.html|title=TEKKEN 7 Will Be Available in Japanese Arcade on Feb 18!|date=2015-01-25|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-01-25}}</ref><ref name="T7JPdate2">{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/2/20/tekken-7-arcade-real-launch-version-is-set-for-march-18.html|title=Tekken 7 Arcade 'Real Launch' Version is Set for March 18!|date=2015-02-20|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-07-19}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
''Tekken 7'' focuses on 1-on-1 battles.<ref name="SDCC2014" /> Two new mechanisms are introduced in the game. The first, Rage Art, allows the player to execute several unblockable moves that deal roughly 30% damage depending on the character (the location test had several characters dealing up to 80% damage, but were changed in the release version after feedback) once their health bar is critical, in exchange for inactivating the normal attack power increase. The second, Power Crush, lets the player continue their attacks even while being hit by the enemy, although they would still receive the damage dealt by the enemy's attacks. The mechanic also works only for absorbing high or mid attacks.<ref name="T7Loctest">{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 Details Emerging from Location Tests; New Character Claudio, Power Crush Moves, and More |date=2014-10-03|url=http://shoryuken.com/2014/10/02/tekken-7-details-emerging-from-location-tests-new-character-claudio-power-crush-moves-and-more/ |publisher=Ian Walker|accessdate=2014-10-03}}</ref> The bound system, which staggers a character to increase opportunity for additional hits, is replaced by Screw Attack, which makes the enemy spin sideways when they are hit airborne, allowing the player to inflict additional hits after they reach the ground. Unlike bound, however, Screw Attack cannot be used to do wall combos. Thanks to a new display system, the game's multiplayer allows players to choose which side of the screen to play on.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Op4tKwd7ero</ref> Movement has undergone some changes and now is similar to the movement mechanics found in ''[[Tekken Revolution]]'', most notably when characters walk backwards.

The arcade version features the traditional stage-based playthrough, in which the player progresses by beating five different opponents one by one, ending with a fixed penultimate and final stage. Matches may be interrupted if another player joins the game. Online mode is available for both local and international play. Character customization is featured, allowing the player to modify characters' appearances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2014/10/yes_you_can_extend_paul_phoenixs_hair_in_tekken_7_on_ps4|title=Yes, You Can Extend Paul Phoenix's Hair in Tekken 7 on PS4|author=Push Square|date=|work=Push Square|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> For the first time in the arcade series, the game features a practice mode, which allows players to train moves against an opponent for a limited amount of time, as well as an option to collect in-game rewards, mainly customization items, through "Treasure Box" by winning enough matches.

==Plot==
The game's producer Katsuhiro Harada said that the game's story will be much darker than ever before,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/552368555367612416|title=Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter|author=|date=|work=Twitter|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/tekken-7-will-have-a-very-dark-story/|title=Tekken 7 Will Have A Very Dark Story|author=|date=|work=Attack of the Fanboy|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> closer in tone to ''[[Tekken 4]]'' and will serve as the conclusion of the Mishima clan saga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/tekken_7/news/tekken_7_will_conclude_the_mishima_saga_new_trailer_revealed.html|title=Tekken 7 will conclude the Mishima Saga, new trailer revealed|author=Brett Phipps|date=|work=VideoGamer.Com|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> It will provide answers regarding the feud between [[Heihachi Mishima]], his son, [[Kazuya Mishima]] and his grandson, [[Jin Kazama]], including the origins of Devil Gene among other ''Tekken'' mysteries.<ref name="SDCC2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/7/25/5937563/tekken-7-details-namco-bandai-harada-comic-con|title=First Tekken 7 details revealed at Comic-Con|publisher=Polygon|date=2014-07-25|accessdate=2014-07-25}}</ref> A trailer released in July 2014 introduced the backstory regarding Heihachi's wife, [[List of Tekken characters#Kazumi Mishima/Devil Kazumi|Kazumi Mishima]], who was killed by him years prior to the events of the earlier games.<ref name=sil>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2014/07/25/tekken-7-will-answer-questions-like-heihachi-kill-wife/|title=Tekken 7 Will Answer Questions Like Why Heihachi Had To Kill His Wife|publisher=Siliconera|date=2014-07-25|accessdate=2014-07-25}}</ref>

==Characters==

{{See also|List of Tekken characters}}
The game has 27 playable characters, 20 of whom make up the default cast on launch; other characters will be added over time. Eight make their debut in this game.<ref name="T7Reveal">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5PuFPjhlp4|title=Evo 2014 Harada Announcement and Tekken 7 Reveal Trailer|publisher=YouTube|date=2014-07-13|accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref> The new characters are as follows:
*[[List of Tekken characters#Katarina Alves|Katarina Alves]]: A sassy Brazilian woman who practices the art of [[Savate]]. She was designed to be a beginner-friendly character.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 News From Tokyo Game Show 2014 |date=2014-09-20|url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130139 |publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|accessdate=2014-09-20}}</ref>
*[[List of Tekken characters#Claudio Serafino|Claudio Serafino]]: A white-clad man from Italy who's a member of an Anti-Devil organization combating the Devil Gene's threat. Empowered with a Sirius magic.<ref name="T7Loctest" />
*[[List of Tekken characters#Lucky Chloe|Lucky Chloe]]: An [[otaku]] who wears a kitten-themed costume and has a "Freestyle Dance" fighting style. Though speaking [[Japanese language|Japanese]], her blonde hair and blue eyes instead suggests a European ancestry.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Shaheen|Shaheen]]: A [[shemagh]]-wearing [[Saudi Arabia]]n man who handles a "Military Self-defense" fighting style. He was also designed to be a beginner-friendly character.<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/572978893696700416</ref>
*[[List of Tekken characters#Josie Rizal|Josie Rizal]] {{ref|a|a}}: A young Filipino woman who wears a yellow top, a blue miniskirt, and a red bow. She practices [[Eskrima]] and [[Kickboxing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/3/29/tekken-7-jin-kazama-devil-jin-and-josie-rizal-officially-rev.html|title=Tekken 7 - Jin Kazama, Devil Jin and Josie Rizal Officially Revealed|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle}}</ref> She was first discovered in a leaked arcade data<ref>{{cite web|title=New Tekken 7 Characters Leaked |url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130922|website=tekkenzaibatsu.com|publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|accessdate=March 21, 2015}}</ref> before being officially revealed during a Tekken 7 broadcast in [[Niconico]] on March 29, 2015.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Gigas|Gigas]] {{ref|a|a}}: A hulking, red-skinned humanoid who appears to have cybernetics attached to his otherwise nude body. He practices "Destructive Impulse". Like Josie, he was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before his official reveal in a [[Capcom|CAPCOM]] TV Chokaigi stream in Niconico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 - New Character Gigas Officially Revealed, Available in Arcades on April 28th! |url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/4/25/tekken-7-new-character-gigas-officially-revealed-available-i.html|website=avoidingthepuddle.com|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=April 26, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Jack (Tekken)|Jack-7]] {{ref|a|a}}: A new model of the Jack series, he has a slightly modified design with red hair and green color scheme for his arms.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Kazumi Mishima/Devil Kazumi|Kazumi Mishima]] {{ref|a|a}}: Heihachi's wife and Kazuya's mother, who possesses the Devil Gene. Kazumi's fighting style is Hachijo Style Karate, which is similar to the Mishima Style Fighting Karate as used by her husband and son with additional abilities including summoning tiger and levitating. She was originally served as the game's unplayable final [[Boss (gaming)|boss]] prior to becoming the seventh time release character added after launch. Kazumi also has a devil form, which is currently unplayable outside of the final stage in which she is fought.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 cab bug |url=https://twitter.com/Flying_Wonkey/status/596543729017585664|website=twitter.com|publisher=Twitteraccessdate=May 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Returning characters===
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Alisa Bosconovitch]]
*[[Asuka Kazama]]
*[[Bryan Fury]]
*[[Jin Kazama#Devil Jin|Devil Jin]] {{ref|a|a}}
*[[List of Tekken characters#Feng Wei|Feng Wei]]
*[[Heihachi Mishima]]
*[[Hwoarang]]
*[[Jin Kazama]] {{ref|a|a}}
*[[Kazuya Mishima|Kazuya Mishima/Devil Kazuya]]
*[[King (Tekken)|King II]]
*[[Lars Alexandersson]]
*[[List of Tekken characters#Eleonore "Leo" Kliesen|Leo Kliesen]]
*[[Lili (Tekken)|Lili]]
*[[Ling Xiaoyu]]
*[[Marshall Law (Tekken)|Marshall Law]]
*[[Paul Phoenix (Tekken)|Paul Phoenix]]
*[[List of Tekken characters#Sergei Dragunov|Sergei Dragunov]]
*[[Steve Fox (Tekken)|Steve Fox]]
*[[Yoshimitsu]] {{ref|a|a}}
}}
{{note|a|a}} Post-release addition (arcade)

Continuing the trend from ''[[Tekken Tag Tournament 2]]'', in addition to [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]], several characters now speak with their native languages, including the new characters mentioned above; thus Leo and Lili now speak [[German language|German]] and [[French language|French]], respectively, for the first time in a canonical sequel, while newcomers Claudio, Katarina, and Shaheen speak with their native [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] respectively. This still does not include certain characters with differing nationalities, such as Xiaoyu, Alisa and Lars, who continue to speak Japanese due to their character backgrounds.

For time release characters, each were released on separate dates. The flow of time release characters is currently put on hold after Kazumi's release.
*March 31, 2015: '''Jin Kazama'''
*April 7, 2015: '''Devil Jin'''
*April 21, 2015: '''Josie Rizal'''
*April 28, 2015: '''Gigas'''
*May 12, 2015: '''Yoshimitsu'''
*May 19, 2015: '''Jack-7'''
*June 2, 2015: '''Kazumi Mishima'''

==Development and promotion==
In January 2014, ''Tekken'' series director and producer [[Katsuhiro Harada]] expressed interest in continuing the series on [[PlayStation 4]],<ref name="PS4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2014/01/the_producer_of_tekken_wants_to_continue_the_series_on_ps4|title=The Producer of Tekken Wants to Continue the Series on PS4|last=Anderson|first=Kell|date=2014-01-06|publisher=Push Square|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref> and later said that [[PlayStation]] was the primary platform of development for the new installment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/434734120753569792|last=Harada|title=Don't rush me. Tekken is not development by PC base. It's Develop by Playstation Native. also we don't have Tekken community on PC now.|first=Katsuhiro|authorlink=Katsuhiro Harada|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref> ''Tekken 7'' was officially announced by Harada on July 13, 2014 during [[Evolution Championship Series|EVO]] 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=unreal engine, Tekken 7 announced at EVO 2014 |date=2014-07-17|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/blog/ue4-powered-tekken-7-announced-at-evo-2014 |publisher=Dana Cowley|accessdate=2014-07-17}}</ref> The game was not planned to be announced during that event, but due to the leak of a video presentation of the game, Harada had no choice but to announce it.<ref>http://gematsu.com/2014/07/tekken-7-officially-announced</ref> It would make use of the [[Unreal Engine 4]] game engine which would allow the game to be developed for multiple platforms.<ref name="GSpot">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/tekken-7-announced-will-use-unreal-engine-4-update/1100-6421088/|title=Tekken 7 Announced, Will Use Unreal Engine 4 [UPDATE]|publisher=GameSpot|date=2014-07-13|accessdate=2014-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/blog/ue4-powered-tekken-7-announced-at-evo-2014|title=UE4-Powered Tekken 7 Announced at EVO 2014|publisher=[[Epic Games]]|website=Unreal Engine Blog|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=9 October 2014|first=Dana|last=Cowley}}</ref> While ''Tekken'' games historically have been PlayStation-based in [[Video arcades|arcades]] (PlayStation 4 is built with familiar [[Personal computer|PC]] [[PC architecture|hardware]]), Harada stated that ''Tekken 7'' runs on hardware based on [[computer architecture|PC architecture.]]<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/542280887618904064</ref>

The first [[Test market|location tests]] of the game were held in Tokyo and Osaka from October 3 to 5, 2014.<ref name=zaibatsu>{{cite web|url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130103|title=Tekken 7 Location Test Announced!|publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-09-14}}</ref> The game runs in [[1080p]] and 60 frames per second, and is expected to receive at least one graphical upgrade.<ref>http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/tekken-7-will-getting-graphical-update-next-month-two/</ref>

On January 27, 2015, a tournament was held in the Nexon Arena in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] known as ''Tekken 7 Crash''. The tournament featured mostly teams of three, with separate rounds. The tournament featured the same game build from the first location tests, which excluded the new characters Lucky Chloe and Shaheen revealed after the tests, despite earlier claims of the characters being played in the tournament. Additionally, Alisa Bosconovitch was made unavailable due to South Korea's restriction of the depiction of chainsaws. Harada was present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/1/26/tekken-crash-returns-tekken-7-3on3-tournament-live-from-kore|title=Tekken Crash Returns Tekken 7 3on3 Tournament Live From Korea|date=2015-01-26|work=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3SWiwZ6ewc|title=[Tekken Crash Returns] 테켄 크래쉬 리턴즈 2부 이벤트전, 결승전 -EsportsTV 철권7|date=2015-01-28|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rzi84vWG8hc|title=[Tekken Crash Returns] 테켄 크래쉬 리턴즈 1부 4강전 -EsportsTV 철권7|date=2015-01-28|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref> During the Japan Amusement Expo (JAEPO) 2015, a newer build of the game was showcased, offering Lucky Chloe and Shaheen as part of the character roster for the first time as well as the traditional stage-based gameplay progression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201502/13071632.html|title=『鉄拳7』 "ラッキークロエ"＆"シャヒーン"のプレイリポートをお届け【JAEPO 2015】|date=2015-02-13|work=Famitsu|accessdate=2015-02-13}}</ref> It was announced by [[Mad Catz]] that ''Tekken 7'' would have [[DualShock|DualShock 4]] support at the upcoming [[Evolution Championship Series|EVO 2015.]]<ref>http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/small-note-on-controller-support-for-tekken-7-at-evo-2015/</ref>

A Bandai Namco-sponsored tournament, ''The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015'', is scheduled to take place in November-December 2015. The tournament will see players from around the world compete, with ¥10,000,000 (~$81,000) set to be awarded to the finalists. Three qualifiers will be held in Japan in Fall. Two top placers from EVO 2015 will also be reserved seats, as will select players from South Korea, North America, and other places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shoryuken.com/2015/07/07/bandai-namco-announces-massive-tekken-7-tournament-over-80000-up-for-grabs/|title=Bandai Namco Announces Massive Tekken 7 Tournament, Over $80,000 in Prizes|date=2015-07-07|work=Shoryuken|accessdate=2015-07-10}}</ref>

A collaboration with the also Bandai Namco-owned [[The Idolmaster]] series was announced during the "THE IDOLM@STER M@STERS OF IDOL WORLD!!2015" event celebrating the series' 10th anniversary on July 19, 2015, which showed a video featuring the game's female characters fitted with costumes based on different The Idolmaster characters, including Asuka Kazama as [[List of The Idolmaster characters#Haruka Aamami|Haruka Amami]], Lucky Chloe as [[List of The Idolmaster characters#Miki Hoshii|Miki Hoshii]], and Kazumi Mishima as [[List of The Idolmaster characters#Chihaya Kisaragi|Chihaya Kisaragi]], as well as a joke that has Paul Phoenix donning an idol costume. Minus Paul, all of the idol costumes can be obtained during the campaign from July 22 to August 19, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/7/19/tekken-7-x-idolmaster-character-costume-collaboration.html|title=Tekken 7 X Idolmaster Character Costume Collaboration|date=2015-07-19|work=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_z-uQGhUXo|title=鉄拳20周年×アイドルマスター10周年アニバーサリー･スペシャルコラボ･トレーラー|date=2015-07-19|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-07-29}}</ref> As part of the summer campaign of 2015 running from July 29, 2015 to August 31, 2015, swimsuits are available for purchase exclusively for the female characters, except Leo. The male characters, meanwhile, are all given the option to fight barechested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tekken-official.jp/news/?p=2044|title=【TEKKEN-NET】夏のキャンペーン開催!!|date=2015-07-29|work=Tekken Official|accessdate=2015-07-29}}</ref>

Tekken 7 has already been released in arcades nationwide in Japan, with the release date for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One to be announced.

===Controversies===
The announcement of several of the new characters has led to some controversy online. Negative reactions to the character Lucky Chloe from several message boards has led to Harada [[Twitter|tweeting]] that he may consider removing her from the North American version of the game, making her exclusive to the East Asian and European versions, and instead replace her with a new well-muscled [[skinhead]] for the North American market where "They want just Muscle & Skinhead (with Gun or MMA style) character." It was later revealed that Harada did not intend for the tweets to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/why-everyones-freaking-out-over-a-controversial-tekken-1669473004|title=Why Some People Are Freaking Out Over A New Tekken Character|last=LeJaq|first=Yannick|date=2014-12-10|work=[[Kotaku]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref> Although reaction to the revelation of new character Shaheen was largely positive,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpgames.de/2015/01/tekken-7-harada-twittert-ueber-lucky-chloe-und-shaheen/|title=Tekken 7: Harada twittert über Lucky Chloe und Shaheen|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> the reveal eventually led to Harada making a statement on his Twitter in response to those criticizing the inclusion of an [[Arab]] character in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/01/06/tekken-7-producer-responds-to-narrow-minded-people-earns-my-respect/|title='Tekken 7' Producer Responds To Narrow Minded People, Earns My Respect|last=Barder|first=Ollie|date=2015-01-06|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref>

While the announcement and reveal of the Filipina Josie Rizal character was also met with mostly positive feedback,<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/583299098536607746</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/583524630750572544</ref> her revelation was also met with a mix of excitement<ref name="rapplerJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=Meet Josie Rizal, the new Filipino character in 'Tekken 7'|url=http://www.rappler.com/entertainment/news/88324-tekken-7-josie-rizal-filipino-character|date=Mar 30, 2015|publisher=Rappler.com}}</ref> and derision among Filipino netizens.<ref name="interAksyonJosieRizal">{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/watch-new-pinay-character-josie-rizal-in-tekken-7-videogame-stirs-controversy/|title=New Pinay character Josie Rizal in ‘Tekken 7’ videogame stirs controversy|author=Edwin P. Sallan|publisher=InterAksyon.com|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> Among the criticisms around the net were the lack of respect towards the martyred Philippine national hero [[José Rizal]], who practiced [[wrestling]] and Eskrima from [[Calamba, Laguna]], [[Jujutsu]] from Japan, [[fencing]] and [[marksmanship]] from Europe and [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]<ref name="orosa">{{cite book|title=José Rizal: Man and Hero|author=Sixto Y. Orosa|publisher=Vibal Publishing|date=1963|url=http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KA9xAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=esgrima}}</ref> as well as misrepresentation of [[Filipino Martial Arts]].<ref name="philStarJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=Netizens: What should be Josie Rizal's finishing move?|url=http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2015/03/30/1439148/netizens-what-should-be-josie-rizals-finishing-move|author=Alixandra Caole Vila|date=March 30, 2015|publisher=Philippine Star}}</ref> According to Tekken chief producer Katsuhiro Harada, [[Mad Catz]] community manager Mark Julio,<ref name="MarkJulioFacebook">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152879475398883&set=a.10150248475918883.330608.507353882&type=1|author=Mark Julio|title=Mark Julio's public post about Josie Rizal on Facebook|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> and Josie's character designer Mari Shimazaki,<ref name="MarkJulioTwitter1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MarkMan23/status/582245716967485440|author=Mark Julio|title=Hoy! Psssst! In case you missed it, Josie Rizal is the newest challenger in TEKKEN 7! Designed by @MariShimazaki!|publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Josie Rizal practiced [[kickboxing]] and [[Arnis|Eskrima]], but the move set in her reveal video consisted of mostly generic and recycled moves from earlier existing characters in the ''Tekken'' series.

Her outfit and character design also drew a lot of mockery,<ref name ="eventHubTekken7design">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787932|author=skid5jack|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> in its lack of actual Filipino flavor.<ref name ="eventHubTekken7outfit">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787907|author=Mopz|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> and her ending "win" animation which had her crying was widely mocked by netizens.<ref name="interAksyonJosieRizal" /><ref name ="eventHubTekken7outfit">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787983|author=Magatsuhi|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> Someone claiming to be an official of the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] was not quite happy with the way the character of Josie was depicted and stated that they would try to look at steps to remedy how she might affect the image of José Rizal and the Philippines<ref name="gmaJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=NCCA official unhappy with Tekken character 'Josie Rizal'|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/461994/scitech/geeksandgaming/ncca-official-unhappy-with-tekken-character-josie-rizal|publisher=GMA News Online|date=March 31, 2015}}</ref> by possibly submitting additional materials for the Tekken Team to use.<ref name="gmaBalitaPilipinasJosie">Balita Pilipinas, [[GMA News TV]], March 31, 2015</ref> However NCCA legal counsel Trixie Cruz-Angeles clarified that the agency had yet to issue any position on the matter in a post she made in her personal Facebook page Friday: "The NCCA has not asked for the deletion of Tekken character Josie Rizal. In fact, the NCCA has not taken cognizance of the issue nor issued an opinion. If you've been reading that website, understand this please, it's SATIRE.The name of our chairman is Prof. Felipe de Leon, Jr. Also, matters pertaining to national heroes are within the jurisdiction of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Chill."<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken developer says Josie Rizal won't be deleted following 'NCCA' row|url=http://www.msn.com/en-ph/entertainment/news/tekken-developer-says-josie-rizal-won%e2%80%99t-be-deleted-following-%e2%80%98ncca%e2%80%99-row/ar-AAaow7L|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=April 3, 2015|accessdate=April 3, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tekken-official.jp/tk7ac/ Official site] {{Ja icon}}

{{Tekken series}}

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Stu Ungar

2015-08-06T11:57:44Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 2 edits by 49.199.27.5 (talk): No source. (TW)

{{infobox poker player
|name=Stu Ungar
|nickname=Stuey The Kid The Comeback Kid
|image=Stu Ungar.jpg
|birth_name = Stuart Errol Ungar
|birth_date = {{birth date|1953|9|8|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Manhattan, New York]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1998|11|22|1953|9|8}}
|death_place = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
|hometown=New York City
|wsop bracelet count=5
|wsop money finishes=15
|wsop main event best finish rank=Winner
|wsop main event best finish year=1980
|wsop main event best finish year 2=1981
|wsop main event best finish year 3=1997
}}

'''Stuart Errol "Stu" Ungar''' (September 8, 1953 – November 22, 1998) was a professional [[poker]], [[blackjack]], and [[gin rummy]] player, widely regarded to have been the greatest [[Texas hold 'em]] and gin player of all time.<ref name=Stuey>{{cite video|people=Ungar, Stu|date=2006-06-29|title=One of a Kind: The Rise and Fall of Stu Ungar|medium=documentary|location=USA|publisher=Szymanski, Al}}</ref><ref name=pokerhalloffame>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/pokerinfo/hallofame/|title=WSOP Hall of Fame|publisher=Poker Pages}}</ref><ref name=Pokergreats>{{cite web|author=[[Mike Sexton]]|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/articles/pokergreats/stu-ungar01.htm|title=Poker Greats|publisher=Poker Pages}}</ref><ref name=nymag>{{cite web|author=Steve Fishman|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/914/|title=The End of the Game|publisher=New York Media LLC}}</ref>

He is one of two people to have won the [[World Series of Poker]] Main Event three times ([[Johnny Moss]] also has three WSOP titles but his first was obtained by a vote of the players, not by winning a tournament). He is also the only person to win [[Amarillo Slim]]'s [[Super Bowl of Poker]] three times, the world's second most prestigious poker title during its time.<ref name=Pokergreats/> He is one of three players to win consecutive titles in the WSOP Main Event, along with [[Doyle Brunson]] and [[Johnny Chan]].

==Early life==
Ungar was born to [[Jewish]] parents and raised on Manhattan's [[Lower East Side]]. His father, Isadore ("Ido") Ungar, was a [[loan shark]] who ran a bar/social club called Foxes Corner that doubled as a gambling establishment, exposing Stu to gambling at a young age.<ref name=espn/> Despite Ido's attempts to keep his son from gambling after seeing its effects on his regular customers, Stu began playing underground gin and quickly made a name for himself.<ref name=nyt/> Ungar was gifted at school and skipped seventh grade, but then dropped out of school in tenth grade.<ref>Dalla & Alson, p. 32</ref>

Ido died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1966. Following his father's death, and with his mother virtually incapacitated by a stroke, Ungar drifted around the New York gambling scene until age 18, when he was befriended by reputed organized crime figure Victor Romano. Romano was regarded as one of the best card players of his time.<ref>Dalla & Alson, pp. 28, 42.</ref> He had the ability to recite the spelling and definition of all of the words in the [[dictionary]] and apparently shared a penchant and interest for calculating [[odds]] while gambling as Ungar did. By many accounts the two developed a very close relationship with Romano serving as a mentor and protector.

Ungar was infamous for his arrogance and for routinely criticizing aloud the play of opponents he felt were beneath him—which included just about anyone. One of Ungar's most famous quotes sums up his competitiveness: ''"I never want to be called a 'good loser.' Show me a good loser and I'll just show you a loser."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recentpoker.com/STU-UNGAR.html|title=Stu Ungar - Poker Pro|publisher=Recent Poker}}</ref> However, his relationship with Romano gave Ungar protection from various gamblers who did not take his crass attitude and assassin-like playing style kindly. One man reportedly tried to hit him in the head with a chair in a bar after Ungar soundly defeated him. Ungar would claim years later that the man was found shot to death a few days after the incident, although that has been disputed by others who knew Ungar at the time.

===Gin rummy and transition to poker===
Ungar won a local gin tournament at age 10. He dropped out of school to play [[gin rummy]] in the 1960s full-time to help support his mother and sister after his father died, and began regularly winning tournaments which earned him $10,000 or more. By 1976, he was regarded as one of the best players in [[New York]].<ref name=nymag/>

Ungar eventually had to leave New York due to gambling debts at local race tracks. He later moved to [[Miami, Florida]], to find more action. In 1977, he left for [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], where he reunited with Madeline Wheeler, a former girlfriend who would become his wife in 1982.

One of the reasons Ungar eventually took up poker exclusively was because gin action had dried up due to his reputation. Ungar destroyed anyone who challenged him in a gin match including a professional widely regarded as the best gin player of Ungar's generation, Harry "Yonkie" Stein. Ungar beat Stein 86 games to none in a high-stakes game of Hollywood Gin, after which Stein dropped out of sight in gin circles and eventually stopped playing professionally. As one observer who knew him put it, Stein "was never the same after that night."<ref>Dalla & Alson, p.53</ref>
After beating Stein and several other top gin professionals, Ungar was a marked man. Nobody wanted to play him in gin. In the hopes of generating more action for himself, Ungar began offering potential opponents handicaps to even the playing field. He was known to let his opponent (professional or not) look at the last card in the deck, offer rebates to defeated opponents and always play each hand in the dealer position, all of which put him at a strong disadvantage.<ref name=Stuey/>

At the time Ungar first visited Las Vegas in 1977, gin was still popular in a tournament format, much like [[poker jargon|heads up]] poker tournaments. Ungar won or finished high in so many gin tournaments that several casinos asked him to not play in them because many players said they would not enter if they knew Ungar was playing.<ref>Dalla & Alson, p. 86</ref> Ungar later said in his biography that he loved seeing his opponent slowly break down over the course of a match, realizing he could not win and eventually get a look of desperation on his face.<ref name=nyt/>

Shortly after arriving in Las Vegas, Ungar defeated professional gambler [[Billy Baxter (poker player)|Billy Baxter]] for $40,000. Baxter noted when Ungar first entered the room, Baxter did not believe he was his opponent because of Ungar's youthful looks and small stature. Baxter also said that during their match, a [[Coca-Cola]] crate had to be placed on Ungar's chair so he could reach the table.<ref name=espn/>

Though he is nowadays more well known for his poker accomplishments, Ungar regarded himself as a better gin rummy player, once stating, {{cquote|Some day, I suppose it's possible for someone to be a better [[betting (poker)|no limit]] [[Texas hold 'em|hold 'em]] player than me. I doubt it, but it could happen. But, I swear to you, I don't see how anyone could ever play gin better than me.}}

==1980 and 1981 WSOP Main Event titles==
In [[1980 World Series of Poker|1980]] Ungar entered the [[World Series of Poker]] (WSOP) looking for more high-stakes action. In an interview for the 1997 Main Event Final Table, Ungar told ESPN TV commentator [[Gabe Kaplan]] that the 1980 WSOP was the first time he had ever played a Texas hold'em tournament. (Ungar's first tournament, however, was the 1980 Super Bowl of Poker main event, which Kaplan himself won. Stu finished 34th of 41 players.) Poker legend [[Doyle Brunson]] remarked that it was the first time he had seen a player improve as the tournament went on.<ref name=espn/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-hand-of-the-day_the-world-series-of-poker-1980?show=all|title=The World Series of Poker: 1980|work=Hand of the Day|publisher=Poker Listing|last=Wise|first=Gary|accessdate=2009-06-18}}</ref>

Ungar won the main event, defeating Brunson to become the youngest champion in its history (surpassed first by [[Phil Hellmuth]] in [[1989 World Series of Poker|1989]], then others). Ungar looked even younger than he was, and was dubbed "The Kid."

Ungar would defend his title successfully at the [[1981 World Series of Poker|1981 WSOP]] by defeating [[Perry Green (poker player)|Perry Green]]. Ungar nearly was not allowed to defend his title. Several days before the main event, he was banned from [[Binion's Horseshoe]] by [[Benny Binion]] because he spat in the face of a dealer after losing a sizable pot in a high-stakes game. It was only when Binion's son, [[Jack Binion|Jack]], interceded and convinced his father to let Ungar play, citing the media attention that the defending champion would attract.

===Other WSOP bracelets===
As the reigning world champion, Ungar won his second bracelet in 1981 in the $10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw event, defeating 1978 world champion [[Bobby Baldwin]] in heads-up play. For this victory, Ungar received $95,000.

In the 1983 WSOP, Ungar won his fourth bracelet. He defeated professional poker player and multi-WSOP bracelet winner [[Dewey Tomko]] in the $5,000 Seven Card Stud event, winning $110,000.

==Blackjack==
Ungar's prodigy-level [[IQ]] and [[Eidetic memory|total recall]]<ref name=Pokergreats /> contributed to his [[blackjack]] [[card counting]] abilities, which were so sharp that he was frequently banned from playing in casinos; he was eventually unable to play blackjack in Las Vegas or anywhere else.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.macpokeronline.com/famous-poker-players/stu-ungar/|title=Stu Ungar Poker Biography}}</ref>

In 1977 he was bet $100,000 by [[Bob Stupak]], an owner and designer of casinos, that he could not count down a six-deck shoe and determine what the final card in the shoe was. Ungar won the bet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegoodgamblingguide.co.uk/thisweek/2001/stuungar.htm|title=The Tortured Champion}}</ref>

Ungar was fined in 1982 by the New Jersey Gaming Commission for allegedly cheating while playing blackjack in an [[Atlantic City]] casino. The casino said that Ungar "capped" a bet (put extra chips on a winning hand after it was over to be paid out more), something he vehemently denied.

The fine for this offense was $500; however paying it would also force Ungar to admit that he had cheated. Ungar believed that his memory and [[card counting]] ability were natural skills and thus he didn't need to cap bets or partake in any form of blackjack cheating. Ungar fought the case in court and won, avoiding the $500 fine. The court battle, though, cost him an estimated $50,000 in legal and travel expenses. In his biography, Ungar claimed he was consequently so exhausted from travel and court proceedings that he was not able to successfully defend his WSOP main event title.

In 1997, a near-broke Ungar convinced the management at the [[Lady Luck Hotel & Casino|Lady Luck]] to let him play single-deck blackjack. Since Ungar was a known [[card counter]], the casino managers agreed on the condition that his betting would have a high and a low limit (a limited spread), which, they presumed would render useless Ungar's card counting ability. However, in the game of single-deck blackjack, playing strategy (i.e. how to play a hand and deviate from [[Blackjack#Basic_strategy|basic strategy]]) brings more benefits to the player than betting strategy (i.e. how much to bet on the upcoming round).<ref>[[Stanford Wong|Wong, Stanford]]. ''Professional Blackjack'', PiYee Press, USA, 1975</ref> Ungar continued to play blackjack at the Lady Luck for six months. He built his bankroll up to as much as $300,000 but eventually busted out.<ref>Dalla & Alson, p.269</ref>

==Drugs and divorce==
Ungar's mother had died in 1979. It was also around this time that Ungar began using [[cocaine]]. He noted in his biography that at first he used it on the advice of fellow poker players because of the drug's ability to keep someone up and energized for a long period of time, something that would come in handy during marathon poker sessions. However, recreational use soon led to addiction.<ref name=espn/>

Ungar and Madeline were married in 1982 and had a daughter, Stefanie, that same year. Ungar also legally adopted Madeline's son from her first marriage, Richie, who adored Ungar and took his [[surname]].

Ungar and Madeline divorced in 1986.<ref name=nyt/> Richie committed [[suicide]] in 1989, shortly after his high school [[prom]].<ref name=espn/>

Ungar's drug problem escalated to such a point that during the WSOP main event in [[1990 World Series of Poker|1990]], Ungar was found on the third day of the tournament unconscious on the floor of his hotel room from a [[drug overdose]]. However, he had such a [[poker chips|chip]] lead that even when the dealers kept taking his [[Blind (poker)|blinds]] out every time around the table Ungar still finished 9th and pocketed $20,500.<ref name=nyt/>

His drug addiction took such a physical toll that in an [[ESPN]] piece, many of Ungar's friends and fellow competitors said that they thought that he would not live to see his 40th birthday. In the same piece, one friend said that the only thing that kept him alive was his determination to see his daughter grow up.

Most of his winnings at the poker table he lost quickly betting on sports or horses, always looking for "action".<ref name=espn/>

Many of Ungar's friends, including [[Mike Sexton]], began to encourage him to enter drug rehab. Ungar refused, citing several people he knew who had been to rehab previously who told him that drugs were easier to obtain in rehab than on the street.<ref>Dalla & Alson, p. 235</ref>

==Later life==

==="The Comeback Kid"===
In [[1997 World Series of Poker|1997]], Ungar was deeply in debt and clearly showed physical damage from his years of addiction. But he received the $10,000 buy-in to the WSOP main event from fellow poker pro and friend [[Billy Baxter (poker player)|Billy Baxter]] moments before the tournament started and was the last person added to the roster, mere seconds before the signup closed.<ref name=Stuey/>

Ungar was exhausted on the tournament's first day as he had been up for over 24 hours straight trying to raise or borrow enough money to play in the event. At one point midway through the first day of play, Ungar began to fall asleep at his table and told [[Mike Sexton]] (who was also playing) he didn't think he could make it. After encouragement from Sexton and a tongue lashing from Baxter, Ungar settled in and made it through the day.<ref name=espn/>

During the tournament, Ungar kept a picture of his daughter Stefanie in his wallet, and regularly called her with updates on his progress. Following an up and down first day, Ungar showed up for each subsequent day well rested and mentally sharp. He would go on to amass a large chip lead and carry the lead into the final table. Ungar was so highly regarded at this point that local [[bookies]] made him the favorite to win the tournament over the entire field, an extreme rarity.<ref name=Stuey/>

Ungar went on to win the main event for the record-setting third time. After his victory, which was taped for broadcast by ESPN, Ungar was interviewed by [[Gabe Kaplan]], and he showed the picture of his daughter to the camera, and dedicated his win to her. He and Baxter split the $1,000,000 first prize evenly. Ungar was dubbed "The Comeback Kid" by the Las Vegas media because of the span (sixteen years) between his main event wins, as well as his past drug abuse.<ref name=nymag/>

During the 1997 WSOP, Ungar wore a pair of round, cobalt blue tinted sunglasses to, according to co-biographer Peter Alson, "hide the fact that his [[nostril]]s had collapsed from cocaine abuse."<ref name=espn/><ref name=nyt/>

===Final years===

Ungar spent all of his 1997 WSOP prize money over the course of the next few months, mainly on drugs and [[sports betting]]. He attempted to give up drugs several times at the behest of Stefanie but stayed clean for only weeks at a time before relapsing.

As the [[1998 World Series of Poker|1998 WSOP]] approached, Baxter again offered to pay his entry fee to the main event. However, ten minutes before play started, Ungar told Baxter he was tired and did not feel like playing. Ungar later said the real reason he chose not to play in the event was due to his drug abuse in the weeks prior to the tournament. He noted that he felt showing up in his current condition would be more embarrassing than not showing up at all.

In the months following the 1998 WSOP, Ungar vanished from the public eye. He lived in and out of various Las Vegas hotels, rarely leaving his room. Ungar was also spotted walking around various Las Vegas poker rooms begging for money. He often said the money was to get him back on the poker tables, but would instead use it to purchase [[crack cocaine|crack]], which he now had to use instead of cocaine because his nasal membranes were so damaged he could no longer snort the drug, while crack could be smoked through a pipe. Not long after, many pros, some Ungar's former friends, refused to stake him or give him any money until he cleaned himself up. Ungar was also arrested for possession of crack cocaine during this time.<ref name=espn/>

In October 1998, poker player and former casino owner [[Bob Stupak]] made an arrangement to stake Ungar to several tournaments over a period of time.

===Death===
On November 20, 1998, Stu Ungar checked into room No. 6 at the Oasis Motel, a cheap motel located at the end of the Strip.<ref>{{cite web|title=The End of the Game|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/914/index7.html|author=Steve Fishman|publisher=New York Media LLC}}</ref> Ungar paid $48 per night for two nights and was found lying deceased on November 22, fully clothed with the television off and $800 of the remnants of a $25,000 advance from [[Bob Stupak]], who earlier in the month signed a contract with Ungar, offering to pay off his debts and finance his tournament play in exchange for future winnings.<ref name=Stuey/><ref name=nymag/> No drugs were found in the room.<ref>{{cite web|title=The End of the Game|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/914/index8.html|author=Steve Fishman|publisher=New York Media LLC}}</ref> It is unknown where the remainder of the money went.

An autopsy showed traces of drugs in his system, but not enough to have directly caused his death. The medical examiner concluded that he died of a heart condition brought on by his years of drug abuse.<ref name=espn/>

Despite having won an estimated $30 million during his poker career, Ungar died with no assets to his name. Stupak took up a collection at Ungar's funeral to raise funds to pay for the services.<ref>Dalla & Alson, p.294</ref>

Ungar is [[burial|interred]] at Palm Valley View Memorial Park in East Las Vegas.<ref name=espn/>

==Gameplay==

Ungar was noted for his ultra-aggressive playing style and well-timed bluffs. Mike Sexton said that Ungar's chips were constantly in motion and was described by a fellow professional poker player during the 1997 World Series of Poker as having a [[clairvoyant]] ability to see his opponents' hole cards.<ref name=nymag/>

Several of Ungar's financial backers commented that he could have earned an immeasurable amount more over his career had he been more of a 'hustler'; meaning give his opponents the false belief they could beat him and thus would be willing to put up more money to try. Ungar however wanted to beat everyone he played as soundly as possible and often insulted those whose skills he felt were inferior to his own. In his biography, Ungar noted several opponents that offered to pay him to lose a gin match to them on purpose. The opponent would have someone with money on them as a large underdog and would split the payoff with Ungar. However, Ungar indicated that personal pride in his own skill level would not allow him to do this; indicating he could not stand someone having a victory against him, even a tainted one.

During the [[1992 World Series of Poker]], Ungar faced off against [[Mansour Matloubi]] in a series of $50,000 buy-in no limit hold'em [[heads-up]] freezeout events. On the final hand of the game, Matloubi tried to bluff Ungar all-in for $32,000 on the river with a board of 3-3-7-K-Q. Ungar, who held 10-9, thought for a few seconds and said to Matloubi, "You have 4-5 or 5-6 so I'm gonna call you with this" and flipped over his 10-high to win the pot and bust Matloubi, who in fact held exactly what Ungar said he did.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Phil Hellmuth]]|date=2004-08-02|url=http://www.philhellmuth.com/articles.html?id=44|title=Mansour Quits Stuey forever|publisher=UltimateBet.com}}</ref><ref name=10high>{{cite web|author=Tony Dunst|date=2008-02-26|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2008/02/he-said-she-said-vol-07-stuey-ungar.htm|title=He Said, She Said, Vol. 7: Stu Ungar's Famous 10-high Call|publisher=Poker News|accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref>

==Personality==

Growing up with street smart wiseguys such as Romano often presented Ungar with some interesting situations later on in his adult life. Ungar was once at an airport attempting to fly out of the United States to [[Europe]] for a poker tournament with several fellow pros. All of Ungar's friends had passports, but he did not. Ungar did not even have a Social Security number until after his 1980 WSOP win and that was only because he was forced to obtain one in order to collect his winnings.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Upon telling the airport customs agent he needed the passport immediately to leave the country, the agent replied that for a small fee, they could push the necessary forms through quicker for him. Ungar misconstrued this as meaning the agent was requesting a bribe, something he was used to back in New York when with Romano. Ungar had no problem doing this and slipped the agent a $100 bill. However the agent was actually referring to a small "expedite fee" that was common for all passport applicants. The agent was going to call the police and have Ungar arrested for attempting to bribe a public official before his fellow poker players stepped in and smoothed things out.<ref name="Stuey"/>

At one point Ungar was being staked by Las Vegas mob enforcer [[Anthony Spilotro|Anthony "The Ant" Spilotro]], and showed up at Spilotro's house after having been gone for two days (he was supposed to check in to report his take every day) with a gun in his waistband. Through a slit in the doorway, Spilotro's son Vincent witnessed his father beat Ungar brutally, not for losing money or not having reported, but for the disrespect of bringing a gun into his home. Ungar's relationship with Spilotro was one that helped define Las Vegas of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/true-crime/gangsters-paradise|title=Gangsters' Paradise|work=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|author=Jason Kersten|date=2010-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/to-live-and-die-in-vegas-1190790.html|title=To live and die in Vegas|publisher=The Independent|author=Andrew Gumbel|date=1998-12-12}}</ref>

Despite owning several expensive cars, Ungar rarely drove. He preferred to take a taxicab virtually anywhere he went, even from his home in Las Vegas to the casinos which was only a short trip. Ungar was known to be a large tipper to cabbies and casino employees, regardless of whether he was winning. Mike Sexton once noted that "Stuey spent what most people make in a year on cab fares."<ref name="Stuey"/>

The fact he rarely drove could have possibly come from a time when Ungar purchased a brand new [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] sports car and drove it until the vehicle ran out of oil and broke down. Ungar brought it back to the dealership and was told by a mechanic that it had no oil and thus would not run. Ungar replied, "Why the hell didn't you tell me you had to put oil in the car?"<ref name="Stuey"/>

Ungar's friends often said he "ate like a wild animal." Ungar saw eating as something that had to be gotten over with so he could get back to gambling action. He would often call restaurants ahead of time and place an order for himself and everyone in his party so it was ready at the same time his table was when they got there.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Sexton noted that because Ungar would pay for everyone in his dining party, regardless of how expensive the meal was, it was impossible to argue with his method. Ungar would race in to the restaurant, shovel the food down as fast as he could, throw cash for the entire meal plus a generous tip on the table and be ready to leave, even if the rest of his party had just barely started on drinks or appetizers.<ref name="Stuey"/>

The same friends however also noted that Ungar, when he had money, was one of the most generous people they had ever met. He was known to always be willing to help out a friend. Ungar was once on a hot winning streak and sent his longtime sports betting friend Michael "Baseball Mike" Salem enough money to pay for several months of his mortgage. Salem did not ask for the money and had only mentioned offhand to Ungar he was in the midst of a nasty losing streak.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Ungar's own attorney recalled a time when Ungar asked him how he was doing. He responded that he was OK, but struggling a little financially. Ungar immediately took $10,000 cash out of his pocket and gave it to him, saying "Take it. It's yours. Pay me back when you can. And if you don't pay me back, that's OK too."<ref name="Stuey"/>

Sexton and Ungar became friends when Sexton was suffering a losing streak and was nearly broke. Ungar was playing in a high limit seven card stud game and had to use the restroom. Ungar told Sexton to "pick up a hand" (play the next hand) for him while he went. This is generally not allowed in card rooms today but for top pros like Ungar, rules were much more lax back then.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Sexton made a [[poker hands#Straight|straight]] on the first five cards he was dealt however played cautiously at first, not wanting to be overly aggressive with another man's money. Ungar returned from the restroom in the middle of the hand, at which point (to Sexton's surprise) was thrilled that his money was involved in such a giant pot. Ungar's attitude made Sexton more comfortable with playing the hand aggressively and he ended up winning a large amount. Ungar saw another stud game going on across the room and gave Sexton $1,500 to go play in it. Sexton did and won an additional $4,000, of which he gave Ungar half and began to rebuild his bankroll.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Ungar also once won a large amount of money (over $1.5 million) on a series of horse races. That night, Ungar took all his close friends out to a strip club and paid for the entire evening which included numerous girls, [[Cristal (champagne)|Cristal]] champagne and a VIP booth. Sexton estimated the night cost Ungar $8,800 and he never once asked or expected any of his group to pay for a single penny of it.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Personal hygiene was also something that tended to be lost on Ungar. He rarely washed his own hair, opting instead to pay a professional stylist at [[The Dunes]] casino to wash it for him twice a week and cut it when necessary.<ref name="Stuey"/>

Ungar never had a bank account in his own name, preferring to keep his money in [[safe deposit box]]es in hotels across Las Vegas. He dismissed the notion of a bank or checking account. "You mean I can't go there at midnight and get my money out?", he asked (this was before the advent of [[automatic teller machine|ATMs]]). "That's ridiculous." Madeline noted that Ungar had no concept of how a bank account even worked since he paid for everything in cash. According to her, Ungar believed that if you had a bank account and wrote a check, the check would be honored; not understanding that you need to take cash to the bank and deposit it to have the funds available to write a check first.<ref name="Stuey"/>

One time Ungar was walking through Las Vegas with Doyle Brunson. A man stopped him and asked for some money. Ungar pulled out a $100 bill and gave it to the man. Brunson asked Ungar who the man was, to which Stu replied, "If I had known his name, I would have given him $200."<ref name="Stuey"/>

==Legacy==
Ungar is regarded by many poker analysts and insiders as one of the greatest pure-talent players ever to play the game.<ref name=espn>Al Szymanski, "One of a Kind: The Stu Ungar Story", ESPN documentary, 2006</ref><ref name=nyt/> Ungar and [[Johnny Moss]] are the only players to have won the World Series of Poker main event three times. However, Moss' first victory came in a non-tournament format, as he was elected the winner through the vote of his fellow players at the conclusion of a timed, [[cash game]] event.

During his poker career, Ungar won five [[WSOP bracelet]]s, and over $3,600,000 in tournament pay with over $2,000,000 coming from cashes at the WSOP. He placed first in a total of 10 major no-limit Texas hold 'em events (events in which the buy-ins were $5,000 or higher) out of a total of 30 major tournaments he entered in his life,<ref name=Pokergreats/> a record still unsurpassed in percentage terms.

Ungar also won the main event at the now-defunct [[Amarillo Slim]]'s [[Super Bowl of Poker]] in 1984, 1988 and 1989, when it was considered by the poker world the world's second most prestigious poker title.<ref name=Pokergreats/><ref name = "part2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/03/poker-vaults-amarillo-slim-super-bowl-poker-part-2-1227.htm|title=From the Poker Vaults: Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker, Part II|publisher=PokerNews|last=Reback|first=Storm|date=2009-03-12|accessdate=2009-06-15}}</ref> As Amarillo Slim himself put it, "Stu musta won a million dollars in my tournaments."

A movie based loosely on Ungar's life, ''[[High Roller: The Stu Ungar Story]]'' (alternate title ''Stuey''), was made in 2003. Ungar was portrayed by [[Michael Imperioli]].

Stu Ungar was inducted posthumously into the [[Poker Hall of Fame]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/pokerhalloffame/ WSOP.com: A Brief History of the Poker Hall of Fame]</ref>

His biography, ''One of a Kind: The Rise and Fall of Stuey 'the Kid' Ungar, the World's Greatest Poker Player'' by Nolan Dalla and Peter Alson was published in 2005.<ref name=nyt>{{citation|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/fashion/sundaystyles/26STUY.html|title=The Boy King Has Left the Table |author=Alex Williams|date=June 26, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The [[Emmy]]-winning [[ESPN]] [[documentary]] ''One of a Kind: The Rise and Fall of Stu Ungar'' was broadcast in 2006. It contained interviews with his wife and daughter and several other people who knew him. It also featured excerpts from tapes he recorded in the last year of his life for an [[autobiography]] that never appeared.

== World Series of Poker Bracelets ==

{| class = "wikitable"
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[1980 World Series of Poker|1980]]
|$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
|$365,000
|-
|[[1981 World Series of Poker|1981]]
|$10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw
|$95,000
|-
|1981
|$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
|$375,000
|-
|[[1983 World Series of Poker|1983]]
|$5,000 Seven Card Stud
|$110,000
|-
|[[1997 World Series of Poker|1997]]
|$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
|$1,000,000
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book | title = One of a Kind: The Rise and Fall of Stuey "The Kid" Ungar, the World's Greatest Poker Player | author = Dalla, Nolan & Alson, Peter (foreword: [[Mike Sexton|Sexton, Mike]]) | publisher = Atria Books | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7434-7658-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d3jmOUuPiE4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}

==External links==










* [http://www.thegoodgamblingguide.co.uk/thisweek/2001/stuungar.htm Good Gambling Guide profile]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18796 Review of biography of Ungar]
* [http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=27493 Stu Ungar Hendon Mob tournament results]
* {{YouTube|W4uuaYtYxzE|ESPN documentary on Stu Ungar}}

{{WSOP Main Event champions}}
{{1980s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{1990s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{Poker Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ungar, Stu
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Ungar, Stuart Errol
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953-09-08
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Manhattan, New York]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1998-11-22
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ungar, Stu}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:American blackjack players]]
[[Category:American gin players]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:Jewish American sportspeople]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker Main Event winners]]
[[Category:Super Bowl of Poker event winners]]
[[Category:Cocaine-related deaths in Nevada]]
[[Category:Drug-related deaths in Nevada]]

User talk:105.196.173.65

2015-08-06T11:55:36Z

JaeDyWolf: General note: Unconstructive editing on Pius Heinz. (TW)

== August 2015 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/105.196.173.65|your recent contributions]] to [[:Pius Heinz]] because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:JaeDyWolf|my talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 11:55, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
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Pius Heinz

2015-08-06T11:55:21Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 105.196.173.65 (talk) to last revision by 72.73.240.78. (TW)

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2012}}
{{infobox poker player
|name=Pius Heinz
|image=Pius Heinz.jpg
|nickname= MastaP89
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|5|4|df=y}} [[Odendorf]], Germany
|hometown=[[Bonn]], Germany
|wsop bracelet count=1
|wsop final tables=2
|wsop money finishes=5
|wsop main event best finish rank=Winner
|wsop main event best finish year=2011
|wpt titles=
|wpt final tables=
|wpt money finishes=
|ept titles=
|ept final tables=
|ept money finishes=
|updated=2013-12-29
}}

'''Pius Heinz''' (born 4 May 1989) is a [[Germany|German]] professional [[poker]] player from [[Bonn]],<ref>http://pius-heinz.com/</ref> best known as the winner of the [[World Series of Poker#Main Event|Main Event]] at the [[2011 World Series of Poker]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PIUS HEINZ WINS 2011 WSOP MAIN EVENT CHAMPIONSHIP|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2011/Nov/3605/PIUS-HEINZ-WINS-2011-WSOP-MAIN-EVENT-CHAMPIONSHIP.html|publisher=WSOP|accessdate=November 9, 2011|date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> He is the first German player to capture the Main Event [[World Series of Poker bracelet|bracelet]].<ref name=cardplayer>{{cite web|title=Pius Heinz Wins the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/12289-pius-heinz-wins-the-2011-world-series-of-poker-main-event|publisher=Card Player|date=November 9, 2011}}</ref>

He defeated Czech player [[Martin Staszko]] to win the event. On the final hand, Heinz's {{cards|as|kc}} defeated Staszko's {{cards|tc|7c}}, which did not improve on a board of {{cards|5c|2d|9s|jh|4d}}.<ref name=cardplayer/>

Heinz was a member of [[PokerStars#Team PokerStars Pro|Team PokerStars]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Team PokerStars Pro Pius Heinz leads WSOP final table|url=http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/wsop/2011/team-pokerstars-pro-pius-heinz-leads-wso-088307.html|publisher=PokerStarsBlog.com|accessdate=November 9, 2011|date=November 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Heinz was born in [[Bonn]] and raised in the village of [[Odendorf]], Germany. He studied Business Psychology at the Hochschule Fresenius college in [[Cologne]], which he put on hold in August 2011 to pursue his poker career as a part of Team Pokerstars.<ref>{{internetquelle |url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/index.php?k=loka&itemid=10001&detailid=961595 |titel=General-Anzeiger Bonn: Pius Heinz aus Odendorf ist Poker-Weltmeister |datum=9 November 2011 |zugriff=10 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/player-profile/pius-heinz.htm|title=Pius Heinz|publisher=PokerPages.com|accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref> He is currently living in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].<ref>http://www.pokergurublog.com/content/half-ben-lambs-wsop-prize-paid-taxes</ref>

==Poker==

Heinz started playing poker after watching the Main Event and High Stakes Poker on German TV.<ref name = "ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/poker/story/_/id/7115622/november-nine-profile-pius-heinz-stayed-focused-run-wsop-main-event-final-table|title=Heinz adjusts to live play at WSOP|last=Lee|first=Bernard|publisher=ESPN|date=October 21, 2011|accessdate=November 8, 2011}}</ref> After playing a few games with his friends, he decided that poker was a game of skill and immersed himself in studying the subject. He proceeded to win over $700,000 online.<ref name = "ESPN" />

Heinz won a Full Tilt Poker Sunday Mulligan in 2010 and a PokerStars $150K tournament in 2011.<ref name = "PNR">{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernewsreport.com/pius-heinz|title=WSOP Player Profile – Pius Heinz|publisher=Poker News Report|accessdate=November 8, 2011}}</ref>

Having developed his style online, he discovered that he "did not have a lot of experience playing live ... The live game is pretty boring and you need a lot of patience."<ref name = "ESPN" /> He cashed once during his first 15 WSOP events, finishing in 7th place in the $1,500 No Limit Hold ‘em event, which garnered him $83,286. That was his first ever live tournament cash.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Because of the size of the field, the first day of the WSOP Main Event is split over a four-day period. Heinz registered for day 1-A so that he "could get out of there and go home as soon as possible" if he was eliminated.<ref name = "ESPN" /> During the final table, his mother, who was watching the event, had left Penn & Teller Theater because she found the tournament too stressful.<ref name ="sun">{{cite web|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2011/nov/09/pius-heinz-aces-world-series-poker-main-event/|title=Pius Heinz aces World Series of Poker Main Event|last=Collson|first=Brett|date= November 9, 2011|accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|+ World Series of Poker bracelet
|-
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[2011 World Series of Poker|2011]]
|$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
|$8,715,638
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pocketfives.com/profiles/mastap89/ PocketFives profile]
*{{twitter|MastaP89}}

{{WSOP Main Event champions}}
{{2010s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{European Poker Awards Outstanding Tournament Performance of the Year Winners}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heinz, Pius
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 May 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Odendorf]], Germany
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinz, Pius}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:German poker players]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker Main Event winners]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners]]
[[Category:People from Cologne]]
[[Category:Living people]]

User talk:2606:6000:5042:4C00:A86C:A8D0:7D0E:E401

2015-07-30T08:40:23Z

JaeDyWolf: Warning: Using improper humor in articles on William "Leffen" Hjelte. (TW)

== July 2015 ==
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Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 07:01, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Jason Zimmerman]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]].  ''[[User :Param Mudgal|Param Mudgal]] [[User talk:Param Mudgal|talk?]] 07:30, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to introduce jokes into articles, as you did at [[:William "Leffen" Hjelte]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. Wikipedia is a serious [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia|encyclopedia]], and contributions of this type are considered [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 08:40, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
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Leffen

2015-07-30T08:39:46Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 2606:6000:5042:4C00:A86C:A8D0:7D0E:E401 (talk) to last revision by 207.161.192.209. (TW)

{{Infobox Pro Gaming player
| ID = Leffen
| name = William Hjelte
| image =
| caption =
| nickname = L3ff3n Leffen
| name_trans =
| status = Active
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|16}}
| hometown =
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| team = [[Team SoloMid]]
| leagues =
| coach =
| games = ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' ''[[Project M (mod)|Project M]]'' ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U]]'' ''[[Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3]]''
| earnings =
| website =
| years1 = 2015-present
| team1 = Team SoloMid
| years2 =
| team2 =
| years3 =
| team3 =
| years4 =
| team4 =
}}
'''William Hjelte''' (born 16 October 1994) also known as '''L3ff3n''' or '''Leffen''', is a Swedish gamer, best known for playing games in the ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' series. In the ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' scene he plays the character [[Fox McCloud|Fox]] and is considered one of the top 10 players in the world.<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/one-of-the-best-smash-bros-matches-in-history-went-dow-1683233018|title=One Of The Best Smash Bros. Matches In History Went Down Last Night|first=Patricia|last=Hernandez|website=[[Kotaku]]|date=February 2, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Leffen has recently become considered among the very best ''Super Smash Bros. Melee'' players in the world. Prior to [[EVO 2014]], Joe Cribari of ''Nintendo Enthusiast'' listed Leffen among the three "underdogs" with the greatest chance to win the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nintendoenthusiast.com/article/evolution-2014-largest-smash-tournament-players-can-make-history/|title=Who Will Be Crowned Greatest Smash Player Alive at EVO 2014? "5 Gods" vs "3 Underdogs"|website=Nintendo Enthusiast|first=Joe|last=Cribari|date=July 10, 2014|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Melee It On Me ranked Hjelte 6th best in the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meleeitonme.com/ssbm-rank-2014-6/|title=Melee It On Me - SSBM Rank 2014 (6)|website=Melee It On Me|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Lee}}</ref>

==Gaming==
Hjelte started playing ''Super Smash Bros.'' in 2009, when he was introduced to ''[[Super Smash Bros. Brawl]]''.<ref name="Red Bull"/> He initially played as a [[Yoshi]] and [[Falco Lombardi|Falco]] main before switching to Fox.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Leffen feels that he made the gradual switch from Falco to Fox because he views Falco as requiring more discipline and Fox being more suited to his play style.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

He began playing ''Melee'' competitively in 2011, and placed 9th in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] national tournament B.E.A.S.T 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smashboards.com/threads/melee-in-2011-year-in-review.316388/|title=Melee in 2011: Year in Review|website=[[SmashBoards]]|date=January 3, 2012|author=Juggleguy|accessdate=March 27, 2015}}</ref> Throughout 2014 Leffen began placing in tournaments and defeating the top five ''Melee'' players regularly.

In VGBootCamp's Apex 2015 Salty Suite, Hjelte defeated Kashan "Chillin" Khan in a first-to-five set without dropping a single game.<ref>{{cite video |people= |date=February 4, 2015 |title=VGBC's Salty Suite - Leffen (Fox) Vs. Liquid Chillin (Fox) SSBM - Super Smash Bros. Melee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i0PUCX7VEw |format=YouTube |medium=Livestream |publisher=VGBootCamp |accessdate=February 7, 2015 |time=4:37}}</ref> Hjelte had accurately predicted this result weeks earlier in a post-tournament interview at Paragon 2015.<ref>{{cite interview|title=Paragon 2015 - Interview with Leffen|first=William|last=Hjelte|interviewer=D'Ron "D1" Maingrette|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5e_DlfQTxUE}}</ref> Because of this, Hjelte has the "rights" to use Fox's default color.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/feb/01/leffen-and-chillin-settle-their-super-smash-grudge-one-most-disprespectful-first-five-sets-ever/|title=Leffen and Chillin settle their Super Smash grudge in one of the most disrespectful first to five sets ever|first=John "Velociraptor"|last=Guerrero|website=EventHubs|date=February 1, 2015|accessdate=January 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="eventhubs 1000">{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/feb/01/1000-and-americas-pride-line-mango-plays-leffen-winners-semi-finals-apex-2015/|title=$1,000 and America's pride on the line as Mango plays Leffen in winners semi finals at Apex 2015}}</ref> [[Joseph "Mango" Marquez]] subsequently challenged Hjelte to a {{usd}}1,000 money match if they were to face-off in the Apex Singles bracket. Hjelte would in turn beat Mango when they played in Winners' Semifinals.<ref name="eventhubs 1000"/> After defeating [[Jason "Mew2King" Zimmerman]] at Apex 2015 in singles bracket, Hjelte has taken at least one set off each of the "five gods" of ''Melee'', the others being [[Juan "Hungrybox" Debiedma]], Joseph "Mango" Marquez, [[Adam "Armada" Lindgren]], and [[Kevin Nanney|Kevin "PPMD" Nanney]]. Hjelte ultimately finished third in [[Apex (tournament series)|Apex]] [[Apex 2015|2015]] ''Melee'' singles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/02/02/apex-2015-fighting-game-tournament-roundup|title=Apex 2015 Fighting Game Tournament Roundup|website=[[IGN]]|first=Michael|last=Martin|date=February 2, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

On 9 March, Hjelte was signed by [[Team SoloMid]] as their first player on their ''Super Smash Bros.'' division, as well as their first fighting game player.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Ian "Iantothemax"|title=Team SoloMid Signs William "Leffen" Hjelte|url=http://shoryuken.com/2015/03/09/team-solomid-signs-william-leffen-hjelte/|website=Shoryuken|publisher=Shoryuken|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref> In the aftermath of his Apex 2015, Leffen is now viewed as the sixth member of the top ''Melee'' players.<ref name="Red Bull">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us/en/esports/stories/1331713136573/friendlies-tsm-leffen-the-villain|title=Friendlies: TSM Leffen, Smash's Loveable Villain|first=Barrett|last=Womack|date=24 March 2015|website=[[Red Bull]]|accessdate=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

===Other games===
Hjelte has competed in other fighting games including ''[[Street Fighter IV|Ultra Street Fighter IV]]'', ''[[Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3]]'', and ''[[The King of Fighters XIII]]''. In an interview with EventHubs prior to Apex 2015, he suggested he might play ''[[Guilty Gear Xrd]]'' on his [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] stream after [[Apex 2015]] concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/jan/29/4-5-smash-gods-fell-his-confidence-and-lack-fear-leffen-talks-apex-smash-4-his-mindset-guilty-gear-xrd-and-more/|title=4 of the 5 Smash gods fell to his confidence and lack of fear - Leffen talks Apex, Smash 4, his mindset, Guilty Gear Xrd and more|website=EventHubs|first=Nicholas "MajinTenshinhan"|last=Taylor|date=January 29, 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hjelte's father is Korean-Swedish, who was [[International adoption of South Korean children|adopted]] from [[South Korea]] and his mother is Swedish.<ref name="ggnoread">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggnoread.com/ssb/ggnoread-interview-with-leffen-part-1/|title=Interview with Leffen, Part 1|date=November 2, 2014|website=GGNOREAD|first=Jung|last=Shin|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Despite this, Hjelte says his family does not regularly follow [[Culture of Korea|cultural traditions]].<ref name="ggnoread"/>

Leffen has stated his goal is not to just be the best Super Smash Bros player, but the best fighting game player.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hjelte|first1=William|title=Meet TSM Leffen|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf5aS-m2xBw|website=Youtube|accessdate=24 April 2015|quote=Event occurs at 3:09}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Leffen is a controversial figure in the ''Super Smash Bros.'' scene, where he has been called a "villain" due to alleged acts of bad [[sportsmanship]], which has included insulting other players of the game and starting drama within online forums involving the game series.<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.majorleaguegaming.com/blog/players-mlg-anaheim-smash-bros-qualifiers|title=Meet the players in the MLG Anaheim Smash Bros. Tournament|website=[[Major League Gaming]] blog|date=June 17, 2015|author=pitmonkey|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meleeitonme.com/evidence-zip/|title=Evidence.zip|website=Melee It On Me|first=Daniel|last=Lee|date=January 27, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> He was banned from attending tournaments in [[Sweden]] and from [[SmashBoards]] for much of 2013 because of these reasons.<ref name="Apex 2015 Kotaku"/> A parody twitter account named "Leffen's Ego" was created and has gained over three thousand followers.<ref>https://twitter.com/leffensego</ref> Leffen has admitted to liking the villain title.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hjelte|first1=William|title=Evo 2014 Interview: Leffen - "Being nice won't make people get better."|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkBZqVMJQvc|website=Youtube|accessdate=28 March 2015|location=Event occurs at 3:32}}</ref>

==Notable tournament placings==

===''Melee''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smashboards.com/rankings/leffen.121016/user?id=2|title=Melee|website=[[SmashBoards]]|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>!!Date!!1v1 Placement!!2v2 Placement!!Partner
|-
|B.E.A.S.T||January 7–9, 2011||9th||13th||AJP
|-
|GENESIS 2||July 15–17, 2011||17th||13th||AJP
|-
|B.E.A.S.T II||August 10–14, 2011||4th||5th||AJP
|-
|[[Apex 2012]]||January 6–8, 2012||33rd||25th||Zoler
|-
|Epita Smash Arena 5||April 20–23, 2012||5th||2nd||Fuzzyness
|-
|Smashers' Reunion: Melee Grande||July 13–15, 2012||3rd||2nd||[[Kevin Nanney|Dr. PeePee]]
|-
|King Funk's Castle II: Måske||October 4–7, 2012||3rd||2nd||Ice
|-
|[[Apex 2013]]||January 11–13, 2013||17th||5th||Ice
|-
|[[EVO 2013]]||July 12–14, 2013||9th||5th||Ice
|-
|[[Apex 2014]]||January 17–19, 2014||4th||9th||Dr. PeePee
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 4||February 12–16, 2014||1st||2nd||Ice
|-
|Republic of Fighters 3||May 17–18, 2014||1st||2nd||Fuzzyness
|-
|[[MLG Anaheim 2014]]||June 20–22, 2014||5th||5th||Hax
|-
|[[EVO 2014]]||July 11–13, 2014||9th||3rd||Ice
|-
|COMEBACK I||August 1–3, 2014||2nd||1st||Beat
|-
|Hit & Stun Tournament 2||September 6–7, 2014||3rd||2nd||Ice
|-
|The Big House 4||October 4–5, 2014||3rd||3rd||Hax
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||2nd||2nd||Ice
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||1st||2nd||Ice
|-
|Paragon 2015||January 17–18, 2015||3rd||3rd||MacD
|-
|[[Apex 2015]]||January 30-February 1, 2015||3rd||3rd||Ice
|-
|I'm Not Yelling||April 11-April 12, 2015||3rd||1st||MacD
|-
|CEO 2015||June 26-June 28, 2015||1st||2nd||HungryBox
|-
|FC Smash 15XR: Return||July 4-July 5, 2015||1st||-||-
|-
|EVO 2015||July 17-19, 2015||5th||-||-
|}

===''Project M''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 Placement!!2v2 Placement!!Partner
|-
|King Funk's Castle II: Måske||October 4–7, 2012||2nd||1st||Fuzzyness
|-
|Apex 2014||January 17–19, 2014||9th||—||—
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 4||February 12–16, 2014||3rd||—||—
|-
|COMEBACK I||August 1–3, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|Hit & Stun Tournament 2||September 6–7, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|The Big House 4||October 4–5, 2014||33rd||—||—
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||2nd||—||—
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||4th||—||—
|}

===''Super Smash Bros. for 3DS''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 placement!!2v2 placement!!Partner
|-
|DrommeLAN 4.0||November 7–9, 2014||1st||—||—
|}

===''Super Smash Bros. for Wii U''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!1v1 placement!!2v2 placement!!Partner
|-
|B.E.A.S.T 5||January 9–11, 2015||3rd||—||—
|-
|Paragon 2015||January 17–18, 2015||9th||—||—
|}

===''Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3''===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tournament!!Date!!Placement
|-
|Republic of Fighters 3||May 19, 2014||7th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|l3ff3n}}

{{Competitive Super Smash Bros.}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = William Hjelte
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Leffen
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Swedish electronic sports player
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 October 1994
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Sweden
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hjelte, William}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Super Smash Bros. players]]
[[Category:Swedish esports players]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Mark Newhouse

2015-07-27T10:09:10Z

JaeDyWolf: Odds -> Probability (a particular bugbear of mine)

{{Infobox poker player
|name=Mark Newhouse
|nickname=newhizzle
|image=
|image_size=
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1985|3|11}}
|hometown=
|wsop bracelet count=''None''
|wsop money finishes=8
|wsop final tables=3
|wsop main event best finish rank=9th
|wsop main event best finish year=2013
|wsop main event best finish year 2=2014
|multi-year wsop winner=
|wpt titles=1
|wpt final tables=1
|wpt money finishes=5
|ept titles=''None''
|ept final tables=''None''
|ept money finishes=1
|updated=2014-12-03
}}

'''Mark Newhouse''' (born March 11, 1985) is an [[United States|American]] professional [[poker]] player who made back-to-back [[November Nine|final tables]] at the [[World Series of Poker]] Main Event in the [[2013 World Series of Poker|2013]] and [[2014 World Series of Poker|2014]] finishing 9th both times. He beat a field of 6,352 and 6,683 respectively, outlasting 13,017 people in the process<ref name=CP>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-players/43086-mark-newhouse/bio|title=Mark Newhouse Bio|publisher=[[Card Player]]|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref> and is the first player to make back-to-back final tables in the Main Event since [[Dan Harrington]] in [[2003 World Series of Poker|2003]] and [[2004 World Series of Poker|2004]]. The probability of Newhouse achieving back-to-back final tables is 1 in 524,079 (assuming all players have an equal chance).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/poker/post/_/id/2085/the-odds-of-newhouses-achievement|title=The odds of Mark Newhouse's achievement|author=Ryan Feldman|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref>

==Early life==
Newhouse was born in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]] and was a rebellious teenager. He dropped out of [[Appalachian State University]] his second year to pursue poker.<ref name=CP/>

==Poker career==

After making a $50 deposit on [[PartyPoker]], Newhouse turned it into over $100,000 in one month and won an additional $100,000 the next month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allinmag.com/dealers-choice/interviews/interviews-with-the-pros/2014/10/15/20/59/oct-2014-mark-newhouse-wsop-final-nine|title=BACK TO BACK|year=2014|author=Grotenstein, Jonathan|publisher=All In Magazine|accessdate=2014-12-08}}</ref> He dropped out of school and began playing poker full time. He won the 2006 [[Borgata]] WPT No Limit Hold'em Championship Event earning $1,519,020 and made over $2,000,000 his first year playing poker. He lost his winnings within a year and claims to have had poor bankroll management going broke several more times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/poker/story/_/id/9753735/2013-wsop-november-nine-preview-mark-newhouse|title=Newhouse's long road to redemption|author=Bernard Lee|publisher=ESPN|date=2013-10-23|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref>

In 2013, Newhouse made the WSOP Main Event final table moving all in pre-flop holding {{cards|9s|9c}} against [[Ryan Riess]]'s {{cards|As|Kh}}. The board came {{cards|Kd|10c|7s|7c|6d}} eliminating Newhouse in 9th earning him $733,224.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/16385-world-series-of-poker-main-event-mark-newhouse-eliminated-in-ninth-place|title=World Series of Poker Main Event: Mark Newhouse Eliminated In Ninth Place|author=Julio Rodriguez|publisher=[[Card Player]]|date=2013-11-04|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref> In 2014, he was again eliminated in 9th holding {{cards|10c|10h}} against Will Tonking's {{cards|Qc|Qd}} after moving all-in on the river with the board showing {{cards|2d|4c|Jh|4h|Jc}}. He earned $730,725 for his finish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/live-reporting/2014-wsop/main-event/chips.108048.htm|title=Mark Newhouse Eliminated in 9th Place ($730,725)|author=thkduckworth|publisher=[[PokerNews]]|date=2014-11-10|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref>

As of 2014, his total live tournament winnings exceed $3,500,000, over $1,600,000 of his total winnings have come from cashes at the WSOP.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=69390 Mark Newhouse Hendon Mob profile]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Newhouse, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 11, 1985
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newhouse, Mark}}
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina]]

Tekken 7

2015-07-23T08:14:09Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 3 edits by 122.53.249.58 (talk): Reliable source required. (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Tekken 7
| collapsible =
| state =
| image = Official Tekken 7 Logo.jpg
| caption = Promotional image from Evolution 2014
| developer = [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]
| publisher = Bandai Namco Entertainment
| distributor =
| series = ''[[Tekken]]''
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| arcade system =
| platforms = [[Arcade game|Arcade]]
| released = '''Arcade'''{{vgrelease|JP=March 18, 2015<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/562806548008017920|title=TEKKEN 7 Release Date|date=2015-02-03|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref>}}
| genre = [[Fighting game]]
| modes =
| media =
| director = Yuichi Yonemori
| producer = [[Katsuhiro Harada]]
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = Akitaka Tohyama
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Tekken 7'''''|鉄拳7}} is a 2015 [[fighting game]] developed and published by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]. It is the ninth installment in the ''[[Tekken]]'' [[fighting game]] series. The game is the first in the series to make use of the [[Unreal Engine|Unreal]] 4 game engine. ''Tekken 7'' had a limited arcade release in Japan on February 18, 2015, followed by a full release on March 18, 2015.<ref name="ReleaseDate" /><ref name="T7JPdate">{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/1/25/tekken-7-will-be-available-in-japanese-arcade-on-feb-18.html|title=TEKKEN 7 Will Be Available in Japanese Arcade on Feb 18!|date=2015-01-25|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-01-25}}</ref><ref name="T7JPdate2">{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/2/20/tekken-7-arcade-real-launch-version-is-set-for-march-18.html|title=Tekken 7 Arcade 'Real Launch' Version is Set for March 18!|date=2015-02-20|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-07-19}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
''Tekken 7'' focuses on 1-on-1 battles.<ref name="SDCC2014" /> Two new mechanisms are introduced in the game. The first, Rage Art, allows the player to execute several unblockable moves that deal roughly 30% damage depending on the character (the location test had several characters dealing up to 80% damage, but were changed in the release version after feedback) once their health bar is critical, in exchange for inactivating the normal attack power increase. The second, Power Crush, lets the player continue their attacks even while being hit by the enemy, although they would still receive the damage dealt by the enemy's attacks. The mechanic also works only for absorbing high or mid attacks.<ref name="T7Loctest">{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 Details Emerging from Location Tests; New Character Claudio, Power Crush Moves, and More |date=2014-10-03|url=http://shoryuken.com/2014/10/02/tekken-7-details-emerging-from-location-tests-new-character-claudio-power-crush-moves-and-more/ |publisher=Ian Walker|accessdate=2014-10-03}}</ref> The bound system, which staggers a character to increase opportunity for additional hits, is replaced by Screw Attack, which makes the enemy spin sideways when they are hit airborne, allowing the player to inflict additional hits after they reach the ground. Unlike bound, however, Screw Attack cannot be used to do wall combos. Thanks to a new display system, the game's multiplayer allows players to choose which side of the screen to play on.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Op4tKwd7ero</ref> Movement has undergone some changes and now is similar to the movement mechanics found in ''[[Tekken Revolution]]'', most notably when characters walk backwards.

The arcade version features the traditional stage-based playthrough, in which the player progresses by beating five different opponents one by one, ending with a fixed penultimate and final stage. Matches may be interrupted if another player joins the game. Online mode is available for both local and international play. Character customization is featured, allowing the player to modify characters' appearances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2014/10/yes_you_can_extend_paul_phoenixs_hair_in_tekken_7_on_ps4|title=Yes, You Can Extend Paul Phoenix's Hair in Tekken 7 on PS4|author=Push Square|date=|work=Push Square|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> For the first time in the arcade series, the game features a practice mode, which allows players to train moves against an opponent for a limited amount of time, as well as an option to collect in-game rewards, mainly customization items, through "Treasure Box" by winning enough matches.

==Plot==
The game's producer Katsuhiro Harada said that the game's story will be much darker than ever before,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/552368555367612416|title=Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter|author=|date=|work=Twitter|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/tekken-7-will-have-a-very-dark-story/|title=Tekken 7 Will Have A Very Dark Story|author=|date=|work=Attack of the Fanboy|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> closer in tone to ''[[Tekken 4]]'' and will serve as the conclusion of the Mishima clan saga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/tekken_7/news/tekken_7_will_conclude_the_mishima_saga_new_trailer_revealed.html|title=Tekken 7 will conclude the Mishima Saga, new trailer revealed|author=Brett Phipps|date=|work=VideoGamer.Com|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> It will provide answers regarding the feud between [[Heihachi Mishima]], his son, [[Kazuya Mishima]] and his grandson, [[Jin Kazama]], including the origins of Devil Gene among other ''Tekken'' mysteries.<ref name="SDCC2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/7/25/5937563/tekken-7-details-namco-bandai-harada-comic-con|title=First Tekken 7 details revealed at Comic-Con|publisher=Polygon|date=2014-07-25|accessdate=2014-07-25}}</ref> A trailer released in July 2014 introduced the backstory regarding Heihachi's wife, [[List of Tekken characters#Kazumi Mishima/Devil Kazumi|Kazumi Mishima]], who was killed by him years prior to the events of the earlier games.<ref name=sil>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2014/07/25/tekken-7-will-answer-questions-like-heihachi-kill-wife/|title=Tekken 7 Will Answer Questions Like Why Heihachi Had To Kill His Wife|publisher=Siliconera|date=2014-07-25|accessdate=2014-07-25}}</ref>

==Characters==
[[File:Shaheen, a new character in Tekken 7.jpeg|thumb|Shaheen, one of the new characters in ''Tekken 7''. The revelation of this as well as other new characters drew some controversy on Harada's [[Twitter]].]]
{{See also|List of Tekken characters}}
The game has 27 playable characters, 20 of whom make up the default cast on launch; other characters are added overtime. Eight make their debut in this game.<ref name="T7Reveal">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5PuFPjhlp4|title=Evo 2014 Harada Announcement and Tekken 7 Reveal Trailer|publisher=YouTube|date=2014-07-13|accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref> The new characters are as follows:
*[[List of Tekken characters#Katarina Alves|Katarina Alves]]: A sassy Brazilian woman who practices the art of [[Savate]]. She was designed to be a beginner-friendly character.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 News From Tokyo Game Show 2014 |date=2014-09-20|url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130139 |publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|accessdate=2014-09-20}}</ref>
*[[List of Tekken characters#Claudio Serafino|Claudio Serafino]]: A white-clad man from Italy who's a member of an Anti-Devil organization combating the Devil Gene's threat. Empowered with a Sirius magic.<ref name="T7Loctest" />
*[[List of Tekken characters#Lucky Chloe|Lucky Chloe]]: An [[otaku]] who wears a kitten-themed costume and has a "Freestyle Dance" fighting style. Though speaking [[Japanese language|Japanese]], her blonde hair and blue eyes instead suggests a European ancestry.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Shaheen|Shaheen]]: A [[shemagh]]-wearing [[Saudi Arabia]]n man who handles a "Military Self-defense" fighting style. He was also designed to be a beginner-friendly character.<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/572978893696700416</ref>
*[[List of Tekken characters#Josie Rizal|Josie Rizal]] {{ref|a|a}}: A young Filipino woman who wears a yellow top, a blue miniskirt, and a red bow. She practices [[Eskrima]] and [[Kickboxing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/3/29/tekken-7-jin-kazama-devil-jin-and-josie-rizal-officially-rev.html|title=Tekken 7 - Jin Kazama, Devil Jin and Josie Rizal Officially Revealed|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle}}</ref> She was first discovered in a leaked arcade data<ref>{{cite web|title=New Tekken 7 Characters Leaked |url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130922|website=tekkenzaibatsu.com|publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|accessdate=March 21, 2015}}</ref> before being officially revealed during a Tekken 7 broadcast in [[Niconico]] on March 29, 2015.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Gigas|Gigas]] {{ref|a|a}}: A hulking, red-skinned humanoid who appears to have cybernetics attached to his otherwise nude body. He practices "Destructive Impulse". Like Josie, he was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before his official reveal in a [[Capcom|CAPCOM]] TV Chokaigi stream in Niconico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 - New Character Gigas Officially Revealed, Available in Arcades on April 28th! |url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/4/25/tekken-7-new-character-gigas-officially-revealed-available-i.html|website=avoidingthepuddle.com|publisher=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=April 26, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Jack (Tekken)|Jack-7]] {{ref|a|a}}: A new model of the Jack series, he has a slightly modified design with red hair and green color scheme for his arms.
*[[List of Tekken characters#Kazumi Mishima/Devil Kazumi|Kazumi Mishima]] {{ref|a|a}}: Heihachi's wife and Kazuya's mother, who possesses the Devil Gene. Kazumi's fighting style is Hachijo Style Karate, which is similar to the Mishima Style Fighting Karate as used by her husband and son with additional abilities including summoning tiger and levitating. She was originally served as the game's unplayable final [[Boss (gaming)|boss]] prior to becoming the seventh time release character added after launch. Kazumi also has a devil form, which is currently unplayable outside of the final stage in which she is fought.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken 7 cab bug |url=https://twitter.com/Flying_Wonkey/status/596543729017585664|website=twitter.com|publisher=Twitteraccessdate=May 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Returning characters===
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Alisa Bosconovitch]]
*[[Asuka Kazama]]
*[[Bryan Fury]]
*[[Jin Kazama#Devil Jin|Devil Jin]] {{ref|a|a}}
*[[List of Tekken characters#Feng Wei|Feng Wei]]
*[[Heihachi Mishima]]
*[[Hwoarang]]
*[[Kazuya Mishima|Kazuya Mishima/Devil Kazuya]]
*[[Jin Kazama]] {{ref|a|a}}
*[[King (Tekken)|King II]]
*[[Lars Alexandersson]]
*[[List of Tekken characters#Eleonore "Leo" Kliesen|Leo Kliesen]]
*[[Lili (Tekken)|Lili]]
*[[Ling Xiaoyu]]
*[[Marshall Law (Tekken)|Marshall Law]]
*[[Paul Phoenix (Tekken)|Paul Phoenix]]
*[[List of Tekken characters#Sergei Dragunov|Sergei Dragunov]]
*[[Steve Fox (Tekken)|Steve Fox]]
*[[Yoshimitsu]] {{ref|a|a}}
}}
{{note|a|a}} Post-release addition (arcade)

Continuing the trend from ''[[Tekken Tag Tournament 2]]'', in addition to [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]], several characters now speak with their native languages, including the new characters mentioned above; thus Leo and Lili now speak [[German language|German]] and [[French language|French]], respectively, for the first time in a canonical sequel, while newcomers Claudio, Katarina, and Shaheen speak with their native [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] respectively. This still does not include certain characters with differing nationalities, such as Xiaoyu, Alisa and Lars, who continue to speak Japanese due to their character backgrounds.

For time release characters, each were released on separate dates. The flow of time release characters is currently put on hold after Kazumi's release.
*March 31, 2015: '''Jin Kazama'''
*April 7, 2015: '''Devil Jin'''
*April 21, 2015: '''Josie Rizal'''
*April 28, 2015: '''Gigas'''
*May 12, 2015: '''Yoshimitsu'''
*May 19, 2015: '''Jack-7'''
*June 2, 2015: '''Kazumi Mishima'''

==Development and promotion==
In January 2014, ''Tekken'' series director and producer [[Katsuhiro Harada]] expressed interest in continuing the series on [[PlayStation 4]],<ref name="PS4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2014/01/the_producer_of_tekken_wants_to_continue_the_series_on_ps4|title=The Producer of Tekken Wants to Continue the Series on PS4|last=Anderson|first=Kell|date=2014-01-06|publisher=Push Square|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref> and later said that [[PlayStation]] was the primary platform of development for the new installment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/434734120753569792|last=Harada|title=Don't rush me. Tekken is not development by PC base. It's Develop by Playstation Native. also we don't have Tekken community on PC now.|first=Katsuhiro|authorlink=Katsuhiro Harada|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref> ''Tekken 7'' was officially announced by Harada on July 13, 2014 during [[Evolution Championship Series|EVO]] 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=unreal engine, Tekken 7 announced at EVO 2014 |date=2014-07-17|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/blog/ue4-powered-tekken-7-announced-at-evo-2014 |publisher=Dana Cowley|accessdate=2014-07-17}}</ref> The game was not planned to be announced during that event, but due to the leak of a video presentation of the game, Harada had no choice but to announce it.<ref>http://gematsu.com/2014/07/tekken-7-officially-announced</ref> It would make use of the [[Unreal Engine 4]] game engine which would allow the game to be developed for multiple platforms.<ref name="GSpot">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/tekken-7-announced-will-use-unreal-engine-4-update/1100-6421088/|title=Tekken 7 Announced, Will Use Unreal Engine 4 [UPDATE]|publisher=GameSpot|date=2014-07-13|accessdate=2014-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/blog/ue4-powered-tekken-7-announced-at-evo-2014|title=UE4-Powered Tekken 7 Announced at EVO 2014|publisher=[[Epic Games]]|website=Unreal Engine Blog|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=9 October 2014|first=Dana|last=Cowley}}</ref> While ''Tekken'' games historically have been PlayStation-based in [[Video arcades|arcades]] (PlayStation 4 is built with familiar [[Personal computer|PC]] [[PC architecture|hardware]]), Harada stated that ''Tekken 7'' runs on hardware based on [[computer architecture|PC architecture.]]<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/542280887618904064</ref>

The first [[Test market|location tests]] of the game were held in Tokyo and Osaka from October 3 to 5, 2014.<ref name=zaibatsu>{{cite web|url=http://www.tekkenzaibatsu.com/forums/showthread.php?threadid=130103|title=Tekken 7 Location Test Announced!|publisher=Tekken Zaibatsu|date=2014-09-14|accessdate=2014-09-14}}</ref> The game runs in [[1080p]] and 60 frames per second, and is expected to receive at least one graphical upgrade.<ref>http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/tekken-7-will-getting-graphical-update-next-month-two/</ref>

On January 27, 2015, a tournament was held in the Nexon Arena in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] known as ''Tekken 7 Crash''. The tournament featured mostly teams of three, with separate rounds. The tournament featured the same game build from the first location tests, which excluded the new characters Lucky Chloe and Shaheen revealed after the tests, despite earlier claims of the characters being played in the tournament. Additionally, Alisa Bosconovitch was made unavailable due to South Korea's restriction of the depiction of chainsaws. Harada was present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/1/26/tekken-crash-returns-tekken-7-3on3-tournament-live-from-kore|title=Tekken Crash Returns Tekken 7 3on3 Tournament Live From Korea|date=2015-01-26|work=Avoiding The Puddle|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3SWiwZ6ewc|title=[Tekken Crash Returns] 테켄 크래쉬 리턴즈 2부 이벤트전, 결승전 -EsportsTV 철권7|date=2015-01-28|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rzi84vWG8hc|title=[Tekken Crash Returns] 테켄 크래쉬 리턴즈 1부 4강전 -EsportsTV 철권7|date=2015-01-28|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref> During the Japan Amusement Expo (JAEPO) 2015, a newer build of the game was showcased, offering Lucky Chloe and Shaheen as part of the character roster for the first time as well as the traditional stage-based gameplay progression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201502/13071632.html|title=『鉄拳7』 "ラッキークロエ"＆"シャヒーン"のプレイリポートをお届け【JAEPO 2015】|date=2015-02-13|work=Famitsu|accessdate=2015-02-13}}</ref> It was announced by [[Mad Catz]] that ''Tekken 7'' would have [[DualShock|DualShock 4]] support at the upcoming [[Evolution Championship Series|EVO 2015.]]<ref>http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/small-note-on-controller-support-for-tekken-7-at-evo-2015/</ref>

A Bandai Namco-sponsored tournament, ''The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015'', is scheduled to take place in November-December 2015. The tournament will see players from around the world compete, with ¥10,000,000 (~$81,000) set to be awarded to the finalists. Three qualifiers will be held in Japan in Fall. Two top placers from EVO 2015 will also be reserved seats, as will select players from South Korea, North America, and other places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shoryuken.com/2015/07/07/bandai-namco-announces-massive-tekken-7-tournament-over-80000-up-for-grabs/|title=Bandai Namco Announces Massive Tekken 7 Tournament, Over $80,000 in Prizes|date=2015-07-07|work=Shoryuken|accessdate=2015-07-10}}</ref>

The game had several updates after launch, mainly to add characters and customizations, which were released sequentially, as well as character balancing and online matches stabilizing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avoidingthepuddle.com/news/2015/5/21/tekken-7-ver-g13-update-arriving-on-the-4th-of-june.html|title=Tekken 7 Ver. G13 Update Arriving on the 4th of June|date=2015-05-21|work=Famitsu|accessdate=2015-05-22}}</ref>

===Controversies===
The announcement of several of the new characters has led to some controversy online. Negative reactions to the character Lucky Chloe from several message boards has led to Harada [[Twitter|tweeting]] that he may consider removing her from the North American version of the game, making her exclusive to the East Asian and European versions, and instead replace her with a new well-muscled [[skinhead]] for the North American market where "They want just Muscle & Skinhead (with Gun or MMA style) character." It was later revealed that Harada did not intend for the tweets to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/why-everyones-freaking-out-over-a-controversial-tekken-1669473004|title=Why Some People Are Freaking Out Over A New Tekken Character|last=LeJaq|first=Yannick|date=2014-12-10|work=[[Kotaku]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref> Although reaction to the revelation of new character Shaheen was largely positive,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpgames.de/2015/01/tekken-7-harada-twittert-ueber-lucky-chloe-und-shaheen/|title=Tekken 7: Harada twittert über Lucky Chloe und Shaheen|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> the reveal eventually led to Harada making a statement on his Twitter in response to those criticizing the inclusion of an [[Arab]] character in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/01/06/tekken-7-producer-responds-to-narrow-minded-people-earns-my-respect/|title='Tekken 7' Producer Responds To Narrow Minded People, Earns My Respect|last=Barder|first=Ollie|date=2015-01-06|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref>

While the announcement and reveal of the Filipina Josie Rizal character was also met with mostly positive feedback,<ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/583299098536607746</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/Harada_TEKKEN/status/583524630750572544</ref> her revelation was also met with a mix of excitement<ref name="rapplerJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=Meet Josie Rizal, the new Filipino character in 'Tekken 7'|url=http://www.rappler.com/entertainment/news/88324-tekken-7-josie-rizal-filipino-character|date=Mar 30, 2015|publisher=Rappler.com}}</ref> and derision among Filipino netizens.<ref name="interAksyonJosieRizal">{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/watch-new-pinay-character-josie-rizal-in-tekken-7-videogame-stirs-controversy/|title=New Pinay character Josie Rizal in ‘Tekken 7’ videogame stirs controversy|author=Edwin P. Sallan|publisher=InterAksyon.com|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> Among the criticisms around the net were the lack of respect towards the martyred Philippine national hero [[José Rizal]], who practiced [[wrestling]] and Eskrima from [[Calamba, Laguna]], [[Jujutsu]] from Japan, [[fencing]] and [[marksmanship]] from Europe and [[weightlifting]]<ref name="orosa">{{cite book|title=José Rizal: Man and Hero|author=Sixto Y. Orosa|publisher=Vibal Publishing|date=1963|url=http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KA9xAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=esgrima}}</ref> as well as misrepresentation of [[Filipino Martial Arts]].<ref name="philStarJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=Netizens: What should be Josie Rizal's finishing move?|url=http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2015/03/30/1439148/netizens-what-should-be-josie-rizals-finishing-move|author=Alixandra Caole Vila|date=March 30, 2015|publisher=Philippine Star}}</ref> According to Tekken chief producer Katsuhiro Harada, [[Mad Catz]] community manager Mark Julio,<ref name="MarkJulioFacebook">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152879475398883&set=a.10150248475918883.330608.507353882&type=1|author=Mark Julio|title=Mark Julio's public post about Josie Rizal on Facebook|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> and Josie's character designer Mari Shimazaki,<ref name="MarkJulioTwitter1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MarkMan23/status/582245716967485440|author=Mark Julio|title=Hoy! Psssst! In case you missed it, Josie Rizal is the newest challenger in TEKKEN 7! Designed by @MariShimazaki!|publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Josie Rizal practiced [[kickboxing]] and [[Arnis|Eskrima]], but the move set in her reveal video consisted of mostly generic and recycled moves from earlier existing characters in the ''Tekken'' series.

Her outfit and character design also drew a lot of mockery,<ref name ="eventHubTekken7design">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787932|author=skid5jack|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> in its lack of actual Filipino flavor.<ref name ="eventHubTekken7outfit">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787907|author=Mopz|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> and her ending "win" animation which had her crying was widely mocked by netizens.<ref name="interAksyonJosieRizal" /><ref name ="eventHubTekken7outfit">{{cite web|title=Comments section - Jin, Devil Jin, Josie Rizal officially unveiled for Tekken 7 |url=http://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/29/jin-devil-jin-josie-rizal-kickboxer-philippines-officially-unveiled-tekken-7/#c787983|author=Magatsuhi|publisher=EventHub|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> Someone claiming to be an official of the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] was not quite happy with the way the character of Josie was depicted and stated that they would try to look at steps to remedy how she might affect the image of José Rizal and the Philippines<ref name="gmaJosieRizal">{{cite web|title=NCCA official unhappy with Tekken character 'Josie Rizal'|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/461994/scitech/geeksandgaming/ncca-official-unhappy-with-tekken-character-josie-rizal|publisher=GMA News Online|date=March 31, 2015}}</ref> by possibly submitting additional materials for the Tekken Team to use.<ref name="gmaBalitaPilipinasJosie">Balita Pilipinas, [[GMA News TV]], March 31, 2015</ref> However NCCA legal counsel Trixie Cruz-Angeles clarified that the agency had yet to issue any position on the matter in a post she made in her personal Facebook page Friday: "The NCCA has not asked for the deletion of Tekken character Josie Rizal. In fact, the NCCA has not taken cognizance of the issue nor issued an opinion. If you've been reading that website, understand this please, it's SATIRE.The name of our chairman is Prof. Felipe de Leon, Jr. Also, matters pertaining to national heroes are within the jurisdiction of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Chill."<ref>{{cite web|title=Tekken developer says Josie Rizal won't be deleted following 'NCCA' row|url=http://www.msn.com/en-ph/entertainment/news/tekken-developer-says-josie-rizal-won%e2%80%99t-be-deleted-following-%e2%80%98ncca%e2%80%99-row/ar-AAaow7L|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=April 3, 2015|accessdate=April 3, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tekken-official.jp/tk7ac/ Official site] {{Ja icon}}

{{Tekken series}}

[[Category:2015 video games]]
[[Category:3D fighting games]]
[[Category:Arcade games]]
[[Category:Bandai Namco games]]
[[Category:Fighting games used at the Super Battle Opera tournament]]
[[Category:Fighting games used at the Evolution Championship Series tournament]]
[[Category:Namco games]]
[[Category:Tekken games]]
[[Category:Unreal Engine games]]
[[Category:Video game sequels]]

Five Nights at Freddy's

2015-07-22T09:17:47Z

JaeDyWolf: rv uncited "rumor."

{{refimprove|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox VG series
| title = Five Nights at Freddy's
| image = [[File:Five nights at freddys cover art.jpg|250px]]
| caption = The cover artwork of the first title
| platform of origin = Microsoft Windows
| creator = [[Scott Cawthon]]
| composer =
| developer =
| publisher =
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[iOS]]
| first release version = ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (video game)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]''
| first release date = August 8, 2014
| latest release version = ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 3]]'' (iOS)
| latest release date = March 12, 2015
| genre = [[Survival horror]], [[Graphic adventure game|point-and-click]]
| spinoffs =
| website = http://www.scottgames.com/
}}
'''''Five Nights at Freddy's''''' is a series of [[Indie game|indie]] [[Survival horror|horror]] [[Point-and-click game|point-and-click]] video games created by Scott Cawthon.

Three games have been released, with a fourth in development. Each of the games revolve around the player working as a night guard at a pizzeria (or a horror attraction, in the case of the third game), in which they must utilize several in-game mechanics to survive against the animatronic characters, which become mobile and homicidal after-hours. All of the games have been well-received by video game critics. A film adaptation is in development at [[Warner Bros.]]

==Gameplay==
The ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' series consists of horror-themed video games, in which the player takes the role of an overnight security guard at Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, a children's-oriented restaurant and game arcade similar to [[ShowBiz Pizza]] and [[Chuck E. Cheese's]]. The restaurant uses life-size animatronic characters that sing and dance for children's parties. These animatronics wander the restaurant at night, and the guard is instructed to keep watch on these, as the restaurants have had incidents of previous guards being attacked and killed by these characters.

To survive each night, the player remains in the security office but has the ability to use a laptop-based security system to observe the positions of the characters through several locations in the restaurant, though can only view one location at a time. They have the ability to light up the hallways next to the security room which will scare away animatronics outside, and in some games, use doors to secure the security room. However, these all use some power from a limited power supply, so the player must use these tools judiciously throughout the night. Some animatronic characters have various movement patterns that can be deduced by watching the characters or listening to verbal clues that are given by the guard's supervisor that instructs the player at the start of each night. For example, one character will not move from their spot as long as they are watched on camera regularly. Should an animatronic make it to the unsecured office, the game is over as the animatronic attacks the player-character. Each game requires the player to survive five nights, each night with added difficulty being introduced.

==Games==
===''Five Nights at Freddy's''===
{{main|Five Nights at Freddy's}}
The main character, whose name is later revealed to be Mike Schmidt, has started a job working as a night watch security guard at the restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza (a pastiche of restaurants like [[ShowBiz Pizza]] and [[Chuck E. Cheese's]]). A voicemail message left by Mike's predecessor explains that the animatronic animal characters used at the restaurant, Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, and the disused Foxy, are able to roam freely around it at night, because if they were left off for too long, their servo motors would lock up. He adds that the animatronics were no longer allowed to roam freely during the day following an incident referred to as the "Bite of '87", which apparently involved the loss of someone's frontal lobe. The employee warns Mike that if one of the robots encounters a human, they will automatically assume that it is an endoskeleton that is not in costume yet, and "forcefully stuff them" into a spare mechanical Freddy Fazbear costume, killing the person in the process.

Newspaper clippings in the background of one of the scenes reveal that the restaurant was site to the disappearances of five children whose bodies were never found, after a man dressed as one of the animatronics lured them into a back room and reportedly murdered them. Later, the restaurant received complaints that the animatronics began to smell foul and became stained with blood and mucus around the eyes and mouth, with one customer comparing them to "reanimated carcasses". After these events, the restaurant was shut down for health violations, as also mentioned in the clippings.

===''Five Nights at Freddy's 2''===
{{main|Five Nights at Freddy's 2}}
Taking place in 1987, the player character, whose name is later revealed to be Jeremy Fitzgerald, has started working as a night watch security guard at the improved Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. As he did in the previous game, a specific Freddy Fazbear's Pizza employee calls Jeremy on the phone in the office at the beginning of each night to explain both gameplay and the story. He explains that the animatronics, which have special facial recognition software to protect the children from potential harm, were not programmed with a proper night mode, so when they do not hear any noise, their programming tells them that they are in the wrong room and they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be in the office.

As in the previous game, the animatronics' programming tells them that there should not be people in the restaurant after hours, so when they encounter Jeremy, they believe he is an animatronic endoskeleton without a costume and stuff him into a spare Freddy Fazbear suit, killing him in the process. The man on the phone explains that this restaurant has an unlimited power source at night, unlike the previous location, but there are no doors blocking access to the office, requiring the player to use a spare Freddy Fazbear mask to trick most animatronics into thinking he is not an endoskeleton. The player will be informed to keep a music box wound up to keep an additional animatronic from leaving its box and attacking the player.

The player is also informed their flashlight will cause certain animatronics to reboot and leave the room. As more enemy characters appear as the player advances through the game, the man on the phone informs Jeremy of the characters' presence, their movement patterns, and some background information on their presence in the sequel. For example, the man on the phone explains that the older animatronics are in the new restaurant, and have been retrofitted with the new technology, but as they did not work properly they are kept for spare parts.

As the game progresses, it is hinted that something is going on during the day, as the man on the phone mentions that rumors are going around and, later, that a police investigation is going on. Exactly what is happening is not specified, but the man informs them that someone had apparently entered the restaurant and "used one of the [animatronic] suits" for unknown intentions. On the game's fifth night, Jeremy is informed by the man on the phone that the restaurant has been put on lockdown due to an event that he will not describe but which is in place to make sure no employees, present or former, can come in or go out. The man also mentions that the position of the restaurant's day shift security has a vacancy and Jeremy may be promoted to it, and that the owner of the older restaurant named "Fredbear's Family Diner" will be contacted for more information on the animatronics.

On the sixth night, the man on the phone informs Jeremy that the restaurant has been closed for undescribed reasons, but he does mention that someone used a "spare yellow suit" for the animatronics and now none of them work properly. He also tells Jeremy that he will be taking over as night shift security guard when the restaurant reopens. If Jeremy is successful in surviving the sixth night, he is promoted to day shift to cover a birthday party on the next day to make sure the animatronics do not cause any problems. A newspaper that is shown in the winning screen of the sixth night says that the restaurant will close down and the newer animatronics will be scrapped, but the older ones saved for when the restaurant reopens, hinting at the events of the first game.

In the custom night level, Jeremy is replaced by a new player character named Fritz Smith due to Jeremy's promotion. If the player manages to win the custom night, they discover Fritz has been fired for "tampering with [the] animatronics" and "odor", a call back to the previous game's custom level message.

===''Five Nights at Freddy's 3''===
{{main|Five Nights at Freddy's 3}}
''Five Nights at Freddy's 3'' is set thirty years after the events of the original game. The player assumes the role of a newly hired employee at Fazbear's Fright, a horror-themed attraction based on the unsolved mysteries of Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, constructed using paraphernalia salvaged from the original restaurants. During the week before the attraction is scheduled to open to the public, the player must watch over the facility from the security office during the night shift (12:00 am to 6:00 am game time), using a network of surveillance cameras placed in the rooms and air vents. In addition, the player must monitor the status of three operating systems - cameras, audio, and ventilation - and reboot them whenever they begin to malfunction. Camera problems cause the video feeds, already poorly lit and distorted, to become totally obscured by static. If the ventilation fails, the player begins to hallucinate and to see phantoms of animatronics from the previous games, which may cause additional malfunctions.

After the first night, the staff at Fazbear Fright uncover a deteriorated, rabbit-like animatronic, which they refer to as Springtrap. The player must now prevent it from entering the office and attacking; if this happens, the game ends. The player can seal off the air vents at certain points to block its progress, but cannot seal the door or air vent that lead directly into the office. The audio system can be used to play sound effects that draw it away from the office.

As the nights progress, the player hears a series of instructional cassette tapes, similar to the telephone calls from the first two games, that instruct employees how to operate the Springtrap suit, which can be worn by both humans and animatronic endoskeletons. However, later tapes discourage usage of the suit by employees due to a series of fatal accidents involving the failure of the suit's spring-lock mechanism. Low-resolution minigames between nights hint at the restaurant's troubled past, with the first four nights' minigames depicting the original animatronics following a dark purple animatronic before being violently disassembled by a purple-coloured man, previously seen in the minigames of ''Five Nights at Freddy's 2'' as the man responsible for the various murders that occurred throughout the franchise's fictional history. In the fifth night's minigame, the ghosts of the five children who inhabited the animatronics corner the purple man, who attempts to protect himself by hiding in the Springtrap suit. However, the suit's faulty spring-lock mechanism fails, and the purple man is crushed as the children fade away, leaving their killer to bleed to death.

Unlike the previous entries, ''Five Nights at Freddy's 3'' contains two endings, depending on whether the player has found and completed all of the hidden minigames within the main game. Some of these are only available on specific nights, while others can be accessed during any night. The "bad ending" is attained from completing the game without completing all the hidden minigames, and shows a screen depicting the heads of the five animatronics from the first game with lit-up eyes. Completing all the hidden minigames before completing the game earns the "good ending", which is the same screen as described previously but with the animatronics' heads turned off.

Completing all five nights unlocks a bonus night, "Nightmare", which boosts the game's difficulty, similar to "Night 6" in the previous titles. While playing the mode, an archived recording states that all Freddy Fazbear Pizza locations' safe rooms, an additional emergency room not recorded in the animatronics' AI or security systems, will be permanently sealed, instructing employees to tell no one of their existence. When this night is completed, a newspaper clipping reveals that Fazbear's Fright is destroyed in a fire shortly after the events of the game, and that any salvageable pieces from the attraction are to be auctioned off. However, brightening the image reveals Springtrap in the background, which suggests he somehow survived, leaving his fate unknown.

===''Five Nights at Freddy's 4: The Final Chapter''===

Since April 27, 2015, Cawthon has been posting images on his website teasing at another game in the series, ''Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter''. The images, featuring the characters from the series, cryptically teased at a release on Halloween .<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vg247.com/2015/04/28/five-nights-at-freddys-4-release-date/ | title = Five Night’s at Freddy’s 4 teased for Halloween release | first =Brenna | last = Hillier | date = April 28, 2015 | accessdate = May 16, 2015 | publisher = [[VG247]] }}</ref> A trailer was released on July 13, 2015, and hinted that the game took place in the main character's house.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-taWymx1WI |title = Five Nights at Freddy's 4 Trailer |publisher = Scott Cawthon |date = July 13, 2015}}</ref> Additionally, recent rumors have suggested that the launch date for the game may have been moved to August 8, 2015 to commemorate the one-year anniversary of the release of the first game,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.pcgamer.com/five-nights-at-freddys-4-launch-moves-a-whole-lot-closer/ |title = Five Nights at Freddy's 4 launch moves a whole lot closer |publisher = SlashGear |author = Brittany Hillen |date = July 13, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015}}</ref> with the possibly additional of free content being released on October 31, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/five-nights-at-freddy-s-4-coming-august-8-free-content-update-on-october-31-295882.phtml|title = Five Nights at Freddy's 4 coming August 8, free content update on October 31 |publisher = Destructoid |author = Joe Parlock |date = July 13, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Reception==
All three games have received mainly positive reviews.

The first game has praised by critics for its unique take on the survival horror genre. ''Indie Game Magazine'' praised the games artistic design, commenting that "it's an incredibly terrifying experience to try to save yourself from the single jump scare that ends the game" an that it was a "fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Couture|first1=Joel|title=Five Nights at Freddy’s Review – Nightmares and Death at Chuck E Cheese’s|url=http://indiegamemag.com/five-nights-at-freddys-review-nightmares-and-death-at-chuck-e-cheeses/|accessdate=16 August 2014|work=Indie Game Magazine|date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
''PC Gamer'', when reviewing the first game, commented on the fact that players will likely experience familiarity with the setting due to restaurants such as [[Chuck E. Cheese's]]. They also noted that while "the AI isn't some masterwork of procedural unpredictability, it would [still] head straight to you and eat your face off, or it'll play around like an innocent child before closing in for the kill. Your mind will fill in the rest."<ref>{{cite news|last=Petitte|first=Omri|date=August 25, 2014|title=Five Nights at Freddy's review|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/review/five-nights-at-freddys-review/|newspaper=[[PC Gamer]]|publisher=[[Future plc]]|accessdate=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

The second game received similarly-positive reviews, with ''PC Gamer'' commenting that what he had hoped for in the sequel "Was more mind games and more uncertainty. I wanted the plodding animatronic suits to find me and rip my face off in new and interesting ways. I wanted working legs", and that "What I got was a horror game dipping heavily into deception and subtlety." However, he also noted that "Enjoying the good parts, though, comes with a cost of a frustratingly steep difficulty."<Ref>{{cite news |last=Petitte |first=Omri |date=November 24, 2014 |title=Five Nights at Freddy's 2 review |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/five-nights-at-freddys-2-review/ |newspaper=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |accessdate=November 30, 2014}}</ref>

The third game has, however, proven to be slightly less popular among critics. Critics from ''PC Gamer'' stated that although they enjoyed the new reworked camera system, the jumpscares from the animatronics "felt a little stale by the third night", to the point of becoming a mere annoyance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Petitte |first=Omri |date=March 20, 2015 |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/five-nights-at-freddys-3-review/ |title=Five Nights at Freddy's 3 review |publisher=[[PC Gamer]] |accessdate=March 31, 2015}}</ref> ''Destructoid'' commented that while ''Five Nights at Freddy's 3'' is "by far the most technically proficient and mechanically satisfying installment yet," he was disappointed that Fazbear's Fright and Springtrap "[lacked] charm of the original cast and locations."<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=March 8, 2015 |url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-five-nights-at-freddy-s-3-288763.phtml |title=Review: Five Nights at Freddy's 3 |publisher=[[destructoid]] |accessdate=March 31, 2015}}</ref>

The ''Five Nights at Freddy's'' games have proven popular to be played by video streams to their audience, as to capture the player's [[jump scare]]s and other frightened reactions, becoming a common target for [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]] videos. Popular video streamers like [[PewDiePie]] and [[Markiplier]] helped the games to receive additional addition through their playthroughs.<Ref>{{Cite web | url = http://kotaku.com/why-five-nights-at-freddys-is-so-popular-explained-1684275687 | title = Why Five Nights at Freddy's Is So Popular | first = Patricia | last = Hernandez | date = February 6, 2015 | accessdate = May 17, 2015 | publisher = [[Kotaku]] }}</ref> In May 2015, [[YouTube]] reported that playthroughs of ''Five Nights'' were the eighth most-watched of all video game series on the service.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/05/13/youtube-marks-lets-play-day-with-all-time-site-top-10-list.aspx | title = YouTube Marks Let's Play Day With All-Time Site Top 10 List | first = Jeff | last = Cork | date = May 13, 2015 | accessdate = May 17, 2015 | work = [[Game Informer]] }}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] announced in April 2015 that it had acquired the rights to adapt the series to film. [[Roy Lee]], [[Seth Grahame-Smith]] and David Katzenberg are set to produce. Grahame-Smith stated that they are collaborating with Cawthon "to make an insane, terrifying and weirdly adorable movie".<ref>{{cite news|title=Video Game 'Five Nights at Freddy's' Getting Movie Treatment|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/video-game-five-nights-at-787061 |newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015 | first = Borys | last = Kit}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Five Nights at Freddy's}}
* {{Official website|http://www.scottgames.com/}}

{{Five Nights at Freddy's}}

[[Category:Indie video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Point-and-click adventure games]]
[[Category:Psychological horror games]]
[[Category:Robot video games]]
[[Category:Video games featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:Windows games]]

2048 (video game)

2015-07-20T08:10:47Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 2 edits by 112.134.103.170 (talk): Best to keep external links to the official website only. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = 2048
| collapsible =
| state =
| show image =
| image = 2048 promo art.png
| caption = ''2048'' mobile app icon
| developer = Gabriele Cirulli
| publisher =
| distributor =
| series =
| engine =
| platforms = Web, mobile
| released = 9 March 2014<ref name=insider>{{cite web | title=Puzzle Game 2048 Will Make You Forget Flappy Bird Ever Existed | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/2048-puzzle-game-2014-3 | first= Megan Rose |last= Dickey | date=23 March 2014 |work=Business Insider | accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref>
| genre = Puzzle
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
}}
'''''2048''''' is a single-player [[puzzle game]] created in March 2014 by 19-year-old Italian web developer Gabriele Cirulli, in which the objective is to slide numbered tiles on a grid to combine them and create a tile with the number 2048.<ref name=nouse>{{cite web | title=Game Review: 2048 | url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2014/03/18/game-review-2048/ | first=V. S.|last=Wells | date=18 March 2014 | publisher=[[Nouse]] | accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> It is a type of [[sliding block puzzle]], and is very similar to the ''[[Threes!]]'' app released a month earlier.<ref name=indie>{{cite web | title=Free Game Pick: 2048 (Gabriele Cirulli) | url=http://indiegames.com/2014/03/2048_gabriele_cirulli.html | author=Tim | date=11 March 2014 | publisher=UBM Tech | accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=clones>{{cite web | title=Clones, Clones Everywhere – '1024,' "2048' and Other Copies of Popular Paid Game 'Threes' Fill The App Stores | url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/clones-clones-everywhere-1024-2048-and-other-copies-of-popular-paid-game-threes-fill-the-app-stores/ | first=Sarah |last= Perez | date=24 March 2014 | work=Techcrunch | accessdate=25 March 2014}}</ref> Cirulli created the game in a single weekend<ref>{{cite web | title=2048: The new app everyone's talking about | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-2048-hit-game-creator-gabriele-cirulli-20140327,0,3285397.story#axzz2yiskNuep | first= Salvador |last= Rodriguez | date=27 March 2014 | work=LA times | accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref> as a test to see if he could program a game from scratch,<ref name="spence" /> describing it as a [[Video game clone|clone]] of Veewo Studios' app ''1024'' and getting the idea from Sami Romdhana's clone ''2048'',<ref name="clones" /> and was surprised when his game received over 4 million visitors in less than a week,<ref name="spence">{{cite news|last=Spence|first=Peter|title=How One 19 Year Old Won the Internet with Addictive Puzzler 2048|url=http://www.cityam.com/blog/1395045472/how-one-19-year-old-won-internet-addictive-puzzler-2048|newspaper=[[City A.M.]]|date=17 March 2014}}</ref> especially since it was just a weekend project.<ref name="weekend">{{cite web | title=Maker of Hit Puzzle Game '2048' Says He Created It over a Weekend | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-2048-hit-game-creator-gabriele-cirulli-20140327,0,3285397.story | first=Salvador |last= Rodriguez | date=27 March 2014 |work= Los Angeles Times | accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> "It was a way to pass the time", he said.<ref name="arjun">{{cite web | title=19-Year-Old Makes Viral Game Hit in a Weekend | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/101526616 | first=Arjun |last= Kharpal | date=26 March 2014 | publisher=CNBC | accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref> The game is free to play, Cirulli having said that he was unwilling to make money from "something that [he] didn’t invent".<ref name="epoch">{{cite news|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/569847-2048-game-the-next-flappy-bird-addictive-game-skyrockets-in-popularity/|newspaper=[[Epoch Times]]|first= Zachary |last=Stieber | date=18 March 2014|title=2048 Game the Next Flappy Bird? Addictive Game Skyrockets in Popularity}}</ref> He released a free app version of the game for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] in May 2014.<ref name="cirulli">{{Internetquelle | url=http://gabrielecirulli.com/articles/2048-success-and-me | titel=2048, success and me — Gabriele Cirulli | titelerg= | autor= | hrsg= | werk= | seiten= | datum= | zugriff=2014-05-16 | sprache= | kommentar= | zitat= | offline=}}</ref>

''2048'' became a viral hit.<ref name="viral">{{cite web |title=2048, and What Makes a Viral Game |url=http://vulcanpost.com/6586/2048-and-what-makes-a-viral-game/| first=Liang |last= Hwei | date=21 March 2014 | publisher=''Vulcan Post'' | accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web |title=Move over Flappy Bird: The latest gaming craze is 2048 |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-2048-latest-gaming-craze-20140324-story.html| first=Salvador |last= Rodriguez | date=24 March 2014 | publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' | accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> The game has been described by the ''Wall Street Journal'' as "almost like ''[[Candy Crush]]'' for math geeks",<ref name="anonymous">{{cite news|title=Want to Stay Anonymous? Don’t Make a Hit Computer Game|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/18/want-to-stay-anonymous-dont-make-a-hit-computer-game/|first=Ed |last= Ballard|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=18 March 2014}}</ref> and ''Business Insider'' called it "''Threes'' on steroids".<ref name="insider" /> Due to the popularity of ''2048'', it is sometimes claimed that ''Threes!'' is a clone of it, rather than the other way around.<ref>{{cite web |title = 2048 is why we can’t have nice things|url = http://www.gamezebo.com/news/2014/03/30/2048-why-we-can%E2%80%99t-have-nice-things|author = Jim Squires|date = 31 March 2014|publisher = Gamezebo, Inc.|accessdate = 8 April 2014}}</ref>

The fact that the game runs on [[open-source]] code has led to many additions to the original game, including a score leaderboard and improved touchscreen playability.<ref name="udacity">{{cite web | title=Make Your Own 2048 | url=https://www.udacity.com/course/ud248 | first1=Andy |last1= Brown |first2= Sarah |last2= Spikes |lastauthoramp= yes | publisher=Udacity | accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="spence" /> Spinoffs have been released online, as apps and for the Nintendo 3DS,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kotaku.com/clone-of-clone-of-clone-now-on-3ds-eshop-1593148524 | title=Clone Of Clone Of Clone Now On 3DS eShop | publisher=Kotaku | date=19 June 2014 | accessdate=19 September 2014 | author=Schreier, Jason}}</ref> and include versions with elements from [[Doge (meme)|Doge]], ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Flappy Bird]]'' and ''[[Tetris]]''; there has also been a [[Three-dimensional space|3D]] version<ref name="clones" /> and ones with bigger or smaller grids.<ref name="eat">{{cite web | title='2048' Is the Next Mobile Game to Eat Up Your Time | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/2048-mobile-game-eat-time/story?id=23037239 | author=Jon Chang | date=24 March 2014 | publisher=ABC News | accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> Cirulli sees these as "part of the beauty of open source software"<ref name="anonymous" /> and does not object to them "as long as they add new, creative modifications to the game".<ref name="today">{{cite web | title=2048: The new app everyone's talking about | url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/talkingtech/2014/03/28/talking-tech-2048/6951781/ | first= Jefferson |last= Graham | date=28 March 2014 | work=USA Today | accessdate=30 March 2014}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:2048 win.png|thumb|right|A completed game of ''2048''. The 2048 tile can be seen in the bottom-right corner.]]

''2048'' is played on a gray 4×4 grid, with numbered tiles that slide smoothly when a player moves them using the four arrow keys.<ref name=spence /> Every turn, a new tile will randomly appear in an empty spot on the board with a value of either 2 or 4.<ref name=nouse /> Tiles slide as far as possible in the chosen direction until they are stopped by either another tile or the edge of the grid. If two tiles of the same number collide while moving, they will merge into a tile with the total value of the two tiles that collided.<ref name=anonymous /><ref name=eat /> The resulting tile cannot merge with another tile again in the same move. Higher-scoring tiles emit a soft glow.<ref name=nouse />

A scoreboard on the upper-right keeps track of the user's score. The user's score starts at zero, and is incremented whenever two tiles combine, by the value of the new tile.<ref name=nouse /> As with many arcade games, the user's best score is shown alongside the current score.

[[File:2048 Screenshot.png|thumb|left|A game of ''2048'' in progress.]]
The game is won when a tile with a value of 2048 appears on the board, hence the name of the game. After reaching the 2048 tile, players can continue to play (beyond the 2048 tile) to reach higher scores.<ref name=indie /><ref>{{cite web |title=2048: Game Strategy and Playing Tips |url=http://www.geekswithjuniors.com/play/2048-game-strategy-and-playing-tips.html| first=Eric |last= Pramono | date=8 April 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> The maximum possible tile is 131,072 (or 217); the maximum possible score is 3,932,156; the maximum number of moves is 131,038.<ref name="2048 game">{{cite web |title=2048 game |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/x8baec2xwkiu3sj/2048.pdf?dl=0 |publisher=Sivaram |date=17 April 2014 |accessdate=28 August 2014 }}</ref> When the player has no legal moves (there are no empty spaces and no adjacent tiles with the same value), the game ends.

The simple gameplay mechanics (just four directions) allowed it to be used in a promo video for the Myo gesture control armband,<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch The Myo Armband Make One 2048 Addict Feel like He’s 'A Part' of The Game | url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/watch-the-myo-armband-make-one-2048-addict-feel-like-hes-a-part-of-the-game/ | first=Darrell |last= Etherington | date=24 March 2014 | publisher=AOL | accessdate=25 March 2014}}</ref> the availability of the code underneath allowed it to be used as a teaching aid for programming,<ref name=udacity /> and the second-place winner of a coding contest at [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange Matlab Central Exchange] was an [[Artificial intelligence|AI system]] that would play ''2048'' on its own.<ref>{{cite web | title=2048 Game Solver | url=http://www.mathworks.in/matlabcentral/fileexchange/46483-2048-game-solver | publisher=The MathWorks, Inc. | accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Comparisons to ''Flappy Bird'' ==
''2048'' has been compared to ''[[Flappy Bird]]'' by several commentators. Both are clones of previous games, with their success leading to further clones, and both games have been described as viral and addictive.<ref name=clones /><ref name=arjun /><ref name=viral /><ref name=times /><ref>{{cite web |title=Is the Viral Game 2048 Created by a 19-Year-Old the Next Flappy Bird? |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/545744/20140331/viral-game-2048-created-19-year-old.htm#.VG05yzSUdEI| first=Vittorio |last= Hernandez | date=31 March 2014 | publisher=''[[International Business Times]]'' | accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> JayIsGames compared it to ''Flappy Bird'' "but without the infuriating mindlessness".<ref name=jay>{{cite web | title=2048 Game | url=http://jayisgames.com/archives/2014/03/2048.php | publisher=JayIsGames.com | accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref> When asked if he was concerned that his situation would end up as stressed as that of Nguyễn Hà Đông, the creator of ''Flappy Bird'', Cirulli said that he had "already gone through that phase" on a smaller scale, and that once he had decided against monetizing ''2048'', he "stopped feeling awkward".<ref>{{cite web | title=2048 Game Addiction: People Have Already Played the Equivalent of 521 Years | url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/585996-2048-game-addiction-people-have-already-played-the-equivalent-of-521-years/ | first=Zachary |last= Stieber | date=27 March 2014 | work=Epoch Times | accessdate=28 March 2014}}</ref> (though the game is now monetized featuring donation buttons on its webpage and ads and in-app purchase in the iPhone and Android official ports).

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://github.com/gabrielecirulli/2048 ''2048'' source code] on [[GitHub]]
* [https://icga.leidenuniv.nl/?page_id=1315#2048 ''2048'' played in Computer Olympiad 2015]

[[Category:2014 video games]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Indie video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Open-source video games]]
[[Category:Puzzle video games]]
[[Category:Singleplayer online games]]
[[Category:Video game clones]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Italy]]

User talk:58.106.1.243

2015-07-20T08:07:33Z

JaeDyWolf: Caution: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion on William Hill (bookmaker). (TW)

== July 2015 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:TaqPol|TaqPol]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/58.106.1.243|your recent contributions]] to [[:Centrebet]] because they appeared to be promotional. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia as a "[[WP:SOAP|soapbox]]" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.[[Category:User talk pages with Uw-advert1 notices|{{PAGENAME}}]] — TaqPol [[User_talk:TaqPol|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/TaqPol|contrib]] 07:25, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia, as you did to [[:William Hill (bookmaker)]]. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about beliefs, products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a vehicle for soapboxing, advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.[[Category:User talk pages with Uw-advert2 notices|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 08:07, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

William Hill (bookmaker)

2015-07-20T08:07:18Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 2 edits by 58.106.1.243 (talk): Rv spam linking. (TW)

{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = William Hill plc
| logo = [[File:William Hill.svg|thumbnail|center]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{LSE|WMH}}
| foundation = 1934
| location = [[Wood Green]], London, UK [[Leeds]], UK
| key_people = Gareth Davis ([[Chair (official)|Chairman]] of the [[board of directors|board]]), James Henderson ([[chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.merchantcantos.com/companies/w/william-hill/july-2014-announcement/|title=July 2014 announcement|work=merchantcantos.com|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>
| industry = [[Gambling]]
| products = [[Bookmaker|Bookmaking]], betting shops, [[online gambling]]
| revenue = [[Pound sterling|£]]1,609.3 million (2014)<ref name=prelims>{{cite web |url=http://williamhill.blob.core.windows.net/media/1826/final-results-2014.pdf |title=Preliminary Results 2014 |accessdate=3 April 2015 |publisher=William Hill|format=PDF}}</ref>
| operating_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]363.2 million (2014)<ref name=prelims />
| net_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]206.3 million (2014)<ref name=prelims />
| num_employees = 16,000 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.williamhillplc.com/about/william-hill-today/ |title=William Hill today|publisher=William Hill|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>
| homepage = [http://williamhill.bz/ www.williamhill.com]
| intl = yes
}}

'''William Hill plc''' is one of the largest [[bookmaker]]s in the United Kingdom. It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 250 Index]].

==History==
The company was founded by [[William Hill (businessman)|William Hill]] in 1934 at a time when gambling was illegal in Britain.<ref name="history">[http://www.williamhillplc.com/wmh/about/our_history/ William Hill: History]</ref> It changed hands many times, being acquired by [[Sears plc|Sears Holdings]] in 1971,<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30943 Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Clore, Sir Charles (1904–1979)’] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> then by [[Grand Metropolitan]] in 1988, then by [[Brent Walker]] in 1989.<ref name="history" />

In September 1996, Brent Walker recouped £117m of the £685m it had paid for William Hill when [[Grand Metropolitan]] were found to have exaggerated the company's profits at the time of the sale.<ref>"BRENT WALKER RECOUPS POUNDS 117M FROM BETTING STAKE OF SEVEN YEARS AGO", ''The Observer'', London, 29 September 1996</ref>

Japanese [[investment banking|investment bank]] [[Nomura Group|Nomura]] mounted a £700m [[leveraged buyout]] of William Hill in 1997, when Brent Walker collapsed with debts exceeding £1.3bn<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=31318| title = Brent walker group plc: disposal of william hill and delisting| publisher = Brent Walker Group | accessdate = 2010-04-13}}</ref> after an investigation by the [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] which saw two directors given jail sentences.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/exgoldcrest-director-jailed-over-coverup-1313384.html| title = Ex-Goldcrest director jailed over cover-up| work= The Independent | accessdate = 2010-04-13 | location=London | first=Nigel | last=Cope | date=1996-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/sfo-launches-third-brent-walker-fraud-trial-1365465.html?cmp=ilc-n| title = SFO launches third Brent Walker fraud trial| work= The Independent | accessdate = 2010-04-13 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Farrelly | date=1996-09-29}}</ref>

In February 1999, a proposed [[stock market]] flotation was abandoned due to "weak interest"<ref>"BOOKIE CITY PLAN FALLS AT FINAL HURDLE", ''Sunday Mirror'', London, 21 February 1999</ref> and [[Nomura Group|Nomura]] offloaded the company to funds managed by [[private equity firms]] [[Cinven]] and [[CVC Capital Partners]] for £825m instead.<ref name="history" />

The company was eventually listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 2002.<ref name="history" /> The following year [[CEO|Chief Executive]] David Harding was awarded a £2.84m bonus, making him the UK's fifth highest paid company director in 2003.<ref>Business & Media: Business: Top 10 highest paid directors, ''The Observer'', London, 1 February 2004</ref>

It acquired [[Sunderland Greyhound Stadium]] in 2002 and Newcastle Greyhound Stadium in 2003.<ref name="history" />

In June 2004, [[CEO|Chief Executive]] David Harding sold £5.2m of shares to fund his divorce, precipitating a decline in the company's stock that wiped £75m off the value of the company.<ref>"Wm Hill defends statement timing as shares fall again", ''The Guardian'', London, 7 July 2004</ref><ref>"WILLIAM HILL CHIEF BLAMES DIVORCE FOR POUNDS 5M STAKE SALE THAT KNOCKS SHARES", ''The Independent'', London, 11 June 2004</ref>

In 2005, William Hill bought 624 betting offices in the UK, [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[Jersey]] from Stanley Leisure for £504 million: the acquisition briefly took the company past [[Ladbrokes]] into first position in the UK betting market<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4550429.stm "William Hill buys Stanley shops"] BBC News, 16 May 2005</ref> in terms of shops but not revenue. The [[Office of Fair Trading]] made William Hill sell 78 of the 624 Stanley shops due to concerns over [[anti-competitive practices]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920064/William-Hill-ordered-to-sell-78-shops.html| title = William Hill ordered to sell 78 shops| work= The Telegraph | accessdate = 2010-04-12 | location=London | first=Harry | last=Wallop | date=2005-08-03}}</ref>

Amidst fears that William Hill had overpaid for the Stanley shops,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/william-hill-becomes-uks-biggest-bookie-491019.html| title = William Hill becomes UK's biggest bookie| work= The Independent | accessdate = 2010-04-13 | location=London | first=Rachel | last=Stevenson | date=2005-05-17}}</ref> the company was relegated from the [[FTSE 100 Index]] in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/businessnews/Wm-Hill-defies-relegation.1301420.jp| title = Wm Hill defies relegation| work= Yorkshire Post | accessdate = 2010-04-13}}</ref>

In 2008, Ralph Topping was appointed [[CEO|Chief Executive]]. After having dropped out of [[Strathclyde University]] as a self-confessed 'rascal',<ref name="ralf" /> Topping had taken a Saturday job at a William Hill betting shop near [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]], in 1973 and worked his way up through the ranks.<ref name="ralf">[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/executive_movers/article3412608.ece Business big shot: Ralph Topping] ''The Times'', London, 22 February 2008</ref>

In November 2008, William Hill went into partnership with Orbis (latterly OpenBet), and Israeli software company [[Playtech]], to remedy its own failing<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23442987-casino-machines-save-hill-after-web-bets-flop.do| title = Casino machines save Hill after web bets flop| work= London Evening Standard | accessdate = 2010-04-12}}</ref> online operation.<ref name="playtech">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/william-hill-in-deal-with-playtech-to-expand-online-gaming-operation-967776.html William Hill in deal with Playtech to expand on-line gaming operation] ''The Independent'', 21 October 2008</ref>

Under the terms of the deal, William Hill paid Playtech's founder [[Teddy Sagi]] £144.5m for various assets and affiliate companies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.egrmagazine.com/news/167907/interview-henry-birch-william-hill-online.thtml| title = Interview: Henry Birch, William Hill Online | work= eGaming Review | accessdate = 2010-04-14}}</ref> These included several [[online casino]] sites which William Hill continues to run under the name WHG. [[Playtech]] took a 29% stake in the new William Hill Online entity.<ref name="playtech" />

The company wrote-off a reported £26m when scrapping their previous in-house system.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/jan/11/williamhill| title = William Hill to buy in technical experts to save internet arm| work= The Guardian | accessdate = 2010-04-12 | location=London | first=Simon | last=Bowers | date=2008-01-11}}</ref><ref>"Bookie's IT botch", ''Daily Mail'', London, 11 January 2008</ref> In June 2009 William Hill backed [[Playtech]] despite their partner having a quarter of its stock market value wiped out following a profits warning.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/leisure/article6722207.ece| title = William Hill reassures after Playtech warning| work= The Times | accessdate = 2010-04-12 | location=London | date=2009-07-21 | first=Ian | last=King}}</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:William Hill, Bookmakers, 9 North Lane, Headingley - geograph.org.uk - 169159.jpg|thumb|right|A William Hill turf accountants in [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]].]]
The company operates worldwide, employing approximately 16,601 people with main offices in the UK, [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Gibraltar]], offering betting by phone and Internet together with their 2300 UK-wide Licensed Betting Offices. They are the largest UK operator, representing around 25 per cent of the market throughout the UK and Ireland. Its telebetting call centres, which are located in [[Rotherham]], [[South Yorkshire]] took 125,000 bets on the 2007, [[Grand National]] and according to the company its betting shops process more than one million betting slips on an average day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.williamhillplc.com/|title=William Hill PLC|work=William Hill PLC|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

In addition to its online sportsbook operations, the company offers [[online casino]] games, 'skill games', [[online bingo]] and [[online poker]]. Since the [[Gambling Act 2005]],<ref name="machines">{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article5679309.ece| title = High-stakes gambling machines causing serious addiction| work= The Times | accessdate = 2010-04-13 | location=London | date=2009-02-07 | first=Sam | last=Lister}}</ref> [[Slot machine#United Kingdom|gaming machines]] have strengthened profits to counteract falling revenues in other areas.<ref>William Hill 'satisfied' with business, ''Yorkshire Post'', Leeds, 24 April 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2785226/William-Hill-unfazed-by-gaming-review.html| title = William Hill unfazed by gaming review| work= The Telegraph | accessdate = 2010-04-13 | location=London | first=Jonathan | last=Sibun | date=2008-02-28}}</ref>

William Hill ran their own cable [[Channel 854|TV channel]] in 2004 which lasted two years, and now offer a in-house live visual broadcast direct to their Betting Offices. This is filmed in the Leeds studios and, running in tandem with the shop radio output, offers a unique service to prospective punters.

In August 2010, William Hill launched a training programme for its 10,000+ workforce to combat underage gambling in its retail outlets.<ref>[http://www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/articles/2010/08/staff-at-william-hill-train-to-avert-underage-gambling.htm Staff at William Hill train to avert underage gambling]</ref>

The company has been criticised by [[Community (trade union)]] and [[Unite (trade union)]] for its treatment of shop-workers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uniteatwilliamhill.co.uk/newletter2.php| title = Newsletter| publisher = Unite the Union | accessdate = 2010-04-12}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name="community">{{cite web | url = http://www.community-tu.org/information/102411/willhill/| title = Community on Wm. Hill restructuring| publisher = Community | accessdate = 2010-04-12}}</ref> In particular the practices of exposing staff to risk by forcing them to work in the offices alone,<ref name="community" /> and requiring staff to undertake unpaid work after the end of their working day<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bookiesrights.com/news.html| title = Something for nothing| publisher = Community | accessdate = 2010-04-12}}</ref> have been identified.

In November 2008, analysts at [[UBS AG|UBS]] noted "concern" at the Company's level of debt,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2008/nov/20/ladbrokes-williamhill| title = Investors bet on bookies, but bad debt worries hit IG| work= The Guardian | accessdate = 2010-04-12 | location=London | first=Nick | last=Fletcher | date=2008-11-20}}</ref> which stood at over £1bn<ref name="bond">{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/marketreport/6510687/William-Hill-to-launch-250m-high-yield-bond.html| title = William Hill to launch £250m high yield bond| work= The Telegraph | accessdate = 2010-04-12 | location=London | first=Ben | last=Harrington | date=2009-11-05}}</ref> and was later reported as £1.5bn.<ref>William Hill; INSIDE THE CITY, ''The Sunday Times'', London, 2 August 2009</ref> In 2009 the company enacted both a [[rights issue]] and a [[corporate bond]] issue, in an effort to restructure its debt.<ref name="bond" />

From 2001 until 2009, William Hill paid [[George Howarth]] MP £30,000 pa. to act as a Parliamentary advisor. While on William Hill's payroll he tabled amendments to the 2003 [[United Kingdom budget|budget]] proposing tougher levels of taxation for person-to-person [[betting exchange]]s.<ref>"MP acting as bookies' lackey is a disgrace", ''The Telegraph'', London, 19 May 2003</ref><ref>"MP ACCUSED ON BET LAWS", ''Daily Echo'', Liverpool, 26 May 2003</ref> Howarth left the role in the wake of the 2009 [[United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal|expenses scandal]].<ref>"MP quits bookmaker job ahead of crackdown; Private earnings under spotlight", ''Daily Post'', Liverpool, 29 June 2009</ref> In May 2015 William Hill presented prototype of 'Get In The Race' - a virtual horse racing application.<ref>[http://www.casinonewsdaily.com/2015/05/11/william-hill-debuts-google-cardboard-horse-racing-app/ William Hill Debuts Google Cardboard Horse Racing App]</ref>

==Outside the United Kingdom==
In 2009, William Hill moved its online and fixed-odds games division to [[Gibraltar]], for tax avoidance purposes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/leisure/article6738263.ece|title=William Hill moves online betting offshore|work=The Times|accessdate=2010-04-12 | location=London | first1=Dominic | last1=Walsh | first2=Rebecca | last2=Oconnor | date=2009-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/5973384/William-Hills-offshore-gambling-move-raises-match-fixing-fears.html|title=William Hill's offshore gambling move raises match-fixing fears|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2010-04-12 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Kelso | date=2009-08-04}}</ref> In Gibraltar William Hill is a member of the [[Gibraltar Betting and Gaming Association]]<ref name="Gibraltar Betting and Gaming Association">{{cite web|title=GBGA Official Website|url=http://gbga.gi|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> The company's online operation had previously been based in the [[Dutch Antilles]] [[tax haven]], until a 2007 change in the law banned non [[European Economic Area|EEA]]-based gambling companies from advertising in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Hill Bans Players from 55 Countries|url=http://www.keytocasino.com/en/news/william-hill-bans-players-from-55-countries.html|website=KeyToCasino|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref>

In March 2009, William Hill closed 14 of its shops in the Republic of Ireland with the loss of 53 jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2009/0210/1233867928827.html|title=William Hill to close 14 betting shops in Republic|work=Irish Times|accessdate=2010-04-14|date=2 February 2009}}</ref> In February 2010 it announced that the remaining 36 Irish shops were 'under review'<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2010/0227/1224265276894.html|title=William Hill waits for details on State's gambling reform|work=Irish Times|accessdate=2010-04-14|date=2 February 2010}}</ref> pending the possible introduction of controversial<ref name="machines" /> [[Fixed odds betting terminal|gaming machines]] to Irish shops.

William Hill had pulled out of Italy in 2008 after just two years, a failure which cost the company £1m in wasted investment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-business/article-23505552-italian-gamble-a-loser-for-hills.do|title=Italian gamble a loser for Hills|work=London Evening Standard|accessdate=2010-04-12}}</ref> The company's joint venture in Spain ended in January 2010 with partners Codere buying William Hill's 50% stakeholding for €1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.williamhillplc.com/wmh/media/releases/2010pr/2010-01-21/|title=Sale of Spain joint venture|publisher=William Hill|accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref> after both parties had invested an 'initial' €10m in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.williamhillplc.com/wmh/media/releases/2008pr/2008-04-02/|title=William Hill PLC - Re Joint Venture|publisher=William Hill|accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref> William Hill lost £11.6m in 2008 and £9.3m in 2009 on the venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://report2009.williamhillplc.co.uk/files/pdf/WH_AR-2009_Financial_State.pdf|title=Annual Online Report|publisher=William Hill|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>

In September 2009, the company participated in the [[bidding]] for the first online gambling licence in India, expressing their interest to enter the Indian betting market via the remote [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] state of [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/betfair-and-william-hill-target-india-1810025.html| title = Betfair and William Hill target India| publisher = independent.co.uk | accessdate = 2009-10-27 | location=London | first=James | last=Thompson | date=2009-10-27}}</ref>

In June 2012, William Hill expanded to [[Nevada]], the only U.S. state to allow full-fledged sports wagering,<ref name="velotta">{{cite news|title=British oddsmaker William Hill gets OK to operate 159 books in Nevada|newspaper=Vegas Inc|first=Richard N.|last=Velotta|date=21 June 2012|accessdate=28 June 2012|url=http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2012/jun/21/british-oddsmaker-william-hill-gets-ok-operate-159/}}</ref> buying three chains of sportsbooks: Lucky's, [[Leroy's]], and the satellite operations of [[Club Cal Neva]], for a total of $53 million.<ref name="green">{{cite news|title=William Hill, Affinity in long-term sports betting deal|newspaper=Vegas Inc.|first=Steve|last=Green|date=28 June 2012|accessdate=28 June 2012|url=http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2012/jun/28/william-hill-affinity-long-term-sports-betting-dea/}}</ref> The deals at the time gave the company control of 55 percent of the state's sportsbook locations, and 11 percent of statewide revenue.<ref name="velotta" /> All three chains were be rebranded under the William Hill name.<ref name="green" />

In 2013, three Australian brands, Sportingbet, Centrebet and Tom Waterhouse, were purchased by the company<ref>[http://www.williamhillplc.com/investors/regulatory-news/21083579-acquisition-of-tom-waterhouse/ William Hill: Acquisition]</ref> and later rebranded as William Hill [[Australia]] in 2015. Both Sportingbet and Centrebet were acquired in March of the year for $660m and $132m, respectively, while tomwaterhouse.com was brought in during August, 2013, for an initial $34m.<ref>[http://www.adnews.com.au/news/brands-axed-as-william-hill-launches-in-australia William Hill: Launches Australia]</ref> [[Tom Waterhouse]] was appointed Chief Executive Officer of William Hill Australia in July 2014.<ref>[http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12019764.html William Hill: Tom Waterhouse]</ref> Some 240 people are employed by William Hill Australia, with offices in [[Sydney]] and [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].

In 1 February 2015, William Hill is leaving Singapore to comply with the Remote Gambling Act, and there will be a warning to indicate that in Singapore, gambling under William Hill is forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/websites-that-promote/1621262.html?cid=FBSG|title=Websites that promote remote gambling to be blocked|work=Channel NewsAsia|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
In 2007, William Hill threatened to withdraw its sponsorship of various horse races, in their dispute with racecourses over TurfTV.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/mar/26/horseracing.sport| title = Bookmakers threaten sponsorship cuts as betting shop row escalates| work= The Guardian | accessdate = 2010-06-14 | location=London | first=Tony | last=Paley | date=2007-03-26}}</ref> William Hill, who had been the strongest critic of TurfTV, were later forced into a humiliating climbdown and subscribed to the channel in January 2008.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/William-Hill-deal-with-TurfTV.3667502.jp| title = William Hill deal with TurfTV a case of history repeating as punter power wins day| work= The Scotsman | accessdate = 2010-06-14}}</ref>

In August 2009, William Hill became the shirt-sponsor of [[Málaga CF]], a football team in Spain's [[La Liga]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.tribalfootball.com/sanz-william-hill-deal-strengthens-malaga-relationship-british-community-282651| title = Sanz: William Hill deal strengthens Malaga relationship with British community| publisher = Tribalfootball.com | accessdate = 2010-04-12}}</ref>

The company sponsors the annual [[William Hill Sports Book of the Year]] award. This is "dedicated to rewarding excellence in sports writing".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/book-awards/william-hill-sports-book.htm|title=William Hill Sports Book of the Year|publisher=Hampshire County Council|accessdate=2010-04-13}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

==Advertising==
In May 2008, The [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) banned William Hill from running a television advert which they found 'condoned gambling behaviour that was socially irresponsible'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/Complaints-and-ASA-action/Adjudications/2008/5/William-Hill-%28Gibraltar%29-Ltd/TF_ADJ_44479.aspx|title=ASA Adjudication on William Hill (Gibraltar) Ltd|publisher=ASA|accessdate=2010-04-13}}</ref>

In October 2009, the ASA banned a poster and National press advert which promised '£100 OF FREE BETS'. The advert was found to be 'likely to mislead' and in breach of a [[Committee of Advertising Practice]] code relating to 'truthfulness'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/Complaints-and-ASA-action/Adjudications/2009/10/William-Hill-Organisation-Ltd/TF_ADJ_47058.aspx|title=ASA Adjudication on William Hill Organisation Ltd|publisher=ASA|accessdate=2010-04-13}}</ref>

In March 2010, an advert stating 'William Hill best prices FACT' was banned by the ASA. It had breached several Committee of Advertising Practice codes, including those relating to 'substantiation', 'truthfulness' and 'honesty'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/Complaints-and-ASA-action/Adjudications/2010/3/William-Hill-Organisation-Ltd/TF_ADJ_48228.aspx|title=ASA Adjudication on William Hill Organisation Ltd|publisher=ASA|accessdate=2010-04-13}}</ref>

In September 2011, William Hill made an TV advert featuring the 2005 single "[[A Bit Patchy]]".<ref>{{cite av media|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUuYLLECKVw|title=William Hill Football betting New Season TV Advert 2011 / 2012|date=14 September 2011|work=YouTube|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

In December 2012, adverts stating "Best Prices on the Best Horses" and "Best Prices on the Best Teams" were banned by the ASA. It had breached several Committee of Advertising Practice code, including those relating to 'misleading advertising', 'Substantiation' and 'Comparisons'. The ASA also banned a different advert claiming "Best Odds Guaranteed" because it was misleading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2012/12/William-Hill-Organisation-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_200493.aspx|title=ASA Adjudication on William Hill Organisation Ltd|publisher=ASA|accessdate=2013-01-05}}</ref>

*[[Menashe v. William Hill]]
*[[Calvert v. William Hill]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.williamhill.com/}}
*[http://www.williamhillplc.com/ Corporate site]
*[http://sports.williamhill.com William Hill Sports betting]
*[http://casino.williamhill.com William Hill Casino]
*[http://poker.williamhill.com William Hill Poker]
*[https://www.williamhill.com.au/ William Hill Australia]

==See also==
*[[Eurogrand|EuroGrand Casino]]

{{FTSE 250 Index constituents}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:William Hill (Bookmaker)}}
[[Category:Leisure companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bookmakers]]
[[Category:Gambling websites]]
[[Category:Poker companies]]
[[Category:Gambling companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in London]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1934]]
[[Category:Private equity portfolio companies]]
[[Category:CVC Capital Partners companies]]
[[Category:Horse racing in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:William Hill (bookmaker)| ]]

List of poker hands

2015-07-19T17:48:41Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 74.37.200.191 (talk): Not sure what you're trying to do here. (TW)

{{Refimprove|date=December 2014}}
{{Imageframe|width=300|caption=Examples of poker hand categories in descending order|align=right|content=
<hr />

[[#Straight flush|Straight flush]] {{card|club|J|60px}}{{card|club|10|60px}}{{card|club|9|60px}}{{card|club|8|60px}}{{card|club|7|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Four of a kind|Four of a kind]] {{card|club|6|60px}}{{card|diamond|6|60px}}{{card|heart|6|60px}}{{card|spade|6|60px}}{{card|heart|J|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Full house|Full house]] {{card|spade|5|60px}}{{card|club|5|60px}}{{card|diamond|5|60px}}{{card|club|K|60px}}{{card|heart|K|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Flush|Flush]] {{card|diamond|J|60px}}{{card|diamond|10|60px}}{{card|diamond|8|60px}}{{card|diamond|7|60px}}{{card|diamond|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Straight|Straight]] {{card|diamond|K|60px}}{{card|club|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|J|60px}}{{card|heart|10|60px}}{{card|spade|9|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Three of a kind|Three of a kind]] {{card|club|A|60px}}{{card|spade|A|60px}}{{card|heart|A|60px}}{{card|diamond|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#Two pair|Two pair]] {{card|heart|Q|60px}}{{card|spade|Q|60px}}{{card|heart|8|60px}}{{card|spade|8|60px}}{{card|club|2|60px}}
<hr />
[[#One pair|One pair]] {{card|spade|7|60px}}{{card|heart|7|60px}}{{card|spade|K|60px}}{{card|club|4|60px}}{{card|spade|3|60px}}
<hr />
[[#High card|High card]] {{card|diamond|A|60px}}{{card|spade|10|60px}}{{card|heart|9|60px}}{{card|diamond|4|60px}}{{card|club|3|60px}}
<hr />
}}
In [[poker]], players construct hands of [[playing cards]] according to predetermined rules, which vary according to which [[List of poker variants|variant of poker]] is being played. These hands are compared using a hand ranking system that is standard across all variants of poker. The player with the highest-ranking hand wins that particular deal in most poker games. In some variants, the lowest-ranking hand can win or tie.

These hand rankings are also used in some other [[card game]]s and in [[poker dice]]. The ranking of a particular hand is increased by including multiple cards of the same card rank, by all five cards being from the same [[suit (cards)|suit]], or by the five cards forming a consecutive series. The relative ranking of the various hand categories is based on the [[probability]] of being randomly dealt such a hand from a well-[[Shuffling|shuffled]] deck.

==General rules==
The following rules apply to the ranking of all poker hands unless specifically changed by game variant rules or house rules.

A poker hand consists of exactly five cards; no more, no fewer. In games where more than five cards are available to each player, the best five-card combination of those cards must be played. Any cards not included in the hand do not affect its ranking. For example, if player A holds {{cards|3s|qd}} and player B holds {{cards|3c|ac}}, and five cards {{cards|4c|5d|6d|7s|th}} are available to both players, the players hold equally ranking 3-4-5-6-7 straights despite the fact that the player B's [[ace]] ranks higher than the player A's queen.

Individual cards are ranked A (highest), K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 (lowest). Aces can appear low (as if having a value of "1") when part of an A-2-3-4-5 [[#Straight|straight]] or [[#Straight flush|straight flush]]. In the poker variants ace-to-five and ace-to-six lowball, the ace only plays low, and only plays high in deuce-to-seven lowball. Individual card ranks are used to rank hands that are in the same rank category.

The [[Suit (cards)|suits]] of the cards are used to determine whether a hand forms a [[#Flush|flush]] or [[#Straight flush|straight flush]]. In most variants, suits do not have an associated value, and play no part in determining the ranking of a hand. Sometimes a ranking called [[high card by suit]] is used for randomly selecting a player to deal. ''Low'' card by suit usually determines the [[bring-in#Bring-in|bring-in]] bettor in [[stud poker|stud games]].

Hands are ranked first by category, then by individual card ranks; even the lowest hand that qualifies in a certain category defeats all hands in all lower categories. For example, {{cards|2d|2s|3d|3c|4s}}, the lowest-valued [[#Two pair|two pair]] hand, defeats all hands with just [[#One pair|one pair]] or [[#High card|high card]] (such as {{cards|as|ad|kd|qh|jc}}). Only between two hands in the same category are card ranks used to break ties.

A poker hand has the same hand ranking regardless of the order in which it is arranged by the deal, by a description, or by a picture. So a hand arranged as {{cards|ts|8d|td|6c|tc}} is ranked the same as {{cards|tc|td|ts|8d|6c}} even though in the first hand the [[#Three of a kind|three of a kind]] is not necessarily immediately obvious.

If there are multiple hands of the same rank at the showdown (therefore no kicker(s), or [[Kicker (poker)|kickers]] have equal ranks), the pot is divided equally between the winning players. If the divided number creates fractions (odd chip), the odd chip is awarded by house rules. (Typically in draw and community card games this is to the first hand clockwise from the button/dealer; in stud games it is to the player with highest card by suit in hand).

There are 311,875,200 ways (5-[[permutation]]s)<ref group=Note>In general, the number of ''k''-[[permutation]]s taken from a set of ''n'' is
:<math>n^{\underline k} = \frac {n!}{(n-k)!}</math>,
which in this case gives
<math>
\frac {52!}{(52-5)!} = \frac {52!}{47!} = 52\times51\times50\times49\times48 = 311,875,200
</math>
</ref> of being dealt five cards from a 52-card deck, but since the order of cards does not matter, there are 5! = 120 5-permutations given in any one hand, so there are only 2,598,960 (<math>\begin{matrix} {52 \choose 5} \end{matrix}</math>) possible [[combination]]s in five-card poker. Similarly, in seven-card poker there are 133,784,560 (<math>\begin{matrix} {52 \choose 7} \end{matrix}</math>) combinations.<ref group=Note><math>
{52 \choose 5} = \frac{52!}{5!(52-5)!} = \frac{52!}{5!47!} = \frac {52 \times 51 \times 50 \times 49 \times 48} { 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1} = 2{,}598{,}960
</math>; 
<math>
{52 \choose 7} = \frac{52!}{7!(52-7)!} = \frac{52!}{7!45!} = \frac {52 \times 51 \times 50 \times 49 \times 48 \times 47 \times 46} { 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1} = 133{,}784{,}560
</math></ref>

If the game is played without the high card by suit rule, hands that have equivalent values are considered to be the same hand, there will be 7,462 distinct hands in five-card poker, and 4,824 distinct hands when choosing the best five in seven-card poker, like [[Texas hold 'em]]; the number of seven-card poker hands is fewer than of five-card poker because some hands are impossible with seven cards (e.g. 7-high).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suffecool.net/poker/7462.html |title=Five-Card Poker Hands |publisher=Suffecool.net |date= |accessdate=19 January 2014}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}</ref>

==Hand categories==

===Straight flush===
{{redirect|Straight flush|the World War II bomber|Straight Flush (B-29)|NATO designation of the Soviet radar|2K12 Kub}}
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Straight flush examples|align=left|content=
{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|heart|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|spade|2|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|J|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|club|7|50px}} Ties with {{card|diamond|J|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}
}}

A straight flush is a hand that contains five cards in sequence, all of the same [[Suit (cards)|suit]], such as {{cards|qc|jc|tc|9c|8c}} (a hand that meets the requirements of both a straight and a flush). Two such hands are compared by their card that is ranked highest. Aces can play high or low in straights and straight flushes: {{cards|5d|4d|3d|2d|ad}} is a 5-high straight flush, also known as a "steel wheel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokertips.org/glossary/w/STEEL+WHEEL|accessdate=20 December 2007|title=Glossary|publisher=PokerTips.com}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerworks.com/poker-dictionary/steel-wheel.html|accessdate=20 December 2007|title=Poker dictionary|publisher=PokerWorks.com |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071227073226/http://pokerworks.com/poker-dictionary/steel-wheel.html  |archivedate = 27 December 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}</ref>

An ace-high straight flush such as {{cards|ad|kd|qd|jd|td}} is known as a royal flush, and is the highest-ranking standard poker hand. It is usually treated as a distinct hand in [[video poker]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}. There are four possible royal flushes: one of each suit.

In five-card poker, there are 40 possible straight flushes, including the four royal flushes. The probability of being dealt a straight flush is <math>\frac {4\cdot 10}{2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.0015\%</math>.

In seven-card poker such as Texas hold 'em, the [[frequency]] of straight flush is 41,584 (4,324 for royal flush and 37,260 for non-royal straight flush); the probability of straight flush is approximately 0.0311% (0.0032% for royal flush and 0.0279% for non-royal straight flush).<ref name="7cardprobref">{{cite web|url=http://people.math.sfu.ca/~alspach/comp20/|title=7-Card Poker Hands|date=18 January 2000|first=Brian|last=Alspach|authorlink= Brian Alspach |accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob">See also [[Poker probability#Derivation of frequencies of 7-card poker hands]] for the derivation. This can apply to [[Texas hold 'em]] and [[seven-card stud]]. Note that the probabilities vary in [[Omaha hold 'em|Omaha]]; the derivation of frequencies of Omaha hands is different from 7-card or 9-card poker hands.</ref>

{{clear}}

===Four of a kind===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Four of a kind examples|align=right|content=
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|club|6|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}}
}}
Four of a kind, also known as quads, is a poker hand such as {{cards|9c|9s|9d|9h|jh}}, that contains all four cards of one rank and any other (unmatched) card. Quads with higher-ranking cards defeat lower-ranking ones. In community-card games (such as [[Texas Hold 'em]]) or games with wildcards or multiple decks it is possible for two or more players to obtain the same quad; in this instance, the unmatched card acts as a kicker, so {{cards|7c|7s|7d|7h|jh}} defeats {{cards|7c|7s|7d|7h|tc}}. If two hands have the same kicker, they tie and the pot is split. In some countries the term Carré is used.

In five-card poker, there are 624 possible hands including four of a kind, the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_{4}^4 \cdot C_{12}^1 C_{4}^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 1 \cdot 12 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.024\%</math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of four of a kind is 224,848, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 0.168%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Full house===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Full house examples|align=left|content=
{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|A|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|A|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|diamond|3|50px}}
}}
A full house, also known as a full boat, is a hand such as {{cards|3c|3s|3d|6c|6h|}}, that contains three matching cards of one rank and two matching cards of another rank. Between two full houses, the one with the higher-ranking three cards in their hand wins, so {{cards|7s|7h|7d|4s|4c}} defeats {{cards|6s|6h|6d|As|Ac}}. If two hands have the same three cards (possible in [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] and [[Community card poker|community card games]]), the hand with the higher pair wins, so {{cards|5h|5d|5s|qh|qc}} defeats {{cards|5c|5d|5s|Js|jd}}. Full houses are described as "''three'' full of ''pair''"; {{cards|qc|qd|qs|9h|9c}} could be described as "queens full of nines" or simply "queens full".

In five-card poker, there are 3,744 possible full houses; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^3 \cdot C_{12}^1 C_4^2} {C_{52}^5} = \frac{13 \cdot 4 \times 12 \cdot 6}{2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.1441 \% </math>.

An explanation of the formula: there are 13 [[Playing card|ranks]] (ace through king), and four of each rank (one per [[Suit (cards)|suit]]), in the standard 52-card deck. Denominator: we express choosing five cards out of the 52 cards in the deck. Numerator: first we multiply the number of ways to choose one rank out of the 13, then three cards out of four of that chosen rank. Second, we choose one out of 12 remaining ranks, and choose two cards out of four from that rank.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of full house is 3,473,184, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 2.60%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Flush===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Flush examples|align=right|content=
{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|heart|Q|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|K|50px}}{{card|spade|Q|50px}}{{card|spade|J|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|heart|Q|50px}}{{card|heart|10|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}
}}
A flush is a poker hand such as {{cards|qc|tc|7c|6c|4c}}, where all five cards are of the same suit, but not in sequence. Two flushes are compared as if they were [[#High card|high card]] hands; the highest-ranking card of each is compared to determine the winner. If both hands have the same highest card, then the second highest-ranking card is compared, and so on until a difference is found. If the two flushes contain the same five ranks of cards, they are tied and split the pot, that is, suits are not used to rank them.

Flushes are described by their highest card, as in "queen-high flush" to describe {{cards|qd|9d|7d|4d|3d}}. If the rank of the second card is important, it can also be included: {{cards|ks|ts|5s|3s|2s}} is a "king-ten-high flush" or just a "king-ten flush", while {{cards|kh|qh|9h|5h|4h}} is a "king-queen-high flush". In community card games the highest card in the flush may be a community card which is used by multiple players, in which case the flush may be described by the highest non-communal card; in a game with community cards {{cards|ac|10c|6c|2c}}, a player holding {{cards|qc|jd}} would have a "queen-high flush" while a player with {{cards|kc|10s}} holds a "king-high flush"; both players making use of the high ace.

In five-card poker, there are 5,148 possible flushes, of which 40 are also straight flushes; the probability of being dealt a flush that is not also a straight flush is <math>\frac {4 \cdot C_{13}^5 - 40} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {4 \cdot 1{,}287 - 40} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {5{,}108} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.196\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of flush is 4,047,644, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 3.03%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Straight===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Straight examples|align=left|content=
{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|6|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|spade|4|50px}} Ties with {{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|club|6|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}}
}}
A straight is a poker hand such as {{cards|Qc|Js|Ts|9h|8h}}, that contains five cards of sequential rank in at least two different suits. Two straights are ranked by comparing the highest card of each. Two straights with the same high card are of equal value, suits are not used to separate them.

Straights are described by their highest card, as in "ten-high straight" or "straight to the ten" for {{cards|tc|9d|8h|7c|6s}}.

A hand such as {{cards|Ac|Kc|Qd|Js|Ts}} is an ace-high straight (also known as "[[Broadway (poker)|broadway]]" or "royal straight"), and ranks above a king-high straight such as {{cards|kh|qs|jh|th|9c}}. The ace may also be played as a low card (having a value of "1") in a five-high straight such as {{cards|5s|4d|3d|2s|Ah}}, which is colloquially known as a "[[Wheel (poker)|wheel]]" or Baby Straight. The ace may not "wrap around", or play both high and low; {{cards|3s|2d|ah|ks|qc}} is not a straight. Drawing to an "Inside Straight" is the case wherein the player does not hold 4 sequential straight cards which can be completed by a card at either 'end', but rather 4 cards with a gap so that only 1 card can complete the straight. For example, 4-5-6-8 can only be competed with an 'inside' 7 (also called 'gut-shot'), whereas 4-5-6-7 can be completed by either a 3 or an 8 (also called 'open-ended')...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playwinpoker.com/poker-dictionary.htm|title=Glossary of Poker Terms|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref>

In five-card poker, there are 10,240 possible straights, of which 40 are also straight flushes; the probability of being dealt a straight that is not also a straight flush is <math>\frac {10 \cdot 4^5 - 40} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {10{,}200} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.39\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of straight is 6,180,020, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 4.62%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Three of a kind===
{{redirect|Three of a kind|other uses|Three of a Kind (disambiguation)}}{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Three of a kind examples|align=right|content=
{{card|spade|Q|50px}}{{card|club|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|diamond|8|50px}}{{card|spade|5|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}}
}}
Three of a kind, also called trips or a set, is a poker hand such as {{cards|2d|2s|2c|ks|6h}} that contains three cards of the same rank, plus two cards which are not of this rank nor the same as each other. In [[Texas hold 'em]] and other flop games, three of a kind is called a "set" usually when it is composed of a [[Glossary of poker terms#pocket pair|pocket pair]] and one card of matching rank on the [[Glossary of poker terms#board|board]];<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Sklansky|title=Small Stakes Hold 'Em|year=2004|publisher=Two Plus Two Publishing|isbn=978-1880685327|edition=1|page=127}}</ref> It is called "trips" usually when it is made by one card that player has in the [[List of poker terms#hole cards|hole]] with two matching cards on the board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://poker.about.com/od/pokerglossary/g/Trips.htm|title=Trips Poker Term -- Definition of the Poker Term Trips|publisher=About.com|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref>

A higher-valued three-of-a-kind defeats a lower-valued three-of-kind, so {{cards|qs|qh|qd|7s|4c}} defeats {{cards|js|jc|jd|ad|kc}}. If two hands contain three of a kind of the same value, which is possible in games with [[Wild card (poker)|wild cards]] or [[community card]]s, the [[Kicker (poker)|kicker]]s are compared to break the tie, so {{cards|4d|4c|4s|9d|2c}} defeats {{cards|4d|4c|4s|8c|7d}}.

In five-card poker, there are 54,912 possible three of a kind hands that are not also full houses or four of a kind; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^3 \cdot C_{12}^2 C_4^1 C_4^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 4 \cdot 66 \cdot 4 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {54{,}912} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 2.11\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of three of a kind is 6,461,620, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 4.83%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===Two pair===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=Two pairs examples|align=left|content=
{{card|heart|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}}{{card|diamond|2|50px}}{{card|heart|J|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|J|50px}}{{card|spade|J|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|9|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|spade|7|50px}}{{card|heart|6|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|diamond|5|50px}}{{card|club|K|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|spade|4|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}}{{card|spade|3|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}{{card|diamond|K|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|4|50px}}{{card|diamond|3|50px}}{{card|club|3|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}
}}
A poker hand such as {{cards|jh|jc|4c|4s|9h}}, that contains two cards of the same rank, plus two cards of another rank (that match each other but not the first pair), plus any card not of either rank, is called two pair. To rank two hands both containing two pair, the higher-ranking pair of each is first compared, and the higher pair wins (so {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}} defeats {{cards|8h|8c|4s|4c|10s}}). If both hands have the same top pair, then the second pair of each is compared, such that {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}} defeats {{cards|ts|tc|4s|4h|8h}}. If both hands have the same two pairs, the [[Kicker (poker)|kicker]] determines the winner, so {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|ad}} beats {{cards|ts|tc|8h|8c|4s}}.

Two pair are described by the higher pair first, followed by the lower pair if necessary; {{cards|kc|kd|9s|9h|5h}} is described as "Kings and nines", "kings over nines", or simply "Kings up" if the nines are not important.

In five-card poker, there are 123,552 possible two pair hands that are not also three of a kind hands or higher hands; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^2 C_4^2 C_4^2 \cdot C_{11}^1 C_{4}^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {78 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \cdot 11 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {123{,}552} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 4.75\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of two pair is 31,433,400, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 23.5%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===One pair===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=One pair examples|align=right|content=
{{card|club|10|50px}}{{card|spade|10|50px}}{{card|spade|6|50px}}{{card|heart|4|50px}}{{card|heart|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|heart|9|50px}}{{card|club|9|50px}}{{card|heart|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|diamond|2|50px}}{{card|heart|2|50px}}{{card|spade|8|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|2|50px}}{{card|spade|2|50px}}{{card|club|8|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|heart|3|50px}}
}}
One pair is a poker hand such as {{cards|4h|4s|ks|td|5s}}, that contains two cards of one rank, plus three cards which are not of this rank nor the same as each other. Higher-ranking pairs defeat lower-ranking pairs; if two hands have the same pair, the non-paired cards (the [[kicker (poker)|kicker]]s) are compared in descending order to determine the winner.

In five-card poker, there are 1,098,240 possible one pair hands; the probability of being dealt one is <math>\frac {C_{13}^1 C_4^2 \cdot (C_{12}^3 \cdot 4^3)} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 6 \cdot (220 \cdot 64)} {2{,}598{,}960} = \frac {1{,}098{,}240} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 42.26\% </math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of one pair is 58,627,800, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 43.8%. Unlike that in 5-card poker, one pair hands are more frequent than "no pair" hands in 7-card poker.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

===High card===
{{Imageframe|width=250|caption=High card examples|align=left|content=
{{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}} Defeats {{card|club|K|50px}}{{card|diamond|Q|50px}}{{card|club|J|50px}}{{card|heart|8|50px}}{{card|heart|7|50px}}
<hr style="margin-top:0.7em;" /><hr style="margin-bottom:0.7em;" />
{{card|club|A|50px}}{{card|club|Q|50px}}{{card|diamond|7|50px}}{{card|heart|5|50px}}{{card|club|2|50px}} Defeats {{card|diamond|A|50px}}{{card|diamond|10|50px}}{{card|spade|9|50px}}{{card|club|5|50px}}{{card|club|4|50px}}
}}
A high-card or no-pair hand is a poker hand such as {{cards|kh|jh|8c|7d|4s}}, made of any five cards not meeting any of the above requirements. Essentially, no hand is made, and the only thing of any potential meaning in the hand is the highest card. Nevertheless, they sometimes win a pot if the other players fold or even at a showdown. Two high-card hands are ranked by comparing the highest-ranking card. If those are equal, then the next highest-ranking card from each hand is compared, and so on until a difference is found.

High card hands are described by the one or two highest cards in the hand, such as "king high", "ace-queen high", or by as many cards as are necessary to break a tie. They are also referred to as "nothing", "garbage", and other derogatory terms.

The lowest possible high card is seven-high (such as {{cards|7s|5c|4d|3d|2c}}), because a hand such as {{cards|6d|5c|4s|3d|2h}} would be a straight, and in {{cards|6d|4s|3d|2c|ah}} the ace would serve as the high card.

Of the 2,598,960 possible five-card combinations, <math>(C^5_{13} - 10)(4^5 - 4)=1{,}302{,}540</math> do not contain any pairs and are neither straights nor flushes. As such, the probability of being dealt "no pair" in a five-card deal is <math>\frac {1{,}302{,}540} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 50.11\%</math>.

In seven-card poker, the frequency of such "no pair" is 23,294,460; the probability of being dealt one is approximately 17.4%.<ref name="7cardprobref" /><ref group="Note" name="7cardprob" />
{{clear}}

==Variations==

===Decks using a wild card or bug===
The use of a [[Joker (playing card)|joker]] as a [[bug (poker)|bug]] creates a variation to game play. When a joker is introduced, it most commonly functions as a fifth ace, unless it can be used to complete a flush or straight. Some [[casino]] [[draw poker]] variants use a joker, and thus the best possible hand is [[five of a kind]] aces, or {{cards|ah|ad|ac|as|jkr}} with the joker representing the fifth ace. In lowball, the joker plays as the lowest card not already in the hand. In non-casino settings the joker is sometimes a full [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]].

The odds of being dealt a five of a kind (of any kind) in a five-card deal is ~0.0005%, three times less likely than a straight flush. The odds of being dealt five of a kind aces is ~0.0000348%—one in every 2,869,685 deals.

===Lowball===
{{main|Lowball (poker)}}
Some variants of poker called lowball or low poker are played with the standard hand rankings described here, but with the objective reversed: players strive not for the highest ranking of the above hands but for the ''lowest'' ranking hand. There are several methods of ranking low hands, including ace-to-five low, deuce-to-seven low, ace-to-six low and deuce-to-six low. The ace-to-five (known as California lowball) is used in [[razz (poker)|razz]], in some [[draw poker]] varieties, and in deuce-to-seven (known as Kansas City lowball).

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports and games}}
*[[Glossary of poker terms]]
*[[List of poker hand nicknames]]
*[[Non-standard poker hand]]
*[[Poker probability]] – various probability calculations on poker hands

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Poker Encyclopedia
|first1=Elkan |last1=Allan |first2=Hannah |last2=Mackay
|publisher=Anova |year=2007 |isbn=1-906032-09-2 }}
* {{cite book
| title = The Poker Player's Bible
| first = Lou
| last = Krieger
| publisher = Struik
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1-77007-469-9
| page = 249
}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Rules of Neighborhood Poker According to Hoyle
| first = Stewart
| last = Wolpin
| publisher = New Chapter Press
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-0-942257-19-9
| page = 335
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Poker hands}}
*[[commons:Image:PokerHandRankings.pdf|Printable chart of poker hand rankings]] ([[.pdf]] format)

{{Poker}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poker hands}}
[[Category:Poker hands|*]]
[[Category:Entertainment lists]]

HAL Laboratory

2015-07-15T12:35:55Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by ABXInferno (talk): I'm sorry to say this, but this is too strongly about Iwata to be in this article. Sorry. (TW)

{{prose|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HAL Laboratory, Inc.
| logo = File:HAL Laboratory logo.png
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 株式会社ハル研究所
| native_name_lang = jp
| romanized_name = Haru Kenkyūjo
| former_name =
| former type =
| type = [[Kabushiki gaisha]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = [[Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo]], [[Japan]] ({{Start date|1980|02|21}})<ref name="HAL Company">{{cite web|title=Company|url= http://www.hallab.co.jp/company_data_en.html|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>
| founder = Hiroji Iwasaki
| defunct = 
| location_city = Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo<ref name="HAL Company"/>
| location_country = Japan
| locations = 2
| area_served =
| key_people = Masayoshi Tanimura (President)
| products = ''[[Kirby (series)|Kirby]]'' series ''[[Earthbound (series)|Mother]]'' series ''[[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' series Various [[video game]] titles
| brands =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 149 (as of June 2015)<ref>http://www.hallab.co.jp/company_data_en.html/</ref>
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = Warpstar Inc.
| homepage = 
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}

{{nihongo|'''HAL Laboratory, Inc.'''|株式会社ハル研究所|Kabushiki Gaisha Haru Kenkyūjo|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[video game]] developer that was founded on February 21, 1980 and is closely affiliated with Nintendo. It is headquartered in [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda-ku]], [[Tokyo]].<ref name="HAL Company"/> HAL was named as such because "each letter put them one step ahead of [[IBM]]".<ref>[http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2012/11/iwata_explains_where_the_name_hal_laboratory_came_from Iwata Explains Where The Name HAL Laboratory Came From]</ref> The company is most famous for its character ''[[Kirby (Nintendo)|Kirby]]'', the eponymous protagonist of the series of games; the [[Mother (video game series)|''Mother'' series]] (otherwise known as ''[[EarthBound (series)|EarthBound]]''); and the [[Super Smash Bros. series|''Super Smash Bros.'' series]].

HAL Laboratory started off making games for the [[MSX]] system and the [[Commodore VIC-20]].<ref>[http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/michael_tomczyk.htm commodore.ca | History | Michael Tomzyck VIC-20 Executive]</ref>

In many of its games during the early to mid-1990s it used the name '''HALKEN''', derived from their Japanese name. Some of its early titles were also released as HAL America, a North American subsidiary of the company led by Yash Terakura.<ref>[http://throwbackentertainment.com/?p=309 Home » Announcements » Yash Terakura joins Throwback as CTO]</ref> Hal owns 50% of Warpstar, Inc., the production company that created the [[Kirby: Right Back at Ya!]] anime series.

==List of games developed==

===Nintendo Systems===

====Home Console====

=====[[Family Computer Disk System]]=====
*''[[Eggerland]]
*''[[Eggerland: Souzouhe no Tabidachi]]
*''[[Famicom Grand Prix II: 3D Hot Rally]]
*''[[Fire Bam]]
*''[[Gall Force|Gall Force: Eternal Story]]''

=====[[Nintendo Entertainment System]]=====
*''[[Adventures of Lolo]]''
*''[[Adventures of Lolo 2]]''
*''[[Adventures of Lolo 3]]''
*''[[Air Fortress]]''
*''[[Day Dreamin' Davey]]''
*''[[Defender II]]''
*''[[Jumbo Ozaki no Hole in One Professional]]''
*''[[Kabuki Quantum Fighter]]''
*''[[Kirby's Adventure]]
*''[[Joust (video game)|Joust]]''
*''[[Mother (video game)|Mother]]''
*''[[Metal Slader Glory]]''
*''[[Millipede (arcade game)|Millipede]]''
*''[[New Ghostbusters II]]''
*''[[Othello (video game)|Othello]]''
*''[[Rollerball (video game)|Rollerball]]''
*''[[Satsui no Kaisou: Power Soft Renzoku Satsujin Jiken]]''
*''[[Skyscraper]]''
*''Tokoro-san no Mamoru mo Semeru mo''
*''[[Vegas Dream]]''
*''[[Uchuu Keibitai SDF]]''
*''[[World Rally Championship]]''
*''[[Joy Radar (Hardware)]]'' (RF unit for wireless Audio/Video from the game unit to the monitor)

=====[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]]=====
*''[[Alcahest (video game)|Alcahest]]''
*''[[Arcana (video game)|Arcana]]''
*''[[EarthBound]]'' (''Mother 2'' in Japan)
*''[[Hal's Hole in One Golf]]''
*''[[Hyper Zone]]''
*''[[Kirby's Star Stacker#Kirby no Kirakira Kizzu|Kirby no Kirakira Kizzu]]''
*''[[Kirby Super Star]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Course]]''
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 3]]''
*''[[NCAA Basketball (Super NES video game)|NCAA Basketball]] aka [[Super Dunk Shot]] (in Japan) [[World League Basketball]] (in Europe) (may have been developed or translated by Sculptured Software. It is unclear which role each company had. The company has the Japanese version of the game listed in its website, however their role is unclear.)
NCAA Basketball was produced for HAL America by Rooney and [[Adam Flick]], and programmed by Sculptured Software in Salt Lake City. The completed game was sold to Nintendo of America, who released it in the US.
*''[[SimCity (1989 video game)#Super NES variation|SimCity]]''
*''[[Vegas Stakes]]''
*''[[Metal Slader Glory]]: Director's Cut''

=====[[Nintendo 64]]=====
*''[[EarthBound 64]]'' - cancelled (the project eventually became [[Mother 3]])
*''[[Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards]]''
*''[[Pokémon Snap]]''
*''[[Pokémon Stadium]]''
*''[[Pokémon Stadium 2]]''
*''[[Shigesato Itoi's No. 1 Bass Fishing]]''
*''[[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|Super Smash Bros.]]''
*''[[SimCity 64]]''
*''[[SimCopter|SimCopter 64]]''

=====[[Nintendo GameCube]]=====
*''[[Kirby Air Ride]]''
*''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee]]''
*''[[Kirby Tilt n Tumble 2]]'' (Cancelled)
*''[[Kirby (video game)|Kirby]]'' (Cancelled) (see Wii release)

=====[[Wii]]=====
*''[[Super Smash Bros. Brawl]]'' (Development Cooperation)
*''[[Minna no Joushiki Ryoku TV]]''
*''[[Kirby (2011 video game)|Kirby's Return to Dream Land]]''<ref>http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2011/01/29/nintendo_wii_titles/</ref>
*''[[Kirby's Dream Collection]]''

=====[[Wii U]]=====
* ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U|Super Smash Bros. for Wii U]]'' (Development Cooperation)
* ''[[Kirby and the Rainbow Curse]]''

====Handheld====

=====[[Game Boy]] (1989 - 1997)=====
*''[[Revenge of the 'Gator]]'' - (''1989'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[New Ghostbusters 2|Ghostbusters II]]'' - (''1989'') [[Europe|EU]] (''1990'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]]
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land]]'' - (''1992'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby's Pinball Land]]'' - (''1993'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Adventures of Lolo]]'' - (''1994'') [[Japan|JP]] (''1995'') [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Vegas Stakes]]'' - (''1995'') [[North America|NA]]
*''[[Kirby's Dream Land 2]]'' - (''1995'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby's Block Ball]]'' - (''1995'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby's Star Stacker]]'' - (''1997'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[HAL Wrestling]]'' (publisher; developed by [[Human Entertainment]])
*''[[Shanghai (Video Game)|Shanghai]]''
*''[[Trax (video game)|Trax]]''

=====[[Game Boy Color]] (2000 - 2001)=====
*''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' - (''2000'') [[Japan|JP]] (''2001'') [[North America|NA]]

=====[[Game Boy Advance]] (2002 - 2006)=====
*''[[Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land]]'' - (''2002'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]]
*''[[Kirby & the Amazing Mirror]]'' (co-developed with Flagship) - (''2004'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Mother 3]]'' (Music; developed by [[Brownie Brown]]) - (''2006'') [[Japan|JP]]
*''[[Battland]]'' Cancelled
*''[[Luna Blaze]]'' Cancelled

=====[[Nintendo DS]] (2005 - 2011)=====
*''[[Kirby Canvas Curse]]'' - (''2005'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]] (''2006'') [[Australasia|AUS]]
*''[[Common Sense Training]]'' - (''2006'') [[Japan|JP]]
*''[[Kirby Squeak Squad]]'' (Co-developed with Flagship) - (''2006'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]] (''2007'') [[Europe|EU]], [[Australasia|AUS]]
*''[[Pokémon Ranger]]'' (Co-developed with Creatures Inc) - (''2006'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Australasia|AUS]] (''2007'') [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby Super Star Ultra]]'' - (''2008'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Australasia|AUS]] (''2009'') [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Picross 3D]] - (''2009'') [[Japan|JP]] (''2010'') [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby Mass Attack]]'' (Co-developed with Engines) - (''2011'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Australasia|AUS]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Face Pilot]]'' (DSiWare)

=====[[Nintendo 3DS]]=====
*''[[Face Raiders]]'' - (''2011'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Australasia|AUS]], [[Europe|EU]]
*''[[Kirby: Triple Deluxe]]'' - (''2014'') [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Europe|EU]]
* ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U|Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS]]'' (Development Cooperation) - (2014) [[Japan|JP]], [[North America|NA]], [[Australasia|AUS]], [[Europe|EU]]
* ''[[Boxboy!]]'' (''2015'', eShop)

===Other Systems===

====[[Commodore VIC-20]]====

*''[[Jelly Monsters]]''
*''Radar Rat Race''

====[[Commodore MAX Machine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rittwage.com/c64pp/dp.php?pg=ultimax |title=The Ultimax Collection |accessdate=2012-05-19 |work=Commodore 64 Preservation Project |date=2008-11-26 }}</ref>/[[Commodore 64]]====
*''Pool''
*''Billiards''
*''Bowling''
*''Jupiter Lander''
*''Le Mans''
*''[[Mole Attack]]''
*''Money Wars''
*''Pinball Spectacular''
*''Road Race''
*''Slalom''

====[[Coleco Vision]]====

*''[[Mr. Chin]]''

====[[MSX]]====

*''Balance''
*''[[Butamaru Pants]]''
*''[[Cue Star]]''
*''Dragon Attack''
*''[[Dunk Shot]]''
*''[[Eggerland Mystery]]''
*''[[Eggerland 2]]''
*''[[Fruit Search]]''
*''[[Gall Force]]''
*''[[Heavy Boxing]]''
*''[[Hole in One (video game)|Hole in One]]''
*''[[Hole in One Professional]]''
*''[[Inside the Karamaru]]''
*''[[Inspecteur Z]]''
*''Mobile Planet Stillus/The Roving Planet Stillus''
*''[[Mr. Chin]]''
*''[[Pachipro Densetsu]]''
*''[[Picture Puzzle]]''
*''[[Rollerball (video game)|Rollerball]]''
*''[[Space Maze Attack]]''
*''[[Space Trouble]]''
*''Step Up''
*''[[Super Billiards]]''
*''[[Super Snake]]''
*''[[Swimming Tango]]''
*''[[Tetsuman]]''
*''[[The Roving Planet Styllus]]''

====[[MSX2]]====

*''[[Hole in One Special]]''
*''[[Zukkoke Yajikita Onmitsudoutyuu]]''
*''[[Mr. Ninja - Ashura's Chapter]]''

====[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]====

*''[[Eggerland Episode 0: Quest of Rara]]''
*''[[Egger Land for Windows 95]]''
*''[[Revival! Eggerland]]''

==References==
<ref>http://www.gamefaqs.com/appleii/565992-taxman</ref>
{{Refimprove|date=November 2009}}
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.hallab.co.jp/ HAL Laboratory, Inc] (Japanese)
*[http://www.hallab.co.jp/company_data_en.html HAL Laboratory, Inc] (English)
*[http://www.n-sider.com/articleview.php?articleid=489 N-Sider page] (HAL Laboratory company profile)

{{Nintendo developers}}
{{Kirby series}}
{{Super Smash Bros. series}}
{{Portal bar|Tokyo|Nintendo|Companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Laboratory}}
[[Category:HAL Laboratory]]
[[Category:Video game companies of Japan]]
[[Category:Super Smash Bros.]]
[[Category:Kirby]]
[[Category:Nintendo divisions and subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1980]]

Poker

2015-07-15T11:16:29Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 114.79.58.235 (talk): No external links. (TW)

{{other uses}}
[[File:Holdem.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A game of [[Texas hold 'em]] in progress. "Hold 'em" is a popular form of poker.]]

'''Poker''' is a family of gambling [[card game]]s involving [[betting (poker)|betting]] and individual play, whereby the winner is determined by the ranks and combinations of players' cards, some of which remain hidden until the end of the game. Poker games vary in the number of cards dealt, the number of shared or "community" cards, and the number of cards that remain hidden. The betting procedures vary among different poker games in such ways as betting limits and splitting the [[pot (poker)|pot]] between a high hand and a low hand.

In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one of the players making some form of a forced bet (the ''blind'' and/or ''ante''). In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank he believes his [[poker hand|hand]] is worth as compared to the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match, or "call", the maximum previous bet or [[betting (poker)#Fold|fold]], losing the amount bet so far and all further interest in the hand. A player who matches a bet may also "raise", or increase the bet. The betting round ends when all players have either matched the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any round, the remaining player collects the pot and may choose to show or conceal his hand. If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, the hands are revealed, and the player with the winning hand takes the pot.

With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has positive [[expected value]] or who is trying to [[Bluff (poker)|bluff]] other players for various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of the players are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of [[probability]], [[psychology]], and [[game theory]].

Poker has gained in popularity since the beginning of the twentieth century and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators, including online, with many professional players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes.

==History==
{{Main|History of poker}}

English actor Joseph Cowell reported in his memoirs<ref>Cowell, Joe. ''Thirty years passed among the players in England and America: interspersed with anecdotes and reminiscences of a variety of persons, directly or indirectly connected with the drama during the theatrical life of Joe Cowell, comedian''. Harper & brothers, 1844.</ref> that the game was played in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, and four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable.<ref>Williamson, G. R. Frontier Gambling: The Games, the Gamblers & the Great Gambling Halls of the Old West. GR Williamson, 2011.</ref> [[Jonathan H. Green]]'s book, ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by [[Mississippi]] [[riverboat]]s, on which [[gambling]] was a common [[pastime]]. As it spread north along the [[Mississippi River]] and to the West during the gold rush, it is thought to have become a part of the frontier pioneer [[ethos]].

[[File:Officers-of-the-114th-pennsylvania-03882a-crop.jpg|thumb|right|Officers of the [[114th Pennsylvania Infantry]] playing cards in front of tents. [[Siege of Petersburg|Petersburg, Virginia]], August 1864]]
Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used<ref>Coffin, George Sturgis. Secrets of Winning Poker. Wilshire Book Company, 1949.</ref> and the [[flush (poker)|flush]] was introduced. The [[Draw Poker|draw]] was added prior to 1850 (when it was first mentioned in print in a handbook of games).<ref name="Bohns">Henry G. Bond (ed.), <cite>Bohn's New Handbook of Games</cite>, Henry F. Anners (1850)</ref> During the [[American Civil War]], many additions were made including [[stud poker]] (specifically five-card stud) and the [[Straight (poker)|straight]]. Further American developments followed, such as the [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] (around 1875), [[Lowball (poker)|lowball]] and [[High-low split|split-pot poker]] (around 1900), and [[community card poker]] games (around 1925).

Modern [[Poker tournament|tournament]] play became popular in [[United States|American]] casinos after the [[World Series of Poker]] (WSOP) began in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/history.html |title=World Series of Poker: A Retrospective |publisher=Gaming.unlv.edu |date=2007-10-22 |accessdate=2009-03-20}}</ref> Notable champions from these early WSOP tournaments include [[Johnny Moss]], [[Amarillo Slim]], [[Bobby Baldwin]], [[Doyle Brunson]], and [[Puggy Pearson]]. Later in the 1970s, the first serious [[poker strategy]] books appeared, notably ''[[Super/System]]'' by [[Doyle Brunson]] and ''Caro's Book of Poker Tells'' by [[Mike Caro]] , followed later by ''The Theory of Poker'' by [[David Sklansky]]. By the 1980s, poker was being depicted in popular culture as a commonplace recreational activity. For example, it was featured in at least 10 episodes of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' as a weekly event of the senior staff of the fictional ship's crew.<ref>[http://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/05/poker-pop-culture-star-trek-the-next-generation-6576.htm Poker News article]</ref> In the 1990s, poker and casino gambling spread across the United States, most notably to [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerplayernewspaper.com/viewarticle.php?id=289 |title=United States of Poker: New Jersey |publisher=Pokerplayernewspaper.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-20}}</ref>

Poker's popularity experienced [[poker boom|an unprecedented spike]] at the beginning of the 21st century, largely because of the introduction of [[online poker]] and [[hole-card camera]]s, which turned the game into a [[spectator sport]]. Not only could viewers now follow the action and drama of the game on television, but they could also play the game in the comfort of their own homes. Also in the [[2003 World Series of Poker]], [[Chris Moneymaker]], who was an accountant and not a professional poker player, won the main event. He won his seat into the $10,000 tournament via a $40 multi-table satellite (smaller buy-in tournaments where a player can play and win a seat in the bigger buy-in tournaments) and turned his $40 into $2.5 million. This helped popularize the game further, which became known as the "Moneymaker effect".

Following the surge in popularity, new poker tours soon emerged, notably the [[World Poker Tour]] and [[European Poker Tour]], both televised and the latter sponsored by [[online poker]] company [[PokerStars]]. Subsequent tours have since been created by PokerStars, such as [[Latin American Poker Tour]] and [[Asia Pacific Poker Tour]], as well as other national tours.

In 2009 the [[International Federation of Poker]] was founded in [[Lausanne, Switzerland]], becoming the official governing body for poker and promoting the game as a [[mind sport]]. In 2011 it announced plans for two new events: The Nations Cup, a [[duplicate poker]] team event, to be staged on the [[London Eye]] on the banks of the [[River Thames]] and “The Table”, the invitation-only IFP World Championship, featuring roughly 130 of the world’s best poker players, in an event to find the 2011 official "World Champion".

==Gameplay==
{{Imageframe|width=300|caption=Examples of top poker hand categories|align=right|content=
[[#Straight flush|Straight flush]] {{card|club|J|60px}}{{card|club|10|60px}}{{card|club|9|60px}}{{card|club|8|60px}}{{card|club|7|60px}}
----
[[#Four of a kind|Four of a kind]] {{card|club|6|60px}}{{card|diamond|6|60px}}{{card|heart|6|60px}}{{card|spade|6|60px}}{{card|club|A|60px}}
}}
{{Details|Betting in poker|betting rules}}
{{For|more details on rules for the most common poker variants|List of poker hands|List of poker variants}}
In casual play, the right to [[poker dealer|deal]] a hand typically rotates among the players and is marked by a token called a ''[[button (poker)|dealer button]]'' (or ''buck''). In a [[casino]], a house dealer handles the [[playing card|cards]] for each hand, but the button (typically a white plastic disk) is rotated clockwise among the players to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of betting. The cards are dealt clockwise around the [[poker table]], one at a time.

One or more players are usually required to make [[Betting (poker)#Forced bets|forced bets]], usually either an ''ante'' or a ''blind bet'' (sometimes both). The dealer [[shuffle]]s the cards, the player on the chair to his right [[cut (playing cards)|cuts]], and the dealer deals the appropriate number of cards to the players one at a time, beginning with the player to his left. Cards may be dealt either face-up or face-down, depending on the variant of poker being played. After the initial deal, the first of what may be several [[betting (poker)|betting]] rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands develop in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. At the end of each round, all bets are gathered into the central pot.

At any time during a betting round, if one player bets, no opponents choose to ''call'' (match) the bet, and all opponents instead ''fold'', the hand ends immediately, the bettor is awarded the pot, no cards are required to be shown, and the next hand begins. This is what makes [[bluff (poker)|bluffing]] possible. Bluffing is a primary feature of poker, one that distinguishes it from other vying games and from other games that make use of [[hand rankings|poker hand rankings]].

At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]], in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot. A poker hand comprises five cards; in variants where a player has more than five cards, the best five cards play.

==Variants==
{{Main|List of poker variants}}
[[File:2006 WSOP Main Event Table.jpg|thumb|upright|[[2006 World Series of Poker|2006 WSOP]] Main Event table]]
Poker has many [[List of poker variants|variations]],<ref>Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. ''Poker for Dummies''. John Wiley & Sons, 2010</ref> all following a similar pattern of play<ref>[[David Sklansky|Sklansky, David]]. ''The Theory of Poker''. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.</ref> and generally using the same hand ranking hierarchy. There are four main families of variants, largely grouped by the protocol of card-dealing and betting:

;Straight: A complete hand is dealt to each player, and players bet in one round, with raising and re-raising allowed. This is the oldest poker family; the root of the game as now played was a game known as [[Primero]], which evolved into the game [[three-card brag]], a very popular gentleman's game around the time of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and still enjoyed in the U.K. today. ''Straight'' hands of five cards are sometimes used as a final showdown, but poker is almost always played in a more complex form to allow for additional strategy.
;[[Stud poker]]: Cards are dealt in a prearranged combination of face-down and face-up rounds, or ''streets'', with a round of betting following each. This is the next-oldest family; as poker progressed from three to five-card hands, they were often dealt one card at a time, either face-down or face-up, with a betting round between each. The most popular stud variant today, [[seven-card stud]], deals two extra cards to each player (three face-down, four face-up) from which they must make the best possible 5-card hand.
;[[Draw poker]]: A complete hand is dealt to each player, face-down, and after betting, players are allowed to attempt to change their hand (with the object of improving it) by discarding unwanted cards and being dealt new ones. [[Five-card draw]] is the most famous variation in this family.
;[[Community card poker]]: Also known as "flop poker", community card poker is a variation of stud poker. Players are dealt an incomplete hand of face-down cards, and then a number of face-up community cards are dealt to the center of the table, each of which can be used by one or more of the players to make a 5-card hand. [[Texas hold 'em]] and [[Omaha hold 'em|Omaha]] are two well-known variants of the community card family.

Other games that use poker hand rankings may likewise be referred to as ''poker''. [[Video poker]] is a [[single-player video game]] that functions much like a [[slot machine]]; most video poker machines play draw poker, where the player bets, a hand is dealt, and the player can discard and replace cards. Payout is dependent on the hand resulting after the draw and the player's initial bet.

[[Strip poker]] is a traditional poker variation where players remove clothing when they lose bets. Since it depends only on the basic mechanic of betting in rounds, strip poker can be played with any form of poker; however, it is usually based on simple variants with few betting rounds, like five card draw.

Another game with the ''poker'' name, but with a vastly different mode of play, is called ''[[Acey Deucey (card game)|Acey-Deucey]]'' or ''[[Red dog poker|Red Dog]]'' poker. This game is more similar to [[Blackjack]] in its layout and betting; each player bets against the house, and then is dealt two cards. For the player to win, the third card dealt (after an opportunity to raise the bet) must have a value in-between the first two. Payout is based on the odds that this is possible, based on the difference in values of the first two cards. Other poker-like games played at casinos against the house include [[three card poker]] and [[pai gow poker]].

==Computer programs==
In a January 2015 article<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1259433 |pmid=25574016 |title=Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6218 |pages=145-149 |year=2015 |last1=Bowling |first1=M. |last2=Burch |first2=N. |last3=Johanson |first3=M. |last4=Tammelin |first4=O. }}
</ref> published in [[Science (journal)|Science]], a group of researchers mostly from the [[University of Alberta]] announced that they "essentially weakly solved" [[Heads-up poker|heads-up]] limit ''Texas hold 'em'' with their development of their [[Cepheus (poker bot)|Cepheus poker bot]]. The authors claimed that Cepheus, in 1000 games, would lose at most 1 big blind on average against its worst-case opponent, a strategy that is so "close to optimal" that "it can't be beaten with statistical significance within a lifetime of human poker playing".<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30718558 Computer program 'perfect at poker'] (2015-01-08), ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports and games}}
* [[Glossary of poker terms]]
* [[Online poker]]
* [[Outline of poker]]
* [[List of poker hands]]
* [[Underground poker]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|poker}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{commons category|Poker}}



* {{DMOZ|Games/Gambling/Poker|Poker}}

{{Poker}}
{{Gambling}}

[[Category:19th-century card games]]
[[Category:Anglo-American playing card games]]
[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Gambling games]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Games of mental skill]]
[[Category:Multiplayer games]]
[[Category:Poker| ]]

Daniel Negreanu

2015-07-15T09:11:41Z

JaeDyWolf: Proper infobox format

{{Infobox poker player
|name=Daniel Negreanu
|nickname=Kid Poker<ref>[http://www.unknownpoker.com/players/daniel-negreanu.htm How Daniel Negreanu Became "Kid Poker"] Retrieved on June 21, 2007.</ref>
|image=Daniel_Negreanu_2007.jpg
|caption=Negreanu at the 2007 World Series of Poker
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|7|26}}
|hometown=[[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|wsop bracelet count=6
|wsop final tables=31
|wsop money finishes=78
|wsop main event best finish rank= 11th
|wsop main event best finish year = 2001
|wsop main event best finish year 2 = 2015
|wpt titles=2
|wpt final tables=7
|wpt money finishes=19
|ept titles=0
|ept final tables=5
|ept money finishes=4
|updated=11-5-2014
}}

'''Daniel Negreanu''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɨ|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɑː|n|oʊ}}; born July 26, 1974) is a [[Canadian]] professional [[poker]] player who has won six [[World Series of Poker]] (WSOP) [[World Series of Poker bracelet|bracelets]] and two [[World Poker Tour]] (WPT) championship titles. The independent poker ranking service Global Poker Index (GPI) has recognised Negreanu as the best poker player of the past decade.<ref>[http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/2014/daniel-negreanu-named-poker-player-of-th-144703.html Daniel Negreanu named 'poker player of the decade']</ref>

Since his second place in the [[2014 World Series of Poker#The Big One for One Drop|Big One For One Drop 2014]] tournament, he is the biggest live tournament poker winner of all time, having accumulated over $29,750,000 in prize money.<ref name="mob">[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/ranking/1 All Time Money List: Hendon Mob Poker Database]</ref> He was named the [[WSOP Player of the Year]] in 2004 and again in 2013, making him the first player in WSOP history to win the accolade more than once. He was also the 2004-05 [[WPT Player of the Year]]. He is the first player to make a final table at each of the three WSOP bracelet-awarding locations ([[World Series of Poker|Las Vegas]], [[World Series of Poker Europe|Europe]], and [[World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific]]) and the first to win a bracelet at each.<ref name="espn">{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/poker/story/_/id/9876983/wsop-europe-2013-daniel-negreanu-wins-high-roller.htm |title=Negreanu Wins High Roller |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> In 2014, he was inducted into the [[Poker Hall of Fame]].<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/pokerhalloffame/ WSOP.com: Poker Hall of Fame]</ref>

==Personal life==
Negreanu was born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. In 1974, his parents, Annie and Constantin, emigrated from [[Romania]], hoping to start a new life in the [[United States]]. Instead, they ended up settling in [[Toronto]], where Constantin worked as an electrician and sold [[confectionery]]. Daniel was born five years after his brother, and even at an early age was extremely ambitious. "From the age of four, I thought I’d be rich. I told my mom I’d build a house out of Popsicle sticks, and move to California," Daniel recalls in a 2009 interview.<ref name="bluff2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.bluffmagazine.com/magazine/The-Search-for-the-Real-Daniel-Negreanu-Matthew-Parvis-1718.htm |title=The Search for the Real Daniel Negreanu |accessdate=2011-10-30 |publisher=Bluff Magazine |author=Matthew Parvis |date=June 2009}}</ref>

He attended Pineway public middle school in [[North York]], where the principal complained to his mother about Daniel's "poor manners or behavior" and threatened to expel him for "ignoring the school rules."<ref name="bluff2009"/> While nursing dreams of a career as a professional snooker player, the then 15-year-old learned how to play poker. By 16, he was spending time in pool halls, hustling, sports betting, and playing cards.<ref name="pokerbio">[http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_daniel-negreanu?show=bio PokerListings bio]</ref>

When he was several credits short of graduation, he dropped out of high school and began his life as a [[Card shark|rounder]] playing at the local charity [[casino]]s, usually at Casino Country and Fundtime Games, and looking for [[underground poker#Canada|illegal games]] around the city.<ref name="pokerbio"/> While in Toronto, he met and began dating [[Evelyn Ng]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/magazine/article/15439|title=Evelyn's Boo-Boo in the NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship|author=Negreanu, Daniel|authorlink=Daniel Negreanu|publisher=[[Card Player Magazine]]|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> who would also become a well-known professional poker player. After building up his bankroll, he left for [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] at the age of 22 to pursue his dream of becoming a professional poker player. However, [[Las Vegas Strip|"The Strip"]] got the better of him and he was forced to move back home to Toronto to rebuild his bankroll.

In August 2005, he married Lori Lin Weber; they separated in November 2007.<ref>[http://www.fullcontactpoker.com/poker-journal.php?subaction=showfull&id=1195949956 Full Contact Poker Journal: 24 Nov 2007]</ref>

Negreanu has a blog at Full Contact Poker where he posts his thoughts and feelings about life, politics, and the poker world. He is also a heavy [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) fan, once claiming on ''[[Poker After Dark]]'' at the dream table he was thinking of declining the offer because the tournament was in the middle of hockey season. He is often seen wearing NHL jerseys of the Toronto Maple Leafs and other teams. Daniel became a vegetarian in 2000 and has been [[veganism|vegan]] since 2006.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=512779738&ref=sgm#!/profile.php?id=512779738&v=info&ref=sgm: 15 May 2010]</ref> After many years living in the United States, he received his green card on July 15, 2009. On November 23, 2009, his mother died in her sleep after being ill for many months.<ref>[http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/poker-player-daniel-negreanu-mother-passes-away-6622/ Poker News Daily: 23 Nov 2009]</ref>

===Philanthropy===
Negreanu has a history of [[philanthropy]]. In addition to frequent appearances in charity events such as "Ante Up for Africa", which raises money for the crisis-torn region of [[Darfur]], Negreanu is the founder of the annual "Big Swing" charity golf event.<ref>[http://www.bigswing.org/ Daniel Negreanu's Big Swing - Benefiting The Lili Claire Foundation]</ref> The first annual Big Swing event was held on June 25 2009 at the Harrah’s Rio Secco Golf Club. Professional poker players paired with celebrities who donated $3,000 to the Lili Claire Foundation. The Lili Claire Foundation is a Las Vegas charity that serves children born with special needs and their families.<ref>[http://www.pokerlistings.com/negreanu-unveils-charity-golf-tournament-40089 Negreanu unveils charity golf tournament]</ref>

==Poker==
Negreanu is an accomplished tournament and cash game player. He has amassed six World Series of Poker (WSOP) and two World Poker Tour (WPT) championships, reached numerous WSOP and WPT final tables, and won various other tournament titles. Negreanu's most successful year was 2004, when he was named the [[Card Player]] Player of the Year<ref>[http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-players/1185-daniel-negreanu/bio Daniel Negreanu Bio - Poker Player - CardPlayer.com]</ref> and the WSOP Player of the Year.<ref name="wsop.com">[http://www.wsop.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=267 Player Info, Winnings & Bracelets | Official World Series of Poker]</ref> He was also named the 2004-05 WPT Player of the Year.<ref>[http://www.worldpokertour.com/Shared/Players/Bios/D/Daniel_Negreanu.aspx WPT | Daniel Negreanu]</ref> In 2006, Negreanu was named "Favorite Poker Player" at ''Card Player Magazine'''s Player of the Year Awards Gala. In 2013, he captured two WSOP bracelets as well as another WSOP Player of the Year award, becoming the only player who wins this award twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/news/2013/Oct/4602/DANIEL-NEGREANU-WINS-WSOPE-HIGH-ROLLER-AND-POY-IN-DRAMATIC-FASHION.html|title=DANIEL NEGREANU WINS WSOPE HIGH ROLLER AND POY IN DRAMATIC FASHION|last=Welman|first=Jessica|date=24 October 2013|publisher=WSOP official website|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> In November 2014, Negreanu was inducted into the 'Poker Hall Of Fame' in Las Vegas.

In the past, Negreanu has regularly played the "[[Big Game (poker)|Big Game]]" in Bobby's Room, in the [[Bellagio (hotel and casino)|Bellagio casino]], Las Vegas, where the limits are $400–$800 or greater and the games are mixed. He is a self-admitted action junkie who always seeks new challenges and sets high goals for himself, not only at the poker table but also on the golf course. Unlike many other players, he is very outspoken about his poker results and regularly posts updates in the forums at the Full Contact Poker website. Some of Negreanu’s success is attributed to his ability to [[Poker strategy#Hand reading and tells|read]] opponents. When asked about this, Negreanu explained that the most important skill he employs is observing what hands his opponents play and how capable they are of playing them.<ref>[http://www.azstarnet.com/accent/149415.php Clothes, jobs say a lot about how folks play]</ref>

===Tournament Poker===
Negreanu appeared on the tournament poker scene in 1997 with three tournament wins, including two events at the World Poker Finals at [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods]], earning $55,064 and being named the tournament's best all-around player.

As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings exceed $29,825,000.<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=181 Hendon Mob Database: Daniel Negreanu]</ref> His 78 cashes at the WSOP account for $14,641,383 of those winnings.<ref>[http://www.wsop.com/players/playerprofile.asp?playerID=267 World Series of Poker Earnings], worldseriesofpoker.com</ref> As of August 13, 2014, Negreanu was ranked #2 on the [[Global Poker Index]].<ref name="gpi">[http://www.globalpokerindex.com/poker-players/daniel-negreanu-181/ Daniel Negreanu GPI profile]</ref>

====World Series of Poker====
Negreanu's first in-the-money finish at the WSOP also happened to be his first [[WSOP bracelet]]. Negreanu won $169,460 in the $2,000 Pot Limit Hold'em event in the [[1998 World Series of Poker]], becoming the youngest WSOP bracelet winner in history — a record he held until 2004.<ref>[http://www.worldpokertour.com/Shared/Players/Bios/D/Daniel_Negreanu.aspx Daniel Negreanu - Official World Poker Tour Profile.] Retrieved on December 28, 2009.</ref> Negreanu has since captured another five bracelets. He has 31 career WSOP final table appearances, including two apiece at the WSOP Europe and at the WSOP Asia-Pacific, and 70 money finishes.<ref name="wsop.com"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ World Series of Poker bracelets
|-
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize
|-
|[[1998 World Series of Poker|1998]]
|[[United States dollar|$]]2,000 Pot Limit [[Texas hold 'em|Hold'em]]
|[[United States dollar|$]]169,460
|-
|[[2003 World Series of Poker|2003]]
|$2,000 [[HOSE|S.H.O.E.]]
|$100,440
|-
|[[2004 World Series of Poker|2004]]
|$2,000 Limit Hold'em
|$169,100
|-
|[[2008 World Series of Poker|2008]]
|$2,000 Limit Hold'em
|$204,874
|-

|[[2013 World Series of Poker Asia Pacific|2013A]]
|[[Australian dollar|A$]]10,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event
|[[Australian dollar|A$]]1,038,825
|-
|[[2013 World Series of Poker Europe|2013E]]
|[[Euro|€]]25,600 [[High roller|High Roller]] No Limit Hold'em
|[[Euro|€]]725,000
|}

An "A" following a year denotes bracelet(s) won at the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific 
An "E" following a year denotes bracelet(s) won at the World Series of Poker Europe

====World Poker Tour====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ World Poker Tour Titles
|-
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[World Poker Tour season 3 results|2004]]
|$10,000 Borgata Poker Open
|$1,117,400
|-
|[[World Poker Tour season 3 results|2004]]
|$15,000 Five Diamond World Poker Classic
|$1,795,218
|}

====Spring Championship of Online Poker (SCOOP)====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ SCOOP Titles
|-
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[Spring Championship of Online Poker|2013]]
|$5,200 PL Omaha [6-Max]
|$216,000
|}

====Other notable tournaments====
In 1997, he won two events at the World Poker Finals at [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods]], earning $55,064 as well as being named the tournament's best all-around player.

In November 2008, Negreanu won the fourth-annual British Columbia Poker Championships main event, topping a field of 690 players (a personal high for Daniel), and earning $371,910 CAD ($299,951 USD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/article/5598/daniel-negreanu-wins-the-b-c-poker-championships |title=Daniel Negreanu Wins the B.C. Poker Championships |accessdate=2008-11-25 |last=Lucchesi |first=Ryan |date=2008-11-24 |work=CardPlayer.com }}</ref>

====Cash games====
In addition to Negreanu's regular appearances in the big game at Bobby's Room, he played in seven seasons of the television show ''[[High Stakes Poker]]''. He also played in two seasons of ''[[PokerStars Big Game]]''.

===Online poker===
In December 2005, Negreanu became the professional spokesperson for an online poker site called Poker Mountain. He promoted this site heavily on his official website Full Contact Poker ([http://www.fullcontactpoker.com www.fullcontactpoker.com]), which also includes his blog and a variety of poker forums. He played at this cardroom under the screen name "KidPoker". In June 2005 he announced his decision to terminate that relationship due to software issues that were problematic enough to cause a shutdown of the site.<ref>{{cite web|last=Negreanu|first=Daniel|title=Poker Mountain And Some Random Thoughts|url=http://www.fullcontactpoker.com/poker-journal.php?subaction=showfull&id=1119250203&archive=|work=Daniel-Poker Journal|publisher=Full Contact Poker|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> In 2006, he used Full Contact Poker to launch a competition to select a [[protégé]], whom Daniel would attempt to mold into a world-class live tournament poker player. He agreed to pay the protégé's entry fee into four $10,000 buy-in events. Daniel's first protégé was [[Brian Fidler]]. In 2007, Daniel ran a second protégé promotion, which was won by Anthony Mak. After [[United States v. Scheinberg|"Black Friday"]] (the 2011 US government crackdown on online poker), Negreanu moved back to Canada in order to continue playing online poker on Poker Stars.

In June 2007, Negreanu signed with [[PokerStars]], joining [[Chris Moneymaker]], [[Joe Hachem]], [[Greg Raymer]] and many other professional poker players as a member of Team PokerStars.<ref>[http://www.pokerstars.com/team-pokerstars/daniel-negreanu/ PokerStars.com: Team Pokerstars Daniel Negreanu]</ref> His Full Contact Poker site has since returned to being a forum and informational site.

===Other poker activities===
Upon opening, the [[Wynn Las Vegas]] resort recruited him as their "Poker Ambassador" to play for any stake in their poker room. The arrangement lasted until October 2005, when he opted out because it was restricting his ability to play for high stakes outside the Wynn.

Negreanu has played poker on various TV shows such as ''[[Late Night Poker]]'', ''[[Poker After Dark]]'', and ''[[High Stakes Poker]]'', as well as serving as a commentator and stand-in host on ''[[Ultimate Poker Challenge]]''. He also appeared in the third season of ''[[Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament]]''. In January 2007, Negreanu appeared in the [[Fox Reality]] original series ''[[Rob and Amber: Against the Odds]]'', in which he mentored [[reality television]] personality [[Rob Mariano]] in his bid to become a professional poker player.

In May 2008, Negreanu's book ''Power Hold'em Strategy'' was released. The book resembles the [[Doyle Brunson]] book ''[[Super/System]]'' in that it has contributions from several other poker players, including Evelyn Ng, [[Erick Lindgren]], [[Paul Wasicka]], [[Todd Brunson]] and [[David Williams (card player)|David Williams]]. Negreanu's section presents and explains the strategy of [[small ball poker]]. At the same time, he started a poker teaching site called Poker VT.<ref>http://www.pokervt.com</ref> Negreanu is also featured in the 2006 poker video game ''[[Stacked with Daniel Negreanu]]'', providing tips and hints as to how to play effectively. He has written over 100 articles for ''[[CardPlayer Magazine]]'' and contributed to [[Doyle Brunson]]'s revised book, ''[[Super/System|Super System II]]''. He has tutored on the web as part of Poker School Online and also personally given lessons to celebrities such as [[Tobey Maguire]].

===Awards===
ALL IN Magazine 2013 Poker Player of the Year <ref>[http://www.allinmag.com/poker/inside-poker/the-action/2014/02/01/14/26/feb14-feat-2013-poy 2013 Poker Player of the Year]</ref>

==Other ventures==
Negreanu made [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] appearances as a poker player playing against the mutant Gambit in the film ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' as well as a poker player in ''[[The Grand (film)|The Grand]]'', and as himself in the film ''[[Lucky You (film)|Lucky You]]''. On season two of ''[[Sports Science (TV series)|Sports Science]]'', he attempted to fool a [[lie detector]]. He also appeared in [[Katy Perry]]'s music video for "[[Waking Up in Vegas]]" as a poker player. On March 20, 2013 he appeared on an episode of the [[CBC Television]] program ''[[Mr. D]]'', playing himself. Besides that, he also appeared in a TV series dedicated to poker called ''[[Tilt (TV series)|Tilt]]''. Daniel has been a major advocate of the possible [[National Hockey League]] expansion team in Las Vegas, along with fellow poker player and Chinese billionaire Richard Yong. <ref>http://www.pokernews.com/news/2015/01/daniel-negreanu-supports-bringing-nhl-franchise-to-las-vegas-20404.htm.</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Hold'em Wisdom for all Players'' (2007) ISBN 1-58042-210-1
*''Power Hold'em Strategy'' (2008) ISBN 1-58042-204-7
*''More Hold'em Wisdom for all Players'' (2008) ISBN 1-58042-224-1

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fullcontactpoker.com/ Official site]

{{Team PokerStars}}
{{Poker Player of the Year Award Winners}}
{{World Series of Poker Player of the Year Award Winners}}
{{World Poker Tour Player of the Year Award Winners}}
{{World Series of Poker Asia Pacific winners}}
{{1990s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{2000s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{2010s WSOP Bracelet Winners}}
{{Poker Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Negreanu, Daniel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Kid Poker (nickname)
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Professional poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 26, 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Negreanu, Daniel}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Canadian Christians]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Romanian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian poker players]]
[[Category:Gambling writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:People from the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Poker After Dark tournament winners]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Toronto]]
[[Category:World Poker Tour winners]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker Circuit event winners]]
[[Category:Writers from Toronto]]
[[Category:WSOP Player of the Year Award winners]]

Vanessa Rousso

2015-07-13T08:08:38Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 173.17.40.249 (talk): No reference. (TW)

{{infobox poker player
|name=Vanessa Rousso
|nickname=Pokerness Lady Maverick
|image=Venessa Russo.jpg
|caption=Vanessa Rousso in the [[World Poker Tour]] Championship event (2007).
|hometown={{USCity|Hobe Sound|Florida}}/{{USCity|Las Vegas|Nevada}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|02|05}}
|birth_place = {{USCity|White Plains|New York}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|wsop bracelet count=''None''
|wsop money finishes=16
|wsop main event best finish rank=511
|wsop main event best finish year=2011
|multi-year wsop winner=
|wpt titles=''None''
|wpt final tables=2
|wpt money finishes=8
|ept titles=''None''
|ept final tables=''None''
|ept money finishes=1
|last updated=2014-12-1
}}
'''Vanessa Ashley Rousso'''<ref name=name>{{cite web|url=http://images.nictusa.com/cgi-bin/fecimg/?27990760054|title=F.E.C. Image|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]|date=2007-12-31|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> (born February 5, 1983) is a [[French American]] professional [[poker]] player.<ref name=SS2>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/spotlight/2005.php|title=Student Spotlights 2005|accessdate=2009-05-09|publisher=[[University of Miami School of Law]]}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> She is also known by her [[Pokerstars]] online screen name '''Lady Maverick'''.<ref name=TPp/> Born in {{USCity|White Plains|New York}}, Rousso has [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenships]] with the United States and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://videos.godaddy.com/vanessa_photo.aspx|title=Vanessa Rousso: Team Pokestars Pro & Go Daddy Girl|accessdate=2009-05-10|publisher=[[GoDaddy.com]]}}</ref> Rousso was a member of "Team PokerStars" from 2006 to 2015. She is a spokesperson for [[GoDaddy.com]]. She has earned money as a professional poker player since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/players/profiles/62436/vanessa-rousso.htm|title=Vanessa Rousso|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=PokerPages.com}}</ref> A photo of her appeared in the 2009 [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]].<ref name=FWVNPPISSE>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12655C7FB953E740&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Former Wellington Valedictorian, Now Poker Player, In SI Swimsuit Edition|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-02-11|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick}}</ref> Rousso was her 2001 high school class [[valedictorian]] and graduated from [[Duke University]] in December 2003.<ref name=HOTC/><ref name=SN/> She was previously married to [[Chad Brown (poker player)|Chad Brown]].

{{As of|2015}}, Rousso has finished [[Poker jargon#I|in the money]] in numerous live poker events and had earned over $3,500,000 in career earnings.<ref name="mob">{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=43135|title=HendonMob Tournament Results|accessdate=2010-04-22|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref> She has placed in the money a cumulative total of fourteen at the [[World Series of Poker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=4513|title=Vanessa Rousso|publisher=Wsop.com}}</ref> She has placed 511th of 6865 entrants in the 2011 Main event. However, in 2007, she had earned over $700,000 with a second place finish in the main event of the [[World Championship of Online Poker]]. She ranks among the top five women in poker history in terms of all-time money winnings.<ref name=WATML>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/ranking/137|title=Women's All Time Money List: Top 100|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref> In addition, she has become one of the game's foremost [[sex symbol]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/doug-elfman/world-series-poker-shows-vegas-its-best|title=World Series of Poker shows Vegas at its best|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-06-02|work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]|author=Elfman, Doug}}</ref>

On June 16, 2015, [[CBS]] announced that Vanessa Rousso would be one of the HouseGuests competing on ''[[Big Brother 17 (U.S.)|Big Brother 17]]''.<ref name="TV Guide Cast Announcement">{{cite web|last1=Bryant|first1=Adam|title=Meet the New Big Brother Houseguests!|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/big-brother-season-17-meet-the-houseguests/|website=TV Guide|accessdate=June 16, 2015|date=June 16, 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
Her parents are [[Armand Rousso|Marc Rousso]] and Cynthia Bradley of [[Hobe Sound, Florida]].<ref name=SN/> Rousso began talking and reading at early ages says her mother, Cynthia Ferrara.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> Born in New York, she moved with her family to France at age 3.<ref name=TLMMItM>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/cardplayer-magazines/65768-vanessa-rousso-22-25/articles/18913-the-lady-maverick-moves-into-the-mainstream|title=‘The Lady Maverick’ Moves Into the Mainstream|accessdate=2010-01-23|date=2009-12-25|work=[[Card Player]]|author=Arnett, Kristy}}</ref> She lived in [[Paris]], in her father's homeland until she was 10, when she moved briefly to [[Upstate New York]].<ref name=TLMMItM/> After her parents divorced in 1992, her mother moved Vanessa to [[Florida]] to be near her maternal grandparents. Rousso attended Wellington Landings Middle School.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> The oldest of three athletic girls,<ref name=TLMMItM/> Rousso was active on the high school [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[lacrosse]] and [[debate]] teams. She also played [[softball]] and [[basketball]] for fun.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> In debate, Rousso excelled in national debate tournaments in policy debate.<ref name=TLMMItM/> Her mother is a guidance counselor at [[Jupiter Community High School]].<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> In 2001, Rousso graduated as valedictorian of her high school in {{USCity|Wellington|Florida}}. She maintained a 4.0 GPA at [[Wellington High School (Florida)|Wellington High School]] while participating in the [[National Honor Society]], and French Honor Society. She founded the Environmental Club and served as its president. She was also active as a [[violin]]ist, varsity swimmer, and volunteer for [[Mothers Against Drunk Drivers]].<ref name=HOTC>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0ECF1AF91D1646E6&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Head Of The Class - Palm Beach County Valedictorians and Salutatorians|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2001-06-17|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]}}</ref> Rousso has two younger sisters: Tiffany, a psychology master's student at [[Florida Atlantic University]] and Leticia, a pre-med student at [[University of Florida]].<ref name=PF>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:PBPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=129BFDEFCB2B2568&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker Face|accessdate=2009-07-30|date=2009-07-23|work=[[Palm Beach Post]]|author=Stoda, Greg}}</ref>

In college, she was on the [[Dean's list]].<ref name=SN>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:PBPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0FA98C1C07A2D4E7&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=School Notes|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2003-04-16|work=[[Palm Beach Post]]}}</ref> After studying some [[game theory]], she became proficient with the [[Rubik's Cube]] and then [[chess]]. However, because she considers both to be fairly objective static games, she began to prefer poker, which incorporated human [[psychology]] that allows for inferior hands to win.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> She graduated early from [[Duke University]] after two and a half years with a major in [[economics]] and a minor in [[political science]] in December 2003.<ref name=TLMMItM/><ref name=SlspittfR>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:MBDB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=111389103B931D28&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Shuffling law school, poker is tough turn for Rousso|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2006-04-25|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|author=Ordine, Bill}}</ref> Her collegiate duration of two and a half years was the shortest time to graduate in the history of Duke.<ref name=TLMMItM/>
Rousso began law school in 2004 and was the inaugural recipient of the Chaplin Scholarship from the [[University of Miami]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/alumni/pdf/deansnotes/052004.pdf|format=PDF|title=Admitted Students Attend Scholarship Weekend| accessdate=2009-05-09|date=May 2004|work=University of Miami School of Law Dean's Notes|publisher=[[University of Miami School of Law]]|volume=V|issue=1|page=6}}</ref> During Law School at the [[University of Miami School of Law]], she served on the editorial board of the ''University of Miami Law Review''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/studentorg/miami_law_review/past_boards/editorial_staff_05_06.php?op=6|title=2005-2006 Executive Board|accessdate=2009-05-09|year=2007|publisher=[[University of Miami School of Law]]}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://currentstudents.law.miami.edu/law-review/editorial_staff_05_06.html|title=2003-2004 Executive Board|accessdate=2009-05-09|year=2007|publisher=University of Miami Law Review}}</ref>

A poker player since the age of five, Rousso began serious [[poker tournament]] play during her summer break from law school.<ref name=SS2/> Rousso was in the top 5% of her law school class,<ref name=VRRPPaSaUoMSoL/> but she did not finish law school.<ref name=PF/> Now, excluding online winnings, she ranks among the top five women in poker history in terms of all-time money winnings.<ref name=WATML/> She currently resides part-time in {{USCity|Las Vegas|Nevada}} and part-time in {{USCity|Hobe Sound|Florida}}.<ref name=PF/> Her nickname was given to her by a relative when she sold shares of herself to enter a $25,000 buyin event in a manner that was reminiscent of a storyline in [[Mel Gibson]]'s movie called [[Maverick (film)|Maverick]].<ref name=TLMMItM/>

==Poker career==
She built her first stake at Hard Rock sit and go 10-player tables, where first prize was $250. From there, she was able to save for a $1,500 entry fee in [[Atlantic City]] in late 2005, which she parlayed into $17,500. This enabled her to afford entry into the World Poker Tour event at the Bellagio Vegas.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/> She has been televised numerous times on both [[ESPN]] and The [[Travel Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:BSHB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11B7077DF26E9D30&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker Tour Is A Sure Bet - Tourney bringing big names, TV to Coast|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-04-12|work=[[Sun Herald]]|author=Perez, Mary}}</ref> She has made several appearances on the ''[[Poker After Dark]]'' television program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:NJJB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=120018383951C848&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Shak fires the third bullet|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-04-12|work=[[The Jersey Journal]]}}</ref> She has also been televised as part of the World Poker Tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E5DC153FF93BA15753C1A9609C8B63|title=What's On Tonight|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2006-10-28|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Shattuck, Kathryn}}</ref> She is known for wearing a [[cap]], [[headphones]] and designer [[sunglasses]].<ref name=PF/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:USTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12931A229AAEB428&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Time to face facts: Tells will derail your game|accessdate=2009-07-30|date=2009-07-02|work=[[USA Today]]|author=Mihoces, Gary}}</ref>

Her first win in a professional event came on June 13, 2005 in {{USCity|Las Vegas|Nevada}} during the No-Limit Hold'em Summer Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result15915.htm|title=No-Limit Hold'em Summer Series: Event #17 - No-Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com}}</ref> At the [[2005 World Series of Poker]], she placed 45th in a field of 601 in the Event 26, $1,000 Ladies No-Limit [[Texas hold 'em]] event won by [[Jennifer Tilly]] two weeks later (on June 26, 2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result10865.htm|title=Event #26 - WSOP Ladies - No-Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com|author=Dalla, Nolan}}</ref>

On February 12, 2006, Rousso placed fifth at the final table of the 195-entrant $1,500 No Limit Hold'em WSOP Circuit event at Harrah's Atlantic City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=16940|title=$ 1,500 No Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-07|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref> This appearance at the final table established a record at {{age in years and days|1983|2|5|2006|2|12}} as the youngest female player at the time to reach a World Series of Poker circuit final table.<ref name=VRRPPaSaUoMSoL>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawcrossing.com/article/2936/Vanessa-Rousso:-Renowned-Poker-Player-and-Student-at-University-of-Miami-School-of-Law/|title=Vanessa Rousso: Renowned Poker Player and Student at University of Miami School of Law|accessdate=2009-05-11|publisher=LawCrossing|author=Unzicker, Rebecca}}</ref>

Rousso joined the professional poker tour in April 2006 and by October was among the top 80 in earnings that year.<ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=114FD5CCB6863C98&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=No Limit - Setting Aside A Career In Law For A Shot At Poker-Playing Riches, Luck Has Been Kind To A Wellington Valedictorian|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2006-10-25|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick C.}}</ref> In her first year of playing, Rousso had multiple in the money tournament finishes, including a seventh place finish in a field of 605 at the $25,000 April 26, 2006 [[World Poker Tour]] (Season four) No-Limit Hold'em championship event in which she earned $263,625 in prize money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result14196.htm|title=Five-Star World Poker Classic - WPT Championship Season 4: WPT No Limit Hold'em Championship Final Day |accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=PokerPages.com}}</ref> By that time she was spending Tuesday through Thursday taking her law school classes, spending the rest of the week playing in poker tournaments and fielding endorsement offers from online poker clubs.<ref name=SlspittfR/> On September 13, 2006 she won $285,450 with a first place finish at the 173-entrant $5,000 no limit hold 'em event at the 4th [[Borgata|Borgata Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result15653.htm|title=4th Borgata Poker Open / WPT Event Season 5 / PPT Event: Event #9 - No Limit Hold'em |accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=PokerPages.com}}</ref> At [[2006 World Series of Poker]] she had three in the money finishes. She finished 80th in a field of 1068 in Event 4, $1,500 Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result13599.htm|title=Event #4 - WSOP Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com|author=Dalla, Nolan}}</ref> 63rd in a field of 824 in Event 5, $2500 Short Handed No-Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result13600.htm|title=Event #5 - WSOP Short Handed|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com|author=Dalla, Nolan}}</ref> and she placed 8th of 507 in the Event 30, $5000 Short Handed No-Limit Hold'em event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result13625.htm|title=Event #30 - WSOP No Limit Hold'em Short Handed|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com|author=Dalla, Nolan}}</ref>

By 2007, Rousso was a notable poker star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:DHSB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=119C17BE392DF468&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Hello,Mr.Chips - As '04 World Series of Poker champ readies for the '07 tourney, he calls the Triangle his home |accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2007-06-12|work=[[Herald-Sun]]|author=Strickland, Bryan}}</ref> In October 2007, Rousso was part of a contingent of poker industry representatives and leaders of the 800,000-member [[Poker Players Alliance]] who flew to [[Washington, DC]] to attempt to convince the [[United States Congress]] to overturn the 2006 [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act]].<ref name=LtHfllaasf>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11C81C781982EA10&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Lobbying the Hill for life, liberty and a straight flush - Poker players chafe at online restrictions |accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2007-10-25|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|author=Russon, Gabrielle}}</ref><ref name=PppfndoI>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:OLPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11C81DAAA2807948&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker players push for new deal on Internet|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2007-10-25|work=[[The Olympian]]|author=Dart, Bob}}</ref> The law compels financial institutions to monitor and stop their customers' cash transfers to unlawful online gaming sites.<ref name=LtHfllaasf/> The group met with both the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary]] and the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:PHIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11C8186D867F5868&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker stars join to take aim at the House rules|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2007-10-25|work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|author=Goldstein, Steve}}</ref> She spoke in favor of a proposal by [[Barney Frank]] to license and regulate online gambling.<ref name=LtHfllaasf/> The alliance also spoke in favor of the Skill Game Protection Act proposed by [[Robert Wexler]] to exempt poker, mah-jongg, chess, bridge and other games where contestants compete against each other rather than the "house" from the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act.<ref name=PppfndoI/> In May 2009, Frank, who had become the chairman of the House Committee on Financial Services in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/26/AR2007012600760.html|title=Stricter Standards Sought for Lenders, Brokers|accessdate=2009-05-07|date=2008-01-28|work=[[Washington Post]]|author=Harney, Kenneth r.}}</ref> continued his efforts to "establish a framework to allow licensed gambling operators to process bets from players in the United States,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:WSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1280717C84855D28&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Push planned to repeal online gambling ban |accessdate=2009-05-07|date=2009-05-06|work=[[The Washington Times]]|author=Rowland, Kara}}</ref> with the support of the Poker Players Alliance and [[Harrah's Entertainment]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:BGBK&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12805049A2449540&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Frank to offer legislation allowing online gambling |accessdate=2009-05-07|date=2009-05-06|work=[[Boston Globe]]|author=Jonathan D. Salant and Lorraine Woellert}}</ref>

In 2007, she earned $700,782.50, her largest career payday at that time, during the [[World Championship of Online Poker]] NL Hold'em Main Event with a second place finish in the 2998-entrant field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerstars.com/wcoop/2007/nl-holdem5/|title=WCOOP-23: NL Hold'em Main Event|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=[[PokerStars.com]]}}</ref> She had originally placed third in the event, but the winner was found to have violated the Pokerstars terms of service, which caused a disqualification ruling and caused all contestants to be elevated one place in the rankings. The tournament is run online by Rousso's sponsor, PokerStars, and she had originally earned the third place prize of $463,940.50.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2007/10/WCOOP-main-event-winner-disqualified.htm|title=WCOOP Main Event Winner Disqualified After Lengthy Investigation|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2007-10-16|work=PokerNews.com|author=Hintze, Haley}}</ref> At [[2008 World Series of Poker]] she again had three in the money finishes. She placed 57 of 605 in Event 38, $2000 Pot Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result20278.htm|title=Event #38 - WSOP Pot Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com}}</ref> placed 44 of 2693 in Event 52, $1500 No Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result20292.htm|title=Event #52 - WSOP No Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com}}</ref> and 625 of 6844 in the Main event 54, $10,000 No Limit Hold'em.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerpages.com/tournament/result20309.htm|title=Event #54 - WSOP No Limit Hold'em Championship Final Day|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=|publisher=Pokerpages.com}}</ref>

In January 2009 Rousso just missed the televised six-handed WPT final table while playing at the World Poker Tour Season VII Southern Poker Championship, She finished in seventh place and earned $79,117. In the head-to-head single-elimination 2009 [[National Heads-Up Poker Championship]] tournament, Rousso made it to the finals of the 64-person field before losing to [[Huck Seed]]. Along the way to her runner-up finish, she defeated [[Doyle Brunson]], [[Phil Ivey]], [[Paul Wasicka]], [[Daniel Negreanu]] and [[Bertrand Grospellier]]. Previously, [[Shannon Elizabeth]]'s 2007 semi-final appearance had been the best female finish in the annual event.<ref name=WPPISSSIHT>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=126D98BE34D21840&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Wellington Poker Player In SI Swimsuit Second In Heads-Up Tourney|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-03-09|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick}}</ref> The March 6–8 tournament was broadcast on [[NBC]] over six consecutive Sundays from April 12 – May 17, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=126D98BE50C33AB0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Star Gazing|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-03-10|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Jicha, Tom and Nick Sortal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=127881925B3B0608&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Heads-up Poker Tournament Starts Airing At Noon Sunday|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-04-11|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick}}</ref> {{asof|July 2011}}, her tournament winnings exceed $3,100,000.<ref name=VRTHMdc>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=s&n=43135|title=Vanessa Rousso (stats)|accessdate=2009-05-07|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref> In May 2009, Rousso won the 79-entrant [[€]]25,000 EPT High Roller Championship, which had a first prize of 720,000 [[Euro]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerstarsblog.com/ept/2009/ept-25k-high-roller-1-039754.html|title=EPT €25K High Roller: Vanessa Rousso wins €720,000 in Monte Carlo |accessdate=2009-05-04|date=2009-05-03|publisher=[[PokerStars.com]]|author=Young, Simon}}</ref> However, at the final table, the three final contestants elected to chop chips at €420,000 and leave €150,000 for the winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=35334|title=€ 25,000 European High Roller Championship - No Limit Hold'em|accessdate=2009-05-07|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref> The €570,000 win, which converts to $749,467, represents the highest payday of her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bluffmagazine.com/vanessa-rousso-wins-ept-e25000-high-roller-event-3315/|title=Vanessa Rousso Wins EPT €25,000 High Roller Event |accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-05-04|work=[[Bluff Magazine|Bluff]]|author=Kirk, Jason}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/article/6693/ept-vanessa-rousso-is-european-high-roller-champion|title=EPT – Vanessa Rousso is European High Roller Champion|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-05-03|work=[[Card Player (magazine)|Card Player]]|author=McAdam, Rebecca}}</ref> The win propelled Rousso to sixteenth place on the 2009 earnings list as of May 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/ranking/357|title=2009 Money List: Top 1000|accessdate=2009-05-06|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref>

In 2009, Rousso spoke in favor of changes to Florida gambling laws that would remove caps on buy-ins and wagers on poker in the state. She felt the gambling limitations precluded more strategic skilled deeper stack competition and said that Florida gamblers "don't have enough chips in front of them to play out the bets and raises that are required in the skillful aspect of the game".<ref name=GIabd>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/state/epaper/2009/03/29/0329poker.html|title=It's a big deal: No-limit poker on state's horizon|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-29|work=[[Miami Herald]]|author=Vasquez, Michael}}</ref> In 2007, a $100 cap replaced a $2/bet limit. This cap still prohibits large tournaments with multi-thousand dollar buy-ins from occurring in Florida.<ref name=GIabd/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:MIHB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1273345D37335CE8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Could high-stakes poker be in Florida's future?|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-27|work=[[Miami Herald]]|author=Vasquez, Michael}}</ref>

Rousso had her own April 2009 poker instructional camp in [[South Florida]]. The camp related poker playing and strategies to the strategies of military conflict in [[Sun Tzu]]'s book, ''[[The Art of War]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=127331E8F9B3CA20&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker Player Drawing Aces - Wellington High's 2001 Valedictorian Having Great Year|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-27|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick}}</ref> She called her camp "Big Slick boot camp" and charged a $399 participation fee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.trb.com/entertainment/news/gambling/blog/2009/03/vanessa_rousso_compares_the_ar.html|title=Vanessa Rousso Compares "The Art of War" With "The Art of Poker"|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-23|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Sortal, Nick}}</ref> The camp's website makes the analogy of the Art of War and the Art of Poker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigslickbootcamp.com/Big_Slick_Boot_Camp/Home.html|title=Big Slick Boot Camp, Inc.|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref>

At the [[2009 World Series of Poker]] she had four in the money finishes: She placed 27 of 201 in Event 2, $40,000 No Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/tourney/tournament-results.asp?tid=7227&grid=607|title=40th Annual No-Limit Holdem (Event 2)|accessdate=2009-07-01|date=2009-05-31|publisher=Harrah's License Company, LLC.}}</ref> placed 17 of 147 in Event 8, $2500 No Limit 2-7 Draw Lowball,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/tourney/tournament-results.asp?tid=7233&grid=607|title=Deuce to Seven Draw Lowball (No-Limit) (Event 8)|accessdate=2009-07-01|date=2009-06-04|publisher=Harrah's License Company, LLC}}</ref> placed 19 of 770 in Event 31, $1,500 H.O.R.S.E.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/tourney/tournament-results.asp?tid=7256&grid=607|title=H.O.R.S.E. (Event 31)|accessdate=2009-07-01|date=2009-06-16|publisher=Harrah's License Company, LLC}}</ref> and 15 of 275 in the Event 45, $10,000 World Championship Pot-Limit Hold'em.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/tourney/tournament-results.asp?tid=7270&grid=607|title=World Championship Pot-Limit Hold'em (Event 45)|accessdate=2009-07-01|date=2009-06-25|publisher=Harrah's License Company, LLC}}</ref> In the main event, she busted out on day 6 (officially known as day 2B).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:APAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=129A6A965D831590&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Day 6 of the World Series of Poker main event|accessdate=2009-07-30|date=2009-07-09|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Rousso will be hosting ''Stars of Poker'' in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poker777.com/20090709/stars-of-poker-the-first-step-in-nimes-on-july-the-17th.php|title=Stars of Poker: The first step in Nîmes on July the 17th|accessdate=2009-07-30|date=2009-07-09|publisher= Poker 777}}</ref> On January 9, 2010, she finished first among 91 entrants to earn $24,725 at the $1,000 No Limit Hold'em – Ladies Event at the PokerStars Caribbean Adventure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/vanessa-rousso-bests-tough-field-in-2010-pca-1000-ladies-event-7525/|title=Vanessa Rousso Bests Tough Field in 2010 PCA $1,000 Ladies Event|accessdate=2010-01-23|date=2010-01-13|work=[[Poker News Daily]]|author=Katz, Dan}}</ref>

At the [[2010 World Series of Poker]] she has had two in the money finishes: She placed 421 of 4345 in Event 3, $1,000 No Limit Hold'em,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?grid=764&tid=10824|title=41st Annual World Series of Poker (Event #3: No-Limit Hold'em)|accessdate=2010-06-21|date=2009-06-02|publisher=Harrah's Interactive Entertainment, Inc.}}</ref> and was eliminated in the quarter-final round of 256 entries, earning $92,580 in the $10,000 Heads-Up No-Limit Hold'em Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?grid=764&tid=10856|title=41st Annual World Series of Poker (Event #35: Heads Up No-Limit Hold'em Championship (256 player max))|accessdate=2010-06-21|date=2009-06-20|publisher=Harrah's Interactive Entertainment, Inc.}}</ref> On December 8, 2010, she finished 3rd in a field of 438 at the $10,000 [[World Poker Tour season 9 results|World Poker Tour]] No Limit Hold'em Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic and won by [[Antonio Esfandiari]], earning $358,964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=47350|title=$ 10,000 No Limit Hold'em - Championship Event|accessdate=2011-01-08|date=2010-12-08|publisher=TheHendonMob.com}}</ref>

===World Series of Poker===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ World Series of Poker results
|-
!Year
!Cashes
!Final Tables
!Bracelets
|-
|[[2005 World Series of Poker|2005]]
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2006 World Series of Poker|2006]]
|3
|
|
|-
|[[2008 World Series of Poker|2008]]
|3
|
|
|-
|[[2009 World Series of Poker|2009]]
|4
|
|
|-
|[[2010 World Series of Poker|2010]]
|2
|
|
|-
|[[2011 World Series of Poker|2011]]
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2013 World Series of Poker|2013]]
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2014 World Series of Poker Asia Pacific|2014 A]]
|1
|
|
|}

==Endorsements==
Rousso was formerly sponsored by the [[PokerStars]] [[online poker]] cardroom under the screenname LadyMaverick as part of their ''Team PokerStars''.<ref name=TPp>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pokerstars.com/team-pokerstars/vanessa-rousso/|title=Team PokerStars profile: Vanessa Rousso|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=[[Pokerstars.com]]}}</ref> Her sponsorship with PokerStars ended in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/18420-pokerstars-and-vanessa-rousso-part-ways|title=PokerStars And Vanessa Rousso Part Ways: American Poker Pro And Online Site End Business Relationship|accessdate=2015-02-17|date=2015-02-11|work=[[Card Player]]|author=Pempus, Brian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/vanessa-rousso-xuan-liu-end-sponsorship-deals-with-respective-sites-26746/|title=Vanessa Rousso, Xuan Liu End Sponsorship Deals With Respective Sites|accessdate=2015-02-17|date=2015-02-14|work=[[Poker News Daily]]|author=Burton, Earl}}</ref>

Pokerstars approached ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' about including a poker player in their Swimsuit edition. Rousso was sent to the [[Bahamas]] to be photographed by Sports Illustrated, but she appears in an advertisement in a [[bikini]] bottom and cutoff [[wetsuit]] top rather than in the editorial portion of the magazine.<ref name=FWVNPPISSE/> Rousso announced on her January 4, 2009 vblog that ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' asked her to be a part of its Swimsuit Edition and a photo shoot took place at time of the 2009 EPT PCA event in [[Nassau, Bahamas]].<ref name=VRPv>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokerstars.tv/movies/4S4/pca-09-vanessas-vblog-jan-4th-2009.html|title=Vanessa Rousso PokerStars vblog (video)|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=[[PokerStars.tv]]}}</ref> Rousso confirmed on January 15, 2009 that she would appear in the February 10, 2009 issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpokertour.com/media_library/Videos/Live_Updates/Season_VII/Southern_Poker_Championship_-_Biloxi/Day_2_Vanessa_Rousso.aspx|title=Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Vanessa Rousso (video)|work=WorldPokerTour.com|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=WPT Enterprises, Inc|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090312061113/http://www.worldpokertour.com/media_library/Videos/Live_Updates/Season_VII/Southern_Poker_Championship_-_Biloxi/Day_2_Vanessa_Rousso.aspx |archivedate=2009-03-12}}</ref> Rousso's thoughts on the ''Sports Illustrated'' publicity was that "It was a great opportunity for poker in general and for me in particular."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SFLB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1267587E12373540&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Quotes|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-02-18|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|author=Dougher, Colleen}}</ref> Rousso had previously been featured in ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'', written on [[game theory]] in ''American Poker Player'', and flown to {{USCity|Las Vegas|Nevada}} to teach poker to the ''[[Forbes]]'' 100 Most Powerful Women.<ref name=FWVNPPISSE/><ref name=NLSAACILFASAPRLHBKTAWV/>

In March 2009, Rousso signed to promote internet domain names by [[Go Daddy|GoDaddy]], a sponsor of the 2009 National Heads-Up Championship.<ref name=WPPISSSIHT/> Rousso signed with GoDaddy on March 5, the day before the tournament began.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=126E30A56372D440&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Quick Hits|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-12|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|author=Harris, Elliott}}</ref> Rousso, along with IndyCar racer [[Danica Patrick]], will be an official GoDaddy Girl and act as a spokesperson for the site. GoDaddy's full lineup of spokespersons includes Rousso, Patrick, [[Candice Michelle]], [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]], [[Anna Rawson]] and [[Brad Keselowski]]. Rousso and Keselowski replaced [[Amanda Beard]] and [[Chad Ochocinco|Chad Johnson]] as spokespersons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2009/03/25/20090325biz-sr-godaddy0325.html|title=Pro golfer suits Go Daddy to a tee|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2009-03-25|work=[[The Arizona Republic]]|author=Larson, Jane}}</ref> Rousso is regarded as one of the sexiest poker players in the world, ranking 18th by [[Bleacher Report]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/390011-the-top-30-sexiest-female-poker-players-of-all-time/page/14|title=The Top 30 Sexiest Female Poker Players of All Time|accessdate=2013-10-11|date=2010-05-09|work=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> and in the top 20 by ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokernewsdaily.com/maxim-names-tiffany-michelle-vanessa-rousso-as-hottest-women-in-poker-8931/|title=Maxim Names Tiffany Michelle, Vanessa Rousso as Hottest Women in Poker|accessdate=2013-10-11|date=2010-03-10|work=[[Poker News Daily]]|author=Burton, Earl}}</ref>

Rousso has appeared on ''[[Million Dollar Challenge (poker)|Million Dollar Challenge]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ZCBA&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12B502DC19C3FA50&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Poker Playing Priest Wins $100,000 Seat at $1,000,000 Qualifying - Table - Father Andrew Trapp Becomes First Big Winner on PokerStars.net Million Dollar Challenge Airing on FOX – Go to PokerStars.Net to Win Seat on Hit Poker Game Show |accessdate=2009-12-02|date=2009-10-12|work=[[Market Wire]]}}</ref> She is a celebrity judge on ''[[Bank of Hollywood]]'' where she helped award some of her own money to contestants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:BUNB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12C1E39CB0DD2BA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Duluth Olympian goes ‘Hollywood’|accessdate=2009-12-02|date=2009-11-20|work=[[Budgeteer News]]|author=Weegman, Rick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SPTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12C1C56DC59703D8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420|title=Meet Stanford's Mr. Everything|accessdate=2009-12-02|date=2009-11-20|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|page=86}}</ref>

==Relationship with Chad Brown==
She met her future husband [[Chad Brown (poker player)|Chad Brown]] at the final table of the $25,000 April 26, 2006 World Poker Tour event.<ref name=TLMMItM/> She was engaged to Brown in 2008,<ref name=Suobops>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/poker/2008-05-29-healthy-players_N.htm|title=Shape up or bust out, pros say - Diet, fitness provide endurance boost|accessdate=2009-05-05|date=2008-05-30|work=[[USA Today]]|author=Zillgitt, Jeff}}</ref> and the couple eloped in early 2009, making them the first married couple to be featured on the same major online poker team. The couple separated in 2012. The reasons for the separation were not stated, however Vanessa and Chad made comments to their followers on Twitter, announcing the breakup. Vanessa wrote "Despite great mutual fondness and respect, Chad and I have separated."<ref name=Relationship>{{cite web|url=http://www.pocketfives.com/articles/vanessa-rousso-chad-brown-separate-587080/|title=Vanessa Rousso, Chad Brown Separate|publisher=Earl Burton|date=2012-01-10|accessdate=2014-11-13}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vanessarousso.com/ Official site]
*[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=43135 Rousso profile] at Hendon Mob

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{Big Brother (U.S. TV series) contestants}}
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{{good article}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Rousso, Vanessa
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American poker player
| DATE OF BIRTH =1983-02-05
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rousso, Vanessa}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:Big Brother (U.S.) contestants]]
[[Category:Duke University alumni]]
[[Category:Female poker players]]
[[Category:French people of American descent]]
[[Category:French poker players]]
[[Category:Poker After Dark tournament winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Miami, Florida]]
[[Category:People from Wellington, Florida]]
[[Category:People from White Plains, New York]]

User talk:2602:30A:C06E:EDC0:C408:EAFF:6380:C96A

2015-07-13T08:06:17Z

JaeDyWolf: Only warning: Personal attack directed at a specific editor on User talk:2005. (TW)

== July 2015 ==
[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] This is your '''only warning'''; if you make [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|personal attacks]] on other people again, as you did at [[:User talk:2005]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further notice'''. Comment on content, not on other contributors or people. [[User:JaeDyWolf|JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San]] ([[User talk:JaeDyWolf|talk]]) 08:06, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

User talk:2005

2015-07-13T08:05:57Z

JaeDyWolf: Reverted 1 edit by 2602:30A:C06E:EDC0:C408:EAFF:6380:C96A (talk) to last revision by Favonian. (TW)

{{discouraged}}

{{archive box|
*[[/Archive 1]]: Sept. 2004 - Sept. 2006}}

==No Drama Zone==
This page is a no drama zone. Please do not add soap opera or other personal drama content to this page as it will only be removed. Please only add content relating to the creation and improvement of articles, or the overall encyclopedia guidelines and policies. Thanks. [[User:2005|2005]] ([[User talk:2005#top|talk]]) 23:56, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

== Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar of Diligence.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | I, [[User:Sirex98|Sirex98]] hereby award The Barnstar of Diligence to 2005 for extensive work in articles, due to a large body of [[Special:Contributions/2005| '''contributions''']] and having a keen eye for detail on various edits made on Wikipedia

|}

== Thanks for your contributions... ==
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:GamblersBarnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |The Gambler's Barnstar
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | On October 25, 2009 [[User:Evercat|Evercat]] hereby presents you with the first ever ''Gambler's Barnstar'' for your unceasing work on keeping gambling-related articles free from spam.
|}

== Global account ==

Hi 2005! As a [[:m:Stewards|Steward]] I'm involved in the upcoming [[:m:Help:Unified login|unification]] of all accounts organized by the Wikimedia Foundation (see [[:m:Single User Login finalisation announcement]]). By looking at [[Special:CentralAuth/2005|your account]], I realized that you don't have a global account yet. In order to secure your name, I recommend you to create such account on your own by submitting your password on [[Special:MergeAccount]] and unifying your local accounts. If you have any problems with doing that or further questions, please don't hesitate to [[Wikipedia:Notifications|ping me]] with <nowiki>{{ping|DerHexer}}</nowiki>. Cheers, —[[User:DerHexer|DerHexer]] [[User talk:DerHexer|(Talk)]] 16:42, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Red Kitten 01.jpg|left|150px]]
Cheer up, dude! :)

[[User:MaranoFan| '''MaRAno''''']] [[User talk:MaranoFan| FAN]] 07:06, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 

== Please review ==

Hey man - I'm not trying to spam/do purely promotional links. Please See North American Gambling Treatment Centers

As there are only 3, and one has been banned from making direct links for too much black hat advertising, I'm doing my best to make it neutral. Suggestions would be appreciated, I feel the remainder of my sentences contributed to the community. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Johncab593|Johncab593]] ([[User talk:Johncab593|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Johncab593|contribs]]) 19:40, 27 May 2015 (UTC) 
:There are many treatment centers for people with gambling addiction, not just three. Please don't add content that says there are just three, especially content that quotes those three centers saying they are the only three. [[User:2005|2005]] ([[User talk:2005#top|talk]]) 23:34, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

== Sock ==
Just noticed User:LowballChamp which might be a Handpolk sock. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 13:50, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
:Thanks. [[User:2005|2005]] ([[User talk:2005#top|talk]]) 20:21, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
::He has since been blocked as a sock. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 21:00, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

== Protection ==

If you want your userpage protected, please ask. [[User:Anna Frodesiak|Anna Frodesiak]] ([[User talk:Anna Frodesiak|talk]]) 13:18, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:That would be nice, thanks. [[User:2005|2005]] ([[User talk:2005#top|talk]]) 20:14, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
::{{tps}} Done. [[User:Favonian|Favonian]] ([[User talk:Favonian|talk]]) 20:19, 10 July 2015 (UTC)