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History of animal rights

2023-12-20T19:51:14Z

Jod1Hannah: Added information to an incomplete citation. Unfortunately, I had to guess on which Ryder publication the original editors were referring to, but, considering that Ryder seems to have published only this one title in 2000, it's a fairly educated guess. No page numbers were included, however, as the original page numbers (5 and 6) were used three different times in the article and none of the information cited could be found on those pages. Updates to this citation are encouraged. - JHC

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{{About|the history of animal rights|the philosophy of animal rights|Animal rights}}
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The concept of [[animal rights|moral rights for animals]] is believed to date as far back as Ancient India, particularly early Jainist and Hindu history. What follows is mainly the '''history of animal rights''' (or more broadly, animal protection) in the [[Western world]]. There is a rich history of animal protection in the ancient texts, lives, and stories of Eastern, African, and Indigenous peoples.

Aristotle placed human beings at the top of nature's scale of being. Because animals lack reason, he said, they are by nature instruments for human use. But there were other philosophers in ancient Greece and Rome who were more sympathetic to animals, some maintaining that animals do exercise a degree of reason and are owed gentle treatment. Also from ancient times there can be found in all the world's major religious traditions, expressed in varying ways, injunctions against cruelty to animals.

Key scholars in the history of animal ethics include René Descartes, who in the 17th century maintained that animals are automata lacking any consciousness; Immanuel Kant, who argued that we have no duties directly to animals; and Jeremy Bentham, who insisted that animals’ capacity to suffer must be included in our moral reckoning. Charles Darwin argued not only that there is an evolutionary biological continuity between humans and (other) animals, but also that humans differ from animals mentally and emotionally in degree only.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the growth of the anti-vivisection movement, which advocated against the use and exploitation of live animals in scientific research. Women within the movement played a prominent role in its growth and influence within the broader scientific community.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Beginning in the 1970s, there was a surge of interest among philosophers and other scholars in the issue of the treatment of animals, something that continues to this day. This has been accompanied by, and has to some extent influenced, many forms of activism on behalf of animals. This activism is intended to raise public awareness and to change laws, in order to make a major, even revolutionary, practical difference in the lives of animals and in our relationships to them.

==In the East==
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|quote = '''Vegetarianism in ancient India''' Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. The only exception is that of the Chandalas. That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. ... In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle; in the markets there are no butchers’ shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. In buying and selling commodities they use cowries. Only the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat.
|author = — [[Faxian]], Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE)
|source = ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms'' (translated by [[James Legge]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Faxian |author-link=Faxian |title=A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2124/2124-h/2124-h.htm |year=1886 |translator-last=Legge |translator-first=James |translator-link=James Legge | chapter=On To Mathura Or Muttra. Condition And Customs Of Central India; Of The Monks, Viharas, And Monasteries.}}</ref><ref name=Bodhipaksa>{{cite book|author=Bodhipaksa|title=Vegetarianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro5QDwAAQBAJ&dq=Faxian%27s+view+on+Indian+vegetarianism&pg=PT114|year=2016|publisher=Windhorse|isbn=978-19093-14-740|pages=}}</ref>
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[[File:Emperor Tenmu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Emperor Tenmu]] began bans on killing and eating meat in [[675]] in [[Japan]].]]
[[File:Palitana Temple.jpg|thumb|The temple town of [[Palitana]], [[India]] is the world's first vegetarian-only city.]]
The belief in and promotion of animal rights has had a long history in [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]]. It has its roots in traditional [[Eastern religions|Eastern religious]] and [[Eastern philosophy|philosophical]] beliefs and concepts such as ''[[ahimsa]]'', the doctrine of non-violence. The earliest reference to the idea of non-violence to animals (''pashu-ahimsa''), apparently in a moral sense, is in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the [[Yajurveda]] (KapS 31.11), written about the 8th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book | last = Tähtinen | first = Unto | title = Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition | date = 1976 | location = London | pages = 2–3 (English translation: Schmidt p. 631) | isbn = 0-09-123340-2 }}</ref>

===Ancient era===
[[Parshwanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]], revived [[Jainism]] and [[ahimsa]] in the 9th century BCE, which led to a radical animal-rights movement in South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YAFPAQAAIAAJ&q=Parshwanatha+animal+rights|title= You are, therefore I am: A declaration of dependence|last1= Kumar|first1= Satish|date= September 2002|publisher= Bloomsbury USA|isbn= 9781903998182}}</ref> His successor, [[Mahavira]], is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that ''ahimsa'' is the supreme moral virtue.<ref>{{Citation |last=George |first=Vensus A. |title=Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaRePV92YwC |volume=XII |publisher=The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |isbn=978-1-56518-248-6}}</ref>{{Rp|319}}<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jain |first1=Hiralal |title=Jaina Tradition in Indian Thought |date=1 January 2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIHXAAAAMAAJ |isbn=9788185616841 |last2=Jain |first2=Dharmachandra |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |author-link2=}}</ref>{{Rp|13}} He taught that ''ahimsa'' covers all living beings,<ref>{{Citation |last=Titze |first=Kurt |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC |edition=2 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publishing House|isbn=978-81-208-1534-6}}</ref>{{Rp|4}} and injuring any being in any form creates bad [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering).<ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Bron |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-2278-0 |author-link=Bron Taylor}}</ref>{{Rp|892–894}} According to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Mahavira was the greatest authority on ''ahimsa''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pandey |first=Janardan |title=Gandhi and 21st Century |date=1998 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmJnWrjnfjMC |isbn=9788170226727}}</ref>{{Rp|50}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Nanda |first=R. T. |title=Contemporary Approaches to Value Education in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JwCAvDIgoMC |year=1997 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-46-2}}</ref>{{Rp|44}}<ref name="fhe">{{Cite web |title=Great Men's view on Jainism |url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |publisher=[[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard University]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516085244/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |quote=Jainism Literature Center |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous works of the classical Indian literature that speaks against animal cruelties exist in many Indian languages. For example, the ''[[Tirukkural]],'' likely a Hindu or Jain work written between 450 and 500 CE, dedicates verses 251–260 and 321–330 of its [[Aram (Kural book)|first volume]] to the virtue of ''ahimsa'', emphasizing on [[moral vegetarianism]] and [[non-killing]] (''kollamai'') as personal virtues.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|pages=156–157}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Krishna | first = Nanditha | title = Hinduism and Nature | publisher = Penguin Random House | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 2017 | location = New Delhi | pages = 264 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahimsa+and+Tirukkural&pg=PT131 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-93-8732-654-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/tamil.html | title = Vegetarianism in Tamil Literature | last = Meenakshi Sundaram | first = T. P. | date = 1957 | website = 15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957 | publisher = International Vegetarian Union (IVU) | access-date = 17 April 2022 | quote = Ahimsa is the ruling principle of Indian life from the very earliest times. ... This positive spiritual attitude is easily explained to the common man in a negative way as "ahimsa" and hence this way of denoting it. Tiruvalluvar speaks of this as "kollaamai" or "non-killing."}}</ref> According to [[George Uglow Pope]], verses 121 to 123 of the [[Naladiyar]], another ancient Tamil work, speak against cruelty to animals, including feeding on them and imprisoning them in cages.<ref>{{cite book | last = Pope | first = George Uglow | author-link = | title = The Naladiyar or Four Hundred Quatrains in Tamil | publisher = Asian Educational Services | date = 1997 | location = New Delhi | pages = 80–82 | isbn = 81-206-0023-1}}</ref>

Several kings in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] built hospitals for animals, and the emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE) issued orders against hunting and animal slaughter, in line with ''ahimsa'', the doctrine of non-violence.<ref name="Garner 2005, pp. 21–22">Garner (2005), pp. 21–22.</ref>

In [[Japan]] in [[675]], the [[Emperor Tenmu]] prohibited the killing and the eating of meat during the busy farming period between April and September but excluded the eating of wild birds and animals. This ban and several others that followed over the centuries were overturned in the nineteenth century during the [[Meiji restoration]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Watanabe| first = Zenjiro | title=Removal of the Ban on Meat: The Meat-Eating Culture of Japan at the Beginning of Westernization|url=https://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf| access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>

The 12th-century Indian social reformer [[Basava]] insisted on [[ahimsa]] or non-violence and vehemently condemned all forms of [[sacrifice]]s, [[Human sacrifice|human]] or [[Animal sacrifice|animal]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Uppar | first = Ravindra | title = 'Prevent sacrificing thousands of animals at Kakkeri fair-seer' | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Belagavi | pages = | language = | publisher = The Times Group | date = 8 October 2016 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/prevent-sacrificing-thousands-of-animals-at-kakkeri-fair-seer/articleshow/54755106.cms | access-date = 4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Lankesh | first = Gauri | title = Basavanna: India's first free thinker | newspaper = Bangalore Mirror | location = Bangalore | pages = | language = | publisher = IndiaTimes.com | date = 9 May 2016 | url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/basavanna-indias-first-free-thinker/articleshow/52194903.cms | access-date = 4 May 2022}}</ref>

===Modern era===
Between late 18th century and early 19th century, [[Swaminarayan]] brought a revival of central Hindu practices of [[dharma]], [[ahimsa]] and [[brahmacarya]].<ref name="Jones 2005 8889">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Lindsay|title=Encyclopedia of Religion|year=2005|publisher=Thomson Gale|location=Farmington Hills|isbn=978-0-02-865984-8|page=8889}}</ref><ref name="Williams2001">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |year=2001 |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{Rp|73}}<ref name=mhe94>{{cite book|last=Meller|first=Helen Elizabeth|title=Patrick Geddes: social evolutionist and city planner|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-10393-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell/page/159 159]|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell/page/159}}</ref> He was against, among other vices, the consumption of meat, animal sacrifices, and the appeasement of ghosts and [[Tantra|tantric]] rituals.<ref name="isbn0422609102">{{cite book | editor-first=Richard | editor-last=Burghart | volume=Hinduism in Great Britain | first = Rohit| last = Barrot| title = Caste and sect in Swaminaran Movement| publisher=Routledge | pages= 67–70| year=1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA67 |access-date=8 May 2009 | isbn=978-0-422-60910-4}}</ref><ref name="Williams2001"/>{{Rp|77, 162, 165}}<ref name="isbn8120817788">{{cite book | author= David Gordon White | title=Tantra in practice | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC |isbn=978-81-208-1778-4 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 269}}</ref> Swaminarayan was successful in reinstating ahimsa, performing non-violent [[yajna|yajñas]] (fire sacrifices) on a large scale.<ref name="Paramtattvadas 58–93">{{Cite book|title=Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s|last1=Paramtattvadas|first1=Sadhu|last2=Williams|first2=Raymond Brady|last3=Amrutvijaydas|first3=Sadhu|pages=58–93|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|date=April 2016}}</ref> Through the mid-19th century, [[Ramalinga Swamigal|'Vallalar' Ramalinga Swamigal]] promoted ahimsa and compassion, emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |title="The Hindu" article on Vallalār |access-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=N. V. Subbaraman |title= வள்ளுவம் வாழ்ந்த வள்ளலார் [Valluvam Vaalndha Vallalar] |url= |year= 2015 |publisher=Unique Media Integrators | location=Chennai |isbn = 978-93-83051-95-3 |page= |ref={{sfnRef|Subbaraman, 2015}}}}</ref>{{Rp|39–42}}<ref>{{cite book |author=M. P. Sivagnanam |title=திருக்குறளிலே கலைபற்றிக் கூறாததேன்? [Why does the Tirukkural not speak about art?] |year=1974 |publisher=Poonkodi Padhippagam | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Sivagnanam, 1974}}}}</ref>{{Rp|96}}

The [[Hindu reform movement]] of the [[Arya Samaj]], which was formed in 1875, condemned several evil practices of several different religions and communities, including [[animal sacrifice]] and [[meat eating]]. According to its founder [[Dayananda Saraswati]], all of these practices ran contrary to good sense and the wisdom of the [[Vedas]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_296.gif "Punjab"] Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909. vol. 20 p. 291. Accessed 2 October 2014.</ref>

In 2000, the High Court in [[Kerala]], [[India]] used the language of "rights" in relation to circus animals, ruling that they are "beings entitled to dignified existence" under Article 21 of the [[Indian Constitution]]. The ruling said that if human beings are entitled to these rights, animals should be too. The court went beyond the requirements of the Constitution that all living beings should be shown compassion, and said: "It is not only our fundamental duty to show compassion to our animal friends, but also to recognize and protect their rights." [[Paul Waldau|Waldau]] wrote that other courts in India and one court in [[Sri Lanka]] have used similar language.<ref name=Waldau2000p108>Waldau (2011), p. 108.</ref>

In 2012, the [[Indian government]] issued a ban on the use of live animals in education and much research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/india/31355109_1_cpcsea-control-and-supervision-cruelty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512223721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/india/31355109_1_cpcsea-control-and-supervision-cruelty|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Govt bans use of live animals for education, research }}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Jain]] pilgrimage destination of [[Palitana|Palitana City]] in [[India]] became the first city in the world to be legally [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]]. It has outlawed, or made illegal, the buying and selling of meat, fish and eggs, and also related jobs or work, such as fishing and penning "food animals".<ref>{{cite book | title=Jain Vegetarian Laws in the City of Palitana : Indefensible Legal Enforcement or Praiseworthy Progressive Moralism? | year=2015 | url=http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A825610&dswid=-2038|publisher=Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics | last=van Popering | first=Ruben}}</ref>

==In the West==
===Moral status and animals in the ancient world===
{{Main|Moral status of animals in the ancient world}}
[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Aristotle]] argued that animals lacked reason (''logos''), and placed humans at the top of the natural world.<ref name=Sorabji7/>]]
Aristotle stated that animals lacked reason (logos), and placed humans at the top of the natural world, yet the respect for animals in ancient Greece was very high. Some animals were considered divine, e.g. dolphins.
In the ''[[Book of Genesis]]'' 1:26 (5th or 6th century BCE), [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] is given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, over the centuries to imply "ownership".<ref>Francione (1995), p. 36.</ref>

The philosopher and mathematician [[Pythagoras]] (c. 580–c. 500 BCE) urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] from human to animal, and vice versa.<ref>Steiner (2005), p. 47; Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref> Against this, [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE) said that nonhuman animals had no interests of their own, ranking them far below humans in the [[Great Chain of Being]]. He was the first to create a taxonomy of animals; he perceived some similarities between humans and other species, but stated for the most part that animals lacked reason (''logos''), reasoning (''logismos''), thought (''dianoia'', ''nous''), and belief (''doxa'').<ref name=Sorabji7>Sorabji (1993), p. 12ff.; [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007642/animal-rights Wise (2007)].</ref>

[[Theophrastus]] (c. 371 – c. 287 BCE), one of Aristotle's pupils, argued that animals also had reasoning (''logismos'') and opposed eating meat on the grounds that it robbed them of life and was therefore unjust.<ref name=Taylor35>Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref><ref>Sorabji (1993) p. 45 ff.</ref> Theophrastus did not prevail; [[Richard Sorabji]] writes that current attitudes to animals can be traced to the heirs of the Western Christian tradition selecting the hierarchy that Aristotle sought to preserve.<ref name=" Sorabji7"/>

[[Plutarch]] (1st century CE), in his ''Life of Cato the Elder'', comments that while law and justice are applicable strictly to men only, beneficence and charity towards beasts is characteristic of a gentle heart. This is intended as a correction and advance over the merely utilitarian treatment of animals and slaves by Cato himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Major*.html|title=Plutarch • Life of Cato the Elder|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> The ''[[Moralia]]'', traditionally ascribed to Plutarch, advances arguments for [[Animal cognition|cognition in animals]] in the essays ''On the Cleverness of Animals'' and ''Beasts are Rational'', and advocates [[moral vegetarianism]] in ''On the Eating of Flesh''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karamanolis |first1=George |title=Plutarch |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plutarch/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>

[[Tom Beauchamp]] (2011) writes that the most extensive account in antiquity of how animals should be treated was written by the Neoplatonist philosopher [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (234–c. 305 CE), in his ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', and ''On Abstinence from Killing Animals''.<ref>Beauchamp (2011a), pp. 4–5.
*Porphyry. [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/porphyry01.htm ''On Abstinence from Animal Food''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410144518/http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/porphyry01.htm |date=2017-04-10 }}, translated by Thomas Taylor, Animal Rights Library.
*Also see Clark (2011), pp. 37–38.</ref>

===17th century: Animals as automata===

====Early animal protection laws in Europe====
According to [[Richard D. Ryder]], the first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in 1635. It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses' tails, referring to "the cruelty used to beasts."<ref>''The Statutes at Large''. Dublin, 1786, cited in Ryder (2000), p. 49.</ref> In 1641, the first legal code to protect domestic animals in North America was passed by the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].<ref name=Francione7/> The colony's constitution was based on ''[[Massachusetts Body of Liberties|The Body of Liberties]]'' by the Reverend [[Nathaniel Ward]] (1578–1652), an English lawyer, [[Puritan]] clergyman, and University of Cambridge graduate. Ward's list of "rites" included rite 92: "No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any brute Creature which are usually kept for man's use." Historian [[Roderick Nash]] (1989) writes that, at the height of René Descartes' influence in Europe—and his view that animals were simply automata—it is significant that the New Englanders created a law that implied animals were not unfeeling machines.<ref name=Nash19>Nash (1989), p. 19.</ref>

The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too. Kathleen Kete writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]]—the government under [[Oliver Cromwell]] (1599–1658), which lasted from 1653 to 1659, following the [[English Civil War]]. Cromwell disliked blood sports, which included [[cockfighting]], [[cock throwing]], [[dog fighting]], [[bull baiting]] and bull running, said to tenderize the meat. These could be seen in villages and fairgrounds, and became associated with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling. Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the biblical dominion of man over animals to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership. The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in people's lives, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the [[English Restoration|Restoration]], when [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was returned to the throne in 1660.<ref name=Kete2>Kete (2002), p. 19 ff.</ref>

====René Descartes====

The great influence of the 17th century was the French philosopher [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650), whose [[Meditations on First Philosophy|''Meditations'']] (1641) informed attitudes about animals well into the 20th century.<ref name=Midgley1999/> Writing during the [[scientific revolution]], Descartes proposed a [[Mechanistic#Universal mechanism|mechanistic theory]] of the universe, the aim of which was to show that the world could be mapped out without allusion to subjective experience.<ref name=Cottingham>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Ted|last=Honderich|author-link=Ted Honderich|isbn=0198661320|date=1995|pages=188–192}}</ref> His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal [[consciousness]]. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|separate substance]], linking human beings to the mind of God. The nonhuman, on the other hand, were for Descartes nothing but complex [[Automaton|automata]], with no souls, minds, or reason.<ref name="Midgley1999">Midgley, Mary (May 24, 1999-2000).</ref>

===Treatment of animals as man's duty towards himself===

====John Locke, Immanuel Kant====
Against Descartes, the British philosopher [[John Locke]] (1632–1704) commented, in ''Some Thoughts Concerning Education'' (1693), that animals did have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them was morally wrong, but that the right not to be harmed adhered either to the animal's owner, or to the human being who was being damaged by being cruel. Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote: "For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men."<ref>Locke (1693).</ref>

Locke's position echoed that of [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274). [[Paul Waldau]] writes that the argument can be found at [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] (9:9–10), when [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] asks: "Is it for oxen that God is concerned? Does he not speak entirely for our sake? It was written for our sake." Christian philosophers interpreted this to mean that humans had no direct duty to nonhuman animals, but had a duty only to protect them from the effects of engaging in cruelty.<ref>Waldau (2001), p. 9.</ref>

The German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804), following Aquinas, opposed the idea that humans have direct duties toward nonhumans. For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong only because it was bad for humankind. He argued in 1785 that "cruelty to animals is contrary to man's duty to ''himself'', because it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other ''human beings'' is weakened."<ref name=Kant1785>Kant (1785), part II, paras 16 and 17.</ref>

===18th century: Centrality of sentience===
[[File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] argued for the inclusion of animals in [[natural law]].]]

====Jean-Jacques Rousseau====
[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712–1778) argued in ''[[Discourse on Inequality]]'' (1754) for the inclusion of animals in [[natural law]] on the grounds of [[sentience]]: "By this method also we put an end to the time-honored disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law: for it is clear that, being destitute of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law; as they partake, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right; so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes. It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings: and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being wantonly ill-treated by the former."<ref>Rousseau (1754), quoted in Midgley (1984), p. 62.</ref>

In his treatise on education, ''[[Emile, or On Education]]'' (1762), he encouraged parents to raise their children on a vegetarian diet. He believed that the food of the culture a child was raised eating, played an important role in the character and disposition they would develop as adults. "For however one tries to explain the practice, it is certain that great meat-eaters are usually more cruel and ferocious than other men. This has been recognized at all times and in all places. The English are noted for their cruelty while the Gaures are the gentlest of men. All savages are cruel, and it is not their customs that tend in this direction; their cruelty is the result of their food."

====Jeremy Bentham====
[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jeremy Bentham]]: "The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes."<ref>Bentham (1781), Part III.</ref>]]
Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher [[Jeremy Bentham]] (1748–1832), although opposed to the concept of [[Natural and legal rights|natural rights]], argued that it was the ability to suffer that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. Bentham states that the capacity for suffering gives the right to equal consideration; equal consideration is that the interests of any being affected by an action are to be considered and have the equal interest of any other being. If rationality were the criterion, he argued, many humans, including infants and the disabled, would also have to be treated as though they were things.<ref name=Benthall>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00494.x Benthall (2007)], p. 1.</ref> He did not conclude that humans and nonhumans had equal moral significance, but argued that the latter's interests should be taken into account. He wrote in 1789, just as African slaves were being [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|freed by the French]]:

{{Blockquote|The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the [[Hair follicle|villosity]] of the skin, or the termination of the ''[[Sacrum|os sacrum]]'' are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they ''reason''?, nor Can they ''talk''? but, Can they ''suffer''?<ref name=Bentham>Bentham (1789), quoted in Garner (2005), pp. 12—13.</ref>|sign=|source=}}

===19th century: Emergence of ''jus animalium''===
{{Further|Badger baiting|Bull baiting|Cockfighting}}
[[File:Badger-baiting2.jpg|thumb|[[Badger baiting]], one of the rural sports campaigners sought to ban from 1800 onwards.]]
The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman write that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the needy, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to nonhumans. Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the damage to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling the animal's tongue out; the judge ruled that Cornish could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner.<ref name=Legge40>Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 40.</ref>

From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal protection legislation. The first was a bill against [[bull baiting]], introduced in April 1800 by a Scottish MP, Sir [[Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet|William Pulteney]] (1729–1805). It was opposed ''inter alia'' on the grounds that it was anti-working class, and was defeated by two votes. Another attempt was made in 1802, this time opposed by the Secretary at War, [[William Windham]] (1750–1810), who said the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished to "destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports."<ref name="Phelps 2007 pp. 96">Phelps (2007), pp. 96–98.
*''Speeches in Parliament, of the Right Honourable William Windham. Volume I''. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1812), pp. 303, 340–356.</ref>

In 1809, [[Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine|Lord Erskine]] (1750–1823) introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating. He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: "''The animals themselves are without protection''--the law regards them not ''substantively''--they have no rights!"<ref>''Cruelty to Animals: The Speech of Lord Erskine in the House of Peers'' [https://archive.org/details/b28748165 (London: Richard Phillips, 1809) p 2] Italics in original speech. Also see John Hostettler, ''Thomas Erskine and Trial By Jury'' (Hook, Hampshire: Waterside Press, 2010) pp 197-199. {{ISBN|978-1-904380-59-7}}</ref> Erskine in his parliamentary speech combined the vocabulary of animal rights and trusteeship with a theological appeal included in the Bill's preamble to opposing cruelty.<ref>''Cruelty to Animals: The Speech of Lord Erskine'', see the Preamble pp 6-7, other theological allusions pp 3, 8-9, 25 & 26</ref> The Bill was passed by the Lords, but was opposed in the Commons by Windham, who said it would be used against the "lower orders" when the real culprits would be their employers.<ref name="Phelps 2007 pp. 96"/>

====Martin's Act====
[[File:Trial of Bill Burns.jpg|thumb|The Trial of Bill Burns]]
{{Further|wikisource:Martin's Act 1822}}

In 1821, the Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel [[Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]] (1754–1834), MP for Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among laughter in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats.<ref name=Legge41>Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 41.</ref> Nicknamed "Humanity Dick" by George IV, Martin finally succeeded in 1822 with his "Ill Treatment of Horses and Cattle Bill"—or "Martin's Act", as it became known—which was the world's first major piece of animal protection legislation. It was given [[royal assent]] on June 22 that year as ''[[Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822|An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle]]'', and made it an offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months imprisonment, to "beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep or other cattle."<ref name="Legge40"/>

Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of "Humanity Dick", who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose sense of humour managed to capture the House's attention.<ref name="Legge40"/> It was Martin himself who brought the first prosecution under the Act, when he had Bill Burns, a [[costermonger]]—a street seller of fruit—arrested for beating a donkey, and paraded the animal's injuries before a reportedly astonished court. Burns was fined, and newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about how Martin had relied on the testimony of a donkey.<ref name=Phelps100>Phelps 2007, pp. 98–100.</ref>

Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. In 1822, the courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law.<ref name=Francione7>Francione 1996, p. 7.</ref> In France in 1850, [[:fr:Loi Grammont|Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont]] succeeded in having the ''Loi Grammont'' passed, outlawing cruelty against domestic animals, and leading to years of arguments about whether bulls could be classed as domestic in order to ban bullfighting.<ref>McCormick, John. ''Bullfighting: Art, Technique and Spanish Society''. Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 211.</ref> The state of Washington followed in 1859, New York in 1866, California in 1868, and Florida in 1889.<ref name=Legge50>Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 50.</ref> In England, a series of amendments extended the reach of the 1822 Act, which became the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835]], outlawing cockfighting, baiting, and dog fighting, followed by another [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1849|amendment in 1849]], and [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1876|again in 1876]].

====Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals====
{{Rquote|right|At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the 16th day of June 1824, at Old Slaughter's Coffee House, [[St Martin's Lane]]: [[Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet|T F Buxton]] Esqr, MP, in the Chair,

It was resolved:

That a committee be appointed to superintend the Publication of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen:

Sir [[James Mackintosh|Jas. Mackintosh]] MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, [[William Wilberforce|Wm. Wilberforce]] Esqr. MP, [[Basil Montagu]] Esqr., Revd. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr., [[Lewis Gompertz]] Esqr., [[William Mudford|Wm. Mudford]] Esqr., Dr. Henderson.

Resolved also:

That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc.- etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen:

T F Buxton Esqr. MP, [[Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]] Esqr., MP, [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|Sir James Graham]], L B Allen Esqr., C C Wilson Esqr., Jno. Brogden Esqr., Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr., E Lodge Esqr., J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr.

A. Broome,

Honorary Secretary<ref name=Phelps100/>}}
{{Further|Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals}}
Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Martin's Act was supported by various social reformers who were not parliamentarians and an informal network had gathered around the efforts of Reverend [[Arthur Broome]] (1779–1837) to create a voluntary organisation that would promote kindness toward animals. Broome canvassed opinions in letters that were published or summarised in various periodicals in 1821.<ref>"To Correspondents" ''The Kaleidoscope'', 6 March 1821 p 288. Also see ''The Monthly Magazine'' Vol. 51 April 1, 1821, p 3."The Brute Species". "Notice" in ''Morning Post'', 17 February 1821, p 3. Similarly see "Cruelty to Animals" ''The Sporting Magazine'', Vol. VIII New Series No. XLIII (April 1821), p 33.</ref> After the passage of Richard Martin's anti-cruelty to cattle bill in 1822, Broome attempted to form a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals that would bring together the patronage of persons who were of social rank and committed to social reforms. Broome organised and chaired a meeting of sympathisers in November 1822, where it was agreed that a society should be created and at which Broome was named its secretary, but the attempt was short-lived.<ref>See Kathryn Shevelow, ''For the Love of Animals: The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement'' (New York: Henry Holt, 2008), 268; Arthur W. Moss, ''Valiant Crusade: The History of the RSPCA'' (London: Cassell, 1961), 22.</ref> In 1824, Broome arranged a new meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in [[St Martin's Lane]], a London café frequented by artists and actors. The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir [[James Mackintosh]] (1765–1832), Sir [[Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet|Thomas Buxton]] (1786–1845), [[William Wilberforce]] (1759–1833), and Sir [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|James Graham]] (1792–1861), who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826.<ref name=RSPCAhistory>Anonymous (1972). [http://www.animallaw.info/historical/articles/arukrspcahist.htm "The History of the RSPCA"], reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Retrieved March 25, 2008.</ref>

They decided to form a "Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals"; the [[RSPCA|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]], as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect slaughterhouses, [[Smithfield Market]], where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, and to look into the treatment of horses by coachmen.<ref name="RSPCAhistory"/> The society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to [[vivisection]].<ref name=Legge47>Legge and Brooman 1997, p. 47.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206072237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878724-1,00.html "The Legacy of Humanity Dick"], ''Time'' magazine, January 26, 1970.</ref>

From 1824 onwards, several books were published, analyzing animal rights issues, rather than protection alone. [[Lewis Gompertz]] (1783/4–1865), one of the men who attended the first meeting of the SPCA, published ''[[Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes]]'' (1824), arguing that every living creature, human and nonhuman, has more right to the use of its own body than anyone else has to use it, and that our duty to promote happiness applies equally to all beings. [[Edward Nicholson (librarian)|Edward Nicholson]] (1849–1912), head of the [[Bodleian Library]] at the University of Oxford, argued in ''Rights of an Animal'' (1879) that animals have the same natural right to life and liberty that human beings do, disregarding Descartes' mechanistic view—or what he called the "Neo-Cartesian snake"—that they lack consciousness.<ref name=Taylor62>Taylor (2009), p. 62.
*Nicholson, Edward.''Rights of an Animal'' (1879), chapter 6.</ref> Other writers of the time who explored whether animals might have natural (or moral) rights were [[Edward Payson Evans]] (1831–1917), [[John Muir]] (1838–1914), and [[J. Howard Moore]] (1862–1916), an American zoologist and author of ''[[The Universal Kinship]]'' (1906) and ''[[The New Ethics]]'' (1907).<ref name=Nash137>Nash 1989, p. 137.</ref>

====Arthur Schopenhauer====
{{See also|Arthur Schopenhauer's view on animal rights}}
[[File:Arthur Schopenhauer Portrait by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl 1815.jpeg|thumb|140px|[[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] argued in 1839 that the view of cruelty as wrong only because it hardens humans was "revolting and abominable".<ref name=Schopenhauer96>Schopenhauer, Arthur. ''[[On the Basis of Morality]]''. This edition Hackett Publishing, 1998, p. 96.</ref>]]

The development in England of the concept of animal rights was strongly supported by the German philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860). He wrote that Europeans were "awakening more and more to a sense that beasts have rights, in proportion as the strange notion is being gradually overcome and outgrown, that the animal kingdom came into existence solely for the benefit and pleasure of man."<ref name="ReferenceA">Phelps 2007, p. 153–154.
*Schopenhauer wrote in ''The Basis of Morality'': "It is asserted that beasts have no rights ... that 'there are no duties to be fulfilled towards animals.' Such a view is one of revolting coarseness, a barbarism of the West, whose source is Judaism." A few passages later, he called the idea that animals exist for human benefit a "Jewish stence." See Phelps, ''op cit''.</ref>

He stopped short of advocating vegetarianism, arguing that, so long as an animal's death was quick, men would suffer more by not eating meat than animals would suffer by being eaten.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schopenhauer |first1=Arthur |title=The World as Will and Idea Vol.I |publisher=The Project Gutenberg, 2011 |pages=477}}</ref> Schopenhauer also theorized that the reason people succumbed to the "''unnatural diet''" of meat-eating was because of the unnatural, cold climate they emigrated to and the necessity of meat for survival in such a climate, for fruits and vegetables could not be dependably cultivated at those times.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schopenhauer |first1=Arthur |title=Parerga & Paralipomena Vol. II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=144, 338}}</ref> He applauded the animal protection movement in England—"To the honor, then, of the English, be it said that they are the first people who have, in downright earnest, extended the protecting arm of the law to animals."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He also argued against the dominant [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]ian idea that animal cruelty is wrong only insofar as it brutalizes humans:

{{Blockquote|Thus, because Christian morality leaves animals out of account ... they are at once outlawed in philosophical morals; they are mere "things," mere ''means'' to any ends whatsoever. They can therefore be used for vivisection, hunting, coursing, bullfights, and horse racing, and can be whipped to death as they struggle along with heavy carts of stone. Shame on such a morality that is worthy of pariahs, [[chandala]]s, and [[Mleccha|mlechchhas]], and that fails to recognize the eternal essence that exists in every living thing ...<ref name=Schopenhauer96/>}}

====Percy Bysshe Shelley====
The English poet and dramatist [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] (1792–1822) wrote two essays advocating a vegetarian diet, for ethical and health reasons: ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]'' (1813) and ''On the Vegetable System of Diet'' (1829, posth.).

====Isabella Beeton====
[[Isabella Beeton]] (1836–1865) the English reporter, editor and author of ''[[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'' was an early advocate against force-fed poultry and caged hens. About the former, she wrote that force-feeding, was a process that "may produce a handsome-looking bird, and it may weigh enough to satisfy the whim or avarice of its stuffer; but, when before the fire, it will reveal the cruel treatment to which it has been subjected, and will weep a drippingpan-ful of fat tears. You will never find heart enough to place such a grief-worn guest at the head of your table".<ref name=ConsideringChickens/>

About the necessity for free-range rather than caged hens, she wrote:<ref name=ConsideringChickens>{{cite book |last1=Beeton |first1=Isabella |author-link1=Isabella Beeton |last2=Andrews |first2=Teresa |date=2019 |title=Considering Chickens |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=978-1089880066}}</ref>
{{blockquote|We are no advocates for converting the domestic fowl into a cage-bird. We have known amateur fowl-keepers...coop up a male bird and three or four hens in an ordinary egg-chest placed on its side, and with the front closely barred with iron hooping! This system will not do. Every animal, from man himself to the guinea-pig, must have what is vulgarly, but truly, known as "elbow-room;" and it must be self-evident how emphatically this rule applies to winged animals. It may be urged, in the case of domestic fowls, that from constant disuse, and from clipping and plucking, and other sorts of maltreatment, their wings can hardly be regarded as instruments of flight; we maintain, however, that you may pluck a fowl's wing-joints as bare as a pumpkin, but you will not erase from his memory that he is a fowl, and that his proper sphere is the open air. If he likewise reflects that he is an ill-used fowl — a prison-bird — he will then come to the conclusion, that there is not the least use, under such circumstances, for his existence; and you must admit that the decision is only logical and natural.}}

====John Stuart Mill====
[[John Stuart Mill]] (1806–1873), the English philosopher, also argued that utilitarianism must take animals into account, writing in 1864:{{verify source|type=year|date=November 2012}} "Nothing is more natural to human beings, nor, up to a certain point in cultivation, more universal, than to estimate the pleasures and pains of others as deserving of regard exactly in proportion to their likeness to ourselves. ... Granted that any practice causes more pain to animals than it gives pleasure to man; is that practice moral or immoral? And if, exactly in proportion as human beings raise their heads out of the slough of selfishness, they do not with one voice answer 'immoral,' let the morality of the principle of utility be for ever condemned."<ref>Garner (2005), p. 12; [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/mill01.htm/ Mill (1874)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805172223/http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/mill01.htm |date=2012-08-05 }}.</ref>

====Charles Darwin====
[[File:1878 Darwin photo by Leonard from Woodall 1884 - cropped grayed partially cleaned.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=portrait|[[Charles Darwin]] wrote in 1837: "Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?"]]
[[James Rachels]] writes that [[Charles Darwin]]'s (1809–1882) ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859)—which presented the [[theory of evolution]] by [[natural selection]]—revolutionized the way humans viewed their relationship with other species. Not only did human beings have a direct kinship with other animals, but the latter had social, mental and moral lives too, Darwin argued.<ref name=Rachels2009/> He wrote in his ''Notebooks'' (1837): "Animals – whom we have made our slaves we do not like to consider our equals. – Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?"<ref>Darwin (1837), quoted in Redclift (2010), p. 199.</ref> Later, in ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' (1871), he argued that "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties", attributing to animals the power of reason, decision making, memory, sympathy, and imagination.<ref name=Rachels2009>Rachels (2009), pp. 124–126; Beauchamp (2009), pp. 248–249.</ref>

Rachels writes that Darwin noted the moral implications of the cognitive similarities, arguing that "humanity to the lower animals" was one of the "noblest virtues with which man is endowed." He was strongly opposed to any kind of cruelty to animals, including setting traps. He wrote in a letter that he supported [[vivisection]] for "real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick with horror ..." In 1875, he testified before a Royal Commission on Vivisection, lobbying for a bill to protect both the animals used in vivisection, and the study of physiology. Rachels writes that the animal rights advocates of the day, such as Frances Power Cobbe, did not see Darwin as an ally.<ref name=Rachels2009/>

====American SPCA, Frances Power Cobbe, Anna Kingsford====
[[File:FrancesPowerCobbe2.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Frances Power Cobbe]] founded two of the first anti-vivisection groups.]]
[[File:Anna Kingsford 2.JPG|thumb|140px|[[Anna Kingsford]], one of the first English women to graduate in medicine, published ''The Perfect Way in Diet'' (1881), advocating vegetarianism.]]
An early proposal for legal rights for animals came from a group of citizens in [[Ashtabula County, Ohio]]. Around 1844, the group proposed an [[List of amendments to the United States Constitution|amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] stating that if slaves from [[Slave and free states|slave states]] were receiving representation as 3/5 of a person on the basis that they were animal property, all the animal property of the free states should receive representation also.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/25466018|title=Petition from Citizens of Ashtabula County, Ohio, for a Constitutional Amendment that Representation in Congress be Uniform throughout the Country|date=1844|website=[[National Archives Catalog]]|access-date=July 29, 2016}}</ref>

The first animal protection group in the United States, the [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] (ASPCA), was founded by [[Henry Bergh]] in April 1866. Bergh had been appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to a diplomatic post in Russia, and had been disturbed by the mistreatment of animals he witnessed there. He consulted with the president of the RSPCA in London, and returned to the United States to speak out against bullfights, cockfights, and the beating of horses. He created a "Declaration of the Rights of Animals", and in 1866 persuaded the New York state legislature to pass anti-cruelty legislation and to grant the ASPCA the authority to enforce it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2006/11/the-aspca-pioneers-in-animal-welfare/|title=The ASPCA–Pioneers in Animal Welfare - Advocacy for Animals|date=20 November 2006}}</ref>

In 1875, the Irish social reformer [[Frances Power Cobbe]] (1822–1904) founded the Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection, the world's first organization opposed to animal research, which became the [[National Anti-Vivisection Society]]. In 1880, the English feminist [[Anna Kingsford]] (1846–1888) became one of the first English women to graduate in medicine, after studying for her degree in Paris, and the only student at the time to do so without having experimented on animals. She published ''The Perfect Way in Diet'' (1881), advocating vegetarianism, and in the same year founded the Food Reform Society. She was also vocal in her opposition to experimentation on animals.<ref>Rudacille (2000), pp. 31, 46.
*Also see Vyvyan (1969).</ref> In 1898, Cobbe set up the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]], with which she campaigned against the use of dogs in research, coming close to success with the 1919 Dogs (Protection) Bill, which almost became law.

Ryder writes that, as the interest in animal protection grew in the late 1890s, attitudes toward animals among scientists began to harden. They embraced the idea that what they saw as [[anthropomorphism]]—the attribution of human qualities to nonhumans—was unscientific. Animals had to be approached as physiological entities only, as [[Ivan Pavlov]] wrote in 1927, "without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states." It was a position that hearkened back to Descartes in the 17th century, that nonhumans were purely mechanical, with no rationality and perhaps even no consciousness.<ref name="Ryder5">{{Cite book |last=Ryder |first=Richard D. |title=Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=9781859733301 |location=New York}}</ref>

====Friedrich Nietzsche====
Avoiding utilitarianism, [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900) found other reasons to defend animals. He wrote that "The sight of blind suffering is the spring of the deepest emotion."<ref>Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology. By [[Andrew Linzey]], Paul A. B. Clarke</ref> He once wrote: "For man is the cruelest animal. At tragedies, bull-fights, and crucifixions hath he hitherto been happiest on earth; and when he invented his hell, behold, that was his heaven on earth."<ref>The Selected Writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. {{ISBN|978-1-60459-332-7}} Wilder Publications April 21, 2008.</ref> Throughout his writings, he speaks of the human being as an animal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciy.org/2010/06/10/6286/|title=Posthuman Destinies|publisher=sciy.org|access-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620132109/http://www.sciy.org/2010/06/10/6286/|archive-date=2017-06-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Henry Salt====
In 1894, [[Henry Stephens Salt|Henry Salt]] (1851–1939), a former master at [[Eton College|Eton]], who had set up the Humanitarian League to lobby for a ban on hunting the year before, published ''Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress''.<ref>Taylor (2009), p. 62.</ref> He wrote that the object of the essay was to "set the principle of animals' rights on a consistent and intelligible footing."<ref name=Salt1/> Concessions to the demands for ''jus animalium'' had been made grudgingly to date, he wrote, with an eye on the interests of animals ''qua'' property, rather than as rights bearers:

{{blockquote|Even the leading advocates of animal rights seem to have shrunk from basing their claim on the only argument which can ultimately be held to be a really sufficient one—the assertion that animals, as well as men, though, of course, to a far less extent than men, are possessed of a distinctive individuality, and, therefore, are in justice entitled to live their lives with a due measure of that "restricted freedom" to which Herbert Spencer alludes.<ref name=Salt1>[http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/salt01.htm Salt 1894, chapter 1]. Salt cited Spencer's definition of rights: "Every man is free to do that which he wills, provided he infringes not the equal liberty of any other man ... Whoever admits that each man must have a certain restricted freedom, asserts that it is right he should have this restricted freedom ... And hence the several particular freedoms deducible may fitly be called, as they commonly are called, his rights."</ref>}}

He argued that there was no point in claiming rights for animals if those rights were subordinated to human desire, and took issue with the idea that the life of a human might have more moral worth. "[The] notion of the life of an animal having 'no moral purpose,' belongs to a class of ideas which cannot possibly be accepted by the advanced humanitarian thought of the present day—it is a purely arbitrary assumption, at variance with our best instincts, at variance with our best science, and absolutely fatal (if the subject be clearly thought out) to any full realization of animals' rights. If we are ever going to do justice to the lower races, we must get rid of the antiquated notion of a 'great gulf' fixed between them and mankind, and must recognize the common bond of humanity that unites all living beings in one universal brotherhood."<ref name=Salt1/>

===20th century: Animal rights movement===

====Brown Dog Affair, Lizzy Lind af Hageby====
{{Main|Brown Dog affair}}
[[File:International Anti-Vivisection Congress, 1913.jpg|thumb|[[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]] (centre, seated) in 1913.]]
In 1902, [[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]] (1878–1963), a Swedish feminist, and a friend, Lisa Shartau, traveled to England to study medicine at the London School of Medicine for Women, intending to learn enough to become authoritative anti-vivisection campaigners. In the course of their studies, they witnessed several animal experiments, and published the details as ''The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology'' (1903). Their allegations included that they had seen a brown terrier dog dissected while conscious, which prompted angry denials from the researcher, [[William Bayliss]], and his colleagues. After [[Stephen Coleridge]] of the National Anti-Vivisection Society accused Bayliss of having violated the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1876]], Bayliss sued and won, convincing a court that the animal had been anesthetized as required by the Act.<ref name=Mason1997/>

In response, anti-vivisection campaigners commissioned a statue of the dog to be erected in Battersea Park in 1906, with the plaque: "Men and Women of England, how long shall these Things be?" The statue caused uproar among medical students, leading to frequent vandalism of the statue and the need for a 24-hour police guard. The affair culminated in riots in 1907 when 1,000 medical students clashed with police, suffragettes and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square. Battersea Council removed the statue from the park under cover of darkness two years later.<ref name=Mason1997>Mason (1997).</ref>

[[Coral Lansbury]] (1985) and [[Hilda Kean]] (1998) write that the significance of the affair lay in the relationships that formed in support of the "Brown Dog Done to Death", which became a symbol of the oppression the women's suffrage movement felt at the hands of the male political and medical establishment. Kean argues that both sides saw themselves as heirs to the future. The students saw the women and trade unionists as representatives of anti-science sentimentality, and the women saw themselves as progressive, with the students and their teachers belonging to a previous age.<ref>Lansbury (1985), pp. 152–169; Kean (1998), pp. 142–143.</ref>

====Development of mainstream veganism====
{{Main|Veganism}}
Members of the English Vegetarian Society who avoided the use of eggs and animal milk in the 19th and early 20th century were known as strict vegetarians. The International Vegetarian Union cites an article informing readers of alternatives to shoe leather in the Vegetarian Society's magazine in 1851 as evidence of the existence of a group that sought to avoid [[animal product]]s entirely. There was increasing unease within the society from the start of the 20th century onwards with regards to egg and milk consumption, and in 1923 its magazine wrote that the "ideal position for vegetarians is [complete] abstinence from animal products."<ref name="Salt 1880">[http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf Salt (1880)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616115150/http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf |date=2012-06-16 }}, p. 7.</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869–1948) argued in 1931 before a meeting of the society in London that vegetarianism should be pursued in the interests of animals, and not only as a human health issue. He met both Henry Salt and Anna Kingsford, and read Salt's ''A Plea for Vegetarianism'' (1880). Salt wrote in the pamphlet that "a Vegetarian is still regarded, in ordinary society, as little better than a madman."<ref name="Salt 1880"/> In 1944, several members, led by [[Donald Watson]] (1910–2005), decided to break from the Vegetarian Society over the issue of egg and milk use. Watson coined the term "vegan" for those whose diet included no animal products, and they formed the British [[Vegan Society]] on November 1 that year.<ref name=Leneman>Leneman (1999)
*Phelps (2007), pp. 163–165.
*Davis, John. [http://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/gandhi---and-the-launching-of-veganism.html "Gandhi—and the launching of veganism"], International Vegetarian Union, March 16, 2011.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080630114643/http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html "History of Vegetarianism: The Origin of Some Words"], International Vegetarian Union, April 6, 2010.</ref>

====''Tierschutzgesetz''====
{{Further|Animal welfare in Nazi Germany}}
[[File:Hermann Goering 2.jpg|thumb|upright|This cartoon appeared in ''[[Kladderadatsch]]'', a German satirical magazine, on September 3, 1933, showing lab animals giving the [[Nazi salute]] to [[Hermann Göring]], after restrictions on [[animal testing]] were announced.]]

On coming to power in January 1933, the [[Nazi Party]] passed a comprehensive set of animal protection laws. [[Arnold Arluke]] and [[Boria Sax]] wrote that the Nazis tried to abolish the distinction between humans and animals, to the point where many people were regarded as less valuable than animals.<ref name=Arluke1992>{{cite journal|url=http://www.naiaonline.org/pdfs/Understanding_Nazi_Animal_Protection.pdf|title=Understanding Nazi Animal Protection and the Holocaust|doi=10.2752/089279392787011638|date=1992|publisher=Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals|last1=Arluke|first1=Arnold|last2=Sax|first2=Boria|journal=Anthrozoös|volume=5|pages=6–31}}</ref> In April 1933 the Nazis passed laws regulating the slaughter of animals; one of their targets was [[kosher slaughter]]. In November the ''Tierschutzgesetz'', or animal protection law, was introduced, with [[Adolf Hitler]] announcing an end to animal cruelty: "''Im neuen Reich darf es keine Tierquälerei mehr geben.''" ("In the new Reich, no more animal cruelty will be allowed.") It was followed in July 1934 by the ''Reichsjagdgesetz'', prohibiting hunting; in July 1935 by the ''Naturschutzgesetz'', environmental legislation; in November 1937 by a law regulating animal transport in cars; and in September 1938 by a similar law dealing with animals on trains.<ref>Sax (2000) p. 114.</ref> Hitler was a vegetarian in the later years of his life; several members of his inner circle, including [[Rudolf Hess]], [[Joseph Goebbels]], and [[Heinrich Himmler]], adopted some form of vegetarianism. By most accounts their vegetarianism was not as strict as Hitler's.<ref>Proctor (1999), pp. 135–137; Sax (2000), pp. 35, 114.</ref>

====Increase in animal use====
{{main|Animal–industrial complex}}
Despite the proliferation of animal protection legislation, animals still had no legal rights. Debbie Legge writes that existing legislation was very much tied to the idea of human interests, whether protecting human sensibilities by outlawing cruelty, or protecting property rights by making sure animals were not harmed. The over-exploitation of fishing stocks, for example, is viewed as harming the environment for people; the hunting of animals to extinction means that humans in the future will derive no enjoyment from them; poaching results in financial loss to the owner, and so on.<ref name="Legge50"/>

Notwithstanding the interest in animal welfare of the previous century, the situation for animals deteriorated in the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War. This was in part because of the increase in the numbers used in animal research—300 in the UK in 1875, 19,084 in 1903, and 2.8 million in 2005 (50–100 million worldwide), and a modern annual estimated range of 10 million to upwards of 100 million in the US<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/24_07_06_animaltesting.pdf "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 2005"], Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
*[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/RIA_Report_FINAL-opt.pdf "The Ethics of research involving animals"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625033250/http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/RIA_Report_FINAL-opt.pdf |date=June 25, 2008 }}, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, section 1.6.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080118102555/http://newsite.navs.org.uk/about_us/24/0/299/ "The history of the NAVS"], National Anti-Vivisection Society.
*[http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/CL/CLWH-MG-4.htm "Monument to the Little Brown Dog, Battersea Park"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206175338/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/CL/CLWH-MG-4.htm |date=December 6, 2008 }}, Public Monument and Sculpture Association's National Recording Project.
*Singer (1990), p. 37, citing the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment's ''Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education'', 1986, p. 64.</ref>—but mostly because of the industrialization of farming, which saw billions of animals raised and killed for food on a scale considered impossible before the war.<ref>Ten billion animals are now killed for food every year in the US alone; see Williams and DeMello (2007), p. 73.</ref>

====Development of direct action====
{{Further|Hunt Saboteurs Association|RSPCA Reform Group}}

[[File:Animal liberation antifa demo (10761915335).jpg|thumb|[[Anarchists]] and [[Anti-fascism|anti fascists]] protesting for animal liberation.]]
In the early 1960s in England, support for animal rights began to coalesce around the issue of [[blood sport]]s, particularly hunting deer, [[Foxhunting|foxes]], and otters using dogs, an aristocratic and middle-class English practice, stoutly defended in the name of protecting rural traditions. The psychologist [[Richard D. Ryder]] – who became involved with the animal rights movement in the late 1960s – writes that the new chair of the [[League Against Cruel Sports]] tried in 1963 to steer it away from confronting members of the hunt, which triggered the formation that year of a [[direct action]] breakaway group, the Hunt Saboteurs Association. This was set up by a journalist, John Prestige, who had witnessed a pregnant deer being chased into a village and killed by the [[Devon and Somerset Staghounds]]. The practice of sabotaging hunts (for example, by misleading the dogs with scents or horns) spread throughout south-east England, particularly around university towns, leading to violent confrontations when the huntsmen attacked the "sabs".<ref name=Ryder167>Ryder (2000), p. 167ff.</ref>

The controversy spread to the RSPCA, which had grown away from its radical roots to become a conservative group with charity status and royal patronage. It had failed to speak out against hunting, and indeed counted huntsmen among its members. As with the League Against Cruel Sports, this position gave rise to a splinter group, the RSPCA Reform Group, which sought to radicalize the organization, leading to chaotic meetings of the group's ruling Council, and successful (though short-lived) efforts to change it from within by electing to the council members who would argue from an animal rights perspective, and force the RSPCA to address issues such as hunting, factory farming, and animal experimentation. Ryder himself was elected to the council in 1971, and served as its chair from 1977 to 1979.<ref name="Ryder167"/>

====Formation of the Oxford group====
{{Main|Oxford Group (animal rights)}}
The same period saw writers and academics begin to speak out again in favor of animal rights. [[Ruth Harrison]] published ''Animal Machines'' (1964), an influential critique of factory farming, and on October 10, 1965, the novelist [[Brigid Brophy]] had an article, "The Rights of Animals", published in ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="Ryder5"/> She wrote:

{{Blockquote|The relationship of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation. We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions: whereas we used to sacrifice them to our gods and tear out their entrails in order to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment on their entrails in the hope—or on the mere off chance—that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present ... To us it seems incredible that the Greek philosophers should have scanned so deeply into right and wrong and yet never noticed the immorality of slavery. Perhaps 3000 years from now it will seem equally incredible that we do not notice the immorality of our own oppression of animals.<ref name=Ryder5/>}}

[[Robert Garner]] writes that Harrison's book and Brophy's article led to an explosion of interest in the relationship between humans and nonhumans.<ref name=Garner2004p3>Garner (2004), p. 3ff.</ref> In particular, Brophy's article was discovered in or around 1969 by a group of postgraduate philosophy students at the University of Oxford, Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch (husband and wife from Canada), John Harris, and [[David Wood (philosopher)|David Wood]], now known as the Oxford Group. They decided to put together a [[symposium]] to discuss the theory of animal rights.<ref name="Ryder5"/>

Around the same time, Richard Ryder wrote several letters to ''The Daily Telegraph'' criticizing animal experimentation, based on incidents he had witnessed in laboratories. The letters, published in April and May 1969, were seen by Brigid Brophy, who put Ryder in touch with the Godlovitches and Harris. Ryder also started distributing pamphlets in Oxford protesting against experiments on animals; it was in one of these pamphlets in 1970 that he coined the term "[[speciesism]]" to describe the exclusion of nonhuman animals from the protections offered to humans.<ref>Waldau (2001), pp. 5, 23–29.</ref> He subsequently became a contributor to the Godlovitches' symposium, as did Harrison and Brophy, and it was published in 1971 as ''[[Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans]]''.<ref>Godlovitch, Godlovitch, and Harris (1971); see the Introduction for the reference to the symposium.</ref>

====Publication of ''Animal Liberation''====
{{Main|Animal Liberation (book)}}
In 1970, over lunch in Oxford with fellow student Richard Keshen, a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]], Australian philosopher [[Peter Singer]] came to believe that, by eating animals, he was engaging in the oppression of other species. Keshen introduced Singer to the Godlovitches, and in 1973 Singer reviewed their book for ''The New York Review of Books''. In the review, he used the term "animal liberation", writing:

{{Blockquote|We are familiar with Black Liberation, Gay Liberation, and a variety of other movements. With Women's Liberation some thought we had come to the end of the road. Discrimination on the basis of sex, it has been said, is the last form of discrimination that is universally accepted and practiced without pretense ... But one should always be wary of talking of "the last remaining form of discrimination." ... ''Animals, Men and Morals'' is a manifesto for an Animal Liberation movement.<ref name=SingerReview/>}}

On the strength of his review, ''The New York Review of Books'' took the unusual step of commissioning a book from Singer on the subject, published in 1975 as ''Animal Liberation'', now one of the animal rights movement's canonical texts. Singer based his arguments on the principle of utilitarianism – the view, in its simplest form, that an act is right if it leads to the "greatest happiness of the greatest number", a phrase first used in 1776 by Jeremy Bentham.<ref name="SingerReview">[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=9900 Singer (April 5, 1973)].

*Singer (1990), pp. xiv–xv.
*Also see [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/9822 "Food for Thought"], letter from David Rosinger and reply from Peter Singer, ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 20, Number 10, June 14, 1973.{{cite web
|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=9900
|title=Home
|access-date=2008-03-26
|url-status=bot: unknown
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224090339/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=9900
|archive-date=2010-02-24
}}</ref> He argued in favor of the [[equal consideration of interests]], the position that there are no grounds to suppose that a violation of the basic interests of a human—for example, an interest in not suffering—is different in any morally significant way from a violation of the basic interests of a nonhuman.<ref name="Singer5">Singer 1990, p. 5.</ref> Singer used the term "speciesism" in the book, citing Ryder, and it stuck, becoming an entry in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' in 1989.<ref>Singer (1990), p. 269, footnote 4.</ref>

The book's publication triggered a groundswell of scholarly interest in animal rights. [[Richard D. Ryder|Richard Ryder]]'s ''Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research'' (1975) appeared, followed by [[Andrew Linzey]]'s ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (1976), and [[Stephen R. L. Clark]]'s ''The Moral Status of Animals'' (1977). A Conference on Animal Rights was organized by Ryder and Linzey at Trinity College, Cambridge, in August 1977. This was followed by [[Mary Midgley]]'s ''Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature'' (1978), then ''Animal Rights–A Symposium'' (1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference.<ref name="Garner2004p3"/>

From 1982 onwards, a series of articles by [[Tom Regan]] led to his ''[[The Case for Animal Rights]]'' (1983), in which he argues that nonhuman animals are "subjects-of-a-life", and therefore possessors of moral rights, a work regarded as a key text in animal rights theory.<ref name="Garner2004p3"/> Regan wrote in 2001 that philosophers had written more about animal rights in the previous 20 years than in the 2,000 years before that.<ref>Regan (2001), p. 67.</ref> Garner writes that [[Charles R. Magel|Charles Magel's]] bibliography, ''Keyguide to Information Sources in Animal Rights'' (1989), contains 10 pages of philosophical material on animals up to 1970, but 13 pages between 1970 and 1989 alone.<ref>Garner (2004), p. 2.
*Also see [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517004.400-a-little-respect-for-our-friends "A little respect for our friends"], ''New Scientist'', January 20, 1990.</ref>

====Founding of the Animal Liberation Front====
{{Main|Animal Liberation Front}}
In 1971, a law student, [[Ronnie Lee]], formed a branch of the Hunt Saboteurs Association in Luton, later calling it the Band of Mercy after a 19th-century RSPCA youth group. The Band attacked hunters' vehicles by slashing tires and breaking windows, calling it "active compassion". In November 1973, they engaged in their first act of arson when they set fire to a Hoechst Pharmaceuticals research laboratory, claiming responsibility as a "nonviolent guerilla organization dedicated to the liberation of animals from all forms of cruelty and persecution at the hands of mankind."<ref name=Molland70>Molland (2004), pp. 70–74; Monaghan (2000), pp. 160–161.</ref>

Lee and another activist were sentenced to three years in prison in 1974, paroled after 12 months. In 1976, Lee brought together the remaining Band of Mercy activists along with some fresh faces to start a [[leaderless resistance]] movement, calling it the Animal Liberation Front (ALF).<ref name="Molland70"/> ALF activists see themselves as a modern [[Underground Railroad]], passing animals removed from farms and laboratories to sympathetic veterinarians, safe houses and sanctuaries.<ref>Best (2004), pp. 23–24.</ref> Some activists also engage in threats, intimidation, and arson, acts that have lost the movement sympathy in mainstream public opinion.<ref>Singer (1998), pp. 151–152.</ref>

The decentralized model of activism is frustrating for law enforcement organizations, who find the networks difficult to infiltrate, because they tend to be organized around friends.<ref>Ben Gunn, former Chief Constable, Cambridge Constabulary, interviewed for "It Could Happen to You," True Spies, BBC Two, November 10, 2002.</ref> In 2005, the US Department of Homeland Security indicated how seriously it takes the ALF when it included them in a list of domestic terrorist threats.<ref>Rood, Justin. [http://www.cq.com/public/20050325_homeland.html "Animal Rights Groups and Ecology Militants Make DHS Terrorist List, Right-Wing Vigilantes Omitted"], ''Congressional Quarterly'', March 25, 2005.</ref> The tactics of some of the more determined ALF activists are anathema to many animal rights advocates, such as Singer, who regard the movement as something that should occupy the moral high ground. ALF activists respond to the criticism with the argument that, as [[Ingrid Newkirk]] puts it, "Thinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out."<ref name=NewkirkBest341>Newkirk (2004), p. 341./</ref>

From the 1980s through to the early 2000s there was an increased level of violence by animal rights extremist groups directed at individuals and institutions associated with [[animal research]]. Activist groups involved included the [[Justice Department (animal rights)|Justice Department]], the [[Animal Rights Militia]] and [[SHAC]].<ref>Holder, T. (2014) - [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/embr.201438837/abstract "Standing Up for Science"], EMBO Reports, Volume 15, Issue 6, pages 625–630, June 2014</ref>

====Subcultures and animal rights====
{{see also|Animal rights and punk subculture}}
In the 1980s, animal rights became associated with [[punk rock|punk]] [[punk subculture|subculture]] and [[punk ideologies|ideologies]], particularly [[straight edge]] [[hardcore punk]] in the United States<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Helton|first1=Jesse J.|last2=Staudenmeier|first2=William J.|year=2002|title=Re-imagining being 'straight' in straight edge|journal=Contemporary Drug Problems|volume=29|issue=2|page=465|issn=0091-4509|doi=10.1177/009145090202900209|s2cid=143410996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Robert T.|title=Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge|journal=Journal of Youth Studies|year=1999|volume=2|issue=2|pages=133–151|doi=10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032}}</ref> and [[anarcho-punk]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|last1=Tilbürger|first1=Len|last2=Kale|first2=Chris P|title="Nailing Descartes to the Wall": Animal Rights, Veganism and Punk Culture|publisher=Active Distribution|date=2014}}</ref> This association continues on into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as [[Fluff Fest]] in Europe.<ref name="sober">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics|page=137|last=Kuhn|first=Gabriel|publisher=PM Press|date=2010|isbn=978-1604860511|author-link=Gabriel_Kuhn|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

====Animal Rights International====
{{Further|Animal protectionism}}
[[Henry Spira]] (1927–1998), a former seaman and civil rights activist, became the most notable of the new animal advocates in the United States. A proponent of gradual change, he formed Animal Rights International in 1974, and introduced the idea of "reintegrative shaming", whereby a relationship is formed between a group of animal rights advocates and a corporation they see as misusing animals, with a view to obtaining concessions or halting a practice. It is a strategy that has been widely adopted, including the group [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]].<ref>Francione and Garner (2010), p. 1ff.</ref>

Spira's first campaign was in opposition to the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in 1976, where cats were being experimented on, research that he persuaded them to stop. In 1980 he convinced the cosmetics company [[Revlon]] to stop using the [[Draize test]], which involves toxicity tests on the skin or in the eyes of animals. He took out a full-page ad in several newspapers, featuring a rabbit with sticking plaster over the eyes, and the caption, "How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake?" Revlon stopped using animals for cosmetics testing, donated money to help set up the [[Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing]], and was followed by other leading cosmetics companies.<ref name=Feder>Feder, Barnaby J. (November 26, 1889). [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/26/magazine/pressuring-perdue.html "Pressuring Perdue"], ''The New York Times''.
*Also see Singer (1998), and Singer (2003).</ref>

===21st century: developments===
In 1999, New Zealand passed a new Animal Welfare Act that had the effect of banning experiments on "non-human hominids".<ref name=Waldau2000p108/>

Also in 1999, Public Law 106-152 (Title 18, Section 48) was put into action in the United States. This law makes it a felony to create, sell, or possess videos showing animal cruelty with the intention of profiting financially from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pet-abuse.com/pages/animal_cruelty/crush_videos.php#ixzz2C6yKSljR%3E|title=Stopping Crush Videos|publisher=pet-abuse.com}}</ref> However, there have been strong arguments that this law is unconstitutional in light of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence concerning privacy and sex.<ref>Welty, J.D., Jeffery, B. (2013, December 16). The Legal Status of Bestiality. UNC School of Government. https://www.sog.unc.edu/blogs/nc-criminal-law/legal-status-bestiality.</ref><ref>Scalia, J. Dissenting, [[Lawrence v. Texas]], 539 U.S. 558 (2003)</ref> as well as the fact that the U.S. government may not criminalize mere possession of obscene materials in the privacy of one's own home.<ref>Marshall, J. [[Stanley v. Georgia]] 394 U.S. 557 (1969).</ref>

In 2005, the [[Austrian Parliament]] banned experiments on apes, unless they are performed in the interests of the individual ape.<ref name=Waldau2000p108/> Also in Austria, the Supreme Court ruled in January 2008 that a chimpanzee (called Matthew Hiasl Pan by those advocating for his [[personhood]]) was not a person, after the Association Against Animal Factories sought personhood status for him because his custodians had gone bankrupt. The chimpanzee had been captured as a baby in [[Sierra Leone]] in 1982, then smuggled to Austria to be used in pharmaceutical experiments, but was discovered by customs officials when he arrived in the country, and was taken to a shelter instead. He was kept there for 25 years, until the group that ran the shelter went bankrupt in 2007. Donors offered to help him, but under Austrian law only a person can receive personal gifts, so any money sent to support him would be lost to the shelter's bankruptcy. The association appealed the ruling to the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. The lawyer proposing the chimpanzee's personhood asked the court to appoint a legal guardian for him and to grant him four rights: the right to life, limited freedom of movement, personal safety, and the right to claim property.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22670956 |title=It's official: In Austria, a chimp is not a person |agency=Associated Press |date=January 15, 2008 |work=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stinson |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2008-07-15-chimp_N.htm |title=Activists pursue basic legal rights for great apes |work=USA Today |date=July 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Albertsdottir |first=Ellen |url=http://sydsvenskan.se/kultur-och-nojen/article626896/Dagens-djurratt.html |title=Dagens djurrätt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207094657/http://sydsvenskan.se/kultur-och-nojen/article626896/Dagens-djurratt.html |archive-date=2010-02-07 |trans-title=Today's Animal Rights |work=Sydskenskan |date=February 5, 2010 |df=mdy-all |language=sv}}</ref>

In June 2008, a committee of Spain's national legislature became the first to vote for a resolution to extend limited rights to non[[human]] [[primate]]s. The parliamentary Environment Committee recommended giving [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s and [[orangutan]]s the right not to be used in medical experiments or in circuses, and recommended making it illegal to kill [[ape]]s, except in self-defense, based upon the rights recommended by the [[Great Ape Project]].<ref name=Waldau108>{{harvp|Waldau|2011|p=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. |date=July 13, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/weekinreview/13mcneil.html |title=When Human Rights Extend to Nonhumans |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Martin |date=June 25, 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL256586320080625 |title=Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Glendinning |first=Lee |date=July 18, 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/26/humanrights.animalwelfare |title=Spanish parliament approves 'human rights' for apes |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singer |first=Peter |date=July 18, 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/18/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour |title=Of great apes and men |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] |date=July 18, 2008 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1824206,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719105311/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1824206,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 19, 2008 |title=In Spain, Human rights for Apes}}</ref> The committee's proposal has not yet been enacted into law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/PopUpCGI?CMD=VERLST&BASE=puw9&DOCS=1-1&DOCORDER=LIFO&QUERY=%28CDD200805230019.CODI.%29#%28P%C3%A1gina9%29 |title=IX Legislatura: Serie D: General 161/000099 |trans-title=IX Legislature: Series D: General 161/000099 |work=Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=23 May 2008 |page=22 |access-date=March 3, 2010 |language=ca}}</ref>

From 2009 onwards, several countries outlawed the use of some or all animals in circuses, starting with [[Bolivia]], and followed by several countries in Europe, Scandinavia, the Middle East, and Singapore.<ref>{{harvp|Kelch|2011|p=216}}</ref><ref name="Waldau108"/>

In 2010, the regional government in [[Catalonia]] passed a motion to outlaw [[bull fighting]], the first such ban in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=July 28, 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10784611 |title=Catalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain vote}}</ref> In 2011, [[PETA]] sued [[SeaWorld]] over the captivity of five [[orca]]s in [[San Diego]] and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], arguing that the whales were being treated as slaves. It was the first time the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which outlaws [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and involuntary servitude, was cited in court to protect nonhuman rights. A federal judge dismissed the case in February 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Tony |date=February 7, 2011 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/07/local/la-me-seaworld-orcas-20120207 |title=PETA's bid to free SeaWorld orcas may not get far |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 8, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/us/california-suit-that-called-whales-slaves-is-dismissed.html |title=California: Suit That Called Whales Slaves Is Dismissed |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

==== Petitions for ''habeas corpus'' ====
In 2015, the [[Nonhuman Rights Project]] (NhPR) filed three lawsuits in New York State on behalf of four captive chimpanzees, demanding that the courts grant them the right to bodily liberty via the [[habeas corpus|writ of ''habeas corpus'']] and immediately send them to a sanctuary affiliated with the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/11/30/press-release-re-nhrp-lawsuit-dec-2nd-2013/ |title=Press Release re. NhRP Lawsuit, Dec. 2nd 2013 |website=The Nonhuman Rights Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152933/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/11/30/press-release-re-nhrp-lawsuit-dec-2nd-2013/|archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2016|date=2013-12-02 }}</ref> All of the petitions were denied. In the [[Nonhuman Rights Project#Court cases|case]] involving the chimpanzees Hercules and Leo, Justice Barbara Jaffe did not immediately dismiss the filing and instead ordered a hearing requiring the chimpanzee owner to show why the chimpanzees should not be released and transferred to the sanctuary.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/04/20/judge-recognizes-two-chimpanzees-as-legal-persons-grants-them-writ-of-habeas-corpus/|title=Judge Recognizes Two Chimpanzees as Legal Persons, Grants them Writ of Habeas Corpus |date=2015-04-20 |website=The Nonhuman Rights Project |access-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909212513/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/04/20/judge-recognizes-two-chimpanzees-as-legal-persons-grants-them-writ-of-habeas-corpus/|archive-date=September 9, 2016 }}</ref> Following the hearing, Justice Jaffe issued an order denying Hercules and Leo's petition.

Even though the petition was denied, the NhRP interpreted Justice Jaffe's decision as a victory. In its press release it emphasized the fact that Justice Jaffe agreed with NhRP, writing that "'persons' are not restricted to human beings, and that who is a 'person' is not a question of biology, but of public policy and principle" and also stating that "efforts to extend legal rights to chimpanzees are thus understandable; some day they may even succeed."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/08/04/thats-one-small-step-for-a-judge-one-giant-leap-for-the-nonhuman-rights-project/|title=That's One Small Step for a Judge, One Giant Leap for the Nonhuman Rights Project |website=The Nonhuman Rights Project |date=2015-08-04 |access-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512074736/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/08/04/thats-one-small-step-for-a-judge-one-giant-leap-for-the-nonhuman-rights-project/|archive-date=May 12, 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
Books and papers are cited in short form in the footnotes, with full citations here. News and other sources are cited in full in the footnotes.
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

*[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy]] (1781). ''Principles of Penal Law''. {{ISBN|1379912326}}
*[[Tom Beauchamp|Beauchamp, Tom]] (2009). "The Moral Standing of Animals", in [[Marc Bekoff]]. ''Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare''. Greenwood. {{ISBN|0313352593}}
*[[Tom Beauchamp|Beauchamp, Tom]] (2011a). "Introduction," in Tom Beauchamp and [[Raymond Frey|R.G. Frey]] (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|019935197X}}
*[[Tom Beauchamp|Beauchamp, Tom]] (2011b). "Rights Theory and Animal Rights," in Beauchamp and Frey, ''op cit''. {{ISBN|019935197X}}
*[[Stephen R. L. Clark|Clark, Stephen R. L.]] (1977). ''The Moral Status of Animals''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0192830406}}
*Godlovitch, Roslind; Godlovitch Stanley; and Harris John (1971). ''Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans''. Victor Gollancz.
*[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]] (1785). ''[[Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals]]''.
*[[Hilda Kean|Kean, Hilda]] (1998). ''Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800''. Reaktion Books.
*[[Hilda Kean|Kean, Hilda]] (1995). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289385 "The 'Smooth Cool Men of Science': The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection"], ''History Workshop Journal'', No. 40 (Autumn), pp. 16–38.
*{{cite book |last=Kelch |first=Thomas G. |date=2011 |title=Globalization and Animal Law |publisher=Kluwer Law International}}
*Kete, Kathleen (2002). "Animals and Ideology: The Politics of Animal Protection in Europe," in Nigel Rothfels (ed.). ''Representing Animals''. Indiana University Press.
*[[Coral Lansbury|Lansbury, Coral]] (1985). ''The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England''. University of Wisconsin Press.
*Legge, Debbi and Brooman, Simon (1997). ''Law Relating to Animals''. Cavendish Publishing. {{ISBN|1859412386}}
*Leneman, Leah (1999). "No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain, 1909–1944," ''Society and Animals'', 7, 1–5.
*[[John Locke|Locke, John]] (1693). ''Some Thoughts Concerning Education''.
*Mason, Peter (1997). ''The Brown Dog Affair''. Two Sevens Publishing.
*[[Mary Midgley|Midgley, Mary]] (1984). ''Animals and Why They Matter''. University of Georgia Press. {{ISBN|0820320412}}
*Molland, Neil (2004). "Thirty Years of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella, ''op cit''.
*Monaghan, Rachael (2000). "Terrorism in the Name of Animal Rights," in Taylor, Maxwell and Horgan, John. ''The Future of Terrorism''. Routledge.
*Murray, L. (2006). [http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2006/11/the-aspca-pioneers-in-animal-welfare/ "The ASPCA–Pioneers in Animal Welfare"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica's Advocacy for Animals''.
*Najafi, Sina and Kete, Kathleen (2001). [http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/4/KathleenKete.php "Beastly Agendas: An Interview with Kathleen Kete"], ''Cabinet'', issue 4, Fall.
*[[Roderick Nash|Nash, Roderick]] (1989). ''The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics''. University of Wisconsin Press.
*[[Ingrid Newkirk|Newkirk, Ingrid]] (2004). "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", in [[Steven Best]] and Anthony Nocella. (eds).''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals''. Lantern 2004.
*[[Norm Phelps|Phelps, Norm]] (2007). ''The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA''. Lantern Books.
*[[Robert N. Proctor|Proctor, Robert N.]] (1999). ''The Nazi War on Cancer''. Princeton University Press.
*[[James Rachels|Rachels, James]] (2009). "Darwin, Charles," in Bekoff, ''op cit''.
*Redclift, Michael R. (2010). ''The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology''. Edward Elgar Publishing.
*[[Tom Regan|Regan, Tom]] (1983). ''[[The Case for Animal Rights]]''. University of California Press.
*[[Tom Regan|Regan, Tom]] (2001). ''Defending Animal Rights''. University of Illinois Press.
*[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau, Jean-Jacques]] (1754). ''[http://www.constitution.org/jjr/ineq_02.htm Discourse on Inequality]''.
*[[Deborah Rudacille|Rudacille, Deborah]] (2000). ''The Scalpel and the Butterfly''. University of California Press.
*[[Richard D. Ryder|Ryder, Richard]] (2000) [1989]. ''Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism''. Berg.
*[[Henry Stephens Salt|Salt, Henry Stephens]] (1880). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120616115150/http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf ''A Plea for Vegetarianism and other essays''].
*[[Henry Stephens Salt|Salt, Henry Stephens]] (1894). [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/salt01.htm ''Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress''], Macmillan & Co.
*[[Henry Stephens Salt|Salt, Henry Stephens]] (1899). [https://archive.org/details/logicvegetarian00saltgoog/page/n8 ''The logic of vegetarianism'']
*[[Boria Sax|Sax, Boria]] (2000). ''Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, Scapegoats, and the Holocaust''. Continuum International Publishing Group.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (April 5, 1973). [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=9900 "Animal liberation"], ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 20, Number 5.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (1990) [1975]. ''Animal Liberation''. New York Review Books.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (2000) [1998]. ''Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement''. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (2003). [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16276 "Animal liberation at 30"], ''The New York Review of Books'', vol 50, no. 8, May 15.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (2004). "Ethics Beyond Species and Beyond Instincts," in Sunstein and Nussbaum, ''op cit''.
*[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]] (2011) [1979]. ''Practical Ethics''. Cambridge University Press.
*[[Richard Sorabji|Sorabji, Richard]] (1993). ''Animal Minds and Human Morals''. University of Cornell Press.
*[[Gary Steiner|Steiner, Gary]] (2005). ''Anthropocentrism and its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy''. University of Pittsburgh Press.
*Taylor, Angus (2009). ''Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate''. Broadview Press.
*[[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Taylor, Thomas]] (1792). "A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes," in Craciun, Adriana (2002). ''A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman''. Routledge.
*Uekoetter, Frank (2006). ''The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany''. Cambridge University Press.
*[[John Vyvyan|Vyvyan, John]]. (1969). ''In Pity and in Anger''. M. Joseph.
*{{cite book |author-link=Paul Waldau |last=Waldau |first=Paul |date=2001 |title=The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Paul Waldau |last=Waldau |first=Paul |date=2011 |title=Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*Ward, Nathaniel (1896). ''The Earliest New England Code of Laws, 1641''. A. Lovell & Company.
*Williams, Erin E. and DeMello, Margo (2007). ''Why Animals Matter''. Prometheus Books.
*[[Steven M. Wise|Wise, Steven M.]] (2007). [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007642/animal-rights "Animal Rights"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.
{{refend}}

{{Animal rights|state=uncollapsed|topics}}

[[Category:History of animal rights]]

Townend Glover

2023-06-06T20:22:39Z

Jod1Hannah: Complete rewriting of this page from a stub. Added citations, details, and headings.

{{short description|American entomologist}}

[[Image:Townend-Glover-1813-1883.jpg|thumb|right|Townend Glover]]
'''Townend Glover''' (February 20, 1813 – September 7, 1883) was an American [[entomologist]] and the first appointed United States Entomologist to the newly formed [[United States Department of Agriculture]] in 1862<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Glover, Townend |date=2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1120 |work=Encyclopedia of Entomology |pages=1628–1629 |editor-last=Capinera |editor-first=John L. |access-date=2023-06-06 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1120 |isbn=978-1-4020-6359-6}}</ref>. He has been described as one of the "finest illustrators" of insects in the United States<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mallis |first=Arnold |url=http://archive.org/details/americanentomolo0000mall |title=American entomologists |date=1971 |publisher=New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8135-0686-9}}</ref>.

== Early Life ==
Glover was born in [[Rio de Janeiro]] to Henry and Mary Townend Glover, both of whom died when he was just six weeks old<ref name=":1" />. He was sent to [[Leeds|Leeds, England]], to live with relatives, and came into his inheritance when he turned 21. He used the money to study painting and travel Europe, before returning to Leeds. In 1863, he traveled to the United States, and traveled extensively, especially in the south, before settling in New York state. He married in 1840, and bought his father-in-law's estate in 1846<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Charles Richards |url=http://archive.org/details/lifeentomologica00dodg |title=The life and entomological work of the late Townend Glover, first entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture |date=1888 |publisher=Washington, Govt. Print. Off. |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>.

== United States Entomologist ==
In 1854, Glover joined the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Bureau of Agriculture]] of the [[United States Patent Office]] as an entomologist, and studied a wide range of topics, including sugarcane, citrus insect pests, plant diseases, soils, birds, mammals, reptiles, and Indian mounds, before joining the faculty at Maryland Agricultural College in 1859<ref name=":0" />. In 1862, when the Department of Agriculture became an independent organization, Glover took up his appointment as United States Entomologist. After a trip to an entomological convention in Paris, Glover strongly advocated for the fumigation of imports to the United States<ref name=":0" />, stating "It is well known that several of the insects most destructive to our crops are of European origin, and I would suggest that all foreign seeds and plants imported by this department be subjected to a careful investigation, and if found to be infested by any new or unknown insects, fumigation, or other thoroughly efficacious means of destroying them, should be used before distributing them through the country."<ref name=":1" />

Glover is also credited with using one of the first portable, self contained, lamp lit moth traps<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Ronald Sterne |date=1969 |title=Townend Glover (1813-83) and the First Entomological Light Trap |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=tgle |journal=The Great Lakes Entomologist |volume=2 |issue=3/4 |pages=55-62 |via=ValpoScholar}}</ref>.

In 1878, Glover resigned his position at the USDA and moved to Baltimore where he lived with his adopted daughter. He died September 7, 1883.

== Publications ==
Much of Glover's illustrations were privately printed. He often distributed them broadly to entomologists across the globe. However, he struggled to find a publisher for his proposed book, and even refused to illustrate ''Insects Injurious to Vegetation'' by T. W. Harris<ref name=":1" />. In 1872, he combined all 273 copper plates and 6,179 figures into ''Illustrations of North American Entomology in the Orders of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glover |first=Townend |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2173 |title=Illustrations of North American entomology, (United States and Canada,) |date=1872 |publisher=J. S. Tomlinson |location=Washington, D. C}}</ref>. According to Dodge, 250 copies were printed, of which 50 were distributed widely and the rest were destroyed<ref name=":2" />, though Mallis claims that only 15 author's proofs were published (though he wrongly states that they were published in 1887 after Glover had already died)<ref name=":1" />.

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/cat11046299002 US Archive]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glover, Townend}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:American entomologists]]

{{US-entomologist-stub}}

User:Jod1Hannah

2023-04-19T17:09:08Z

Jod1Hannah: /* About Me */

==About Me==
I am a Life Sciences Librarian at Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. While I specialize in science librarianship, I actively promote Wikipedia as a student resource.

I received my MLIS from Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and my Bachelor's degree in English and Environmental Studies from Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, MI. I received an MPS in entomology from University of Maryland, College Park, where I also worked as the Life Sciences & Outreach Librarian from 2019-2022.

==Conflict of Interest Statement==
I, Jod1Hannah, am an employee of Michigan State University. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

I'm interested in everything, so I imagine I will edit across multiple different topics. Some of the links I share may be resources from the University's library.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other Wikipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 03:03, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Sophie Volland

2023-04-19T17:07:23Z

Jod1Hannah: Very specific detail that requires citation.

'''Louise-Henriette Volland''', known as '''Sophie Volland''' (1716-1784), was a [[women letter writers|correspondent]] and lover of [[Denis Diderot]]. None of the letters she wrote have survived.

==Biography==
Louise-Henriette Volland was born November 27, 1716. She met [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] in the spring of 1755. Diderot soon gave her the sobriquet of "Sophie", after the Greek word meaning "wisdom", because he valued her insights so much as a friend and a frequent correspondent. Their affair lasted from 1755 until her death in 1784.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brahimi |first1=Denise |title=VOLLAND LOUISE HENRIETTE dite SOPHIE |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/volland-louise-henriette-dite-sophie/ |website=universalis.fr |publisher=Encyclopaedia Universalis |accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref>

Sophie was regularly informed by Diderot about events, artists, and writers of the time. She was a confidante for the ''[[philosophes|philosophe]]'' to whom he could talk in detail about his work, his collaborations, and his private affairs.<ref name="Fowler2011">{{cite book|author=James Fowler|title=New Essays on Diderot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6443rDf5Ly8C&pg=PA86|date=24 March 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50055-5|pages=86–}}</ref> He also trusted her advice and sought consolation from her. She was unmarried and had a difficult relationship with her mother with whom she had to reside in [[Isle-sur-Marne|Isle]] for six months of every year away from Diderot, though she would have preferred to live in [[Paris]] and be near him at all times. The frequent letters that Diderot sent to Sophie give indications about his private life, his knowledge, and his thoughts on politics, art, art critics, and the intellectuals of [[Age of Enlightenment|his era]]. This correspondence is considered an important part of his work. He numbered all his letters to her, in an attempt ensure they could be read and understood in order due to the unreliable delivery methods he had to use in conveying them to her. Only 187 out of 553 letters that Diderot wrote to Sophie are now extant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintili |first1=Paolo |title=Denis Diderot, Lettres à Sophie Volland. 1759-1774 |journal=Studi Francesi |date=2012 |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=151–152 |doi=10.4000/studifrancesi.4698 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/studifrancesi/4698 |accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref>

None of Sophie's letters to Diderot has ever been found and no portrait of Sophie has survived. The only concrete details known about her are that she wore glasses, was often in poor health, and had ''la menotte sèche'' (small, dry hands) but that she was apparently very intellectually curious and capable, studying both science and philosophy, for which Diderot admired her very much{{Citation needed}}. She died on February 22, 1784, and Diderot only survived her by five months.

{{Wikisource|1=Lettres à Sophie Volland|2=Lettres à Sophie Volland}}

==See also==
*[[Mélanie de Salignac]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Volland, Sophie}}
[[Category:Denis Diderot]]
[[Category:18th-century letter writers]]
[[Category:1716 births]]
[[Category:1784 deaths]]

Whizbang, Oklahoma

2023-03-29T18:16:35Z

Jod1Hannah: Edited citation to remove extra words in edition

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Whizbang, Oklahoma
|settlement_type = Ghost town
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = Whizbang.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Whizbang (or Denoya) at its most prosperous in the early 1920s.
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Oklahoma]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oklahoma|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Osage County, Oklahoma|Osage]]


|government_footnotes =
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|timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
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|postal_code_type =
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|blank_info = 1829088<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1829088}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref>
|blank1_name =
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'''Whizbang''', officially called '''Denoya''',<ref name=gnis/> was an [[Oklahoma]] petroleum boom town in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>Morris, John Wesley (1977). ''Ghost towns of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press''. pp. 64. {{ISBN|0-8061-1420-7}}.</ref> Located in [[Osage County, Oklahoma|Osage County]], 1.5 miles north and 1.5 miles west of the present town of [[Shidler, Oklahoma|Shidler]], the Whizbang area at its peak had a population of 10,000 persons and 300 businesses and was considered the rowdiest of the many oil field towns in Oklahoma.

==History==
Whizbang was officially known as Denoya by the post office which did not consider the name Whizbang to be dignified. Denoya was the name of a prominent French/[[Osage Nation|Osage]] Indian family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Denoya (Whizbang), Oklahoma, Osage County |url=http://okielegacy.org/journal/ezine/?vol=0&search=1&city=Denoya&state=Oklahoma |website=The Okie Legacy |accessdate=October 23, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330062337/http://okielegacy.org/journal/ezine/?vol=0&search=1&city=Denoya&state=Oklahoma |archivedate=March 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Whizbang is located in the former Osage Indian Reservation which had the same boundaries as Osage County.<ref name = "EOHC-Osage">{{cite book|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OS004 |first=Jon D. |last=May|title=Osage County, ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''|accessdate=September 25, 2011}}</ref>

Perhaps the most infamous of the Oklahoma oil boom towns, Whizbang (or Denoya) came into existence overnight in 1921 when [[E.W. Marland]] drilled a 600 barrel per day oil well and precipitated an "oil rush" to the area. Both the quality and quantity of the petroleum were superb. The origin of the name "Whizbang" is uncertain. It may refer to a bawdy cartoon and joke magazine called "[[Fawcett Publications|Captain Billy's Whiz Bang]]" which was popular in the day. Another theory is that the Osage residents imitated the sound of oil pumps and engines by saying "whizbang."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2614771/whizbang-memories-abound | title= Whizbang Memories Abound| publisher= Lee, Robert E., Daily Oklahoman, May 29, 1988| accessdate=June 13, 2019}}</ref> Still another theory suggests that it was called Whizbang because "people whizzed all day and banged all night."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grann |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953738449 |title=Killers of the flower moon : the Osage murders and the birth of the FBI |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-385-53424-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=953738449}}</ref>

Whizbang was a violent place. The bank was robbed twice and "it wasn't safe for a woman to be on the streets after dark." Highway robbers frequently robbed travelers along the road to Shidler at a place called "Pistol Hill." A man called "Jose Alvarado", whose real name was Bert Bryant was hired by oil companies to keep the peace. Alvarado, a Texan, had ridden with [[Pancho Villa]] in Mexico. He was considered "everything from a cold-blooded killer to a Robin Hood." Alvardo was once arrested for stealing $2,500 from a brothel owner, but he returned the money and was acquitted. He got into a gunfight with a lawman from a neighboring town over a woman. The other lawman killed the woman and shot Alvarado in the chest. In the ensuing melee, Alvarado shot the other man four times and had both his legs broken by bullets. The two men survived, were put in the same hospital, and became friends.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shidler, Oklahoma History |url=http://www.gazmuth.com/local/30mile/shidler.php |website=The Virtual Realm |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020905/http://www.gazmuth.com:80/local/30mile/shidler.php |archivedate=July 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Denoya |url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/towns/okie2.html |website=The Spell of the West |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912193359/http://www.jcs-group.com:80/oldwest/towns/okie2.html |archivedate=September 12, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the exhaustion of the petroleum reserves in the late 1920s Whizbang declined. The post office, established in 1921, was closed in 1942, and little remains of the town except a network of old roads.

Persons who lived and worked near Whizbang during its heyday included future actor [[Clark Gable]] who worked as a roustabout in the oil fields,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2050879/clark-gables-oklahoma-years| title= Clark Gable’s Oklahoma years| publisher= Sam Henderson, The Oklahoman, December 18, 1983| accessdate=February 29, 2020}}</ref> oilmen [[E.W. Marland]] and [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]], and rodeo star and [[Oscars|Oscar]]-winning actor [[Ben Johnson (actor)|Ben Johnson, Jr.]]
[[File:Building foundations in Denoya OK.jpg|thumb|The foundations of old buildings in Denoya, Oklahoma, also known as Whizbang.]]

==Today==
Today the rubble and remains of Whizbang/Denoya can easily be seen from the road. Several sidewalks still parallel the road, and a number of building foundations are still in the area. A few occupied houses are nearby.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Osage County, Oklahoma}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ghost towns in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Osage County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma]]

Whizbang, Oklahoma

2023-03-29T18:06:51Z

Jod1Hannah: Added a theory as to the origin of the name "Whizbang"

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Whizbang, Oklahoma
|settlement_type = Ghost town
|nickname =
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|image_skyline = Whizbang.jpg
|imagesize =
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Oklahoma]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oklahoma|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Osage County, Oklahoma|Osage]]


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|timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
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|utc_offset_DST = -5
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}}
'''Whizbang''', officially called '''Denoya''',<ref name=gnis/> was an [[Oklahoma]] petroleum boom town in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>Morris, John Wesley (1977). ''Ghost towns of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press''. pp. 64. {{ISBN|0-8061-1420-7}}.</ref> Located in [[Osage County, Oklahoma|Osage County]], 1.5 miles north and 1.5 miles west of the present town of [[Shidler, Oklahoma|Shidler]], the Whizbang area at its peak had a population of 10,000 persons and 300 businesses and was considered the rowdiest of the many oil field towns in Oklahoma.

==History==
Whizbang was officially known as Denoya by the post office which did not consider the name Whizbang to be dignified. Denoya was the name of a prominent French/[[Osage Nation|Osage]] Indian family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Denoya (Whizbang), Oklahoma, Osage County |url=http://okielegacy.org/journal/ezine/?vol=0&search=1&city=Denoya&state=Oklahoma |website=The Okie Legacy |accessdate=October 23, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330062337/http://okielegacy.org/journal/ezine/?vol=0&search=1&city=Denoya&state=Oklahoma |archivedate=March 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Whizbang is located in the former Osage Indian Reservation which had the same boundaries as Osage County.<ref name = "EOHC-Osage">{{cite book|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OS004 |first=Jon D. |last=May|title=Osage County, ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''|accessdate=September 25, 2011}}</ref>

Perhaps the most infamous of the Oklahoma oil boom towns, Whizbang (or Denoya) came into existence overnight in 1921 when [[E.W. Marland]] drilled a 600 barrel per day oil well and precipitated an "oil rush" to the area. Both the quality and quantity of the petroleum were superb. The origin of the name "Whizbang" is uncertain. It may refer to a bawdy cartoon and joke magazine called "[[Fawcett Publications|Captain Billy's Whiz Bang]]" which was popular in the day. Another theory is that the Osage residents imitated the sound of oil pumps and engines by saying "whizbang."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2614771/whizbang-memories-abound | title= Whizbang Memories Abound| publisher= Lee, Robert E., Daily Oklahoman, May 29, 1988| accessdate=June 13, 2019}}</ref> Still another theory suggests that it was called Whizbang because "people whizzed all day and banged all night."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grann |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953738449 |title=Killers of the flower moon : the Osage murders and the birth of the FBI |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-385-53424-6 |edition=First edition |location=New York |oclc=953738449}}</ref>

Whizbang was a violent place. The bank was robbed twice and "it wasn't safe for a woman to be on the streets after dark." Highway robbers frequently robbed travelers along the road to Shidler at a place called "Pistol Hill." A man called "Jose Alvarado", whose real name was Bert Bryant was hired by oil companies to keep the peace. Alvarado, a Texan, had ridden with [[Pancho Villa]] in Mexico. He was considered "everything from a cold-blooded killer to a Robin Hood." Alvardo was once arrested for stealing $2,500 from a brothel owner, but he returned the money and was acquitted. He got into a gunfight with a lawman from a neighboring town over a woman. The other lawman killed the woman and shot Alvarado in the chest. In the ensuing melee, Alvarado shot the other man four times and had both his legs broken by bullets. The two men survived, were put in the same hospital, and became friends.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shidler, Oklahoma History |url=http://www.gazmuth.com/local/30mile/shidler.php |website=The Virtual Realm |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020905/http://www.gazmuth.com:80/local/30mile/shidler.php |archivedate=July 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Denoya |url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/towns/okie2.html |website=The Spell of the West |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912193359/http://www.jcs-group.com:80/oldwest/towns/okie2.html |archivedate=September 12, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the exhaustion of the petroleum reserves in the late 1920s Whizbang declined. The post office, established in 1921, was closed in 1942, and little remains of the town except a network of old roads.

Persons who lived and worked near Whizbang during its heyday included future actor [[Clark Gable]] who worked as a roustabout in the oil fields,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2050879/clark-gables-oklahoma-years| title= Clark Gable’s Oklahoma years| publisher= Sam Henderson, The Oklahoman, December 18, 1983| accessdate=February 29, 2020}}</ref> oilmen [[E.W. Marland]] and [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]], and rodeo star and [[Oscars|Oscar]]-winning actor [[Ben Johnson (actor)|Ben Johnson, Jr.]]
[[File:Building foundations in Denoya OK.jpg|thumb|The foundations of old buildings in Denoya, Oklahoma, also known as Whizbang.]]

==Today==
Today the rubble and remains of Whizbang/Denoya can easily be seen from the road. Several sidewalks still parallel the road, and a number of building foundations are still in the area. A few occupied houses are nearby.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Osage County, Oklahoma}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ghost towns in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Osage County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma]]

William Odling

2022-05-03T15:35:17Z

Jod1Hannah: Removed original research and speculation

{{Short description|English chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''William Odling''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (5 September 1829 in [[Southwark]], [[London]] – 17 February 1921 in [[Oxford]]) was an English [[chemist]] who contributed to the development of the [[periodic table]].

In the 1860s Odling, like many chemists, was working towards classifying the elements, an effort that would eventually lead to the [[Periodic table|periodic table of elements]]. He was intrigued by atomic weights and the periodic occurrence of chemical properties. William Odling and [[Julius Lothar Meyer|Lothar Meyer]] drew up tables similar, but with improvements on, [[Dmitri Mendeleev|Dmitri Mendeleev's]] original table. Odling drew up a table of elements using repeating units of seven elements, which bears a striking resemblance to [[Dmitri Mendeleev|Mendeleev's]] first table. The [[Periodic table group|groups]] are horizontal, the elements are in order of increasing [[atomic weight]] and there are vacant slots for undiscovered ones. In addition, Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and he even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum in the right groups - something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt.

Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected{{by whom|date=September 2016}} that he, as Secretary of the [[Chemical Society of London]], was instrumental in discrediting [[John Alexander Reina Newlands|John Alexander Reina Newlands']] efforts at getting his own periodic table published. One such unrecognised aspect was for the suggestion he, Odling, made in a lecture he gave at the [[Royal Institution]] in 1855 entitled ''The Constitution of Hydrocarbons'' in which he proposed a [[methane]] type for carbon (Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 1855, vol 2, p. 63-66). [[August Kekulé]] made a similar suggestion in 1857, then in a subsequent paper later that same year proposed that carbon is a tetravalent element.

==Career==
Odling became a Chemistry Lecturer at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital|St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School]] and a Demonstrator at [[Guy's Hospital|Guy's Hospital Medical School]] in 1850. Leaving St Bartholomew's in 1868 he became a Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the [[Royal Institution]] where in 1868 and 1870 he was invited to deliver the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lecture]] on ''The Chemical Changes of Carbon'' and ''Burning and Unburning'' respectively.

In 1872 he left the Royal Institution and became [[Waynflete Professor of Chemistry]] and a fellow of [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], where he stayed still his retirement in 1912.

Odling also served as a fellow (1848–1856), Honorary Secretary (1856–1869), Vice-President (1869–1872) and President (1873–1875) of the [[Chemical Society of London]] as well as a Censor (1878–1880 and 1882–1891), Vice-President (1878–1880 and 1888–1891) and President (1883–1888) of the [[Institute of Chemistry]].

In 1859 he was made a fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] and in 1875 he was granted an honorary PhD by [[Leiden University]], the Netherlands.

==See also==
{{Wikisource author}}
*[[History of the periodic table]]

==References==
* [http://johnmadjackfuller.homestead.com/fullerianprofessors.html#anchor_10705 Fullerian Professorships]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odling, William}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Southwark]]
[[Category:19th-century British chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Academics of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
[[Category:Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Waynflete Professors of Chemistry]]
[[Category:People involved with the periodic table]]
[[Category:20th-century British chemists]]

1855 in science

2022-05-03T15:34:45Z

Jod1Hannah: Clarified that Odling proposed a methane type, not that carbon was tetravelent.

{{Year nav topic5|1855|science}}

The year '''1855 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Biology==
* September – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] publishes "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", which he has written while working in [[Sarawak]] on the island of [[Borneo]] in February;<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/wallace/S020.htm|title=On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species|first=Alfred Russel|last=Wallace|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Second Series|volume=16}}</ref> in December, [[Edward Blyth]] brings it to the attention of [[Charles Darwin]].
* [[Robert Remak]] publishes ''Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere'' in [[Berlin]], providing evidence for [[cell division]], which is supported (but not acknowledged) by [[Rudolf Virchow]].<ref>Virchow, R. ''Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin'' '''8''' (1855).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=David|last=Lagunoff|title=A Polish, Jewish Scientist in 19th-Century Prussia|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=298|page=2331|year=2002|doi=10.1126/science.1080726|issue=5602|pmid=12493897|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Cartography==
* September – Rev. [[James Patterson]] presents the [[Gall–Peters projection|Gall orthographic projection]] for [[Celestial cartography|celestial]] and terrestrial [[equal-area projection|equal-area]] cartography.<ref>At [[Glasgow]] meeting of [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]].</ref>

==Chemistry==
* May 10 – The [[Bunsen burner]] is invented by [[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]].
* [[Friedrich Gaedcke]] first isolates the [[cocaine]] [[alkaloid]], which he names "erythroxyline".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca|last=Gaedcke|first=F.|journal=[[Archiv der Pharmazie]]|volume=132|issue=2|pages=141–150|year=1855|doi=10.1002/ardp.18551320208|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1424529/files/article.pdf}}</ref>
* [[William Odling]] proposes a [[methane]] type ([[tetravalent]]) for carbon.
* [[Charles-Adolphe Wurtz]] publishes the [[Wurtz reaction]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques|first=Adolphe|last=Wurtz|journal=[[Annales de chimie et de physique]]|volume=44|pages=275–312|year=1855|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34785p/f274.table|accessdate=2012-02-07}}</ref>
* [[Benjamin Silliman, Jr.]] pioneers methods of [[petroleum cracking]], which makes the entire modern [[petrochemical]] industry possible.<ref>{{cite web|title=Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816–1885) |work=Picture History |publisher=Picture History LLC |year=2003 |url=http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html |accessdate=2007-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023346/http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html |archivedate=2007-07-07 }}</ref>

==Earth sciences==
* [[Famennian]] [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] proposed by Belgian geologist [[André Dumont]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thorez|first1=Jacques|last2=Dreesen|first2=Roland|last3=Streel|first3=Maurice|year=2006|title=Frasnian|journal=Geologica Belgica|volume=9|pages=27–45|url=http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Geol/docannexe.php?id=1083|access-date=2013-03-16}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Exploration==
* November 17 – Dr [[David Livingstone]] becomes the first European to see the [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]].

==Medicine==
* March – [[Mary Seacole]] opens the British Hotel at [[Balaklava]], a nursing and [[convalescent]] establishment for [[Crimean War]] officers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seacole|first=Mary|title=Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands|location=London|publisher=Blackwood|year=1858}}</ref>
* October – The [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel#Renkioi Hospital|Renkioi temporary hospital]], [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] in wood to a design by [[I. K. Brunel]], is erected in [[Turkey]] to serve Crimean War invalids.<ref>{{cite book|title=Renkioi: Brunel's Forgotten Crimean War Hospital|first=Christopher|last=Silver|location=Sevenoaks|publisher=Valonia Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9557105-0-6}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Addison]] describes [[Addison's disease]] in ''On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules''.

==Paleontology==
* The first [[archaeopteryx]] fossil is found in [[Bavaria]], but will not be identified until 1970.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sean B.|last=Carroll|title=Remarkable Creatures: epic adventures in the search for the origins of species|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2009|pages=172–4}}</ref>

==Physics==
* [[James Clerk Maxwell]] unifies [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]] into a single theory, [[electromagnetism|classical electromagnetism]], thereby showing that [[light]] is an electromagnetic [[wave]].
* [[Heinrich Geißler]] designs a mercury pump capable of producing a significant [[vacuum]].

==Technology==
* August 27 – [[Alphonse Louis Poitevin]] patents the [[collotype]] photographic printing process in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm|title=The Poitevin Patents and the Importance of Using Primary Sources|website=BrevetsPhotographiques.fr|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130213104006/http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm|archivedate=2013-02-13|accessdate=2021-11-23}}</ref>
* October 17 – [[Henry Bessemer]] files his [[patent]] for the [[Bessemer process]] of [[steel]]making.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions|location=London|publisher=[[British Library]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7123-0881-6|pages=30–1}}</ref>
* [[William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|William Armstrong]] produces the [[Rifled breech-loader|rifled breech-loading]] [[Armstrong Gun]].

==Institutions==
* c. February – Establishment of the Industrial Museum of Scotland in [[Edinburgh]], a predecessor of the [[National Museum of Scotland]], with chemist [[George Wilson (chemist)|George Wilson]] as its director. In August he is also appointed [[Regius Professor]] of Technology in the [[University of Edinburgh]], the first such post in Britain.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Geoffrey N.|last=Swinney|title=George Wilson's map of technology|journal=[[Journal of Scottish Historical Studies]]|volume=36|issue=2|year=2016|pages=165–90|doi=10.3366/jshs.2016.0184}}</ref> This year also he publishes ''Researches on Colour-Blindness''.
* Opening of [[ETH Zurich|Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule]] in [[Zurich]], [[Switzerland]].

==Publications==
* [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]] publishes ''The Physical Geography of the Sea''.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Léon Foucault]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for Geology: [[Henry De la Beche]]

==Births==
* January 5 – [[King Camp Gillette]] (died [[1932 in science|1932]]), [[Americans|American]] [[inventor]].
* January 21 – [[John Browning]] (died [[1926 in science|1926]]), American inventor.
* January 28 – [[William Seward Burroughs I|William Seward Burroughs]] (died [[1898 in science|1898]]), American inventor of the [[adding machine]].
* March 13 – [[Percival Lowell]] (died [[1916 in science|1916]]), American [[astronomer]].
* May 29 – [[David Bruce (microbiologist)|David Bruce]] (died [[1931 in science|1931]]), Australian-born [[British people|British]] [[microbiologist]].
* November 5 – [[Léon Teisserenc de Bort]] (died [[1913 in science|1913]]), [[French people|French]] [[meteorologist]].
* November 7 – [[Edwin Hall]] (died [[1938 in science|1938]]), American [[physicist]], discoverer of the "[[Hall effect]]".
* [[Stephen Paget]] (died [[1926 in science|1926]]), English surgeon.

==Deaths==
* February 23 – [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (born [[1777 in science|1777]]), [[Germans|German]] [[mathematician]].
* February 27 – [[Bryan Donkin]] (born [[1768 in science|1768]]), [[English people|English]] engineer and inventor.
* March 20 – [[Joseph Aspdin]] (born [[1778 in science|1778]]), English inventor.
* April 13 – [[Henry De la Beche]] (born [[1796 in science|1796]]), English [[geologist]].
* June 7 – [[Friederike Lienig]] (born [[1790 in science|1790]]), [[Latvia]]n entomologist.
* June 29 – [[John Gorrie]] (born [[1803 in science|1803]]), [[Scottish American]] [[physician]] and inventor.
* July 6 – [[Andrew Crosse]] (born [[1784 in science|1784]]), English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity.
* July 8 – [[William Parry (explorer)|William Parry]] (born [[1790 in science|1790]]), English [[Arctic]] [[List of explorers|explorer]].
* October 7 – [[François Magendie]] (born [[1783 in science|1783]]), French [[physiologist]].
* December 6 – [[William John Swainson]] (born [[1789 in science|1789]]), English [[naturalist]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1855 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1850s in science]]

1857 in science

2022-05-03T15:21:49Z

Jod1Hannah: Moved Galen Clark's "discovery" of Mariposa Grove to Exploration and clarified that he was the first European American, not first person.

{{Year nav topic5|1857|science}}

The year '''1857 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Astronomy==
* [[Peter Andreas Hansen]]'s ''Tables of the Moon'' are published in London.<ref>{{cite journal|author=W. T. L.|title=Peter Andreas Hansen|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=35|year=1875|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0035//0000170.000.html|pages=168–170|accessdate=2011-08-26|doi=10.1093/mnras/35.4.168|bibcode=1875MNRAS..35..168.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Biology==
* [[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Rev. M. J. Berkeley]] publishes ''Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany''.

==Chemistry==
* [[Robert Bunsen]] invents apparatus for measuring [[effusion]].
* [[August Kekulé]] proposes that [[carbon]] is tetravalent, or forms exactly four [[chemical bond]]s.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/august-kekul%C3%A9-and-archibald-scott-couper|website=Science History Institute|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/91 91–93]}}</ref>
* [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]] patented the [[Siemens cycle]].

==Earth sciences==
* January 9 – The 7.9 {{M|w}} [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake|Fort Tejon earthquake]] shakes [[Central California|Central]] and [[Southern California]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''). The event, which involved slip on the southern segment of the [[San Andreas Fault]], left two people dead.
* [[Friedrich Albert Fallou]] publishes Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde [First Principles of Soil Science], laying the foundations for the modern study of [[soil science]].

==Exploration==
* May 16 – The [[Palliser expedition|British North American Exploring Expedition]], led by Irish geographer Capt. [[John Palliser]], sets off for a three-year exploration of [[Western Canada]].
* [[Galen Clark]] first European American to see the [[Mariposa Grove]] of [[giant sequoia]]s in [[California]].

==History of science and technology==
* The [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]]'s [[Locomotion No. 1|''Locomotion'' No. 1]] of 1825 is set aside for preservation in England.

==Mathematics==
* [[William Rowan Hamilton]] invents the [[Icosian game]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norman L.|last1=Biggs|first2=E. Keith|last2=Lloyd|first3=Robin J.|last3=Wilson|title=Graph Theory 1736–1936|title-link=Graph Theory, 1736–1936|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|isbn=0198539010}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* March 12 – [[Elizabeth Blackwell]] opens the [[New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children]].
* French surgeon Jean-Louis-Paul Denucé gives the first description of a [[Incubator (neonatal)|neonatal incubator]].
* French psychiatrist [[Bénédict Morel]] publishes ''Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives''.

==Technology==
* March 23 – [[Elisha Otis]]' first [[elevator]] is installed (at 488 [[Broadway (Manhattan)]]).
* The first [[Track (rail transport)|rails]] made from [[steel]] are made by [[Robert Forester Mushet]] early in the year and laid experimentally at [[Derby railway station]] on the [[Midland Railway]] in [[England]]. They prove far more durable than the iron rails they replace and remain in use until 1873.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Guinness Book of Rail Facts & Feats|authorlink=John Marshall (railway historian)|last=Marshall|first=John|year=1979|isbn=0-900424-56-7}}</ref>

==Publications==
* [[Naturalist]] [[Philip Henry Gosse|P. H. Gosse]]'s [[Creationism|creationist]] text ''[[Omphalos (book)|Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot]]'' is published in England.

==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Michel Eugène Chevreul]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal]] for geology: [[Joachim Barrande]]

==Births==
* January 20 – [[Vladimir Bekhterev]] (died [[1927 in science|1927]]), Russian [[psychologist]].
* February 3 – [[Wilhelm Johannsen]] (died 1927), Danish [[plant physiologist]] and [[geneticist]].
* February 22 – [[Heinrich Hertz]] (died [[1894 in science|1894]]), German physicist
* March 27 – [[Karl Pearson|Carl Pearson]] (died [[1936 in science|1936]]), English [[mathematician]].
* April 30 – [[Eugen Bleuler]] (died [[1939 in science|1939]]), Swiss [[psychiatrist]].
* May 13 – [[Ronald Ross]] (died [[1932 in science|1932]]), Indian-born British [[physiologist]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1902.
* May 15 – [[Williamina Fleming]] (died [[1911 in science|1911]]), Scottish-born American astronomer.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Deborah|last1=Todd|first2=Joseph|last2=Angelo|title=A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy|location=New York|publisher=Facts of File|year=2003|page=117|isbn=978-0-81604-639-3}}</ref>
* June 28 – [[Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet|Robert Jones]] (died [[1933 in science|1933]]), Welsh [[orthopaedic surgeon]].
* July 11 – [[Joseph Larmor]] (died [[1942 in science|1942]]), Irish physicist.
* August 8 – [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] (died [[1935 in science|1935]]), American [[paleontologist]].
* October 2 – [[John Macintyre]] (died [[1928 in science|1928]]), Scottish [[laryngologist]] and pioneer [[radiographer]].
* November 1 – [[John Joly]] (died [[1933 in science|1933]]), Anglo-Irish [[physicist]].
* November 27 – [[Charles Scott Sherrington|Charles Sherrington]] (died [[1952 in science|1952]]), English [[neurophysiologist]] and [[bacteriologist]], winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932.
* November 29 – [[Theodor Escherich]] (died [[1911 in science|1911]]), German-born pediatric bacteriologist.

==Deaths==
* January 2 – [[Andrew Ure]] (born [[1778 in science|1778]]), Scottish [[Industrial chemistry|industrial chemist]] and [[encyclopaedist]].
* May 23 – [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] (born [[1789 in science|1789]]), French [[mathematician]].
* June 21 – [[Louis Jacques Thénard]] (born [[1777 in science|1777]]), French [[chemist]].
* July 13 – [[Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner]] (born [[1783 in science|1783]]), German chemist.
* July 29 – [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] (born [[1803 in science|1803]]), French [[Natural history|naturalist]].
* August 12 – [[William Conybeare (geologist)|William Conybeare]] (born [[1787 in science|1787]]), English [[geologist]].
* November 30 – [[Mary Buckland]] (born [[1797 in science|1797]]), English [[paleontologist]] and marine biologist.
* December 15 – [[George Cayley]] (born [[1773 in science|1773]]), English aviation pioneer.
* December 17 – [[Francis Beaufort]] (born [[1774 in science|1774]]), British [[hydrographer]].
* ''date unknown'' – [[Elizabeth Philpot]] (born [[1780 in science|1780]]), English paleontologist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1857 in science| ]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
[[Category:1850s in science]]

November 11

2021-11-11T16:09:26Z

Jod1Hannah: Added direct link to the Fasching section which talks about the opening of festivities on 11/11 at 11:11am. /* Holidays and observances */

{{Redirect|11/11/11|the holiday commemorating the end of World War I in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]|Remembrance Day|the 2011 mockumentary film|11/11/11 (Keith Allan film)}}
{{Redirect|11-11-11|the film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman|11-11-11 (film)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{calendar}}
{{This date in recent years}}
{{Day}}

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[308]] – At [[Carnuntum]], Emperor ''emeritus'' [[Diocletian]] confers with [[Galerius]], ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' of the East, and [[Maximian]]us, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the [[civil wars of the Tetrarchy]].
*[[1028]] – [[Constantine VIII]] died, ending his uninterrupted reign as [[List of Byzantine emperors|emperor or co-emperor]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] of 66 years.
*[[1100]] – [[Henry I of England]] marries [[Matilda of Scotland]], the daughter of [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] and a direct descendant of the Saxon king [[Edmund Ironside]]; Matilda is crowned in the same day.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Lillie Craik|title=Pictorical History of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195|year=1850|publisher=W.S. Orr & Company|pages=195}}</ref>
*[[1215]] – The [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] meets, defining the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]], the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of [[Christ]].
*[[1500]] – [[Treaty of Granada (1500)|Treaty of Granada]]: [[Louis XII of France]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] agree to divide the [[Kingdom of Naples]] between them.
*[[1572]] – [[Tycho Brahe]] observes the [[supernova]] [[SN 1572]].

===1601–1900===
*[[1620]] – The [[Mayflower Compact]] is signed in what is now [[Provincetown Harbor]] near [[Cape Cod]].
*[[1634]] – Following pressure from [[Anglican]] bishop [[John Atherton]], the [[Irish House of Commons]] passes ''An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of [[Buggery]]''.
*[[1673]] – Second [[Battle of Khotyn (1673)|Battle of Khotyn]] in [[Ukraine]]: [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] forces under the command of [[Jan III Sobieski|Jan Sobieski]] defeat the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army. In this battle, rockets made by [[Kazimierz Siemienowicz]] are successfully used.
*[[1675]] – [[Gottfried Leibniz]] demonstrates [[integral calculus]] for the first time to find the area under the graph of ''y'' = ''ƒ''(''x'').
*[[1724]] – [[Joseph Blake (criminal)|Joseph Blake]], alias Blueskin, a highwayman known for attacking "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) [[Jonathan Wild]] at the [[Old Bailey]], is hanged in London.
*[[1750]] – [[Lhasa riot of 1750|Riots break out]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] after the murder of the [[Tibet]]an regent.
* 1750 – The F.H.C. Society, also known as the [[Flat Hat Club]], is formed at Raleigh Tavern, [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. It is the first college fraternity.
*[[1778]] – [[Cherry Valley massacre]]: [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] and [[Seneca nation|Seneca]] Indian forces attack a fort and village in eastern New York during the [[American Revolutionary War]], killing more than forty civilians and soldiers.
*[[1805]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Dürenstein]]: Eight thousand French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force.
*[[1813]] – [[War of 1812]]: [[Battle of Crysler's Farm]]: British and Canadian forces defeat a larger American force, causing the Americans to abandon their Saint Lawrence campaign.
*[[1831]] – In [[Jerusalem, Virginia]], [[Nat Turner]] is hanged after inciting a violent [[Nat Turner's slave rebellion|slave uprising]].
*[[1839]] – The [[Virginia Military Institute]] is founded in [[Lexington, Virginia]].
*[[1865]] – [[Treaty of Sinchula]] is signed whereby [[Bhutan]] cedes the areas east of the [[Teesta River]] to the [[British East India Company]].
*[[1869]] – The [[Victoria, Australia|Victorian]] [[Aboriginal Protection Act 1869|Aboriginal Protection Act]] is enacted in Australia, giving the government control of indigenous people's wages, their terms of employment, where they could live, and of their children, effectively leading to the [[Stolen Generations]].
*[[1880]] – Australian [[bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]] is hanged at [[Melbourne Gaol]].
*[[1887]] – [[August Spies]], [[Albert Parsons]], [[Adolph Fischer]] and [[George Engel]] are [[Execution (legal)|executed]] as a result of the [[Haymarket affair]].
*[[1889]] – The State of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] is admitted as the 42nd [[U.S. state|state]] of the United States..<ref>{{cite web |last=Lange |first=Greg |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=5210 |title=Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11, 1889. |publisher=Historylink.org |date=February 15, 2003 |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622085624/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=5210 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1911]] – Many cities in the [[Midwestern United States]] [[The Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11|break their record highs and lows on the same day]] as a strong cold front rolls through.
*[[1918]] – [[World War I]]: Germany signs an [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice]] agreement with [[Allies of World War I|the Allies]] in a railroad car in the [[forest of Compiègne]].
* 1918 – [[Józef Piłsudski]] assumes supreme military power in Poland – symbolic first day of [[Polish Independence Day|Polish independence]].
* 1918 – Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] relinquishes power.
*[[1919]] – The [[Industrial Workers of the World]] [[Centralia Massacre (Washington)|attack]] an [[Armistice Day]] parade in [[Centralia, Washington]], ultimately resulting in the deaths of five people.
* 1919 – Latvian forces defeat the [[West Russian Volunteer Army]] at Riga in the [[Latvian War of Independence]].
*[[1921]] – The [[Tomb of the Unknowns]] is dedicated by US President [[Warren G. Harding]] at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].
*[[1923]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] was arrested in [[Munich]] for [[high treason]] for his role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]].
*[[1926]] – The [[United States Numbered Highways|United States Numbered Highway System]] is established.
*[[1930]] – [[Patent]] number US1781541 is awarded to [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Leó Szilárd]] for their invention, the [[Einstein refrigerator]].
*[[1934]] – The [[Shrine of Remembrance]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia is opened.
*[[1940]] – [[World War II]]: In the [[Battle of Taranto]], the [[Royal Navy]] launches the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history.
* 1940 – World War II: The German auxiliary cruiser ''[[German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis|Atlantis]]'' captures [[Classified information|top secret]] British mail from the ''[[SS Automedon|Automedon]]'', and sends it to Japan.
*[[1942]] – World War II: France's ''[[zone libre]]'' is occupied by German forces in [[Case Anton]].
*[[1960]] – A military coup against [[President of Vietnam|President]] [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] of [[South Vietnam]] [[1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt|is crushed]].
*[[1961]] – Thirteen [[Italian Air Force]] servicemen, deployed to [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|the Congo]] as a part of the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN peacekeeping force]], are massacred by a mob in [[Kindu atrocity|Kindu]].
*[[1962]] – [[Kuwait]]'s National Assembly ratifies the [[Constitution of Kuwait]].
*[[1965]] – [[Southern Rhodesia]]'s Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declares the colony independent]] as the [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|unrecognised state]] of [[Rhodesia]].
*[[1966]] – [[NASA]] launches [[Gemini 12]].
*[[1967]] – [[Vietnam War]]: In a propaganda ceremony in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]], three American prisoners of war are released by the [[Viet Cong]] and turned over to "new left" antiwar activist [[Tom Hayden]].
*[[1968]] – Vietnam War: [[Operation Commando Hunt]] initiated. The goal is to interdict men and supplies on the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]], through [[Laos]] into [[South Vietnam]].
*[[1972]] – Vietnam War: [[Vietnamization]]: The United States Army turns over the massive [[Long Binh military base]] to [[South Vietnam]].
*[[1975]] – [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]]: Australian [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John Kerr]] dismisses the government of [[Gough Whitlam]], appoints [[Malcolm Fraser]] as caretaker [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] and announces a [[1975 Australian federal election|general election to be held in early December]].
* 1975 – Independence of [[Angola]].
*[[1977]] – A [[Iri Station Explosion|munitions explosion]] at a train station in [[Iksan|Iri, South Korea]] kills at least 56 people.<ref>{{Cite web|quote=The news agency said the explosion was much more powerful than a blast in the southern South Korean city of Iri in 1977 when a freight train carrying dynamite blew up, killing 56 people and injuring 1,300.|date=November 3, 1991|title=Huge Explosion Reportedly Kills Scores in N. Korea Border Town|agency=Reuters|access-date=July 6, 2019|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-03-mn-1576-story.html}}</ref>
*[[1981]] – [[Antigua and Barbuda]] joins the [[United Nations]].
*[[1992]] – The [[General Synod of the Church of England]] votes to allow women to become priests.
*[[1993]] – A sculpture honoring women who served in the [[Vietnam War]] is dedicated at the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] in Washington, D.C.
*[[1999]] – The [[House of Lords Act 1999|House of Lords Act]] is given [[Royal Assent]], restricting membership of the [[House of Lords|British House of Lords]] by virtue of a hereditary peerage.
*[[2000]] – [[Kaprun disaster]]: One hundred fifty-five skiers and snowboarders die when a [[Funicular|cable car]] catches fire in an alpine tunnel in [[Kaprun]], Austria.
*[[2001]] – Journalists [[Pierre Billaud]], [[Johanne Sutton]] and [[Volker Handloik]] are killed in [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] during an attack on the convoy they are traveling in.
*[[2002]] – A [[Fokker F27 Friendship]] operating as [[Laoag International Airlines Flight 585]] crashes into [[Manila Bay]] shortly after takeoff from [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]], killing 19 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600 RP-C6888 Manila-Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) [Manila Bay]|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20021111-0|access-date=2020-11-12|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*[[2004]] – [[New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior]] is dedicated at the [[National War Memorial (New Zealand)|National War Memorial]], [[Wellington]].
* 2004 – The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] confirms the death of [[Yasser Arafat]] from unidentified causes. [[Mahmoud Abbas]] is elected chairman of the PLO minutes later.
*[[2006]] – [[Queen Elizabeth II]] unveils the [[New Zealand War Memorial, London|New Zealand War Memorial]] in London, United Kingdom, commemorating the loss of soldiers from the [[New Zealand Army]] and the [[British Army]].
*[[2011]] - A helicopter crash just outside Mexico City kills 7, including [[Francisco Blake Mora]] the [[Secretary of the Interior (Mexico)|Secretary of the Interior of Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=the CNN Wire|date=2011-11-11|title=Mexican minister who fought drug cartels killed in crash|url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/11/11/world/americas/mexico-minister-killed/index.html|access-date=2021-08-05|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>
*[[2012]] – A [[2012 Shwebo earthquake|strong earthquake]] with the [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 6.8 hits northern [[Burma]], killing at least 26 people.
*[[2014]] – Fifty-eight people are killed in a [[2014 Khairpur bus crash|bus crash]] in the [[Sukkur District]] in southern [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province.
*[[2020]] – [[Typhoon Vamco (2020)|Typhoon Vamco]] makes landfall in [[Luzon]] and several offshore islands. The storm caused the worst floods in the region since [[Typhoon Ketsana]] in 2009 and killed 67 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Gillan Ropero, ABS-CBN|date=2020-11-14|title=Typhoon Ulysses deaths climb to 67: disaster council|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/15/20/typhoon-ulysses-deaths-climb-to-37-disaster-council|access-date=2020-11-15|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 11, 2020|name=Ulysses|intl_name=Vamco|type=swb|no=18|category=TY|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin_ulysses.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-25W/PAGASA_20-25W_Ulysses_SWB%2318.pdf}}</ref>

==Births==

===Pre-1600===
*[[1050]] – [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] (d. 1106)<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry IV {{!}} Holy Roman emperor |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1154]] – [[Sancho I of Portugal]] (d. 1212)
*[[1155]] – [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] (d. 1214)
*[[1220]] – [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers]] (d. 1271)
*[[1430]] – [[Jošt of Rožmberk]], Bishop of Breslau (d. 1467)
*[[1441]] – [[Charlotte of Savoy]], French queen (d. 1483)
*[[1449]] – [[Catherine of Poděbrady]], Hungarian queen (d. 1464)
*[[1491]] – [[Martin Bucer]], German Protestant reformer (d. 1551)
*[[1493]] – [[Paracelsus]], Swiss-German physician, botanist, astrologer, and occultist (d. 1541)
*[[1512]] – [[Marcin Kromer]], Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1589)
*[[1569]] – [[Martin Ruland the Younger]], German physician and chemist (d. 1611)
*[[1579]] – [[Frans Snyders]], Flemish painter (d. 1657)
*[[1599]] – [[Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg]] (d. 1655)
* 1599 – [[Ottavio Piccolomini]], Austrian-Italian field marshal (d. 1656)

===1601–1900===
*[[1633]] – [[George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax]], English politician, [[Lord President of the Council]] (d. 1695)
*[[1668]] – [[Johann Albert Fabricius]], German author and scholar (d. 1736)
*[[1696]] – [[Andrea Zani]], Italian violinist and composer (d. 1757)
*[[1743]] – [[Carl Peter Thunberg]], Swedish botanist, entomologist, and psychologist (d. 1828)
*[[1748]] – [[Charles IV of Spain]] (d. 1819)
*[[1768]] – [[Sikandar Jah]], (d. 1829) 3rd [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=207 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>
*[[1791]] – [[Josef Munzinger]], Swiss lawyer and politician, 3rd [[List of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation|President of the Swiss Confederation]] (d. 1855)
*[[1821]] – [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, and philosopher (d. 1881)
*[[1836]] – [[Thomas Bailey Aldrich]], American poet and author (d. 1907)
*[[1852]] – [[Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf]], Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925)
*[[1855]] – [[Stevan Sremac]], Serbian author and activist (d. 1906)
*[[1857]] – [[Janet Erskine Stuart]], English nun and educator (d. 1914)
*[[1860]] – [[Thomas Joseph Byrnes]], Australian politician, 12th [[Premier of Queensland]] (d. 1898)
*[[1863]] – [[Paul Signac]], French painter and educator (d. 1935)
*[[1864]] – [[Alfred Hermann Fried]], Austrian journalist and activist, [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. 1921)
*[[1866]] – [[Martha Annie Whiteley]], English chemist and mathematician (d. 1956)<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-46421|title=Whiteley, Martha Annie (1866–1956), chemist|last=Barrett|first=Anne|date=September 23, 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46421|isbn=9780198614128|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref>
*[[1867]] – [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], a [[Jainism|Jain]] philosopher, spiritual mentor of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (d. [[1901]])<ref>{{cite web | title=Rājacandra | website=Jainpedia|first=Jérôme|last=Petit| date=2016 | url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/people/studying-jainism/rajacandra.html | access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[1868]] – [[Édouard Vuillard]], French painter and academic (d. 1940)
*[[1869]] – [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] (d. 1947)<ref>{{cite web |title=Victor Emmanuel III {{!}} king of Italy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victor-Emmanuel-III |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1872]] – [[David I. Walsh]], American lawyer and politician, 46th [[Governor of Massachusetts]] (d. 1947)
*[[1882]] – [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] (d. 1973)
*[[1883]] – [[Ernest Ansermet]], Swiss conductor and academic (d. 1969)
*[[1885]] – [[George S. Patton]], American general (d. 1945)
*[[1887]] – [[Roland Young]], English-American actor (d. 1953)
*[[1888]] – [[Abul Kalam Azad]], Indian activist, scholar, and politician, [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Indian Minister of Education]] (d. 1958)
* 1888 – [[J. B. Kripalani]], Indian lawyer and politician (d.1982)
*[[1891]] – [[Rabbit Maranville]], American baseball player and manager (d. 1954)
* 1891 – [[Grunya Sukhareva]], Ukrainian-Russian psychiatrist and university lecturer (d. 1981)
*[[1894]] – [[Beverly Bayne]], American actress (d. 1982)
*[[1895]] – [[Wealthy Babcock]], American mathematician and academic (d. 1990)
*[[1896]] – [[Shirley Graham Du Bois]], American author, playwright, composer, and activist (d. 1977)
* 1896 – [[Carlos Eduardo Castañeda]], Mexican-American historian (d. 1958)
*[[1898]] – [[René Clair]], French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1981)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toldot.ru/life/cemetery/graves_47292.html|title=Сухарева Груня Ефимовна, Москва, Востряковское — еврейские кладбища {{!}} Иудаизм и евреи на Toldot.ru|website=Toldot.ru — Иудаизм и евреи|language=ru-RU|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>
*[[1899]] – [[Pat O'Brien (actor)|Pat O'Brien]], American actor (d. 1983)
*[[1900]] – [[Maria Babanova]], Russian stage and film actress (d. 1983)

===1901–present===
*[[1901]] – [[Sam Spiegel]], American film producer (d. 1985)
* 1901 – [[F. Van Wyck Mason]], American historian and author (d. 1978)
*[[1904]] – [[Alger Hiss]], American lawyer and convicted spy (d. 1996)
* 1904 – [[J. H. C. Whitehead]], Indian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1960)
*[[1906]] – [[Brother Theodore]], German-American monologuist and comedian (d. 2001)
*[[1907]] – [[Orestis Laskos]], Greek director, screenwriter, and poet (d. 1992)
*[[1909]] – [[Robert Ryan]], American actor (d. 1973)
* 1909 – [[Piero Scotti]], Italian race car driver (d. 1976)
*[[1911]] – [[Roberto Matta]], Chilean-Italian painter and sculptor (d. 2002)
*[[1912]] – [[Thomas C. Mann]], American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, [[United States Ambassador to El Salvador]] (d. 1999)
*[[1914]] – [[James Gilbert Baker]], American astronomer, optician, and academic (d. 2005)
* 1914 – [[Taslim Olawale Elias]], Nigerian academic and jurist, 2nd [[Chief Justice of Nigeria]] (d. 1991)
* 1914 – [[Howard Fast]], American novelist and screenwriter (d. 2003)
* 1914 – [[Henry Wade]], American soldier and lawyer (d. 2001)
* 1914 – [[Daisy Bates (activist)|Daisy Bates]], American activist who played a leading role in the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957 (d. 1999)
*[[1915]] – [[William Proxmire]], American soldier, journalist, and politician (d. 2005)
* 1915 – [[Anna Schwartz]], American economist and author (d. 2012)
*[[1916]] – [[Robert Carr]], English engineer and politician, [[Lord President of the Council]] (d. 2012)
*[[1918]] – [[Stubby Kaye]], American entertainer (d. 1997)
*[[1919]] – [[Kalle Päätalo]], Finnish soldier and author (d. 2000)
*[[1920]] – [[Roy Jenkins]], Welsh-English captain, academic, and politician, [[President of the European Commission]] (d. 2003)
* 1920 – [[Walter Krupinski]], German captain and pilot (d. 2000)
*[[1921]] – [[Terrel Bell]], American sergeant, academic, and politician, 2nd [[United States Secretary of Education]] (d. 1996)
*[[1922]] – [[Kurt Vonnegut]], American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (d. 2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurt Vonnegut {{!}} Biography, Facts, & Books |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Vonnegut |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1925]] – [[John Guillermin]], English-American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
* 1925 – [[June Whitfield]], English actress (d. 2018)
* 1925 – [[Jonathan Winters]], American actor and screenwriter (d. 2013)
*[[1926]] – [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1998)
* 1926 – [[Maria Teresa de Filippis]], Italian race car driver (d. 2016)
*[[1927]] – [[Mose Allison]], American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2016)
* 1927 – [[Martin Špegelj]], Croatian general and politician, 2nd [[Ministry of Defence (Croatia)|Croatian Minister of Defence]] (d. 2014)
*[[1928]] – [[Ernestine Anderson]], American singer (d. 2016)
* 1928 – [[Carlos Fuentes]], Mexican novelist and essayist (d. 2012)
*[[1929]] – [[LaVern Baker]], American singer (d. 1997)
* 1929 – [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], German author and poet
* 1929 – [[Martin Jacomb]], English lawyer, businessman, and academic
*[[1930]] – [[Hugh Everett III]], American physicist and mathematician (d. 1982)
* 1930 – [[Vernon Handley]], English conductor (d. 2008)
* 1930 – [[Mildred Dresselhaus]], American physicist and academic (d. 2017)
*[[1932]] – [[Germano Mosconi]], Italian journalist (d. 2012)
*[[1933]] – [[Martino Finotto]], Italian race car driver (d. 2014)
* 1933 – [[Peter B. Lewis]], American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)
*[[1935]] – [[Bibi Andersson]], Swedish actress (d. 2019)
*[[1936]] – [[Jack Keller (songwriter)|Jack Keller]], American songwriter and producer (d. 2005)
*[[1937]] – [[Vittorio Brambilla]], Italian race car driver (d. 2001)
* 1937 – [[Stephen Lewis]], Canadian politician and diplomat, 14th [[Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations]]
* 1937 – [[Alicia Ostriker]], American poet and scholar
*[[1939]] – [[Denise Alexander]], American actress
*[[1940]] – [[Barbara Boxer]], American journalist and politician
* 1940 – [[Dennis Coffey]], American guitarist
*[[1942]] – [[Jonathan Fenby]], English journalist and businessman
* 1942 – [[Roy Fredericks]], Guyanese-American cricketer and politician (d. 2000)
*1942 – [[K. Connie Kang]], Korean American journalist and author (d. 2019)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyung-Chan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prhRl6DYXRMC&q=k.+connie+kang&pg=PA145|title=Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-28902-6|editor-last=Kim|editor-first=Hyung-Chan|pages=145–146|chapter=K. Connie Kang|editor-last2=Cordova|editor-first2=Dorothy C. L.|editor-last3=Fujita|editor-first3=Stephen S.|editor-last4=Ng|editor-first4=Franklin|editor-last5=Singh|editor-first5=Jane}}</ref>
* 1942 – [[Diane Wolkstein]], American author and radio host (d. 2013)
*[[1943]] – [[Doug Frost (swimming coach)|Doug Frost]], Australian swim coach
*[[1945]] – [[Chris Dreja]], English guitarist and songwriter
* 1945 – [[Vince Martell]], American singer and guitarist
* 1945 – [[Daniel Ortega]], Nicaraguan politician, [[President of Nicaragua]]
*[[1946]] – [[Al Holbert]], American race car driver (d. 1988)
*[[1948]] – [[Andrzej Czok]], Polish mountaineer (d. 1986)
* 1948 – [[Vincent Schiavelli]], American actor (d. 2005)
* 1948 – [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]], British-South African record producer and songwriter
*[[1949]] – [[Ismail Petra of Kelantan]], former Sultan of Kelantan (d. 2019)
* 1949 – [[Kathy Postlewait]], American golfer
*[[1950]] – [[Mircea Dinescu]], Romanian journalist and poet
* 1950 – [[Jim Peterik]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist
*[[1951]] – [[Kim Peek]], American [[Savant syndrome|megasavant]] (d. 2009)
* 1951 – [[Marc Summers]], American television host and producer
* 1951 – [[Fuzzy Zoeller]], American golfer
*[[1953]] – [[Marshall Crenshaw]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1953 – [[Andy Partridge]], English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer
*[[1954]] – [[Steve Brain]], English rugby player
* 1954 – [[Mary Gaitskill]], American novelist, essayist, and short story writer.
* 1954 – [[Roger Slifer]], American author, illustrator, screenwriter, and producer (d. 2015)
*[[1955]] – [[Dave Alvin]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1955 – [[Jigme Singye Wangchuk]], King of Bhutan
* 1955 – [[Teri York]], Canadian diver<ref>{{cite web |title=Teri YORK - Olympic Diving {{!}} Canada |url=https://www.olympic.org/teri-york |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=10 January 2020 |language=en |date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
*[[1956]] – [[Ian Craig Marsh]], English guitarist
* 1956 – [[Talat Aziz]], Ghazal singer
*[[1958]] – [[Luz Casal]], Spanish singer-songwriter and actress
* 1958 – [[Kazimieras Černis]], Lithuanian astronomer and astrophysicist
* 1958 – [[Carlos Lacámara]], Cuban-American actor and playwright
* 1958 – [[Kathy Lette]], Australian-English author
*[[1959]] – [[Lee Haney]], American bodybuilder
* 1959 – [[Richard Rowe (horse racing)|Richard Rowe]], English jockey and trainer
* 1959 – [[Christian Schwarzenegger]], Swiss criminologist and academic
* 1959 – [[Carl Williams (boxer)|Carl Williams]], American boxer (d. 2013)
*[[1960]] – [[Colin Harvey (writer)|Colin Harvey]], English author and critic (d. 2011)
* 1960 – [[Chuck Hernandez]], American baseball player and coach
* 1960 – [[Paquito Ochoa, Jr.]], Filipino lawyer and politician, 37th [[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary of the Philippines]]
* 1960 – [[Cristina Odone]], Kenyan-Italian journalist and author
* 1960 – [[Peter Parros]], American actor, producer, and screenwriter
* 1960 – [[Stanley Tucci]], American actor and director
*[[1961]] – [[Yuri Milner]], Russian-born entrepreneur, venture capitalist and physicist
*[[1962]] – [[Mario Fenech]], Maltese-Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
* 1962 – [[Georgios Mitsibonas]], Greek footballer (d. 1997)
* 1962 – [[Demi Moore]], American actress, director, and producer
* 1962 – [[James Morrison (jazz musician)|James Morrison]], Australian trumpet player and composer
*[[1963]] – [[Billy Gunn]], American wrestler and actor
*[[1964]] – [[Margarete Bagshaw]], American painter and potter (d. 2015)
* 1964 – [[Calista Flockhart]], American actress
* 1964 – [[Philip McKeon]], American actor (d. 2019)
*[[1965]] – [[Max Mutchnick]], American screenwriter and producer
* 1965 – [[Kim Stockwood]], Canadian singer-songwriter
*[[1966]] – [[Benedicta Boccoli]], Italian model and actress
* 1966 – [[Vince Colosimo]], Australian actor
* 1966 – [[Alison Doody]], Irish model and actress
*[[1967]] – [[Gil de Ferran]], Brazilian race car driver
* 1967 – [[David Doak]], Northern Irish video game designer
* 1967 – [[Frank John Hughes]], American actor, producer, and screenwriter
*[[1968]] – [[David L. Cook]], American singer-songwriter and comedian
* 1968 – [[Diego Fuser]], Italian footballer and manager
*[[1971]] – [[David DeLuise]], American actor and director
* 1971 – [[Tomas Pačėsas]], Lithuanian basketball player and coach
*[[1972]] – [[Adam Beach]], Canadian actor
*[[1973]] – [[Jason White (musician)|Jason White]], American singer-songwriter and guitarist
*[[1974]] – [[Jon B.]], American singer-songwriter and producer
* 1974 – [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], American actor and producer<ref>{{cite news|title=Leonardo DiCaprio |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-DiCaprio |access-date=July 29, 2015 |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719002432/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-DiCaprio |archive-date=July 19, 2015 }}</ref>
* 1974 – [[Static Major]], American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2008)
* 1974 – [[Wajahatullah Wasti]], Pakistani cricketer
*[[1975]] – [[Daisuke Ohata]], Japanese rugby player
*[[1976]] – [[Jason Grilli]], American baseball player
* 1976 – [[Jesse F. Keeler]], Canadian bass player
*[[1977]] – [[Ben Hollioake]], Australian-English cricketer (d. 2002)
* 1977 – [[Jill Vedder]], American philanthropist, activist and fashion model<ref>{{fashionmodel|id=Jill_McCormick|name=Jill_McCormick}}</ref>
* 1977 – [[Maniche]], Portuguese footballer and manager
* 1977 – [[Marsha Mehran]], Iranian-American author (d. 2014)
*[[1978]] – [[Lou Vincent]], New Zealand cricketer
*[[1980]] – [[Willie Parker]], American football player and coach
* 1980 – [[Edmoore Takaendesa]], Zimbabwean-German rugby player
*[[1982]] – [[Gonzalo Canale]], Argentinian-Italian rugby player
* 1982 – [[Jeremy Williams (actor)|Jeremy Williams]], English model, actor, and poet
*[[1983]] – [[Arouna Koné]], Ivorian footballer
* 1983 – [[Philipp Lahm]], German footballer
* 1983 – [[Tatsuhisa Suzuki]], Japanese voice actor and singer
*[[1984]] – [[Stephen Hunt (footballer born 1984)|Stephen Hunt]], English footballer
* 1984 – [[Birkir Már Sævarsson]], Icelandic footballer
*[[1985]] – [[Osvaldo Alonso]], Cuban footballer
* 1985 – [[Austin Collie]], American football player
* 1985 – [[Tiidrek Nurme]], Estonian runner
* 1985 – [[Jessica Sierra]], American singer
* 1985 – [[Robin Uthappa]], Indian cricketer
*[[1986]] – [[François Trinh-Duc]], French rugby player
* 1986 – [[Jon Batiste]], American singer and pianist
* 1986 – [[Mark Sanchez]], American football player
* 1986 – [[Victor Cruz (American football)|Victor Cruz]], American football player
*[[1987]] – [[Vinny Guadagnino]], American actor
* 1987 – [[Chanelle Hayes]], English model and singer
*[[1988]] – [[David Depetris]], Argentinian-Slovak footballer
* 1988 – [[Mikako Komatsu]], Japanese voice actress and singer
* 1988 – [[Kyle Naughton]], English footballer
*[[1989]] – [[Nick Blackman]], English-Israeli footballer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.espn.com/soccer//profile?id=93631&type=profile&lang=EN|title=ESPNFC: Soccer Nick Blackman|website=m.espn.com}}</ref>
* 1989 – [[Adam Rippon]], American figure skater
* 1989 – [[Reina Tanaka]], Japanese singer
* 1989 – [[Lewis Williamson]], Scottish race car driver
*[[1990]] – [[James Segeyaro]], Papua New Guinean rugby league player<ref>{{cite web |title=James Segeyaro |url=https://www.nrl.com/players/canterbury-cup-nsw/jets/james-segeyaro2/ |website=National Rugby League |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1990 – [[Tom Dumoulin]], Dutch road bicycle racer<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Dumoulin - Player Profile - Cycling |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/cycling/tom-dumoulin_prs254642/person.shtml |website=Eurosport UK |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
* 1990 – [[Georginio Wijnaldum]], Dutch footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=Factfile: Georginio Wijnaldum |url=https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/archive/factfile-georginio-wijnaldum/ |website=Newcastle United Football Club |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1992]] – [[Sofía Luini]], Argentine tennis player<ref>{{cite web |title=Sofia Luini |url=http://www.espn.com.ec/sports/tennis/deportes/jugador/resultados/_/id/4194/sofia-luini |website=ESPN |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
*[[1993]] – [[Jamaal Lascelles]], English footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=MK Dons: Karl Robinson 'furious' over Jamaal Lascelles leak |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24494468 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en-gb |date=11 October 2013}}</ref>
*[[1994]] – [[Ellie Simmonds]], English swimmer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/9544447/Ellie-Simmonds-golden-girl-of-the-Paralympics-says-she-will-never-forget-the-feeling-and-doesnt-want-it-to-end.html|title=Ellie Simmonds, golden girl of the Paralympics, says she will never forget the feeling and doesn't want it to end|date=15 September 2012|work=The Telegraph|access-date=17 September 2012|first=Oliver|last=Brown}}</ref>
* 1994 – [[Sanju Samson]], Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/425943.html|title=Sanju Samson profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos}}</ref>
*[[1995]] – [[Josh Aloiai]], New Zealand rugby league player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nrl.com/players/nrl-premiership/sea-eagles/josh-aloiai/ |title=Official NRL profile of Josh Aloiai for Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles - NRL |website=nrl.com |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>


==Deaths==
===Pre-1600===
* [[405]] – [[Arsacius of Tarsus]], Tarsian archbishop (b. 324)
* [[683]] – [[Yazid I]], Muslim [[caliph]] (b. 647)
* [[865]] – [[Petronas (general)|Petronas]], Byzantine general
* 865 – [[Antony the Younger]], Byzantine monk and saint (b. 785)
* [[875]] – [[Teutberga]], queen of [[Lotharingia]]
*[[1028]] – [[Constantine VIII]], Byzantine emperor (b. 960)
*[[1078]] – [[Udo (archbishop of Trier)|Udo of Nellenburg, Archbishop of Trier]] (during the siege of [[Tübingen]])
*[[1089]] – Saint [[Peter Igneus]], Italian Benedictine monk
*[[1130]] – [[Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal]], Portuguese regent (b. 1080)
*[[1189]] – King [[William II of Sicily]] ("the Good") (b. 1153)
*[[1285]] – King [[Peter III of Aragon]] (b. 1239)
*[[1331]] – [[Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia]] (b. c. 1285)
*[[1561]] – [[Hans Tausen]], Danish reformer (b. 1494)
*[[1583]] – [[Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond]], Irish rebel

===1601–1900===
*[[1623]] – [[Philippe de Mornay]], French theorist and author (b. 1549)
*[[1638]] – [[Cornelis van Haarlem]], Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1562)
*[[1724]] – [[Joseph Blake (criminal)|Joseph Blake]], English criminal (b. 1700)
*[[1812]] – [[Platon Levshin]], Russian metropolitan (b. 1737)
*[[1831]] – [[Nat Turner]], American slave and rebel leader (b. 1800)
*[[1855]] – [[Søren Kierkegaard]], Danish philosopher, author, and poet (b. 1813)
*[[1861]] – [[Pedro V of Portugal]] (b. 1837)
*[[1862]] – [[James Madison Porter]], American lawyer and politician, 18th [[United States Secretary of War]] (b. 1793)
*[[1880]] – [[Ned Kelly]], Australian criminal (b. 1855)
* 1880 – [[Lucretia Mott]], American activist (b. 1793)
*[[1884]] – [[Alfred Brehm]], German zoologist, author, and illustrator (b. 1827)
*[[1887]] – [[Haymarket affair]] defendants:
* 1887 – [[George Engel]], German-American businessman and activist (b. 1836)
* 1887 – [[Adolph Fischer]], German-American printer and activist (b. 1858)
* 1887 – [[Albert Parsons]], American journalist and activist (b. 1848)
* 1887 – [[August Spies]], American journalist and activist (b. 1855)

===1901–present===
*[[1917]] – [[Liliuokalani]] of Hawaii (b. 1838)<ref>{{cite book|last=Craig|first=Bryan|chapter=Liliuokalani, Queen|editor-last1=Schlup|editor-first1=Leonard|editor-last2=Ryan|editor-first2=James G.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age|location=Armonk, NY|publisher=M. E. Sharp|year=2003|isbn=978-0-76560-331-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC|page=282}}</ref>
*[[1918]] – [[George Lawrence Price]], Canadian soldier (b. 1892)
*[[1919]] – [[Pavel Chistyakov]], Russian painter and educator (b. 1832)
*[[1921]] – [[Léon Moreaux]], French target shooter (b. 1852)
*[[1931]] – [[Shibusawa Eiichi]], Japanese businessman (b. 1840)
*[[1939]] – [[Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)|Bob Marshall]], American author and activist (b. 1901)
*[[1940]] – [[Muhittin Akyüz]], Turkish general and diplomat (b. 1870)
*[[1944]] – [[Munir Ertegun]], Turkish diplomat (b. 1883)
*[[1945]] – [[Jerome Kern]], American composer (b. 1885)
*[[1949]] – [[Loukas Kanakaris-Roufos]], Greek lawyer and politician, [[List of foreign ministers of Greece|Greek Minister of Foreign Minister]] (b. 1878)
*[[1950]] – [[Alexandros Diomidis]], Greek banker and politician, 145th [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (b. 1875)
*[[1953]] – [[Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine]] (b. 1866)
*[[1961]] – [[Behiç Erkin]], Turkish colonel and politician, [[Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)|Turkish Minister of Environment and Urban Planning]] (b. 1876)
*[[1962]] – [[Joseph Ruddy]], American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1878)
*[[1965]] – [[Luis Arturo González López]] Guatemalan supreme court judge and briefly acting president (b. 1900)
*[[1968]] – [[Jeanne Demessieux]], French pianist and composer (b. 1921)<ref>{{cite book|first=Don Michael|last=Randel|title=The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music|location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1996|page=209|isbn=978-0-67437-299-3}}</ref>
*[[1972]] – [[Berry Oakley]], American bass player (b. 1948)
*[[1973]] – [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]], Finnish chemist and academic, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1895)
* 1973 – [[Richard von Frankenberg]], German race car driver and journalist (b. 1922)
*[[1974]] – [[Alfonso Leng]], Chilean dentist, composer, and academic (b. 1894)
*[[1976]] – [[Alexander Calder]], American sculptor (b. 1898)
*[[1977]] – [[Abraham Sarmiento, Jr.]], Filipino journalist and activist (b. 1950)
*[[1979]] – [[Dimitri Tiomkin]], Ukrainian-American composer and conductor (b. 1894)
*[[1980]] – [[Vince Gair]], Australian politician, 27th [[Premier of Queensland]] (b. 1901)
*[[1984]] – [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]], American pastor, missionary, and activist (b. 1899)
*[[1985]] – [[Pelle Lindbergh]], Swedish ice hockey player (b. 1959)
* 1985 – [[Arthur Rothstein]], American photographer and educator (b. 1915)
*[[1988]] – [[Charles Groves Wright Anderson]], South African-Australian colonel and politician (b. 1897)
* 1988 – [[William Ifor Jones]], Welsh conductor and organist (b. 1900)
*[[1990]] – [[Attilio Demaría]], Argentinian footballer (b. 1909)
* 1990 – [[Sadi Irmak]], Turkish physician and politician, 17th [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. 1904)
* 1990 – [[Alexis Minotis]], Greek actor and director (b. 1898)
* 1990 – [[Yiannis Ritsos]], Greek poet and playwright (b. 1909)
*[[1993]] – [[Erskine Hawkins]], American trumpet player and bandleader (b. 1914)
* 1993 – [[John Stanley (cartoonist)|John Stanley]], American author and illustrator (b. 1914)
*[[1994]] – [[John A. Volpe]], American soldier and politician, 61st [[Governor of Massachusetts]] (b. 1908)
* 1994 – [[Tadeusz Żychiewicz]], Polish journalist, historian, and publicist (b. 1922)
*[[1997]] – [[Rod Milburn]], American hurdler and coach (b. 1950)
* 1997 – [[William Alland]], American film producer and writer (b. 1916)
*[[1998]] – [[Frank Brimsek]], American ice hockey player and soldier (b. 1913)
* 1998 – [[Paddy Clancy]], Irish singer and actor (b. 1922)
*[[1999]] – [[Mary Kay Bergman]], American voice actress (b. 1961)
* 1999 – [[Jacobo Timerman]], Argentinian journalist and author (b. 1923)
*[[2000]] – [[Sandra Schmitt]], German skier (b. 1981)
*[[2001]] – [[Erna Viitol]], Estonian sculptor (b. 1920)
* 2002 – [[Frances Ames]], South African [[neurologist]], psychiatrist, and human rights activist (b. 1920)
*[[2003]] – [[Miquel Martí i Pol]], Catalan poet (b. 1929)
*[[2004]] – [[Dayton Allen]], American comedian and voice actor (b. 1919)
* 2004 – [[Yasser Arafat]], Palestinian engineer and politician, 1st [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1929)
* 2004 – [[Richard Dembo]], French director and screenwriter (b. 1948)
*[[2005]] – [[Moustapha Akkad]], Syrian-American director and producer (b. 1930)
* 2005 – [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield]], English photographer (b. 1939)
* 2005 – [[Peter Drucker]], Austrian-American author, theorist, and educator (b. 1909)
*[[2006]] – [[Belinda Emmett]], Australian actress (b. 1974)
*[[2007]] – [[Delbert Mann]], American director and producer (b. 1920)
*[[2008]] – [[Herb Score]], American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1933)
* 2008 – [[Mustafa Şekip Birgöl]], Turkish colonel (b. 1903)
*[[2010]] – [[Marie Osborne Yeats]], American actress and costume designer (b. 1911)
*[[2011]] – [[Francisco Blake Mora]], Mexican lawyer and politician, [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Mexican Secretary of the Interior]] (b. 1966)
*[[2012]] – [[Lam Adesina]], Nigerian educator and politician, [[Governor of Oyo State]] (b. 1939)
* 2012 – [[Joe Egan (rugby league)|Joe Egan]], English rugby player and coach (b. 1919)
* 2012 – [[Rex Hunt (governor)|Rex Hunt]], English lieutenant, pilot, and diplomat, [[Governor of the Falkland Islands]] (b. 1926)
* 2012 – [[Victor Mees]], Belgian footballer (b. 1927)
* 2012 – [[Harry Wayland Randall]], American photographer (b. 1915)
*[[2013]] – [[John Barnhill (basketball)|John Barnhill]], American basketball player and coach (b. 1938)
* 2013 – [[Domenico Bartolucci]], Italian cardinal and composer (b. 1917)
* 2013 – [[Bob Beckham]], American singer-songwriter (b. 1927)
* 2013 – [[John S. Dunne]], American priest and theologian (b. 1929)
* 2013 – [[Atilla Karaosmanoğlu]], Turkish economist and politician, 33rd [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. 1931)
*[[2014]] – [[John Doar]], American lawyer and activist (b. 1921)
* 2014 – [[Big Bank Hank]], American rapper (b. 1956)
* 2014 – [[Philip G. Hodge]], American engineer and academic (b. 1920)
* 2014 – [[Harry Lonsdale]], American chemist, businessman, and politician (b. 1932)
* 2014 – [[Carol Ann Susi]], American actress (b. 1952)
*[[2015]] – [[Rita Gross]], American theologian and author (b. 1943)
* 2015 – [[Nathaniel Marston]], American actor and producer (b. 1975)
*[[2016]] – [[Victor Bailey (musician)|Victor Bailey]], American singer and bass player (b. 1960)
* 2016 – [[Robert Vaughn]], American actor (b. 1932)
*[[2017]] – [[Chiquito de la Calzada]], Spanish singer, actor and comedian (b. 1932)
*[[2021]] – [[F. W. de Klerk]], South African lawyer and politician, 7th [[State President of South Africa]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1936)<ref>{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=Marc |title=F.W. de Klerk, Last President of Apartheid South Africa, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-dead.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 11, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2021}}</ref>


==Holidays and observances==
*[[Public holidays in Bhutan|Birthday of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] ([[Bhutan]])
*[[Children's Day]] ([[Croatia]])
*Christian [[feast day]]:
**[[Bartholomew of Grottaferrata]]
**[[Martin of Tours]] ([[Roman Catholic Church]]), and its [[St. Martin's Day|related observances]].
**[[Saint Menas|Menas]]
**[[Saint Mercurius|Mercurius]] ([[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic]])
**[[Søren Kierkegaard]] ([[Lutheran Church]])
**[[Theodore the Studite]]
**[[November 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]]
*End of World War I-related observances:
**[[Armistice Day]] (New Zealand, France, Belgium and [[Serbia]])
**[[National Independence Day (Poland)]], commemorates the anniversary of Poland's assumption of independent statehood in 1918
**[[Remembrance Day]] (United Kingdom and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], including Australia and Canada)
**[[Veterans Day]], called Armistice Day until 1954, when it was rededicated to honor American military (Army, Navy, Marine, and Air Force) veterans. (United States)
*[[Public holidays in Angola|Independence Day]], celebrates the independence of [[Angola]] from Portugal in 1975.
*[[Independence of Cartagena]] ([[Colombia]])
*[[Lāčplēsis Day]], celebrates the victory over the [[Bermontians]] at the Battle of Riga in 1919. ([[Latvia]])
*Opening of [[carnival]] ("Karneval"/"[[Carnival#"Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching)|Fasching]]"), on 11-11, at 11:11. (Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries)
*[[National Education Day (India)]]
*[[Republic Day (Maldives)]]
*[[Singles' Day]] (China)
*[[St. Martin's Day]] ([[Sint Maarten]], [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]])
* Women's Day ([[Belgium]])
*[[Pepero Day]] ([[South Korea]])

== Popular culture ==

* [[Immortals (2011 film)]], dir. [[Tarsem Singh]], used the release date "11-11-11" as a major component for [[marketing]]; even including the date - in stylized form with [[interpunct]] - "11·11·11", as a virtual subtitle on major poster art.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/11 |title=On This Day |publisher=BBC}}
* {{NYT On this day|month=11|day=11}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.onthisday.com/events/november/11 |title=Historical Events on November 11 |publisher=OnThisDay.com}}
* {{cite web |url=http://canadachannel.ca/todayincanadianhistory/index.php/November_11 |title=Today in Canadian History |publisher=Canada Channel}}

{{months}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:November 11}}
[[Category:Days of the year]]
[[Category:November]]

Carnival

2021-11-11T16:07:23Z

Jod1Hannah: Added clarification regarding the start of Fasching on 11/11 at 11:11am. Added citation. /* "Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching) */

{{short description|Western Christian festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent}}
{{about|the celebration of Carnival in many cultures|the traveling entertainment|Traveling carnival|the cruise line|Carnival Cruise Line|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{split|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Lingelbach Karneval in Rom 001c.jpg|thumb|260px|Carnival in [[Rome]] circa 1650]]
[[File:Desfile Portela 2014 (906185).jpg|thumb|260px|[[Rio Carnival|Rio's carnival]] is the largest in the world according to [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-Records/largest-carnival/ |title=Largest carnival |publisher=Guinness World Records |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415171300/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-carnival/ |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
'''Carnival''' is a [[Western Christianity|Western Christian]] festive [[season]] that occurs before the [[liturgy|liturgical]] season of [[Lent]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carnival}}</ref> The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as [[Shrovetide]] (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves public [[party|celebrations]], including events such as [[parade]]s, public [[street party|street parties]] and other entertainments, combining some elements of a [[circus]]. Elaborate costumes and masks allow people to set aside their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity.<ref name=Bakhtin>Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. ''Rabelais and his world''. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]]. Original edition, ''Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaia kul'tura srednevekov'ia i Renessansa'', 1965.</ref> Participants often indulge in excessive consumption of alcohol,<ref name="BarrowsRoom1991">{{cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=Susanna |last2=Room |first2=Robin |title=Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History| url={{google books| id=o-wmSdtGer0C| page=404| plainurl=y}} |access-date=17 February 2015 |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520070851 |pages=404–}}</ref> meat, and other foods that will be forgone during upcoming Lent. Traditionally, butter, milk, and other animal products were not consumed "excessively", rather, their stock was fully consumed as to reduce waste. This festival is known for being a time of great indulgence before Lent (which is a time stressing the opposite), with drinking, overeating, and various other activities of indulgence being performed. For example, Pancakes, donuts, and other desserts were prepared and eaten for a final time. During Lent, animal products are eaten less, and individuals have the ability to make a [[Lenten sacrifice]], thus giving up a certain object or activity of desire.

Other common features of Carnival include mock battles such as food fights; expressions of social [[satire]]; mockery of authorities; costumes of the [[grotesque body]] that display exaggerated features such as large noses, bellies, mouths, [[phalli]], or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.<ref name=Bakhtin/><ref>{{cite book| last1=Mauldin| first1=Barbara| title=¡Carnaval!| date=2004| publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] | location=Seattle| page=75}}</ref> The Italian tradition of wearing masks dates back to the [[Carnival of Venice|Venice Carnival]] in the 1400s, and has been an inspiration in [[Theatre of ancient Greece|Greek theater]] and [[Commedia dell'arte]] for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.italymask.co.nz/Behind-The-Masks.html|title=Behind the masks - history, making and authencity of Venetian Masks|website=www.italymask.co.nz|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filastrocche.it/feste/maschere-della-commedia-dell-arte/|title=Storia e origini delle maschere della Commedia dell'Arte|date=2015-01-30|website=Filastrocche.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

The term ''Carnival'' is traditionally used in areas with a large [[Catholic]] presence, as well as in [[Greece]]. In historically [[Lutheran|Evangelical Lutheran]] countries, the celebration is known as [[Fastelavn]],<ref name="Ruprecht2010">{{cite book| last=Ruprecht| first=Tony| title=Toronto's Many Faces| date=14 December 2010| publisher=Dundurn| isbn=9781459718043| page=115| quote=Fastelavn, held the week before Lent, is the Danish [[Mardi Gras]]. This event takes place at the Danish Lutheran Church and at Sunset Villa. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.danishchurchsocal.com/faq.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |year=2014 |publisher=The Danish Lutheran Church & Cultural Center |access-date=17 February 2015 |quote=We celebrate Danish traditions during our church year such as Fastelavn at lent (a Carnival for the kids at the beginning of the Lenten season), a Harvest Service in Fall and preparing for Advent and Christmas with a Klippe-Klistre (Cut & Paste Decorations) in late November. Our Danish history and heritage is continuously incorporated into our services and events through the year and its seasons. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218024722/http://www.danishchurchsocal.com/faq.html |archive-date=18 February 2015 }}</ref> and in areas with a high concentration of [[Anglicans]] ([[Church of England]]/[[Episcopal Church (United States)|US Episcopal Church]]), [[Methodists]], and other [[Protestantism|Protestants]], pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on [[Shrove Tuesday]] or [[Mardi Gras]].<ref name="Melitta Weiss Adamson, Francine Segan 2008">{{cite book| url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PPDIx6WWuOQC|page=354}}| title=Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl| author=Melitta Weiss Adamson, Francine Segan| publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| year=2008| quote=In Anglican countries, Mardis Gras is known as ''Shrove Tuesday'' – from ''shrive'' meaning 'confess' – or ''Pancake Day'' – after the breakfast food that symbolizes one final hearty meal of eggs, butter, and sugar before the fast. On [[Ash Wednesday]], the morning after Mardi Gras, repentant Christians return to church to receive upon the forehead the sign of the cross in ashes.}}</ref> In Slavic [[Eastern Orthodox]] nations, [[Maslenitsa]] is celebrated during the last week before [[Great Lent]]. In [[German language|German]]-speaking [[Europe]] and the [[Netherlands]], the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the [[Advent]] season or with harvest celebrations of [[St. Martin's Day]]. 

==Etymology==
The [[Latin]]-derived name of the holiday is sometimes also spelled '''''Carnaval''''', typically in areas where [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] are spoken, or '''''Carnevale''''' in [[Italian language|Italian]]-speaking contexts. Alternative names are used for regional and local celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnival in Different Languages |url=https://wordsindifferentlanguages.com/carnival/ |website=Words In Different Languages |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225181807/https://wordsindifferentlanguages.com/carnival/ |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The word is said to come from the [[Late Latin]] expression ''carne levare'', which means "remove meat"; a [[folk etymology]] derives it from ''carne vale'', "farewell to meat". In either case, this signifies the approaching fast.<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Carnival |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ck7CYAEU?url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Carnival |archive-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The word ''carne'' may also be translated as flesh, producing "a farewell to the flesh", a phrase embraced by certain carnival celebrants to embolden the festival's carefree spirit.<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary" /> The etymology of the word ''Carnival'' thus points to a [[Christianity|Christian]] origin of the celebratory period.<ref name="Rudwin1920">{{cite book|last=Rudwin|first=Maximilian Josef|title=The Origin of the German Carnival Comedy|year=1920|publisher=G. E. Stechert & Company|language=en|page=2|quote=The English name for Carnival, it may be argued, points to a Christian origin of this festival.}}</ref>

Other scholars argue that the origin of the word is a common meat-based country feast (in Latin {{lang|la|carnualia}})<ref name="etimo">{{cite web|url=https://www.etimo.it/?term=carnevale|title=Carnevale|website=Etimo|language=it|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160826/https://www.etimo.it/?term=carnevale|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> or the festival of the ''[[Navigium Isidis]]'' ("ship of Isis"), where the image of [[Isis]] was carried to the seashore to bless the start of sailing season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnival.com/common/cclus/htmlfragments/error/error-404.htm?item=/isis/rising/&user=extranet\Anonymous&site=website/ |title=Isis Rising |publisher=Carnival.com |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ck7D1FFR?url=http://www.carnival.com/common/cclus/htmlfragments/error/error-404.htm?item=%2Fisis%2Frising%2F&user=extranet%5CAnonymous&site=website%2F |archive-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The festival consisted of a parade of masks following an adorned wooden boat, called in Latin ''carrus navalis'',<ref name="etimo"/> possibly the source of both the name and the [[float (parade)|parade floats]].

==History==
[[File:Carnival at Acireale.JPG|thumb|260px|The traditional carnival of [[Acireale]], [[Sicily]]]]
The word ''Carnival'' is of Christian origin,<ref name="Rudwin1920"/> and in the Middle Ages, it referred to a period following [[Epiphanytide|Epiphany season]] that reached its climax before midnight on [[Shrove Tuesday]].<ref name="Ruff2001">{{cite book|last=Ruff|first=Julius R.|title=Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800|date=4 October 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|isbn=9780521598941|page=[https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164 164]|url=https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164}}</ref> British historian [[John Bossy]], in writing on the origin of the practices during Carnival, states that "These were, despite some appearances, Christian in character, and they were medieval in origin: although it has been widely supposed that they continued some kind of pre-Christian cult, there is in fact no evidence that they existed much before 1200."<ref name="Bossy1985">{{cite book |last1=Bossy |first1=John |title=Christianity in the West, 1400-1700 |date=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289162-4 |language=en}}</ref> Because [[Lent]] was a period of [[fasting]], "Carnival therefore represented a last period of feasting and celebration before the spiritual rigors of Lent."<ref name="Ruff2001"/> Meat was plentiful during this part of the [[liturgical year|Christian calendar]] and it was consumed during Carnival as people abstained from meat consumption during the following liturgical season, Lent.<ref name="Ruff2001"/> In the last few days of Carnival, known as [[Shrovetide]], people confessed (shrived) their sins in preparation for Lent as well. In 1605, a Shrovetide play spoke of Christians who painted their faces to celebrate the season:<ref name="Katritzky2012"/>
{{poemquote|
What, are there masques? Hear you me, Jessica:
Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum
And the vile squealing of the wry-nck'd fife,
Clamber not you up o the casements then,
Nor thrust your head into the public street
To gaze on Christian fools with varnish'd faces.<ref name="Katritzky2012">{{cite book|last=Katritzky|first=M.A. |title=Healing, Performance and Ceremony in the Writings of Three Early Modern Physicians: Hippolytus Guarinonius and the Brothers Felix and Thomas Platter|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|language=en|isbn=9780754667070|pages=47–}}</ref>}}

From an [[anthropological]] point of view, carnival is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are suspended.<ref name="meertens.knaw.nl">[http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/wdb.php?sel=79966 "Carnaval"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204112/http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/wdb.php?sel=79966 |date=8 July 2017 }}. Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.</ref><ref>Miller, John F. "Roman Festivals," in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 172.</ref>

Winter was thought of as the reign of the winter spirits; these needed to be driven out in order for the summer to return. Carnival can thus be regarded as a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: a fertility celebration, the first spring festival of the new year.<ref>[http://www.jansimons.nl/bronnenmagazijn/bestandenbronnenmagazijn/selectieartikelen/alaaf.htm "Vitaberna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054002/http://www.jansimons.nl/bronnenmagazijn/bestandenbronnenmagazijn/selectieartikelen/alaaf.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. Jansimons.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2014.</ref>

Traditionally, a Carnival feast was the last opportunity for common people to eat well, as there was typically a food shortage at the end of the winter as stores ran out. Until spring produce was available, people were limited to the minimum necessary meals during this period. On what nowadays is called ''vastenavond'' (the days before [[fasting]]), all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter, and meat which were left would be eaten, for these would otherwise soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had already been slaughtered in November and the meat would no longer be preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be">[http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval "Wat is carnaval?" | Fen Vlaanderen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422135427/http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval |date=22 April 2016 }}. Fenvlaanderen.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.</ref>

Several [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring.<ref name="meertens.knaw.nl"/> A central figure of this ritual was possibly the fertility goddess [[Nerthus]]. Also, there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus<ref>Tacitus, ''Germania'' 9.6: {{lang|la|Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrantur}} – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." ''Germania'' 40: {{lang|la|mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur}} – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake." Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, ''The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus''. London: Macmillan, 1868, {{OCLC|776555615}}</ref> or [[Freyr]] was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref>Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1990). ''Gods and Myths of Northern Europe''. [[Penguin Books]]. {{ISBN|0-14-013627-4}}.</ref><ref>Eduardo Fabbro, M.A., "Germanic Paganism among the Early Salian Franks". University of Brasilia, ''The Journal of Germanic Mythology and Folklore'', Volume 1, Issue 4, August 2006</ref> Aboard the ship a marriage would be consummated as a [[fertility ritual]].<ref name="ziggo1">{{cite web |url=http://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm |title=Geschiedenis van het carnavalsfeest |publisher=Members.ziggo.nl |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326040158/http://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fen-nederland.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4 Federatie Europese Narren Nederland – Federatie Europese Narren Nederland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233337/http://www.fen-nederland.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4 |date=3 March 2016 }}. Fen-nederland.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.</ref>

[[Tacitus]] wrote in his [[Germania (book)|''Germania'']]: ''Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator'' – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." {{lang|la|Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur}} – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."<ref>Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, ''The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus''. London: Macmillan, 1868, {{OCLC|776555615}}</ref>

Traditionally, the feast also was a time to indulge in [[sexual desire]]s, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following period fasting.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref name="http">{{cite web |url=http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/oorsprong_van_het_carnaval/ |title=Oorsprong van het Carnaval in de geschiedenis van Nederland IsGeschiedenis |publisher=Isgeschiedenis.nl |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193054/http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/oorsprong_van_het_carnaval/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=30 November 2001|title=Carnival|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2507300021/GVRL?u=txshracd2597&sid=GVRL&xid=131fbf85|journal=Encyclopedia of Easter, Carnival, and Lent|language=en}}</ref>

In many Christian sermons and texts, the example of a vessel is used to explain Christian doctrine: "the nave of the church of baptism", "the ship of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]", etc. The writings show that processions with ship-like carts were held and lavish feasts were celebrated on the eve of Lent or the greeting of spring in the early Middle Ages.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref name="ziggo1"/>

The Lenten period of the [[liturgical calendar]], the six weeks directly before [[Easter]], was historically marked by fasting, study, and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat, and sugar. The first three classes were often totally unavailable during this period because of late winter shortages.<ref>Gaignebet, Claude. 1984. ''El Carnaval: Ensayos de mitologia popular''. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla. Original edition: ''Le carnaval. Essais de mythologie populaire'', Editions Payot, Paris, 1974.</ref>

While Christian festivals such as [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] were Church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European [[folk culture]]. In the Christian tradition, fasting is to commemorate the [[temptation of Christ|40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert]], according to the [[New Testament]], and also to reflect on Christian values. It was a time for [[catechumen]]s (those [[conversion to Christianity|converting to Christianity]]) to prepare for [[baptism]] at Easter.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, Christian populations used their several holidays as an outlet for their daily frustrations.<ref name="Isgeschiedenis.nl">{{cite web |url=http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/sociale_functie_van_carnaval_in_de_middeleeuwen/ |title=Geschiedenis van carnaval in de middeleeuwen IsGeschiedenis |publisher=Isgeschiedenis.nl |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195532/http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/sociale_functie_van_carnaval_in_de_middeleeuwen/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many synods and councils attempted to set things "right". [[Caesarius of Arles]] (470–542) protested around 500 [[common era|CE]] in his sermons against the pagan practices. Centuries later, his statements were adapted as the building blocks of the ''[[Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum]]'' ("small index of superstitious and pagan practices"), which was drafted by the Synod of Leptines in 742. It condemned the ''Spurcalibus en februario''.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref name="ziggo1"/>

Pope [[Gregory the Great]] (590–604) decided that fasting would start on Ash Wednesday. The whole Carnival event was set before the fasting, to set a clear division between celebrations and penitence.<ref name="Halmo1989">{{cite book|last=Halmo|first=Joan|title=Celebrating the Church Year with Young Children|year=1989|publisher=Liturgical Press|language=en|isbn=9780814615805|page=[https://archive.org/details/celebratingchurc00halm/page/79 79]|quote=Carnival is a time of revelry and excess before the dying of Lent, a time of feasting before the fasting.|url=https://archive.org/details/celebratingchurc00halm/page/79}}</ref> He also dispatched missionaries to sanctify any excesses in popular Carnival customs.<ref name="Davidson2014">{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Alan|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|isbn=9780191040726|page=145}}</ref> It was also the custom during Carnival that the ruling class would be playfully mocked using [[mask]]s and [[disguise]]s.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref name="ziggo1"/>

In the year 743, the [[synod]] in Leptines (located near [[Binche]] in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February.<ref name="ziggo1"/> Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance.<ref name="fenvlaanderen.be"/><ref name="ziggo1"/><ref>[http://middencommiteit.be/mc/?page_id=800 Oorsprong Carnaval: Middencommiteit Lommel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225054839/http://middencommiteit.be/mc/?page_id=800 |date=25 February 2016 }}. Middencommiteit.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.</ref> Also in Spain in the seventh century, San Isidoro de Sevilla complained in his writings about people coming out into the streets disguised, in many cases, as the opposite gender.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.carnavales.net/historia-del-carnaval/| title=Historia del Carnaval| date=6 November 2003| work=www.carnavales.net| language=es| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206031213/http://www.carnavales.net/historia-del-carnaval/| archive-date=6 February 2016| url-status=dead| access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref>

===Development===
[[File:Denys van Alsloot Skating Masquerade, or Carnival on Ice at the Kipdorppoort Moats in Antwerp.jpg|thumb|230px|Carnival on Ice at the Kipdorppoort Moats in [[Antwerp]], c. 1620]]
[[File:Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo - Carnival Scene (The Minuet) - WGA22379.jpg|thumb|230px|Carnival in [[Venice]], by [[Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo]], 1750]]
[[File:Mask used at the Carnival in Venice.jpg|thumb|A typical [[mask]] worn at the [[Carnival of Venice|Venice Carnival]], which portrays the [[Satire|satirical]] and exaggerated appearances often used.]]
In the Middle Ages, "Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year."<ref name="Bowen2004">{{cite book|last=Bowen|first=Barbara C.|title=Humour and Humanism in the Renaissance|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate|language=en|isbn=9780860789543|page=507|quote=To the Middle Ages Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year.}}</ref>

While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cantao.net/index_arquivos/Carnaval.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129101601/http://cantao.net/index_arquivos/Carnaval.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 29 January 2009| title = O que é o Carnaval?| website = Cantao.net}}</ref>

While [[medieval pageant]]s and festivals such as [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval [[folk culture]]. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht]]. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive, and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks, and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the [[resurrection of Jesus]], followed by a liminal period, and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, and a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the [[lunar calendar]]. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] in [[heaven]], and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life.<ref>Erickson, Brad. 2008. ''Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration''. [[University of California at Berkeley]].</ref> Besides [[Anti-Judaism#Christian anti-Judaism|Christian anti-Judaism]], the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. [[Passion of Jesus|Christ's passion]] is itself grotesque: since [[Anti-Judaism in early Christianity|early Christianity]], Christ is figured as the victim of [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|summary judgment]], and is tortured and executed by Romans before a [[Jewish deicide|Jewish mob]] ("His blood is on us and on our children!" {{bibleref2|Matthew|27:24–25|NIV}}). [[Holy Week]] processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation, and laughter at a tragicomic [[effigy]] of God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order.<ref>Delgado Ruiz, Manuel. 2001. "Luces iconoclastas: Anticlericalism, espacio, y ritual en la España contemporánia", ''Ariel Antropología''. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.</ref> In 1466, the Catholic Church under [[Pope Paul II]] revived customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. "Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran ... amid Rome's taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the [[Pope|Holy Father]] stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily", an eyewitness reports.<ref name="DIKertzer">{{cite book| last1=Kertzer| first1=David I.| title=The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism| date=2001| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf| location=New York| page=74| isbn=978-0375406232| url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm#_ftnref5| access-date=8 February 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204001530/http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm#_ftnref5| archive-date=4 February 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|74}}

Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal [[parade]]s and [[masquerade ball]]s, were first recorded in [[medieval Italy]]. The [[Carnival of Venice]] was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although [[Napoleon]] abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal, and France, and from France to [[New France]] in North America. From Spain and Portugal, it spread with colonization to the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]]. In the early 19th century in the German [[Rhineland]] and [[Southern Netherlands]], the weakened medieval tradition also revived. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, [[rabbi]]s of the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|ghetto]] were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to [[Pope Gregory XVI]] to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: "It is not opportune to make any innovation."<ref name="DIKertzer"/>{{rp|33,74–75}}

In the Rhineland in 1823, the first modern Carnival parade took place in [[Cologne]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.koelner-karneval.info/Dreigestirn/Dreigestirn.htm| title=Das Kölner Dreigestirn| work=koelner-karneval.info| access-date=31 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325173847/http://www.koelner-karneval.info/Dreigestirn/Dreigestirn.htm| archive-date=25 March 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> Carnaval (''[[Fasching]]'' or ''Fastnacht'' in Germany) mixed pagan traditions with Christian traditions. Pre-Lenten celebrations featured parades, costumes and masks to endure Lent's withdrawal from worldly pleasures.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[File:Théodore Géricault - Riderless Racers at Rome - Walters 37189.jpg|thumb|''Riderless Racers at Rome'' by [[Théodore Géricault]]. From the mid-15th century until 1882, spring carnival in Rome closed with a [[horse race]]. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the [[Barbary Coast]] of North Africa, ran the length of the [[Via del Corso]], a long, straight city street, in about 2½ minutes.]]

Other areas developed their own traditions. In the United Kingdom, [[West Indian]] immigrants brought with them the traditions of [[Caribbean Carnival]]; however, the Carnivals now celebrated at [[Notting Hill Carnival|Notting Hill]], [[Leeds West Indian Carnival|Leeds]], Yorkshire, and other places became divorced from their religious origin and became [[secular]] events that take place in the summer months.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Mircea Eliade]], historian of religions, gives us a clear explanation about Carnival and its meaning. He writes: "Any new year is a revival of time at its beginning, a repetition of the cosmogony. Ritual fights between two groups of extras, the presence of the dead, [[Saturnalia]] and orgies, are all elements which indicate that at the end of the year and in the expectation of the new year the mythical moments of the passage of chaos to the cosmogony are repeated".<ref>[[Mircea Eliade]], ''The myth of the eternal return''.</ref> Eliade also writes: "Then the dead will come back, because all barriers between the dead and the living are broken (is the primordial chaos not revived?), and will come back since – at this paradoxical moment – time will be interrupted, so that the dead may be again contemporaries of the living." Eliade stresses that people have "a deep need to regenerate themselves periodically by abolishing the elapsed time and making topical the cosmogony".

As regards masks (monsters, animals, demons), they have an [[apotropaic]] meaning.

==Theories==
Interpretations of Carnival present it as a social institution that degrades or "uncrowns" the higher functions of thought, speech, and the soul by translating them into the [[grotesque body]], which serves to renew society and the world,<ref name=Bakhtin/> as a release for impulses that threaten the social order that ultimately reinforces social norms,<ref>[[Abner Cohen]], 1993. ''Masquerade politics''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]].</ref> as a social transformation,<ref>Turner, Victor. 1982. ''From ritual to theater: The human seriousness of play''. New York: PAJ Publications.</ref> or as a tool for different groups to focus attention on conflicts and incongruities by embodying them in "senseless" acts.<ref>Abrahams, Roger. 1972. "Christmas and Carnival on Saint Vincent". ''Western Folklore'' 13 (4):275–289.</ref>

Furthermore, some cultures use Carnival as a method of empowering themselves in spite of social conflicts. For example, when the [[List of Caribbean carnivals around the world|Caribbean Carnival]] was established as a result of French settlers, even the slaves had their version of the [[Masquerade ball|masquerade]], where they would reverse roles to mock those of higher social status.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=Emily Zobel|last2=Farrar|first2=Max|last3=Farrar|first3=Guy|date=2018-02-09|title=Popular political cultures and the Caribbean carnival: Carnival is a rich resource for cultural resistance as well as pleasure|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/685597|journal=Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture|language=en|volume=67|issue=67|pages=34–49|issn=1741-0797}}</ref> Along with empowering individuals for a period of time, despite their typical status, Carnival brings communities together. In a day where all are meant to perform a "mask" that differs from their typical identity, all members of a society are able to connect through their theatricality and satire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carnival: A reversal of the roles|url=https://frankgbosman.wordpress.com/2018/02/12/carnival-a-reversal-of-the-roles/|date=2018-02-12|website=Frank G. Bosman|language=nl|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
===Africa===
====Cape Verde Islands====
Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. It is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In [[Mindelo]], [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]], groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian Carnival traditions. The celebration in [[São Nicolau, Cape Verde|São Nicolau]] is more traditional, where established groups parade through the [[Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde|Ribeira Brava]], gathering in the [[town square]], although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau, three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul, and Brilho Da Zona, construct a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, and iron and steel for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caboverdeonline.com/news/68-the-carnival-of-sao-nicolau-a-procession-rich-in-history|title=CaboVerdeOnline.com – The Carnival of São Nicolau – a procession rich in history|website=www.caboverdeonline.com|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181149/http://www.caboverdeonline.com/news/68-the-carnival-of-sao-nicolau-a-procession-rich-in-history|archive-date=18 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The celebrations are captured in the award-winning feature documentary [[Tchindas]], nominated at the [[12th Africa Movie Academy Awards]].

====Namibia====
Carnival was introduced by German settlers. The celebration is based on the "Rheinische" Carnival tradition.

====Seychelles====
The [[Seychelles]] carnival began in 2011. It is held in the capital city of [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] and takes place over three days. On Day 1, the grand opening is held in the city center near the clock tower. The second day is parade day. On Day 3, the closing ceremony is held, and a lottery winner is announced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indian-ocean.com/seychelles-carnival/|title=Seychelles Carnival | Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion: Holidays & Travel|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115183510/https://www.indian-ocean.com/seychelles-carnival/|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creolepay.com/blog/seychelles-carnival/|title=seychelles carnival – Creolepay Seychelles|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075839/https://creolepay.com/blog/seychelles-carnival/|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Zimbabwe====
The [[Harare]] Carnival is held late in May. Events include fashion and music shows. The climax is a street party featuring costumes and music.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405230663.html| title=Zimbabwe: Biggest Street Party Comes to Harare| work=allAfrica.com| access-date=31 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218235237/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405230663.html| archive-date=18 December 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Americas===
====Antigua====
{{Main|Antigua Carnival}}
The [[Antigua]]n Carnival is held from the end of July to the first Tuesday in August. The most important day is that of the ''j'ouvert'' (or ''juvé''), in which brass and steel drum bands perform. [[Barbuda]]'s Carnival, held in June, is known as "Caribana". The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the Old Time Christmas Festival in 1957, with hopes of inspiring tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antiguacarnival.com/|title=The Caribbean's Greatest Summer Festival|website=Antigua's Carnival 2020 {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408183922/https://antiguacarnival.com/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Argentina====
[[File:Carnaval en colegiales niños.jpg|thumb|Carnival in Argentina by school children]]
In [[Argentina]], the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called [[Murga]], although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Mesopotamia]] and the North-East. [[Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos|Gualeguaychú]] in the east of [[Entre Ríos Province]] is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. [[Corrientes]] is another city with a Carnival tradition. [[Chamamé]] is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

As Carnival coincides with summer in the Southern Hemisphere, in many parts of Argentina children play with water. The 19th century tradition of filling empty egg shells with water has evolved into water games that include the throwing of [[water balloon]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Aruba====
Carnival in [[Aruba]] means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades, and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades, and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, [[steel drum]] and [[roadmarch]] tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-04|title=Grandi Yama: The Burning of King Momo|url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/04/grandi-yama-the-burning-of-king-momo/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=LargeUp|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Bahamas====
Junkanoo is the principal street parade in the Bahamas, it has been practiced in the Bahamas before and after the 1834 emancipation of slavery in the British Empire.

The [[Bahamas]] announced the first Bahamas [[Junkanoo]] Carnival to commence in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.co.uk/about/junkanoo/bahamas-junkanoo-carnival |title=Bahamas Junkanoo Carnival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421181151/http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/reviews/2004/dichotomyb.html |archive-date=21 April 2009 }}</ref> Carnival in the Bahamas rivals various carnivals throughout the Caribbean in that it is a unique blend between the revered [[Junkanoo]] and traditional Carnival. This fairly new festival has been referred to as the ultimate celebration of everything Bahamian.

====Barbados====
{{Main|Crop over}}
"Crop Over" (formerly called "Harvest Home") is a traditional harvest festival celebrated in [[Barbados]]. Its early beginnings were on the [[sugar cane]] [[plantation]]s during the colonial period. Crop Over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing, and accompaniment by [[shak-shak]], [[banjo]], [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[fiddle]], guitar, bottles filled with water, and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting, and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, the Grand Kadooment.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Crop Over time for many islanders is one big party. Craft markets, food tents/stalls, street parties, and cavalcades fill every week.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

A major feature is the [[calypso music|calypso]] competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political exposés or rousing exhortations to "wuk dah waistline" and "roll dat bumper". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of [[Barbadian cuisine|Bajan]] cooking during the [[Bridgetown]] Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama, and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the "Pic-o-de-Crop" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day, celebrated with a national holiday, when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Belize====
{{Main|Carnival in Belize}}

[[San Pedro Town|San Pedro]] is one of [[Belize]]'s few cities to observe Carnaval before Lent. Elsewhere, Carnaval (sometimes referred to as Carnival) often occurs in September. The Fiesta de Carnaval is often the most popular celebration, usually held over three days prior to Ash Wednesday, but the festivities often extend to the full week.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://belizeanminds.blogspot.ca/2013/09/history-of-carnivals-in-belize-review.html| title=Belizean Minds| work=belizeanminds.blogspot.ca| access-date=26 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305165623/http://belizeanminds.blogspot.ca/2013/09/history-of-carnivals-in-belize-review.html| archive-date=5 March 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref> This festival "always includes music, dancing, costumes and parades".<ref>Samuel Brown, J.; Vorhees, M. (2013). ''Belize''. [[Lonely Planet]] Publishing.</ref>

[[Comparsa]]s are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups "of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration." One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes.<ref name="goambergriscaye.com">{{cite web| url=http://www.goambergriscaye.com/fest.html| title=Ambergris Caye, Belize, Festivals| work=goambergriscaye.com| access-date=26 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922232850/http://goambergriscaye.com/fest.html| archive-date=22 September 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/belize/the-northern-cayes/ambergris-caye-and-san-pedro/events/local-festivals-culture/fiesta-de-carnaval| title=Fiesta de Carnaval| work=Lonely Planet| access-date=26 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303041040/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/belize/the-northern-cayes/ambergris-caye-and-san-pedro/events/local-festivals-culture/fiesta-de-carnaval| archive-date=3 March 2014| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="joseluiszapata.com">{{cite web| url=http://www.joseluiszapata.com/2012/02/carnaval-de-san-pedro-belize/ |title=Carnaval de San Pedro, Belize |work=joseluiszapata.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145420/http://www.joseluiszapata.com/2012/02/carnaval-de-san-pedro-belize/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> "On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can."<ref name="goambergriscaye.com"/>

Street fights often occur during the festivities – some locals treat this festival as an opportunity to exact revenge on their enemies. [[Vandalism]] is common and "businesses constantly have to prepare in covering or repainting their advertisements during Carnival season because of the mischief performed."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ambergristoday.com/content/teen-talk/2012/february/29/carnival-messy-situation?page=1| title=Teen Talk – Is Carnival A Messy Situation?| work=ambergristoday.com| access-date=26 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403140700/http://www.ambergristoday.com/content/teen-talk/2012/february/29/carnival-messy-situation?page=1| archive-date=3 April 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref> The tradition continues despite critics who advocate the termination of these festivities.<ref name="joseluiszapata.com"/>

====Bolivia====
{{Main|Carnaval de Oruro}}
[[File:Diablada oruro fraternidad.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Oruro Diablada|Diablada]], dance primeval, the typical and main dance of [[Carnaval de Oruro]], a [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] since 2001 in Bolivia (Image: ''Fraternidad Artística y Cultural "La Diablada"'')]]
''La Diablada'' Carnival takes place in [[Oruro, Bolivia|Oruro]] in central [[Bolivia]]. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, ''Vírgen de Socavon'' (the Virgin of the Tunnels).{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Over 50 parade groups dance, sing, and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas, and Spanish [[conquistador]]s. Dances include [[caporales]] and [[tinku]]s. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, for three days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00003 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |author=UNESCO – Intangible Heritage Section |access-date=20 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205012411/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00003 |archive-date=5 February 2015 }}</ref> Throughout the country, celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with [[Comparsa]]s dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Brazil====
{{Main|Brazilian Carnival}}
[[File:Galo da Madrugada, Carnival 2014 - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg|thumb|250px|Recife Carnival, in the capital city of the State of Pernambuco, [[Recife]]]]
[[File:Bloco da camisinha circuito Campo Grande Salvador.jpg|thumb|250px|Carnival circuit of the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] ]]

The Carnival in [[Brazil]] is a major part of Brazilian culture (''Carnaval,'' in Brazilian Portuguese). It is sometimes referred to by Brazilians as the "Greatest Show on Earth". The first true Carnival expression of this Brazilian festivity, officially recognized by Brazilian historians, took place in Rio de Janeiro, with the ''préstitos'', very similar to a musical processions, in 1641, when [[John IV of Portugal]] was crowned King and parties were celebrated in public streets.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=====Rio de Janeiro=====
{{Main|Rio Carnival}}
The street carnival of [[Rio de Janeiro]] is designated by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the largest carnival in the world, with approximately two million people each day.<ref name=guin>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-donaldson/5-reasons-trinidad-has-the-worlds-greatest-carnival_b_8705304.html 5 Reasons Trinidad Has the World’s Greatest Carnival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222074527/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-donaldson/5-reasons-trinidad-has-the-worlds-greatest-carnival_b_8705304.html |date=22 February 2017 }}, HuffPost, 12 March 2015</ref>

[[Samba school]]s are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In [[Rio Carnival]], samba schools parade in the [[Sambadrome]] (''sambódromo'' in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include [[GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira]], [[GRES Portela]], [[GRES Acadêmicos do Salgueiro]], [[GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense]], [[GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis]], [[GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel]], and recently, [[Unidos da Tijuca]] and [[GRES União da Ilha do Governador]]. Local tourists pay $500–950, depending on the costume, to buy a samba costume and dance in the parade. ''Blocos'' are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 ''blocos'' operate in Rio. ''Bandas'' are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical background. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/rios-carnival-not-just-a-local-party-anymore-2012-02-13?pagenumber=1| title=Rio's Carnival: Not just a local party anymore| author=Sarah de Sainte Croix| work=MarketWatch| access-date=12 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629212855/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/rios-carnival-not-just-a-local-party-anymore-2012-02-13?pagenumber=1| archive-date=29 June 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Recife, Pernambuco=====
[[Recife]] is marked by the parade of the largest carnival block in the world, the [[Galo da Madrugada]]. This parade happens on the first Saturday of Carnival (Saturday of Zé Pereira), passes through the center of the city of Recife and has, as symbol, a giant rooster that is positioned in the Duarte Coelho Bridge. In this block, there is a great variety of musical rhythms, but the most present is [[Frevo]] (characteristic rhythm of both Recife and [[Olinda]] that was declared Intangible Heritage of Humanity by Unesco).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=====Salvador, Bahia=====
{{Main|Bahian Carnival}}
[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] has large Carnival celebrations, including the [[Axé]], a typical Bahia music. A truck with giant speakers and a platform, where musicians play songs of local genres such as Axé, [[samba-reggae]], and [[Arrocha]], drives through town with a crowd following while dancing and singing. It was originally staged by two Salvador musicians, Dodo & Osmar, in the 1950s. After the [[Salvador, Bahia#Carnival|Salvador Carnival]], [[Porto Seguro]] continues the celebration.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Three circuits make up the festival. Campo Grande is the longest and most traditional. Barra-Ondina is the most famous, on the seaside of Barra Beach and Ondina Beach and Pelourinho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnaval.salvador.ba.gov.br/2013/capa/pagina.php?id=61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070943/http://www.carnaval.salvador.ba.gov.br/2013/capa/pagina.php?id=61|url-status=dead|title=Carnaval.salvador.ba.gov.br|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

International singers like [[David Guetta]], [[will.i.am]], [[Psy]], and [[Bob Sinclar]] have performed in Salvador.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://g1.globo.com/bahia/carnaval/2013/noticia/2013/02/psy-claudia-leitte-e-sabrina-sato-dancam-no-fim-do-circuito-dodo.html| title=G1 – Psy, Claudia Leitte e Sabrina Sato dançam juntos em Salvador – notícias em Carnaval 2013 na Bahia| work=Carnaval 2013 na Bahia| access-date=13 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212015802/http://g1.globo.com/bahia/carnaval/2013/noticia/2013/02/psy-claudia-leitte-e-sabrina-sato-dancam-no-fim-do-circuito-dodo.html| archive-date=12 February 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ivete Sangalo]], [[Claudia Leitte]], [[Daniela Mercury]], [[Margareth Menezes]], [[Chiclete com Banana]], and [[Banda Eva]] are some traditional attractions. The party officially takes six days, but can continue for more than that.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bandahabeascopos.com.br/programacao.html |title=BANDA HABEAS COPOS – CARNAVAL 2014 |work=bandahabeascopos.com.br |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713045505/http://www.bandahabeascopos.com.br/programacao.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>

====Canada====
[[Toronto Caribbean Carnival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caribana.com/index.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160621153706/http://www.caribana.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2016 |title=The Online Guide to Toronto's Summer Carnival |publisher=Caribana.Com |date=15 August 2010 |access-date=9 March 2011 }}</ref> held in [[Toronto]] on the first weekend of August to take advantage of more comfortable weather, has its origins in Caribbean Carnival traditions. Tourist attendance at the parade typically exceeds one million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karamali |first1=Kamil |title=Caribbean Carnival's 51st annual Grande Parade brings out Toronto's movers and shakers |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4371723/caribbean-carnival-51st-grande-parade/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=[[Global News]] |date=2018-08-04}}</ref>

The [[Quebec Winter Carnival]] is one of the biggest winter-themed Carnivals in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.quebec-cite.com/en/what-to-do-quebec-city/events/quebec-winter-carnival|title=Quebec Winter Carnival {{!}} Events in Québec City|newspaper=Visit Québec City|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> It depends on snowfall and very cold weather, to keep snowy [[skiing|ski]] trails in good condition and [[ice sculpture]]s frozen. The carnival is held during the last days of January and first days of February.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A bit of history|url=https://carnaval.qc.ca/en/the-carnival/about-carnival|access-date=2020-12-28|website=carnaval.qc.ca}}</ref>

In the [[Ottawa]]-[[Gatineau]] region, [[Winterlude]] takes place during February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/campaigns/winterlude/about.html|title=About Winterlude|last=Heritage|first=Canadian|date=2018-11-22|website=aem|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

====Caribbean====
[[File:Carnaval Bonaire (1).jpg|thumb|260px|Carnival in [[Rincon, Bonaire|Rincon]] ([[Bonaire]]) (2018)]]
{{Main|Carnival in the Caribbean}}
Most [[Caribbean]] islands celebrate Carnival. The largest and most well-known is in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Antigua]], [[Aruba]], [[Barbados]], [[Bonaire]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Cuba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Dominica]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Grenada]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Guyana]], [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]], [[Martinique]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]] (Statia), [[Sint Maarten]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Kitts]], [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|Saint Vincent]], and the [[Grenadines]] hold lengthy carnival seasons and large celebrations.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Carnival is an important cultural event in the [[Dutch Caribbean]]. Festivities include "jump-up" parades with beautifully colored costumes, floats, and live bands, as well as [[beauty contests]] and other competitions. Celebrations include a middle-of-the-night [[j'ouvert]] (''juvé'') parade that ends at sunrise with the burning of a straw [[King Momo]], cleansing sins and bad luck. On Statia, he is called Prince Stupid.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Carnival has been celebrated in Cuba since the 18th century. Participants don costumes from the island's cultural and ethnic variety. After [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuban Revolution|Communist Revolution]], Carnival's religious overtones were suppressed.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} The events remained, albeit frowned upon by the state.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Carnival celebrations have been in decline throughout Cuba since then.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

====Colombia====
[[File:DIOSESANCESTRALES HUGOMONCAYO2007 4.jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Blacks and Whites' Carnival]] in [[Pasto, Colombia|Pasto]]]]
{{Main|Carnival in Colombia}}
Carnival was introduced by the Spaniards and incorporated elements from [[European culture]]s. It has managed to reinterpret traditions that belonged to Colombia's African and [[Amerindian]] cultures. Documentary evidence shows that Carnival existed in Colombia in the 18th century and had already been a cause for concern for colonial authorities, who censored the celebrations, especially in the main political centres such as [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], [[Bogotá]], and [[Popayán]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in [[Barranquilla]] (see [[Barranquilla's Carnival]]), now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower [[Magdalena River]] in northern Colombia, and in [[Pasto, Colombia|Pasto]] and [[Nariño]] (see [[Blacks and Whites' Carnival]]) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The [[Bogotá Carnival]] was renewed in the 21st century.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Dominica====
{{Main|Chanté mas}}
Carnival in [[Dominica]] is held in the capital city of [[Roseau]], and takes elements of Carnival that can be seen in the neighbouring French islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], as well as [[Trinidad]]. Notable events leading up to Carnival include the Opening of Carnival celebrations, the Calypso Monarch music competition, the Queen of Carnival Beauty Pageant, and [[bouyon music]] bands. Celebrations last for the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Dominican Republic====
{{Main|Carnival in the Dominican Republic}}
[[File:Cojuelo03.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Traditional cojuelo mask of the Dominican carnival in [[La Vega, Dominican Republic|La Vega]], [[Dominican Republic]].]]
[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] Carnival is celebrated in most cities and towns in the main streets during February. Among its main characteristics are its flashy costumes and loud music. The one held in [[La Vega, Dominican Republic|La Vega]], which is one of the biggest in the country, and the national parade in [[Santo Domingo]] were where the first Carnival of the Americas was held.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Carnival masks are elaborate and colorful. The costumes used on the parades are satires of the Devil and are called "Diablos Cojuelos". They dance, and run to the rhythm of [[merengue music]] mixed with techno, hip-hop, and [[reggaeton]]. Additional [[allegorical]] characters represent Dominican traditions such as "Roba la Gallina" and "Califé".{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

One of the most international parades is in [[San Pedro de Macorís]]. It exhibits the "Guloyas" parade of costumed groups dancing in the streets. Revelers flee from the "Diablos Cojuelos" who try to hit them with "Vejigas".{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The timing of the festivals has grown apart from its original religious synchronization with the period of Lent. With National Independence Day on 27 February and the birthday of [[Juan Pablo Duarte]], its founding father, on 26 January, the Carnival celebrations fill February regardless of the [[Lenten calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Independence Day in the Dominican Republic |url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1793 |website=AnydayGuide |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

====Ecuador====
[[File:Desfile de Carnaval en calles de Latacunga.jpg|thumb|Carnival parade in [[Latacunga]] city.]]
[[File:Comparsa latacungueña desfilando.jpg|thumb|Party in Latacunga city.]]
In [[Ecuador]], the celebrations began before the arrival of Catholicism. The Huarangas Indians (from the Chimbos nation) used to celebrate the second moon of the year with a festival at which they threw flour, flowers, and perfumed water. This indigenous tradition merged with the Catholic celebration of Carnival.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

A common feature of Ecuadorian Carnival is the ''diablitos'' (little devils) who play with water. As with snowball fights, the practice of throwing or dumping water on unsuspecting victims is revered by children and teenagers although feared by some adults. Throwing water balloons, sometimes even eggs and flour both to friends and strangers is fun, but can also upset the uninformed.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Although the government as well as school authorities forbid such games, they are widely practiced. Historians tell of a bishop in 1867 who threatened [[excommunication]] for the [[sin]] of playing Carnival games.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Festivals differ across the country. Locals wear disguises with colorful masks and dance. Usually, the celebrations begin with the election of ''Taita Carnival'' (Father Carnival) who heads the festivities and leads the parades in each city.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The most famed Carnival festivities are in [[Guaranda]] (Bolivar province) and [[Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]] (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called ''Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas'' (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in [[Azogues]] (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern [[Andes]] in general, ''Taita Carnival'' is always an indigenous [[Cañari]]. Recently, a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Andes in the [[Chota Valley]] in [[Imbabura Province|Imbabura]] which is a zone of a strong [[Afro-Ecuadorian]] population and so the Carnival is celebrated with [[Bomba (Ecuador)|bomba del chota]] music.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Latacunga]] celebrates Carnival in three manners:<ref>{{cite web| title=Carnival Latacunga| url=http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101464647/-1/Celebraci%C3%B3n_y_fiesta__en_La_Laguna.html#.Vj0nsdIrLcc| access-date=6 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032136/http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101464647/-1/Celebraci%C3%B3n_y_fiesta__en_La_Laguna.html#.Vj0nsdIrLcc| archive-date=17 November 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> Carnival with water where people play with water, religious Carnival where people make religious festivity, and Carnival parade in the city in which people march on the Latacunga streets wearing masks while they dance with music bands.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====French Guiana====
{{Main|Carnival in French Guiana}}

The Carnival of [[French Guiana]] has roots in [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture. Everyone participates – mainland French, Brazilians (Guiana has a frontier with Brazil), and Chinese as well as Creoles.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Its duration is variable, determined by movable religious festivals: Carnival begins at [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] and ends on Ash Wednesday, and so typically lasts through most of January and February. During this period, from Friday evening until Monday morning the entire country throbs to the rhythm of masked balls and street parades.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Friday afternoons are for eating ''galette des rois'' (the cake of kings) and drinking champagne. The cake may be flavoured with [[frangipani]], [[guava]], or [[coconut]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

On Sunday afternoons, major parades fill the streets of [[Cayenne]], [[Kourou]], and Saint-Laurent du Maroni. Competing groups prepare for months. Dressed to follow the year's agreed theme, they march with Carnival floats, drums, and brass bands.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Brazilian groups are appreciated for their elaborate feathered and sequined costumes. However, they are not eligible for competition since the costumes do not change over time.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Mythical characters appear regularly in the parades:{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
* ''Karolin'' − a small person dressed in a [[magpie]] tail and [[top hat]], riding on a [[shrew]].
* ''Les Nèg'marrons'' − groups of men dressed in red [[loincloth]]s, bearing ripe tomatoes in their mouths while their bodies are smeared with grease or [[molasses]]. They deliberately try to come in contact with spectators, soiling their clothes.
* ''Les makoumés'' − [[cross-dressing]] men (out of the Carnival context, ''makoumé'' is a pejorative term for a [[homosexual]]).
* ''Soussouris'' (the bat) − a character dressed in a winged [[leotard]] from head to foot, usually black in colour. Traditionally malevolent, this character is liable to chase spectators and "sting" them.

[[File:Toulou.jpg|thumb|right|Four touloulous]]
A uniquely Creole tradition are the ''touloulous''. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks, and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called "universities", large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given [[condom]]s in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars – the disguised women whisper to the men "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In more modern times, Guyanais men have attempted to turn the tables by staging ''soirées tololo'', in which it is the men who, in disguise, seek partners from undisguised women bystanders.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The final four days of Carnival follow a rigid schedule, and no work is done:{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
* Sunday − The Grand Parade, in which the groups compete.
* Monday − Marriage burlesque, with men dressed as brides and women as grooms.
* Tuesday − Red Devil Day in which everyone wears red or black.
* (Ash) Wednesday − Dress is black and white only, for the grand ceremony of burning the effigy of Vaval, King Carnival.

====Guatemala====
The most famous Carnival celebration in [[Guatemala]] is in [[Mazatenango]]. During February, Mazatenango is famous for its eight-day Carnival Feast. Days of food, music, parades, and games fill the streets of the [[Suchitepéquez Department]]. As one Guatemalan website states, "To mention the Carnival of Mazatenango is to bring to mind moments of a happy and cordial party. In the eight days of this celebration's duration, the local residents have kept alive the traditions of the Department."{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Haiti====
{{Main|Haitian Carnival}}
Carnival in [[Haiti]] started in 1804 in the capital [[Port-au-Prince]] after the [[Haitian Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]]. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the [[Creole language]]. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, [[Rara]] parades,<ref>{{cite web| title=Rara Festivals in Haiti and its Diaspora| url=http://rara.wesleyan.edu/| publisher=Wesleyan University| access-date=5 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117043630/http://rara.wesleyan.edu/| archive-date=17 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> masks, foods, and popular [[rasin]] music (such as [[Boukman Eksperyans]], Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, and Eritaj) and [[Compas|kompa]] bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, [[Sweet Micky]], Kreyòl{{nbsp}}La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of [[Champ-de-Mars, Port-au-Prince|Champ-de-Mars]]. An annual song competition takes place.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Other places in Haiti celebrate carnival, including [[Jacmel]] and [[Aux Cayes]]. In 2013, Kanaval was celebrated in Okap ([[Cap-Haïtien]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Carnival finishes on Ash Wednesday, followed by [[rara]], another parading musical tradition known mainly in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. This festival emphasises religion. Songs are composed each year, and bands play bamboo tubes (''vaksin'') and homemade horns (''konèt''). Rara is also performed in [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect]] and [[Central Park]] in summertime New York.<ref>{{cite book| last=McAlister| first=Elizabeth| title=Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora| year=2002| publisher=University of California Press| location=Berkeley| isbn=0-520-22823-5| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790520228237}}</ref>

====Honduras====
In [[La Ceiba]] in [[Honduras]], Carnival is held on the third or fourth Saturday of every May to commemorate [[Isidore the Laborer|San Isidro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.activecaribbean.com/carnivals-festivals/carnivals-events-honduras/|title=HONDURAS Carnival, ROATAN Events|last=admin|website=Active Caribbean|language=en-GB|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075738/https://www.activecaribbean.com/carnivals-festivals/carnivals-events-honduras/|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/honduras/carnival.asp|title=Carnival in Honduras – CaribbeanChoice|website=www.caribbeanchoice.com|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182036/http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/honduras/carnival.asp|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the largest Carnival celebration in [[Central America]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rove.me/to/honduras/la-ceiba-carnival|title=La Ceiba Carnival 2019 in Honduras – Dates & Map|website=rove.me|language=en|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075738/https://rove.me/to/honduras/la-ceiba-carnival|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hondurastravel.com/news/culture/la-ceiba-carnival-honduran-mardi-gras/|title=Is the La Ceiba Carnival the Honduran Mardi Gras?|last=Dupuis|first=John|date=1 May 2017|website=Honduras Travel|language=en-US|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075713/https://hondurastravel.com/news/culture/la-ceiba-carnival-honduran-mardi-gras/|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Mexico====
{{Main|Carnival in Mexico}}
In [[Mexico]], ''Carnaval'' is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest are in [[Mazatlán]] and the city of [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], with others in [[Baja California]] and [[Yucatán]]. The larger city Carnavals employ costumes, elected queens, and parades with floats, but Carnaval celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in [[Huejotzingo]], [[Puebla]], where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the [[Battle of Puebla]]. Other important states with local traditions include [[Morelos]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Tlaxcala]], and [[Chiapas]].<ref>https://www.sinembargo.mx/12-02-2018/3384548 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101200829/https://www.sinembargo.mx/12-02-2018/3384548 |date=1 January 2019 }} accessed 1 January 2019</ref> Carnaval of [[Campeche]] goes back 400 years, to 1582.<ref>https://www.barcelo.com/pinandtravel/es/carnaval-campeche-2017-el-carnaval-con-mas-historia-de-mexico/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102010632/https://www.barcelo.com/pinandtravel/es/carnaval-campeche-2017-el-carnaval-con-mas-historia-de-mexico/ |date=2 January 2019 }} accessed 1 January 2019</ref>

====Nicaragua====
On the Caribbean coast of [[Bluefields]], [[Nicaragua]], Carnival is better known as "Palo de Mayo" (or Mayo Ya!) and is celebrated every day of May.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&q=Mayo+Ya!+celebration&pg=PA15|title=Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions|last=Herrera-Sobek|first=María|date=1 January 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313343391|access-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=Mayo+Ya!+celebration&source=bl&ots=4nzWf1QpHa&sig=GPwrJhokWuRgzT3aUd-QM6LYf6s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2i6mS1pXSAhWF1SwKHWidBDgQ6AEIRzAJ#v=onepage&q=Mayo%20Ya!%20celebration&f=false|archive-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Managua]], it is celebrated for two days. There it is named ''Alegria por la vida'' ("Joy for Life") and features a different theme each year. Another festival in Managua celebrates patron saint Domingo de Guzman and lasts ten days.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0EXDQAAQBAJ&q=managua%20%22santo%20domingo%20de%20guzman%22&pg=PT114|title=Lonely Planet Nicaragua|last1=Gleeson|first1=Bridget|last2=Egerton|first2=Alex|date=1 September 2016|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781786573049}}</ref>

====Panama====
[[File:Calle Arriba versus Calle Abajo 05.jpg|thumb|Two Queens, representing Calle Arriba and Calle Abajo, standing on a float]]
[[File:Carnaval20150215.jpeg|thumb|A culeco]]
Traditionally beginning on Friday and ending on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, "los Carnavales", as [[Panama]]nians refer to the days of Carnival, are celebrated across the country. Carnival Week is especially popular in the sleepy town of [[Las Tablas, Los Santos|Las Tablas]]. The population multiplies because of the opulent Carnival celebrations. Carnival celebrations in [[Panama City]] and almost all of the [[Azuero Peninsula]] are popular tourist attractions. Penonomé features a parade on the Rio Zarati as a unique Carnival event.

The Panamanian Carnival is also popular because of the concerts featuring popular artists in the most visited areas. Concerts are often carried out during the night, and continue until the next morning.

Carnival Week is a national holiday in Panama, with most businesses and government offices remaining closed during its duration, and with most Panamanians opting to go to the country's rural areas to participate on the Carnivals and visit their relatives.

Carnivals in Panama also feature large repurposed fuel trucks that are used for soaking attendees through the use of firehoses that are controlled and directed by one or more people that stand in a platform that is mounted on top of the truck. This is known as "culecos" or "los culecos". Trucks get their water from nearby, government-approved rivers, and the water is tested for cleanliness before use. Culecos are often performed from 10 AM to 3 PM, when the sun is at its brightest. Children and pregnant women are banned from participating in the culecos, and the trucks are always sponsored by a well-known Panamanian company or brand. The culecos are also often accompanied by reggaeton concerts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ensegundos.com.pa/2018/02/08/prohiben-ingreso-de-embarazadas-y-ninos-a-culecos/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220111303/https://ensegundos.com.pa/2018/02/08/prohiben-ingreso-de-embarazadas-y-ninos-a-culecos/ |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/170214/diez-seran-manana-culecos |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220111113/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/170214/diez-seran-manana-culecos |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/2018/02/05/minsa-verificacion-cisternas-participaran-carnavales/1190582.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220105636/https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/2018/02/05/minsa-verificacion-cisternas-participaran-carnavales/1190582.html |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ensegundos.com.pa/2017/02/25/miambiente-supervisa-carga-de-agua-a-carros-cisternas-para-los-culecos/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220105638/https://ensegundos.com.pa/2017/02/25/miambiente-supervisa-carga-de-agua-a-carros-cisternas-para-los-culecos/ |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The open consumption of large amounts of cold, [[low-alcohol beer]] or [[Smirnoff]], stored in ice-filled coolers, is common among attendees. Just like in Rio de Janeiro, some carnivals also feature floats, but they may have young women with elaborate costumes that stand as the "Queens" of "Calle Arriba" and "Calle Abajo", representing rich and working-class people, respectively. The queens are chosen through a contest and announced on October of the previous year, and are replaced every year. The queens are introduced on the first carnival day, and are always accompanied by a music band, who are present whenever the queens are present. Fireworks are launched on the last carnival night, to signal the end of the carnival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/carnaval_english.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428054119/http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/carnaval_english.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Peru====
[[File:Carnaval de juliaca.jpg|thumb|200 px|Morenada dance, in the Carnival of [[Juliaca]] – Peru]]

=====Cajamarca=====
The town of [[Cajamarca]] is considered the capital of Carnival in [[Peru]]. Local residents of all ages dance around the ''unsha'', or yunsa{{which lang|date=August 2020}}, a tree adorned with ribbons, balloons, toys, fruits, bottles of liquor, and other prizes.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

At a certain point, the ''Mayordomo'' (governor of the feast) walks into the circle. The governor chooses a partner to go to the ''unsha'', which they attempt to cut down by striking it three times with a [[machete]]. The machete is passed from couple to couple as each strikes the tree three times. When the unsha finally falls, the crowd rushes to grab the prizes.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The person who successfully brings down the unsha becomes the following year's governor.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=====Crime=====
While generally peaceful, there have been issues with people using Carnival as a pretext for crime, particularly robbery or vandalism, especially in certain areas of Lima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peru21.pe/noticia/407870/Carnivales-cinco-mil-policias-reforzaran-seguridad-lima |title=Carnivales en Lima: unos cinco mil policías reforzarán la seguridad| Perú21 |publisher=Peru21.pe |access-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518131624/http://peru21.pe/noticia/407870/Carnivales-cinco-mil-policias-reforzaran-seguridad-lima |archive-date=18 May 2012 }}</ref>

====Puerto Rico====
{{Main|Carnaval de Ponce}}
[[Puerto Rico]]'s most popular festivals are the Carnaval de [[Loiza]] and [[Carnaval de Ponce]]. The Carnaval de Ponce (officially "Carnaval Ponceño") is celebrated annually in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. The celebration lasts one week and ends on the day before Ash Wednesday. It is one of the oldest carnivals of the Western Hemisphere, dating to 1858.<ref>[http://www.letsgotoponce.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=81 ''Ponce Carnival Goes International in Its 150th Anniversary Edition.'' Let's Go to Ponce.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311075721/http://letsgotoponce.com/index.php?id=155&itemid=81&option=com_content&task=view |date=11 March 2016 }} Ponce Carnival. Retrieved 12 April 2010.</ref> Some authorities trace the Ponce Carnaval to the eighteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/pdf/puerto/carnival_dress.pdf|title=The Smithsonian Institution. "A Puerto Rican Carnival: How to Dress for the Ponce Carnival."|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125232634/http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/pdf/puerto/carnival_dress.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/carnival-de-ponce Attendance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204114/http://www.answers.com/topic/carnival-de-ponce |date=3 March 2016 }} Retrieved 12 April 2010.</ref>

====Trinidad and Tobago====
[[File:Orange Carnival Masqueraders in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|right|Masqueraders chipping on Carnival Tuesday in [[Port of Spain]] during [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival]]]]
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago Carnival}}
In [[Trinidad and Tobago]], Carnival lasts months and culminates in large celebrations on the three days before Ash Wednesday with Dimanche Gras, [[J'ouvert]], and Mas (masquerade). Tobago's celebration culminates on Monday and Tuesday on a much smaller scale. Carnival combines costumes, dance, music, competitions, rum, and partying (fete-ing). Music styles include soca, [[calypso music|calypso]], [[rapso]], and more recently [[Chutney music|chutney]] and [[chutney soca]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The annual Carnival [[steel pan]] competition known as the National Panorama competition holds the finals on the Saturday before the main event. Pan players compete in categories such as "Conventional Steel Band" or "Single Pan Band" by performing renditions of the year's calypsos. <ref>{{cite web|title=Panorama Steelband Competition |url=https://www.steelpan-steeldrums-information.com/panorama.html |accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref>

"Dimanche Gras" takes place on the Sunday night before Ash Wednesday. Here the [[Calypso Monarch]] is chosen (after competition) and prize money and a vehicle awarded. The King and Queen of the bands are crowned, where each band parades costumes for two days and submits a king and queen, from which an overall winner is chosen. These usually involve huge, complex, beautiful well-crafted costumes, that includes 'wire-bending'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Costume Prototypes Shi'dor LLC |url=https://www.shidor.com/prototypes/|website=Shi'dor |accessdate=22 February 2021}}</ref>

J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means "opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black, or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails (a symbol of Grenadian culture and freedom). A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[File:Carnival Costume in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|The Carnival King costume for a particular band]]
Carnival Monday involves the parade of the mas bands. Revelers wear only parts of their costumes, more for fun than display or competition. Monday Night Mas is popular in most towns and especially the capital, where smaller bands compete. There is also the "Bomb Competition", a smaller-scaled judging of steel bands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gotrinidadandtobago.com/trinidad-and-tobago/carnival-in-trinidad.html|title=Carnival in Trinidad – Trinidad & Tobago – The true caribbean – Trinidad & Tobago – The true caribbean|website=gotrinidadandtobago.com|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207043929/http://gotrinidadandtobago.com/trinidad-and-tobago/carnival-in-trinidad.html|archive-date=7 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen, earning prize money and usually a vehicle.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

This parading and revelry goes on until Tuesday midnight. Ash Wednesday itself, while not an official holiday, sends flocks to local beaches. The most popular are [[Maracas Beach]] and [[Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad and Tobago|Manzanilla Beach]], where huge beach parties take place on Ash Wednesday.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====United States====
{{Main|Mardi Gras in the United States|Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Mardi Gras in New Orleans|Courir de Mardi Gras}}
[[File:StAnne06Marigny29.jpg|thumbnail|right|Revelers on [[Frenchmen Street]], New Orleans, 2006]]

Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as [[Mardi Gras]] ("Fat Tuesday" in French), were first celebrated in the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] area, but now occur in many states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/06/the-obscure-origins-of-american-mardi-gras-which-begins-today/|title=The Obscure Origins of American Mardi Gras|last=Andrews|first=Travis|date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419080129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/06/the-obscure-origins-of-american-mardi-gras-which-begins-today/|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Customs originated in the onetime [[Louisiana (New France)|French colonial]] capitals of [[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] (now in [[Alabama]]), [[New Orleans]] ([[Louisiana]]), and [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] ([[Mississippi]]), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include [[Washington, D.C.]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mkofl.com/|title=Mystick Krewe of Louisianians - Washington Mardi Gras|website=mkofl.com|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124002057/https://mkofl.com/|archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St. Louis]], Missouri;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stlmardigras.org/|title=Soulard Mardi Gras 2019 {{!}} St. Louis, MO|website=stlmardigras.org|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221217/https://stlmardigras.org/|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[San Francisco]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnavalsanfrancisco.org/about|title=About - Carnaval San Francisco|website=www.carnavalsanfrancisco.org|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004175227/http://www.carnavalsanfrancisco.org/about|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[San Diego]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdmardigras.com/about/|title=About {{!}} 2017 San Diego Mardi Gras Masquerade Parade & Celebration|website=Mardigras|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223023711/https://www.sdmardigras.com/about/|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> California; [[Galveston, Texas]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mardigrasgalveston.com/|title=Mardi Gras! Galveston 2019 {{!}} February 22nd - March 5th|website=Mardi Gras! Galveston|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429021322/https://www.mardigrasgalveston.com/|archive-date=29 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pensacolamardigras.com/|title=Pensacola Mardi Gras – Pensacola Mardi Gras|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223053431/http://pensacolamardigras.com/|archive-date=23 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wusf.usf.edu/mardi_gras_parade_festival|title=Mardi Gras Parade & Festival|last=CitySparkJB|date=2019-02-06|website=WUSF Public Media|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universalorlando.com/webcontent/en/us/things-to-do/events/mardi-gras?v=a6|title=Universal Orlando|website=www.universalorlando.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> in [[Florida]].

The most widely known, elaborate, and popular US events are in New Orleans where Carnival season is referred to as Mardi Gras. [[Krewe]]s organize parades, balls, and other activities starting with Phunny Phorty Phellows streetcar parade on [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]] and ending with the closing of Bourbon Street at midnight on Fat Tuesday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mardigrasneworleans.com/parades/phunny-phorty-phellows|title=Phunny Phorty Phellows {{!}} Mardi Gras New Orleans|website=www.mardigrasneworleans.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712023255/https://www.mardigrasneworleans.com/parades/phunny-phorty-phellows|archive-date=12 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is often called "the greatest free party on earth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/gambit/new_orleans/news/commentary/article_1afb8938-ff48-5618-bbd3-f380d2a746a5.html|title=Mardi Gras in New Orleans: The greatest free party on earth|website=The Advocate|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> Many other Louisiana cities such as [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]], [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]], [[Mamou, Louisiana|Mamou]], [[Houma, Louisiana|Houma]], and [[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]], most of which were under French control at one time or another, also hold Carnival celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/pressroom/festivals-events/mardi-gras/index|title=Mardi Gras in New Orleans and Louisiana|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117025317/https://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/pressroom/festivals-events/mardi-gras/index|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the prairie country northwest of Lafayette, Louisiana, the [[Cajun]]s celebrate the traditional [[Courir de Mardi Gras]], which has its roots in celebrations from rural Medieval France.<ref>{{cite book|title=Capitaine, voyage ton flag : The Traditional Cajun Country Mardi Gras|author=[[Barry Jean Ancelet]]|publisher=Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana|date=1989|isbn=0-940984-46-6|url=https://archive.org/details/capitainevoyaget00ance}}</ref>

Carnival is celebrated in New York City in [[Brooklyn]]. {{citation needed span|text=As in the UK,|date=February 2021}} the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on [[Labor Day]] Monday, in September. It is called the [[Labor Day Carnival]], West Indian Day Parade, or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes, and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's [[Eastern Parkway]] in the [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/|title=The history of Brooklyn's Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City|website=6sqft|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174813/https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/|archive-date=27 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Starting in 2013, the Slovenian-American community located in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood of [[Cleveland]] began hosting a local version of [[Kurentovanje]], the Carnival event held in the city of [[Ptuj]], [[Carnival#Slovenia|Slovenia]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url=http://clevelandkurentovanje.com/| title=Cleveland Kurentovanje| access-date=18 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223000614/http://clevelandkurentovanje.com/| archive-date=23 February 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref> The event is conducted on the Saturday prior to Ash Wednesday.<ref name=":0" />

Carnival is held also during various months throughout the year annually in the US to celebrate for the West Indies American cultured citizens.

====Uruguay====
[[File:Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg|thumb|right|Afro-Uruguayans gathering for a [[Candombe]] celebration, ca. 1870]]
The Carnival in Uruguay lasts more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in [[Montevideo]] are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] and [[Angola]]n [[Benguela]] cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called ''Desfile de Carnaval'' (Carnival Parade) and ''Desfile de Llamadas'' (Calls Parade, a [[candombe]]-summoning parade).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uruguay-now.com/montevideo-carnival.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020043/http://www.uruguaynow.com/montevideo-carnival.php|url-status=dead|title=UruguayNow - Travel Guide to Uruguay - Carnival is coming|archive-date=17 January 2012|website=www.uruguay-now.com}}</ref>

During the celebration, theaters called ''tablados'' are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo.<ref>* Fornaro Bordolli, Marita. "The Uruguayan Carnival Stages of the First Half of the Twentieth Century between Transgression and 'Measured Joy{{'"}}, ''Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography'' XLIII/1-2 (2018), 123–140 (includes 19 photographs of {{lang|es|tablados}} participating in Montevideo festivities between 1919 and 1951).</ref> Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups ([[Murga]]s, Lubolos, or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the ''tablados'', singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform [[candombe]] rhythmic figures. The carnival in Uruguay have [[escolas de samba]] too, and the biggest samba parades are in [[Artigas, Uruguay|Artigas]] and in [[Montevideo]]. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called [[Vedette (cabaret)|vedettes]] and provide a sensual touch to parades.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

European [[archetype]]s ([[Pierrot]], [[Harlequin]], and [[Columbina]]) merge with African ancestral elements (the [[Matriarchy|Old Mother]] or ''Mama Vieja'', the [[Medicine Man]] or ''Gramillero'' and the [[magician (paranormal)|Magician]] or ''Escobero'') in the festival.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gittens|first=William Anderson|title=Culture Demystify A Cultural Conversation First|publisher=Devgro Media Arts Services|year=2019|isbn=9789769635616|pages=374–375}}</ref>

====Venezuela====
Carnival in [[Venezuela]] covers two days, 40 days before Easter. It is a time when youth in many rural towns have water fights (including the use of water balloons and water guns). Any pedestrian risks getting soaked. Coastal towns and provinces celebrate Carnival more fervently than elsewhere in the country. Venezuelans regard Carnival about the same way they regard Christmas and Semana Santa ([[Holy Week]]; the week before Easter Sunday) when they take the opportunity to visit their families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/venezuela/Carnival.asp |title=Carnival in Venezuela |publisher=CaribbeanChoice |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120549/http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/venezuela/carnival.asp |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Asia===
====India====
[[File:Carnival Goa circa 1980s or 1990s.jpg|thumb|left|Panaji locals participating at the [[Carnival in Goa|Goan Carnival]], late 20th century]]
[[File:Goa Carnival.jpg|thumb|right|Foreign tourist revellers at the modern Goan Carnival, 2005]]
In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of [[Goa]] and was originally a local Roman Catholic tradition known as '''Intruz''' which means "swindler" in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] while ''Entrudo'' is the appropriate word in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Carnival". The present commercial version of the Goan carnival ([[King Momo]], floats, etc.) was created based on the [[Rio Carnival]] only in the 1960s as a means of attracting tourism.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-dawn-of-Viva-Carnaval-in-Goa/143320.html
|title=The dawn of Viva Carnaval in Goa
|date=1 March 2019
|accessdate=2 June 2021
|newspaper=[[O Heraldo]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155031/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-dawn-of-Viva-Carnaval-in-Goa/143320.html
|archive-date=4 April 2019
}}</ref> The largest celebration takes place in the capital [[Panaji]]. The commercial Carnival festivities occur during the three days and nights preceding Ash Wednesday. Sixtus Eric Dias from Candolim was the King Momo for the Carnival 2021. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances, and floats. Grand balls are held in the evenings.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/official-festival-goa-Carnival |title=The official festival of Goa, Carnival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307152611/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/official-festival-goa-carnival |archive-date=7 March 2011 |date=5 March 2011 |work=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
In [[Indonesia]], the word "carnival" or ''karnaval'' is not related to pre-[[Lent]] festivities, but more to festivals in general, especially those with processions and extravagant costumes. One of the largest carnivals in Indonesia is the [[Solo Batik Carnival]], held in [[Surakarta|Solo]], [[Central Java]]. The Jember Fashion Carnaval is held in [[Jember]], [[East Java]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jember Fashion Carnival|url=http://www.jemberfashioncarnaval.com/main.php?com=contact|website=Jember Fashion Carnival|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021225/http://www.jemberfashioncarnaval.com/main.php?com=contact|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Roman Catholic community of [[Kupang]], [[East Nusa Tenggara]], held an Easter procession in form of an Easter Carnival called ''Pawai Paskah Kupang''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/489130/pemuda-lintas-agama-akan-ramaikan-pawai-paskah-di-kupang| title=Pemuda lintas agama akan ramaikan Pawai Paskah di Kupang| author=Kornelis Kaha| date=5 April 2015| access-date=20 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418030213/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/489130/pemuda-lintas-agama-akan-ramaikan-pawai-paskah-di-kupang| archive-date=18 April 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>

====Israel====
{{Main|Adloyada}}

===Europe===
[[File:Long-né.jpg|thumb|160x160px|''Long-Né'' and ''Longuès-Brèsses'' (Malmedy)]]
[[File:Joker Maaseik 2013.JPG|thumb|133x133px|Giant Joker of Maaseik in 2013]]
[[File:Prinsenwagen2016achter.jpg|left|thumb|160px|Venetian Mask 2016]]
[[File:2010. Донецк. Карнавал на день города 539.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Carnival in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]], 2010]]

====Albania====
Carnivals have begun to be celebrated in Korça before 1940, a period in which cultural life in this city has been varied. Although a pagan holiday, the Carnival was later celebrated on Feast Day in February. In addition to the many carnival-wearing individuals, there were bands with guitars, bows, and butaphoric{{typo help inline|date=August 2020}} masks such as animal heads and humans. The Korça Carnival took a big hit after the creation of cultural societies such as the "Korça Youth". During this period carnivals were accompanied by mandolins, guitars and humorous songs. Carnival celebrations were discontinued after 1960, to resume in other social conditions after 1990. Korça is one of the first cities to revive the Carnival tradition by establishing the Carnival Association in 1992 as part of the National Carnival Association of Albania. On 10 April 1994, the first International Carnival Festival in Albania was organized in Korça. The following year, the second International Carnival Festival is even larger. Since this year and until 2008, the Korca Carnival group has been represented at a number of international festivals organized in various European countries.

====Belgium====
Many parts of [[Belgium]] celebrate Carnival, typically with costume parades, partying and fireworks. These areas include the province of Limburg with its cities [[Maasmechelen]], [[Maaseik]] and Lanaken along the river Meuse, the cities of [[Aalst, Belgium|Aalst]], [[Ninove]], [[Binche]], [[Eupen]], [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], [[Heist-aan-Zee|Heist]], [[Kelmis]], [[Malmedy]], and [[Stavelot]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The [[Carnival of Binche]] dates at least to the 14th century. Parades are held over the three days before Lent; the most important participants are the [[Gilles]], who wear traditional costumes on Shrove Tuesday and throw [[blood orange]]s to the crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/22/travel/masked-revels-of-a-belgian-mardi-gras.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=2 |title=Masked Revels of a Belgian Mardi Gras |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Anne Shapiro Devreux |date=22 January 1989 |access-date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003222/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/22/travel/masked-revels-of-a-belgian-mardi-gras.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=2 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, the Carnival of Binche was recognised as one of the [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=BE |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention: Belgium |access-date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701010208/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=BE |archive-date=1 July 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Carnival of Aalst]], celebrated during the three days preceding Ash Wednesday, received the same recognition in 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kunstenenerfgoed.be/ake/view/nl/2626684-Aalst+Carnival+in+2010+voorgedragen+als+immaterieel+cultureel+erfgoed+van+de+mensheid+(UNESCO).html |title=Erfgoed Vlaamse gemeenschap |access-date=12 February 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The Carnival of [[Malmedy]] is locally called ''Cwarmê''. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the ''Cwarmê'' is a pure [[Walloons|Walloon]] and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during the four days before Shrove Tuesday. The ''Cwarmê'' Sunday is the most important and interesting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The ''Cwarmê'' is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the ''Cwarmê'' of Malmedy are the ''Haguète'', the ''Longuès-Brèsses'', and the ''Long-Né''<ref>{{Cite web| title = Historique| url = http://www.malmedy.be/en/Tourisme/folklore-et-carnaval/le-carnaval/| website = www.malmedy.be| access-date = 5 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202233620/http://www.malmedy.be/en/Tourisme/folklore-et-carnaval/le-carnaval/| archive-date = 2 February 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>''.''

Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is [[Stavelot]], where the ''Carnival de la Laetare'' takes place on [[Laetare Sunday]], the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the ''Blancs-Moussis'', who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with [[confetti]] and dried [[pig bladder]]s. The city of [[Halle, Belgium#Events|Halle]] also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the [[Carnival Parade of Maaseik]], also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/specials/limburg/news/content/2018-03/15/content_181107769.htm|title=Carnival: Limburg's traditional popular festival_news_www.newsgd.com|last=Wong|first=Keane|website=www.newsgd.com|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091944/http://www.newsgd.com/specials/limburg/news/content/2018-03/15/content_181107769.htm|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the [[Croat]]-majority city of [[Ljubuški]] holds a traditional Carnival ({{lang-bs|Karneval}}). Ljubuški is a member of the [[Federation of European Carnival Cities]] (FECC).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Rijeka Korzo karneval 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|Main square in [[Rijeka]] during Carnival]]
[[File:Međimurski fašnjak 2017.- gusari.jpg|thumb|200px|"Pirates" during Carnival in [[Čakovec]]]]

====Croatia====
The most famous [[Croatia]]n Carnival (Croatian: ''karneval'', also called ''maškare'' or ''fašnik'') is the [[Rijeka Carnival]], during which the mayor of [[Rijeka]] hands over the keys to the city to the Carnival master (''meštar od karnevala''). The festival includes several events, culminating on the final Sunday in a masked procession. (A similar procession for children takes place on the previous weekend.){{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Many towns in Croatia's [[Kvarner]] region (and in other parts of the country, e.g. in [[Međimurje County]] in [[Northern Croatia]]) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Some of the towns and places are Grobnik, Permani, Kastav and many others places near Rijeka, then [[Čakovec]], [[Samobor]] etc. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a [[effigy|man-like doll]] called a "Pust", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The [[Zvončari]], or bell-ringers push away winter and all the bad things in the past year and calling spring, they wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is [[fritule]], a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Međimurski fašnjak 2017. - coprnice z Zasadbrega.jpg|left|thumb|160px|"Coprnice" (Witches) from [[Međimurje County]], [[Northern Croatia]]]]
Masks are worn to many of the festivities, including concerts and parties. Children and teachers are commonly allowed to wear masks to school for a day, and also wear masks at school dances or while trick-or-treating. Carnivals also take place in summer. One of the most famous is the Senj Summer Carnival – first celebrated in 1968. The towns of [[Cres]], Pag, Novi Vinodolski, and Fužine also organise Summer Carnivals.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Cyprus====
Carnival has been celebrated in [[Cyprus]] for centuries. The tradition was likely established under [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as [[Dionysus]]. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century, it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the [[Greek Orthodox]] calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of [[Limassol]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an [[effigy]]) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival, and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Czech Republic====
{{See also|Slavic carnival}}

[[File:Masopust masks in Milevsku (2013) 63.JPG|thumb|Masopust masks in Czech Republic, 2013]]
In the [[Czech Republic]], the Masopust Festival takes place from [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] (''Den tří králů'') through Ash Wednesday (''Popeleční středa''). The word ''masopust'' translates literally from old Czech to mean "meat fast", and the festival often includes a pork feast. The tradition is most common in [[Moravia]] but also occurs in [[Bohemia]]. While practices vary, masks and costumes are present everywhere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.expats.cz/czech-culture/masopust-carnival-tradition-has-revived-in-recent-years/|title=The Masopust carnival tradition has revived in recent years – Prague, Czech Republic|date=11 January 2012|website=Expats.cz for Jobs in Prague – Prague Real Estate in the Czech Republic|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003202/https://news.expats.cz/czech-culture/masopust-carnival-tradition-has-revived-in-recent-years/|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Denmark and Norway====
{{Main|Fastelavn}}
Carnival in [[Denmark]] is called ''Fastelavn'', and is held on the Sunday or Monday before Ash Wednesday. The holiday is sometimes described as a Nordic [[Halloween]], with children dressing in costume and gathering treats for the ''Fastelavn'' feast. One popular custom is the ''fastelavnsris'', a [[switch (corporal punishment)|switch]] that children use to [[flagellation|flog]] their parents to wake them up on Fastelavns Sunday.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In [[Norway]], students having seen [[Paris Carnival|celebrations in Paris]] introduced Carnival processions, masked balls, and Carnival balls to [[Oslo|Christiana]] in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation ''Kunstnerforeningen'' held annual Carnival balls in the old [[Freemasons]] lodge, which inspired [[Johan Svendsen]]'s compositions ''Norsk Kunstnerkarneval'' and ''Karneval in Paris''. The following year, Svendsen's ''Festpolonaise'' was written for the opening procession. [[Edvard Grieg]] attended and wrote "Aus dem Karneval" (''Folkelivsbilleder'' Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization {{ill|Tårnseilerne|no|vertical-align=sup}} has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes, and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes ''Fastelavens søndag'' (with cream buns) and ''fastelavensris'' with decorated branches.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====England====
{{Main|Shrove Tuesday}}
In [[England]], the season immediately before Lent was called [[Shrovetide]]. A time for [[Confession (religion)|confessing sins]] ("shriving"), it had fewer festivities than the Continental Carnivals. Today, [[Shrove Tuesday]] is celebrated as [[Pancake Day]], but little else of the Lent-related Shrovetide survived the 16th-century [[English Reformation]]. The Shrovetide Carnival in the United Kingdom is celebrated in [[Cowes]] and [[East Cowes]] on the [[Isle of Wight]]. Since 2012, Hastings in East Sussex has celebrated with its own Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday.
Five days of music and street events culminating with a Grand Ball on Fat Tuesday itself. Loosely based on the New Orleans style of carnival, Hastings has taken its own course.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk/|title=Hastings Fat Tuesday|website=www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060710/https://www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk/|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Finland====
[[File:Samba wagon from Império do Papagaio at Helsinki Samba Carnaval 2016.jpg|thumb|The 2016 [[Helsinki Samba Carnaval]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]]]
The [[Helsinki Samba Carnaval]], modelled after the samba carnivals in Brazil, takes place every year in middle June. The carnival lacks a proper historical tradition and has instead mostly grown from experimenting.

====France====
[[File:Carnaval de Paris 15 février 2015 7.JPG|thumb|left|[[Paris Carnival|Carnival in Paris]], 2015.]]
Some major Carnivals of mainland [[France]] are the [[Nice Carnival]], the Dunkirk Carnival and the Limoux Carnival. The [[Nice]] Carnival was held as far back as 1294, and annually attracts over a million visitors during the two weeks preceding Lent.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Since 1604, a characteristic [[Carnival of Limoux|masked Carnival]] is celebrated in [[Limoux]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Nice Carnival|date=2020-03-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_Carnival&oldid=943293344|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

The [[Dunkirk]] Carnival is among the greatest and most exuberant carnivals celebrated in Europe. Its traditions date back to the 17th century and are based on the ''vischerbende'' as fishermen went from one café to another accompanied by their relatives and friends just before departing to [[Iceland]]ic fishing grounds.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In the [[French West Indies]], it occurs between the Sunday of Epiphany and Ash Wednesday;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guadeloupe-guide.net/guadeloupe-evenements-us.php|title=Guadeloupe Guide – Events in Guadeloupe – French West Indies|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419201332/http://www.guadeloupe-guide.net/guadeloupe-evenements-us.php|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> this dates back to the arrival of French colonists in the islands.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Germany, Switzerland, and Austria====
{{Main|Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria|l1=Karneval in Germany and Austria|Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht|l2=Fastnacht or Fasnacht in Germany, Switzerland, Alsace and Austria}}

=====Germany=====
[[File:Rosenmontag example photo.jpg|thumb|left|Carnival in [[Mainz]], [[Germany]].]]
The earliest written record of Carnival in [[Germany]] was in 1296 in [[History of Speyer|Speyer]].<ref>''Geschichte der Stadt Speyer''. Band 1, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1982, {{ISBN|3-17-007522-5}}</ref> The first worldwide Carnival parade took place in [[Cologne]] in 1823.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
The most active Carnival week begins on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, with parades during the weekend, and finishes the night before Ash Wednesday, with the main festivities occurring around ''Rosenmontag'' (Rose Monday). This time is also called the "Fifth Season". Shrove Tuesday, called ''Fastnacht'' or ''Veilchendienstag'', is celebrated in some cities.

Parties feature self-made and more fanciful costumes and occasional masks. The parties become more exuberant as the weeks progress and peak after New Year, in January and February. The final Tuesday features all-night parties, dancing, hugging, and smooching. Some parties are for all, some for women only and some for children. ''Fasnachtsküchle'' (similar to ''[[Kreppel]]'' or donuts) are the traditional Fasching food and are baked or fried.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In Germany, ''Rheinischer Karnival'' and ''Schwäbische Fastnacht'' are distinct; first is less formal and more political, second is much more traditional.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====="Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching)=====
The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] and [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], but also in [[Hesse]] (including [[Upper Hesse]]). Similar forms of the festival occur in [[Bavaria]], and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. The [[Cologne Carnival]], as well as those in [[Mainz]], [[Eschweiler]] and [[Düsseldorf]], are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades, and parties, such as [[Aachen]], [[Bonn]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms am Rhein]], [[Speyer]], [[Kaiserslautern]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Darmstadt]], [[Duisburg]], [[Dortmund]], [[Essen]], [[Mannheim]], [[Münster]], [[Krefeld]], [[Ludwigshafen]], [[Mönchengladbach]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Augsburg]], [[Munich]], and [[Nuremberg]]. The biggest German carnival club is located in a little town [[Dieburg]] in South Hesse. Festivities can start as early as November 11 at 11:11am for some carnival organizations, though the main events are often after the Christmas season<ref>{{cite web |title=Fasching and Karneval |url=https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/fasching-and-karneval/ |website=The German Way & More |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day" in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women), women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man. Special acrobatic show dances in mock uniforms are a traditional contribution to most festive balls. They may or may not have been a source of inspiration to American cheerleading. The Fasching parades and floats make fun of individual politicians and other public figures. Many speeches do the same.<ref>[https://www.gespraechswert.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Karneval_Guide_English_201701.pdf Cologne Carnival traditions explained in English.]</ref>

Traditions often also include the "Faschingssitzung" – a sit-only party with dancing and singing presentations, and often many speeches given that humorously criticize politics.

====="Swabian-Alemannic" Carnival (''Schwäbische Fastnacht'')=====
[[File:VSAN TT 2014 Sa17.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Reitenderle, der Grundholde, Hudelmale, Schnarragagges; popular Fasnet characters from [[Kisslegg]] im Allgäu, [[Swabia]] ]]
The [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht]], known as ''Schwäbische Fastnacht'', takes place in [[Baden]], [[Swabia]], the [[Allgäu]], [[Alsace]], and [[Vorarlberg]] (western [[Austria]]). During the pagan era, it represented the time of year when the reign of the grim winter spirits is over, and these spirits are hunted and expelled. It then adapted to Catholicism. The first official record of Karneval, Fasching or Fastnacht in Germany dates to 1296.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mdr.de|title=Warum wir Fasching, Fastnacht oder Karneval feiern {{!}} MDR.DE|url=https://www.mdr.de/religion/warum-wir-fastnacht-fasching-karneval-feiern100.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=www.mdr.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tagespost|first=Die|date=2018-02-12|title=Die Tagespost|url=https://www.die-tagespost.de/kommentare/Eine-ganz-kurze-Geschichte-des-rheinischen-Karneval;art4872,185817|access-date=2021-02-09|website=die-tagespost.de|language=de-DE}}</ref> Often the costumes and masks on parades strictly follow traditional designs and represent specific historical characters, public figures – or specific daemons.

=====Swiss Fasnacht=====
[[File:Monstercorso 2009.JPG|thumb|right|200px|From the ''Monstercorso'' on [[Fat Tuesday|''Güdisdienstag's'']] evening in [[Lucerne]] (2009)]]
In [[Switzerland]], ''Fasnacht'' takes place in the Catholic [[cantons of Switzerland]], e.g. in [[Lucerne#events|Lucerne]] (''Lozärner Fasnacht''), but also in Protestant [[Carnival of Basel|Basel]]. However, the ''Basler Fasnacht'' begins on the Monday ''after'' Ash Wednesday. Both began in the [[Late Middle Ages]]. Smaller Fasnacht festivities take place across German Switzerland, e.g. in [[Carnival in Bern|Bern]] and [[Olten]], or in the eastern part ([[Zurich]], [[St. Gallen]], [[Appenzell]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Greece====
[[File:Kingcarnival.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The float of the King Carnival parading in [[Patras]], Greece]]
In [[Greece]], Carnival is known as {{Lang|el-Latn|Apókries}} ({{Lang|el|Απόκριες}}, lit. '[goodbye] to meat'), and officially begins with the "Opening of the [[Triodion]]", the liturgical book used by the [[Greek Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] from then until [[Holy Week]].<ref name="HR-MFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/about-greece/history-and-culture/culture.html?page=8|title=Greek Customs|website=Hellenic Republic: [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232026/http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/about-greece/history-and-culture/culture.html?page=8|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Apokries is made up of three themed weeks of celebration known as {{Lang|el-Latn|Prophoní}} ({{Lang|el|Προφωνή}}, 'preannouncement week'), {{Lang|el-Latn|Kreatiní}} ({{Lang|el|Κρεατινή}}, 'meat week'), and {{Lang|el-Latn|Tiriní}} ({{Lang|el|Τυρινή}}, 'cheese week'). One of the season's high points during Kreatini is {{Lang|el-Latn|[[Tsiknopempti|Tsiknopémpti]]}} (lit. 'Smoky-Thursday'), when celebrants throw large outdoor parties and roast huge amounts of meat; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday, after which point meat is forbidden until Easter. The following week, Tirini, is marked by similar festivities revolving around the consumption of cheese, eggs, and dairy and culminates with a "Cheese Sunday." [[Great Lent]], and its restrictive fasting rules, begins in earnest the next day on [[Clean Monday]]. Throughout the Carnival season, festivals, parades, and balls are held all over the country. Many people disguise themselves as {{Lang|el-Latn|maskarádes}} ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and revelry throughout the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carnivaland.net/patras-carnival/|title=Your Ultimate Guide to Attending Patras Carnival Greece|date=2018-11-09|website=Carnivaland|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409191634/https://www.carnivaland.net/patras-carnival/|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>

[[Patras]] holds the largest annual Carnival in Greece, and one of the largest in the world. The famous [[Patras Carnival]] is a three-day spectacle replete with concerts, theatre performances, parading troupes, an elaborate [[Treasure hunt (game)|treasure hunt]] game, three major parades, parallel celebrations specifically for children, and many [[masquerade ball]]s including the famous Bourboúlia ({{Lang|el|Μπουρμπούλια}}) ball in which women wear special robe like costumes called a {{Lang|el-Latn|dómino}} to hide their identy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/bourboulia/|title=BOURBOULIA|website=Patras Carnival|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325224619/http://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/bourboulia/|archive-date=25 March 2019|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> The festivities come to a crescendo on "Cheese Sunday" when The Grand Parade of troupes and floats leads celebrators to the harbor for the ceremonial burning of the effigy of King Carnival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/big-parade/|title=THE BIG PARADE|website=Patras Carnival|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409195706/https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/big-parade/|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>
[[File:Bourboulia the Ladies.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Ladies on their way to the historic Bourboulia ball in [[Patras]], Greece wearing the ''dómino'' costumes unique to that ball.]]

The Carnival in [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]] is much influenced by the Carnival of [[Venice]]. During this period, various theatrical sketches are presented on the island, called ''Petególia'' or ''Petegolétsa'' (Πετεγολέτσα) in the local dialect. In previous centuries, existed also the custom of "Giostra" ([[jousting]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apokries.ert.gr/petegoletsa-kerkyra/ |title=Πετεγολέτσα Κέρκυρας |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427034947/http://apokries.ert.gr/petegoletsa-kerkyra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second biggest Carnival in Greece takes place in [[Xanthi]] ([[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace]]) since 1966 and it is the major event of its kind in Northern Greece. The [[Xanthi Carnival]] manages to attract visitors from the nearby countries such as [[Bulgaria]], [[Turkey]], and [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestival.gr/xalllara/item/296134-epese-i-aulaia-tou-karnabaliou-stin-ksanthi-plithos-episkepton-apo-toyrkia-boylgaria-kai-roymania|title=Έπεσε η "αυλαία" του καρναβαλιού στην Ξάνθη - Πλήθος επισκεπτών από Τουρκία, Βουλγαρία και Ρουμανία|website=thestival.gr|date=27 February 2017|language=el-GR|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301225314/http://www.thestival.gr/xalllara/item/296134-epese-i-aulaia-tou-karnabaliou-stin-ksanthi-plithos-episkepton-apo-toyrkia-boylgaria-kai-roymania|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnival customs, such as [[Tyrnavos]] ([[Thessaly]]), [[Kozani]] ([[Western Macedonia]]), [[Rethymno]] ([[Crete]]). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,553070,00.html "The Annual Phallus Festival in Greece"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122115504/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,553070,00.html |date=22 January 2009 }}, ''Der Spiegel'', English edition, 3 June 2008, Retrieved on 15 December 2008</ref> in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of [[phallus]]es made of [[papier-mâché]] are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local [[tsipouro]] alcohol spirit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mendonca|first1=Shawn|last2=Pan|first2=Jessica|last3=Brandes*|first3=Steven|title=Fr01-16 Festival of the "Steel Phallus" and the "Bourani" Carnival of Tynavos: Phallic Festivals of Contemporary Japan and Greece|date=April 2020|journal=The Journal of Urology|language=en|volume=203|pages=e289–e290|doi=10.1097/JU.0000000000000850.016|issn=0022-5347|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Every year, from 1–8 January, mostly in regions of [[Western Macedonia]], traditional Carnival festivals erupt. Best known of these is the {{Lang|el-Latn|Ragoutsária}} ({{Lang|el|Ραγκουτσάρια}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=28&ct=18&artid=4548248&enthDate=27112009 |title=TA NEA On-line – Τριήμερο γλεντιού στα Ραγκουτσάρια |publisher=Tanea.gr |date=29 April 2010 |access-date=9 March 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> festival in the city of [[Kastoria]] whose celebration may date back to antiquity and whose name derives from the Latin word {{Lang|la|rogatores}} 'beggars', in reference to the beggars who could mingle with the rich in their masks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kastoria.gov.gr/%cf%81%ce%b1%ce%b3%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%84%cf%83%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%b1/|title=Ραγκουτσάρια|website=Δήμος Καστοριάς|language=el-GR|trans-title=Ragoutsaria|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917151432/http://www.kastoria.gov.gr/%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/|archive-date=17 September 2019|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> It takes place from 6–8 January with mass participation and is noted for its brass bands, flutes, and [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonian]] [[drums]]. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth akin to ancient festivals for [[Dionysus]] ([[Dionysia]]) and [[Cronus|Kronos]] ([[Saturnalia]]).<ref name=":1" />

====Hungary====
[[File:Busójárás (Mohács), 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Busójárás]] in Hungary]]
In [[Mohács]], [[Hungary]], the ''[[Busójárás]]'' is a celebration held at the end of the Carnival season. It involves locals dressing in woolly costumes, with scary masks and noise-makers. According to legend, the festival celebrates both the conclusion of the winter season and a victory by the local people over invading Ottomans in 1526.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ronan|first=Alex|date=16 March 2017|title=A Magical Festival to Scare Off Winter|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/t-magazine/busojaras-festival-hungary-lent-travel.html|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

====Italy====
{{Main|Carnival in Italy|Carnival of Venice}}
[[File:Venice Carnival (2010).jpg|thumb|200px|This Venetian tradition is most famous for its [[Venetian mask|distinctive masks]].]]
[[File:Borghetto Battle of Oranges - Battaglia delle Arance 2007 - Ivrea.jpg|thumbnail|200px|The ''[[Battle of the Oranges]]'' at the carnival of [[Ivrea]]]]
The most famous Carnivals of Italy are held in [[Venice]], [[Viareggio]], and [[Ivrea]].

The [[Carnival of Venice|Carnival in Venice]] was first recorded in 1268. Its subversive nature is reflected in Italy's many laws over the centuries attempting to restrict celebrations and the wearing of [[mask]]s. Carnival celebrations in Venice were halted after the city fell under [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] control in 1798, but were revived in the late 20th century.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The month-long [[Carnival of Viareggio]] is characterized mainly by its parade of floats and masks [[caricature|caricaturing]] popular figures. In 2001, the town built a new "Carnival citadel" dedicated to Carnival preparations and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-18|title=The History of the Viareggio Carnival|url=https://www.italiakids.com/the-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Italia Kids|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Carnival of [[Ivrea]] is famous for its "[[Battle of the Oranges]]" fought with fruit between the people on foot and the troops of the tyrant on carts, to remember the wars of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Carnival of Ivrea - History |url=https://www.storicocarnevaleivrea.it/the-carnival/storia/?lang=en |website=Storico Carenevale di Ivrea |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

In the most part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese]] of [[Milan]], the Carnival lasts four more days, ending on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday, because of the [[Ambrosian Rite]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In [[Sardinia]], the Carnival (in [[Sardinian language]] ''Carrasecare'' or ''Carrasegare''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/en/faeddu/carrasec%C3%A0re|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092329/https://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/en/faeddu/carrasec%C3%A0re|archive-date=28 February 2021|title=Ditzionàriu in Línia}}</ref>) varies greatly from the one in the mainland of Italy: due to its close relation to the [[Dionysian Mysteries|Dionysian Rites]]{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}, the majority of the Sardinian celebrations features not only feasts and parades but also crude [[fertility rite]]s such as bloodsheds to fertilize the land,<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e97JaWRkSU|title=Carnevale Luvulesu Su battileddu|date=2 March 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref> the death and the resurrection of the Carnival characters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbXz0Te7IVk|title="Sa Filonzana", personaggio femminile del carnevale in Sardegna|date=4 February 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref> and representations of violence and torture.<ref name="youtube.com"/> The typical characters of the Sardinian Carnival are [[Zoomorphism|zoomorphic]] and/or [[Androgyny|androgynous]], such as the ''Mamuthones and Issohadores''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prolocomamoiada.it/mamuthoneseissohadores/|title=MAMUTHONES E ISSOHADORES|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122303/https://prolocomamoiada.it/mamuthoneseissohadores/|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> from [[Mamoiada]], the ''Boes and Merdules''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merdules.it/en/|title=Cultural Association "Boes and Merdules" Ottana - Italy -|website=Cultural Association "Boes and Merdules" Ottana - Italy|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208100659/http://www.merdules.it/en/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> from [[Ottana]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mascheresarde.com/maschere-della-sardegna/|title=Maschere della Sardegna - Elenco delle maschere tipiche sarde | Maschere Sarde|website=www.mascheresarde.com|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118233441/http://www.mascheresarde.com/maschere-della-sardegna/|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Carnival is celebrated with street performances<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4ynpSoMdXk|title=Il Carnevale Tradizionale Sardo e le sue Maschere 2011|date=28 March 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref> that are typically accompanied by Sardinian [[dirge]]s called {{lang|sc|attittidus}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tuttologi-accademia-sardegna.blogspot.com/2008/05/attittidu.html|title=Tradizioni popolari della Sardegna: Attittidu|first=I.|last=Tuttologi|date=10 May 2008|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070325/http://tuttologi-accademia-sardegna.blogspot.com/2008/05/attittidu.html|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> meaning literally "cry of a baby when the mother doesn't want nursed him/her anymore" (from the word ''titta'' meaning breasts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/definizione.php?codice=t5329600|title=Vocabolario Sardo-Logudorese / Italiano di Pietro Casu - tìtta|website=vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122309/http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/definizione.php?codice=t5329600|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>). Other particular and important Carnival instances in Sardinia are the [[Oristano#Sa Sartiglia and other events|Sartiglia]] in [[Oristano]] and the [[Tempio Pausania]] Carnival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnevaletempiese.it/home.htm|title=Carrasciali Timpiesu - Carnevale Tempiese  - 2019|website=www.carnevaletempiese.it|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122337/http://www.carnevaletempiese.it/home.htm|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Lithuania====
{{Main|Užgavėnės}}
''Užgavėnės'' is a [[Lithuania]]n festival that takes place on Shrove Tuesday. Its name in English means "the time before Lent". The celebration corresponds to Carnival holiday traditions.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

''Užgavėnės'' begins on the night before Ash Wednesday, when an [[effigy]] of winter (usually named Morė) is burnt. A major element symbolizes the defeat of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a staged battle between Lašininis ("porky") personifying winter and Kanapinis ("hempen man") personifying spring. Devils, witches, goats, the [[grim reaper]], and other joyful and frightening characters appear in costumes during the celebrations.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Eating pancakes is an important part of the celebration.{{explain|date=January 2017}}{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Luxembourg====
In [[Luxembourg]], the pre-Lenten holiday season is known as ''Fuesend''. Throughout the Grand-Duchy, parades and parties are held.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Pétange]] is the home of the Grand-Duchy's largest pre-Lenten Karneval celebration. Annually hosting a cavalcade with roughly 1,200 participants and thousand of celebrants, the official name is Karneval Gemeng Péiteng or "Kagepe" (the initials in [[Luxembourgish]] are pronounced "Ka", "Ge" and "Pe").{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The town of [[Remich]] holds a three-day-long celebration, notable for two special events in addition to its parades. The first is the ''Stréimännchen'', which is the burning of a male effigy from the Remich Bridge that crosses the [[Moselle River]] separating the Grand Duchy from [[Germany]]. The ''Stréimännchen'' symbolizes the burning away of winter. The other special event at the Remich Fuesend celebrations is the ''Buergbrennen'' or [[bonfire]] that closes the celebration.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Like Remich, the town of [[Esch-sur-Alzette]] holds a three-day celebration. Other major Fuesend parades in Luxembourg are held in the towns of [[Diekirch]] and [[Schifflange]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/le-grand-duche-se-presente/fetes-traditions/carnaval/index.html |title=Fuesend (February and March) |author= |date=28 April 2015 |website=www.luxembourg.public.lu |publisher= |access-date=5 December 2017 |quote=The best-known cavalcades are those in Diekirch, Schifflange, Esch-sur-Alzette, Remich and Pétange. A cavalcade especially for children is organised in Kayl. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130015527/http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/le-grand-duche-se-presente/fetes-traditions/carnaval/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Malta====
[[File:Carnival in Valletta - Trucks in Street of Valletta.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Carnival procession in [[Valletta]] on Malta]]
[[File:Carnival in Valletta.jpg|thumb|Carnival in Valletta, Malta]]

{{Main|Maltese Carnival}}
Carnival in [[Malta]] (Maltese: ''il-Karnival ta' Malta'') was introduced to the islands by [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] [[Piero de Ponte]] in 1535. It is held during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday, and typically includes masked balls, fancy dresses, and grotesque mask competitions, lavish late-night parties, a colourful, ticker-tape parade of allegorical [[float (parade)|floats]] presided over by King Carnival (Maltese: ''ir-Re tal-Karnival''), marching bands, and costumed revellers.<ref name=":3">Cremona, Vicki Ann. Carnival and Power: Play and Politics in a Crown Colony. Germany, Springer International Publishing, 2018. Page 89.</ref>

The largest celebration takes place in and around the capital city of [[Valletta]] and [[Floriana]]; several more "spontaneous" Carnivals take place in more remote areas. The [[Nadur Carnival]] is notable for its darker themes. In 2005, the Nadur Carnival hosted the largest-ever gathering of international Carnival organizers for the [[Federation of European Carnival Cities|FECC]]'s global summit.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Traditional dances include the ''parata'', a lighthearted re-enactment of the 1565 victory of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] over the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], and an 18th-century court dance known as ''il-Maltija''.<ref name=":3" /> Carnival food includes ''perlini'' (multi-coloured, sugar-coated almonds) and the ''prinjolata'', which is a towering assembly of [[sponge cake]], biscuits, almonds, and citrus fruits, topped with cream and pine nuts.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Netherlands====
{{Main|Carnival in the Netherlands}}
[[File:Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. 066.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[The Fight Between Carnival and Lent]]'', [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Pieter Bruegel]], 1559]]
[[Carnival in the Netherlands]] is called ''Carnaval'', ''Vastenavond'' ("Eve of Lent") or, in [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]], {{lang|li|Vastelaovend(j)}}, and is mostly celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, particularly in the southern provinces of [[North Brabant]], [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] and [[Zeeland]], but also in [[Overijssel]], especially in [[Twente]]. While Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, since the 1970s the feast has gradually started earlier and generally includes now the preceding weekend. Although traditions vary from town to town, Dutch carnaval usually includes a parade, a "Prince Carnival" plus [[cortège]] ("Council of 11", sometimes with a [[Jester]] or Adjutant), sometimes also the handing over by the mayor of the symbolic keys of the town to Prince Carnival, the burning or burial of a symbolic figure, a [[Wedding#Peasant wedding|peasant wedding]] (''boerenbruiloft''), and eating [[herring]] (''haring happen'') on Ash Wednesday.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Two main variants can be distinguished: the ''[[Rhineland]] carnaval'', found in the province of Limburg, and the ''[[Burgundian Netherlands|Bourgondische]] carnaval'', found mainly in [[North Brabant]]. [[Maastricht]], Limburg's capital, holds a street carnaval that features elaborate costumes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsnqJ_puzxsC&q=origin+of+%22Dutch+Carnival%22&pg=PA23|title=Immigrant Dialects and Language Maintenance in Australia: The Case of the Limburg and Swabian Dialects|last=Pauwels|first=Anne|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110883497|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215093850/https://books.google.com/books?id=UsnqJ_puzxsC&pg=PA23&dq=origin+of+%22Dutch+Carnival%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm3c7xu-LRAhUDQSYKHUFGCf0Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=origin%20of%20%22Dutch%20Carnival%22&f=false|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first known documentation dates from the late 8th century (''[[Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum]]''), but Carnaval was already mentioned during the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 and by [[Caesarius of Arles]] (470-542) around 500 CE. In the Netherlands itself, the first documentation is found in 1383 in [['s-Hertogenbosch]]. The oldest-known images of Dutch Carnaval festivities date from 1485, also in 's-Hertogenbosch.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Normal daily life comes to a stop for about a week in the southern part of the Netherlands during the carnival, with roads temporary blocked and many local businesses closed for the week as a result of employees who are en masse taking the days off during and the day after the carnival.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval| title=Wat is carnaval?| work=fenvlaanderen.be| access-date=31 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422135427/http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval| archive-date=22 April 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm| title=Geschiedenis van het carnavalsfeest| work=ziggo.nl| access-date=31 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235027/http://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm| archive-date=3 March 2016| url-status=live}}</ref>

====North Macedonia====
The most popular Carnivals in [[North Macedonia]] are in [[Vevčani]] and [[Strumica]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The Vevčani Carnival ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Вевчански Kарневал, translated ''Vevchanski Karneval'') has been held for over 1,400 years, and takes place on 13 and 14 January (New Year's Eve and New Year's Day by the old calendar). The village becomes a live theatre where costumed actors improvise on the streets in roles such as the traditional "August the Stupid".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?page=403 |title=Vevcani Carnival |publisher=Macedonia.co.uk |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927163226/http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?page=403 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Strumica Carnival ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Струмички Карневал, translated ''Strumichki Karneval'') has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of [[Federation of European Carnival Cities|FECC]] and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Poland====
{{See also|Slavic carnival}}
The [[Poland|Polish]] Carnival season includes [[Fat Thursday]] (Polish: ''Tłusty Czwartek''), when ''[[pączki]]'' (doughnuts) are eaten, and ''Śledzik'' ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) or Herring Day. The Tuesday before the start of Lent is also often called ''Ostatki'' (literally "leftovers"), meaning the last day to party before the Lenten season.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The traditional way to celebrate Carnival is the ''[[kulig]]'', a horse-drawn sleigh ride through the snow-covered countryside. In modern times, Carnival is increasingly seen as an excuse for intensive partying and has become more commercialized, with stores offering Carnival-season sales.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Portugal====
[[File:Carnaval de Sesimbra 2007 24.JPG|thumb|right|Sesimbra Carnival, Portugal]]
Carnival is Carnaval in [[Portugal]], celebrated throughout the country, most famously in [[Ovar]], [[Sesimbra]], [[Madeira]], [[Loulé]], [[Nazaré, Portugal|Nazaré]], and [[Torres Vedras]]. Carnaval in [[Podence (Macedo de Cavaleiros)|Podence]] and [[Lazarim]] incorporates pagan traditions such as the [[careto]], while the Torres Vedras celebration is probably the most typical.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=====Azores=====
On the islands of the [[Azores]], local clubs and Carnival groups create colorful and creative costumes that jab at politics or culture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Carnaval in Portugal, and the Azores|url=https://www.azores-adventures.com/2015/02/carnaval-in-portugal-and-the-azores.html|website=Portugal Adventures|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

On [[São Miguel Island]], Carnival features street vendors selling fried dough, called a [[malassada]]. The festival on the biggest island starts off with a [[black tie]] grand ball, followed by Latin music at Coliseu Micaelense. A children's parade fills the streets of Ponta Delgada with children from each school district in costume. A massive parade continues past midnight, ending in [[fireworks]].<ref name=":2" />

The event includes theatre performances and dances. In the "Danças de Entrudo", hundreds of people follow the dancers around the island. Throughout the show the dancers act out scenes from daily life. The "Dances de Carnival" are [[allegorical]] and comedic tales acted out in the streets. The largest is in [[Angra do Heroísmo]], with more than 30 groups performing. More Portuguese-language theatrical performances occur there than anywhere else.<ref name=":2" />

Festivities end on Ash Wednesday, when locals sit down for the "Batatada" or potato feast, in which the main dish is [[salted cod]] with potatoes, eggs, mint, bread and wine. Residents then return to the streets for the burning of the "Carnival clown", ending the season.<ref name=":2" />

=====Madeira=====
[[File:Carnival in Funchal.JPG|thumb|150px|right|A dancer in the [[Carnival of Madeira]], on the island's capital [[Funchal]]]]
{{Main|Carnival of Madeira}}
On the island of [[Madeira]], the island's capital, [[Funchal]], wakes up on the Friday before Ash Wednesday to the sound of brass bands and Carnival parades throughout downtown. Festivities continue with concerts and shows in the Praça do Município for five consecutive days. The main Carnival street parade takes place on Saturday evening, with thousands of [[samba]] dancers filling the streets. The traditional street event takes place on Tuesday, featuring daring caricatures.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biddle|first=Anthony|title=The Madeira Islands Vol.1|date=1900|publisher=Hurst & Blackett, limited|location=Philadelphia and New York|page=278}}</ref>

Arguably, Brazil's Carnival could be traced to the period of the [[Age of Discovery#Portuguese exploration|Portuguese Age of Discoveries]] when their [[caravel]]s passed regularly through Madeira, a territory that emphatically celebrated Carnival.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=759044| title=Carnaval da Madeira poderá ter influenciado festividades no Brasil| work=sapo.pt| access-date=29 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308095006/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=759044| archive-date=8 March 2016| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://sicnoticias.sapo.pt/cultura/2015-02-08-Historiador-diz-que-Carnaval-da-Madeira-pode-ter-influenciado-festividades-no-Brasil-| title=SIC Notícias – Cultura| work=SIC Notícias| access-date=29 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035814/https://sicnoticias.sapo.pt/cultura/2015-02-08-Historiador-diz-que-Carnaval-da-Madeira-pode-ter-influenciado-festividades-no-Brasil-| archive-date=28 August 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Ovar=====
[[File:Ovar Portugal Carnival.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Ovar]] Carnival, Portugal]]
{{Main|Carnival of Ovar}}
Carnival in the town of [[Ovar]], in the [[Região de Aveiro|Aveiro Region]], began in 1952 and is the region's largest festivity, representing a large investment and the most important touristic event to the city. It is known for its creative designs, displayed in the Carnival Parade, which features troupes with themed costumes and music, ranging from the traditional to pop culture. Along with the Carnival Parade, there are five nights of partying, finishing with the famous 'Magical night' where people come from all over the country, mostly with their handmade costumes, only to have fun with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portugalvoyager.com/?q=content%2Fcarnival-portugal |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930113735/http://www.portugalvoyager.com/?q=content%2Fcarnival-portugal |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===== Other regions =====
In [[Estarreja]], in the Central region of Portugal, the town's first references to Carnival were in the 14th century, with "Flower Battles", richly decorated floats that paraded through the streets. At the beginning of the twentieth century, these festivities ended with the deaths of its main promoters, only to reappear again in the 1960s to become one of many important Carnival festivals in Portugal.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In the Northern region of [[Podence e Santa Combinha|Podence]], children appear from Sunday to Tuesday with tin masks and colorful multilayered costumes made from red, green and yellow wool. In the Central Portugal towns of [[Nelas]] and [[Canas de Senhorim]], Carnival is an important tourist event. Nelas and Canas de Senhorim host four festive parades that offer colorful and creative costumes: Bairro da Igreja and Cimo do Povo in Nelas and do Paço and do Rossio in Canas de Senhorim.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In [[Lisbon]], Carnival offers parades, dances and festivities featuring stars from Portugal and Brazil. The [[Loures]] Carnival celebrates the country's folk traditions, including the ''enterro do bacalhau'' or burial of the [[cod]], which marks the end of Carnival and the festivities.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

North of Lisbon is the famous [[Torres Vedras]] Carnival, described as the "most Portuguese in Portugal". The celebration highlight is a parade of creatively decorated streetcars that satirize society and politics.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Other Central Portugal towns, such as [[Fátima, Portugal|Fátima]] and [[Leiria]], offer colorful, family-friendly celebrations. In these towns, everyone dresses up as if it were [[Halloween]]. Children and adults wear masks.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In the [[Algarve]] region, several resort towns offer Carnival parades. Besides the themed floats and cars, the festivities include "samba" groups, bands, dances, and music.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gmtlight.com/travel/678b87f7e05311e5bcd502004c4f4f50.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233403/http://www.gmtlight.com/travel/678b87f7e05311e5bcd502004c4f4f50.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Lazarim]], a civil parish in the municipality of [[Lamego]], celebrations follow the pagan tradition of Roman [[Saturnalia]]s. It celebrates by burning colorful effigies and dressing in home-made costumes. Locally-made wooden masks are worn. The masks are effigies of men and women with horns, but both roles are performed by men. They are distinguished by their clothes, with caricature attributes of both men and women.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The Lazarim Carnaval cycle encompasses two periods, the first starting on the fifth Sunday before Quinquagesima Sunday. Masked figures and people wearing large sculpted heads walk through the town. The locals feast on meats, above all [[pork]]. The second cycle, held on Sundays preceding Ash Wednesday, incorporates the tradition of the Compadres and Comadres, with men and women displaying light-hearted authority over the other.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Over the five weeks, men prepare large masked heads and women raise funds to pay for two [[mannequin]]s that will be sacrificed in a public bonfire. This is a key event and is unique to Portugal. During the bonfire, a girl reads the Compadre's will and a boy reads the Comadre's will. The executors of the will are named, a [[donkey]] is symbolically distributed to both female and male "heirs", and then there is the final reckoning in which the Entrudo, or Carnival doll, is burned.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Russia====
{{Main|Maslenitsa}}
{{See also|Slavic carnival}}

[[File:Shrovetide. Kustodiev.jpg|thumb|left|[[Boris Kustodiev]]'s painting of Maslenitsa]]
[[Maslenitsa]] ({{lang|ru|Масленица}}, also called "Pancake Week" or "Cheese Week") is a Russian folk holiday that incorporates some pagan traditions. It is celebrated during the last week before Lent. The essential element is [[bliny]], Russian pancakes, popularly taken to symbolize the sun. Round and golden, they are made from the rich foods allowed that week by the Orthodox traditions: butter, eggs, and milk. (In the tradition of Orthodox Lent, the consumption of meat ceases one week before that of milk and eggs.){{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Maslenitsa also includes [[Masquerade ball|masquerades]], snowball fights, sledding, swinging on swings, and sleigh rides. The mascot is a brightly dressed straw effigy of Lady Maslenitsa, formerly known as [[Kostroma (deity)|Kostroma]]. The celebration culminates on Sunday evening, when Lady Maslenitsa is stripped of her finery and put to the flames of a [[bonfire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmtlight.com/travel/678b87f7e05311e5bcd502004c4f4f50.html|title=Carnival-gmtlight|website=www.gmtlight.com|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233403/http://www.gmtlight.com/travel/678b87f7e05311e5bcd502004c4f4f50.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Slovakia====
{{See also|Slavic carnival}}
In [[Slovakia]], the [[Fašiangy]] (''fašiang'', ''fašangy'') takes place from [[Three Kings Day]] (''Traja králi'') until the midnight before Ash Wednesday (''Škaredá streda'' or ''Popolcová streda''). At the midnight marking the end of ''fašiangy'', a symbolic burial ceremony for the [[contrabass]] is performed, because music ceases for [[Lent]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Slovenia====
[[File:Aleš Kravos Kurentovanje Ptuj 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Kurentovanje]] in [[Ptuj]], 2019]]
The Slovenian name for carnival is ''pust''. The [[Slovenia]]n countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters, among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: ''Kurenti''), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in [[Ptuj]] (see: [[Kurentovanje]]). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The [[Cerknica]] Carnival is heralded by a figure called "Poganjič" carrying a whip. In the procession, organised by the "Pust society", a monstrous witch named Uršula is driven from the mountain [[Slivnica (mountain)|Slivnica]], to be burned at the stake on Ash Wednesday. Unique to this region is a group of [[dormice]], driven by the Devil and a huge fire-breathing dragon. [[Cerkno]] and its surrounding area are known for the ''Laufarji'', Carnival figures with artistically carved wooden masks.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The ''Maškare'' from [[Dobrepolje]] used to represent a triple character: the beautiful, the ugly (among which the most important represented by an old man, an old woman, a hunchback, and a ''Kurent''), and the noble (imitating the urban elite).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The major part of the population, especially the young and children, dress up in ordinary non-ethnic costumes, going to school, work, and organized events, where prizes are given for the best and most original costumes. Costumed children sometimes go from house to house asking for treats.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

====Spain====
[[File:El entierro de la sardina, Francisco de Goya.jpg|thumb|left|190px|''[[The Burial of the Sardine]]'', Francisco Goya, c. 1812]]
Arguably the most famous Carnivals in Spain are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]], [[Las Palmas]], [[Sitges]], [[Vilanova i la Geltrú]], [[Tarragona]], [[Águilas]], [[Solsona, Lleida|Solsona]], [[Cádiz]], [[Badajoz]], [[Bielsa]] (an ancestral Carnival celebration), [[Plan, Aragon|Plan]], [[San Juan de Plan]], [[Laza, Spain|Laza]], [[Verín]], Viana, and [[Xinzo de Limia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

One of the oldest pre-Indo-European carnival in Europe takes place in [[Ituren]] and [[Zubieta]] in [[Navarre]] in late January/early February. The carnival symbolises the eternal struggle between the forces of good and evil, light and darkness, winter and spring.

=====Andalusia=====
{{Main|Carnival of Cádiz}}
[[File:Carnavaldecadiz.jpg|thumb|right|A choir singing in the Carnival of [[Cádiz]]]]

In [[Cádiz]], the costumes worn are often related to recent news, such as the [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|bird flu]] epidemic in 2006, during which many people were disguised as chickens. The feeling of this Carnival is the sharp criticism, the funny play on words and the imagination in the costumes, more than the glamorous dressings. It is traditional to paint the face with [[lipstick]] as a humble substitute of a mask.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.6tour.com/en/2016/01/carnevale-2016-mete-ed-eventi-in-italia/|title=Carnival 2016, celebrations around the world|date=2016-01-19|website=6tour MAGAZINE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725045451/http://magazine.6tour.com/en/2016/01/carnevale-2016-mete-ed-eventi-in-italia/|archive-date=25 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The most famous groups are the [[chirigota]]s, choirs, and [[comparsa]]s. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times, and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (''coros'') are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the "Carnival Tango", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated [[polyphony]] that is easily recognizable by the typical [[countertenor]] voice.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=====Canary Islands=====
{{See also|Carnival of Las Palmas|Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife}}
[[File:Contestant Angeles Hernández Paez performs during the Tenerife Carnival Queen 2009 contest in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.jpg|thumb|Carnival Queen of [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], 2009]]

The Santa Cruz Carnival is, with the Carnival of Cadiz, the most important festival for Spanish tourism and Spain's largest Carnival.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jorge |url=http://fiestas.edreams.es/Carnival/el-Carnival-de-tenerife/ |title=Fiestas de España. El Carnival de Tenerife |publisher=Fiestas.edreams.es |access-date=12 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=A. A. |url=http://www.tenerife-abc.com/Carnival/ |title=El Carnival de Tenerife |publisher=Tenerife-abc.com |access-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221090409/http://www.tenerife-abc.com/Carnival/ |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>[[:es:Santa Cruz de Tenerife#Ciudades hermanadas|Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Wikipedia]]{{Circular reference|date=April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas.asp?IdMenu=4&IdSeccion=39&IdSubseccion=129 |title=Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife |publisher=Santacruzmas.com |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716004257/http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas.asp?IdMenu=4&IdSeccion=39&IdSubseccion=129 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1980, it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest. Every February, [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], the capital of the largest of the [[Canary Islands]], hosts the event, attracting around a million people.<ref name="santacruzmas.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas09.asp?IdMenu=10&IdSeccion=41&IdSubseccion=238|title=Santacruzmas.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1980, it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest.<ref name="santacruzmas.com"/> In 1987, [[Cuba]]n singer [[Celia Cruz]] with orchestra [[Billo's Caracas Boys]] performed at the "Carnival Chicharrero", attended by 250,000 people. This was registered in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' as the largest gathering of people in an outdoor plaza to attend a concert, a record she holds today.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The Carnival of [[Las Palmas]] ([[Gran Canaria]]) has a drag queen's gala where a jury chooses a winner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandconnections.eu/1000003/1000043/0/47133/daily-news-article.html|title=Las Palmas gets its Carnival Drag Queen at last – Daily News – Gran Canaria – ISLANDCONNECTIONS.EU|website=www.islandconnections.eu|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204001525/http://www.islandconnections.eu/1000003/1000043/0/47133/daily-news-article.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Catalonia=====
[[File:Vidalot.jpg|thumb|Vidalot is the last night of revelry before Ash Wednesday in [[Vilanova i la Geltrú|Vilanova]]. Water color painting by Brad Erickson.]]
In [[Catalonia]], people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures, and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of ''Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes'' ("His Majesty King Carnival"), known by various titles, including ''el Rei dels poca-soltes'' ("King of the Crackpots"), ''Princep etern de Cornudella'' ("Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry"), {{lang|ca|Duc de ximples i corrumputs}} ("Duke of Fools and the Corrupt"), ''Marquès de la bona mamella'' ("Marquis of the lovely breast"), ''Comte de tots els barruts'' ("Count of the Insolent"), ''Baró de les Calaverades'' ("Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries"), and {{lang|ca|Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit}} ("Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed").<ref>Erickson, Brad. 2008. ''Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration''. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 123–4</ref>

The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a ''cercavila'', a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. ''Rues'' of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday, ''Dijous Gras'' (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el ''dia de la truita''), on which ''[[coca (pastry)|coques]]'' ({{lang|ca|de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra}}), and [[omelette]]s are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a [[pyre]] in what is called the "burial of the [[sardine]]" (''enterrament de la sardina''), or, in Vilanova, as ''l'enterro''.<ref name="Erickson, Brad 2008">Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California, Berkeley.</ref>

The Carnival of [[Vilanova i la Geltrú]] has a documented history from 1790<ref name="Garcia, Xavier 1972">Garcia, Xavier. 1972. ''Vilanova i la Geltrú i el seu gran Carnaval''. Barcelona: Editorial Pòrtic.</ref> and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the [[grotesque body]]<ref name=Bakhtin/> (particularly [[cross-dressing]] and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses, and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers".<ref>''Diari de Vilanova''. 2006. "Surten 50 carrosses a rebre un Carnestoltes que no ve". 24, 22 February.</ref> It is best known for ''Les Comparses'' (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which thousands of dancers in traditional dresses and ''Mantons de Manila'' (Manila shawls), organized into groups of couples march in the street forming lines while throwing tons of hard candies at one another. Vilanovinians organize several rituals during the week. On ''Dijous Gras,'' Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the ''Merengada,'' a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet [[meringue]] while adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic ''Plaça de les Cols''.
[[File:Merengada.jpg|thumb|Children become covered in meringue during Dijous Gras.]]On Friday citizens are called to a parade for the arrival of King Carnival called ''l'Arrivo'' that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (''el sermo'') delivered by the King himself. On Saturday, the King's procession and his [[concubine]]s scandalize the town with their sexual behavior, the mysterious ''Moixo Foguer'' (Little-Bird-Bonfire) is shown accompanied by the ''Xerraire'' (jabberer) who try to convince the crowd about the wonders of this mighty bird he carries in a box (who is in fact a naked person covered in feathers).<ref>''Diari de Vilanova''. 2006. "Plomes amb control sanitari per al Moixó". 24 February 23.</ref> and other items such as sport acts and barbecues in the streets, the ''talking-dance'' of the Mismatched Couples (''Ball de Malcasats''), the children's King ''Caramel'' whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites, or the debauched ''Nit dels Mascarots'' dance.
[[File:Malcasats.jpg|thumb|The Ball de Malcasats (Dance of the Mismatched Couples) is a satiric talking-dance traditional to Carnaval in Vilanova.]]
After Sunday, vilanovinians continue its Carnival with the children's party''Vidalet'', the satirical chorus of Carnestoltes songs and the last night of revelry, the ''Vidalot.'' For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the ''Plaça de la Vila'' where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic [[cannibalism]] of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.<ref name="Erickson, Brad 2008"/><ref name="Garcia, Xavier 1972"/>
[[File:PloranyeresambSMRC.jpg|thumb|"Ploranyeres" weep for the death of His Majesty and the loss of pleasure.]]

[[File:Rucs de Solsona.jpg|thumb|right|Donkeys of Solsona, hung in the tower bell.]]
Carnaval de Solsona takes place in [[Solsona, Lleida]]. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called ''matarrucs'' ("donkey killers").<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.onsortir.cat/contents/1027/so/612.jpg |title=OnSortir |work=onsortir.cat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219004539/http://www.onsortir.cat/contents/1027/so/612.jpg |archive-date=19 February 2010 }}</ref>

"Comparses" groups organize free activities. These groups of friends create and personalize a uniformed suit to wear during the festivities.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In [[Sitges]], special feasts include {{lang|ca|xatonades}} (''[[xató]]'' is a traditional local salad of the Penedès coast) served with omelettes. Two important moments are the ''Rua de la Disbauxa'' (Debauchery Parade) on Sunday night and the ''Rua de l'Extermini'' (Extermination Parade) on Tuesday night. Around 40 floats draw more than 2,500 participants.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Tarragona]] has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music, and percussion bands, and groups with [[fireworks]] (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===== Valencian Community =====
One of the most important Spanish Carnival Festivals is celebrated in [[Vinaròs]], a small town situated in the northern part of the [[province of Castellón]], [[Valencian Community]].

The Carnival Festival in Vinaròs has been declared of Regional Touristic Interest and in 2017, this outstanding and ancient show celebrates 35 years of History. The Carnival Festival in Vinaròs became a forbidden celebration during the [[Spanish Civil War]] but after the dictatorship, the party regained importance with the democracy's arrival.

Every year in February, forty days before the Spanish [[Cuaresma]], thirty-three "comparsas" go singing, dancing and walking down the streets in a great costumes’ parade in Vinaròs. In addition, many other festive, cultural and musical activities of all ages take place, such as an epic battle of confetti and flour, funny karaoke contests or the so-called "[[Entierro de la Sardina]]" (Burial of the Sardine).

Nevertheless, the most important event is the gala performance of the Carnival's Queen. In this breathtaking show, it is elected the Queen of the Carnival, the major representative of the Carnival in Vinaròs all year round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slowlivingmediterraneo.com/lets-get-dressed-up-spanish-carnival-festival-in-vinaros/|title=Let's get dressed up! Spanish Carnival Festival in Vinaròs – Slow Living Mediterráneo|date=16 February 2017|newspaper=Slow Living Mediterráneo|access-date=22 February 2017|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207004954/http://www.slowlivingmediterraneo.com/lets-get-dressed-up-spanish-carnival-festival-in-vinaros/|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Turkey====
{{Main|Baklahorani}}
For almost five centuries, [[Greeks in Turkey|local Greek]] communities throughout [[Istanbul]] celebrated Carnival with weeks of bawdy parades, lavish balls, and street parties. This continued for weeks before Lent. [[Baklahorani]] took place on Shrove Monday, the last day of the carnival season. The event was led by the Greek Orthodox community, but the celebrations were public and inter-communal. The final celebration was sited in the [[Kurtuluş]] district.<ref>{{cite news| first=Tom| last=Heneghan| title=Istanbul celebrates carnival after nearly 70 years| url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/03/09/istanbul-celebrates-carnival-after-nearly-70-years/| work=Reuters| access-date=1 November 2011| date=9 March 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054508/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/03/09/istanbul-celebrates-carnival-after-nearly-70-years/| archive-date=26 October 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the festival was revived.<ref>{{cite news| last=Mullins| first=Ansel| title=Reviving Carnival in Istanbul| url=http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/reviving-carnival-in-istanbul/| work=New York Times| access-date=1 November 2011| date=27 February 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011050202/http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/reviving-carnival-in-istanbul/| archive-date=11 October 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adloyada]]
* [[Careto]]
* [[Carnival of Basel]]
* [[Carny]]
* [[Cirque du Soleil]]
* [[Cologne Carnival]]
* [[Culture of Popular Laughter]]
* [[Fair]]
* [[Feast of Fools]]
* [[Federation of European Carnival Cities]]
* [[Mardi Gras]]
* [[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama]]
* [[New Orleans Mardi Gras]]
* [[Sitalsasthi]]
* [[Narrenmarsch]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{EB1911 poster|Carnival}}
*[[Giampaolo di Cocco]] (2007) ''Alle origini del Carnevale: Mysteria isiaci e miti cattolici'' (Florence: Pontecorboli)
*Valantasis, Richard (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-N6u74StgmUC& ''Religions of late antiquity in practice'']
*McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." 1998. 2nd edition. Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-545-3}}.
*[[Jeroen Dewulf]] (2017) ''From the Kingdom of Kongo to Congo Square: Kongo Dances and the Origins of the Mardi Gras Indians'' (Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press)

{{Carnival around the world}}
{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}
{{Parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnival| ]]
[[Category:Parades]]
[[Category:Western Christianity]]
[[Category:Street culture]]
[[Category:Masquerade ceremonies]]

Palemon Howard Dorsett

2019-09-23T14:45:18Z

Jod1Hannah: Added link to external reference

'''Palemon Howard Dorsett''' (1862–1943) was an American [[horticulturalist]] employed by the [[USDA]]. Born April 21, 1862, in [[Carlinville]], [[Macoupin County]], [[Illinois]], he gained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from the [[University of Missouri]] in 1884, and joined the USDA Section of Plant Pathology seven years later. He left the USDA in 1907 to found his own horticultural business in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], [[Virginia]], but rejoined the Department in 1909. In 1913 Dorsett began his first foreign expedition, to Brazil, with [[Archibald Dixon Shamel]] and [[Wilson Popenoe]]. Later expeditions took him to [[Panama]], [[Manchuria]], [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]). His trip to East Asia in 1924-1927 with his son, Jim, was his most important in terms of soybean germplasm collected. His agricultural exploration work culminated in the 1928-1931 Dorsett-Morse Agricultural Exploration Expedition to [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and [[China]].<ref>Hymowitz, Theodore. 1984. "Dorsett-Morse Soybean Collection Trip to East Asia: 50 Year Retrospectve." Economic Botany. 38(4):378-388</ref> Returning to the US in 1932, he retired from the USDA, but joined the [[Allison Vincent Armour]] agricultural expedition to the [[British West Indies]] and [[Guianas]] the same year. In 1936 he was awarded the 13th [[Frank N. Meyer]] Medal by the Council of the [[American Genetic Association]] for "distinguished actions related to the collection, preservation, or utilization of germplasm resources".

Dorsett died aged 80 in a [[Washington, D. C.]] nursing home on April 1, 1943. In contrast to his illustrious career, his private life had been blighted by the premature deaths of his wife Mary Virginia (née Payne) and two of his daughters. His only son, James, with whom he travelled to China in 1924-25, died on 8 Oct. 1927 of tuberculosis.<ref name="USDA">[https://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/guide-collections/dorsett-morse-oriental-agricultural-exploration-expedition-collection USDA] National Agricultural Library</ref>

==Publications==
*Dorsett, P. H. (1898?). ''The selection of violets''. Washington, D.C.
*Dorsett, P. H., and A. F. Woods. (1908). ''The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Fumigating Greenhouses and Cold Frames'', USDA Division of Entomology Circular No. 37. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. (co-author A. F. Woods, revised 1903 and 1908)
*Dorsett, P. H. (1900). ''Spot disease of the violet (Alternaria violæ n. sp.)''. USDA Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology Bulletin, No. 23.
*Dorsett, P. H. (1913). ''Experiments in bulb growing at the United States bulb garden at Bellingham''. 'USDA Bulletin No. 28. US Dept. of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H., Shamel, A. D., & Popenoe, W. (1917). ''The navel orange of Bahia: with notes on some little-known Brazilian fruits''. Bulletin No. 445. US Dept. of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H. (1917). The plant-introduction gardens of the Department of Agriculture. In ''Yearbook of Agriculture 1916'' (pp. 135-144). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H., and Dorsett, J. H. (1928). ''Culture and outdoor winter storage of persimmons in the vicinity of Peking, China''. USDA Circular No. 49. United States Department of Agriculture.

==Eponymy==
''[[Ulmus macrocarpa]]'' var. ''dorsettii''
{{Botanist|Dorsett|Dorsett, Palemon Howard}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorsett, Palemon Howard}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:American botanists]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:American phytopathologists]]
[[Category:People from Carlinville, Illinois]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]

Palemon Howard Dorsett

2019-09-23T14:43:28Z

Jod1Hannah: Dead link removed

'''Palemon Howard Dorsett''' (1862–1943) was an American [[horticulturalist]] employed by the [[USDA]]. Born April 21, 1862, in [[Carlinville]], [[Macoupin County]], [[Illinois]], he gained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from the [[University of Missouri]] in 1884, and joined the USDA Section of Plant Pathology seven years later. He left the USDA in 1907 to found his own horticultural business in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], [[Virginia]], but rejoined the Department in 1909. In 1913 Dorsett began his first foreign expedition, to Brazil, with [[Archibald Dixon Shamel]] and [[Wilson Popenoe]]. Later expeditions took him to [[Panama]], [[Manchuria]], [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]). His trip to East Asia in 1924-1927 with his son, Jim, was his most important in terms of soybean germplasm collected. His agricultural exploration work culminated in the 1928-1931 Dorsett-Morse Agricultural Exploration Expedition to [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and [[China]].<ref>Hymowitz, Theodore. 1984. "Dorsett-Morse Soybean Collection Trip to East Asia: 50 Year Retrospectve." Economic Botany. 38(4):378-388</ref> Returning to the US in 1932, he retired from the USDA, but joined the [[Allison Vincent Armour]] agricultural expedition to the [[British West Indies]] and [[Guianas]] the same year. In 1936 he was awarded the 13th [[Frank N. Meyer]] Medal by the Council of the [[American Genetic Association]] for "distinguished actions related to the collection, preservation, or utilization of germplasm resources".

Dorsett died aged 80 in a [[Washington, D. C.]] nursing home on April 1, 1943. In contrast to his illustrious career, his private life had been blighted by the premature deaths of his wife Mary Virginia (née Payne) and two of his daughters. His only son, James, with whom he travelled to China in 1924-25, died on 8 Oct. 1927 of tuberculosis.<ref name=USDA>USDA National Agricultural Library</ref>

==Publications==
*Dorsett, P. H. (1898?). ''The selection of violets''. Washington, D.C.
*Dorsett, P. H., and A. F. Woods. (1908). ''The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Fumigating Greenhouses and Cold Frames'', USDA Division of Entomology Circular No. 37. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. (co-author A. F. Woods, revised 1903 and 1908)
*Dorsett, P. H. (1900). ''Spot disease of the violet (Alternaria violæ n. sp.)''. USDA Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology Bulletin, No. 23.
*Dorsett, P. H. (1913). ''Experiments in bulb growing at the United States bulb garden at Bellingham''. 'USDA Bulletin No. 28. US Dept. of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H., Shamel, A. D., & Popenoe, W. (1917). ''The navel orange of Bahia: with notes on some little-known Brazilian fruits''. Bulletin No. 445. US Dept. of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H. (1917). The plant-introduction gardens of the Department of Agriculture. In ''Yearbook of Agriculture 1916'' (pp. 135-144). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture.
*Dorsett, P. H., and Dorsett, J. H. (1928). ''Culture and outdoor winter storage of persimmons in the vicinity of Peking, China''. USDA Circular No. 49. United States Department of Agriculture.

==Eponymy==
''[[Ulmus macrocarpa]]'' var. ''dorsettii''
{{Botanist|Dorsett|Dorsett, Palemon Howard}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorsett, Palemon Howard}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:American botanists]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:American phytopathologists]]
[[Category:People from Carlinville, Illinois]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]

User:Jod1Hannah

2019-07-23T18:52:11Z

Jod1Hannah: /* About Me */ Update

==About Me==
I am a Life Sciences Librarian at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. While I specialize in science librarianship, I actively promote Wikipedia as a student resource.

I received my MLIS from Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and my Bachelor's degree in English and Environmental Studies from Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, MI. I am currently working on my MPS in entomology from University of Maryland, College Park.

==Conflict of Interest Statement==
I, Jod1Hannah, am a student and employee of University of Maryland, College Park. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

I'm interested in everything, so I imagine I will edit across multiple different topics. Some of the links I share may be resources from the University's library.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other Wikipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 03:03, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Marne, Michigan

2019-07-23T18:39:05Z

Jod1Hannah: /* References */ Edited citation to include URL and page number of Marne information.

'''Marne''' is an [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Wright Township, Ottawa County, Michigan|Wright Township]] of [[Ottawa County, Michigan|Ottawa County]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. Township offices are located in the community. Marne is 21.9 sq. miles large. <ref> http://www.city-data.com/zips/49435.html </ref>

The Marne [[ZIP code]] 49435 serves areas in southern and eastern Wright Township, as well as areas of central [[Tallmadge Township, Michigan|Tallmadge Township]] to the south and small areas of [[Alpine Township, Michigan|Alpine Township]] to the east in [[Kent County, Michigan|Kent County]].<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=86000US49435&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=AdvSearch&_lang=en 49435 5-Digit ZCTA, 494 3-Digit ZCTA – Reference Map – American FactFinder], U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 census</ref>

Marne is located at {{coord|43|02|10|N|85|49|40|W|region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS|}}<ref>{{gnis|631597}}</ref> off exit 23 on [[Interstate 96]], just northwest of [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]]. Marne was originally called '''Berlin''' due to the many German settlers in the area. It received a post office in 1852 and was [[plat]]ted in 1857. Due to [[anti-German sentiment]]s during [[World War I]], the name was changed in 1919 to Marne, to honor those soldiers who fought in the [[Second Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Romig">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-FPXEGRo-YC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Marne&f=false|title=Michigan Place Names|last=Romig|first=Walter|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-8143-1838-X|location=Detroit, Michigan|pages=354|origyear=1973}}</ref> However, the name Berlin continues to manifest in many ways, including [http://www.berlinbaptist.org Berlin Baptist Church], the Berlin Fairgrounds, Berlin Fair Drive and the [[Berlin Raceway]], where [[Johnny Benson]] raced.

According to the 2011 US Census Bureau, the total population was 3,177. The median age was 42.8 and the percentage of high school graduates and higher was 91%. The median house value in 2011 was $177,300 while the median household income was $64,245. 6.8% of the population was below the poverty line in 2011. <ref> http://www.city-data.com/zips/49435.html </ref>

Marne (at the time Berlin) also served as a stop on the historic Grand Rapids, Grand Haven & Muskegon interurban railroad. The depot still remains to this day, although it serves as a restaurant now.

[[Ed Cole]], an automotive executive for [[General Motors]], was born in Marne, where his father was a dairy farmer.

Kristen is the ruler of Marne and her family has been in power for centuries.

Marne serves as a [[trailhead]] for the [[Musketawa Trail]].

==Education==
The [[Kenowa Hills Public Schools]] serves Marne. Marne Elementary School was formerly located in Marne.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040205231341/http://marne.khps.org/ Marne Elementary]." [[Kenowa Hills Public Schools]]. February 5, 2004. Retrieved on December 27, 2012. "14141 State St. Marne, MI 49435"</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Michigan}}
{{reflist}}

{{Cities of Ottawa County, Michigan}}

[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Ottawa County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Michigan]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1857]]

Marne, Michigan

2019-07-23T18:37:42Z

Jod1Hannah: The original text did not reflect the information provided in the source. If there was a "Ford's Mill" with many Irish settlers, more citations would be required.

'''Marne''' is an [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Wright Township, Ottawa County, Michigan|Wright Township]] of [[Ottawa County, Michigan|Ottawa County]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. Township offices are located in the community. Marne is 21.9 sq. miles large. <ref> http://www.city-data.com/zips/49435.html </ref>

The Marne [[ZIP code]] 49435 serves areas in southern and eastern Wright Township, as well as areas of central [[Tallmadge Township, Michigan|Tallmadge Township]] to the south and small areas of [[Alpine Township, Michigan|Alpine Township]] to the east in [[Kent County, Michigan|Kent County]].<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=86000US49435&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=AdvSearch&_lang=en 49435 5-Digit ZCTA, 494 3-Digit ZCTA – Reference Map – American FactFinder], U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 census</ref>

Marne is located at {{coord|43|02|10|N|85|49|40|W|region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS|}}<ref>{{gnis|631597}}</ref> off exit 23 on [[Interstate 96]], just northwest of [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]]. Marne was originally called '''Berlin''' due to the many German settlers in the area. It received a post office in 1852 and was [[plat]]ted in 1857. Due to [[anti-German sentiment]]s during [[World War I]], the name was changed in 1919 to Marne, to honor those soldiers who fought in the [[Second Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Romig">{{cite book | last = Romig | first = Walter | year = 1986 | title = Michigan Place Names | origyear= 1973 | publisher = Wayne State University Press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-8143-1838-X}}</ref> However, the name Berlin continues to manifest in many ways, including [http://www.berlinbaptist.org Berlin Baptist Church], the Berlin Fairgrounds, Berlin Fair Drive and the [[Berlin Raceway]], where [[Johnny Benson]] raced.

According to the 2011 US Census Bureau, the total population was 3,177. The median age was 42.8 and the percentage of high school graduates and higher was 91%. The median house value in 2011 was $177,300 while the median household income was $64,245. 6.8% of the population was below the poverty line in 2011. <ref> http://www.city-data.com/zips/49435.html </ref>

Marne (at the time Berlin) also served as a stop on the historic Grand Rapids, Grand Haven & Muskegon interurban railroad. The depot still remains to this day, although it serves as a restaurant now.

[[Ed Cole]], an automotive executive for [[General Motors]], was born in Marne, where his father was a dairy farmer.

Kristen is the ruler of Marne and her family has been in power for centuries.

Marne serves as a [[trailhead]] for the [[Musketawa Trail]].

==Education==
The [[Kenowa Hills Public Schools]] serves Marne. Marne Elementary School was formerly located in Marne.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040205231341/http://marne.khps.org/ Marne Elementary]." [[Kenowa Hills Public Schools]]. February 5, 2004. Retrieved on December 27, 2012. "14141 State St. Marne, MI 49435"</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Michigan}}
{{reflist}}

{{Cities of Ottawa County, Michigan}}

[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Ottawa County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Michigan]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1857]]

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

2019-03-07T16:03:00Z

Jod1Hannah: Added a citation.

'''Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics''' ('''STEM'''), previously [[Science]], [[Math]], [[Engineering]] and [[Technology]] ('''SMET''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/STEM-education|title=STEM Education Curriculum|last=Hallinen|first=Judith|date=Oct 21, 2015|website=ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, is a term used to group together these [[academic disciplines]].<ref name="fas.org">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42642.pdf|format=PDF|title=Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer|website=Fas.org|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref> This term is typically used when addressing education policy and [[curriculum]] choices in schools to improve competitiveness in science and technology development. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.<ref name="fas.org"/>

The [[acronym]] came into common use shortly after an interagency meeting on science education held at the US [[National Science Foundation]]{{when?|date=May 2018}} chaired by the then NSF director [[Rita Colwell]].<ref>Compare: {{Cite web|url= http://www.naplesnews.com/opinion/perspectives/guest-commentary-a-stem-in-collier-county-to-reach-their-future-2392f62e-9c19-2198-e053-0100007f6ee5-341858231.html|title= Guest commentary: A "STEM" in Collier County to reach their future|website= Naplesnews.com|access-date= 2016-06-09 | quote = The acronym STEM was suggested by Rita Colwell, Ph.D., a bacteriologist who was director of NSF in the 1980s.}}</ref><ref>
Compare:
{{cite web
|url= https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/011500/011592/html/11592bio.html#note38
|title= Rita Ora, Ph.D.
|date= 2011-08-15
|website= Maryland State Archives
|series= Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series)
|access-date= 2018-05-10
|quote= Colwell was the first woman to become the director of the NSF, and the first biologist to hold the position within the last twenty-five years. [...] She headed the Foundation from 1998 until 2004.
}}
</ref>
A director from the Office of Science division of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Peter Faletra, suggested the change from the older acronym SMET to STEM. Colwell, expressing some dislike for the older acronym, responded by suggesting NSF institute the change. However, the acronym STEM predates NSF and likely traces its origin to Charles Vela, the founder and director of the Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education (CAHSEE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cahsee.org/about/about.asp.htm|title=CAHSEE - About CAHSEE|website=www.cahsee.org|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stem.ccny.cuny.edu/|title=STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics - Main|website=stem.ccny.cuny.edu|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqnRETS9FWwC|title=Hispanic Engineer & IT|last=Group|first=Career Communications|date=1996|publisher=Career Communications Group|language=en}}</ref>. In the early 1990's CAHSEE started a summer program for talented under-represented students in the Washington, DC area called the STEM Institute. Based on the program's recognized success and his expertise in STEM education<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100381&org=HRD&from=news|title=President Bush Honors Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref>, Charles Vela was asked to serve on numerous NSF and Congressional panels in science, mathematics and engineering education<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cahsee.org/about/founder.asp.htm|title=CAHSEE - Founder's Biography|website=www.cahsee.org|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref>; it is through this manner that NSF was first introduced to the acronym STEM. One of the first NSF projects to use the acronym{{cn|date=May 2018}} was STEMTEC, the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math Teacher Education Collaborative at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], which was founded in 1998.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url= https://www.fivecolleges.edu/partnership/programs/past-programs/stemtec
|title= STEMTEC|website= Fivecolleges.edu|access-date= 2016-10-27
|quote = The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative (STEMTEC) was a five-year, $5,000,000 project funded by the National Science Foundation in 1998. Managed by the STEM Education Institute at UMass and the Five Colleges School Partnership Program, the collaborative included the Five Colleges--Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith Colleges, and UMass Amherst--plus Greenfield, Holyoke, and Springfield Technical Community Colleges, and several regional school districts.
}}
</ref>

==Other variations==
* STM (Scientific, Technical, and Mathematics;<ref>Ken Whistler, Asmus Freytag, AMS (STIX); "Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in Unicode (revised)"; 2000-04-09. [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2000/00119-math.pdf Math Symbols 2000-04-19 - Unicode Consortium (accessed 2016-10-21]</ref> or Science, Technology, and Medicine; or Scientific, Technical, and Medical)
* eSTEM (environmental STEM) <ref name="eSTEM Academy">[http://www.reyn.org/Abouwater-chartteSTEM.aspx eSTEM Academy], retrieved 2013-07-02</ref><ref name="westseattleherald.com">[http://www.westseattleherald.com/2013/04/30/news/arbor-heights-elementary-implement-estem-curricul ''Arbor Height Elementary to implement "eSTEM" curriculum in coming years'', West Seattle Herald, 4-30-2013], retrieved 2013-07-02</ref>
* STEMIE (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Invention and Entrepreneurship); adds Inventing and Entrepreneurship as means to apply STEM to real world problem solving and markets.<ref>www.stemie.org</ref>
* iSTEM (invigorating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics); identifies new ways to teach STEM-related fields.
* STEMLE (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Law and Economics); identifies subjects focused on fields such as applied [[social sciences]] and [[anthropology]], [[regulation]], [[cybernetics]], [[machine learning]], [[social systems]], [[computational economics]] and [[computational social science]]s.
* [https://coe.hawaii.edu/academics/curriculum-studies/med-cs-stems2 STEMS^2] (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Social Sciences and Sense of Place); integrates STEM with social sciences and sense of place.
* [https://leosstemhacks.wordpress.com/2015/10/01/metals-why-logic-deserves-first-order-status-in-steam/ METALS] (STEAM + [[Logic]]), introduced by Su Su at [[Teachers College, Columbia University]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}
* STREM (Science, Technology, [[Robotics]], Engineering, and Mathematics); adds robotics as a field.
* STREM (Science, Technology, Robotics, Engineering, and Multimedia); adds robotics as a field and replaces mathematics with media.
* STREAM (Science, Technology, Robotics, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics); adds robotics and arts as fields.
* [[STEAM fields|STEAM]] (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/06/steam_vs_stem_why_we_need_to_put_the_arts_into_stem_education.html |title=STEAM Rising: Why we need to put the arts into STEM education |publisher=Slate |accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref>
* STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering and [[Applied Mathematics]]); more focus on applied mathematics<ref name="vt.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2012/07/073112-uged-steampartnership.html|title=Virginia Tech and Virginia STEAM Academy form strategic partnership to meet critical education needs|date=31 July 2012|work=Virginia Tech News}}</ref>
* GEMS (Girls in Engineering, Math, and Science); used for programs to encourage women to enter these fields.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.grasp.upenn.edu/programs/girls-engineering-math-and-science-gems|title=Girls in Engineering, Math and Science (GEMS)|date=2015-04-06|work=GRASP lab|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leerichardsonzoo.org/AnnualReports/2007%20Zoo%20Annual%20Report.PDF|title=Annual Report - Lee Richardson Zoo|last=|first=|date=|work=Lee Richardson Zoo|access-date=}}</ref>
* STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine)
* AMSEE (Applied Math, Science, Engineering, and Entrepreneurship)
* THAMES (Technology, Hands-On, Art, Mathematics, Engineering, Science)
* MINT (Mathematics, Informatics, Natural sciences and Technology)

==Geographic distribution==

===United States===

In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that the subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum.<ref name="STEM PA">{{cite web |url=http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU_and_IU_STEM_Survey.pdf |title=STEM Education in Southwestern Pennsylvania |year=2008 |publisher=The Intermediate Unit 1 Center for STEM Education |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> Maintaining a citizenry that is well versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the [[public education]] agenda of the United States.<ref name="USNEWS2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem-education/2012/07/26/us-news-inducts-five-to-stem-leadership-hall-of-fame |title=U.S. News Inducts Five to STEM Leadership Hall of Fame |date=July 26, 2012 |author=Morella, Michael |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States [[work visa]]s for [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as a reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas.<ref name="Bill Clinton Lays Out">{{cite news
| last= Kakutani
| first= Michiko
| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back-to-work-has-bill-clintons-ideas-for-america-review.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1
| title= Bill Clinton Lays Out His Prescription for America’s Future
| work= The New York Times
| date= November 7, 2011
| accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> The term tends not to refer to the non-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work.

====National Science Foundation====
Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [[National Science Foundation]] on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broader definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of [[chemistry]], [[Computer science|computer]] and [[information technology]] science, engineering, geosciences, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, [[social sciences]] ([[anthropology]], [[economics]], [[psychology]] and [[sociology]]), and STEM education and learning research.<ref name="fas.org"/><ref name="nsf.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599.htm#appendix|title=Graduate Research Fellowship Program|work=nsf.gov}}</ref> Eligibility for scholarship programs such as the CSM STEM Scholars Program use the NSF definition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmd.edu/istem/scholarship_stem.html |title=ISTEM – College of Southern Maryland }}</ref>

The NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp |title=What We Do |publisher=The National Science Foundation |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and [[information science]] and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geosciences, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs.<ref name="nsf.gov"/>

====Immigration policy====
Although many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [[National Science Foundation]] on what constitutes a STEM field, the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530.pdf|format=PDF|title=Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees|website=Fas.org|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref> In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM designated-degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under the OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States are able to remain in the country and receive training through work experience for up to 12 months. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can remain for an additional 17 months on an OPT STEM extension.<ref>{{cite web |title=DHS Expands List of STEM designated-degree programs|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs-expands-list-stem-designated-degree-programs |publisher=Fowler White Boggs P.A. |author=Jennifer G. Roeper |date=May 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem-list.pdf|format=PDF|title=STEM-Designated Degree Program List : 2012 Revised List|website=Ice.gov|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>

====STEM-eligible degrees in US immigration====
{{Details|topic=Temporary foreign workers|Global labor arbitrage|H-1B visa|Optional Practical Training}}

An exhaustive list of STEM disciplines does not exist because the definition varies by organization. The [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] lists disciplines including<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ice.gov/sevis/stemlist.htm |title=STEM Designated Degree Programs |date=April 2008 |publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> [[physics]], [[actuarial science]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[mathematics]], [[applied mathematics]], [[statistics]], [[computer science]], [[computational science]], [[psychology]], [[biochemistry]], [[robotics]], [[computer engineering]], [[electrical engineering]], [[electronics]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[industrial engineering]], [[information science]], [[information technology]], [[civil engineering]], [[aerospace engineering]], [[chemical engineering]], [[astrophysics]], [[astronomy]], [[optics]], [[nanotechnology]], [[nuclear physics]], [[mathematical biology]], [[operations research]], [[neurobiology]], [[biomechanics]], [[bioinformatics]], [[acoustical engineering]], [[geographic information system]]s, [[atmospheric sciences]], [[Educational technology|educational/instructional technology]], [[software engineering]], and [[educational research]].

====Education====
By cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved.

STEM supports broadening the study of [[engineering]] within each of the other subjects, and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the "''Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP)''" to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas-budget-shuffles-stem.html |title=Obama's Budget Shuffles STEM Education Deck |date=14 February 2012 |author=Jane J. Lee |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |accessdate=2012-12-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185052/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas-budget-shuffles-stem.html |archivedate=29 August 2012 |df= }}</ref>

In the 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24-year-olds with science or mathematics degrees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/|title=Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) - Overview|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>

STEM education often uses new technologies such as [[RepRap]] [[3D printers]] to encourage interest in STEM fields.<ref>J.L. Irwin, D.E. Oppliger, J.M. Pearce, G. Anzalone, [http://www.asee.org/file_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee_K-12_2015_finalpaper.pdf Evaluation of RepRap 3D Printer Workshops in K-12 STEM]. ''122nd ASEE 122nd ASEE Conf. Proceedings'', paper ID#12036, 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/13378869/Evaluation_of_RepRap_3D_Printer_Workshops_in_K-12_STEM open access]</ref>

In 2006 the [[United States National Academies]] expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to:
* Increase America's talent pool by improving K–12 science and mathematics education
* Strengthen the skills of teachers through additional training in science, mathematics and technology
* Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to enter college and graduate with STEM degrees<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage=493006|title=STEM Education|website=Slsd.org|access-date=2016-06-09|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126095634/http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage=493006|archivedate=2017-01-26|df=}}</ref>

The [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education in order to replenish the pool of scientists, engineers and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century.<ref name=":0" />

Individual states, such as [[California]], have run pilot after-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde_report_task_10_and_11.pdf|format=PDF|title=Final Report : California Department of Education : CDE Agreement|website=Powerofdiscovery.org|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref> Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where [https://floridapolytechnic.org/ Florida Polytechnic University], Florida’s first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), was established.<ref>{{cite web|title = About Florida Polytechnic University|url = https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/|website = Florida Polytechnic University|accessdate = 2015-10-26}}</ref> During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include [[New Jersey]], [[Arizona]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]], [[Texas]], and [[Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olentangy.k12.oh.us/domain/1012|title=STEM Academy / Overview|website=www.olentangy.k12.oh.us|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/national-rankings/stem|title=Best STEM High schools|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP_MCPSSTEM%20.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215842/http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP_MCPSSTEM%20.html |archivedate=2014-09-10 |df= }}</ref> as well as the University of Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters-degree-in-education-online-programs/stem-science-technology-engineering-mathematics-teacher-degree/stem-degree-that-inspires-innovation/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200320/http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters-degree-in-education-online-programs/stem-science-technology-engineering-mathematics-teacher-degree/stem-degree-that-inspires-innovation/ |archivedate=2014-09-10 |df= }}</ref>

====Racial gap in STEM fields====
In the United States, the National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders.<ref>"Science and Engineering Indicators 2014." S&E Indicators 2014 - Figures - US National Science Foundation (NSF). N.p., n.d. Web.</ref> In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black.<ref>Landivar, Liana C. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin . Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2013.</ref> Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM a more racially and gender diverse field.<ref>"FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces Over $240 Million in New STEM Commitments at the 2015 White House Science Fair." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web.</ref> Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's.<ref>Gail Heriot, [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3112683 Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer?: An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances], Engage (2010).</ref> However, there is criticism that emphasis on STEM diversity has lowered academic standards.<ref>{{cite journal | last =MacDonald | first =Heather | title =How Identity Politics Is Harming the Sciences | journal =City Journal | publisher =Manhattan Institute for Policy Research | date =Spring 2018 | url =https://www.city-journal.org/html/how-identity-politics-harming-sciences-15826.html | issn =1060-8540 }}</ref>

====American Competitiveness Initiative====
In the [[State of the Union Address]] on January 31, 2006, President [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[American Competitiveness Initiative]]. Bush proposed the initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced [[R&D]] programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through [[United States Department of Energy|DOE]]) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines.

The ''NASA Means Business'' competition, sponsored by the Texas Space Grant Consortium, furthers that goal. College students compete to develop promotional plans to encourage students in middle and high school to study STEM subjects and to inspire professors in STEM fields to involve their students in outreach activities that support STEM education.

The [[National Science Foundation]] has numerous programs in STEM education, including some for K–12 students such as the ITEST Program that supports The Global Challenge Award ITEST Program. STEM programs have been implemented in some [[Arizona]] schools. They implement higher cognitive skills for students and enable them to inquire and use techniques used by professionals in the STEM fields.

The STEM Academy is a national nonprofit-status organization dedicated to improving STEM literacy for all students. It represents a recognized national next-generation high-impact academic model. The practices, strategies, and programming are built upon a foundation of identified national best practices which are designed to improve under-represented minority and low-income student growth, close achievement gaps, decrease dropout rates, increase high school graduation rates and improve teacher and principal effectiveness. The STEM Academy represents a flexible use academic model that targets all schools and is for all students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stem101.org/about.asp|title=stemacademy|website=Stem101.org}}</ref>

[[Project Lead The Way]] (PLTW) is a leading provider of STEM education curricular programs to middle and high schools in the United States. The national nonprofit organization has over 5,200 programs in over 4,700 schools in all 50 states. Programs include a high school engineering curriculum called ''Pathway To Engineering'', a high school biomedical sciences program, and a middle school engineering and technology program called ''Gateway To Technology''. PLTW provides the curriculum and the teacher professional development and ongoing support to create transformational programs in schools, districts, and communities. PLTW programs have been endorsed by President [[Barack Obama]] and [[United States Secretary of Education]] [[Arne Duncan]] as well as various state, national, and business leaders.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

====STEM Education Coalition====
''The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition''<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Bybee | first1 = R. W.
| title = What is STEM Education?
| doi = 10.1126/science.1194998
| journal = Science
| volume = 329
| issue = 5995
| pages = 996–996
| year = 2010
| pmid = 20798284
| pmc =
|bibcode = 2010Sci...329..996B }}</ref> works to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the [[United States Department of Education|U. S. Department of Education]], the [[National Science Foundation]], and other agencies that offer STEM-related programs. Activity of the STEM Coalition seems to have slowed since September 2008.

====Scouting====
In 2012, the [[Boy Scouts of America]] began handing out awards, titled NOVA and SUPERNOVA, for completing specific requirements appropriate to scouts' program level in each of the four main STEM areas. The [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] has similarly incorporated STEM into their program through the introduction of merit badges such as "Naturalist" and "Digital Art".<ref name="STEM - Girl Scouts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.girlscouts.org/en/about-girl-scouts/girl-scouts-and-stem.html|title=STEM - Girl Scouts|website=Girl Scouts of the USA|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>

[[SAE International|SAE]] is an international organization, solutions'provider specialized on supporting education, award and scholarship programs for STEM matters, from pre-K to the College degree.<ref name="SAE">{{cite web|url= http://saefoundation.org/About-Us|title= SAE - about us.|access-date= Jul 24, 2018|language= en|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171208000853/http://saefoundation.org/About-Us|website= saefoundation.org|archive-date= December 8, 2017|deadurl= no}}</ref> It also promotes scientific and technologic innovation.

====Department of Defense programs====
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html|title=Research & Engineering Enterprise: STEM|website=Osd.mil|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>
The [[eCybermission]] is a free, web-based science, mathematics and technology competition for students in grades six through nine sponsored by the U.S. Army. Each [[webinar]] is focused on a different step of the scientific method and is presented by an experienced eCybermission CyberGuide. CyberGuides are military and civilian volunteers with a strong background in STEM and STEM education, who are able to provide valuable insight into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to students and team advisers.

[[STARBASE]] is a premier educational program, sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Students interact with military personnel to explore careers and make connections with the "real world." The program provides students with 20–25 hours of stimulating experiences at [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], [[Air Force Reserve]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] bases across the nation.

[[SeaPerch]] is an innovative underwater robotics program that trains teachers to teach their students how to build an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in an in-school or out-of-school setting. Students build the ROV from a kit composed of low-cost, easily accessible parts, following a curriculum that teaches basic engineering and science concepts with a marine engineering theme.

====NASA====
NASAStem is a program of the U.S. [[space agency]] [[NASA]] to increase diversity within its ranks, including age, disability, and gender as well as race/ethnicity.<ref name="NASAStem">{{cite web|url=https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity-inclusion-leadrshp.html|title=NASA Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity (ODEO)|website=missionstem.nasa.gov|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref>

====Legislation====
The [[America COMPETES Act]] (P.L. 110-69) became law on August 9, 2007. It is intended to increase the nation's investment in science and engineering research and in STEM education from kindergarten to graduate school and postdoctoral education. The act authorizes funding increases for the [[National Science Foundation]], [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] laboratories, and the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] (DOE) Office of Science over FY2008–FY2010. Robert Gabrys, Director of Education at NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], articulated success as increased student achievement, early expression of student interest in STEM subjects, and student preparedness to enter the workforce.

====Jobs====
In November 2012 the [[White House]] announcement before congressional vote on the STEM Jobs Act put President Obama in opposition to many of the Silicon Valley firms and executives who bankrolled his re-election campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57556074-38/obama-opposes-silicon-valley-firms-on-immigration-reform/ |title=Obama opposes Silicon Valley firms on immigration reform |date=November 28, 2012 |author=Declan McCullagh |publisher=CNET |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> The Department of Labor identified 14 sectors that are "projected to add substantial numbers of new jobs to [[Economy of the United States|the economy]] or affect the growth of other industries or are being transformed by technology and innovation requiring new sets of skills for workers."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doleta.gov/Youth_services/pdf/STEM_Report_4%2007.pdf |title=The STEM Workforce Challenge: the Role of the Public Workforce System in a National Solution for a Competitive Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce |date=April 2007 |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> The identified sectors were as follows: [[advanced manufacturing]], [[Automotive]], [[Construction industry|construction]], [[financial services]], [[geospatial technology]], [[homeland security]], [[information technology]], [[Transportation]], [[Aerospace]], [[Biotechnology]], [[Energy industry|energy]], [[Health care industry|healthcare]], [[Hospitality industry|hospitality]], and [[Retail industry|retail]].

The [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]] notes STEM fields careers are some of the best-paying and have the greatest potential for job growth in the early 21st century. The report also notes that STEM workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and training in STEM fields generally results in higher wages, whether or not they work in a STEM field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/stem-good-jobs-now-and-future|title=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future|work=doc.gov}}</ref>

In 2015, there were around 9.0 million STEM jobs in the United States, representing 6.1% of American employment. STEM jobs were increasing around 9% percent per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem-jobs-2017-update|title=STEM Jobs: 2017 Update {{!}} Economics & Statistics Administration|website=www.esa.doc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref> Brookings Institution found that the demand for competent technology graduates will surpass the number of capable applicants by at least one million individuals. The BLS noted that almost 100 percent of STEM jobs require postsecondary education, while only 36 percent of other jobs call for that same degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/2188-building-americas-future-stem-education/for-students/blog/news.php|title=Building America’s Future: STEM Education Intervention is a Win-Win|website=Penn Wharton Public Policy Initiative|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>

==== Updates ====
In September 2017, a number of large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer-science-stem-education.html|title=Tech Firms Add $300 Million to Trump Administration’s Computer Science Push|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en}}</ref>

PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curriculum materials, and too much focus on state parameters. 57 percent of survey respondents pointed out that one main problem of STEM is lack of students' concentration in learning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans-rate-u.s.-stem-education-as-mediocre.aspx|title=Americans Rate U.S. K–12 STEM Education as Mediocre -- THE Journal|website=THE Journal|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>

The recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/ |title=NAEP TEL - Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment |website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref> made public technology as well as engineering literacy scores which determines whether students have the capability to apply technology and engineering proficiency to real-life scenarios. The report showed a gap of 28 points between low-income students and their high-income counterparts. The same report also indicated a 38-point difference between white and black students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly-trump-wants-to-spend-millions-of-dollars-on-stem-in-public-schools/|title=Analysis {{!}} Suddenly, Trump wants to spend millions of dollars on STEM in public schools|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>

The Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) announced the release of a five-year strategic plan by the Committee on STEM Education of the National Science and Technology Council on December 4, 2018. The plan is entitled "Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/charting-course-success-americas-strategy-stem-education |title=Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education |author=Carol O'Donnell |website=ssec.si.edu |date=December 10, 2018 |accessdate=December 28, 2018 }}</ref> The objective is to propose a federal strategy anchored on a vision for the future so that all Americans are given permanent access to premium-quality education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In the end, the United States can emerge as world leader in STEM mastery, employment, and innovation. The goals of this plan are building foundations for STEM literacy; enhancing diversity, equality, and inclusion in STEM; and preparing the STEM workforce for the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning-stem-education-for-all.html |title=Envisioning STEM education for all |author=Steve Zylstra |date=December 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Phoenix Business Journal]] }} {{subscription required}}</ref>

The 2019 fiscal budget proposal of the White House supported the funding plan in President Donald Trump's Memorandum on STEM Education which allocated around $200 million (grant funding) on STEM education every year. This budget also supports STEM through a grant program worth $20 million for career as well as technical education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edscoop.com/trump-stands-by-stem-education-spending-in-fy19-budget|title=Trump stands by STEM education spending in fiscal 2019 budget|website=EdScoop|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
{{main|List of organizations engaged in STEM education across Africa}}

===Canada===
Canada ranks 12th out of 16 peer countries in the percentage of its graduates who studied in STEM programs, with 21.2%, a number higher than the United States, but lower than [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Austria]]. The peer country with the greatest proportion of STEM graduates, [[Finland]], has over 30% of their university graduates coming from science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/education/graduates-science-math-computer-science-engineerin.aspx|title=Graduates in science, math, computer science, and engineering|website=Conferenceboard.ca|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref>

SHAD is an annual Canadian summer enrichment program for high-achieving [[high school]] students in July. The program focuses on academic learning particularly in STEAM fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shad.ca/userContent/documents/SHAD_BROCHURE_EN.pdf|title=SHAD Brochure|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

[[Scouts Canada]] has taken similar measures to their American counterpart to promote STEM fields to youth. Their STEM program began in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811173225/http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html |archivedate=2014-08-11 |df= }}</ref>

In 2011 Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist [[Seymour Schulich]] established the [[Schulich Leader Scholarships]], $100 million in $60,000 scholarships for students beginning their university education in a STEM program at 20 institutions across Canada. Each year 40 Canadian students would be selected to receive the award, two at each institution, with the goal of attracting gifted youth into the STEM fields.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toronto philanthropist Schulich unveils $100-million scholarship |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto-philanthropist-schulich-unveils-100-million-scholarship/article2201382/|website=Theglobeandmail.com|accessdate=30 June 2014}}</ref> The program also supplies STEM scholarships to five participating universities in [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Philanthropist Makes $100 Million Investment In Nation’s Future|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/16038/philanthropist-makes-100-million-investment-in-nations-future/|website=Shalomlife.com|accessdate=30 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
Several European projects have promoted STEM education and careers in Europe. For instance, Scientix<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientix Project|url=http://www.scientix.eu/|accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> is a European cooperation of STEM teachers, education scientists, and policymakers. The SciChallenge<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Achilleos|first1=Achilleas|last2=Mettouris|first2=Christos|last3=Yeratziotis|first3=Alexandros|last4=Papadopoulos|first4=George|last5=Pllana|first5=Sabri|last6=Huber|first6=Florian|last7=Jaeger|first7=Bernhard|last8=Leitner|first8=Peter|last9=Ocsovszky|first9=Zsofia|last10=Dinnyes|first10=Andras|title=SciChallenge: A Social Media Aware Platform for Contest-Based STEM Education and Motivation of Young Students|journal=IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies|date=March 2018|doi=10.1109/TLT.2018.2810879|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8305513/?reload=true|accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> project used a social media contest and the student-generated content to increase motivation of pre- university students for STEM education and careers.

=== Hong Kong ===
STEM education has not been promoted among the local schools in Hong Kong until recent years. In November 2015, the Education Bureau of Hong Kong released a document entitled ''Promotion of STEM Education'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/renewal/Brief%20on%20STEM%20(Overview)_eng_20151105.pdf|format=PDF|title=Promotion of STEM Education |website=Edb.gov.hk|accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref> which proposes the strategies and recommendations on promoting STEM education.

===Turkey===
Turkish STEM Education Task Force (or FeTeMM—Fen Bilimleri, Teknoloji, Mühendislik ve Matematik) is a coalition of academicians and teachers who show an effort to increase the quality of education in STEM fields rather than focussing on increasing the number of STEM graduates.<ref>{{cite web|title=FeTeMM Çalışma Grubu|url=http://fetemm.org/|accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STEM Education Task Force|url=http://tstem.com/|website=Tstem.com |accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref>

===Qatar===
In [[Qatar]], [[AL-Bairaq]] is an outreach program to high-school students with a curriculum that focuses on STEM, run by the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at [[Qatar University]]. Each year around 946 students, from about 40 high schools, participate in AL-Bairaq competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php|title=AlBairaq World - Welcome to Al-Bairaq World|date=19 April 2014|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=20 August 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php|archivedate=19 April 2014|df=}}</ref> AL-Bairaq make use of project-based learning, encourages students to solve authentic problems, and inquires them to work with each other as a team to build real solutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=3405|title=Supreme Education Council|website=Sec.gov.qa|accessdate=2017-08-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630045928/http://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=3405|archivedate=2017-06-30|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/283245/al-bairaq-holds-workshop-for-high-school-students|title=The Peninsula Qatar - Al Bairaq holds workshop for high school students|website=Thepeninsulaqatar.com|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref> Research has so far shown positive results for the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejes.eu/images/issue/vol.1/no.3/4.pdf|title=Al-Ghanim, K.A; Al-Maadeed, M.A and Al-Thani, N.J (Sept. 2014) : IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT BASED ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS RESEARCH AND THEIR SELF-EFFICACY, EJES, 1(3), 39-57|website=Ejes.eu|accessdate=2017-08-20}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Vietnam ===
In Vietnam, beginning in 2012 many private education organizations have STEM education initiatives.

In 2015, the Ministry of Science and Technology and Liên minh STEM organized the first National STEM day, followed by many similar events across the country.

in 2015, Ministry of Education and Training included STEM as an area needed to be encouraged in national school year program.

In May 2017, Prime Minister signed a [http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class_id=2&mode=detail&document_id=189610 Directive no. 16] stating: "Dramatically change the policies, contents, education and vocational training methods to create a human resource capable of receiving new production technology trends, with a focus on promoting training in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), foreign languages, information technology in general education; " and asking "Ministry of Education and Training (to): Promote the deployment of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in general education program; Pilot organize in some high schools from 2017 to 2018.

==Women==
[[File:Woman teaching geometry.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|<center>"Woman teaching geometry"</center> Illustration at the beginning of a [[medieval]] translation of Euclid's ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' ({{circa|1310 AD}})]]
{{main article|Female education in STEM|Women in STEM fields}}
{{see also|Women in science|Women in engineering|Women in computing|Sex differences in psychology|Sex differences in intelligence}}

Women constitute 47% of the U.S. workforce, and perform 24% of STEM-related jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/women-stem-2017-update|title=Women in STEM: 2017 Update| access-date=September 15, 2018}}</ref> In the UK women perform 13% of STEM-related jobs (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/business/2014/science-careers-face-diversity-challenge|title=Science careers face diversity challenge|work=westminster.ac.uk|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018110732/http://www.westminster.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/business/2014/science-careers-face-diversity-challenge|archivedate=2014-10-18|df=}}</ref> In the U.S. women with STEM degrees are more likely to work in education or healthcare rather than STEM fields compared with their male counterparts.

The gender ratio depends on field of study. For example, in the [[European Union]] in 2012 women made up 47.3% of the total, 51% of the social sciences, business and law, 42% of the science, mathematics and computing, 28% of engineering, manufacturing and construction, and 59% of PhD graduates in Health and Welfare.<ref>{{cite report|date= 2016|title= She Figures 2015|url= https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_gender_equality/she_figures_2015-final.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none|publisher= European Commission|page= |access-date= 15 September 2018 |ISBN=978-92-79-48375-2|doi=10.2777/744106}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The focus on increasing participation in STEM fields has attracted criticism. In the 2014 article "The Myth of the Science and Engineering Shortage" in ''[[The Atlantic]]'', demographer Michael S. Teitelbaum criticized the efforts of the U.S. government to increase the number of STEM graduates, saying that, among studies on the subject, "No one has been able to find any evidence indicating current widespread labor market shortages or hiring difficulties in science and engineering occupations that require bachelor's degrees or higher", and that "Most studies report that real wages in many—but not all—science and engineering occupations have been flat or slow-growing, and unemployment as high or higher than in many comparably-skilled occupations." Teitelbaum also wrote that the then-current national fixation on increasing STEM participation paralleled previous U.S. government efforts since [[World War II]] to increase the number of scientists and engineers, all of which he stated ultimately ended up in "mass layoffs, hiring freezes, and funding cuts"; including one driven by the [[Space Race]] of the late 1950s and 1960s, which he wrote led to "a bust of serious magnitude in the 1970s."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Myth of the Science and Engineering Shortage |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/03/the-myth-of-the-science-and-engineering-shortage/284359/ |first=Michael S. |last=Teitelbaum |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>

''[[IEEE Spectrum]]'' contributing editor Robert N. Charette echoed these sentiments in the 2013 article "The STEM Crisis Is a Myth", also noting that there was a "mismatch between earning a STEM degree and having a STEM job" in the United States, with only around ¼ of STEM graduates working in STEM fields, while less than half of workers in STEM fields have a STEM degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=The STEM Crisis Is a Myth |url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/education/the-stem-crisis-is-a-myth |first=Robert N. |last=Charette |publisher=IEEE Spectrum |date=August 30, 2013}}</ref>

Economics writer Ben Casselman, in a 2014 study of post-graduation earnings for ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]'', wrote that, based on the data, science should not be grouped with the other three STEM categories, because, while the other three generally result in high-paying jobs, "many sciences, particularly the [[life sciences]], pay below the overall median for recent college graduates."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economic Guide To Picking A College Major |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-economic-guide-to-picking-a-college-major/ |first=Ben |last=Casselman |publisher=FiveThirtyEight |date=September 12, 2014}}</ref>

Efforts to remedy the perceived domination of STEM subjects by men of Asian and non-Hispanic European backgrounds has led to intense efforts to diversify the STEM workforce. However, some critics feel that this practice in higher education, as opposed to a strict [[meritocracy]], causes lower academic standards.<ref>{{cite web
| url =https://www.city-journal.org/html/how-identity-politics-harming-sciences-15826.html
| title =How Identity Politics Is Harming the Sciences
| last =MacDonald
| first =Heather
| date =Spring 2018
| website =City Journal
| publisher =Manhattan Institute
| access-date =21 June 2018
| quote =}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
* [[American Indian Science and Engineering Society]] (AISES)
* [[Hard and soft science]]
* [[List of African American women in STEM fields]]
* [[Maker culture]]
* [[National Society of Black Engineers|National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)]]
* [[NASA RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge]]
* [[Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers]] (SHPE)
* [[Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Network]]
* [[Pre-STEM]]
* [[STEM pipeline]]
* [[STEM Academy (disambiguation)|STEM Academy]]
* [[STEAM fields]]
* [[STEM.org]]
{{div col end}}


==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)
| author =
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers = 11
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002534/253479e.pdf
| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=253479&set=0059EF4FC7_1_237&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1
| license =
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/educationsupportsracialandethnicequalityinstem_0.pdf |title=Education Supports Racial and Ethnic Equality in STEM |date=September 2011 |author=David Beede|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/womeninstemagaptoinnovation8311.pdf |title=Women in STEM: An Opportunity and An Imperative |date=August 2011 |author=David Beede|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/stemfinalyjuly14_1.pdf |title=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future |date= July 2011 |author=David Langdon|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web |url=http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/NewsPublicPolicy/GovRelations/PositionStatements/6954.pdf |title=Statement To House & Senate Appriopriators In Support Of STEM Education And NSF Education |date=May 24, 2005 |author=Arden Bement |publisher=STEM Coalition |accessdate=2012-12-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120215638/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/NewsPublicPolicy/GovRelations/PositionStatements/6954.pdf |archivedate=November 20, 2012 |df= }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/fyi/2005/126.html |title=House Higher Education Bill Would Promote STEM Careers |date=August 29, 2005 |author=Audrey T. Leath |publisher=American Institute of Physics |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/07/30/abandoning-algebra-is-not-the-answer/ |title=Abandoning Algebra Is Not the Answer |date=July 30, 2012 |author=Evelyn Lamb |publisher=Scientific American |accessdate=2012-12-21 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mary Kirk |title=Gender and Information Technology: Moving Beyond Access to Co-Create Global Partnership |year=2009 |publisher=IGI Global Snippet |isbn=978-1-59904-786-7 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Shirley M. Malcom |author2=Daryl E. Chubin |author3=Jolene K. Jesse |title=Standing Our Ground: A Guidebook for STEM Educators in the Post-Michigan Era |year=2004 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |isbn=0871686996 }}
* UNESCO PUBLICATION ON GIRLS EDUCATION IN STEM -Cracking the code: girls’ and women’s education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) "http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002534/253479E.pdf "
* {{cite web |url=https://www.openschool.hk/kol/article/5eebaa60-aa4c-11e7-8748-4759034df37a/STEM%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A/162/STEM%20Re-vitalisation,%20not%20trivialisation |title=STEM Re-vitalisation, not trivialisation |date=Oct 12, 2017 |author=Dr Wing Lau - Chief Engineer at the Department of Physics, Oxford University |publisher=OpenSchool |accessdate=2017-10-12 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/index.html NASA information for educators]

{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}

[[Category:Education by subject]]
[[Category:Education policy]]
[[Category:Experiential learning]]
[[Category:Science education]]
[[Category:Engineering education]]
[[Category:Mathematics education]]
[[Category:Learning programs]]
[[Category:Science and technology studies]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Solidago caesia

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Jod1Hannah: Edited for growing conditions, specifically mentioned shading. Added description of mesic soil conditions.

{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Solidago caesia.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|genus = ''[[Solidago]]''
|species = '''''S. caesia'''''
|binomial = ''Solidago caesia''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-117649 The Plant List, ''Solidago curtisii'' Torr. & A.Gray ]</ref>
|synonyms=
*''Aster caesius'' (L.) Kuntze
*''Solidago axillaris'' herb.banks ex Pursh
*''Solidago gracilis'' hort.par. ex Poir.
*''Solidago lateriflora'' Raf. ex DC.
}}

'''''Solidago caesia''''', commonly named '''blue-stemmed goldenrod''', '''wreath goldenrod''',<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/y370/solidago-caesia.aspx Missouri Botanical Garden Gardening Help, ''Solidago caesia'' ]</ref> or '''woodland goldenrod''',<ref name=FNA/> is a [[flowering plant]] native to North America.

==Description==
Key identification features include a dark, wiry, blue or purple stem, and [[flower heads]] in the leaf axils instead of in a large array at the top of the plant.<ref name=FNA>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417282 Flora of North America, ''Solidago caesia'' Linnaeus 1753. Blue-stem or woodland or wreath goldenrod , verge d’or bleuâtre ]</ref> Prefers medium to part shade, and can often be found in wooded areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/bl_goldenrod.htm|title=Illinois Wildflowers Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod, Solidago caesia, Aster family (Asteraceae)|last=Hilty|first=John|date=2017|website=Illinois Wildflowers|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>

==Distribution==
It grows in the central and eastern parts of the continent from [[Manitoba]] east to [[New Brunswick]], south as far as [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]].<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=soca4 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Solidago%20caesia.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100002405 Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Missouri in 1936]
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100120868 Line drawing by David Stang]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q738279}}

[[Category:Solidago|caesia]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]

{{Astereae-stub}}

Wayne State University School of Social Work

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Wayne State University School of Social Work

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[[File:WSU Social Work.jpg|thumb|WSU School of Social Work]]
<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wayne State university Official Proceedings Board of Governors|last=|first=|publisher=|year=1967-1968|isbn=|volume=12|location=|pages=1382}}</ref>The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September of 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium, and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.As of August 2017, the Dean of the School is Jon Cawthorne, replacing Dean Sandra Yee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2017/06/06/wayne-state-university-names-jon-e-cawthorne-dean-of-school-of-library-and-information-science-6103|title=Wayne State University names Jon E. Cawthorne dean of School of Library and Information Science and the University Libraries - Newsroom - Wayne State University|last=University|first=Wayne State|website=wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> The Assistant Dean is Dr. Stepehen Bajjaly.

{{infobox department
|image = /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

== Notes ==
'''Wayne State University School of Social Work''' is a professional school within [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]].
{{infobox department
|image = /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

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[[File:WSU Social Work.jpg|thumb|WSU School of Social Work]]
The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September of 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium, and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.As of August 2017, the Dean of the School is Jon Cawthorne, replacing Dean Sandra Yee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2017/06/06/wayne-state-university-names-jon-e-cawthorne-dean-of-school-of-library-and-information-science-6103|title=Wayne State University names Jon E. Cawthorne dean of School of Library and Information Science and the University Libraries - Newsroom - Wayne State University|last=University|first=Wayne State|website=wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> The Assistant Dean is Dr. Stepehen Bajjaly.

{{infobox department
|image = /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

== Notes ==
'''Wayne State University School of Social Work''' is a professional school within [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]].
{{infobox department
|image = /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

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[[File:WSU Social Work.jpg|thumb|WSU School of Social Work]]
The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September of 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium, and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.As of August 2017, the Dean of the School is Jon Cawthorne, replacing Dean Sandra Yee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2017/06/06/wayne-state-university-names-jon-e-cawthorne-dean-of-school-of-library-and-information-science-6103|title=Wayne State University names Jon E. Cawthorne dean of School of Library and Information Science and the University Libraries - Newsroom - Wayne State University|last=University|first=Wayne State|website=wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> The Assistant Dean is Dr. Stepehen Bajjaly.

== Notes ==
'''Wayne State University School of Social Work''' is a professional school within [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]].
{{infobox department
|image = /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

Wayne State University School of Social Work

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School of Information Sciences, Wayne State University

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Wayne State University School of Social Work

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User:Jod1Hannah/sandbox

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The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September of 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium, and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.As of August 2017, the Dean of the School is Jon Cawthorne, replacing Dean Sandra Yee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2017/06/06/wayne-state-university-names-jon-e-cawthorne-dean-of-school-of-library-and-information-science-6103|title=Wayne State University names Jon E. Cawthorne dean of School of Library and Information Science and the University Libraries - Newsroom - Wayne State University|last=University|first=Wayne State|website=wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> The Assistant Dean is Dr. Stepehen Bajjaly.

== Notes ==
'''Wayne State University School of Social Work''' is a professional school within [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]].
{{infobox department
| /media/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/WSU_Social_Work.jpg
}}

Wayne State University

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Jod1Hannah: Added Fall 2017 figures and citation.

{{distinguish2|[[Wayne State College]], the college in Nebraska}}
{{ad|date=January 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{infobox university
| name = Wayne State University
| image = Wayne State University seal.svg
| image_upright = .8
| motto = "Industry, Intelligence, Integrity"
| established = {{Start date|1868}}
| type = [[Public university]]
| endowment = $359 million (2017)<ref>https://pivotalmoments.wayne.edu/give/endowment-q-and-a.php</ref>
| academic_affiliations = [[Universities Research Association]], [[University Research Corridor]], [[Great Cities' Universities]], [[Coalition of Urban Serving Universities]]
| president = [[M. Roy Wilson]]
| provost = Keith E. Whitfield
| students = 27,298 <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Fast Facts|journal=2015-16 Fact Book|date=2016|page=1|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>
| faculty = 2,688
| city = [[Detroit]]
| state = [[Michigan]]
| country = [[United States]]
| campus = {{convert|203|acre|km2}}, Urban
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division II]] – [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|GLIAC]]
| colors = Green and Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mac.wayne.edu/identity-guidelines.php|title=Identity guidelines - Marketing and Communications - Wayne State University|website=mac.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref> {{color box|#0C5449}} {{color box|#FFCC33}}
| nickname = [[Wayne State Warriors|Warriors]]
| mascot = "W" the Warrior
| website = {{URL|wayne.edu}}
| logo = Wayne State University logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
}}
[[File:KresgeWorldHeadquartersDetroit.jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Center for High Technology]] at Wayne State offers room for [[startup company|startup companies]].]]
'''Wayne State University''' ('''WSU''') is a [[public university]] located in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs. Approximately 27,000 enrolled during the Fall 2017 semester, of which 17,000 were undergraduates<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0jN3W6K9VM9ZXpnRkEtT3NjS3c/view|title=T1 Headcount Enrollment_seal.pdf|work=Google Docs|access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref>. Wayne State University is Michigan's third-largest university, one of the 100 largest universities in the United States, and ranked in the top 50 American public universities for research expenditures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160316/NEWS/160319894/wayne-state-overtakes-msu-um-climbs-in-u-s-news-best-law-schools|title=Wayne State overtakes MSU, UM climbs in U.S. News Best Law Schools ranking|date=March 16, 2016|website=Crain's Detroit Business|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

The WSU main campus encompasses 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings in the heart of Detroit.

The [[Wayne State Warriors]] compete in the [[NCAA Division II]] [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC).

== Historical background ==
[[File:Old Main WSU - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], a historic building on the Wayne State University campus.]]The first component of the modern Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the '''Detroit College of Medicine'''. In 1885, the Detroit College of Medicine merged with its competitor, the '''Michigan College of Medicine''' and its consolidated buildings. In 1913 the school was restructured as the '''Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery''', passing under that name into the control of the Detroit Board of Education. These institutions are incarnated today as the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]].

In 1881, the '''Detroit Normal Training School for Teachers''' was established by the Detroit Board of Education. In 1920, after several re-locations to larger quarters, the school became the '''Detroit Teachers College'''. The Board of Education voted in 1924 to make the College a part of the new '''College of the City of Detroit'''. This eventually became the '''Wayne State University College of Education'''.

In 1917, the Detroit Board of Education founded the '''Detroit Junior College''' and would make [[Detroit Central High School|Detroit Central High School’s]] [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main Hall]] its campus. Detroit’s College of Pharmacy and the Detroit Teachers College were added to the campus in 1924, and were organized into the '''College of the City of Detroit'''. The original junior college became the College of Liberal Arts. The first Bachelor’s degrees were awarded in 1925. The College of Liberal Arts of the College of the City of Detroit, is today the [[Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]].

Recognizing the need for a good public law school, a group of lawyers, including Allan Campbell, the school's founding dean, established '''Detroit City Law School''' in 1927 as part of the '''College of the City of Detroit'''. Originally structured as a part-time, evening program, the school graduated its first class with the bachelor of laws degree (LL.B.) in 1928 and achieved full [[American Bar Association]] in 1939. The [[Wayne State University Law School]] remains one of the only public law schools in [[Michigan]], and amongst the top 100 law schools in nation.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

In 1933, the Detroit Board of Education voted to unify the colleges it ran into one university. In January 1934, that institution was officially named '''Wayne University''', taking its name from Wayne County in which the University and the City of Detroit reside, as well as Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne.

Continuing to grow, Wayne University added its School of Social Work in 1935, and the School of Business Administration in 1946.

Wayne University was renamed '''Wayne State University''' in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally mandated university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959.

The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate. The primary mission in that era was to engage in research, education, and service in the field of aging.

Wayne State University grew again in 1973 with the addition of the College of Lifelong Learning. In 1985, the School of Fine and the Performing Arts, and the College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs grew the university further.
[[File:PostcardDetroitMIDetroitCollegeOfMedicine1911 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Detroit College of Medicine, about 1911.]]

Over the last few years, WSU has been aggressive in constructing new buildings, including the Integrative Biosciences Center(IBio), a 207,000-square-foot facility that encourages interdisciplinary work across a range of scientific areas with the goal of translating new discoveries to improve human health and society and address health disparities in Detroit and other urban areas. More than 500 researchers, staff and principal investigators work out of the building, which opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=IBio revolutionizes research in Detroit|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

On June 5, 2013, the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne State's 12th president. He was sworn in on August 1, 2013.

In 2015, WSU bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree on [[Viola Liuzzo]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Spratling |first=Cassandra |url=http://www.freep.com/story/life/2015/04/10/viola-liuzzo-wayne-state-university-honor/25603257/ |title=Wayne State hails civil rights icon Viola Liuzzo as hero |publisher=Freep.com |date=March 25, 1965 |accessdate=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business. The name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch. In gift will go toward building a new, state-of-the-art business school facility in Detroit, which is scheduled to open in 2018.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Ilitch family donates $40 million for business school|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

==Academic profile==
[[File:MacabeesBuilding2010.jpg|thumb|[[Maccabees Building]] at Wayne State University.]]
Wayne State's academic offerings are divided among 13 schools and colleges: the Mike Ilitch School of Business; the College of Education; the [[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]; the [[College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, Wayne State University|College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts]]; the Graduate School; the [[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]]; the [[Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]; the School of Information Sciences; the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]; the College of Nursing; the [[Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]]; the Irvin D. Reid Honors College; and the School of Social Work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wayne.edu/academic_programs.html|title=Academic Programs|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=February 21, 2013|year=2013}}</ref> Fall 2016 enrollment for the university consisted of 17,280 undergraduates, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional school students adding up to 27,298 students, up from 27,222 students in 2015.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://oira.wayne.edu/dashboard|title=AccessID Login - Office of Budget, Planning and Analysis|website=oira.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>

Wayne State University is Michigan's only urban research university and is renowned particularly for its contributions in the sciences. Wayne State University is classified as a research university with the highest research activity by the [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172644&start_page=lookup.php&clq=%7B%22ipug2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ipgrad2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22enrprofile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ugprfile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22sizeset2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22eng2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22search_string%22%3A%22Wayne+State+University%22%2C%22level%22%3A%22%22%2C%22control%22%3A%22%22%2C%22accred%22%3A%22%22%2C%22state%22%3A%22%22%2C%22region%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urbanicity%22%3A%22%22%2C%22womens%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hbcu%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hsi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tribal%22%3A%22%22%2C%22msi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22landgrant%22%3A%22%22%2C%22coplac%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urban%22%3A%22%22%7D|title=Carnegie Classifications - Wayne State University|publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The university also holds the Carnegie Foundation's prestigious Community Engagement classification for its commitment to education in Metro Detroit.

WSU, as with the [[University of Michigan]] and [[Michigan State University]], is a constitutionally autonomous educational institution, whose Board of Governors are elected by the citizens of Michigan statewide.

Wayne State University, Michigan State University, and the University of Michigan are the three institutional members of the State of Michigan's [[University Research Corridor]].

==Colleges and schools==
{{One source section|date=December 2015}}

Wayne State is one of the nation's 50 largest public universities and offers more than 340 degree and certificate programs in 13 schools and colleges.<ref name="wayne.edu">{{cite web|url=http://wayne.edu/about/facts/|title=Wayne State facts|publisher=Wayne.edu|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

* '''Mike Ilitch School of Business'''

The Mike Ilitch School of Business offers undergraduate degrees in accounting, finance, global supply chain, information systems, management and marketing. At the graduate level, it offers M.B.A. and M.S. degrees in accounting and taxation, and a Ph.D. with tracks in finance, management and marketing. These programs are fully accredited by [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilitchbusiness.wayne.edu/about/aacsb.php|title=Mike Ilitch School of Business AACSB accreditation|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

* '''College of Education'''

* '''[[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]'''

Established in 1933, College of Engineering faculty generate approximately $20 million annually in research expenditures, particularly in areas of biomedical engineering and computing; advanced materials and flexible manufacturing; and green technologies such as alternative energy technology, alternative energy, and advanced battery storage. The college offers a range of engineering disciplines, including alternative energy technology, automotive engineering, electric-drive vehicle engineering, environmental infrastructures and transportation engineering, materials and biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and computational biology, nanotechnology and sustainable engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://engineering.wayne.edu/programs/index.php|title=College of Engineering: departments and programs|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

* '''[[College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, Wayne State University|College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts]]'''

Established in 1986, the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts (CFPCA) college offers 16 undergraduate programs 10 graduate programs and three graduate certificates through its departments: the James Pearson Duffy Department of Art and Art History, the Maggie Allesee Department of Theatre and Dance, the Department of Communication, and the Department of Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfpca.wayne.edu/about/index.php|title=CFPCA Message from the Dean}}</ref> Wayne State University is an accredited member of the [[National Association of Schools of Music]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nasm.arts-accredit.org/directory-lists/accredited-institutions/search/?id=I0103|title=NASM Accredited Institutions: Wayne State University}}</ref> the dance/theatre department, along with several individual programs in communication and art and art history, are similarly nationally accredited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wayne.edu/facts/2016/schools-colleges/cfpca/|title=Wayne State University factbook: CFPCA|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

* '''Irvin D. Reid Honors College'''

The focus of the first year is community and the urban experience; during year one, students concentrate on urban issues and history. Year two involves service learning, which takes skills cultivated in the classroom and puts them to use in real-world situations. In year three, students are encouraged to work with faculty mentors to develop individual funded research projects. And in year four, students complete a senior thesis. The Honors College is home to Scholars Day, MedStart, Health Pro Start and BStart, the Urban Scholars/Leaders program, CommunityEngagement@Wayne, Honors Transfer, and the Detroit Urban Scholars program.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''[[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]]'''

Established in 1927, the Law School became a part of the university in 1937. It is Detroit's only public law school and one of just two public law schools in Michigan. The Law School’s Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights in 2014 established the Detroit Equity Action Lab bring together 60 organizations to address issues of structural racism in Detroit. In 2015, the Law School launched the Levin Center at Wayne Law.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''[[College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]'''

The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) was formed in 2004 with the merger of the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Science. The college receives approximately $20 million a year in external grants and contracts. The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) consists of 19 departments in Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, and Life Sciences categories. Programs include African American Studies, Anthropology, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Classical and Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures (CMLLC), Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD), Criminal Justice, Economics, English, Geology, History, Mathematics, Nutrition & Food Science, Philosophy, Physics and Astronomy, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Urban Studies & Planning. CLAS is the core and hub of Wayne State, providing most of the undergraduate instruction, including almost all of the general education and pre-professional curricula for undergraduates, and a variety of graduate programs that produce many master's degrees and almost half of the Ph.D. degrees awarded at the university. Faculty in CLAS engage in research in a wide range of fields, in several nationally ranked departments, with robust extramural funding.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''School of Information Sciences'''

The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/cfapps/lisdir/listing.cfm|title=Searchable DB of ALA accredited programs {{!}} American Library Association|website=www.ala.org|access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ischools.org/news/category/wayne-state-university-school-of-information-sciences/|title=Wayne State University School of Information Sciences {{!}} iSchools|website=ischools.org|language=en-US|access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.

* '''[[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]'''

Founded in 1868, the Wayne State University School of Medicine (SOM) trains the next generation of physicians, the school offers master’s, Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. programs in 14 areas of basic science and public health to about 400 students annually. The school’s research emphasizes neurosciences, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, perinatology, cancer, cardiovascular disease including diabetes and obesity, and psychiatry and addiction research. Research funding levels in 2014, including all grants and contracts from government agencies, private organizations and pharmaceutical companies, was $94.5 million. One of the school’s major assets is the Richard J. Mazurek, M.D., Medical Education Commons, which was designed specifically for students and houses classrooms, student services divisions, the medical library, a sophisticated patient simulation center and the Kado Family Clinical Skills Center.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/wayne-state-university-04052|title=How Does Wayne State University School of Medicine Rank Among America's Best Medical Schools?|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref>

* '''College of Nursing'''

* ''' Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences '''

Established in 1924, the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is one of the founding colleges of Wayne State University. It is organized into four departments — fundamental and applied sciences, health care sciences, pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical sciences. It offers 11 fully accredited degree-granting programs, which maintain autonomous admission requirements, curricula, degree requirements and academic procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cphs.wayne.edu/about/strategic-plan.php|title=EACPHS Strategic Plan|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

* '''School of Social Work'''

Established in 1935, the school offers academic programs at the bachelor’s, master’s and Ph.D. levels. The school’s Center for Social Work Research provides support for faculty research and scholarship, engages in relevant research with community partners, and offers consultation and technical assistance. In 2014-15, faculty submitted proposals valued at over $10 million, including an $113,400 annual grant from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services for the Transition to Independence Program (TIP), a comprehensive support program for foster care youth enrolled at Wayne State University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2012/10/02/wayne-state-university-receives-dhs-contract-to-help-foster-youth-thrive-in-college-4665|title=Wayne State University receives DHS contract to help foster youth thrive in college|accessdate=March 22, 2018}}</ref>

==Academics and rankings==
Several of Wayne State's individual programs are well regarded:

* The Department of Chemistry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.wayne.edu |title=Department of Chemistry |publisher=Chem.wayne.edu |date=October 13, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> was recently ranked 71st in the United States (tied with [[Dartmouth College]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], and the [[University of Kansas]])<ref>{{cite web |publisher==U.S. News and World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/chemistry-rankings/page+3 |title=Best Graduate Chemistry Programs - 2014 |year=2014 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}</ref> and among the top 150 chemistry departments in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher==ShanghaiRanking Consultancy |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/SubjectChemistry2013.html |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities in Chemistry - 2013|year=2013 |accessdate=May 6, 2014}}</ref>
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' ranks Wayne State's Law School as a Top 100 law school, and the second-highest ranked law school in Michigan<ref name=":0" />
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' also ranks the College of Nursing as one of the top nursing program's in the country<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-nursing-schools/nur-rankings?int=a23009&int=a8a809&int=a7c609|title=The Best Nursing Schools in America, Ranked|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
*The Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was ranked one of the 50 best pharmacy schools in the country by Pharmacy Times<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/50-best-pharmacy-schools-ranked-in-2016|title=50 Best Pharmacy Schools Ranked in 2016|website=Pharmacy Times|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* The Department of Industrial and System Engineering was ranked 42nd in the country by ''U.S. News'' Grad School Ranking in 2015.
* The Department of Physics and Astronomy,<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://physics.clas.wayne.edu |title=Wayne State University Physics and Astronomy - Physics & Astronomy |publisher=Physics.clas.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> The Department of Mathematics, are all ranked among top 200 in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities | ARWU | First World University Ranking |publisher=Shanghai Ranking |date=August 15, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* The School of Social Work has been ranked 38th in social work in the ''U.S. News'' Grad School Health Programs Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/social-work-rankings|title=Wayne State University | Best Health School | US News|date=|publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* Wayne State University is listed as one of the top 34 percent of global universities by ''U.S. News and World Report''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Top World University Rankings {{!}} US News Best Global Universities|website=www.usnews.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* The Irvin D. Reid Honors college named in honor of the university's [[Irvin Reid|ninth president]], affords students the opportunity to become immersed in the Detroit community, participate in service learning and perform meaningful undergraduate research.
* The Mike Ilitch School of Business is annually listed as an outstanding business school, according to ''The Princeton Review'', which ranks the top Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/SchoolList.aspx?id=786|publisher=Princeton Review|year=2013|accessdate=May 6, 2014|title=School Rankings}}</ref>
* The medical school is ranked #69 by U.S. News & World Report in the nation for research.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com"/>

===Student body===
{| style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"
|+ "Wayne State Demographic"<ref name="auto"/>
! scope="col" | Race/Ethnicity
! scope="col" | Undergraduate
! scope="col" | Graduate
! scope="col" | Professional
! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" |Asian
|1,508||305||302||2,115
|-
! scope="row" |Black or African American
|2,978||1,113||97||4,188
|-
! scope="row" |Hispanic
|889||223||42||1,154
|-
! scope="row" |Other
|676||219||42||937
|-
! scope="row" |International
|487||1,804||116||2,407
|-
! scope="row" |Race and ethnicity unknown
|678||157||226||1,061
|-
! scope="row" |White
|10,064||4,193||1,179||15,436
|}
In fall 2016, Wayne State had a total of 27,298 students at the campus: 17,280 undergraduate students, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional students.<ref name="auto"/> Wayne State had students from nearly every U.S. state and 79 countries enrolled in fall 2016.<ref name="FactBook">{{cite web|url=http://wayne.edu/factbook/factbook2013.pdf|title=2012-13 Fact Book|work=|accessdate=January 21, 2014}}</ref>

During the 2016 school year, there were 6,085 degrees and certificates granted to students: 3,072 bachelor's degrees, 2,068 master’s degrees, 767 doctoral and professional degrees, and 178 certificates.

===Research===
Wayne State is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a doctoral-granting university with the highest research activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172644|title=Carnegie Classification for Wayne State University}}</ref> At $221.5 million spent on research expenditures in 2016, Wayne State has consistently ranked in the top twelfth percentile or higher among the institutions ranked by the National Science Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=view&fice=2329|title NSF NCSES Academic Profile for Wayne State University}}</ref> Additionally,

On October 13, 2015, Wayne State University opened its new $92 million, 207,000-square-foot Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio). As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center located in [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] at 6135 Woodward Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/071aa1ad#/071aa1ad/35|title= Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2015/10/13/wayne-state-dedicates-new-93-million-biosciences|title= Wayne State dedicates new $93 million biosciences center }}</ref>

==Financials==
Wayne State University’s cost of attendance is composed of tuition, including a credit hour rate, student service credit hour fee, fitness center maintenance fee, and a registration fee. Class maintenance fees are applied on a course-to-course basis. The tuition varies depending on undergraduate (lower and upper level division) and graduate students. Although graduate programs, Law School and Medical School tuition differs. Additionally, these two categories can be further broken down into two more subcategories of out-of-state students and resident students.

The tuition cost is estimated based on a 12-credit semester, including both fall and winter semesters. The preceding values are calculated based off Wayne State tuition as well as the costs of books, transportation, living costs, loan fees and other miscellaneous cost. The total estimated tuition cost for a Michigan resident who is living off campus is roughly $17,384. Living on campus brings the cost to about $22,000. If the same scenarios are applied to non-Michigan residents (out of state), the tuition significantly increases. For a non-resident student living on campus, the cost is approximately $33,000.

In the second category, the tuition costs for graduate students can be examined. Graduate students who are residents of Michigan and off campus will have an estimated tuition of $19,144. Resident graduates who are living away from home can plan on having tuition costs of $24,383. For graduate students who are non-Michigan residents, tuition is approximately $35,394.

In the 2015 academic year, the university awarded $338 million in financial aid. Even while WSU maintains its status as one of only three universities in the state ranked in the top research category of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, tuition at Wayne State remains among the lowest of Michigan's 15 public universities, and the lowest among Michigan's three research universities.

==Campus==
[[File:McGregor Lobby.JPG|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]Wayne State's main campus in Detroit encompasses {{convert|203|acre|km2}} of landscaped walkways and gathering spots linking over 100 education and research buildings.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://www.wayne.edu/about_wayne2.html |title=Wayne State University - About Wayne State University |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=June 23, 2011 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> The campus is urban and features many architecturally interesting buildings. Notable examples include the [[Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex|Helen L. DeRoy Auditorium]], the Education Building, the [[Maccabees Building]], [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], [[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]], [[Chatsworth Apartments|Chatsworth Tower Apartments]], and the [[Hilberry Theatre (Wayne State University)|Hilberry Theatre]]. Many of these buildings were designed by notable architects such as [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] and [[Minoru Yamasaki]].

Wayne State University is located at the heart of Detroit's [[Cultural Center Historic District]] and amongst many notable Detroit institutions and attractions, including the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the [[Detroit Historical Museum]], the [[Michigan Science Center]], the [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], the [[Detroit Opera House]]/[[Michigan Opera Theatre]], [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]/[[Orchestra Hall (Detroit, Michigan)|Orchestra Hall]], [[Comerica Park]], [[Ford Field]], [[Little Caesars Arena]], the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], the [[Fisher Theatre]], [[Grand Circus Park]], and [[Campus Martius Park]].

The [[Cass Corridor]] is one of the university's other notable surroundings, with a venerable history and culture that has left an imprint on many WSU alumni. Many notable events have taken place on or near the campus as a result of its unique location. Artists that got their start here include Chuck & Joni Mitchell, [[Alice Cooper]], [[The White Stripes]], [[The Detroit Cobras]], [[MC5]], [[The Stooges]], Savage Grace, [[Ted Nugent]] and [[Grand Funk Railroad]]. The [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] recorded their [[Freaky Styley]] album in this area, which was also home to ''[[Creem]]'' magazine — the first rock journal, and the first to use the terms "[[punk rock]]" and "[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]" and give recognition to the likes of [[David Bowie]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[The Smiths]] and others. The now-razed Tartar Field was home to WABX's free Sunday concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s featuring many of these musicians.

Important events have also taken place on campus, such as [[Edmund Gettier]]'s refutation of the "[[justified true belief]]" theory, which shook 2,500 years of epistemology.

Beginning in the 1970s WSU held its criminal justice program classes in the {{convert|147500|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} Criminal Justice Building, designed by [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] and built in 1920 in [[New Center]]. By 2016 the university stopped use of the building, then used by the [[Detroit Police Department]] for training purposes. WSU sold it to real estate firm The Platform for $2,000,000 and it will become a mixed-use development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/wsu-board-approves-2-million-sale-of-former-criminal-justice-building-in-detroits-new-center|title=Wayne State board approves $2M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit's New Center|publisher=''[[clickondetroit.com]]''|date=2016-12-02|accessdate=2018-01-02}}</ref>

=== Libraries ===
With more than four million volumes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.lib.mi.us/node/1697|publisher=Michigan Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=February 21, 2013|title=Wayne State MLA Spotlight}}</ref> the Wayne State University Library System houses the 75th largest collection in the United States, according to the [[American Library Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22|publisher=American Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held}}</ref> The system ranks among the nation's top libraries according to the Association for Research Libraries.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/academics/libraries.php |title=Wayne State University - Academics & Libraries |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=May 27, 2011 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

* '''The Vera P. Shiffman Medical Library''', located at Wayne State's medical campus, houses the university's medical and health collections and is the primary library for the '''[[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]''' and the '''Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences'''.
* '''The Arthur Neef Law Library''', located on the north section of the main campus adjacent to the '''[[Wayne State University Law School]]''', houses the university's law collections and is the Law School's primary library. Its collection of over 620,000 volumes makes it the second largest law library in Michigan. The library subscribes to over 1,500 journals and 1,000 loose-leaf services.
* '''The [[Purdy-Kresge Library]]''', located near the center of main campus, serves as the primary research library for the '''School of Information Sciences'''. It contains print and electronic resources to meet the research and instructional needs of faculty, graduate students, and upper-level undergraduates. It also houses the university's main government documents collection and the offices of the university's Media Services Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/pk.php |title=WSU Libraries: Purdy/Kresge Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* '''The [[David Adamany Undergraduate Library]]''' (UGL), located at the center of Gullen Mall, has over 700 computer workstations providing students with access to electronic resources. Its book and magazine collection is intended to support the learning needs of 1,000 and 2,000 level undergraduate courses. The UGL houses the university libraries' collection of approximately 8,000 videos, DVDs, laser discs and audiotapes. The UGL provides students with information on careers, computers and student survival skills. The Undergraduate Library is open 24 hours for both students and faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/ugl.php |title=WSU Libraries: Undergraduate Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* '''The [[Walter P. Reuther Library]] of Labor and Urban Affairs''', located on the easternmost portion of main campus at 5401 Cass Avenue, is the largest labor archives in North America and serves as the official archival repository for twelve major unions. In addition to labor records, the archives contain primary source material related to [[civil and political rights]], especially those related to [[Detroit]]. The Reuther also houses the Wayne State University Archives dating from the institution's founding as the '''Detroit Medical College''' in 1868.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reuther.wayne.edu/about |title=About Us |author= |website=Walter P. Reuther Library |publisher=Wayne State University |accessdate=October 17, 2014}}</ref>
* '''The Science and Engineering Library''', while not designated by the Wayne State Library System as its own academic library, has its own building and is located on Wayne State's main campus, north of Warren Avenue and '''[[Old Main (Wayne State University)]]'''.

===Housing===
[[File:ChatsworthApartments.jpg|thumb|[[Chatsworth Tower]]]]
The university provides housing for all students in the form of apartments and residence halls. All buildings are equipped with connection to the university computer system, wireless Internet, laundry rooms, activity rooms, and a 24-hour help desk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.housing.wayne.edu|title=Housing & Residential Life - Wayne State University|first=Wayne State|last=University|website=www.housing.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref>

==== Current Housing ====
Current university-owned apartment buildings consist University Tower, Chatsworth Tower and Helen L. DeRoy Apartments. In the hopes of bringing more residents to campus, Wayne State opened two dormitory-style residence halls in 2002: <nowiki> Yousif B. Ghafari Hall (formerly North Hall)</nowiki> and 2003 Leon H. Atchison Hall (formerly South Hall). This was the first time since the closing of the Newberry Joy Dorms in 1987 that the university offered dorm living. In 2005, the university opened The Towers Residential Suites, a residence hall open to undergraduate and graduate students. The Towers Café located in The Towers Residential Suites is the largest on-campus dining facility serving a variety of food. The Gold'N'Greens Café located in Ghafari Hall serves vegetarian, vegan, and [[kosher]] food.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housing.wayne.edu/res-halls.php|title=Residence Halls - Housing - Wayne State University|website=housing.wayne.edu|access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2017/Wayne-State-University-to-Break-Ground-on-Anthony-Wayne-Drive-Apartments/|title=Wayne State University to Break Ground on Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments|access-date=July 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===== List =====
* '''Ghafari''' and '''Atchison Halls''' provide housing for freshmen and upper students only. Halls feature double-occupancy rooms, fully furnished with private baths. Study rooms and social lounges, all equipped with wireless high-speed Internet, are found on each floor. These halls also include special interest communities such as Honors, Community of Scholars, 24 hour quiet floor, and an all-female floor. These two buildings connect on the first floor through a dining hall. Gold "n" Greens is an all vegetarian cafeteria that is also certified kosher dairy, with gluten and vegan options.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/ghafari.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=Ghafari Hall-Housing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/atchison.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013 |accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=Atchison Hall-Housing}}</ref>
* '''The Towers Residential Suites''', serving all students, is an 11-story tower with views as far as the [[Ambassador Bridge]]. The majority of rooms are suite style, containing four bedrooms attached to a shared living space. There are also studio rooms available. There are special interest floors throughout the building including, Honors, International, Graduate, 21 and up, and 24-hour quiet floors. This building also has study rooms and kitchenettes available for student use. Within the building is a café-style dining hall, Towers Café, and multiple fitness rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/towers.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013 |title= Towers Residential Suites-Housing}}</ref> Also included in the building are many eateries, a pharmacy, post office, and a salon.
* '''[[Chatsworth Tower Apartments]]''' are available to graduate students, professional students and students with families, and located inside a nine-story historic landmark built in 1929. This structure features large studio, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom apartments with ornate woodwork.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/chatsworth.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013 |title= Chatsworth Tower-Housing}}</ref>
* '''Helen L. DeRoy Apartments''' is a 15-story building built in 1972. The apartments contain a total of 258 studio, one- and two-bedroom units offering residence to graduate students, professional students, undergraduate students, and students with families. Units are equipped with wireless Internet access, cable television access, central air, a refrigerator and stove. The top four floors of DeRoy apartments are furnished undergraduate apartments. These apartments come equipped with basic furniture, similar to the residential halls, but in an apartment style space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/deroy.php |publisher= Wayne State University|year= 2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title= Helen L. DeRoy Apartments-Housing}}</ref>
* The 300-unit '''University Tower''' complex opened in 1995 and offers one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments, as well as family units to juniors, seniors, graduates and professional students. Each apartment is wired for access to the university's computer network. The first floor offers wireless Internet access, a study lounge, large laundry facility and a childcare center. Wayne State's [[WDET]] radio station is also located on the first floor.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://housing.wayne.edu/apt_univtowers.php?val=aptliving |title=University Tower - Housing - Wayne State University |publisher=Housing.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* In 2016, the university renovated '''The Thompson Home''', formerly the home of the School of Social Work, into new residential units for students in the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/thompson-home.php|title=Thompson Home - Housing - Wayne State University|last=System|first=WCS Content Management|website=housing.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>
* In 2017, Wayne State broke ground on the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments, which will increase the number of beds on campus by 841 when it opens in 2019.<ref name="auto1"/>

The university allows families with children to live in some units including Chatsworth Tower, DeRoy and University Tower.<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/pdf/apartment-guide.pdf Community Living Guide Apartments 2011]." Wayne State University. 12. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. DeRoy, University Tower, and Chatsworth Tower unfurnished apartments are approved for family housing."</ref> Residents are zoned to [[Detroit Public Schools]].<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/contact.php Contact Us General Office of Housing & Residential Life]." Wayne State University. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. "Chatsworth Tower 630 Merrick Detroit, MI 48202" and "Helen L. DeRoy Apartments 5200 Anthony Wayne Drive Detroit, MI 48202" and "University Tower Apartments 4500 Cass Avenue Detroit, MI 48201"</ref> Zoned schools for all three apartments include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8),<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_elementary.pdf Elementary Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2IOVdP Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_middle.pdf Middle School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2MbiXC Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref> and [[King High School (Detroit)|King High School]] (9-12).<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_high.pdf High School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2SY4Mu Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref>

==== Former Housing ====
Sherbrooke Apartments were closed in September 2008. The Forest Apartments were closed after the 2004-05 school year and have since been demolished. The Chatsworth Annex apartments were demolished and replaced with greenspace and volleyball courts after the 2004-05 school year.

===Tom Adams Field===
''Tom Adams Field'', best known as '''Adams Field''', is a 6,000-seat football stadium located on the campus. It is primarily used for [[Wayne State Warriors football]] of the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]], a Division II conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]].

The Field was named after Thomas B. Adams, a 1944 graduate and football and track athlete who later served on as a board member at WSU. Due to his athletic, military, and business achievements the Wayne State Football field was named in honor of him on October 11, 2003.<ref>http://wsuathletics.com/documents/2012/9/6/2012_FB_MG_pages114-126.pdf?id=1133, accessdate=2013-05-21, pp=124</ref> The stadium turf has been replaced several times. The most recent replacement was in May 2015 when FieldTurfRevolution (2.5") [[artificial turf]] was installed.<ref name = "turf">{{cite web|author1=Tim Carroll and Alex Franzen|title=WSU replacing artificial turf, project cost $415,000|url=http://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/news/article_8603a8bc-ee37-11e4-b48f-a776b6df4f9d.html|publisher=The South End|accessdate=October 17, 2015|date=April 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name = "2015 Media">{{cite web|title=2015 Football Media Guide|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/documents/2015/9/7/2015%20FB%20MG%20p122-136.pdf|publisher=WSUAthletics.com|accessdate=October 17, 2015|page=132}}</ref> A new 35-foot video board was installed in August 2015.<ref name = "2015 Media" /> The eight lane '''Lowell Blanchard Track''', located in the stadium, was first installed in 2006. Mondo surfacing was added to the track in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lowell Blanchard Track|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/sports/2013/7/31/WTF_0731130717.aspx?id=160|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=October 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Satellite campuses===
Wayne State has four [[satellite campus]]es in and around the [[Metro Detroit]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://educationaloutreach.wayne.edu/satellite-campuses.php|title=Wayne State University - Satellite campuses|year=2016|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The locations are:
* Macomb Educational Center, [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* University Center at [[Macomb Community College]], [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* Advanced Technology Education Center, [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]]
* [[Schoolcraft College]] in [[Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]]

== Student life ==
[[File:WSU Campus 1.jpg|left|thumb|Linsell House (L) and Chemistry building (R)]]
[[File:Education Building Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|Education Building]]
[[File:McGregor Center Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]

=== Programs abroad ===
Wayne State offers more than 20 [[study abroad]] programs, some as short as nine days in length with others lasting an entire year. As of 2017, students have their pick from numerous countries including Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Spain and South Africa. Programs offer studies in [[art]], [[business]], [[computer science]], [[education]], [[engineering]], [[environmental studies]], [[health care]], [[linguistics]], the [[social sciences]], [[theater]] and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyabroad.wayne.edu/|title=Study Abroad & Global Programs - Welcome|first=WCS Content Management|last=System|website=studyabroad.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref>

=== Media ===
* The official student newspaper is [[The South End]].
* The university hosts the [[Public broadcasting|public radio]] station [[WDET]] and runs the student online radio station '''WAYN'''.
* The WSU Alumni Association publishes the '''Wayne State''' magazine.

=== Government ===
The university is governed by a [[Board of Governors]] consisting of eight members elected by Michigan voters for eight-year terms. Board of Governor members serve without compensation. The board elects a university president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university administration. The student body government is headed by a Student Senate (formerly the Student Council). Some colleges of the university have their own Student Senate, which reports back to the main Student Senate. The School of Law has its own Student Board of Governors.

=== Public safety ===
The campus is protected by the Wayne State University Department of Public Safety. There are 65 commissioned officers serving Wayne State and the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://police.wayne.edu/docs/security-report-2013.pdf|publisher=Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 7, 2014|title=The Wayne State Police Department}}</ref> All Wayne State Police Officers are certified Michigan peace officers and sworn Detroit police officers. The department prides itself on a response time of 90 seconds or less to on-campus emergencies. The department consists of patrol officers, traffic safety officers, motorcycle officers, bike officers, three canine officers, three investigators, multiple officers assigned to task force positions, communications controllers, records personnel and other support staff. The headquarters is located at 6050 Cass Ave. The Department of Public Safety has been in existence since 1966. The department sponsors several programs throughout campus such as the RAD (Rape Aggression Defense), sells low-cost bike locks and steering wheel "clubs," offers free 'VIN Etching' sessions to help deter auto theft, and sends out monthly emails to keep the university updated on the department's activities.{{citation needed|reason=monthly e-mails no longer sent|date=December 2015}} Students whom encounter trouble or distress on campus are encouraged to call the Wayne State Police division directly, rather than the city's 911 services. The Detroit Police Department's high-priority responses have taken upwards of an hour to arrive on scene; by comparison, the Campus Police Department's rapid response time is less than two minutes in the majority of cases, better guaranteeing the safety of Wayne State students.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowley|first1=Stacy|title=How Wayne State Police Helped Breathe Life Into A Blighted Detroit Strip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/business/smallbusiness/how-wayne-state-police-helped-breathe-life-into-a-blighted-detroit-strip.html?_r=0|website=nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

=== Wayne State University Alumni Association ===
Created in 1935 and consisting of more than 260,000 alumni throughout the world, Wayne's alumni association provides a strong loyalty and support system to graduates of the university through sponsoring events such as career booths and job fairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/about/alumni.php |title=Wayne State University - WSU Alumni Profile |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=July 2, 2008 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alumni.wayne.edu/ |title=Wayne State University Alumni Association |publisher=Alumni.wayne.edu |date=April 12, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

===Greek life===
Wayne State University hosts chapters of over two dozen fraternities and sororities, reflective of the diverse nature of the campus.{{cn|date=January 2018}} These groups, through social, academic, leadership and alumni networking programs, are aimed at building lifelong connections among participants and to the University. Members self-select prospective members, and chapters cooperate on a wide variety of inter-Greek programming to support campus life. Once a student becomes a member of one of the traditional social and academic societies, designated by NIC, NPC, NALFO or NPHC allegiance, they may not join another from the conference, due to 'anti-poaching' rules. However, members of the traditional social and academic fraternities, sororities and societies may also be members of ''professional, service and/or honor'' societies as they are chosen or earn the honor by grade, class rank or achievement.
{{col-start}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}

====Fraternities (Men's)====
'''ΑΣΦ''' [[Alpha Sigma Phi]], February 12, 1938, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΦΣΚ ''[[Phi Sigma Kappa]], 1942, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΚΕ ''[[Tau Kappa Epsilon]], May 23, 1948, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΠΚΑ''' [[Pi Kappa Alpha]], 1950, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΘΞ ''[[Theta Xi]], April 6, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΣΤΓ ''[[Sigma Tau Gamma]], May 25, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΔΧ ''[[Delta Chi]], 1956, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΕΦ ''[[Tau Epsilon Phi]], 1959, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΣΠ''' [[Sigma Pi]], 1967, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΛΘΦ''' [[Lambda Theta Phi]], 2002, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]] and [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], Latino-interest 
'''ΣΛΒ''' [[Sigma Lambda Beta]], 2003, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], historically Latino-interest 
'''ΔΕΨ''' [[Delta Epsilon Psi]], 2010, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], SE Asian-interest 
'''ΩΔΦ''' [[Omega Delta Phi]], 2012, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest 
'''ΣΒΡ''' [[Sigma Beta Rho]], 2014, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest

'''ΘΤ''' [[Theta Tau]], May 19, 1951, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Engineering 
'''ΚΨ''' [[Kappa Psi]], May 14, 1927, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmaceutical 
{{col-break|width=33%}}

==== Sororities (Women's) ====
:ΑΣΤ ''[[Alpha Sigma Tau]], 1923-1985, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΦΣΣ ''[[Phi Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΣΣΣ ''[[Sigma Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΔΖ''' [[Delta Zeta]], 1956, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΚΔ''' [[Kappa Delta]], 1958, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΑΔΠ ''[[Alpha Delta Pi]], 1958-1972, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΓΔ''' [[Alpha Gamma Delta]], 1959, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΣΚ ''[[Sigma Kappa]], 1959-1974, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΕΦ''' [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]], 1988, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΛΘΑ''' [[Lambda Theta Alpha]], 2001, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]], Latina-interest 
'''ΘΝΞ''' [[Theta Nu Xi]], 2005, multicultural-interest 
'''ΔΤΛ''' [[Delta Tau Lambda]], 2008, Latina-interest 
'''ΣΛΓ''' [[Sigma Lambda Gamma]], 2009, Latina-interest 
'''ΔΦΩ''' [[Delta Phi Omega]], 2011, SE Asian-interest 
'''ΡΑΨ''' Rho Alpha Psi, 2012, local sorority

'''ΛΚΣ''' [[Lambda Kappa Sigma]] April 4, 1930, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmacy 
{{col-break|width=33%}}

==== National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) ====
'''ΔΣΘ''' [[Delta Sigma Theta]], 1924, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΑΚΑ''' [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]], 1936, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΣΓΡ''' [[Sigma Gamma Rho]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΩΨΦ''' [[Omega Psi Phi]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men 
'''ΖΦΒ''' [[Zeta Phi Beta]], 1941/1971, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΦΒΣ''' [[Phi Beta Sigma]], 1950, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΙΦΘ''' [[Iota Phi Theta]], 2009, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΑΦΑ''' [[Alpha Phi Alpha]], Alpha Upsilon Chapter (ΑΥ), 1926, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]]

{{col-end}}

====Co-educational professional, service or special interest Greek-letter organizations====
'''ΑΩ''' Alpha Omega, Local Co-ed Christian Service Fraternity<ref>Not to be confused with the Jewish professional dental society of the same name.</ref> 
'''ΑΦΩ''' [[Alpha Phi Omega]], May 27, 1948, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Service Fraternity 
'''ΒΑΨ''' [[Beta Alpha Psi]], Co-ed Honor Society, for Accounting, Finance and Information Systems 
'''ΔΣΠ''' [[Delta Sigma Pi]], [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Professional Business

Inter-chapter cooperation is managed by several governing councils: the Multi-Cultural Greek Council, the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC groups), and the Panhellenic Association (NPC groups).

==Athletics==
{{main article|Wayne State Warriors}}
{{see also|Wayne State Warriors football|Wayne State Warriors women's ice hockey}}
[[File:Wayne State Warriors logo.svg|right|thumb|The Warriors athletic logo]]
The school's intercollegiate athletic program was established in 1917 by Director of Athletics David L. Holmes. Revered by his athletes, Holmes initially coached all sports. His track teams were nationally known into the 1950s; in his first 10 years, he produced two Olympians from the school's Victorian-era gym. Although he had major ambitions for Wayne and scheduled such teams as Notre Dame and Penn State in the 1920s, the lack of facilities and money for athletics kept the program small.

A student poll selected the name of "Tartars" for the school's teams in 1927. In 1999, the university changed the name to the "Warriors," due to the general feeling that the Tartar name was dated and most people were not familiar with the name's historical significance.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=July 29, 1999|title=WSU adopts new athletic identity|url=http://www.media.wayne.edu/release.php?id=1301}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=New York Times|title= Before and After: New Symbols for Old Schools|date=August 6, 2000|accessdate=July 26, 2008|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EED91F3DF935A3575BC0A9669C8B63}}</ref> Wayne State competes in men's baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, swimming and diving, and tennis, and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

WSU participates in [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division II|Division II]] in the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC) for all sports except for fencing, which competes in the single division Midwest Fencing Conference.

Wayne State previously competed in men's and women's [[NCAA Division I]] [[College ice hockey|ice hockey]] as a member of [[College Hockey America]] (CHA). The university dropped their men's program at the end of the 2007-08 season,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wodon|first=Adam|work=College Hockey News|url=http://www.collegehockeynews.com/news/2008/03/11_waynestate.php|title=Wayne State Bids Farewell|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref> followed in 2011 by ending the women's hockey program.<ref name="gone">{{cite web|work=[[NCAA]]|url=http://www.ncaa.com/news/icehockey-women/2011-05-27/wayne-state-ends-womens-program|title=Wayne State ends women's program|date=May 30, 2011|accessdate=May 29, 2011}}</ref>

National Championships:
* 1975: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1979: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1980: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1983: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1984: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1985: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1988: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1989: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 2012: Women's Swimming and Diving - NCAA DII

Fencing is a single-division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other.{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

==Notable people==
{{Main article|List of Wayne State University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Metro Detroit|Michigan|University}}
* [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit]]
* [[Cadillac Place]]
* [[Culture of Detroit]]
* [[Fisher Building]]
* [[Henry Ford Hospital]]
* [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]]
* [[Product Development and Systems Engineering Consortium]]
* [[University-Cultural Center Multiple Resource Area]]
* [[Wayne State University Buildings]]
* [[The Institute of Gerontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hanawalt, Leslie. (1968.) ''A Place of Light: the History of Wayne State University.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
* Aschenbrenner, Evelyn. (2009.) ''A History of Wayne State University in Photographs.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press, {{ISBN|0-8143-3282-X}}, 9780814332825.

==External links==
{{commons category|Wayne State University}}
* {{official website}}
* [http://www.wsuathletics.com/ Wayne State Athletics website]

{{Wayne State University}}
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[[Category:Wayne State University| ]]
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Wayne State University

2018-02-15T15:50:48Z

Jod1Hannah: /* Tom Adams Field */ copy editing, removed biographical material of T. B. Adams; this article isn't about him for clarity, brevity, and notability(though maybe there should be?) ~~~~

{{distinguish2|[[Wayne State College]], the college in Nebraska}}
{{ad|date=January 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{infobox university
| name = Wayne State University
| image = Wayne State University seal.svg
| image_upright = .8
| motto = "Industry, Intelligence, Integrity"
| established = {{Start date|1868}}
| type = [[Public university]]
| endowment = $359 million (2017)<ref>https://pivotalmoments.wayne.edu/give/endowment-q-and-a.php</ref>
| academic_affiliations = [[Universities Research Association]], [[University Research Corridor]], [[Great Cities' Universities]], [[Coalition of Urban Serving Universities]]
| president = [[M. Roy Wilson]]
| provost = Keith E. Whitfield
| students = 27,298 <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Fast Facts|journal=2015-16 Fact Book|date=2016|page=1|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>
| faculty = 2,688
| city = [[Detroit]]
| state = [[Michigan]]
| country = [[United States]]
| campus = {{convert|203|acre|km2}}, Urban
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division II]] – [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|GLIAC]]
| colors = Green and Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mac.wayne.edu/identity-guidelines.php|title=Identity guidelines - Marketing and Communications - Wayne State University|website=mac.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref> {{color box|#0C5449}} {{color box|#FFCC33}}
| nickname = [[Wayne State Warriors|Warriors]]
| mascot = "W" the Warrior
| website = {{URL|wayne.edu}}
| logo = Wayne State University logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
}}
[[File:KresgeWorldHeadquartersDetroit.jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Center for High Technology]] at Wayne State offers room for [[startup company|startup companies]].]]
'''Wayne State University''' ('''WSU''') is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to more than 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students. Wayne State University is Michigan's third-largest university, one of the 100 largest universities in the United States, and ranked in the top 50 American public universities for research expenditures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160316/NEWS/160319894/wayne-state-overtakes-msu-um-climbs-in-u-s-news-best-law-schools|title=Wayne State overtakes MSU, UM climbs in U.S. News Best Law Schools ranking|date=March 16, 2016|website=Crain's Detroit Business|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

The WSU main campus encompasses 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings in the heart of Detroit.

The [[Wayne State Warriors]] compete in the [[NCAA Division II]] [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC).

== Historical background ==
[[File:Old Main WSU - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], a historic building on the Wayne State University campus.]]The first component of the modern Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the '''Detroit College of Medicine'''. In 1885, the Detroit College of Medicine merged with its competitor, the '''Michigan College of Medicine''' and its consolidated buildings. In 1913 the school was restructured as the '''Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery''', passing under that name into the control of the Detroit Board of Education. These institutions are incarnated today as the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]].

In 1881, the '''Detroit Normal Training School for Teachers''' was established by the Detroit Board of Education. In 1920, after several re-locations to larger quarters, the school became the '''Detroit Teachers College'''. The Board of Education voted in 1924 to make the College a part of the new '''College of the City of Detroit'''. This eventually became the '''Wayne State University College of Education'''.

In 1917, the Detroit Board of Education founded the '''Detroit Junior College''' and would make [[Detroit Central High School|Detroit Central High School’s]] [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main Hall]] its campus. Detroit’s College of Pharmacy and the Detroit Teachers College were added to the campus in 1924, and were organized into the '''College of the City of Detroit'''. The original junior college became the College of Liberal Arts. The first Bachelor’s degrees were awarded in 1925. The College of Liberal Arts of the College of the City of Detroit, is today the [[Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]].

Recognizing the need for a good public law school, a group of lawyers, including Allan Campbell, the school's founding dean, established '''Detroit City Law School''' in 1927 as part of the '''College of the City of Detroit'''. Originally structured as a part-time, evening program, the school graduated its first class with the bachelor of laws degree (LL.B.) in 1928 and achieved full [[American Bar Association]] in 1939. The [[Wayne State University Law School]] remains one of the only public law schools in [[Michigan]], and amongst the top 100 law schools in nation.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

In 1933, the Detroit Board of Education voted to unify the colleges it ran into one university. In January 1934, that institution was officially named '''Wayne University''', taking its name from Wayne County in which the University and the City of Detroit reside, as well as Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne.

Continuing to grow, Wayne University added its School of Social Work in 1935, and the School of Business Administration in 1946.

Wayne University was renamed '''Wayne State University''' in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally mandated university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959.

The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate. The primary mission in that era was to engage in research, education, and service in the field of aging.

Wayne State University grew again in 1973 with the addition of the College of Lifelong Learning. In 1985, the School of Fine and the Performing Arts, and the College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs grew the university further.
[[File:PostcardDetroitMIDetroitCollegeOfMedicine1911 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Detroit College of Medicine, about 1911.]]

Over the last few years, WSU has been aggressive in constructing new buildings, including the Integrative Biosciences Center(IBio), a 207,000-square-foot facility that encourages interdisciplinary work across a range of scientific areas with the goal of translating new discoveries to improve human health and society and address health disparities in Detroit and other urban areas. More than 500 researchers, staff and principal investigators work out of the building, which opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=IBio revolutionizes research in Detroit|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

On June 5, 2013, the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne State's 12th president. He was sworn in on August 1, 2013.

In 2015, WSU bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree on [[Viola Liuzzo]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Spratling |first=Cassandra |url=http://www.freep.com/story/life/2015/04/10/viola-liuzzo-wayne-state-university-honor/25603257/ |title=Wayne State hails civil rights icon Viola Liuzzo as hero |publisher=Freep.com |date=March 25, 1965 |accessdate=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business. The name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch. In gift will go toward building a new, state-of-the-art business school facility in Detroit, which is scheduled to open in 2018.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Ilitch family donates $40 million for business school|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

==Academic profile==
[[File:MacabeesBuilding2010.jpg|thumb|[[Maccabees Building]] at Wayne State University.]]
Wayne State's comprehensive academic offerings are divided among 13 schools and colleges: the Mike Ilitch School of Business; the College of Education; the [[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]; the [[College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, Wayne State University|College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts]]; the Graduate School; the [[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]]; the [[Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]; the School of Information Sciences; the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]; the College of Nursing; the [[Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]]; the Irvin D. Reid Honors College; and the School of Social Work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wayne.edu/academic_programs.html|title=Academic Programs|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=February 21, 2013|year=2013}}</ref> Fall 2016 enrollment for the university consisted of 17,280 undergraduates, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional school students adding up to 27,298 students, up from 27,222 students in 2015.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://oira.wayne.edu/dashboard|title=AccessID Login - Office of Budget, Planning and Analysis|website=oira.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>

Wayne State University is Michigan's only urban research university and is renowned particularly for its contributions in the sciences. Wayne State University is classified as a research university with the highest research activity by the [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172644&start_page=lookup.php&clq=%7B%22ipug2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ipgrad2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22enrprofile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ugprfile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22sizeset2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22eng2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22search_string%22%3A%22Wayne+State+University%22%2C%22level%22%3A%22%22%2C%22control%22%3A%22%22%2C%22accred%22%3A%22%22%2C%22state%22%3A%22%22%2C%22region%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urbanicity%22%3A%22%22%2C%22womens%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hbcu%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hsi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tribal%22%3A%22%22%2C%22msi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22landgrant%22%3A%22%22%2C%22coplac%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urban%22%3A%22%22%7D|title=Carnegie Classifications - Wayne State University|publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The university also holds the Carnegie Foundation's prestigious Community Engagement classification for its commitment to education in Metro Detroit.

WSU, as with the [[University of Michigan]] and [[Michigan State University]], is a constitutionally autonomous educational institution, whose Board of Governors are elected by the citizens of Michigan statewide.

Wayne State University, Michigan State University, and the University of Michigan are the three institutional members of the State of Michigan's [[University Research Corridor]].

==Colleges and schools==
{{One source section|date=December 2015}}

Wayne State offers more than 380 undergraduate, post-graduate, specialist and certificate programs in 13 schools and colleges.<ref name="wayne.edu">{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/keyfacts.php |title=Wayne State University - Key Facts |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

* '''Mike Ilitch School of Business'''

The Mike Ilitch School of Business offers undergraduate degrees in accounting, finance, global supply chain, information systems, management and marketing. At the graduate level, it offers M.B.A. and M.S. degrees in accounting and taxation, and a Ph.D. with tracks in finance, management and marketing. These programs are fully accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''College of Education'''

* '''[[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]'''

Established in 1933, College of Engineering faculty generate approximately $20 million annually in research expenditures, particularly in areas of biomedical engineering and computing; advanced materials and flexible manufacturing; and green technologies such as alternative energy technology, alternative energy, and advanced battery storage. The college offers a range of engineering disciplines, including prominent several research areas in which faculty members focus on interdisciplinary teamwork and industry partnerships — alternative energy technology, automotive engineering, electric-drive vehicle engineering, environmental infrastructures and transportation engineering, materials and biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and computational biology, nanotechnology and sustainable engineering.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''[[College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, Wayne State University|College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts]]'''

Established in 1986, the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts (CFPCA) college offers 16 undergraduate programs 10 graduate programs and three graduate certificates through its departments: the James Pearson Duffy Department of Art and Art History, the Maggie Allesee Department of Theatre and Dance and the departments of communication and music. The departments of music and theatre/dance are nationally accredited.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''Irvin D. Reid Honors College'''

The focus of the first year is community and the urban experience; during year one, students concentrate on urban issues and history. Year two involves service learning, which takes skills cultivated in the classroom and puts them to use in real-world situations. In year three, students are encouraged to work with faculty mentors to develop individual funded research projects. And in year four, students complete a senior thesis. The Honors College is home to Scholars Day, MedStart, Health Pro Start and BStart, the Urban Scholars/Leaders program, CommunityEngagement@Wayne, Honors Transfer, and the Detroit Urban Scholars program.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''[[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]]'''

Established in 1927, the Law School became a part of the university in 1937. It is Detroit's only public law school and one of just two public law schools in Michigan. The Law School’s Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights in 2014 established the Detroit Equity Action Lab bring together 60 organizations to address issues of structural racism in Detroit. In 2015, the Law School launched the Levin Center at Wayne Law.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''[[College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]'''

The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) was formed in 2004 with the merger of the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Science. The college receives approximately $20 million a year in external grants and contracts. The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) consists of 19 departments in Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, and Life Sciences categories. Programs include African American Studies, Anthropology, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Classical and Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures (CMLLC), Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD), Criminal Justice, Economics, English, Geology, History, Mathematics, Nutrition & Food Science, Philosophy, Physics and Astronomy, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Urban Studies & Planning. CLAS is the core and hub of Wayne State, providing most of the undergraduate instruction, including almost all of the general education and pre-professional curricula for undergraduates, and a variety of graduate programs that produce many master's degrees and almost half of the Ph.D. degrees awarded at the university. Faculty in CLAS engage in research in a wide range of fields, in several nationally ranked departments, with robust extramural funding.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''School of Information Sciences'''

The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/cfapps/lisdir/listing.cfm|title=Searchable DB of ALA accredited programs {{!}} American Library Association|website=www.ala.org|access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ischools.org/news/category/wayne-state-university-school-of-information-sciences/|title=Wayne State University School of Information Sciences {{!}} iSchools|website=ischools.org|language=en-US|access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.

* '''[[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]'''

Founded in 1868, the Wayne State University School of Medicine (SOM) trains the next generation of physicians, the school offers master’s, Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. programs in 14 areas of basic science and public health to about 400 students annually. The school’s research emphasizes neurosciences, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, perinatology, cancer, cardiovascular disease including diabetes and obesity, and psychiatry and addiction research. Research funding levels in 2014, including all grants and contracts from government agencies, private organizations and pharmaceutical companies, was $94.5 million. One of the school’s major assets is the Richard J. Mazurek, M.D., Medical Education Commons, which was designed specifically for students and houses classrooms, student services divisions, the medical library, a sophisticated patient simulation center and the Kado Family Clinical Skills Center.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/wayne-state-university-04052|title=How Does Wayne State University School of Medicine Rank Among America's Best Medical Schools?|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref>

* '''College of Nursing'''

* ''' Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences '''

Established in 1924, the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is one of the founding colleges of Wayne State University. It is organized into four departments — fundamental and applied sciences, health care sciences, pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical sciences. It offers 11 fully accredited degree-granting programs,which maintain autonomous admission requirements, curricula, degree requirements and academic procedures.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

* '''School of Social Work'''

Established in 1935, the school offers academic programs at the bachelor’s, master’s and Ph.D. levels. The school’s Center for Social Work Research provides support for faculty research and scholarship, engages in relevant research with community partners, and offers consultation and technical assistance. In 2014-15, faculty submitted proposals valued at over $10 million, including an $113,400 annual grant from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services for the Transition to Independence Program (TIP), a comprehensive support program for foster care youth enrolled at Wayne State University.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

==Academics and rankings==
Several of Wayne State's individual programs are well regarded:

* The Department of Chemistry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.wayne.edu |title=Department of Chemistry |publisher=Chem.wayne.edu |date=October 13, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> was recently ranked 71st in the United States (tied with [[Dartmouth College]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], and the [[University of Kansas]])<ref>{{cite web |publisher==U.S. News and World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/chemistry-rankings/page+3 |title=Best Graduate Chemistry Programs - 2014 |year=2014 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}</ref> and among the top 150 chemistry departments in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher==ShanghaiRanking Consultancy |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/SubjectChemistry2013.html |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities in Chemistry - 2013|year=2013 |accessdate=May 6, 2014}}</ref>
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' ranks Wayne State's Law School as a Top 100 law school, and the second-highest ranked law school in Michigan<ref name=":0" />
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' also ranks the College of Nursing as one of the top nursing program's in the country<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-nursing-schools/nur-rankings?int=a23009&int=a8a809&int=a7c609|title=The Best Nursing Schools in America, Ranked|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
*The Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was ranked one of the 50 best pharmacy schools in the country by Pharmacy Times<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/50-best-pharmacy-schools-ranked-in-2016|title=50 Best Pharmacy Schools Ranked in 2016|website=Pharmacy Times|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* The Department of Industrial and System Engineering was ranked 42nd in the country by ''U.S. News'' Grad School Ranking in 2015.
* The Department of Physics and Astronomy,<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://physics.clas.wayne.edu |title=Wayne State University Physics and Astronomy - Physics & Astronomy |publisher=Physics.clas.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> The Department of Mathematics, are all ranked among top 200 in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities | ARWU | First World University Ranking |publisher=Shanghai Ranking |date=August 15, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* The School of Social Work has been ranked 38th in social work in the ''U.S. News'' Grad School Health Programs Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/social-work-rankings|title=Wayne State University | Best Health School | US News|date=|publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* Wayne State University is listed as one of the top 34 percent of global universities by ''U.S. News and World Report''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Top World University Rankings {{!}} US News Best Global Universities|website=www.usnews.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>
* The Irvin D. Reid Honors college named in honor of the university's [[Irvin Reid|ninth president]], affords students the opportunity to become immersed in the Detroit community, participate in service learning and perform meaningful undergraduate research.
* The Mike Ilitch School of Business is annually listed as an outstanding business school, according to ''The Princeton Review'', which ranks the top Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/SchoolList.aspx?id=786|publisher=Princeton Review|year=2013|accessdate=May 6, 2014|title=School Rankings}}</ref>
* The medical school is ranked #69 by U.S. News & World Report in the nation for research.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com"/>

===Student body===
{| style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"
|+ "Wayne State Demographic"<ref name="auto"/>
! scope="col" | Race/Ethnicity
! scope="col" | Undergraduate
! scope="col" | Graduate
! scope="col" | Professional
! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" |Asian
|1,508||305||302||2,115
|-
! scope="row" |Black or African American
|2,978||1,113||97||4,188
|-
! scope="row" |Hispanic
|889||223||42||1,154
|-
! scope="row" |Other
|676||219||42||937
|-
! scope="row" |International
|487||1,804||116||2,407
|-
! scope="row" |Race and ethnicity unknown
|678||157||226||1,061
|-
! scope="row" |White
|10,064||4,193||1,179||15,436
|}
In fall 2016, Wayne State had a total of 27,298 students at the campus: 17,280 undergraduate students, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional students.<ref name="auto"/> Wayne State had students from nearly every U.S. state and 79 countries enrolled in fall 2016.<ref name="FactBook">{{cite web|url=http://wayne.edu/factbook/factbook2013.pdf|title=2012-13 Fact Book|work=|accessdate=January 21, 2014}}</ref>

During the 2016 school year, there were 6,085 degrees and certificates granted to students: 3,072 bachelor's degrees, 2,068 master’s degrees, 767 doctoral and professional degrees, and 178 certificates.

===Research===
At $213.8 million spent annually on research expenditures, Wayne State ranks among the nation's top universities for research according to the National Science Foundation.{{cn|date=January 2018}} Additionally, Wayne State has received the Carnegie Foundation's ranking as a doctoral-granting university with the highest research activity.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

On October 13, 2015, Wayne State University opened its new $92 million, 207,000-square-foot Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio). As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center located in [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] at 6135 Woodward Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/071aa1ad#/071aa1ad/35|title= Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2015/10/13/wayne-state-dedicates-new-93-million-biosciences|title= Wayne State dedicates new $93 million biosciences center }}</ref>

==Financials==
Wayne State University’s cost of attendance is composed of tuition, including a credit hour rate, student service credit hour fee, fitness center maintenance fee, and a registration fee. Class maintenance fees are applied on a course-to-course basis. The tuition varies depending on undergraduate (lower and upper level division) and graduate students. Although graduate programs, Law School and Medical School tuition differs. Additionally, these two categories can be further broken down into two more subcategories of out-of-state students and resident students.

The tuition cost is estimated based on a 12-credit semester, including both fall and winter semesters. The preceding values are calculated based off Wayne State tuition as well as the costs of books, transportation, living costs, loan fees and other miscellaneous cost. The total estimated tuition cost for a Michigan resident who is living off campus is roughly $17,384. Living on campus brings the cost to about $22,000. If the same scenarios are applied to non-Michigan residents (out of state), the tuition significantly increases. For a non-resident student living on campus, the cost is approximately $33,000.

In the second category, the tuition costs for graduate students can be examined. Graduate students who are residents of Michigan and off campus will have an estimated tuition of $19,144. Resident graduates who are living away from home can plan on having tuition costs of $24,383. For graduate students who are non-Michigan residents, tuition is approximately $35,394.

In the 2015 academic year, the university awarded $338 million in financial aid. Even while WSU maintains its status as one of only three universities in the state ranked in the top research category of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, tuition at Wayne State remains among the lowest of Michigan's 15 public universities, and the lowest among Michigan's three research universities.

==Campus==
[[File:McGregor Lobby.JPG|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]Wayne State's main campus in Detroit encompasses {{convert|203|acre|km2}} of landscaped walkways and gathering spots linking over 100 education and research buildings.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://www.wayne.edu/about_wayne2.html |title=Wayne State University - About Wayne State University |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=June 23, 2011 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref> The campus is urban and features many architecturally interesting buildings. Notable examples include the [[Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex|Helen L. DeRoy Auditorium]], the Education Building, the [[Maccabees Building]], [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], [[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]], [[Chatsworth Apartments|Chatsworth Tower Apartments]], and the [[Hilberry Theatre (Wayne State University)|Hilberry Theatre]]. Many of these buildings were designed by notable architects such as [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] and [[Minoru Yamasaki]].

Wayne State University is located at the heart of Detroit's [[Cultural Center Historic District]] and amongst many notable Detroit institutions and attractions, including the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the [[Detroit Historical Museum]], the [[Michigan Science Center]], the [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], the [[Detroit Opera House]]/[[Michigan Opera Theatre]], [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]/[[Orchestra Hall (Detroit, Michigan)|Orchestra Hall]], [[Comerica Park]], [[Ford Field]], [[Little Caesars Arena]], the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], the [[Fisher Theatre]], [[Grand Circus Park]], and [[Campus Martius Park]].

The [[Cass Corridor]] is one of the university's other notable surroundings, with a venerable history and culture that has left an imprint on many WSU alumni. Many notable events have taken place on or near the campus as a result of its unique location. Artists that got their start here include Chuck & Joni Mitchell, [[Alice Cooper]], [[The White Stripes]], [[The Detroit Cobras]], [[MC5]], [[The Stooges]], Savage Grace, [[Ted Nugent]] and [[Grand Funk Railroad]]. The [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] recorded their [[Freaky Styley]] album in this area, which was also home to ''[[Creem]]'' magazine — the first rock journal, and the first to use the terms "[[punk rock]]" and "[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]" and give recognition to the likes of [[David Bowie]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[The Smiths]] and others. The now-razed Tartar Field was home to WABX's free Sunday concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s featuring many of these musicians.

Important events have also taken place on campus, such as [[Edmund Gettier]]'s refutation of the "[[justified true belief]]" theory, which shook 2,500 years of epistemology.

Beginning in the 1970s WSU held its criminal justice program classes in the {{convert|147500|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} Criminal Justice Building, designed by [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] and built in 1920 in [[New Center]]. By 2016 the university stopped use of the building, then used by the [[Detroit Police Department]] for training purposes. WSU sold it to real estate firm The Platform for $2,000,000 and it will become a mixed-use development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/wsu-board-approves-2-million-sale-of-former-criminal-justice-building-in-detroits-new-center|title=Wayne State board approves $2M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit's New Center|publisher=''[[clickondetroit.com]]''|date=2016-12-02|accessdate=2018-01-02}}</ref>

=== Libraries ===
With more than four million volumes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.lib.mi.us/node/1697|publisher=Michigan Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=February 21, 2013|title=Wayne State MLA Spotlight}}</ref> the Wayne State University Library System houses the 75th largest collection in the United States, according to the [[American Library Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22|publisher=American Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held}}</ref> The system ranks among the nation's top libraries according to the Association for Research Libraries.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/academics/libraries.php |title=Wayne State University - Academics & Libraries |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=May 27, 2011 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

* '''The Vera P. Shiffman Medical Library''', located at Wayne State's medical campus, houses the university's medical and health collections and is the primary library for the '''[[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]''' and the '''Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences'''.
* '''The Arthur Neef Law Library''', located on the north section of the main campus adjacent to the '''[[Wayne State University Law School]]''', houses the university's law collections and is the Law School's primary library. Its collection of over 620,000 volumes makes it the second largest law library in Michigan. The library subscribes to over 1,500 journals and 1,000 loose-leaf services.
* '''The Purdy/Kresge Library''', located near the center of main campus, serves as the primary research library for the '''School of Information Sciences'''. It contains print and electronic resources to meet the research and instructional needs of faculty, graduate students, and upper-level undergraduates. It also houses the university's main government documents collection and the offices of the university's Media Services Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/pk.php |title=WSU Libraries: Purdy/Kresge Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* '''The [[David Adamany Undergraduate Library]]''' (UGL), located at the center of Gullen Mall, has over 700 computer workstations providing students with access to electronic resources. Its book and magazine collection is intended to support the learning needs of 1,000 and 2,000 level undergraduate courses. The UGL houses the university libraries' collection of approximately 8,000 videos, DVDs, laser discs and audiotapes. The UGL provides students with information on careers, computers and student survival skills. The Undergraduate Library is open 24 hours for both students and faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/ugl.php |title=WSU Libraries: Undergraduate Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* '''The [[Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs]]''', located on the easternmost portion of main campus at 5401 Cass Avenue, is the largest labor archives in the United States and serves as the official archival repository for twelve major unions. In addition to labor records, the archives contain primary source material related to [[civil and political rights]], especially those related to [[Detroit]]. The Reuther also houses the Wayne State University Archives dating from the institution's founding as the '''Detroit Medical College''' in 1868.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reuther.wayne.edu/about |title=About Us |author= |website=Walter P. Reuther Library |publisher=Wayne State University |accessdate=October 17, 2014}}</ref>

===Housing===
[[File:ChatsworthApartments.jpg|thumb|[[Chatsworth Tower]]]]
The university provides housing for all students in the form of apartments and residence halls. All buildings are equipped with connection to the university computer system, wireless Internet, laundry rooms, activity rooms, and a 24-hour help desk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.housing.wayne.edu|title=Housing & Residential Life - Wayne State University|first=Wayne State|last=University|website=www.housing.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref>

==== Current Housing ====
Current university-owned apartment buildings consist University Tower, Chatsworth Tower and Helen L. DeRoy Apartments. In the hopes of bringing more residents to campus, Wayne State opened two dormitory-style residence halls in 2002: <nowiki> Yousif B. Ghafari Hall (formerly North Hall)</nowiki> and 2003 Leon H. Atchison Hall (formerly South Hall). This was the first time since the closing of the Newberry Joy Dorms in 1987 that the university offered dorm living. In 2005, the university opened The Towers Residential Suites, a residence hall open to undergraduate and graduate students. The Towers Café located in The Towers Residential Suites is the largest on-campus dining facility serving a variety of food. The Gold'N'Greens Café located in Ghafari Hall serves vegetarian, vegan, and [[kosher]] food.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housing.wayne.edu/res-halls.php|title=Residence Halls - Housing - Wayne State University|website=housing.wayne.edu|access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2017/Wayne-State-University-to-Break-Ground-on-Anthony-Wayne-Drive-Apartments/|title=Wayne State University to Break Ground on Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments|access-date=July 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===== List =====
* '''Ghafari''' and '''Atchison Halls''' provide housing for freshmen and upper students only. Halls feature double-occupancy rooms, fully furnished with private baths. Study rooms and social lounges, all equipped with wireless high-speed Internet, are found on each floor. These halls also include special interest communities such as Honors, Community of Scholars, 24 hour quiet floor, and an all-female floor. These two buildings connect on the first floor through a dining hall. Gold "n" Greens is an all vegetarian cafeteria that is also certified kosher dairy, with gluten and vegan options.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/ghafari.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=Ghafari Hall-Housing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/atchison.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013 |accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=Atchison Hall-Housing}}</ref>
* '''The Towers Residential Suites''', serving all students, is an 11-story tower with views as far as the [[Ambassador Bridge]]. The majority of rooms are suite style, containing four bedrooms attached to a shared living space. There are also studio rooms available. There are special interest floors throughout the building including, Honors, International, Graduate, 21 and up, and 24-hour quiet floors. This building also has study rooms and kitchenettes available for student use. Within the building is a café-style dining hall, Towers Café, and multiple fitness rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/towers.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013 |title= Towers Residential Suites-Housing}}</ref> Also included in the building are many eateries, a pharmacy, post office, and a salon.
* '''[[Chatsworth Tower Apartments]]''' are available to graduate students, professional students and students with families, and located inside a nine-story historic landmark built in 1929. This structure features large studio, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom apartments with ornate woodwork.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/chatsworth.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013 |title= Chatsworth Tower-Housing}}</ref>
* '''Helen L. DeRoy Apartments''' is a 15-story building built in 1972. The apartments contain a total of 258 studio, one- and two-bedroom units offering residence to graduate students, professional students, undergraduate students, and students with families. Units are equipped with wireless Internet access, cable television access, central air, a refrigerator and stove. The top four floors of DeRoy apartments are furnished undergraduate apartments. These apartments come equipped with basic furniture, similar to the residential halls, but in an apartment style space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/deroy.php |publisher= Wayne State University|year= 2013|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title= Helen L. DeRoy Apartments-Housing}}</ref>
* The 300-unit '''University Tower''' complex opened in 1995 and offers one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments, as well as family units to juniors, seniors, graduates and professional students. Each apartment is wired for access to the university's computer network. The first floor offers wireless Internet access, a study lounge, large laundry facility and a childcare center. Wayne State's [[WDET]] radio station is also located on the first floor.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://housing.wayne.edu/apt_univtowers.php?val=aptliving |title=University Tower - Housing - Wayne State University |publisher=Housing.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>
* In 2016, the university renovated '''The Thompson Home''', formerly the home of the School of Social Work, into new residential units for students in the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/thompson-home.php|title=Thompson Home - Housing - Wayne State University|last=System|first=WCS Content Management|website=housing.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>
* In 2017, Wayne State broke ground on the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments, which will increase the number of beds on campus by 841 when it opens in 2019.<ref name="auto1"/>

The university allows families with children to live in some units including Chatsworth Tower, DeRoy and University Tower.<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/pdf/apartment-guide.pdf Community Living Guide Apartments 2011]." Wayne State University. 12. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. DeRoy, University Tower, and Chatsworth Tower unfurnished apartments are approved for family housing."</ref> Residents are zoned to [[Detroit Public Schools]].<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/contact.php Contact Us General Office of Housing & Residential Life]." Wayne State University. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. "Chatsworth Tower 630 Merrick Detroit, MI 48202" and "Helen L. DeRoy Apartments 5200 Anthony Wayne Drive Detroit, MI 48202" and "University Tower Apartments 4500 Cass Avenue Detroit, MI 48201"</ref> Zoned schools for all three apartments include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8),<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_elementary.pdf Elementary Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2IOVdP Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_middle.pdf Middle School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2MbiXC Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref> and [[King High School (Detroit)|King High School]] (9-12).<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_high.pdf High School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2SY4Mu Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref>

==== Former Housing ====
Sherbrooke Apartments were closed in September 2008. The Forest Apartments were closed after the 2004-05 school year and have since been demolished. The Chatsworth Annex apartments were demolished and replaced with greenspace and volleyball courts after the 2004-05 school year.

===Tom Adams Field===
''Tom Adams Field'', best known as '''Adams Field''', is a 6,000-seat football stadium located on the campus. It is primarily used for [[Wayne State Warriors football]] of the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]], a Division II conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]].

The Field was named after Thomas B. Adams, a 1944 graduate and football and track athlete who later served on as a board member at WSU. Due to his athletic, military, and business achievements the Wayne State Football field was named in honor of him on October 11, 2003.<ref>http://wsuathletics.com/documents/2012/9/6/2012_FB_MG_pages114-126.pdf?id=1133, accessdate=2013-05-21, pp=124</ref> The stadium turf has been replaced several times. The most recent replacement was in May 2015 when FieldTurfRevolution (2.5") [[artificial turf]] was installed.<ref name = "turf">{{cite web|author1=Tim Carroll and Alex Franzen|title=WSU replacing artificial turf, project cost $415,000|url=http://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/news/article_8603a8bc-ee37-11e4-b48f-a776b6df4f9d.html|publisher=The South End|accessdate=October 17, 2015|date=April 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name = "2015 Media">{{cite web|title=2015 Football Media Guide|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/documents/2015/9/7/2015%20FB%20MG%20p122-136.pdf|publisher=WSUAthletics.com|accessdate=October 17, 2015|page=132}}</ref> A new 35-foot video board was installed in August 2015.<ref name = "2015 Media" /> The eight lane '''Lowell Blanchard Track''', located in the stadium, was first installed in 2006. Mondo surfacing was added to the track in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lowell Blanchard Track|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/sports/2013/7/31/WTF_0731130717.aspx?id=160|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=October 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Satellite campuses===
Wayne State has four [[satellite campus]]es in and around the [[Metro Detroit]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://educationaloutreach.wayne.edu/satellite-campuses.php|title=Wayne State University - Satellite campuses|year=2016|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The locations are:
* Macomb Educational Center, [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* University Center at [[Macomb Community College]], [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* Advanced Technology Education Center, [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]]
* [[Schoolcraft College]] in [[Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]]

== Student life ==
[[File:WSU Campus 1.jpg|left|thumb|Linsell House (L) and Chemistry building (R)]]
[[File:Education Building Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|Education Building]]
[[File:McGregor Center Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]

=== Programs abroad ===
Wayne State offers more than 20 [[study abroad]] programs, some as short as nine days in length with others lasting an entire year. As of 2017, students have their pick from numerous countries including Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Spain and South Africa. Programs offer studies in [[art]], [[business]], [[computer science]], [[education]], [[engineering]], [[environmental studies]], [[health care]], [[linguistics]], the [[social sciences]], [[theater]] and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyabroad.wayne.edu/|title=Study Abroad & Global Programs - Welcome|first=WCS Content Management|last=System|website=studyabroad.wayne.edu|accessdate=November 22, 2017}}</ref>

=== Media ===
* The official student newspaper is [[The South End]].
* The university hosts the [[Public broadcasting|public radio]] station [[WDET]] and runs the student online radio station '''WAYN'''.
* The WSU Alumni Association publishes the '''Wayne State''' magazine.

=== Government ===
The university is governed by a [[Board of Governors]] consisting of eight members elected by Michigan voters for eight-year terms. Board of Governor members serve without compensation. The board elects a university president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university administration. The student body government is headed by a Student Senate (formerly the Student Council). Some colleges of the university have their own Student Senate, which reports back to the main Student Senate. The School of Law has its own Student Board of Governors.

=== Public safety ===
The campus is protected by the Wayne State University Department of Public Safety. There are 65 commissioned officers serving Wayne State and the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://police.wayne.edu/docs/security-report-2013.pdf|publisher=Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=February 7, 2014|title=The Wayne State Police Department}}</ref> All Wayne State Police Officers are certified Michigan peace officers and sworn Detroit police officers. The department prides itself on a response time of 90 seconds or less to on-campus emergencies. The department consists of patrol officers, traffic safety officers, motorcycle officers, bike officers, three canine officers, three investigators, multiple officers assigned to task force positions, communications controllers, records personnel and other support staff. The headquarters is located at 6050 Cass Ave. The Department of Public Safety has been in existence since 1966. The department sponsors several programs throughout campus such as the RAD (Rape Aggression Defense), sells low-cost bike locks and steering wheel "clubs," offers free 'VIN Etching' sessions to help deter auto theft, and sends out monthly emails to keep the university updated on the department's activities.{{citation needed|reason=monthly e-mails no longer sent|date=December 2015}} Students whom encounter trouble or distress on campus are encouraged to call the Wayne State Police division directly, rather than the city's 911 services. The Detroit Police Department's high-priority responses have taken upwards of an hour to arrive on scene; by comparison, the Campus Police Department's rapid response time is less than two minutes in the majority of cases, better guaranteeing the safety of Wayne State students.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowley|first1=Stacy|title=How Wayne State Police Helped Breathe Life Into A Blighted Detroit Strip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/business/smallbusiness/how-wayne-state-police-helped-breathe-life-into-a-blighted-detroit-strip.html?_r=0|website=nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

=== Wayne State University Alumni Association ===
Created in 1935 and consisting of more than 260,000 alumni throughout the world, Wayne's alumni association provides a strong loyalty and support system to graduates of the university through sponsoring events such as career booths and job fairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/about/alumni.php |title=Wayne State University - WSU Alumni Profile |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=July 2, 2008 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alumni.wayne.edu/ |title=Wayne State University Alumni Association |publisher=Alumni.wayne.edu |date=April 12, 2012 |accessdate=December 31, 2012}}</ref>

===Greek life===
Wayne State University hosts chapters of over two dozen fraternities and sororities, reflective of the diverse nature of the campus.{{cn|date=January 2018}} These groups, through social, academic, leadership and alumni networking programs, are aimed at building lifelong connections among participants and to the University. Members self-select prospective members, and chapters cooperate on a wide variety of inter-Greek programming to support campus life. Once a student becomes a member of one of the traditional social and academic societies, designated by NIC, NPC, NALFO or NPHC allegiance, they may not join another from the conference, due to 'anti-poaching' rules. However, members of the traditional social and academic fraternities, sororities and societies may also be members of ''professional, service and/or honor'' societies as they are chosen or earn the honor by grade, class rank or achievement.
{{col-start}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}

====Fraternities (Men's)====
'''ΑΣΦ''' [[Alpha Sigma Phi]], February 12, 1938, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΦΣΚ ''[[Phi Sigma Kappa]], 1942, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΚΕ ''[[Tau Kappa Epsilon]], May 23, 1948, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΠΚΑ''' [[Pi Kappa Alpha]], 1950, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΘΞ ''[[Theta Xi]], April 6, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΣΤΓ ''[[Sigma Tau Gamma]], May 25, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΔΧ ''[[Delta Chi]], 1956, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΕΦ ''[[Tau Epsilon Phi]], 1959, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΣΠ''' [[Sigma Pi]], 1967, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΛΘΦ''' [[Lambda Theta Phi]], 2002, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]] and [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], Latino-interest 
'''ΣΛΒ''' [[Sigma Lambda Beta]], 2003, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], historically Latino-interest 
'''ΔΕΨ''' [[Delta Epsilon Psi]], 2010, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], SE Asian-interest 
'''ΩΔΦ''' [[Omega Delta Phi]], 2012, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest 
'''ΣΒΡ''' [[Sigma Beta Rho]], 2014, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest

'''ΘΤ''' [[Theta Tau]], May 19, 1951, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Engineering 
'''ΚΨ''' [[Kappa Psi]], May 14, 1927, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmaceutical 
{{col-break|width=33%}}

==== Sororities (Women's) ====
:ΑΣΤ ''[[Alpha Sigma Tau]], 1923-1985, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΦΣΣ ''[[Phi Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΣΣΣ ''[[Sigma Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΔΖ''' [[Delta Zeta]], 1956, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΚΔ''' [[Kappa Delta]], 1958, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΑΔΠ ''[[Alpha Delta Pi]], 1958-1972, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΓΔ''' [[Alpha Gamma Delta]], 1959, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΣΚ ''[[Sigma Kappa]], 1959-1974, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΕΦ''' [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]], 1988, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΛΘΑ''' [[Lambda Theta Alpha]], 2001, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]], Latina-interest 
'''ΘΝΞ''' [[Theta Nu Xi]], 2005, multicultural-interest 
'''ΔΤΛ''' [[Delta Tau Lambda]], 2008, Latina-interest 
'''ΣΛΓ''' [[Sigma Lambda Gamma]], 2009, Latina-interest 
'''ΔΦΩ''' [[Delta Phi Omega]], 2011, SE Asian-interest 
'''ΡΑΨ''' Rho Alpha Psi, 2012, local sorority

'''ΛΚΣ''' [[Lambda Kappa Sigma]] April 4, 1930, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmacy 
{{col-break|width=33%}}

==== National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) ====
'''ΔΣΘ''' [[Delta Sigma Theta]], 1924, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΑΚΑ''' [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]], 1936, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΣΓΡ''' [[Sigma Gamma Rho]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΩΨΦ''' [[Omega Psi Phi]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men 
'''ΖΦΒ''' [[Zeta Phi Beta]], 1941/1971, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΦΒΣ''' [[Phi Beta Sigma]], 1950, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΙΦΘ''' [[Iota Phi Theta]], 2009, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΑΦΑ''' [[Alpha Phi Alpha]], Alpha Upsilon Chapter (ΑΥ), 1926, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]]

{{col-end}}

====Co-educational professional, service or special interest Greek-letter organizations====
'''ΑΩ''' Alpha Omega, Local Co-ed Christian Service Fraternity<ref>Not to be confused with the Jewish professional dental society of the same name.</ref> 
'''ΑΦΩ''' [[Alpha Phi Omega]], May 27, 1948, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Service Fraternity 
'''ΒΑΨ''' [[Beta Alpha Psi]], Co-ed Honor Society, for Accounting, Finance and Information Systems 
'''ΔΣΠ''' [[Delta Sigma Pi]], [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Professional Business

Inter-chapter cooperation is managed by several governing councils: the Multi-Cultural Greek Council, the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC groups), and the Panhellenic Association (NPC groups).

==Athletics==
{{main article|Wayne State Warriors}}
{{see also|Wayne State Warriors football|Wayne State Warriors women's ice hockey}}
[[File:Wayne State Warriors logo.svg|right|thumb|The Warriors athletic logo]]
The school's intercollegiate athletic program was established in 1917 by Director of Athletics David L. Holmes. Revered by his athletes, Holmes initially coached all sports. His track teams were nationally known into the 1950s; in his first 10 years, he produced two Olympians from the school's Victorian-era gym. Although he had major ambitions for Wayne and scheduled such teams as Notre Dame and Penn State in the 1920s, the lack of facilities and money for athletics kept the program small.

A student poll selected the name of "Tartars" for the school's teams in 1927. In 1999, the university changed the name to the "Warriors," due to the general feeling that the Tartar name was dated and most people were not familiar with the name's historical significance.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=July 29, 1999|title=WSU adopts new athletic identity|url=http://www.media.wayne.edu/release.php?id=1301}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=New York Times|title= Before and After: New Symbols for Old Schools|date=August 6, 2000|accessdate=July 26, 2008|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EED91F3DF935A3575BC0A9669C8B63}}</ref> Wayne State competes in men's baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, swimming and diving, and tennis, and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

WSU participates in [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division II|Division II]] in the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC) for all sports except for fencing, which competes in the single division Midwest Fencing Conference.

Wayne State previously competed in men's and women's [[NCAA Division I]] [[College ice hockey|ice hockey]] as a member of [[College Hockey America]] (CHA). The university dropped their men's program at the end of the 2007-08 season,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wodon|first=Adam|work=College Hockey News|url=http://www.collegehockeynews.com/news/2008/03/11_waynestate.php|title=Wayne State Bids Farewell|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref> followed in 2011 by ending the women's hockey program.<ref name="gone">{{cite web|work=[[NCAA]]|url=http://www.ncaa.com/news/icehockey-women/2011-05-27/wayne-state-ends-womens-program|title=Wayne State ends women's program|date=May 30, 2011|accessdate=May 29, 2011}}</ref>

National Championships:
* 1975: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1979: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1980: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1983: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1984: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1985: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1988: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1989: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 2012: Women's Swimming and Diving - NCAA DII

Fencing is a single-division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other.{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

==Notable people==
{{Main article|List of Wayne State University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Metro Detroit|Michigan|University}}
* [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit]]
* [[Cadillac Place]]
* [[Culture of Detroit]]
* [[Fisher Building]]
* [[Henry Ford Hospital]]
* [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]]
* [[Product Development and Systems Engineering Consortium]]
* [[University-Cultural Center Multiple Resource Area]]
* [[Wayne State University Buildings]]
* [[The Institute of Gerontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hanawalt, Leslie. (1968.) ''A Place of Light: the History of Wayne State University.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
* Aschenbrenner, Evelyn. (2009.) ''A History of Wayne State University in Photographs.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press, {{ISBN|0-8143-3282-X}}, 9780814332825.

==External links==
{{commons category|Wayne State University}}
* {{official website}}
* [http://www.wsuathletics.com/ Wayne State Athletics website]

{{Wayne State University}}
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User:Jod1Hannah/sandbox

2017-11-11T16:16:47Z

Jod1Hannah: /* Notes */ Working on a draft to update SIS Wiki page for Wayne State University

Wayne State University

2017-11-02T18:04:32Z

Jod1Hannah: ~~~~ Started revisions on the School of Information Sciences. Added citations to outside sources.

{{distinguish2|[[Wayne State College]], the college in Nebraska}}
{{infobox university
|name = Wayne State University
|image = Wayne state university seal.png
|image_size = 150px
|motto = "Industry, Intelligence, Integrity"
|established = {{Start date|1868}}
|type = [[Public university]]
|endowment = US $313 million <ref>{{cite web|title=Wayne State University endowment grows to $313 million|url=http://pivotalmoments.wayne.edu/give/endowment-q-and-a.php |publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref>
|president = [[M. Roy Wilson]]
|students = 27,298 <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Fast Facts|journal=2015-16 Fact Book|date=2016|page=1|accessdate=6-2-2016}}</ref>
|city = [[Detroit]]
|state = [[Michigan]]
|country = [[United States]]
|campus = {{convert|203|acre|km2}}, Urban
|athletics = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division II|Division II]] – [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|GLIAC]]
|nickname = [[Wayne State Warriors|Warriors]]
|mascot = "W" the Warrior
|website = {{URL|wayne.edu}}
|logo = Wayne State University wordmark.svg
|faculty = 2,688
|colors = Green and Gold {{color box|#0C5449}} {{color box|#FFCC33}}
|logo_size = 250
}}
[[File:KresgeWorldHeadquartersDetroit.jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Center for High Technology]] at Wayne State offers room for [[startup company|startup companies]].]]
'''Wayne State University''' ('''WSU''') is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[Detroit, Michigan]]. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to more than 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students. Wayne State University is Michigan's third-largest university and one of the 100 largest universities in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160316/NEWS/160319894/wayne-state-overtakes-msu-um-climbs-in-u-s-news-best-law-schools|title=Wayne State overtakes MSU, UM climbs in U.S. News Best Law Schools ranking|date=2016-03-16|website=Crain's Detroit Business|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>

The WSU main campus encompasses {{convert|203|acre|km2}} linking more than 100 education and research buildings in the heart of Detroit. It also has four extension centers in the [[Metropolitan Detroit|Metro Detroit]] providing access to academic courses to students throughout Southeast Michigan. WSU is also an engine in Metro Detroit's educational, cultural, and economic landscape, through efforts such as its thriving [[TechTown (Detroit)|TechTown]] research and technology center and its partnerships with local hospitals, businesses, law firms, service organizations, and more.

Wayne State University, as with [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]], [[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]], and other Michigan organizations and institutions, takes its name from Major General "Mad" [[Anthony Wayne]] of the [[Continental Army|American Continental Army]] and the [[Legion of the United States]].

The [[Wayne State Warriors]] compete in the [[NCAA Division II]] [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC).

== Historical background ==
[[File:Old Main WSU - Detroit Michigan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], a historic building on the Wayne State University campus]]The first component of the modern Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the '''Detroit Medical College''', now the '''School of Medicine'''.

In 1881, the '''Detroit Normal Training School''' was established, now known as the '''College of Education.'''

Old Main Hall was built in 1896 as [[Central High School (Detroit)|Central High School]], which later began adding college classes in 1913. Those classes evolved into the '''Detroit Junior College''' in 1917, the '''Colleges of the City of Detroit''' with four year degrees in 1923, and incarnated today as the '''College of Liberal Arts and Sciences'''. Starting in 1919, [[David L. Mackenzie]], who served a dual role as Principal of [[Central High School (Detroit)|Detroit Central High School]] and Detroit Junior College, was officially appointed first [[dean (education)|dean]] of the college that he had originated in 1917. With Mackenzie at the helm, the Detroit Junior College and its successor in the Colleges of the City of Detroit grew to become the third-largest institution of higher learning in [[Michigan]]. Mackenzie served in his role as dean until his death in 1926.

In 1933, the Detroit Board of Education organized the six colleges it ran — liberal arts, medical, education, pharmacy, engineering, and a graduate school — into one university. In January 1934, that institution was officially named '''Wayne University''', taking its name from Wayne County in which the University and the City of Detroit reside, as well as Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne.

Wayne University continued to grow, adding its [[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]] in 1927, its School of Social Work in 1935, and the School of Business Administration in 1946. Wayne University was renamed '''Wayne State University''' in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally established university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959.

The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate. The primary mission in that era was to engage in research, education, and service in the field of aging.

Wayne State University grew again in 1973 with the addition of the College of Lifelong Learning. In 1985, the School of Fine and the Performing Arts, and the College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs grew the university further.
[[File:PostcardDetroitMIDetroitCollegeOfMedicine1911 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Detroit College of Medicine, about 1911]]

Over the last few years, WSU has been aggressive in constructing new buildings, including the Integrative Biosciences Center(IBio), a 207,000-square-foot facility that encourages interdisciplinary work across a range of scientific areas with the goal of translating new discoveries to improve human health and society and address health disparities in Detroit and other urban areas. More than 500 researchers, staff and principal investigators work out of the building, which opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=IBio revolutionizes research in Detroit|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

On June 5, 2013, the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne State's 12th president. He was sworn in on August 1, 2013.

In 2015, WSU bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree on [[Viola Liuzzo]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Spratling |first=Cassandra |url=http://www.freep.com/story/life/2015/04/10/viola-liuzzo-wayne-state-university-honor/25603257/ |title=Wayne State hails civil rights icon Viola Liuzzo as hero |publisher=Freep.com |date=1965-03-25 |accessdate=2015-04-11}}</ref>

In 2015, the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business. The name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch. In gift will go toward building a new, state-of-the-art business school facility in Detroit, which is scheduled to open in 2018.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wayne State University|title=Ilitch family donates $40 million for business school|journal=Fact Book|date=2015–16|accessdate=06-02-16}}</ref>

==Academic profile==
[[File:MacabeesBuilding2010.jpg|thumb|[[Maccabees Building]] at Wayne State University]]
Wayne State's comprehensive academic offerings are divided among 13 schools and colleges: the Mike Ilitch School of Business; the [[College of Education]]; the [[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]; the [[College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, Wayne State University|College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts]]; the [[Graduate School]]; the [[Wayne State University Law School|Law School]]; the [[Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]; the School of Information Sciences; the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]; the [[College of Nursing]]; the [[Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences]]; the Irvin D. Reid [[List of honors colleges in the United States|Honors College]]; and the School of Social Work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wayne.edu/academic_programs.html|title=Academic Programs|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=2013-02-21|year=2013}}</ref> Fall 2016 enrollment for the university consisted of 17,280 undergraduates, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional school students adding up to 27,298 students, up from 27,222 students in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oira.wayne.edu/dashboard|title=AccessID Login - Office of Budget, Planning and Analysis|website=oira.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref> The School of Medicine was the first in the country to implement a comprehensive radiology curriculum intertwined throughout the four-year M.D. course as an extension of the [[Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity]] Study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/5/745?ck=nck |title=A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine |publisher=Jultrasoundmed.org |date=2008-05-01 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>

Wayne State University is Michigan's only urban research university and is renowned particularly for its contributions in the sciences. Wayne State University is classified as a research university with the highest research activity by the [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]], the same classification as the [[University of Michigan]], [[Michigan State University]], [[Harvard University]], and [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172644&start_page=lookup.php&clq=%7B%22ipug2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ipgrad2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22enrprofile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ugprfile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22sizeset2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22eng2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22search_string%22%3A%22Wayne+State+University%22%2C%22level%22%3A%22%22%2C%22control%22%3A%22%22%2C%22accred%22%3A%22%22%2C%22state%22%3A%22%22%2C%22region%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urbanicity%22%3A%22%22%2C%22womens%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hbcu%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hsi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tribal%22%3A%22%22%2C%22msi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22landgrant%22%3A%22%22%2C%22coplac%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urban%22%3A%22%22%7D|title=Carnegie Classifications - Wayne State University|publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref> The university also holds the Carnegie Foundation's prestigious Community Engagement classification for its commitment to education in Metro Detroit.

WSU, as with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University, is a constitutionally autonomous educational institution.

The university dropped [[mathematics]] as a general education requirement students must take to graduate, effective June 13, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wayne.edu/newsroom/mention/wayne-state-drops-math-as-general-ed-requirement-12500 |title=Wayne State drops math as general ed requirement |publisher=Wayne State University |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=June 20, 2016}}</ref> Its faculty has proposed a new, mandatory three-credit hour diversity course for students to pass before allowed to graduate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecollegefix.com/post/27830 |title=University drops math as graduation requirement as it mulls new diversity requirement |publisher=TheCollegeFix.com |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=June 20, 2016}}</ref>

==Colleges and schools==
{{One source section|date=December 2015}}

Wayne State offers more than 380 undergraduate, post-graduate, specialist and certificate programs in 13 schools and colleges.<ref name="wayne.edu">{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/keyfacts.php |title=Wayne State University - Key Facts |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=2012-10-30 |accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref>

* '''Mike Ilitch School of Business'''

The Mike Ilitch School of Business offers undergraduate degrees in accounting, finance, global supply chain, information systems, management and marketing. At the graduate level, it offers M.B.A. and M.S. degrees in accounting and taxation, and a Ph.D. with tracks in finance, management and marketing. These programs are fully accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Less than five percent of the more than 11,000 business schools worldwide are AACSB-accredited. More than 31,000 business alumni can be found around the world, developing innovative entrepreneurial ventures, managing multinational corporations and making a difference in nonprofit and government agencies. The school is currently building a new facility in The District Detroit.

* '''College of Education'''

The College of Education prepares effective urban educators who are reflective, innovative and committed to diversity. With nearly 40 program areas, from teacher certification to counseling education and many disciplines in between, the college reflects the dynamic character of urban life and is sensitive to the special experiences, conditions and opportunities presented by a culturally diverse student body. The college and its administrators, faculty and staff are dedicated to preparing professionals who can contribute in meaningful ways to a global, technology-oriented society by helping them acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to succeed in their chosen careers in education, health, counseling and more. To achieve this mission, the College of Education is dedicated to excellence in teaching, research and service, and to undertaking continuous improvement to keep its programs relevant, up-to-date and technologically innovative.
* '''[[Wayne State University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]'''

Established in 1933, College of Engineering faculty generate approximately $20 million annually in research expenditures, particularly in areas of biomedical engineering and computing; advanced materials and flexible manufacturing; and green technologies such as alternative energy technology, alternative energy, and advanced battery storage. The college offers a range of engineering disciplines, including prominent several research areas in which faculty members focus on interdisciplinary teamwork and industry partnerships — alternative energy technology, automotive engineering, electric-drive vehicle engineering, environmental infrastructures and transportation engineering, materials and biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and computational biology, nanotechnology and sustainable engineering.

* '''College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts'''

Established in 1986, the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts (CFPCA) educates the next generation of visual artists, musicians, communication professionals, designers, art historians, actors and dancers. The college offers 16 undergraduate programs 10 graduate programs and three graduate certificates through its departments: the James Pearson Duffy Department of Art and Art History, the Maggie Allesee Department of Theatre and Dance and the departments of communication and music. The departments of music and theatre/dance are nationally accredited.

* '''Irvin D. Reid Honors College'''

The focus of the first year is community and the urban experience; during year one, students concentrate on urban issues and history. Year two involves service learning, which takes skills cultivated in the classroom and puts them to use in real-world situations. In year three, students are encouraged to work with faculty mentors to develop individual funded research projects. And in year four, students complete a senior thesis. The Honors College is home to Scholars Day, MedStart, Health Pro Start and BStart, the Urban Scholars/Leaders program, CommunityEngagement@Wayne, Honors Transfer, and the Detroit Urban Scholars program.

*'''Law School'''

Established in 1927, the Law School became a part of the university in 1937. It is Detroit's only public law school and one of just two public law schools in Michigan. Wayne Law blends cutting-edge legal theory with real-world practice skills through eight legal clinics, four externship programs, local and international fellowships and internships, and numerous co-curricular programs, including moot court, scholarly journals and trial advocacy. Its location — minutes away from courts, major law firms, government agencies, corporate headquarters and the nation’s busiest international border — offers incomparable opportunities in employment, hands-on experience and public service. The Law School’s civil rights, entrepreneurship, environmental and international programs, and their related clinics, set Wayne Law apart as an advocate for justice committed to serving the community. The Law School’s Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights in 2014 established the Detroit Equity Action Lab bring together 60 organizations to address issues of structural racism in Detroit. In 2015, the Law School launched the Levin Center at Wayne Law. The goal of the Levin Center is to educate future attorneys, business leaders, legislators and public servants on their role overseeing public and private institutions and using oversight as an instrument of change.

* '''[[College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University|College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]'''

The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) was formed in 2004 with the merger of the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Science. The college receives approximately $20 million a year in external grants and contracts. The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) consists of 19 departments in Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, and Life Sciences categories. Programs include African American Studies, Anthropology, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Classical and Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures (CMLLC), Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD), Criminal Justice, Economics, English, Geology, History, Mathematics, Nutrition & Food Science, Philosophy, Physics and Astronomy, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Urban Studies & Planning. CLAS is the core and hub of Wayne State, providing most of the undergraduate instruction, including almost all of the general education and pre-professional curricula for undergraduates, and a variety of graduate programs that produce many master's degrees and almost half of the Ph.D. degrees awarded at the university. Faculty in CLAS engage in research in a wide range of fields, in several nationally ranked departments, with robust extramural funding.

* '''School of Information Sciences'''

The [[American Library Association]] first [[List of American Library Association accredited library schools#Michigan|accredited]] the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967, and continued accreditation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/cfapps/lisdir/listing.cfm|title=Searchable DB of ALA accredited programs {{!}} American Library Association|website=www.ala.org|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref> in 2016. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September of 2017, the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ischools.org/news/category/wayne-state-university-school-of-information-sciences/|title=Wayne State University School of Information Sciences {{!}} iSchools|website=ischools.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref>, and added a master of science in information management (MSIM) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester.

* ''' School of Medicine '''

Founded in 1868, the Wayne State University School of Medicine (SOM) trains the next generation of physicians, the school offers master’s, Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. programs in 14 areas of basic science and public health to about 400 students annually. The school’s research emphasizes neurosciences, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, perinatology, cancer, cardiovascular disease including diabetes and obesity, and psychiatry and addiction research. Research funding levels in 2014, including all grants and contracts from government agencies, private organizations and pharmaceutical companies, was $94.5 million. One of the school’s major assets is the Richard J. Mazurek, M.D., Medical Education Commons, which was designed specifically for students and houses classrooms, student services divisions, the medical library, a sophisticated patient simulation center and the Kado Family Clinical Skills Center.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/wayne-state-university-04052|title=How Does Wayne State University School of Medicine Rank Among America's Best Medical Schools?|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref>

* ''' College of Nursing '''

Established in 1945, the College of Nursing shares the university’s research, teaching and community enrichment missions.
The college is committed to providing an exceptional nursing education. Its faculty conducts innovative research that helps build the scientific foundation for clinical practice, advances preventive care, manages symptoms of illness, enhances end-of-life and palliative care, and influences the development of health care policy at all levels. Reflecting its location in a culturally diverse metropolitan area, the college is particularly concerned with reducing health disparities and improving health outcomes among minority populations.
* ''' Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences '''

Established in 1924, the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is one of the founding colleges of Wayne State University. It is organized into four departments — fundamental and applied sciences, health care sciences, pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical sciences. It offers 11 fully accredited degree-granting programs,which maintain autonomous admission requirements, curricula, degree requirements and academic procedures.

* ''' School of Social Work '''

Established in 1935, the school offers academic programs at the bachelor’s, master’s and Ph.D. levels. The school’s Center for Social Work Research provides support for faculty research and scholarship, engages in relevant research with community partners, and offers consultation and technical assistance. In 2014-15, faculty submitted proposals valued at over $10 million, including an $113,400 annual grant from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services for the Transition to Independence Program (TIP), a comprehensive support program for foster care youth enrolled at Wayne State University.

== Libraries ==
With more than four million volumes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.lib.mi.us/node/1697|publisher=Michigan Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=2013-02-21|title=Wayne State MLA Spotlight}}</ref> the Wayne State University Library System houses the 75th largest collection in the United States, according to the [[American Library Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22|publisher=American Library Association|year=2012|accessdate=2013-02-20|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held}}</ref> The system ranks among the nation's top libraries according to the Association for Research Libraries.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/academics/libraries.php |title=Wayne State University - Academics & Libraries |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=2011-05-27 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>

* '''The Vera P. Shiffman Medical Library''', located at Wayne State's medical campus, houses the university's medical and health collections and is the primary library for the '''School of Medicine''' and the '''Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences'''.
* '''The Arthur Neef Law Library''', located on the north section of the main campus adjacent to the '''Wayne State University Law School''', houses the university's law collections and is the Law School's primary library. Its collection of over 620,000 volumes makes it the second largest law library in Michigan. The library subscribes to over 1,500 journals and 1,000 loose-leaf services.
* '''The Purdy/Kresge Library''', located near the center of main campus, serves as the primary research library for the '''School of Information Sciences'''. It contains print and electronic resources to meet the research and instructional needs of faculty, graduate students and upper-level undergraduates. It also houses the university's main government documents collection and the offices of the university's Media Services Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/pk.php |title=WSU Libraries: Purdy/Kresge Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>
* '''The [[David Adamany Undergraduate Library]]''' (UGL), located at the center of Gullen Mall, has over 700 computer workstations providing students with access to electronic resources. Its book and magazine collection is intended to support the learning needs of 1,000 and 2,000 level undergraduate courses. The UGL houses the university libraries' collection of approximately 8,000 videos, DVDs, laser discs and audiotapes. The UGL provides students with information on careers, computers and student survival skills. The Undergraduate Library is open 24 hours for both students and faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.wayne.edu/info/maps/ugl.php |title=WSU Libraries: Undergraduate Library Directions |publisher=Lib.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>
* '''The [[Walter P. Reuther Library]]''', located on the easternmost portion of main campus at 5401 Cass Avenue, is the largest labor archives in the United States and serves as the official archival repository for twelve major unions. In addition to labor records, the archives contain primary source material related to [[civil and political rights]], especially those related to [[Detroit]]. The Reuther also houses the Wayne State University Archives dating from the institution's founding as the '''Detroit Medical College''' in 1868.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reuther.wayne.edu/about |title=About Us |author= |website=Walter P. Reuther Library |publisher=Wayne State University |accessdate=October 17, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics and rankings==
Several of Wayne State's individual programs are well regarded:

* The Department of Chemistry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.wayne.edu |title=Department of Chemistry |publisher=Chem.wayne.edu |date=2012-10-13 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref> was recently ranked 71st in the United States (tied with [[Dartmouth College]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], and the [[University of Kansas]])<ref>{{cite web |publisher==U.S. News and World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/chemistry-rankings/page+3 |title=Best Graduate Chemistry Programs - 2014 |year=2014 |accessdate=2017-10-06}}</ref> and among the top 150 chemistry departments in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher==ShanghaiRanking Consultancy |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/SubjectChemistry2013.html |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities in Chemistry - 2013|year=2013 |accessdate=2014-05-06}}</ref>
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' ranks Wayne State's Law School as a Top 100 law school, and the second-highest ranked law school in Michigan<ref name=":0" />
* ''U.S. News and World Report'' also ranks the College of Nursing as one of the top nursing program's in the country <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-nursing-schools/nur-rankings?int=a23009&int=a8a809&int=a7c609|title=The Best Nursing Schools in America, Ranked|website=grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>
*The Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was ranked one of the 50 best pharmacy schools in the country by Pharmacy Times<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/50-best-pharmacy-schools-ranked-in-2016|title=50 Best Pharmacy Schools Ranked in 2016|website=Pharmacy Times|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>
* The Department of Industrial and System Engineering was ranked 42nd in the country by ''U.S. News'' Grad School Ranking in 2015.
* The Department of Physics and Astronomy,<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://physics.clas.wayne.edu |title=Wayne State University Physics and Astronomy - Physics & Astronomy |publisher=Physics.clas.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref> The Department of Mathematics, are all ranked among top 200 in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities | ARWU | First World University Ranking |publisher=Shanghai Ranking |date=2012-08-15 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>
* The School of Social Work has been ranked 38th in social work in the ''U.S. News'' Grad School Health Programs Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/social-work-rankings|title=Wayne State University | Best Health School | US News|date=|publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref>
* Wayne State University is listed as one of the top 34 percent of global universities by ''U.S. News and World Report''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Top World University Rankings {{!}} US News Best Global Universities|website=www.usnews.com|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>
* The Irvin D. Reid Honors college named in honor of the university's [[Irvin Reid|ninth president]], affords students the opportunity to become immersed in the Detroit community, participate in service learning and perform meaningful undergraduate research.
* The Mike Ilitch School of Business is annually listed as an outstanding business school, according to ''The Princeton Review'', which ranks the top Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/SchoolList.aspx?id=786|publisher=Princeton Review|year=2013|accessdate=2014-05-06|title=School Rankings}}</ref>
* The medical school is ranked #69 by U.S. News & World Report in the nation for research.<ref name="grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com"/>

===Student body===
{| style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"
|+ "Wayne State Demographic"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oira.wayne.edu/dashboard|title=AccessID Login - Office of Budget, Planning and Analysis|website=oira.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Race/Ethnicity
! scope="col" | Undergraduate
! scope="col" | Graduate
! scope="col" | Professional
! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" |Asian
|1,508||305||302||2,115
|-
! scope="row" |Black or African American
|2,978||1,113||97||4,188
|-
! scope="row" |Hispanic
|889||223||42||1,154
|-
! scope="row" |Other
|676||219||42||937
|-
! scope="row" |International
|487||1,804||116||2,407
|-
! scope="row" |Race and ethnicity unknown
|678||157||226||1,061
|-
! scope="row" |White
|10,064||4,193||1,179||15,436
|}
In fall 2016, Wayne State had a total of 27,298 students at the campus: 17,280 undergraduate students, 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oira.wayne.edu/dashboard|title=AccessID Login - Office of Budget, Planning and Analysis|website=oira.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref> Wayne State had students from nearly every U.S. state and 79 countries enrolled in fall 2016. Wayne State has a very diverse campus and the demographics of the university can be viewed on the table “Wayne State Demographic.”<ref name="FactBook">{{cite web|url=http://wayne.edu/factbook/factbook2013.pdf|title=2012-13 Fact Book|work=|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>

During the 2016 school year, there were 6,085 degrees and certificates granted to students: 3,072 bachelor's degrees, 2,068 master’s degrees, 767 doctoral and professional degrees, and 178 certificates.

===Research===
At $213.8 million spent annually on research expenditures, Wayne State ranks among the nation's top universities for research according to the National Science Foundation. Additionally, Wayne State has received the Carnegie Foundation's ranking as a doctoral-granting university with the highest research activity.

On October 13, 2015, Wayne State University opened its new $92 million, 207,000-square-foot Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio). As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center located in [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]] at 6135 Woodward Avenue. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/071aa1ad#/071aa1ad/35|title= Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url= http://media.wayne.edu/2015/10/13/wayne-state-dedicates-new-93-million-biosciences|title= Wayne State dedicates new $93 million biosciences center }}</ref>

==Financials==
Wayne State University’s cost of attendance is composed of tuition, including a credit hour rate, student service credit hour fee, fitness center maintenance fee, and a registration fee. Class maintenance fees are applied on a course-to-course basis. The tuition varies depending on undergraduate (lower and upper level division) and graduate students. Although graduate programs, Law School and Medical School tuition differs. Additionally, these two categories can be further broken down into two more subcategories of out-of-state students and resident students.

The tuition cost is estimated based on a 12-credit semester, including both fall and winter semesters. The preceding values are calculated based off Wayne State tuition as well as the costs of books, transportation, living costs, loan fees and other miscellaneous cost. The total estimated tuition cost for a Michigan resident who is living off campus is roughly $17,384. Living on campus brings the cost to about $22,000. If the same scenarios are applied to non-Michigan residents (out of state), the tuition significantly increases. For a non-resident student living on campus, the cost is approximately $33,000.

In the second category, the tuition costs for graduate students can be examined. Graduate students who are residents of Michigan and off campus will have an estimated tuition of $19,144. Resident graduates who are living away from home can plan on having tuition costs of $24,383. For graduate students who are non-Michigan residents, tuition is approximately $35,394.

Wayne State University has a strong commitment to making higher education affordable. In the 2015 academic year, the university awarded $338 million in financial aid. Even while WSU maintains its status as one of only three universities in the state ranked in the top research category of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, tuition at Wayne State remains among the lowest of Michigan's 15 public universities, and the lowest among Michigan's three research universities.

==Campus==
[[File:McGregor Lobby.JPG|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]Wayne State's main campus in Detroit encompasses {{convert|203|acre|km2}} of landscaped walkways and gathering spots linking over 100 education and research buildings.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://www.wayne.edu/about_wayne2.html |title=Wayne State University - About Wayne State University |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=2011-06-23 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref> The campus is urban and features many architecturally interesting buildings. Notable examples include the [[Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex|Helen L. DeRoy Auditorium]], the Education Building, the [[Maccabees Building]], [[Old Main (Wayne State University)|Old Main]], [[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]], [[Chatsworth Apartments|Chatsworth Tower Apartments]], and the [[Hilberry Theatre (Wayne State University)|Hilberry Theatre]]. Many of these buildings were designed by notable architects such as [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] and [[Minoru Yamasaki]].

Wayne State University is located at the heart of Detroit's [[Cultural Center Historic District]] and amongst many notable Detroit institutions and attractions, including the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the [[Detroit Historical Museum]], the [[Michigan Science Center]], the [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], the [[Detroit Opera House]]/[[Michigan Opera Theatre]], [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]/[[Orchestra Hall (Detroit, Michigan)|Orchestra Hall]], [[Comerica Park]], [[Ford Field]], [[Little Caesars Arena]], the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], the [[Fisher Theatre]], [[Grand Circus Park]], and [[Campus Martius Park]].

The [[Cass Corridor]] is one of the university's other notable surroundings, with a venerable history and culture that has left an imprint on many WSU alumni. Many notable events have taken place on or near the campus as a result of its unique location. Artists that got their start here include Chuck & Joni Mitchell, [[Alice Cooper]], [[The White Stripes]], [[The Detroit Cobras]], [[MC5]], [[The Stooges]], Savage Grace, [[Ted Nugent]] and [[Grand Funk Railroad]]. The [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] recorded their [[Freaky Styley]] album in this area, which was also home to ''[[Creem]]'' magazine — the first rock journal, and the first to use the terms "[[punk rock]]" and "[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]" and give recognition to the likes of [[David Bowie]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[The Smiths]] and others. The now-razed Tartar Field was home to WABX's free Sunday concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s featuring many of these musicians.

Important events have also taken place on campus, such as [[Edmund Gettier]]'s refutation of the "[[justified true belief]]" theory, which shook 2,500 years of epistemology.

===Housing===
[[File:ChatsworthApartments.jpg|thumb|[[Chatsworth Tower]]]]
The university provides housing for all students in the form of apartments and residence halls. All buildings are equipped with connection to the university computer system, wireless Internet, laundry rooms, activity rooms, and a 24-hour help desk.<ref>http://www.housing.wayne.edu</ref>

==== Current Housing ====
Current university-owned apartment buildings consist University Tower, Chatsworth Tower and Helen L. DeRoy Apartments. In the hopes of bringing more residents to campus, Wayne State opened two dormitory-style residence halls in 2002: <nowiki> Yousif B. Ghafari Hall (formerly North Hall)</nowiki> and 2003 Leon H. Atchison Hall (formerly South Hall). This was the first time since the closing of the Newberry Joy Dorms in 1987 that the university offered dorm living. In 2005, the university opened The Towers Residential Suites, a residence hall open to undergraduate and graduate students. The Towers Café located in The Towers Residential Suites is the largest on-campus dining facility serving a variety of food. The Gold'N'Greens Café located in Ghafari Hall serves vegetarian, vegan, and [[kosher]] food.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housing.wayne.edu/res-halls.php|title=Residence Halls - Housing - Wayne State University|website=housing.wayne.edu|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2017/Wayne-State-University-to-Break-Ground-on-Anthony-Wayne-Drive-Apartments/|title=Wayne State University to Break Ground on Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en}}</ref>

===== List =====
* '''Ghafari''' and '''Atchison Halls''' provide housing for freshmen and upper students only. Halls feature double-occupancy rooms, fully furnished with private baths. Study rooms and social lounges, all equipped with wireless high-speed Internet, are found on each floor. These halls also include special interest communities such as Honors, Community of Scholars, 24 hour quiet floor, and an all-female floor. These two buildings connect on the first floor through a dining hall. Gold "n" Greens is an all vegetarian cafeteria that is also certified kosher dairy, with gluten and vegan options.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/ghafari.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013|accessdate=2013-02-20|title=Ghafari Hall-Housing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/atchison.php|publisher= Wayne State University |year=2013 |accessdate=2013-02-20|title=Atchison Hall-Housing}}</ref>
* '''The Towers Residential Suites''', serving all students, is an 11-story tower with views as far as the [[Ambassador Bridge]]. The majority of rooms are suite style, containing four bedrooms attached to a shared living space. There are also studio rooms available. There are special interest floors throughout the building including, Honors, International, Graduate, 21 and up, and 24-hour quiet floors. This building also has study rooms and kitchenettes available for student use. Within the building is a café-style dining hall, Towers Café, and multiple fitness rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/towers.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=2013-02-20 |title= Towers Residential Suites-Housing}}</ref> Also included in the building are many eateries, a pharmacy, post office, and a salon.
* '''[[Chatsworth Tower Apartments]]''' are available to graduate students, professional students and students with families, and located inside a nine-story historic landmark built in 1929. This structure features large studio, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom apartments with ornate woodwork.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/chatsworth.php|publisher= Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=2013-02-20 |title= Chatsworth Tower-Housing}}</ref>
* '''Helen L. DeRoy Apartments''' is a 15-story building built in 1972. The apartments contain a total of 258 studio, one- and two-bedroom units offering residence to graduate students, professional students, undergraduate students, and students with families. Units are equipped with wireless Internet access, cable television access, central air, a refrigerator and stove. The top four floors of DeRoy apartments are furnished undergraduate apartments. These apartments come equipped with basic furniture, similar to the residential halls, but in an apartment style space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/deroy.php |publisher= Wayne State University|year= 2013|accessdate=2013-02-20|title= Helen L. DeRoy Apartments-Housing}}</ref>
* The 300-unit '''University Tower''' complex opened in 1995 and offers one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments, as well as family units to juniors, seniors, graduates and professional students. Each apartment is wired for access to the university's computer network. The first floor offers wireless Internet access, a study lounge, large laundry facility and a childcare center. Wayne State's [[WDET]] radio station is also located on the first floor.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://housing.wayne.edu/apt_univtowers.php?val=aptliving |title=University Tower - Housing - Wayne State University |publisher=Housing.wayne.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>
* In 2016, the university renovated '''The Thompson Home''', formerly the home of the School of Social Work, into new residential units for students in the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://housing.wayne.edu/thompson-home.php|title=Thompson Home - Housing - Wayne State University|last=System|first=WCS Content Management|website=housing.wayne.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref>
* In 2017, Wayne State broke ground on the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments, which will increase the number of beds on campus by 841 when it opens in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2017/Wayne-State-University-to-Break-Ground-on-Anthony-Wayne-Drive-Apartments/|title=Wayne State University to Break Ground on Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en}}</ref>

The university allows families with children to live in some units including Chatsworth Tower, DeRoy and University Tower.<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/pdf/apartment-guide.pdf Community Living Guide Apartments 2011]." Wayne State University. 12. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. DeRoy, University Tower, and Chatsworth Tower unfurnished apartments are approved for family housing."</ref> Residents are zoned to [[Detroit Public Schools]].<ref>"[http://housing.wayne.edu/contact.php Contact Us General Office of Housing & Residential Life]." Wayne State University. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. "Chatsworth Tower 630 Merrick Detroit, MI 48202" and "Helen L. DeRoy Apartments 5200 Anthony Wayne Drive Detroit, MI 48202" and "University Tower Apartments 4500 Cass Avenue Detroit, MI 48201"</ref> Zoned schools for all three apartments include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8),<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_elementary.pdf Elementary Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2IOVdP Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_middle.pdf Middle School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2MbiXC Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref> and [[King High School (Detroit)|King High School]] (9-12).<ref>"[http://detroitk12.org/schools/docs/school_boundaries_high.pdf High School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Br2SY4Mu Archive]) [[Detroit Public Schools]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref>

==== Former Housing ====
Sherbrooke Apartments were closed in September 2008. The Forest Apartments were closed after the 2004-05 school year and have since been demolished. The Chatsworth Annex apartments were demolished and replaced with greenspace and volleyball courts after the 2004-05 school year.

===Tom Adams Field===
''Tom Adams Field'', best known simply as '''Adams Field''', is a 6,000-seat football stadium located on the campus. It is primarily used for [[Wayne State Warriors football]] of the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]], a Division II conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]].

The Field was named after Thomas B. Adams. He was a football and track athlete in the late 1930s and early 1940s for WSU, and graduated in 1944. Lettering in both sports from 1938-1940, Adams was a major part of the teams. Before he graduated he took a break from school and joined the Navy for more than 4 years, earning multiple awards for his service. After his time in the military he started working at [[Campbell-Ewald]] and eventually became the CEO. He also became a board member at his alma mater. For all of his athletic, military, and business achievements the Wayne State Football field was named in honor of him on October 11, 2003.<ref>http://wsuathletics.com/documents/2012/9/6/2012_FB_MG_pages114-126.pdf?id=1133, accessdate=2013-05-21, pp=124</ref> The stadium turf has been replaced several times. The most recent replacement was in May, 2015 when FieldTurfRevolution (2.5") [[artificial turf]] was installed.<ref name = "turf">{{cite web|author1=Tim Carroll and Alex Franzen|title=WSU replacing artificial turf, project cost $415,000|url=http://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/news/article_8603a8bc-ee37-11e4-b48f-a776b6df4f9d.html|publisher=The South End|accessdate=October 17, 2015|date=April 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name = "2015 Media">{{cite web|title=2015 Football Media Guide|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/documents/2015/9/7/2015%20FB%20MG%20p122-136.pdf|publisher=WSUAthletics.com|accessdate=October 17, 2015|page=132}}</ref> A new 35-foot video board was installed in August, 2015.<ref name = "2015 Media" /> The eight lane '''Lowell Blanchard Track''', located in the stadium, was first installed in 2006. Mondo surfacing was added to the track in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lowell Blanchard Track|url=http://www.wsuathletics.com/sports/2013/7/31/WTF_0731130717.aspx?id=160|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=October 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Satellite campuses===
Wayne State has four [[satellite campus]]es in and around the [[Metro Detroit]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://educationaloutreach.wayne.edu/satellite-campuses.php|title=Wayne State University - Satellite campuses|year=2016|publisher=Wayne State University|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref> The locations are:
* Macomb Educational Center, [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* University Center at [[Macomb Community College]], [[Clinton Charter Township, Michigan|Clinton Township]]
* Advanced Technology Education Center, [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]]
* [[Schoolcraft College]] in [[Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]]

== Student life ==
[[File:WSU Campus 1.jpg|left|thumb|Linsell House (L) and Chemistry building (R)]]
[[File:Education Building Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|Education Building]]
[[File:McGregor Center Wayne State Univ A.JPG|right|thumb|[[McGregor Memorial Conference Center]]]]

=== Programs abroad ===
Wayne State offers more than 20 [[study abroad]] programs, some as short as nine days in length with others lasting an entire year. As of 2017, students have their pick from numerous countries including Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Spain and South Africa. Programs offer studies in [[art]], [[business]], [[computer science]], [[education]], [[engineering]], [[environmental studies]], [[health care]], [[linguistics]], the [[social sciences]], [[theater]] and more.<ref>http://studyabroad.wayne.edu/</ref>

=== Media ===
* The official student newspaper is [[The South End]].
* The university hosts the [[Public broadcasting|public radio]] station [[WDET]] and runs the student online radio station '''WAYN'''.
* The WSU Alumni Association publishes the '''Wayne State''' magazine.

=== Government ===
The university is governed by a [[Board of Governors]] consisting of eight members elected by Michigan voters for eight-year terms. Board of Governor members serve without compensation. The board elects a university president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university administration. The student body government is headed by a Student Senate (formerly the Student Council). Some colleges of the university have their own Student Senate, which reports back to the main Student Senate. The School of Law has its own Student Board of Governors.

=== Public safety ===
The campus is protected by the Wayne State University Department of Public Safety. There are 65 commissioned officers serving Wayne State and the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://police.wayne.edu/docs/security-report-2013.pdf|publisher=Wayne State University|year=2013|accessdate=2014-02-07|title=The Wayne State Police Department}}</ref> All Wayne State Police Officers are certified Michigan peace officers and sworn Detroit police officers. The department prides itself on a response time of 90 seconds or less to on-campus emergencies. The department consists of patrol officers, traffic safety officers, motorcycle officers, bike officers, three canine officers, three investigators, multiple officers assigned to task force positions, communications controllers, records personnel and other support staff. The headquarters is located at 6050 Cass Ave. The Department of Public Safety has been in existence since 1966. The department sponsors several programs throughout campus such as the RAD (Rape Aggression Defense), sells low-cost bike locks and steering wheel "clubs," offers free 'VIN Etching' sessions to help deter auto theft, and sends out monthly emails to keep the university updated on the department's activities.{{citation needed|reason=monthly e-mails no longer sent|date=December 2015}} Students whom encounter trouble or distress on campus are encouraged to call the Wayne State Police division directly, rather than the city's 911 services. The Detroit Police Department's high-priority responses have taken upwards of an hour to arrive on scene; by comparison, the Campus Police Department's rapid response time is less than two minutes in the majority of cases, better guaranteeing the safety of Wayne State students.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowley|first1=Stacy|title=How Wayne State Police Helped Breathe Life Into A Blighted Detroit Strip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/business/smallbusiness/how-wayne-state-police-helped-breathe-life-into-a-blighted-detroit-strip.html?_r=0|website=nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Wayne State University Alumni Association ===
Created in 1935 and consisting of more than 260,000 alumni throughout the world, Wayne's alumni association provides a strong loyalty and support system to graduates of the university through sponsoring events such as career booths and job fairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States |url=http://wayne.edu/about/alumni.php |title=Wayne State University - WSU Alumni Profile |publisher=Wayne.edu |date=2008-07-02 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alumni.wayne.edu/ |title=Wayne State University Alumni Association |publisher=Alumni.wayne.edu |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>

===Greek life===
Wayne State University hosts chapters of over two dozen fraternities and sororities, reflective of the diverse nature of the campus. These groups, through social, academic, leadership and alumni networking programs, are aimed at building lifelong connections among participants and to the University. Members self-select prospective members, and chapters cooperate on a wide variety of inter-Greek programming to support campus life. Once a student becomes a member of one of the traditional social and academic societies, designated by NIC, NPC, NALFO or NPHC allegiance, they may not join another from the conference, due to 'anti-poaching' rules. However, members of the traditional social and academic fraternities, sororities and societies may also be members of ''professional, service and/or honor'' societies as they are chosen or earn the honor by grade, class rank or achievement.
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====Fraternities (Men's)====
'''ΑΣΦ''' [[Alpha Sigma Phi]], Feb 12, 1938, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΦΣΚ ''[[Phi Sigma Kappa]], 1942, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΚΕ ''[[Tau Kappa Epsilon]], May 23, 1948, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΠΚΑ''' [[Pi Kappa Alpha]], 1950, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
:ΘΞ ''[[Theta Xi]], April 6, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΣΤΓ ''[[Sigma Tau Gamma]], May 25, 1951, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΔΧ ''[[Delta Chi]], 1956, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
:ΤΕΦ ''[[Tau Epsilon Phi]], 1959, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], dormant''
'''ΣΠ''' [[Sigma Pi]], 1967, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΛΘΦ''' [[Lambda Theta Phi]], 2002, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]] and [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], Latino-interest 
'''ΣΛΒ''' [[Sigma Lambda Beta]], 2003, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], historically Latino-interest 
'''ΔΕΨ''' [[Delta Epsilon Psi]], 2010, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], SE Asian-interest 
'''ΩΔΦ''' [[Omega Delta Phi]], 2012, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest 
'''ΣΒΡ''' [[Sigma Beta Rho]], 2014, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]], multicultural-interest

'''ΘΤ''' [[Theta Tau]], May 19, 1951, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Engineering 
'''ΚΨ''' [[Kappa Psi]], May 14, 1927, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmaceutical 
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==== Sororities (Women's) ====
:ΑΣΤ ''[[Alpha Sigma Tau]], 1923-1985, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΦΣΣ ''[[Phi Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
:ΣΣΣ ''[[Sigma Sigma Sigma]], 1950-1970, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΔΖ''' [[Delta Zeta]], 1956, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΚΔ''' [[Kappa Delta]], 1958, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΑΔΠ ''[[Alpha Delta Pi]], 1958-1972, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΓΔ''' [[Alpha Gamma Delta]], 1959, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
:ΣΚ ''[[Sigma Kappa]], 1959-1974, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]], dormant''
'''ΑΕΦ''' [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]], 1988, [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] 
'''ΛΘΑ''' [[Lambda Theta Alpha]], 2001, [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|NALFO]], Latina-interest 
'''ΘΝΞ''' [[Theta Nu Xi]], 2005, multicultural-interest 
'''ΔΤΛ''' [[Delta Tau Lambda]], 2008, Latina-interest 
'''ΣΛΓ''' [[Sigma Lambda Gamma]], 2009, Latina-interest 
'''ΔΦΩ''' [[Delta Phi Omega]], 2011, SE Asian-interest 
'''ΡΑΨ''' Rho Alpha Psi, 2012, local sorority

'''ΛΚΣ''' [[Lambda Kappa Sigma]] April 4, 1930, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Professional Pharmacy 
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==== National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) ====
'''ΔΣΘ''' [[Delta Sigma Theta]], 1924, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΑΚΑ''' [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]], 1936, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΣΓΡ''' [[Sigma Gamma Rho]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΩΨΦ''' [[Omega Psi Phi]], 1938, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men 
'''ΖΦΒ''' [[Zeta Phi Beta]], 1941/1971, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Women 
'''ΦΒΣ''' [[Phi Beta Sigma]], 1950, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΙΦΘ''' [[Iota Phi Theta]], 2009, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] 
'''ΑΦΑ''' [[Alpha Phi Alpha]], Alpha Upsilon Chapter (ΑΥ), 1926, [[National Pan-Hellenic Council|NPHC]]/Men, [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]]

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====Co-educational professional, service or special interest Greek-letter organizations====
'''ΑΩ''' Alpha Omega, Local Co-ed Christian Service Fraternity<ref>Not to be confused with the Jewish professional dental society of the same name.</ref> 
'''ΑΦΩ''' [[Alpha Phi Omega]], May 27, 1948, [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Service Fraternity 
'''ΒΑΨ''' [[Beta Alpha Psi]], Co-ed Honor Society, for Accounting, Finance and Information Systems 
'''ΔΣΠ''' [[Delta Sigma Pi]], [[Professional Fraternity Association|PFA]], Co-ed Professional Business

Inter-chapter cooperation is managed by several governing councils: the Multi-Cultural Greek Council, the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC groups), and the Panhellenic Association (NPC groups).

==Athletics==
{{main article|Wayne State Warriors}}
{{see also|Wayne State Warriors football|Wayne State Warriors women's ice hockey}}
[[File:Wayne State Warriors logo.svg|right|thumb|The Warriors athletic logo]]
The school's intercollegiate athletic program was established in 1917 by Director of Athletics David L. Holmes. Revered by his athletes, Holmes initially coached all sports. His track teams were nationally known into the 1950s; in his first 10 years, he produced two Olympians from the school's Victorian-era gym. Although he had major ambitions for Wayne and scheduled such teams as Notre Dame and Penn State in the 1920s, the lack of facilities and money for athletics kept the program small.

A student poll selected the name of "Tartars" for the school's teams in 1927. In 1999, the university changed the name to the "Warriors," due to the general feeling that the Tartar name was dated and most people were not familiar with the name's historical significance.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=1999-07-29|title=WSU adopts new athletic identity|url=http://www.media.wayne.edu/release.php?id=1301}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=New York Times|title= Before and After: New Symbols for Old Schools|date=2000-08-06|accessdate=2008-07-26|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EED91F3DF935A3575BC0A9669C8B63}}</ref> Wayne State competes in men's baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, swimming and diving, and tennis, and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

WSU participates in [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division II|Division II]] in the [[Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (GLIAC) for all sports except for fencing, which competes in the single division Midwest Fencing Conference.

Wayne State previously competed in men's and women's [[NCAA Division I]] [[College ice hockey|ice hockey]] as a member of [[College Hockey America]] (CHA). The university dropped their men's program at the end of the 2007-08 season,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wodon|first=Adam|work=College Hockey News|url=http://www.collegehockeynews.com/news/2008/03/11_waynestate.php|title=Wayne State Bids Farewell|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref> followed in 2011 by ending the women's hockey program.<ref name="gone">{{cite web|work=[[NCAA]]|url=http://www.ncaa.com/news/icehockey-women/2011-05-27/wayne-state-ends-womens-program|title=Wayne State ends women's program|date=May 30, 2011|accessdate=May 29, 2011}}</ref>

National Championships:
* 1975: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1979: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1980: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1982: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1983: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1984: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1985: Men's Fencing - NCAA
* 1988: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 1989: Women's Fencing - NCAA
* 2012: Women's Swimming and Diving - NCAA DII

Fencing is a single-division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other.{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

==Notable people==
{{Main article|List of Wayne State University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Metro Detroit|Michigan|University}}
* [[Architecture of metropolitan Detroit]]
* [[Cadillac Place]]
* [[Culture of Detroit]]
* [[Fisher Building]]
* [[Henry Ford Hospital]]
* [[New Center, Detroit|New Center]]
* [[University-Cultural Center Multiple Resource Area]]
* [[Wayne State University Buildings]]
* [[The Institute of Gerontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hanawalt, Leslie. (1968.) ''A Place of Light: the History of Wayne State University.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
* Aschenbrenner, Evelyn. (2009.) ''A History of Wayne State University in Photographs.'' Detroit: Wayne State University Press, {{ISBN|0-8143-3282-X}}, 9780814332825.

==External links==
{{commons category|Wayne State University}}
* {{official website}}
* [http://www.wsuathletics.com/ Wayne State Athletics website]

{{Wayne State University}}
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Wikipedia:WikiProject Open/Open access task force/Members

2017-11-02T17:05:21Z

Jod1Hannah:

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== Welcome ==
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Open Access|WikiProject Open Access]] welcomes everyone interested in improving articles around [[open access]] and open knowledge more widely, or in putting [[:commons:Category:Open access (publishing)|materials from suitably licensed scholarly sources]] to new uses on Wikimedia projects.

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[[User:JustAGuyOnWikipedia|]]
* [[User:Bluerasberry|''' Blue Rasberry ''']][[User talk:Bluerasberry|(talk)]] 17:58, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] - [[:m:WiR/OS|WiR/OS]] ([[User talk:Mietchen|talk]]) 22:41, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:DarTar|DarTar]] ([[User talk:DarTar|talk]]) 04:54, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
* '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 17:06, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 18:00, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:John Vandenberg|John Vandenberg]] '''([[User talk:John Vandenberg|chat]])''' 00:01, 5 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Peteforsyth|Pete]] ([[User talk:Peteforsyth|talk]]) (see also [[WP:COMMOER]] and [[WP:WIKISOO]])
* {{User|Pnm}} 24 January 2012
* [[User talk:Rjwilmsi|'''''Rjwilmsi''''']] 12:53, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:?????|????? • Lior]] ([[User talk:?????|talk]]) 13:28, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Gaurav|Gaurav]] ([[User talk:Gaurav|talk]]) 07:27, 31 March 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Gobonobo|Gobonobo]] [[User_talk:Gobonobo|+]] [[Special:Contributions/Gobonobo|c]]
* [[User:Maximilianklein|Maximilianklein]] ([[User talk:Maximilianklein|talk]]) 03:08, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

* [[User:Monadologist|Monadologist]] ([[User talk:Monadologist|talk]]) 12:35, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Was a bee|Was a bee]] ([[User talk:Was a bee|talk]]) 10:23, 1 August 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Dcrjsr|Dcrjsr]] ([[User talk:Dcrjsr|talk]]) 23:40, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Mattsenate|Mattsenate]] ([[User talk:Mattsenate|talk]]) 06:03, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Tvol|Tvol]] ([[User talk:Tvol|talk]]) 19:17, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Denverjeffrey|Jeffrey Beall]] [[User talk:Denverjeffrey|(talk)]] 13:41, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Trondtr|Trondtr]] ([[User talk:Trondtr|talk]]) 06:27, 22 September 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:mrchristian|mrchristian]] ([[User talk:mrchristian|talk]]) 11:07, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Lquilter|Lquilter]] ([[User talk:Lquilter|talk]]) 17:11, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Kirananils | KAS]]([[User talk:Kirananils | talk]]) 16:18, 17 October 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Klortho|Klortho]] ([[User talk:Klortho|talk]]) 10:34, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
*[[User:Nicke.me|Nicke.me]] ([[User talk:Nicke.me|talk]]) 07:03, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
* [[User:Gutam2000|Sridhar Gutam]] ([[User talk:Gutam2000|talk]]) 08:48, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
*[[User:Frederika Eilers]]
* [[User:Ronjohn| Ron John]]([[User talk:Ronjohn|talk]]) 06:23, 17 January 2013 8:53 (EDT)
* [[User:Hindustanilanguage|Hindustanilanguage]] 18 February 2013.
* [[User:Sjgknight|Sjgknight]] ([[User talk:Sjgknight|talk]]) 15:00, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]] (Pigsonthewing); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]
* [[User:Rulew|Rulew]] ([[User talk:Rulew|talk]]) 17:35, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
* --[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus| reply here]] 08:10, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:A13ean|a13ean]] ([[User_talk:A13ean|talk]]) 22:04, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Leighblackall|Leighblackall]] ([[User talk:Leighblackall|talk]]) 23:32, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Aubrey|Aubrey]] ([[User talk:Aubrey|talk]]) 06:44, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Dervorguilla|Dervorguilla]] ([[User talk:Dervorguilla|talk]]) 01:24, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Snarfa|Sara FB]] ([[User talk:Snarfa|talk]]) 20:16, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Dentren|'''Dentren''']] | [[User_talk:Dentren|'''T''''''a''''''l''''''k''']] 21:33, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
* [[user:phoebe|phoebe]] / ([[user_talk:phoebe|talk to me]]) 22:57, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Redwellie14|Redwellie14]] ([[User talk:Redwellie14|talk]]) 23:51, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Mary Mark Ockerbloom|Mary Mark Ockerbloom]] ([[User talk:Mary Mark Ockerbloom|talk]]) 14:48, 12 June 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:C01Clem|C01Clem]] ([[User talk:C01Clem|talk]]) 04:07, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Redwellie14|Redwellie14]][[User:Redwellie14|Redwellie14]] ([[User talk:Redwellie14|talk]]) 01:35, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* – [[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj| +]] 11:20, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:MartinPoulter|MartinPoulter]] ([[User talk:MartinPoulter|talk]]) 11:14, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Lawsonstu|Lawsonstu]] ([[User talk:Lawsonstu|talk]]) 20:52, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
*[[User:Excelartes|Excelartes]] 9 July 2013
*[[User:Lesliekwchan|Lesliekwchan]] 15 July 2013
*[[User:Eleonorablp|Eleonorablp]] 24 July 2013
*[[User:Commons sibi|Commons sibi]] ([[User talk:Commons sibi|talk]]) 15:11, 1 August 2013 (UTC)
*[[:de:User:MB-one|MB-one]]
*[[User:OR drohowa|OR drohowa]] ([[User talk:OR drohowa|talk]]) 14:25, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
*--[[User:Sou Boyy|Sou Boyy]] ([[User talk:Sou Boyy|talk]]) 06:08, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Ocaasi|Ocaasi]] [[User talk:Ocaasi|t ]]|[[Special:Contributions/Ocaasi| c]] 20:26, 28 August 2013 (UTC)
*--[[User:Mrchristian|MrChristian - Beyond the stars]] ([[User talk:Mrchristian|talk]]) 13:23, 21 September 2013 (UTC)
*[[User:Camellia wagashi|Camellia wagashi]] ([[User talk:Camellia wagashi|talk]]) 16:55, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
*→[[User:Ozhu|<code>ozhu</code>量]] ([[User_talk:Ozhu|talk]]·[[Special:Contributions/Ozhu|contribs]]) 06:12, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
* --[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 04:30, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
*[[User:Mediran|'''Mediran''']] ([[User talk:Mediran|'''t''']] • [[Special:Contributions/Mediran|c]]) 01:47, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Counga|Counga]] 13:20, 11 November 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Jonkerz|jonkerz]] ♠[[User talk:Jonkerz|talk]] 08:56, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Metacladistics|Metacladistics]] ([[User talk:Metacladistics|talk]]) 17:04, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
*[[User:Bjohas|Bjohas]] ([[User talk:Bjohas|talk]]) 16:03, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Lexein|Lexein]] ([[User talk:Lexein|talk]]) 06:12, 12 December 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Nikkimaria|Nikkimaria]] ([[User talk:Nikkimaria|talk]]) 05:03, 14 December 2013 (UTC)
* [[W:en:user:geraldshields11|geraldshields11]] [[User:Geraldshields11|Geraldshields11]] ([[User talk:Geraldshields11|talk]]) 16:52, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
* [[User:Alixos|Alixos]] ([[User talk:Alixos|talk]]) 02:59, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Newyorkadam|Newyorkadam]] ([[User talk:Newyorkadam|talk]]) 15:55, 21 January 2014 (UTC)Newyorkadam
* [[User:Jihyunb|Jihyunb]] ([[User talk:Jihyunb|talk]]) 01:30, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
* --[[User:Wvk|Wvk]] ([[User talk:Wvk|talk]]) 06:28, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Jalbertbowdenii|Jalbertbowdenii]] ([[User talk:Jalbertbowdenii|talk]])
* [[User:Timboliu|Timboliu]] ([[User talk:Timboliu|talk]]) 06:19, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:R.M.McKernan|R.M.McKernan]] ([[User talk:R.M.McKernan|talk]]) 00:41, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:MaynardClark]] [[User:MaynardClark|MaynardClark]] ([[User talk:MaynardClark|talk]]) 02:35, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Ryanx7|Ryanx7]] ([[User talk:Ryanx7|talk]]) 18:44, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Tushabe.aaron|Tushabe.aaron]] ([[User talk:Tushabe.aaron|talk]]) 18:34, 6 April 2014 (GMT + 3)
* [[User:Mompati.Dikunwane|Mompati Dikunwane]] ([[User talk:Mompati Dikunwane|talk]]) 13:27, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Tbirdcymru|Tbirdcymru]] ([[User talk:Tbirdcymru|talk]]) 06:24, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Netherzone|Netherzone]] ([[User talk:Netherzone|talk]]) 23:20, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Iamozy|Iamozy]] ([[User talk:Iamozy|talk]]) 12:18, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Openly|Openly]] ([[User talk:Openly|talk]]) 20:17, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Econterms|econterms]] ([[User talk:Econterms|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Researcherguy|Researcherguy]] ([[User talk:Researcherguy|talk]]) 15:41, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:HLHJ|HLHJ]] ([[User talk:HLHJ|talk]]) 09:51, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
{{Col-2}}
* [[User:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] ([[User talk:SteveFoerster|talk]]) 03:22, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Writetech|Writetech]] ([[User talk:Writetech|talk]]) 22:09, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Davidcarroll|Davidcarroll]] ([[User talk:Davidcarroll|talk]]) 23:05, 1 August 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Kavya Manohar|Kavya Manohar]] ([[User talk:Kavya Manohar|talk]]) 09:49, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
* '''[[User:Ben Moore|ben]]'''[[User talk:Ben Moore|moore]] 10:54, 8 August 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:IanMulvany|IanMulvany]] ([[User talk:IanMulvany|talk]]) 11:22, 10 August 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:AnkhiyaEapen|AnkhiyaEapen]] ([[User talk:ankhiya]]) 11:22, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Secondplanet|Secondplanet]] ([[User talk:Secondplanet|talk]]) 16:18, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Anthony F. Camilleri|Anthony F. Camilleri]] ([[User talk:Anthony F. Camilleri|talk]]) 09:01, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Amousey]] 23:220 5 October 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Mitar|Mitar]] ([[User talk:Mitar|talk]]) 08:51, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
*Sydney Poore/[[User:FloNight|FloNight]][[User talk:FloNight|♥♥♥♥]] 16:37, 16 October 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Tpplew|Tpplew]] ([[User talk:Tpplew|talk]]) 08:19, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:Kosboot|kosboot]] ([[User talk:Kosboot|talk]]) 11:40, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
* [[User:mariuer|mariuer]]
*[[User:Jeanloujustine|Jeanloujustine]] [[User:Jeanloujustine|Jeanloujustine]] ([[User talk:Jeanloujustine|talk]]) 10:20, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Msitar|Msitar]] ([[User talk:Msitar|talk]]) 13:38, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Correogsk|Correogsk or Gustavo]] ([[User talk:Correogsk|Editrocito or Heme aquí]]) 19:33, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
*[[User:Wasiftalukder|Wasiftalukder]] ([[User talk:Wasiftalukder|talk]]) 21:00, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
* --[[User:Julia Kloppenburg (WMDE)|Julia Kloppenburg (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Julia Kloppenburg (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:23, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Jace Harker|Jace Harker]] ([[User talk:Jace Harker|talk]]) 22:06, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Ajesh Karayil]] ([[User talk:Ajesh Karayil|talk]]) 22:06, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Abdullah Al Wasif|<big style="color:#ffa457">A.A.Wasif</big>]] | [[user talk:Abdullah Al Wasif|Talk]] 13:43, 16 March 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Megs|Megs]] ([[User talk:Megs|talk]]) 19:35, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Learnerktm|Learnerktm]] 15:24, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Harrison1976]]
*[[User:Sagr123]]
*[[User:Masssly|—M@sssly]][[User talk:Masssly|✉]] 22:18, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
*[[User:Sadiqkhan79]] ([[User talk:Sadiqkhan79]])
* [[User:Marlenedd]]
* [[User:StabPlat|StabPlat]] ([[User talk:StabPlat|talk]]) 04:05, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Micha L. Rieser|Micha]] 15:30, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Satdeep gill|Satdeep Gill]] ([[User talk:Satdeep gill|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Satdeep gill|contribs]] 11:24, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Paulscrawl|Paulscrawl]]
* [[User:Tanuyeiro|Tanuyeiro]] ([[User talk:Tanuyeiro|talk]]) 01:07, 1 October 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Soossw|Soossw]] ([[User talk:Soossw|talk]]) 14:31, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
* --[[User:Kavya Manohar|Kavya Manohar]] ([[User talk:Kavya Manohar|talk]]) 04:36, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
* --[[User:SayefLaamiri|SayefLaamiri]] ([[User talk:SayefLaamiri|talk]]) 14:38, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
* --[[user:sanjit.khulal|Sanjit Magar]] ([[user talk:sanjit.khulal|talk]])
* [[User:Mozucat|Mozucat]] ([[User talk:Mozucat|talk]]) 18:40, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:ChrisSampson87|ChrisSampson87]] ([[User talk:ChrisSampson87|talk]]) 10:32, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:JoeMcArthur|JoeMcArthur]] ([[User talk:JoeMcArthur|talk]]) 16:26, 22 October 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Healthps|Ben Toth]]
* [[User:EYates|Elizabeth Yates]]
* [[User:రహ్మానుద్దీన్|Rahmanuddin Shaik]] ([[User talk:రహ్మానుద్దీన్|talk]])
* [[User:Megganitis|Megganitis]] ([[User talk:Megganitis|talk]]) 04:28, 7 November 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Leo Sammallahti|Leo Sammallhti]] ([[User talk:Leo Sammallahti|talk]]) 12 November 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:BrillLyle|BrillLyle]] ([[User talk:BrillLyle|talk]]) 04:21, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:MrGWillickers|MrGWillickers]] ([[User talk:MrGWillickers|talk]]) 19:10, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
* [[User:Mdupont|James Michael DuPont]] ([[User talk:Mdupont|talk]]) 12:20, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|talk]]) 04:56, 3 February 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:Askahrc|The Cap'n]] ([[User talk:Askahrc|talk]]) 11:34, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:Suirotra|Suirotra]] ([[User talk:Suirotra|talk]]) 22:30, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:juanTamad|juanTamad]] ([[User talk:juanTamad|talk]]) 05:30, 24 February 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Pintoch|Pintoch]] ([[User talk:Pintoch|talk]]) 07:32, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:EVDiam|EVDiam]] ([[User talk:EVDiam|talk]]) 13:55, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Ringbang|Ringbang]] ([[User talk:Ringbang|talk]]) 21:52, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Dr.BarakaMtunda|Dr.BarakaMtunda]] ([[User talk:Dr.BarakaMtunda|talk]]) 1651 Hrs, 28 July 2016 (GMT)
* [[User:CFCF|CFCF]][[User talk:CFCF| 💌]] [[Special:EmailUser/CFCF|📧]] 23:18, 16 April 2016 (UTC)
*[[User:RP87|RP87]] ([[User talk:RP87|talk]]) 13:34, 29 July 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Drchriswilliams|Drchriswilliams]] ([[User talk:Drchriswilliams|talk]]) 16:06, 1 August 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Diptanshu.D|'''Diptanshu''']][[User talk:Diptanshu.D|Talk]] 18:16, 6 August 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Brylie|Brylie Christopher Oxley]] ([[User talk:Brylie|talk]]) 10:32, 5 September 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Presidenvolksraad|Presidenvolksraad]] ([[User talk:Presidenvolksraad|talk]]) 10:24, 19 November 2016 (UTC)
* [[User:Zeromonk|Zeromonk]] ([[User talk:Zeromonk|talk]]) 11:41, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:Popcrate|Popcrate]] ([[User talk:Popcrate|talk]]) 17:28, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:Physikerwelt|Physikerwelt]] ([[User talk:Physikerwelt|talk]]) 15:52, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:Uomovariabile|Uomovariabile]] ([[User talk:Uomovariabile|talk]]) 08:41, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:OAnick|Nick Sheppard]] ([[User talk:OAnick|talk]]) 13:01, 22 August 2017 (BST)
* [[User:Mompati Dikunwane|Mompati Dikunwane]] ([[User talk:Mompati Dikunwane|talk]]) 17:22, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:AWossink|AWossink]] ([[User talk:AWossink|talk]]) 11:29, 12 October 2017 (UTC)
* [[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 17:05, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

{{Col-end}}
* [[User:Filippo Morsiani|Filippo Morsiani]] please help on this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_Nations/Open_Access_Descriptions

User:Jod1Hannah

2017-09-25T03:08:23Z

Jod1Hannah: /* Conflict of Interest Statement */ *Sigh* Just removed the link because I realized I was trying to link to the same page... --~~~~

==About Me==
I am a graduate student at Wayne State University studying Library Science and Information management. While my focus is on data analysis and visualization, I have a soft spot for open source resources, including Wikipedia.

I also work for Wayne State as a Graduate Student Assistant in their Library Tech Department; I assist students and faculty in the School of Information Sciences troubleshoot tech problems, and evaluate and offer suggestions for software needs.

==Conflict of Interest Statement==
I, Jod1Hannah, am a student and employee of Wayne State University School of Information Sciences. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

I'm just beginning my editing, but I'm interested in everything, so I imagine I will edit across multiple different topics. Some of the links I share may be resources from the Universities library.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other Wikipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 03:03, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

User:Jod1Hannah

2017-09-25T03:05:07Z

Jod1Hannah: Fixed link to my userpage. ~~~~

==About Me==
I am a graduate student at Wayne State University studying Library Science and Information management. While my focus is on data analysis and visualization, I have a soft spot for open source resources, including Wikipedia.

I also work for Wayne State as a Graduate Student Assistant in their Library Tech Department; I assist students and faculty in the School of Information Sciences troubleshoot tech problems, and evaluate and offer suggestions for software needs.

==Conflict of Interest Statement==
I, [[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]], am a student and employee of Wayne State University School of Information Sciences. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

I'm just beginning my editing, but I'm interested in everything, so I imagine I will edit across multiple different topics. Some of the links I share may be resources from the Universities library.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other Wikipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 03:03, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

User:Jod1Hannah

2017-09-25T03:03:46Z

Jod1Hannah: Add to the "About Me" Section. Added Conflict of Interest Statement.--~~~~

==About Me==
I am a graduate student at Wayne State University studying Library Science and Information management. While my focus is on data analysis and visualization, I have a soft spot for open source resources, including Wikipedia.

I also work for Wayne State as a Graduate Student Assistant in their Library Tech Department; I assist students and faculty in the School of Information Sciences troubleshoot tech problems, and evaluate and offer suggestions for software needs.

==Conflict of Interest Statement==
I, [[Jod1Hannah]], am a student and employee of Wayne State University School of Information Sciences. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

I'm just beginning my editing, but I'm interested in everything, so I imagine I will edit across multiple different topics. Some of the links I share may be resources from the Universities library.

I will modify my editing behavior based on problems cited by other editors or if my editing conflicts with other Wikipedia guidelines. I ask that other editors do not hesitate to contact me, via my user talk page, if I appear to be going against this declaration.

--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 03:03, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

User talk:Jod1Hannah/talk page tutorial

2017-09-25T02:42:49Z

Jod1Hannah: Reply to Adam ~~~~

{{Wikipedia:Wiki Ed/tour/example bio template
|class = B
|living = yes
}}

==Hello==
This is a talk page message. It's from me, [[User:Ian (Wiki Ed)]]. You can tell who it's from because it's got my username and a timestamp at the end.--[[User:Ian (Wiki Ed)|Ian (Wiki Ed)]] ([[User talk:Ian (Wiki Ed)|talk]]) {{#time: H:i, d F Y}} (UTC)
:And this is a reply, from [[Help:Using talk pages|User:Adam (Wiki Ed)]]. It's indented, to show how it relates to the previous comment.--[[Help:Using talk pages|Adam (Wiki Ed)]] ([[Help:Using talk pages|talk]]) {{#time: H:i, d F Y}} (UTC)
::Hi! This tutorial is so nice; it just walks you right through everything!--[[User:Jod1Hannah|Jod1Hannah]] ([[User talk:Jod1Hannah|talk]]) 02:42, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

User talk:Jod1Hannah/talk page tutorial

2017-09-25T02:40:28Z

Jod1Hannah: automatic post as part of sandbox guided tour

User talk:Jod1Hannah/talk page tutorial

2017-09-25T02:39:53Z

Jod1Hannah: automatic post as part of sandbox guided tour

User:Jod1Hannah/be bold

2017-09-25T02:38:05Z

Jod1Hannah: Inserted citation to "Be bold" ~~~~

'''Being bold''' is important on Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-07-18|title=Wikipedia:Be bold|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Be_bold&oldid=791133081|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. So they say!

User:Jod1Hannah/be bold

2017-09-25T02:36:38Z

Jod1Hannah: Bolded "Being bold" ~~~~

'''Being bold''' is important on Wikipedia. So they say!

User:Jod1Hannah/be bold

2017-09-25T02:35:54Z

Jod1Hannah: Added "So they say"

Being bold is important on Wikipedia. So they say!

User:Jod1Hannah/be bold

2017-09-25T02:34:29Z

Jod1Hannah: automatic post as part of sandbox guided tour

Being bold is important on Wikipedia.

User:Jod1Hannah/sandbox

2017-09-25T02:32:17Z

Jod1Hannah: Bold the first word, added link ~~~~

'''Starting''' a [[sandbox]] page! Trying it out

== Notes ==

User:Jod1Hannah/sandbox

2017-09-25T02:27:34Z

Jod1Hannah: Just started the page and added a notes section ~~~~

Starting a sandbox page! Trying it out

== Notes ==

User talk:Jod1Hannah

2017-09-19T18:10:40Z

Jod1Hannah: /* Start User Page */ new section

== Start User Page ==

I edited my user page to help people know who I am and why I am interested in Wikipedia.

User:Jod1Hannah

2017-09-19T18:06:54Z

Jod1Hannah: ←Created page with 'I am a graduate student at Wayne State University studying Information Science and management. While my focus is on data analysis and visualization, I have a sof...'

I am a graduate student at Wayne State University studying Information Science and management. While my focus is on data analysis and visualization, I have a soft spot for open source resources, including Wikipedia.

Pendleton Ward

2017-09-03T19:16:16Z

Jod1Hannah: /* Early life */ Edited for clarity (Article about Ward, not his friends)

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Pendleton Ward
| image = Pendleton Ward at the Tomorrow Show.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Pendleton Ward in 2011
| pseudonym = Pen Ward, Pendelton Ward, buenothebear
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|07|08}}
| birth_place = [[United States]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]]
| occupation = Animator, writer, voice actor
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education = [[California Institute of the Arts|CalArts]]
| alma_mater =
| period = 2005–present
| genre = [[Adventure]] [[Comedy-drama]] [[Science-fantasy]] [[Science fiction]]
| notableworks = ''[[Adventure Time]]'' ''[[Bravest Warriors]]''
| website = {{URL|http://buenothebear.com}}
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Pendleton Ward''' (born September 23, 1982)<ref>https://familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&query=%2Bgivenname%3APendleton~%20%2Bsurname%3AWard~%20%2Bbirth_place%3A%22Texas%2C%20USA%22~%20%2Bbirth_year%3A1980-1990~%20%2Brecord_country%3A%22United%20States%22</ref> is an American [[animator]], [[screenwriter]], producer, and voice actor who works for [[Cartoon Network Studios]] and [[Frederator Studios]]. He created the [[Emmy Award]]-winning series ''[[Adventure Time]]'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisman|first=Jon|title=Emmy Wins Come Early for 'Adventure Time,' 'Portlandia,' 'Simpsons'|url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/simpsons-adventure-time-portlandia-emmys-juried-1200577981/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|accessdate=August 14, 2013|date=August 14, 2013}}</ref> and the internet series ''[[Bravest Warriors]]'' (2012).<ref>Sims, Chris. "[http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/02/08/pendleton-ward-bravest-warriors-art/ 'Adventure Time' Creator Pendleton Ward's Next Project, 'Bravest Warriors,' Looks Awesome] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514065012/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/02/08/pendleton-ward-bravest-warriors-art/ |date=2012-05-14 }} and Flapjack." ''Comics Alliance''. February 8, 2012.</ref> Ward is a graduate of the [[California Institute of the Arts|CalArts]] Animation Program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pendleton Ward Bio|url=http://news.turner.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?item_id=863&presskit_id=185&press_section_id=2584|publisher=Turner|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> He grew up in [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] and currently resides in [[Los Angeles]].

==Early life==
Ward became interested in animation at an early age, inspired by his mother, who is an artist and worked with animators. He started drawing flipbooks in first grade. He often worked with his best friend, Alec "The Logdog" Coates, on short comic books.

Ward attended [[California Institute of the Arts|CalArts]], where he became friends with [[J. G. Quintel]] and [[Alex Hirsch]]. They later worked on ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]'' together. Eric Homan, vice president of [[Frederator Studios]], offered Ward a job at the studios after watching one of his films at the annual CalArts animation screenings.<ref>Farago, Andrew. "[http://www.awn.com/articles/people/random-thoughts-frederator-cartoonists/page/3,1 Random Thoughts from Frederator Cartoonists]". ''[[Animation World Network]]''. Thursday January 29, 2009. Retrieved on July 28, 2011.</ref>

==Career==
In 2002–2003, Ward published a webcomic titled ''Bueno the Bear''. He later took down the comics because he thought they were "terrible". However, he retains the name "buenothebear" for his website and his handle on sites such as Twitter. Ward created a student film titled ''Barrista'', starring Bueno the Bear that was later released by Frederator Studios.

Ward continued to work on short animations for Frederator's ''[[Random! Cartoons]]'', which aired on the [[Nicktoons Network]]. There he worked with several people who would later join him on the ''Adventure Time'' series, including composer Casey James Basichis, Adam Muto and [[Niki Yang]], many of whom had attended the [[California Institute of the Arts]] alongside Pen. His two shorts were ''The Bravest Warriors'' and the ''Adventure Time'' animated short. The ''Adventure Time'' short was made in 2006 and went on to become an internet phenomenon in 2007, with over a million views by November of that year. Ward initially pitched ''Adventure Time'' to [[Nickelodeon]], but was rejected. It also took some time before [[Cartoon Network]] decided to pick it up.

In 2007, Ward was hired to work on the first season of Cartoon Network's ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]'' as a writer and storyboard artist. ''Flapjack'' was a storyboard-driven show, allowing the storyboard artists to write all the dialogue and draw all the action based on an outline assigned to them. The artists each worked in pairs, and during his time on ''Flapjack'' Ward was partnered up with Mike Roth (formerly the supervising producer of ''[[Regular Show]]'') and later [[Alex Hirsch]], who has since gone on to create the show ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' and develop ''[[Fish Hooks]]'' for [[Disney Channel]]. The experience inspired Pen to approach ''[[Adventure Time]]'' the same way once it was picked up as a series.

In 2012, Frederator Studios developed ''[[Bravest Warriors]]'' and turned it into a web series for the relaunch of Cartoon Hangover, however Ward has little involvement in the series. Former ''Adventure Time'' lead designer Phil Rynda worked on the redesigns of the characters for the series. The series premiered during the fall of 2012 through Cartoon Hangover's [[YouTube]] channel alongside a comic book series of the same name by [[Boom! Studios]].

Sometime during the 5th season of ''Adventure Time'', Ward abruptly stepped down from running the show, explaining it was negatively affecting his "quality of life". In the October 2, 2014 edition of the ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, Ward stated "I quit because it was driving me nuts". However, he continued to work as one of the show's writers and storyboard artists until the end of the season six, and he still serves as an executive producer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strauss|first1=Neil|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/tv/features/adventure-time-the-trippiest-show-on-television-20141002|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=June 22, 2015|title='Adventure Time': The Trippiest Show on Television}}</ref> In an interview with [[Indiewire]] prior to the debut of [[Adventure Time (season 7)|season seven]], head writer [[Kent Osborne]] noted that Ward had stopped writing episode outlines at the beginning of season 7 but still looks over them and provides input, as he is focusing on an ''Adventure Time'' movie.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kohn|first1=Eric|title=Kent Osborne Explains the Crazy Logic Behind 'Uncle Kent 2' and the 'Adventure Time' Connection|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/kent-osborne-explains-the-crazy-logic-behind-uncle-kent-2-and-the-adventure-time-connection-20150618|website=[[Indiewire]]|publisher=[[Snagfilms]]|accessdate=June 22, 2015|date=June 18, 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Random! Cartoons]]''
| Storyboard artist, character designer, director
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]''
| Writer, storyboard artist
|-
| 2010–2018
| ''[[Adventure Time]]''
| Creator, story, writer (seasons 1–9), storyboard artist, producer (seasons 1–2), executive producer (seasons 3-present), showrunner (seasons 1–5)
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Over the Garden Wall (miniseries)|Over the Garden Wall]]''
| Writer, storyboard artist Episode: "Songs of the Dark Lantern"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]''
| Director, writer, storyboard artist, story Episode: "[[Guest Directed Shorts]]"
|-
|2016
| ''[[The Simpsons]]''
|Singer (''Adventure Time'' couch gag) Episode: "[[Monty Burns' Fleeing Circus]]"
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2013
| ''[[I Know That Voice]]''
| Himself
|-
| TBA
| ''[[Adventure Time#Film|Adventure Time]]''
| Creator, Executive Producer and Writer<ref>http://deadline.com/2015/02/adventure-time-film-cartoon-networks-1201383129/</ref>
|}

===Web===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2012-present
| ''Animation Pals''<ref>http://animationpals.tumblr.com/</ref>
| Co-Creator, voice of Dr. Katz
|-
| 2012–present
| ''[[Bravest Warriors]]''
| Creator, voice of Computer
|-
|2014–2016
| ''[[Bee and PuppyCat]]''
| Animatic editor, voice director, director<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4163486/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm</ref>
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Adventure Time: Hey Ice King! Why'd You Steal Our Garbage?!]]''
| Writer
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Adventure Time: Explore the Dungeon Because I Don't Know!]]''
| Writer
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Amnesia Fortnight 2014#Little_Pink_Best_Buds|Little Pink Best Buds]]''
| Writer, artist
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Adventure Time: The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom]]''
| Creator
|-
| 2015
| ''The Magpie Collection''<ref>https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-magpie-collection#/story</ref>
| Character designer
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2007
| ''Barrista''
| Writer, animator
|-
| 2011
| ''Pikapew Poop Chu''
| Story, animatic, soundmixing
|}

==Voice roles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''Barrista''
| Bueno the Bear / Sasha
| Short film
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Random! Cartoons]]''
| [[Abraham Lincoln]] / Old Man
| Episode: "[[Adventure Time (pilot)|Adventure Time]]"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]''
| Rower #1 / Sail Boss
| Episode: "Ben Boozled"
|-
| 2010–present
| ''[[Adventure Time]]''
| Lumpy Space Princess / Shelby / Additional voices
| 58 episodes
|-
| 2011
| ''Pikapew Poop Chu''
| Ash / Brock
| Short film
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bravest Warriors]]''
| Computer
| Episode: "Emotion Lord"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[I Know That Voice]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Broken Age]]''
| Gus
| Video Game
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]''
| Uncle Grandpa / Pizza Steve
| Episode: "Guest Directed Shorts"
|}

==Influences==
Ward has previously stated that his friends, many of whom he works alongside on ''Adventure Time'', are his biggest drawing and animating influences.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ewalt|first=David|title=It's Adventure Time! Pendleton Ward Talks About His Hit Cartoon|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2011/11/15/its-adventure-time-pendleton-ward-talks-about-his-hit-cartoon/|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> In another interview, he explained that he was influenced by ''[[The Simpsons]]''.<ref>DeMott, Rick. "[http://www.awn.com/articles/2d/time-some-adventure-pendleton-ward Time for Some Adventure with Pendleton Ward]." ''[[Animation World Network]]''. Sunday April 25, 2010. Retrieved on November 20, 2010.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.buenothebear.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|2216378}}
* [http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/adventure-time/ Art of the Title discussion with Ward about ''Adventure Time'''s titles]

{{Adventure Time}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ward, Pendleton}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American animators]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American storyboard artists]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:Storyboard artists]]
[[Category:Adventure Time]]
[[Category:Voice directors]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:People from San Antonio]]