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Frank Skinner

2018-02-25T12:49:05Z

Jomunro: Revert to previous version due to vandalism, (age)

{{Other people}}
{{Infobox comedian|
| name = Frank Skinner
| image = Frank Skinner.jpg
| caption = Skinner at [[Wembley Stadium]] in 2008
| birth_name = Christopher Graham Collins
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[West Bromwich]], [[England]]
| medium = [[Stand up comedian|Stand-up]], [[Television]], [[Radio]]
| active = 1990–Present
| genre = [[Observational comedy]], [[Blue comedy]], [[Musical comedy]]
| module = {{Listen|embed=yes|filename=Frank skinner bbc radio4 desert island discs 13 06 2010.flac|title=<center>Frank Skinner's voice</center>|type=speech|description=<center>[[:File:Frank skinner bbc radio4 desert island discs 13 06 2010.flac|Recorded June 2010]] from the BBC Radio 4 programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''</center>}}
}}

'''Frank Skinner''' (born '''Christopher Graham Collins'''; 28 January 1957) is an English writer, comedian, TV and radio presenter, and actor. At the 2001 [[British Comedy Awards]], he was awarded the Best Comedy Entertainment Personality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Winners|url=http://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners.aspx|publisher=British Comedy Awards|accessdate=August 9, 2015}}</ref>

He presented ''[[Fantasy Football League]]'', from 1994–2004, ''[[The Frank Skinner Show]]'' from 1995–2005, ''[[Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned]]'' from 2000–2005 and ''[[Room_101_(TV_series)|Room 101]]'' from 2012–present.

Since 2009 he has hosted ''The Frank Skinner Show'' on [[Absolute Radio]], which is broadcast live on Saturdays and a podcast.

==Early life==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2010}}
Skinner was born in [[West Bromwich]], [[England]],<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0804245/bio</ref> and grew up in a [[council house]] in neighbouring [[Oldbury, West Midlands|Oldbury]]. He was the youngest of four children born to former semi-professional [[association football|footballer]] John Collins (1918–1990) and his wife Doris (1919–1989). He has two older brothers, Keith and Terrence, and an older sister, Nora. His father, who was born in [[West Cornforth]], [[County Durham]], played for [[Spennymoor United F.C.|Spennymoor United]] before the [[World War II|Second World War]], and met his mother in a local pub after Spennymoor had played [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] in an [[FA Cup]] game in 1937.

Skinner attended Moat Farm Infant School from 1961 to 1964, St. Hubert's Roman Catholic Junior School from 1964 to 1968, and then [[Warley High School|Oldbury Technical Secondary School]] from 1968 to 1973. He passed two [[GCE Ordinary Level|O-levels]] in summer 1973 and took [[GCE Advanced Level|A-levels]] in English Language and Art, along with several O-level resits, at Oldbury Technical School Sixth Form. He subsequently took 4 A-levels (including English Language and Literature) at [[Warley College of Technology]] and graduated from [[Birmingham Polytechnic]] (now [[Birmingham City University]]) in 1981 with a degree in English. This was followed by a [[Masters degree]] in English Literature at the [[University of Warwick]] in [[Coventry]] the following year.<ref>[http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2008/12/31/frank-skinner-talks-comedy]</ref>

Despite his given first name, his parents called him Graham; all his friends referred to him, and still do, as Chris. Skinner once explained that whenever someone called at his house to ask if "Chris" was there, his mother would say yes, only to then turn around and shout for "Graham". He took on the [[stage name]] Frank Skinner when the actors' union [[Equity (trade union)|Equity]] told him there was already someone called Chris Collins on their books. He took the name from a member of his late father's [[dominoes]] team.

==Career==
After graduating, he spent three and a half years on unemployment benefit before finding work as a lecturer in English at [[Halesowen College]]. In 1987, he decided to give [[stand-up comedy]] a try on the side. Skinner performed his first stand-up gig in 1987 and made his television debut a year later. In 1990, he co-wrote and starred in the comedy variety show ''[[Packet of Three (TV series)|Packet Of Three]]'' on [[Channel 4]] but continued to see his reputation as a stand-up grow. Before becoming a full-time performer in 1989, he suffered a bout of [[influenza]] in September 1986 that made him give up drinking, and he remains a high-profile recovering [[alcoholic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14934650 |location=London|work=BBC News |title=Frank Skinner tells 5 live about his alcohol addiction|date=15 September 2011 |accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref>

Skinner won the 1991 [[Perrier Award]] at the [[Edinburgh Fringe]], beating [[Jack Dee]] and [[Eddie Izzard]]. He has worked with [[David Baddiel]], notably on the popular late night entertainment show ''[[Fantasy Football League]]'', from 1994 to 2004, and on ''[[Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned]]'' from 2000 to 2005. The duo also co-wrote and performed the football song "[[Three Lions]]" with the [[Lightning Seeds]] and the [[England national football team]] for [[Euro 96]], and re-recorded it for the [[1998 World Cup]]. The song reached #1 in the UK charts both times. In 2001, he released his [[autobiography]] ''Frank Skinner by Frank Skinner'', which became a bestseller. The accompanying TV show, ''Frank Skinner on Frank Skinner'', in which Skinner showed where he lived as a child and interviews with Skinner, his friends and family members, was recorded and shown on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in 2001.

In 1998, he took part in a documentary titled ''A Little Bit Of Elvis''. He paid over [[pound sterling|£]]11,000 at auction for a shirt which he believed was worn by [[Elvis Presley]] at his famous 1956 Tupelo concert. Skinner visited the USA to find out if the shirt was the genuine article. After a slightly awkward conversation with Dave Hebler, Presley's bodyguard, it appeared the shirt did once belong to Presley, but it was not worn at the concert. Skinner had been a fan of Elvis as a child and used to buy ''Elvis Monthly''.<ref>http://www.uncut.co.uk/elvis-presley-the-sun-years-by-frank-skinner-feature</ref>
[[file:FSkinnerSoho081117-6 (24410637888).jpg|thumb|Skinner in 2017.]]
From 1995 to 1998, Skinner had his own chat show on [[BBC One]], which ended when the BBC refused to meet pay demands of a reported £20 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/skinner-makes-a-skyhigh-demand-so-bbc-walks-out-1115074.html|title=Skinner makes a sky-high demand so BBC walks out|author=Jane Robins and Paul McCann|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 September 1999|location=London}}</ref> After a short break, the show found a new home at [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in 1999, where it ran until late 2005. He has appeared in a number of self-written sitcoms, including ''[[Blue Heaven (Channel 4 TV series)|Blue Heaven]]'' (1994) and ''[[Shane (UK TV series)|Shane]]'' (2004).<ref>[http://www.sitcom.co.uk/news/news.php?story=00097 British Sitcom Guide - News - Shane gets an American re-make]</ref>

In 2000, he starred as Buttons in the [[ITV Panto]] adaptation of [[Cinderella]]. In 2003, he was listed in ''[[The Observer]]'' as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.<ref>{{cite news |title=The A-Z of laughter (part two) |work=The Observer |date=7 December 2003 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/dec/07/comedy.thebestofbritishcomedy |accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> In 2005, Skinner announced he was going to leave behind his television work in favour of returning to the stand-up comedy circuit. A second series of ''Shane'' had been made, but never shown.

In February 2006, he received an [[honorary degree]] from the [[University of Central England]], (now [[Birmingham City University]]).<ref>{{Cite news
| title=Honour for comic Skinner |newspaper=[[Birmingham Mail]] |date = 2006-02-22}}</ref> Skinner and David Baddiel covered the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] by podcast for ''[[The Times]]''. The podcasts received a nomination for the 2007 Sony Radio Academy Awards.

In 2007, he performed a new live stand-up tour, his first for 10 years, starting at a warm-up gig at the [[Swindon Arts Centre]], continuing through to the Edinburgh Festival for 2 weeks at The Pleasance, the venue where he won the [[Perrier Award]], and a 69 date national tour including three sold out homecoming performances at the [[National Indoor Arena]] in [[Birmingham]] in the autumn.

In November 2008 and in the light of senior broadcasting figures such as ITV boss [[Michael Grade]] and Sir [[Terry Wogan]] calling for TV to clean up its act regarding use of swear words, Skinner decided to experiment with removing swear words altogether from his stand up live act although stated that it would be a shame if 'clever swearing' was lost.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7732000/7732899.stm|work=BBC News|title=Frank Skinner defends 'eloquent' swearing|date=17 November 2008|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref> He also stood in for an ill [[Paul Merton]] as a team captain on 21 November edition of ''[[Have I Got News for You]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a136261/merton-misses-have-i-got-news-with-illness.html|title=Merton misses 'Have I Got News' with illness|first=Alex |last=Fletcher|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=21 November 2008|date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

From March 2009, Skinner started to present the Saturday Morning Breakfast Show on [[Absolute Radio]] with his co-hosts [[Emily Dean]] and [[Gareth Richards]] (who was replaced by [[Alun Cochrane]] in June 2011). The show is produced by [[Avalon Television]]. After an initial 12-week stint proved very popular with the listeners, Skinner's contract was extended until summer 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jun/16/frank-skinner-absolute-radio|title=Frank Skinner extends contract at Absolute Radio|publisher=Guardian.co.uk|accessdate=16 June 2009|date=16 June 2009|location=London|first=John|last=Plunkett}}</ref> The show is still running with both Emily Dean and Alun Cochrane.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-week-in-radio-why-waking-up-with-frank-skinner-is-an-absolute-joy-9372503.html|title=The Week in Radio: Why waking up with Frank Skinner is an absolute joy|publisher=Independent.co.uk|accessdate=18 May 2016|date= 14 May 2014|location = London|first=fiona|last=Sturges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Skinner show |date=18 May 2016|url=http://absoluteradio.co.uk/schedule/the-frank-skinner-show-11 |publisher=Absolute radio}}</ref>

Skinner plays the [[banjo ukulele]] and in 2010, he contributed ukulele parts to a song by [[Fairport Convention]] called "Ukulele Central" which featured on their album ''[[Festival Bell]]''. A great admirer of [[George Formby]], he hosted a [[BBC Four]] TV documentary, ''Frank Skinner on George Formby'', which aired on 27 October 2011.

In 2011, he wrote and performed a Radio 4 comedy series, ''Don't Start'' with [[Katherine Parkinson]]. Each episode was based around an argument between Skinner's character Neil and his girlfriend Kim. Skinner said that each episode was only 15 minutes long as it was 'too intense' to be any longer. ''Don't Start'' returned for a second series in 2012.

Since January 2012 Skinner has been host of BBC show ''[[Room 101 (TV series)|Room 101]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Skinner to host Room 101 on BBC One |date=5 January 2012 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/0501room.html |work=BBC Media Centre |accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> In August 2013, he was a team captain on the BBC comedy show ''[[I Love My Country (UK TV series)|I Love My Country]]''.

In November 2013, Skinner appeared in the one-off ''[[Doctor Who]]'' 50th anniversary comedy homage ''[[The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot]]''.<ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lv3mj The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot]", BBC programmes, retrieved 26 November 2013</ref> He then got a part starring in the episode "[[Mummy on the Orient Express]]", alongside [[Twelfth Doctor]], [[Peter Capaldi]].<ref name = "bbcfactfile">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4whc8gPWYLt1yTQfdVcKYRn/mummy-on-the-orient-express-fact-filem|title=Mummy on the Orient Express: Fact File|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=11 October 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

In 2015 he appeared as a regular in the TV show ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'', a comedy game show hosted by [[Greg Davies]] commissioned and broadcast on the TV channel Dave. In 2016, he presented a series exclusive to [[BBC]]'s online service, [[BBC iPlayer]] called ''Frank Skinner on Demand with...''.

In April 2017, Skinner became a team captain along with [[Jonathan Ross]] on the live [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]] panel show, ''[[Don't Ask Me Ask Britain]]'' hosted by [[Alexander Armstrong]].

==Personal life==
Skinner and his longtime girlfriend, Cath Mason, have a son, Buzz Cody.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2012/01/28/14751/frank_skinner_to_be_a_dad_at_55|title=Frank Skinner to be a dad|publisher=chortle.co.uk|accessdate=28 January 2012|date=28 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Frank Skinner is a dad at 55... and his son is named Buzz Cody|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/frank-skinner-is-a-dad-at-55and-his-son-849092|work=Daily Mirror|date=27 May 2012|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> Raised [[Roman Catholic]], he reconnected with the faith in his 20s, and remains a practising Catholic. He is also a lifelong supporter of [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], and regularly attends games.<ref>[http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/celebrityfans/48/article.aspx Frank Skinner profile], atfourfourtwo.com; accessed 26 December 2014.</ref>.

He is a supporter of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Dominic|last=Midgley|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/464518/Frank-Skinner-The-greatest-gift-you-can-give-a-child-is-parents-who-don-t-drink|title=Frank Skinner: 'The greatest gift you can give a child is parents who don't drink'|date=13 March 2014|work=Daily Express|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> He was a victim of the [[credit crunch]] in the late 2000s after investing in [[AIG]], losing millions of pounds as a result.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10304087.stm|work=BBC News|title=Skinner reveals 'lost millions'|date=13 June 2010}}</ref>

==Publications==
===Books===
In October 2001, Skinner's autobiography, ''Frank Skinner by Frank Skinner'', was published.<ref>{{ASIN|0099426870|country=uk}}</ref> In August 2009, he released a book centred on his comedy career - ''Frank Skinner on the Road: Love, Stand-up Comedy and the Queen of the Night''.<ref>{{ASIN|0099458039|country=uk}}</ref> In September 2011, ''The Collected Wisdom of Frank Skinner; Dispatches from the Sofa'' was published.<ref>{{ASIN|B005NAD5X6}}</ref> It consists of his weekly columns for ''The Times'', written from 2009-11.

==Stand-up VHS and DVDs==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Released !! Notes
|-
| ''Live'' || 5 October 1992 || Live at [[London]]'s [[Bloomsbury Theatre]]
|-
| ''Live at the Apollo'' || 1994 || Live at London's [[Hammersmith Apollo]]
|-
| ''Live at the Palladium'' || 14 October 1996 || Live at London's [[London Palladium|Palladium Theatre]]
|-
| ''Live in Birmingham'' || 16 November 1998 || Live at [[Birmingham]]'s [[Birmingham Hippodrome|Hippodrome Theatre]]
|-
| ''Stand-Up! Live from Birmingham's National Indoor Arena'' || 10 November 2008 || Live at Birmingham's [[Arena Birmingham|National Indoor Arena]]
|-
| ''Live - Man in a Suit'' || 1 December 2014 || Live at London's [[Leicester Square Theatre]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.frankskinnerlive.com Official Website]
*[http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/2179/archbishop-rowan-and-frank-skinner-in-conversation Audio and transcript of conversation with Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams]
*{{IMDb name|0804245}}

{{Absolute Radio}}
{{BRIT Awards}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skinner, Frank}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from West Midlands (county)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birmingham City University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Comedians from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:English male comedians]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:People from Oldbury, West Midlands]]
[[Category:People from West Bromwich]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:20th-century British comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century British comedians]]

Colin Firth

2016-06-26T23:02:36Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 727116239 by Markf17 (talk) removed vandalism by several users

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Colin Firth
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CBE|size=100%}}
| image = Colin_Firth_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
| imagesize = 210px
| caption = Firth in 2014 at the [[San Diego Comic-Con]]
| birth_name = Colin Andrew Firth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|9|10}}
| birth_place = [[Grayshott]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV7L-3YWD|title=Person Details for Colin A Firth, "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008" — FamilySearch.org|publisher=}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Drama Centre London]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1983–present
| awards = See [[#Awards|list of awards]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Livia Firth|1997}}
| partner = [[Meg Tilly]] (1989–1994)
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Kate Firth]] (sister) [[Jonathan Firth]] (brother)
}}
'''Colin Andrew Firth''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|CBE|size=100%}} (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor. Firth's films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide.<ref name=Box-office>{{cite web|title=Colin Firth's Box Office Stats|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?id=colinfirth.htm|work=The Movie Times|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> Firth has received an [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]], a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Golden Globe Award]], two [[British Academy Film Awards]], and three [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role|Screen Actors Guild Awards]], as well as the [[Volpi Cup]]. Firth's most notable and acclaimed role to date has been his 2010 portrayal of King [[George VI]] in ''[[The King's Speech]]'', a performance that earned him an Oscar and multiple worldwide best actor awards.

Identified in the late 1980s with the "[[Brit Pack (actors)|Brit Pack]]" of rising, young British actors, it was not until Firth's portrayal of [[Fitzwilliam Darcy|Mr. Darcy]] in the [[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)|1995 television adaptation]] of [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' that he received more widespread attention. This led to roles in films such as ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]'', ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' (for which Firth was nominated for a [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|BAFTA]]), ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]'', and ''[[Love Actually]]''. In 2009, Firth received widespread critical acclaim for his leading role in ''[[A Single Man]]'', for which Firth gained his first Academy Award nomination, and won a [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award]]. Firth starred in the action spy comedy ''[[Kingsman: The Secret Service]]'' in 2014, which was a commercial success and received generally positive reviews.

In 2011, Firth received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], and was also selected as one of the ''[[Time 100]]''.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2066367,00.html "Full List – The 2011 TIME 100"], ''Time'', 21 April 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</ref> Firth was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Winchester in 2007, and was made a Freeman of the City of London in 2012.
Firth has campaigned for the rights of indigenous tribal peoples, and is a member of [[Survival International]]. Firth has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights, and the environment. Firth commissioned and is credited as a co-author on a scientific paper on a study into the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13661538|title=Colin Firth credited in brain research|work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Early life==
Firth was born in the village of [[Grayshott]], on the border of Surrey and Hampshire, to parents who were both [[Academia#Academic personnel|academic]]s and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a [[comparative religion]] lecturer at King Alfred's College, [[Winchester]] (now the [[University of Winchester]]), and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer (also at King Alfred's) and education officer for the [[Nigerian Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firthessence.net/family.htm |title=Actor Colin Firth is perhaps bes |publisher=Firthessence.net |accessdate=3 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090420040653/http://www.firthessence.net:80/family.htm |archivedate=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firthessence.net/firthfile.html |title=Colin Firth's Lineage |publisher=Firthessence.net |accessdate=3 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090420065544/http://www.firthessence.net:80/firthfile.html |archivedate=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/33/Colin-Firth.html |title=Colin Firth Biography (1960–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Firth is the eldest of three children; he has a sister, [[Kate Firth|Kate]], a stage actress and voice coach, and a brother, [[Jonathan Firth|Jonathan]], who is also an actor. Firth's parents were brought up in India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen |url=http://www.firth.com/articles/02realmag_816.html
|title=Real Magazine interview with Colin McErlean (Aug 2002) |publisher=Firth.com |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> because his maternal grandparents, [[Congregationalist]] ministers, and his paternal grandfather, an [[Anglican]] priest, performed overseas [[missionary]] work.<ref>{{cite web|author=lmw |url=http://hem.passagen.se/lmw/freshair01.html |title=Colin Firth – Fresh Air interview 2001 |publisher=Hem.passagen.se |date=7 May 2001 |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Karen |url=http://www.spring.net/karenr/articles/entnewsdaily50401.html |title=Colin Firth: Bridget Jones' Sweetie Would Rather Play Bad Guys |publisher=Spring.net |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fresh Air from WHYY |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1506175 |title=British Actor Colin Firth |publisher=NPR |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Karen |url=http://www.firth.com/articles/globeandmail51802.html |title=Globe and Mail – The Other Face of Colin Firth (May 18, 2002) |publisher=Firth.com |date=18 May 2002 |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref>

As a child, Firth travelled a lot due to his parents' work, spending some years in [[Nigeria]].<ref>Stated in interview on ''[[Inside the Actors Studio]]'', 2011</ref> He also lived in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]] when he was 11, which he has described as "a difficult time".<ref name="4 December 2005 DIDs">{{cite web|title= Press Releases Colin Firth Desert Island DiscsCategory: Radio 4 |date= 2005-12-04 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/04/did_firth.shtml|work=BBC Press Office releases |publisher= BBC |accessdate= 25 January 2013 }}</ref> On returning to the UK he attended the Montgomery of Alamein Secondary School (now [[Kings' School]]), which at the time was a state [[comprehensive school]] in [[Winchester]], Hampshire. He was still an outsider and was the target of [[bullying]]. To counter this he adopted the local working class Hampshire accent, and affected a lack of interest in schoolwork.<ref name="Colin Firth">[http://www.biography.com/people/colin-firth-9295522?page=2, Biography.com]</ref> By the time he was fourteen, Firth had already decided he wanted to be a professional actor, having attended drama workshops from the age of ten. Until [[further education]], he was not academically inclined, later saying in an interview "I didn't like school. I just thought it was boring and mediocre and nothing they taught me seemed to be of any interest at all."<ref name="4 December 2005 DIDs"/> However, at [[Barton Peveril Sixth Form College|Barton Peveril]] [[Sixth form college]] in [[Eastleigh]] he became instilled with a love of [[English literature]] thanks to an enthusiastic teacher, Penny Edwards, and has said that "My two years at Barton Peveril were among the two happiest years of my life".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fenews.co.uk/fe-news/college-saved-me-reveals-actor-colin-firth |title=College 'saved me', reveals actor Colin Firth |author=Jason Rainbow |date= 15 June 2010 |work= FE News |accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref>

After his [[sixth form]] years, Firth moved to London and joined the [[National Youth Theatre]]. There, he made many contacts in the acting world, from which he got a job in the [[Wardrobe supervisor|wardrobe department]] at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]].<ref name="Colin Firth" /> From there he went on to study at [[Drama Centre London]].<ref name=People>{{cite web|title=Colin Firth: People|url=http://www.people.com/people/colin_firth/0,,,00.html|work=People|publisher=2013 Time Inc.|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref>

==Career==

===1983–1994, "Brit Pack" boy===
Playing [[Prince Hamlet|Hamlet]] in the Drama Centre end of year production, Firth was spotted by playwright [[Julian Mitchell]], who cast him as the [[Homosexuality|gay]], ambitious [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schoolboy]] Guy Bennett in the 1983 [[West End theatre|West End]] production of ''[[Another Country (play)|Another Country]]''. In 1984, Firth made his film debut in the role of Tommy Judd, Guy Bennett's [[Heterosexuality|straight]], [[Marxism|Marxist]] school friend in the [[Another Country (film)|screen adaptation of the play]] (opposite [[Rupert Everett]] as Guy Bennett).<ref>{{cite web|title=Another Country|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b69a34447|work=BFI Film|publisher=BFI|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How we met: Colin Firth & Julian Mitchell|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how-we-met-colin-firth--julian-mitchell--rupert-everett-was-a-complete-bd-to-me-9202649.html|accessdate=14 April 2014 | work=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Jacques|date=23 March 2014}}</ref> This was the start of longstanding public feud between Firth and Everett, which was later resolved.<ref name=Heraldsun2008>{{cite news|last=Fenton|first=Andrew|title=Colin Firth has ended his feud with Rupert Everett|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/firth-class-bully/story-e6frf9h6-1111115901547|accessdate=27 January 2013|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=27 March 2008|quote="Everett publicly branded Firth 'boring' and classified him as 'a ghastly guitar-playing redbrick socialist who was going to give his first half-million away to charity'. 'We didn't get along very well the first time we worked together,'' Firth says simply. 'I think he was probably terribly threatened because I was an awful lot better than him.'" There is some truth to this because in Everett's 2006 autobiography, the gay actor admits he fancied, and felt threatened by, Firth at the time.}}</ref> He starred with Sir [[Laurence Olivier]] in ''[[Lost Empires]]'' (1986), a TV adaptation of [[J. B. Priestley]]'s novel.

In 1987, Firth along with other up and coming British actors such as [[Tim Roth]], [[Bruce Payne]] and [[Paul McGann]] were dubbed the '[[Brit Pack (actors)|Brit Pack]]'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Poznak|first=Elissa|title=The Brit Pack|journal=The Face|date=January 1987|issue=81|pages=36–39|url=http://brucesangels.com/britpack.html|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brucepayne.de/press/articles/facearticle1987.html |title=The Brit Pack |publisher=Brucepayne.de |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> That same year he appeared alongside [[Kenneth Branagh]] in the film version of [[J. L. Carr]]'s ''[[A Month in the Country (film)|A Month in the Country]]''. Sheila Johnston observed a theme in his early works of playing those traumatised by war.<ref name=ShuaibBFI/> Firth portrayed real-life British soldier [[Robert Lawrence (British Army officer)|Robert Lawrence]] [[Military Cross|MC]] in the 1988 BBC dramatisation ''[[Tumbledown]]''. Lawrence was severely injured at the [[Battle of Mount Tumbledown]] during the [[Falklands War]], and the film details his struggles to adjust to his disability whilst confronted with indifference from the government and the public. The film attracted controversy at the time, with criticism coming from left and right ends of the political spectrum.<ref name=ShuaibBFI>{{cite web|last=Shuaib|first=Keith|title=Tumbledown (1988)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/727545/index.html|work=BFI Screenonline|publisher=BFI|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> Firth's performance led to a Royal TV Society Best Actor Award and he was nominated for the 1989 [[BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|Television Award]].<ref name="BAFTA Television | Actor in 1989">{{cite web|title=Television Actor in 1989|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1989/television/actor|work=BAFTA Awards|publisher=BAFTA|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> In 1989 he played the title role in [[Miloš Forman]]'s ''[[Valmont (film)|Valmont]]'', based on ''[[Les Liaisons dangereuses]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Szabo|first=Julia|title=Going Firth Class|journal=Mademoiselle|date=November 1989|url=http://www.firth.com/articles/89_11mademoiselle.html|accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref> This was released just a year after ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'', and did not make a big impact in comparison. The same year he played a paranoid, socially awkward character in [[Argentinian]] psychological thriller ''[[Apartment Zero]]''.<ref name=Andrew-zero>{{cite web|last=Andrew|first=Geoff|title=Apartment Zero|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/apartment-zero|work=Time Out London|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref>

===1995–2003, English romantic (''Pride and Prejudice'')===
It was through his role as the aloof and haughty aristocrat [[Mr. Darcy]] in the 1995 [[BBC]] television adaptation of [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)|Pride and Prejudice]]'' that Firth finally became a household name. He was producer Sue Birtwistle's first choice for the part, eventually being persuaded to take it, despite initial reluctance as he was unfamiliar with Austen's writing.<ref name="nyt 01141996">{{cite news|last=Grimes|first=William|title=An Austen Tale of Sex and Money in Which Girls Kick Up Their Heels|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/14/tv/cover-story-an-austen-tale-of-sex-and-money-in-which-girls-kick-up-their-heels.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm|accessdate=22 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 January 1996}}</ref> Firth and co-star [[Jennifer Ehle]] began a romantic relationship during the filming of the series, which only received media attention after the couple's separation.<ref name=twice_shy>{{cite news |last=Steiner |first=Susie |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2001/mar/31/features.weekend |title=Twice Shy |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 March 2001 |accessdate=20 May 2008}}</ref> Sheila Johnston wrote that Firth's approach to the part "lent Darcy complex shades of coldness, even caddishness, in the early episodes."<ref name=ShuaibBFI/> The serial was a major international success, and unexpectedly elevated Firth to stardom,<ref name=twice_shy /> in some part due to an iconic scene in which he emerged in a wet shirt after swimming.<ref name="Me Sexy? only to that crazy Bridget Jones">[http://www.firth.com/articles/03vanfair_italy_oct.html, Me Sexy? only to that crazy Bridget Jones: Vanity Fair]</ref> Although Firth did not mind being recognised as "a romantic idol as a Darcy with smouldering sex appeal"<ref name=nyt_sexy>{{cite news |last=James |first=Caryn |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/movies/29jame.html |title=Austen Powers: Making Jane Sexy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 July 2007 |accessdate=17 May 2007}}</ref> in a role that "officially turned him into a heart-throb",<ref name=renaissance>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Tom |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/03/1078295440766.html |title=Renaissance man |work=[[The Age]] |date=6 March 2004 |accessdate=25 May 2008}}</ref> he expressed the wish not to be associated with ''Pride and Prejudice'' forever.<ref name=ae_magazine>{{cite journal |last=Passero |first=Kathy |title=Pride, Prejudice and a Little Persuasion |publisher=[[A&E Network|A&E]] Monthly Magazine |date=December 1996}}</ref> He was therefore reluctant to accept similar roles and risk becoming [[typecast (acting)|typecast]].<ref name="Colin Firth" /> For a time it did seem as if Mr Darcy would overshadow the rest of his career, and there were humorous allusions to the role in his next five movies.<ref name=guardian-1-1-2011>{{cite news|last=Petterson|first=John|title=Colin Firth has left his posh acting peers in the dust. Give him the Oscar for The King's Speech now|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/01/colin-firth-kings-speech|accessdate=28 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 January 2011}}</ref> The most notable of these was the casting of Firth as love interest [[Mark Darcy]] in the [[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|film adaptation]] of ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary]]'', itself a modern-day retelling of ''Pride and Prejudice''. Firth accepted the part as he saw it as an opportunity to lampoon his Mr Darcy character.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Faillaci |first=Sara |title=Me Sexy? |publisher=''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' (Italy) |date=16 October 2003}}</ref> The film was very successful<ref name=BoxofficemojoBJD>{{cite web|title=Bridget Jones's Diary box office|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bridgetjonessdiary.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> and critically well liked.<ref name="rotten tomatoes BJD">{{cite web|title=Bridget Jones's Diary Reviews top critics|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridget_jones_diary/reviews/?type=top_critics|work=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster, Inc.|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> A [[Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film)|sequel]] in 2004 was mostly panned by critics<ref name="BJDEOR rotten tomatoes">{{cite web|title=Bridget Jones – The Edge of Reason (2004)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridget_jones_the_edge_of_reason/|work=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster, Inc.|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> but was still financially successful. Firth had a supporting role in ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]'' (1996) playing the husband of [[Kristin Scott Thomas]]'s character, whose jealousy about her adultery leads to both their deaths. He had parts in light [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Costume drama|period pieces]] such as ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]'' (1998), ''[[Relative Values (film)|Relative Values]]'' (2000) and ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 film)|The Importance of Being Earnest]]'' (2002). He played a less debonair romantic lead as a laddish, football obsessed teacher in ''[[Fever Pitch (1997 film)|Fever Pitch]]'' (1997). He appeared in several television productions, including ''Donovan Quick'' (an updated version of ''[[Don Quixote]]'') (1999)<ref name=Johnston-BFI>{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Sheila|title=Firth, Colin (1960–)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html|work=BFI Screenonline|publisher=BFI|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> and had a more serious and villainous role as Dr [[Wilhelm Stuckart]] in ''[[Conspiracy (2001 film)|Conspiracy]]'' (2001), concerning the Nazi [[Wannsee Conference]]; Firth was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for his role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/colin-firth|title=Colin Firth|work=Television Academy}}</ref>

===2003–2009, ensemble player (''Love Actually'', ''Mamma Mia!'')===
Firth featured in the ensemble all-star cast of [[Richard Curtis]]' ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), another financial success,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2003/LVACT.php |title=Love Actually at TheNumbers.com |publisher=The-numbers.com |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> which divided critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wloszczyna |first=Susan |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-11-04-curtis-profile_x.htm |title=USA Today review |work=USA Today |date=5 November 2003 |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=A. O. SCOTT |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=1&res=9804E3D7153BF934A35752C1A9659C8B63 |title=New York Times review |work=The New York Times |date=7 November 2003 |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> In contrast, that year Firth was also given solo billing as the romantic lead in ''[[Hope Springs (2003 film)|Hope Springs]]'', but the film received very poor reviews<ref>{{cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|title=Hope Springs Our Review|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/movie/95120/hope.springs|accessdate=29 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|quote=It made me want to tumble off the red plush seats, curl up into a foetal ball and mew like a maltreated kitten|date=21 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Anna|title=Hope Springs Review|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/ReviewComplete.asp?FID=8899|work=Empire|publisher=Bauer Consumer Media.|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref> and made little impact at the box office.<ref name=Hopespringsboxoffice>{{cite web|title=Hope Springs box office|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=UK&id=hopesprings.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref> Firth played the painter [[Johannes Vermeer]] opposite [[Scarlett Johansson]] in the 2003 release ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]]''. Some critics praised the film's gentle subtlety<ref name="December 26, 2003">{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Girl with a Pearl Earring, December 26, 2003|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20031226/REVIEWS/312260301|work=Roger Ebert.com|accessdate=30 January 2013|date=26 December 2003}}</ref> and sumptuous visuals,<ref name=McCarthy-09-01-2003>{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|title=Girl With a Pearl Earring|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117921673/?categoryid=31&cs=1|work=Variety reivews, Mon, Sep. 1, 2003|publisher=Variety Media, LLC|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> whilst others found it almost too restrained, tedious and bereft of emotion.<ref name="Time Dec. 08, 2003">{{cite news|last=Schickel|first=Richard|title=Seven Holiday Treats|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101031215-557084-3,00.html|work=Time Magazine Monday, Dec. 08, 2003|accessdate=30 January 2013|date=8 December 2003}}</ref> Nevertheless, the film had mostly favourable reviews, was moderately successful with audiences<ref name="GWPE RT">{{cite web|title=Girl With Pearl Earring (2003) ratings|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/girl_with_a_pearl_earring/|work=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster, Inc.|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> and gained several awards and nominations. 2005's ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' with [[Emma Thompson]] was a rare venture for Firth into the [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] genre. ''[[Where the Truth Lies]]'' from that year was also a departure from light comedies, this time a return to some of Firth's darker, more intense early roles, with a notorious scene featuring him involved in a [[bisexual]] [[orgy]]. Sheila Johnston wrote that it "confounded his fans" but despite that his character "draws knowingly on that suave, cultivated persona."<ref name="Johnston-26 Nov 2005">{{cite news|last=Johnston|first=Sheila|title=Is that Mr Darcy taking part in an orgy?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3648270/Is-that-Mr-Darcy-taking-part-in-an-orgy.html|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 November 2005}}</ref> which could be traced from Mr. Darcy. Other films from this time include ''[[Then She Found Me]]'' (2007) with [[Helen Hunt]] and ''[[The Last Legion]]'' (2007) with [[Aishwarya Rai]]. In 2008 he played the adult [[Blake Morrison]] reminiscing on his difficult relationship with his ailing father in the film adaptation of Morrison's memoir ''[[And When Did You Last See Your Father?]].'' The film received generally favourable reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/when_did_you_last_see_your_father/|title=When Did You Last See Your Father?|date=6 June 2008|work=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/stuck|title=Stuck|work=Metacritic}}</ref>[[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated the film four out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/oct/05/drama.periodandhistorical|title=And When Did You Last See Your Father?|author=Peter Bradshaw|work=the Guardian}}</ref>[[Manohla Dargis]] in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said "It's a pleasure to watch Mr. Firth – a supremely controlled actor who makes each developing fissure visible – show the adult Blake coming to terms with his contradictory feelings, letting the love and the hurt pour out of him."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/movies/06fath.html|title=Log In - The New York Times|publisher=}}</ref>[[Philip French]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' wrote that Firth "[does] quiet agonising to perfection."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/oct/07/documentary.periodandhistorical|title=All about my father|author=Philip French|work=the Guardian}}</ref> However, Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "an unashamed tearjerker that's all wrapping and no center." While he conceded that it was "undeniably effective at a gut level despite its dramatic shortcomings," he added that "Things aren't helped any by Firth's dour perf, as his Blake comes across as a self-centered whiner, a latter-day Me Generation figure who's obsessed with finding problems when there really aren't any."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934468.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0|title=When Did You Last See Your Father?|author=Derek Elley|work=Variety}}</ref>
[[File:Colin Firth 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Firth at the [[2009 Venice Film Festival]]]] The film adaptation of ''[[Mamma Mia! (film)|Mamma Mia!]]'' (2008), was Firth's first foray into [[Musical film|musical]]s, and he described the experience as "a bit nerve-wracking"<ref name="Metro, Sunday 6 Jul 2008">{{cite web|last=Ivan-Zadeh|first=Larushka|title=Mamma Mia! Firth is a super trooper|url=http://metro.co.uk/2008/07/06/mamma-mia-firth-is-a-super-trooper-249572/|work=Metro, Sunday 6 Jul 2008|publisher=Associated Newspapers Limited|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> but believed he got off lightly by being tasked with one of the less demanding songs, ''[[Our Last Summer]]''.<ref name="HS-July 10, 2008">{{cite news|last=Sutherland|first=Claire|title=Colin Firth talks about the challenges of Mamma Mia!|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/colin-gets-on-song/story-e6frf7jo-1111116874068|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=10 July 2008}}</ref> ''Mamma Mia'' became the highest grossing British-made film of all time,<ref name=Irvine-telegraph-30-10-2008>{{cite news|last=Irvine|first=Chris|title=Mamma Mia becomes highest grossing British film|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3283481/Mamma-Mia-becomes-highest-grossing-British-film.html|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2008|quote="The film has made £66,995,224 in the UK, beating Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone."}}</ref> taking over $600 million worldwide.<ref name=MammamiaBO>{{cite web|title=Mamma Mia! gross|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mammamia.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> As with ''Love Actually'', it polarised critics in their opinions, with supporters such as ''Empire'' calling it "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."<ref>[http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/mamma_mia/ Empire review]</ref> whereas Peter Bradshaw in ''[[The Guardian]]'' said the film gave him a "need to vomit".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2008/jul/10/film.reviews|title=Mamma Mia!|author=Peter Bradshaw|work=the Guardian}}</ref> Judy Cramer in ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' described Firth's performance as "the embodiment of forced mirth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/columnists/carrie_rickey/20080718__Mamma_Mia___here_we_go_again_-_this_time_on_screen.html|title='Mamma Mia,' here we go again - this time on screen|work=philly-archives}}</ref> That year Firth also starred in ''[[Easy Virtue (2008 film)|Easy Virtue]]'', which screened at the Rome Film Festival to excellent reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://easyvirtuereview.blogspot.com/|title=Easy Virtue brings British humour to Rome Film Festival|accessdate=27 October 2008|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Firth starred in ''[[Genova (2008 film)|Genova]]'' which premiered at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>[http://entertainment.aol.ca/article/qa-colin-firth-talks-genova/339231/ Colin Firth, Genova Interview. AOL Entertainment Canada] {{wayback|url=http://entertainment.aol.ca/article/qa-colin-firth-talks-genova/339231/ |date=20081024123526 |df=y }}</ref>
In 2009, he featured in ''[[A Christmas Carol (2009 film)|A Christmas Carol]]'', an adaptation of [[Charles Dickens]]'s novel, using the [[performance capture]] procedure, playing Scrooge's optimistic nephew Fred.<ref name="03 Nov 2009">{{cite news|title=Colin Firth's discomfort in skin-tight spandex for A Christmas Carol animated movie|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6489121/Colin-Firths-discomfort-in-skin-tight-spandex-for-A-Christmas-Carol-animated-movie.html|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 November 2009}}</ref>

===2009–2011, ''The King's Speech'', awards success===
At the [[66th Venice International Film Festival]] in 2009 Firth was awarded the [[Volpi Cup]] for Best Actor for his role in [[Tom Ford]]'s directorial debut ''[[A Single Man]]'' as a college professor grappling with solitude after the death of his longtime partner. His performance earned Firth career best reviews and Academy Award, Golden Globe, Screen Actors' Guild, BAFTA, and BFCA nominations; he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in February 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8526670.stm|title=Bafta wins for Carey Mulligan and Colin Firth |date=21 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Colin Firth and Helena Bonham Carter filming.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Firth with [[Helena Bonham Carter]] filming ''[[The King's Speech]]'' in December 2009, which became his most critically acclaimed role to date.]]
Firth starred in the 2010 film ''[[The King's Speech]]'' as [[George VI|Prince Albert, Duke of York/King George VI]]. The film details his working to overcome his speech impediment while becoming monarch of the United Kingdom at the end of 1936. At the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF),<ref name=Evans2010>{{Citation | title = Tom Hooper, Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush at The King's Speech premiere at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival | url = http://www.digitalhit.com/galleries/38/539/15 | year = 2010 | author = Evans, Ian | publisher = DigitalHit.com | accessdate = 3 August 2011 }}</ref> the film was met with a standing ovation. The TIFF release of ''The King's Speech'' fell on Colin's 50th birthday and was called the "best 50th birthday gift".<ref name=firth50th>{{cite news|first=Roger|last=Friedman|url=http://www.showbiz411.com/2010/09/11/colin-firth-gets-best-50th-birthday-gift|title=Colin Firth Gets Best 50th Birthday Gift|accessdate=14 September 2010|date=11 September 2010|work=[[Showbiz 411]]}}</ref> On 16 January 2011, he won a Golden Globe for his performance in ''The King's Speech'' in the category of [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama]]. The [[Screen Actors Guild]] recognised Firth with the award for Best Male Actor for ''The King's Speech'' on 30 January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8260914/Golden-Globes-2011-Colin-Firth-wins-Best-Actor-as-The-Social-Network-takes-four-awards.html|title=Golden Globes 2011: Colin Firth wins Best Actor as The Social Network takes four awards|date=17 January 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=14 February 2011|location=London|first=Melissa|last=Whitworth}}</ref>
In February 2011 he won the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|best actor award]] at the [[64th British Academy Film Awards|2011 BAFTA awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/feb/13/baftas-2011-the-kings-speech|title=Baftas 2011: The King's Speech sweeps the board|date=14 February 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=14 February 2011|location=London|first=Mark|last=Brown}}</ref> He received an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] in a motion picture for ''[[The King's Speech]]'' on 27 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/8353278/Colin-Firth-takes-Oscars-crown-as-British-film-proves-mother-knows-best.html#|title=Colin Firth takes Oscars crown as British film proves mother knows best|date=28 February 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=28 February 2011|location=London|first=Anita|last=Singh}}</ref> It went on to gross $414,211,549 worldwide.<ref name=kingsspeechboxoffice>{{cite web|title=The King's Speech box office statistics|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=kingsspeech.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref>

Firth appeared as senior British secret agent [[Bill Haydon]] in the 2011 adaptation of the [[John le Carré]] novel ''[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]'', directed by [[Tomas Alfredson]], also starring [[Gary Oldman]] and [[Tom Hardy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cinematical.com/2010/08/16/benedict-cumberbatch-joins-tinker-tailor-soldier-spy/ |title=Benedict Cumberbatch Joins 'Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy' |date=16 August 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2010}}</ref> The film gathered mostly excellent reviews.<ref name=RTTTSS>{{cite web|title=Tinker Tailor Soldier, Spy 2011|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tinker_tailor_soldier_spy/|work=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster, Inc.|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> ''The Independent'' described Firth's performance as "suavely arrogant" and praised the film.<ref name=IndepTTSS>{{cite news|last=Romney|first=Johnathan|title=Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (15)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/tinker-tailor-soldier-spy-15-2356404.html|accessdate=3 February 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=18 September 2011}}</ref> Deborah Young in ''The Hollywood Reporter'' thought Firth got "all the best dialogue", which he delivered "sardonically".<ref name="HRTTSS9 May 2011">{{cite news|last=Young|first=Deborah|title=Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: Venice Film Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/tinker-tailor-soldier-spy/review/231215|accessdate=3 February 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=9 May 2011}}</ref> Leslie Felperin in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that all the actors brought their "A game" and Firth was in "particularly [[choleric]], amusing form."<ref name=Felperinvariety09052011>{{cite news|last=Felperin|first=Leslie|title=Venice Film Festival Review Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945968/?categoryid=31&cs=1|accessdate=3 February 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=5 September 2011}}</ref> However, [[Peter Hitchens]] writing in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' expressed reservations that Firth looked too young for the part (even though he technically was) being "of the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war]] generation, who escaped wartime privation," and therefore not "old enough or ravaged enough".<ref name=HitchensTTSS>{{cite news|last=Hitchens|first=Peter|title=Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Travesty|url=http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2011/09/tinker-tailor-soldier-travesty.html|accessdate=3 February 2013|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

===2011–present===
In May 2011 Firth began filming ''[[Gambit (2012 film)|Gambit]]'' – a remake of [[Gambit (1966 film)|a 1960s crime caper]], taking a part played in the original by [[Michael Caine]]. It was released in the UK in November 2012 and was a financial and critical failure,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=gambit.htm|title=Gambit (2013) – International Box Office|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> attracting many negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gambit_2012/|title=Gambit (2012)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> [[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'s [[Kim Newman]] wrote "Firth starts out homaging Caine with his horn-rimmed cool but soon defaults to his usual repressed British clod mode",<ref name=Empiregambit>{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Kim|title=Empire's Gambit Movie Review|journal=Empire|date=November 2012|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=137247|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> whilst Time Out London called his a "likeable performance", although criticised the film overall.<ref name=Timeoutgambit>{{cite journal|last=Johnston|first=Trevor|journal=Time Out London|date=8 November 2012|title=Gambit (12A)|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/gambit-2012-1|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> Stephen Dalton writing in the ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said "To his credit, Firth keeps his performance grounded in downbeat realism while all around are wildly mugging in desperate pursuit of thin, forced laughs.<ref name=HRGambit>{{cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Stephen|title=The Bottom Line Starry art-heist remake is more clumsy sketch than Old Master.|journal=The Hollywood Reporter|date=11 July 2012|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/gambit-film-review-colin-firth-387610|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gambit 2012|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0404978/|accessdate=31 October 2012}}</ref> He has been scheduled to appear in Rupert Everett's directorial debut ''The Happy Prince'',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Happy Prince 2014|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2404639/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|work=Internet Move Database|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref> an [[Oscar Wilde]] biopic.<ref name=HR5.21.2012>{{cite news|last=Roxborough|first=Scott|title=Cannes 2012: Rupert Everett to Make Directorial Debut With Oscar Wilde Biopic|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-rupert-everett-oscar-wilde-327201|accessdate=29 January 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 May 2012}}</ref> Firth will play Wilde's friend [[Reginald Turner (writer)|Reginald "Reggie" Turner]]. Shooting was planned for summer 2013, with the film due to be released in 2014. Firth was also expected to return for the third Bridget Jones film, which was in production in 2012.<ref name="HP20 September 2012">{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title='Bridget Jones's Baby' Script Taking Shape: Renee Zellweger, Colin Firth And Hugh Grant Expected To Return|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/09/20/bridget-joness-baby-script-renee-zelwegger_n_1899981.html|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=BJB2013>{{cite web|title=Bridget Jones's Baby (2013)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1473832/|publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref>
Firth is also due to star in the film ''[[Genius (2016 film)|Genius]]'', playing literary editor [[Max Perkins]] alongside [[Jude Law]] as author [[Thomas Wolfe]]. The film, which is based on [[A. Scott Berg]]'s biography ''[[Max Perkins: Editor of Genius]]'', is due to begin filming in early 2014.<ref name=Khomami-06-Nov-2012>{{cite news|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|title=Colin Firth and Jude Law to star in upcoming literary drama Genius|url=https://login.yahoo.com/config/mail?&.src=ym&.intl=uk|accessdate=11 February 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|title=Berlin 2013: Colin Firth, Jude Law's 'Genius' Sells Around the World (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-2013-colin-firth-michael-419160|accessdate=11 February 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

In May 2013, it was announced that Firth had signed to co-star with [[Emma Stone]] in [[Woody Allen]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Magic in the Moonlight]]'', set in the 1920s, shot on the [[French Riviera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2013/may/01/colin-firth-woody-allen-emma-stone|title=Colin Firth to star in Woody Allen's next film, alongside Emma Stone|author=Ben Child|work=the Guardian}}</ref>

In 2015 Firth starred as Harry Hart aka "Galahad" in the spy action comedy film ''[[Kingsman: The Secret Service]]''.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2802144/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1</ref> ''Kingsman: The Secret Service'' earned a gross of $412.4 million, against a budget of $81 million.<ref>"Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015)". Box Office Mojo. 1 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.</ref>

In June 2015 he was reported to be filming the story of [[Donald Crowhurst]] in ''[[The Mercy]]'', in which he stars as the yachtsman alongside [[Rachel Weisz]], [[David Thewlis]] and [[Jonathan Bailey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/pictures/PICTURES-Filming-new-Donald-Crowhurst-film/pictures-26619491-detail/pictures.html|title=PICTURES: Colin Firth and Rachel Weisz on a Teignmouth film set|work=Western Morning News}}</ref>

===Other work===
Firth's first published work, "The Department of Nothing", appeared in ''[[Speaking with the Angel]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|author=lmw |url=http://hem.passagen.se/lmw/department_of_nothing.html |title=Colin Firth Career Timeline: Department of Nothing |publisher=Hem.passagen.se |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> This collection of short stories was edited by [[Nick Hornby]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/minisites/nickhornby/books/swta_synopsis.html#swta |title=Nick Hornby |publisher=Penguin.co.uk |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> and was published to benefit the [[TreeHouse (charity)|TreeHouse Trust]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/minisites/nickhornby/treehouse/index.html |title=TreeHouse |publisher=Penguin.co.uk |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> in aid of autistic children. Firth had previously met Hornby during the filming of the original ''[[Fever Pitch (1997 film)|Fever Pitch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/colin_firth_biog/9 |title=Colin Firth Biography |publisher=Tiscali.co.uk |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119114/|title=Fever Pitch (1997)|author=malcolmgsw|date=4 April 1997|work=IMDb}}</ref> Colin Firth contributed with his writing for the book, ''We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples'', released in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/weareone |title=We Are One |publisher=Survival International |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> The book explores the cultures of peoples around the world, portraying both their diversity and the threats that they face. It features contributions from many Western writers, such as [[Laurens van der Post]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], and also from indigenous people, such as [[Davi Kopenawa Yanomami]] and [[Roy Sesana]]. The royalties from the sale of this book go to the indigenous rights organisation, [[Survival International]].

Firth was an executive producer for the film [[In Prison My Whole Life]], featuring [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Angela Davis]]. The film was selected to the 2007 London Film Festival and the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.<ref>''(a) [http://history.sundance.org/films/5368/in_prison_my_whole_life In Prison My Whole Life ]''[http://history.sundance.org/films/5368/in_prison_my_whole_life on the Sundance Film Festival website]; (b) [http://www.inprisonmywholelife.com Official Website of the film] (c) [[Screen Review of In Prison My Whole Life.|Screen Review of ''In Prison My Whole Life.'']]</ref>

In December 2010, Firth was guest editor on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s [[Today (BBC Radio 4)|Today programme]], during which he commissioned research to scan the brains of politicians to see if there were any differences depending on political leanings.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13661538 "Colin Firth credited in brain research"], BBC News, 5 June 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</ref> He was then credited as one of four co-authors of an academic paper into human brains, the others being [[University College London]] researchers.<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.017 "Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults"] 7 April 2011, Current Biology</ref><ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v474/n7352/full/474423f.html "Brain and behaviour: The voter's grey matter"] 23 June 2011, ''Nature''</ref> The results of the study suggested that conservatives have greater [[amygdala]] volume and liberals have greater volume in their [[anterior cingulate cortex]].

In 2012, Firth's audiobook recording of [[Graham Greene]]'s ''[[The End of the Affair]]'' was released at [[Audible.com]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505270_162-57428912/colin-firth-lends-voice-to-classic-novel-reading/ |title=Colin Firth lends voice to classic novel reading |work=CBS This Morning |date=7 May 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> The production was awarded Audiobook of the Year at the 2013 [[Audie Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Audies 2013|url=http://www.audible.com/int/Audie_Awards_2013|accessdate=14 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2012 he co-founded '''Raindog Films''' with British music industry executive and entreprenuer [[Ged Doherty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nz.linkedin.com/in/geddoherty | title=Ged Doherty | publisher=LinkedIn | accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref> its first feature, ''[[Eye in the Sky (2015 film)|Eye in the Sky]]'', was released theatrically in April 2016.

==Personal life==
[[File:ColinFirthLiviaJan11.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Firth with wife Livia Firth in January 2011]]
In 1989, he began a relationship with [[Meg Tilly]], his co-star in ''Valmont'' and, in 1990, they had a son, William "Will" Joseph Firth.<ref>{{ cite web|title=William Joseph Firth(1990)|url=http://www.williamjosephfirth.com}}</ref> The family moved to the [[Lower Mainland]] of [[British Columbia]], Canada. Firth's acting career slowed down until they broke up in 1994, and his return to the UK.<ref name=BFIbiog>{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Sheila|title=Firth, Colin (1960–)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html|work=BFI Screenonline|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> Firth remains in contact with Will and with Tilly's two other children.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Boshoff, Alison |title=The Family Colin Firth Left Behind|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1349455/Colin-Firths-secret-son-How-debt-reclusive-beauty-Meg-Tilly.html|website=DailyMail.co.uk|accessdate=10 March 2015|location=London|date=21 Jan 2011}}</ref> In 1997, Firth married Italian film producer and director Livia Firth (''née'' Giuggioli).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,465976,00.html|last=Steiner|first=Susie|title=Twice Shy|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 March 2001|accessdate=20 May 2008|location=London}}</ref> They have two sons, Luca (born March 2001) and Matteo (born August 2003).<ref name="Colin Firth"/> The family now live in both [[Chiswick]], London and [[Umbria]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eden|first1=Richard|title=Colin Firth's wife Livia refuses to let the sun set on her eco dream|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/9336116/Colin-Firths-wife-Livia-refuses-to-let-the-sun-set-on-her-eco-dream.html|accessdate=23 April 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Ceallaigh|first1=John|title=Livia Firth's travelling life|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/206/livia-firths-travelling-life.html|accessdate=23 April 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 November 2012}}</ref> Firth started to learn Italian when he and Giuggioli began to date and is now fluent in the language. Firth is a supporter of [[Arsenal F.C.]]

Firth was awarded an honorary degree on 19 October 2007 from the [[University of Winchester]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Colin Firth Receives Honorary Degree|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/10/26/colin_firth_receives_honorary_degree_|work=starpulse|date=26 October 2007|accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Colin Firth – Honorary speech 2007 Graduation at University of Winchester|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU9tbErYcoY|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> On 13 January 2011, he was presented with the 2,429th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Colin Firth wins a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame|date=14 January 2011|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jan/14/colin-firth-star-walk-of-fame|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5vqOQoXa1|archivedate=18 January 2011|location=London}}</ref> In April 2011, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Firth in its list of the world's 100 Most Influential People.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066448,00.html|title=The 2011 TIME 100|date=21 April 2011|work=Time|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> Firth was appointed [[Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[2011 Birthday Honours]] for services to drama,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=59808 |date=11 June 2011 |startpage=7 |supp=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Main list of the 2011 Queen's birthday honours recipients|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/11_06_11honours_mainlist.pdf|publisher=BBC News UK|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> and made a [[Freedom of the City#Freedom of the City of London|Freeman]] of the [[City of London]] on 8 March 2012.<ref>[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/news_2012/colin_firth_freeman.htm "Colin Firth becomes Freeman of the City of London"] 1 March 2012, News release at City of London website</ref>

===Activism===
Firth has been a long-standing supporter of [[Survival International]], a non-governmental organisation that defends the rights of tribal peoples.<ref name="survivalinternationalfirth">{{cite web|url=http://www.survival-international.org/news/24|title='Love Actually' star Colin Firth condemns Bushman evictions|work=Survival International|accessdate=27 February 2007}}</ref> Speaking in 2001, he said, "My interest in tribal peoples goes back many years... and I have supported [Survival] ever since."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.survival-international.org/news/audio|title=Audio|work=Survival International}}</ref> In 2003, during the promotion of the film ''[[Love Actually]]'', he spoke in defence of the tribal people of [[Botswana]], condemning the Botswana government's eviction of the [[Gana and Gwi people]] (San) from the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]]. He says of the San, "These people are not the remnants of a past era who need to be brought up to date. Those who are able to continue to live on the land that is rightfully theirs are facing the 21st century with a confidence that many of us in the so-called developed world can only envy."<ref name="survivalinternationalfirth" /> He has also backed a Survival International campaign to press the Brazilian government to take more decisive action in defence of the [[Awá-Guajá people|Awá-Guajá]] people, whose land and livelihood is critically threatened by the actions of loggers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe |title='They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help|last=Chamberlain|first=Gethin|work=The Guardian|date=22 April 2012|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref>

As a supporter of the [[Refugee Council]], Firth was involved in a campaign to stop the [[deportation]] of a group of 42 Congolese [[asylum seekers]], expressing concerns in open letters to ''The Independent'' and ''The Guardian'' that they faced being murdered on their return to the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name=Guardian260207>{{cite news|last=Firth|first=Colin|title=Britain's shameful deportations of asylum seekers|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/feb/26/immigration.congo|accessdate=2 February 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=26 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Colin Firth|title=We must stop a deportation that is likely to end in murder|url=http://comment.independent.co.uk/letters/article2305539.ece|work=The Independent|date=26 February 2007|accessdate=27 February 2007|location=London}}</ref><ref name=RefCoun,270207>{{cite web|title=Colin Firth voices outrage at deportations to Congo|url=http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/news/archive/news/2007/february/26022007|work=Refugee Council, 27 February 2007|publisher=Refugee Council|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> Firth said "To me it's just basic civilisation to help people. I find this incredibly painful to see how we dismiss the most desperate people in our society. It's easily done. It plays to the tabloids, to the [[Middle England|Middle-England]] [[xenophobia|xenophobes]]. It just makes me furious. And all from a government we once had such high hopes for".<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Johnson|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2305575.ece|title=Colin Firth makes plea for nurse 'facing murder' in Congo|work=The Independent|date=26 February 2007|accessdate=27 February 2007| location=London}}</ref> Four of the asylum seekers were given a last-minute reprieve from deportation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firth's intervention saves nurse from deportation|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2308458.ece|work=The Independent|date=27 February 2007|accessdate=27 February 2007|location=London|author=Damian Spellman}}</ref>

Firth along with other celebrities has been involved in the [[Oxfam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/11/kings-speech-star-to-auction-himself.html|title=The King's Speech Star to Auction Himself for Charity|work=EF News International}}</ref> global campaign [[Make Trade Fair]], focusing on trade practices seen as especially unfair to third world producers including dumping, high import tariffs, and labour rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maketradefair.com/en/index.php?file=dumped_colin.htm|title=Make Trade Fair|work=Oxfam International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/news/pressreleases2005/pr051212_bignoise |title=Celebrities present 18 million-strong Make Trade Fair petition to World Trade boss in Hong Kong|work=Oxfam International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firth.com/articles/05indep_716.html|title=Colin Firth Profile in the Independent|publisher=firth.com}}</ref> He has further contributed to this cause by opening (with a few collaborators) an eco-friendly shop in West London, Eco.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article2856825.ece|title=Colin Firth's New Eco-Store|work=The Times|location=London|author=Lisa Grainger|date=17 November 2007|accessdate=30 April 2010}}</ref> The shop offers fair trade and eco-friendly goods, as well as expert advice on making spaces more energy efficient. In October 2009 at the [[London Film Festival]], Firth launched a film and political activism website, Brightwide, along with his wife Livia.<ref>[http://www.brightwide.com Brightwide] web site. Meanwhile out of service. Accessed July 15, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2009/sep/22/colin-firth-oscars|title=The Rebirth of Colin Firth|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=22 September 2009|accessdate=30 April 2010|author=Adam Dawtrey}}</ref>

During the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 General Election]], Firth announced his support for the [[Liberal Democrats]], having previously been a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] supporter, citing asylum and refugees' rights as a key reason for his change in affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Backers |first=Celebrity|url=http://www.libdemvoice.org/colin-firth-18389.html|title=Colin Firth on why he's stopped voting Labour and now supports the Lib Dems|publisher=Libdemvoice|date=16 March 2010|accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> In December 2010, Firth publicly dropped his support of the Liberal Democrats, citing their U-turn on [[2010 UK student protests|tuition fees]] as one of the key reasons for his disillusionment. He also said that while he no longer supports the Liberal Democrats, he is currently without an affiliation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/dec/14/colin-firth-no-longer-support-liberal-democrats|location=London| work=The Guardian|first=Patrick|last=Wintour|title=Colin Firth: I no longer support the Liberal Democrats|date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Firth appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from [[first-past-the-post]] to [[Instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]] for electing members of parliament to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in the unsuccessful [[United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011|Alternative Vote referendum]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12950712|title= Benjamin Zephaniah 'airbrushed from Yes to AV leaflets'|publisher=BBC News|date=3 April 2011}}</ref> In 2011, he stated despite playing King George VI in the King's Speech, he is a [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8289373/Colin-Firth-monarchy-is-a-problem-for-me.html|title=Colin Firth: monarchy is 'a problem' for me|date=28 January 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

In 2009 Firth joined the [[10:10]] project, supporting the movement calling for people to reduce their carbon footprint. In 2010 Colin endorsed the "Roots & Shoots"<ref>[http://www.rootsnshoots.org.uk/endorsement-from-colin-firth/ Endorsement from Colin Firth] Roots & Shoots</ref> education programme in the UK run by the [[Jane Goodall Institute#United Kingdom|Jane Goodall Institute (UK)]].

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Film
|-
| [[5th Screen Actors Guild Awards|1998]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
| ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''
|-
| [[63rd British Academy Film Awards|2009]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[A Single Man]]''
|-
| [[66th Venice International Film Festival|2009]]
| [[Venice Film Festival|Volpi Cup for Best Actor]]
|-
| [[83rd Academy Awards|2010]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]
| rowspan="5"|''[[The King's Speech]]''
|-
| [[64th British Academy Film Awards|2010]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|-
| [[68th Golden Globe Awards|2010]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]]
|-
| [[17th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2010]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
|-
| [[17th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2010]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Colin Firth performances]]
*[[List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news | last = Teeman | first =Tim | title =Colin Firth's Darcy Dilemma | work =The Times | date =20 September 2007 | url =http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article2490180.ece | accessdate =23 September 2007 | location=London}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name|0000147}}
* {{imdb company|428838|Raindog Films}}
* {{Allrovi person|23590}}
* [http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/a-life-in-pictures-colin-firth,1638,BA.html Colin Firth Life in Pictures Interview] recorded at BAFTA London – December 2010
* [http://www.theartsdesk.com/film/theartsdesk-qa-actor-colin-firth Q&A with Colin Firth],{{subscription needed}} ''[[The Arts Desk]]'', Transcript of a series of in-depth interviews, February 2011
* [http://www.newstatesman.com/film/2010/06/interview-feel-immigration Colin Firth Interview Part One] and [http://www.newstatesman.com/film/2010/06/film-immigration-brightwide Part Two] June 2010. [http://www.newstatesman.com/film/2010/06/interview-feel-immigration Latest Colin Firth Interview], Feb 2011, ''[[New Statesman]]''

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Colin Firth
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestActor 2001-2020}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Actor 2000-2019}}
{{BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards}}
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{{Empire Award for Best Actor}}
{{European Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActorMotionPictureDrama 2001-2020}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year}}
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{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor}}
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{{Satellite Award Best Actor Motion Picture}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 1995-2000}}
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}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Firth, Colin}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
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[[Category:People from Hampshire]]
[[Category:People from Winchester]]
[[Category:Volpi Cup winners]]

Kismet (1955 film)

2014-05-28T22:15:09Z

Jomunro: removing edits better suited to the talk page

{{Infobox film
| name = Kismet
| image = Kismet (1955 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vincente Minnelli]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Edward Knoblock]] [[Charles Lederer]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Howard Keel]] [[Ann Blyth]] [[Dolores Gray]] [[Vic Damone]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Joseph Ruttenberg]]
| editing = [[Adrienne Fazan]]
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Start date|1955|10|08}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
|budget = $3,015,000<ref name="Mannix">{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.</ref>
| gross = $1,827,000<ref name="Mannix"/>
| preceded by =
| followed by =
}}
'''''Kismet''''' ([[1955 in film|1955]]) is an American [[musical film]] in [[Cinemascope]] and [[Eastman Color]] released by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]. It is the fourth movie version of ''Kismet''—the first was released in 1920 and the second in 1930 by [[Warner Brothers]]—and the second released by MGM. The 1955 film is based on the successful 1953 [[Musical theatre|musical]] ''[[Kismet (musical)|Kismet]]'', while the three earlier versions are based on the [[Kismet (play)|original 1911 play]] by [[Edward Knoblock]].

==Plot==
{{Plot|date=March 2008}}
In old [[Baghdad]], an impoverished poet goes to the marketplace to sell his rhymes for food. Because the Poet has set up shop in a spot usually reserved for a man named Hajj, some men kidnap the Poet and take him to the desert tent of Jawan, an elderly thief. Jawan, assuming that the Poet is Hajj, orders him to reverse the curse Hajj put on him fifteen years ago, which led to the kidnapping of Jawan's beloved son. The Poet asks for one hundred gold pieces to reverse the curse; Jawan agrees, and returns to Baghdad to look for his son.

In Baghdad, a huge procession welcomes Lalume, favorite wife of the Wazir, back from Ababu. The King of Ababu is willing to give the Wazir a badly needed loan if the Wazir arranges for one of his three daughters to marry the young Caliph. Meanwhile, the Caliph, who has been traveling incognito, sees the Poet's daughter, Marsinah, and is immediately attracted to her. Marsinah falls in love with the Caliph, too, but she thinks he is a gardener. They arrange to meet in the garden that night.

The Poet returns to Baghdad and begins spending his hundred gold pieces; then, the Wazir arrests the Poet because his purse carries the insignia of a wealthy family that was robbed. At the Wazir's court, Lalume is impressed with the Poet's looks and gift for words, and lets him defend himself against the charge of robbery. The Poet does, but also curses the Wazir. Jawan, brought before the Wazir on another charge, angrily confirms the Poet's story, and then notices a familiar amulet around the Wazir's neck. In this way, Jawan discovers his long-lost son.

The Caliph announces that he plans to take a bride that night. The Wazir, fearing that this puts his loan from the king of Ababu in jeopardy, and fearing that the Poet's curse had something to do with it, takes Lalume's advice: they will make the Poet an Emir if he reverses the curse. The Poet happily accepts, and when the Wazir leaves him alone with Lalume, the two realize they have similar temperaments.

Hearing the noise of the Caliph's wedding procession, and annoyed that the curse has not been reversed, the Wazir confines the Poet to the palace. The Poet orchestrates an elaborate "curse-reversal" scheme that enables him to sneak out; he finds his daughter Marsinah and convinces her that he will be killed unless they flee Baghdad. Despite Marsinah's protests—she wants to wait for her rendezvous and see the procession—they flee. Word spreads that the Caliph's bride was not there when the Caliph came to claim her. Since the "curse reversal" seemed to have worked, the Poet leaves Marsinah and returns to the palace.

The Wazir wants to kill the Poet because he believes he has dangerous supernatural powers, but Lalume convinces her husband to keep the Poet in the palace and use his power. The Poet tells Lalume that he is worried about Marsinah, and Lalume suggests that she come to live in the palace. Marsinah arrives and confesses that she has fallen in love but does not know her beloved's name. Lalume hides Marsinah in the harem for her own protection.

Meanwhile, the Caliph's men search Baghdad for Marsinah, and the Wazir suggest that the Caliph marry the three princesses and take pleasure in the harem. When the two men see Marsinah in the harem, the Wazir is shocked that the Caliph's intended bride is in his own palace, happy that she cannot, therefore, marry the Caliph. The Wazir tells Marsinah that she must marry him; and the disappointed Caliph must take another bride that night. When the Wazir privately congratulates the Poet on bringing the Caliph's true love into the Wazir's own harem, the Poet realizes that the Caliph is Marsinah's beloved. In revenge, he performs a trick that results in Wazir being held underwater in a pool. As the Wazir struggles, the Poet asks the Caliph what sentence should be given to a murderer and torturer who also cost him his bride. The Caliph answers "death," after which the Poet says the sentence has been carried out, then flees.

The Wazir is still alive, however, and his guards capture the Poet and sentence him to death. Lalume saves the day by explaining everything to the Caliph. The Caliph sentences the Wazir to death and the Poet to exile. The Poet agrees, but asks to take the soon-to-be-widowed Lalume with him. Thus the Poet weds Lalume and the Caliph weds Marsinah—all in the course of a single day.

==Cast==
*[[Howard Keel]] as The Poet
*[[Ann Blyth]] as Marsinah
*[[Dolores Gray]] as Lalume
*[[Vic Damone]] as The Caliph
*[[Monty Woolley]] as Omar
*[[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]] as The Wazir
*[[Jay C. Flippen]] as Jawan
*[[Mike Mazurki]] as The Chief policeman
*[[Jack Elam]] as Hasan-Ben
*[[Ted de Corsia]] as Police sub-altern
*[[Reiko Sato]] as 1st Princess of Ababu
*[[Patricia Dunn (actress)|Patricia Dunn]] as 2nd Princess of Ababu
*[[Wonci Lui]] as 3rd Princess of Ababu
*[[Barrie Chase]] as Harem Girl
*Julie Robinson as Zubbediya
*[[Nita Bieber]] as Samaris
*[[Jamie Farr]] as Merchant
==Reception==
According to MGM records the film earned $1,217,000 in the US and Canada and $610,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $2,252,000.<ref name="Mannix"/>
==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1955]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0048260|Kismet}}
* {{amg title|27514|Kismet}}
* {{tcmdb title|789|Kismet}}

{{Vincente Minnelli}}
{{Arthur Freed}}
{{Kismet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kismet (1955 Film)}}
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1950s musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1950s fantasy films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films based on musicals]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vincente Minnelli]]
[[Category:Films set in Baghdad]]
[[Category:Films shot in CinemaScope]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Arthur Freed]]

Brummana High School

2014-04-26T18:28:38Z

Jomunro: /* Notable alumni */ removed uncited additions

{{refimprove section|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Brummana High School
| image =
| established = 1873
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| president =
| head_name = Principal
| head = Walid Khoury
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| city = {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Brummana]]
| country = [[Lebanon]]
| grades =
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| enrollment =
| language =
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| publication =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| motto =
| website = [http://www.bhs.edu.lb/ Official website]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|51|N|35|37|23|E|type:edu_region:LB|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Brummana High School''' is a private secondary school in [[Lebanon]]. It is located in the village of [[Brummana]], situated in Metn, [[Mount Lebanon]], {{convert|10|km|mi}} east of the capital city [[Beirut]].
[[File:Lebanon January 2014 324.JPG|thumb|Brummana High School]]
[[Image:Brumana Mission School.jpg|thumb|right|Brummana High School, circa 1886.]]

This school was established in 1873, by the [[Quaker]] [[Theophilus Waldmeier]] (a Swiss missionary). Historically Quakers were among the pioneers in developing a modern form of learner-centred education which prized the worth and development of the whole child and student. With other educators, Quakers recognised that schooling involved far more than academic study.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Today much internationally accepted good practice in education follows these principles. BHS remains a school which aims to follow the ideals and values of its Quaker founders.

Brummana High School has been licensed and accredited by the [[Ministry of Education (Lebanon)|Lebanese Ministry of Education]] to be a coeducational, boarding and day school for students in the classes of the infant, primary, intermediate and secondary schools in 1947.<ref>(No. 421/April 24, 1947)</ref>

== History ==

Theophilus Waldmeier, a German-Swiss missionary, first came to Mount Lebanon in 1867, during the time of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, and was engaged as inspector of branch schools in Beirut, the mountains, and Damascus.

Some time between 1869 and 1874, Elijah G. Saleeby opened the first school in Brummana, a remote village overlooking Beirut (three hours from Beirut on horseback), called the "Darlington Station" because it was backed with Quaker (Religious Society of Friends) subscriptions from Darlington, England.

In 1873, Theophilus Waldmeier opened a girls' school in Brummana, with money sent to him by his friends in Switzerland. Before the end of the year he was sent further money from Switzerland to open a boys' school at Brummana.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Many of the buildings of Brummana date to the time period; they were made of local stone and red tile.<ref name="Coll134">Coll 134</ref>

In 1874, Theophilus Waldmeier visited England to raise money for the school from the Society of Friends, and he himself became a Quaker. When he returned, he purchased 20,000 square yards of land called "Berket al-Ghanem" (The Pool of the Conqueror) which was a hillside of pine, fig, and mulberry trees with two fountains of water on the edge of Brummana.

The Friends' Syrian Mission (a committee of English and American Friends) approved the purchase and authorised the building of a boys' school. In this same year, Elijah G. Saleeby handed over the "Darlington Station" school to Theophilus Waldmeier.

In 1876, the Boys' Training Home (now Brummana High School) was opened in a leased house in Brummana until the new building was ready. The land name was changed from "Berket al-Ghanem" to "Ayn al-Salam" (The Fountain of Peace). Within five years, the school had grown to 300 students, bringing literacy and new ideas to the isolated mountain area.

When in 1878 the new Boy's Training Home building came into use, it housed the only dispensary in Mount Lebanon. As the medical work increased, in 1881 alternative accommodation was found in an old silk factory which was converted into a hospital with 15 beds on the ground floor and a dispensary and outpatient accommodation in the upper storey.

In 1882, the Girls' Training Home at Brummana was opened.

Education at Brummana High School was based on the principles of the Society of Friends, which stress non-violence, equality, the spirit of service and encouragement of the pursuit of higher standards through enlightened methods. Furthermore, the fundamental Quaker belief that there is something of God in every individual, made it mandatory for the school to prepare its students intellectually and technically, while imparting the spirit of service so that upon graduation they are equipped to be good servants of their communities. The school did not indulge in mission activity, and the students' beliefs in their own religions were never challenged or deprecated. Teachers from outside the Society of Friends were expected to be in sympathy and to teach in accordance with the aforementioned principles, particularly emphasising moral values, intellectual excellence, respect for the individual, and self-reliance.

In 1889, the village of [[Brummana]] was linked by a new carriage road down the hill to Beirut below, but many students still arrived at the school gates by foot or donkey. At the turn of the century, BHS built the first tennis court in the Middle East.

*Bible Class with Thomas Little 1888
*Camels bearing stones to build stairway 1889
*Croquet in the school yard 1890
*Girls School in 1899

By 1902, the Boys' Training Home had adopted the name Boys' High School.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} During that year, BHS became co-educational. It was one of the few fully co-educational schools.<ref name="Coll134"/>

When in 1914 World War I began, the Ottomans took over the school hospital and occupied the school buildings which were not re-opened until 1919. Despite the famine relief operation set up in the school's kitchens, approximately 400 out of 2000 Brummana villagers died in the great famine of 1915-18 (compared to 50% of the population of Lebanon).

After the war, Lebanon was put under French mandate, and two decades of peace and prosperity followed. In 1928, new classrooms were constructed, in 1930, a new hospital pavilion to accommodate 36 beds was completed, and in 1936, the BHS Old Scholars Association was set up.

[[World War II]] began in 1939, and when Hitler occupied France in 1940, Lebanon came under the Vichy Government, until the Allies freed it in 1941. The Second World War seriously affected the life of the school. The French followed by the British took over the school hospital. The British made the school their military headquarters for a year. Despite the war, the school stayed open with 22 boarders and 100 day students.

Lebanon became independent in 1943, and during the peace of the next three decades, the school's reputation for excellence and friendly diversity became known throughout the entire region. BHS grew to 750 students, nearly half of them boarders. The school pursued a balanced program for mind and bodies and this culminated in the following:

*1950 - A new swimming pool
*1952 - A new Primary block
*1953 - The first international tennis tournament
*1960 - A new craft block for woodwork and metal work
*1967 - A new boarding house opened by HRH [[Duke of Edinburgh]]<ref name="Coll134"/>
*1971 - A new health centre - Clare House
*1973 - New science labs

Around the 1960s and 1970s the school's curriculum was mainly in the [[English language]].<ref name="Coll134"/> The school's athletics programme placed emphasis on [[basketball]], [[volleyball]]m track and tennis. The students consisted of Arab and children of Western expatriates from across the Middle East, with members of the Bahraini, Jordanian, UAE and Saudi royal families, with a small smattering of American and British nationals. The parents of the America and European students worked in Lebanon.<ref name="Coll134"/> Most students go on to the [[American University of Beirut]] for their further studies.

In 1975, when war once again overtook Lebanon, this period of growth ended and the school lost many of its boarders, staff, and day students. In 1985, the British Quakers turned the management of the school over to a local Board who kept the educational program alive throughout difficult times, as well as taking in refugees and keeping out militia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Brummana High School was founded by Theophilus Waldmeier, a Swiss missionary, who came to Lebanon in 1872 and who later became a Quaker and joined the Society of Friends. The Society of Friends arose in the mid 17th century in England from a religious experience of George Fox. The School is owned by the Friends Service Council in London and operated by a local Management Committee. The principal and many teachers were of British nationality and members of the Society of Friends. The education provided by the School was based on principles as understood by the Society of Friends, which stress lack of involvement in political activity, lack of discrimination, no acknowledgment of national or racial divisions and promotion of the spirit of service. They imposed no restrictions on the pursuit of higher standards through enlightened methods. Furthermore, the fundamental Quaker belief that there is something of God in every man, made it mandatory for the School to prepare its students intellectually and technically while imparting to them the spirit of service, so that upon graduation they become well equipped to be good servants of their communities. The School did not indulge in mission activity and the students' beliefs in their own religions were never challenged or depreciated. Teachers from outside the Society of Friends were expected to be in sympathy with Friends' principles and to teach in accordance with them, particularly emphasising moral and intellectual self-reliance and respect of the individual and to help the students to develop in strength and independence, treating them with gentleness but with firmness and without fear, partiality, favour or indulgence.
In 1985, the Society of Friends totally withdrew from the School operation and handed the responsibilities to the Brummana High School Cultural Society, composed of old B.H.S. former students. Since that date, the B.H.S.-C.S. has been totally and independently responsible for the School.

B. THE BRUMMANA HIGH SCHOOL CULTURAL SOCIETY, B.H.S-C.S.
The B.H.S-C.S. is responsible for the total educational and administrative operations of B.H.S. In this regard, the authority of the Society is final. The sphere of its responsibility encompasses, planning for current and future programs, monitoring of and guiding the activities in progress, recruiting personnel and exercising quality control over all the operations.

C. STATEMENT OF POLICY
As custodian of Brummana High School, the B.H.S. Cultural Society is well aware of the serious responsibilities of the School in creating optimal conditions for its students for moral, educational and cultural growth and achievement, in line with the century old B.H.S. traditions as well as the high expectations of the School constituency.
In the realm of moral growth and development, although the B.H.S. Cultural Society has no affiliation with the Society of Friends, it strives to maintain the basic traditions and spirit, which characterised the operation of the School for over a century and which appear in summary in the historical account. Therefore, it calls on the B.H.S. student body, teachers and constituency to abide by these traditions which emphasize honesty, kindness, truth and service, while at the same time assuring old scholars and friends of the School that the B.H.S. traditions, which they hold dear to their hearts, are upheld and will be maintained as long as the School remains in operation.

At the educational and cultural levels, the School strives to offer a comprehensive preparation for the adult world beyond school days. There is no good activity in that adult world for which the School should not feel it its duty to prepare students. In the first place, the School promotes acquisition of information and knowledge, while at the same time it trains students in wisdom, thinking, reason, understanding and intellectual curiosity, more important personal qualities than knowledge alone. The School also strives to let its students achieve the physical, cultural and artistic fulfillment of which they are capable.
Finally the School promotes self-reliance and independence and builds in its students the ideals of service and self-government.
The motto of the School is "I serve", and it is for service to the world outside that the School tries to train its students.

Peace returned, and in 1998, at the request of the parents, staff, and old scholars, the British Quakers resumed management of the school, working through a new local Board to begin the process of post-war development.

In 1999, the school commissioned a major [[educational]] study as the basis for a 5-year development plan. The Science Block was extended to 3 floors, and the Science Block and Upper School Computer Laboratory were completely refurbished and fully re-equipped. In 2004, Rizkhallah House was fully refurbished to house the Infant Section and the Main Teaching Block roof was replaced. Thanks to the generous donations of old scholars, parents, and friends of the school, the process of renewal is continuing.

== Scouts ==

Brummana High School houses one of the oldest Scouts Group in Lebanon, Brummana One Group, or Br1, founded in 1952. <ref name="http://www.br1group.org">Brummana One Scouts Group http://www.br1group.org</ref> Br1's mission is to contribute to the education of young people based on non-formal education.

Br1's mission is to contribute to the education of young people , through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Law , to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled as individuals and play a constructive role in society.

Achieved by involving young people in a non-formal educational process using a specific method that makes each individual the principal agent of his or her development as a self-reliant, supportive, responsible and committed person.

Founded back in 1952 in Brummana High school by C. Antoine Asmar. The group organizes I huge number of events including:
* Br1 Annual Folk's Gathering Dinner, takes place in the 1st Saturday of every year.
* Br1 Summer Camp, a two week camp that take place at the end of every summer.
* Br1 Survivor Camp, an outdoor survival's skills camp that takes place at the start of every summer.
* Br1 Ski Camp, that takes place mid February.
* Br1 Snow Camp, a survival skills camp in the mountains of Lebanon.
* Br1 River Camp, a survival skills camp on a river bank in the Lebanese Mountains every summer.
* BHS May Festival, where Br1 helps in the organization.
* OSA Convention, where Br1 helps in the organization.

Many other event are also conducted every year.

===Notable Former Scouts===
* Ch. Antoine Asmar, Group Founder.
* Ch. Khaled Saab, Former Member of the Lebanese Parliament.
* Ch. Nazih Khatter, Current Head of the BHS Old Scholars Association.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein]]
* [[Émile Lahoud]], former President of Lebanon
* [[Maxime Chaya]], explorer - first from the region to reach the North and South Poles on foot; first Lebanese to climb Mount Everest
* [[Prince Idris al-Senussi]], Libyan royal
* [[Omar Maani]], Mayor of Amman, Jordan from April 2006 to March 2011
* [[Tammam Salam]], Lebanese Prime Minister
===Bin Laden family===
Around the 1960s and 1970s, after [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] began to oversee the educations of the children of the [[Bin Laden family]], many of the boys of the family attended Brummana.<ref name="Coll134"/>
*The students included Khalil bin Laden and Saleh bin Laden.<ref name="Coll135">Coll 135</ref>
*According to five former administrators and students at Brummana, in the mid-1960s [[Osama bin Laden]] attended for less than one year.<ref name="Coll140">Coll 140</ref> They did not say or recall why Osama bin Laden did not stay at Brummana.<ref name="Coll140-141">Coll 140-141</ref> According to author Adam Robinson in his biography of Osama Bin Laden, ''Bin Laden: Behind the Mask of the Terrorist'', the Bin Laden family chose in 1973 Brummana High School for their son, Osama, because it was considered the most acclaimed of Lebanon's private schools.<ref>Robinson, Adam. ''Bin Laden: behind the mask of the terrorist'', page 62</ref> Robinson claims that Osama was shocked at first that the classes at BHS were mixed-sex classes.<ref>Robinson, Adam. ''Bin Laden: behind the mask of the terrorist'', page 63</ref> Bin Laden's attendance at BHS was also mentioned in the book ''The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century'' by [[Steve Coll]].<ref>{{cite news
|author = John Freeman
|title = BOOK REVIEW: Meet the bin Ladens
|quote = Coll has done some serious digging and turns up some new information about bin Laden's adolescence, which wasn't as wild as previously assumed. Coll correctly places bin Laden at the prestigious Quaker Brummana High School in Lebanon, which several of his siblings attended
|publisher = The Star-Ledger
|date = March 30, 2008
|url = http://www.lexisnexis.com.remote.slc.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T10048146878&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T10048146881&cisb=22_T10048146880&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=308096&docNo=7
|accessdate = September 5, 2010
}}</ref>

==Sources==
* Coll, Steve. ''The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century''. [[New York City]]: [[The Penguin Press]], 2008.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Lebanon|Schools|Christianity}}
* {{Official website|http://www.bhs.edu.lb}}
* [http://www.bhsosa.net/ Alumni Association of Brummana High School]
* [http://www.br1group.org Brummana One Scouts Group]

[[Category:1873 establishments]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1873]]
[[Category:Schools in Lebanon]]
[[Category:International schools in Lebanon]]

Eye liner

2014-03-25T11:48:44Z

Jomunro: Reverted from vandalised version

{{Redirect|Eyeliner}} 
{{Refimprove|date=January 2011}}
[[Image:eye liner.jpg|thumb|Dark [[teal (color)|teal]] eye liner along the rim of the eye]]
'''Eyeliner''' is a [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] used to define the [[human eyes|eyes]]. It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic illusions. It is usually used by women and girls.

==History==
[[Image:Tekom003.jpg|thumbnail|upright|right|A girl wearing eyeliner.]]
Eyeliner was first used in [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]] as a dark black line around the eyes. As early as 10,000 BC, Egyptians wore various cosmetics not only for aesthetics but to protect the skin from the desert sun.<ref name="sophisticatededge1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sophisticatededge.com/history-of-eyeliner.html |title=History of Eyeliner |publisher=Sophisticated Edge |date= |accessdate=24 January 2011}}</ref> Research has also speculated that eyeliner was worn to protect the wearer from the [[evil eye]].<ref name="sophisticatededge1"/> The characteristic of having heavily lined eyes has been frequently depicted in Egyptian art. They produced eyeliner with a variety of materials including [[lead]], [[copper ore]] and [[antimony]] (see [[Kohl (cosmetics)]]).<ref name="sophisticatededge1"/>

In the 1920s, [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb was discovered, introducing the use of eyeliner to the Western world. The 1920s were an era commonly associated with many changes in women's fashion, and women felt freer to apply makeup more liberally.

In the 1960s, liquid eyeliner was used to create thick black and white lines around the eyes in the makeup fashion associated with designers like [[Mary Quant]].

==Modern usage==
[[File:Headshot of Model with Blue Eyeliner.jpg|thumb|right|Woman with turquoise eyeliner]]
In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, heavy eyeliner use has been associated with [[Gothic fashion]] and [[Punk fashion]]. Eyeliner of varying degrees of thickness, particularly "guyliner" on males such as [[Pete Wentz]], and it has also become associated with the [[emo]] subculture and various alternative lifestyles.

Eyeliner is commonly used as a daily make up routine to define the eye or create the look of a wider or smaller eye. Eyeliner can be used as a tool to create various looks as well as highlighting different features of the eyes. Whether it be with a winged eyeliner or [[#Tight lining|tight lined]] at the waterline, eyeliner can be placed in various parts of the eye to create different looks. Eyeliner can be drawn above upper lashes or below lower lashes or both, even on the water lines of your eyes. Its primary purpose is to make the lashes look lush, but it also draws attention to the eye and can enhance or even change the eye's shape. Eyeliner is available in a wide range of hues, from the common black, brown and grey to more adventurous shades such as bright primary colors, pastels, frosty silvers and golds, white and even glitter-flecked colors.

It can also be used for showing depression in photographs, such as the famous "Bleeding Mascara". <ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Tina|title="Bleeding Mascara: Eyeliner for Depressionistas"|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120220090501/http://eyelinertips.net/bleeding-mascara/|accessdate=7 December 2011}}</ref>

===Tight lining===
Tight lining is the use of eye liner tight against the water line under the lashes of the upper lid, and above the lashes of the lower lid. Because of the proximity to the membranes, and the surface of the eye itself, waterproof eye liner is preferred.<ref>http://www.makeup-and-skincare-reviews.com/tightlining.html</ref>
Tight lining is a technique which makes the eyelashes appear to start farther back on the eyelid, thus making them look longer. Gel eyeliner and a small angled brush may be used to create this look.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tightlining: How-To|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/12/tightlining-eyeliner-makeup-tips_n_2853595.html}}</ref>

==Formula==
[[Image:Eye makeup.jpg|thumb|right|An eye with brown eyeliner under the bottom lashes.]]
Depending on its texture, eyeliner can be softly smudged or clearly defined. There are five main types of eyeliner available on the market: each produces a different effect.

*''Liquid eyeliner'' is an opaque liquid that usually comes in a small bottle and is applied with a tiny brush or felt applicator. It creates a sharp, precise line. Because liquid eyeliner looks a lot heavier, it is often only applied to the upper lashline.
*''Powder-based eye pencil'' is eyeliner in a wood pencil. It is generally available in dark matte shades.
*''Wax-based eye pencils'' are softer pencils and contain waxes that ease application. They come in a wide variety of intense colours as well as paler shades such as white or beige. Wax-based eyeliners can also come in a cone or a compact with brush applicator.
*''[[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kohl]]'' eyeliner is a soft powder available in dark matte shades. It is most often used in black to outline the eyes. It comes in pencil, pressed powder, or loose powder form. This type of eyeliner is more likely to smudge.
* ''Gel eye liner'', which is a softer gel liner, that can be easily applied with an eyeliner brush. It can be precisely applied and is much softer than Kohl.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
:{{Commons category|Eye liner}}

{{cosmetics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eye Liner}}
[[Category:Cosmetics]]

[[de:Kajal]]
[[sv:Kajal (smink)]]
[[th:อายไลเนอร์]]

Lasse Hallström

2014-03-19T23:40:02Z

Jomunro: /* Personal life */ corrected grammar

{{Infobox person
| name = Lasse Hallström
| image = Lena Olin and Lasse Hallström at the Berlin International Film Festival 2013.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Hallström and wife Lena Olin at the [[63rd Berlin International Film Festival|2013 Berlin International Film Festival]]
| birthname = Lars Sven Hallström
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Malou Hallström|1974|1981|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Lena Olin]]|1994}}}}
| children = 3
| yearsactive = 1973–present
}}

'''Lars Sven "Lasse" Hallström''' (born 2 June 1946) is a Swedish film director and screenwriter. He was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Director]] for ''[[My Life as a Dog]] (Mitt liv som hund)'' (1985) and later for ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' (1999).

==Early life==
Hallström was born in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. His father was a dentist<ref>http://www.filmreference.com/film/72/Lasse-Hallstroem.html</ref> and his mother was the writer Karin Lyberg (1907–2000). His maternal grandfather, Ernst Lyberg, was the Minister of Finance in the first cabinet of [[Carl Gustaf Ekman]] (1926–1928) and leader of the [[Liberal Party of Sweden]] (1930–1933).

==Career==
As young Hallström attended [[Adolf Fredrik's Music School]] in Stockholm. He learned his craft making music videos, in particular for the group [[ABBA]]. Since the international success of ''[[My Life as a Dog]]'' (1985), for which he was nominated for [[Academy Award]]s for writing and directing, Hallström has worked in [[American movies]]. His first notable American success was ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]'' (1993). He reached his greatest level of prominence when he was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for best director for the critically acclaimed movie ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' (1999) and then later directed the well-received film ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'' (2000), both of which were nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].

His 2012 film ''[[The Hypnotist (2012 film)|The Hypnotist]]'' was selected as the Swedish entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Oscar]] at the [[85th Academy Awards]], but it did not make the final shortlist.<ref name="Oscars">{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lasse-hallstroms-hypnotist-is-swedens-368353 |title=Lasse Hallstrom's 'The Hypnotist' is Sweden's Oscar Candidate |accessdate=2011-09-06 | work=Hollywood Reporter |date=2011-09-06}}</ref>

He is set to direct [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]]'', which will have a release date of August 8, 2014. The film is based on the book of same name written by [[Richard C. Morais]]. [[Steven Spielberg]] will produce the film with [[Oprah Winfrey]] and Juliet Blake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lasse Hallstrom Taking a 'Hundred-Foot Journey' with Helen Mirren|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/lasse-hallstrom-is-taking-a-hundred-foot-journey-with-helen-mirren/|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=firstshowing.net|date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

==Other work==
Almost all of ABBA's promotional films were directed and shot by Hallström, with the only (seven total) exceptions being "[[Arrival (ABBA album)|When I Kissed the Teacher]]" (1977); "[[Chiquitita]]" (1979), which was made by the [[BBC]]; "[[I Have a Dream (song)|I Have a Dream]]" (1979); "[[On and On and On]]" (1980); "[[Lay All Your Love on Me]]" (1981); "[[The Day Before You Came]] (1982)" and "[[Under Attack]]" (1982), which were both directed by [[Kjell Sundvall]] and Kjell-Åke Andersson. In 1999, Hallström directed the music video for [[Northern Line (band)|Northern Line]]'s debut single "Run for Your life".

==Personal life==
Hallström married media personality and actress Malou Hallström (died 3 February 2005) in 1974, from which he has one child, Johan (born 1976). The couple divorced in 1981. In 1990, he met fellow Swede, actress [[Lena Olin]]; they married on 18 March 1994. The couple currently reside in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford]], New York, and have two children, Tora (born 1995) and producer and director F. Auguste Rahmberg (born 1986). They also have a home located in the [[Stockholm archipelago]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Josefin |last=Olevik |title=Så förgörs en regissör |url=http://www.fokus.se/2011/04/sa-forgors-en-regissor/ |work=Fokus |date=4 April 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |language=Swedish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lena Olin: Gudarna ska veta att passionen kan vara plågsam |url=http://www.dn.se/livsstil/intervjuer/lena-olin-gudarna-ska-veta-att-passionen-kan-vara-plagsam/ |work=Dagens Nyheter |date=23 May 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |language=Swedish}}</ref>

==Videography==
(The following is a complete list of all the [[ABBA]] [[music video]]s that were directed by Lasse Hallström.)

* 1974 – "[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]"
* 1974 – "[[Ring Ring (song)|Ring Ring]]"
* 1975 – "[[Mamma Mia (song)|Mamma Mia]]"
* 1975 – "[[SOS (ABBA song)|SOS]]"
* 1975 – "[[Bang-A-Boomerang]]"
* 1975 – "[[I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do]]"
* 1976 – "[[Fernando (song)|Fernando]]"
* 1976 – "[[Dancing Queen]]"
* 1976 – "[[Money, Money, Money]]"
* 1977 – "[[Knowing Me, Knowing You]]"
* 1977 – "[[That's Me (song)|That's Me]]"
* 1977 – "[[The Name of the Game (ABBA song)|The Name of the Game]]"
* 1978 – "[[Take a Chance on Me]]"
* 1978 – "[[Eagle (song)|Eagle]]"
* 1978 – "One Man, One Woman"
* 1978 – "[[Thank You for the Music]]"
* 1978 – "[[Summer Night City]]"
* 1979 – "[[Does Your Mother Know]]"
* 1979 – "[[Voulez-Vous (song)|Voulez-Vous]]"
* 1979 – "[[Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)]]"
* 1979 – "Estoy Soñando"
* 1980 – "Conociéndome, Conociéndote"
* 1980 – "Gracias por la Música"
* 1980 – "[[The Winner Takes It All]]"
* 1980 – "[[Super Trouper (song)|Super Trouper]]"
* 1980 – "[[Happy New Year (song)|Happy New Year]]"
* 1980 – "Felicidad"
* 1981 – "[[When All Is Said and Done]]"
* 1981 – "[[One of Us (ABBA song)|One of Us]]"
* 1981 – "No Hay A Quien Culpar"
* 1982 – "[[Head over Heels (ABBA song)|Head over Heels]]"

==Filmography==
* 1975 – ''[[A Guy and a Gal]]''
* 1977 – ''[[ABBA: The Movie]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Father to Be]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Tuppen]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Happy We]]''
* 1985 – ''[[My Life as a Dog]]''
* 1986 – ''[[The Children of Noisy Village (film)|The Children of Noisy Village]]''
* 1987 – ''[[More About the Children of Noisy Village]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Once Around]]''
* 1993 – ''[[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Something to Talk About (film)|Something to Talk About]]''
* 1999 – ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]''
* 2001 – ''[[The Shipping News (film)|The Shipping News]]''
* 2005 – ''[[An Unfinished Life]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Casanova (2005 film)|Casanova]]''
* 2007 – ''[[The Hoax]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Hachi: A Dog's Tale]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Dear John (2010 film)|Dear John]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Salmon Fishing in the Yemen]]''
* 2012 – ''[[The Hypnotist (2012 film)|The Hypnotist]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Safe Haven (film)|Safe Haven]]''
* 2014 – ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]]''

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Lasse Hallström}}
* [[ABBA discography#Videography|ABBA discography]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0002120}}
* {{sfdb|70630}}
* [http://imvdb.com/n/lasse-hallstrom Lasse Hallström] at the Internet Music Video Database
* [http://www.biography.com/people/lasse-hallstr%C3%B6m-9542297 Lasse Hallström] Life Sequence
* [http://www.fandango.com/lassehallstr%C3%B6m/filmography/p93205 Lasse Hallström] Filmography Sequence

{{Lasse Hallström}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=117459270}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hallstrom, Lasse
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Film director and screenwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 June 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hallstrom, Lasse}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Swedish film directors]]
[[Category:Swedish music video directors]]
[[Category:Swedish screenwriters]]

Dane Bowers

2014-02-14T12:02:52Z

Jomunro: /* Early life and education */ reverted from vandalism

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Dane Bowers
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Dane Leon Bowers
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|11|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]], [[London]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin = [[Croydon]],{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} [[London]], England
| instrument =
| genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Pop music|pop]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, producer
| years_active = 1997–present
| label = [http://www.coneheaduk.com/ Conehead UK]
| associated_acts = [[Another Level (band)|Another Level]], [[True Steppers]], [[Upper Street (band)|Upper Street]]
| website = {{URL|myspace.com/danebowers1}}
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Dane Leon Bowers''' (born 28 November 1979) is an [[English people|English]] [[singing|singer]], [[songwriter]], [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and [[record producer]]. He was a part of [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[boy band|boyband]] [[Another Level (band)|Another Level]] between 1997 and 2000 when he performed on seven [[Top 40|Top 10]] [[single (music)|single]]s. He then went on to perform solo projects, working with [[True Steppers]]<ref name="Chart Stats">[http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=28151 Buggin ft Dane Bowers]. Chart Stats (2000). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and [[Victoria Beckham]]<ref name="chartstats2000">[http://archive.is/20130119072457/http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=9276 True Steppers And Dane Bowers]. Chartstats.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and has made TV appearances on ''[[Celebrity Big Brother 7]]''<ref name="Daily Mail, 2010">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/celebbigbrother/article-1247173/Celebrity-Big-Brother-Alex-Reid-beats-Dane-Bowers-crowned-shows-winner.html Alex Reid crowned winner... but will Celebrity Big Brother return to screens?]. Dailymail.co.uk (2010-01-30). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and the celebrity version of ''[[Come Dine With Me]]''.<ref name="channel4.com">[http://web.archive.org/web/20101101113135/http://www.channel4.com/food/on-tv/come-dine-with-me/series-7/celebrity-special-1/ Celebrity Come Dine With Me]. Channel4. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bowers was born in [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]], London, England. He was educated at two [[independent school]]s for boys: at [[Cumnor House School]] in the town of [[Croydon]] in [[South (London sub region)|South London]], followed by [[Trinity School of John Whitgift]], at [[Shirley, London|Shirley Park]] in the [[London Borough of Croydon]]. When he was fifteen years old, after leaving school, he enrolled at a Croydon-based performing arts college, the [[BRIT School]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100916003208/http://www.need2know.co.uk/learning/further_education/article.html/id=1390 The Brit School]. need2know.co.uk</ref>

==Early music career==
After leaving the BRIT School, Bowers joined British boy-band [[Another Level (band)|Another Level]], where he performed as a part of the group for three years, between 1997 and 2000, with fellow members Mark Baron, Wayne Williams and Bobak Kianoush.

Another Level gained seven Top 10 singles in two years in the United Kingdom, including 1998's UK number one "[[Freak Me]]"; and a [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]]-selling, self-titled debut album. Their follow-up album, ''Nexus'', released in 1999 achieved [[Music recording sales certification|gold]]-selling status, and was followed by a [[Brit Awards|Brit Award]] nomination for Best British Newcomer<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/252895.stm Entertainment. Robbie Williams tops Brit nominations]. BBC News (1999-01-12). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> in 1999.

Another Level also performed as the supporting act on the European leg of [[Janet Jackson]]'s [[The Velvet Rope World Tour]] in 1998.<ref>[http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/card/0,,666802,00.html Artist Direct, Another Level]. Artistdirect.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

==Solo projects==
After the group split in 2000,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/808163.stm Another Level split]. BBC News (2000-06-27). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> Bowers wrote and fronted two UK Top 10 hits for the [[UK garage]] act [[True Steppers]] in 2000; "[[Buggin]]" and "[[Out of Your Mind]]". "Buggin" reached number 6 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in April 2000.<ref name="Chart Stats"/> The latter featured the first solo recording of [[Spice Girls|Spice Girl]], [[Victoria Beckham]]. "Out of Your Mind" reached number two,<ref name="chartstats2000"/> as it was beaten to the number one spot by [[Spiller]] featuring [[Sophie Ellis-Bextor]] with "[[Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)]]" in August 2000.<ref>[http://archive.is/20120723011732/http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=9275 Spiller]. Chartstats.com (2000-08-26). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

In 2001, two solo singles released under the moniker of 'Dane', "Shut Up and Forget About It" (allegedly written about his relationship with Jordan)<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/dane-bowers/4011 Dane Bowers : Shut Up (And Forget About It)]. Nme.com (2001-02-09). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and "Another Lover", both stalled at number nine<ref>[http://archive.is/20130119024347/http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=9446 Dane]. Chartstats.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> on the [[UK Singles Chart]]; and an album, ''Facing the Crowd'' remained unreleased.

Bowers subsequently went on to focus on behind the scenes work, writing and producing, including a collaboration for [[Victoria Beckham]]'s debut [[Victoria Beckham (album)|solo album]] in autumn that year.

In 2010, Bowers returned to making music and signed with independent record label, [http://www.coneheaduk.com Conehead UK] to record a pop album, with the first single, "All She Needs", written by [[Jamie Scott]], released in July 2010.<ref>[http://www.closeronline.co.uk/ShowbizNews/LatestNews/jordan-and-alex-want-dane-bowers-to-dj-at-their-wedding.aspx Jordan&Alex want me to DJ at their wedding]. Closer Magazine. Closeronline.co.uk (2010-06-08). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

==Television==
Bowers began television presenting in 2002, co-hosting ''[[Popstars The Rivals|Popstars: The Rivals]]'' "Extra" show with the former ''[[Pop Idol]]'' contestant, Hayley Evetts.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/tv_film/newsid_2238000/2238804.stm Pop Idol Hayley to be a host on Popstars 2]. BBC News (2002-09-05). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

In 2004, Bowers wrote and starred in a TV sitcom pilot called ''Bow to the Bowers''. It was a satirical look at the music industry, casting Bowers as an egotistical, vain version of himself. It also starred former [[Steps (group)|Steps]] member [[Lee Latchford-Evans]] and ex-[[Brother Beyond]] star Nathan Moore, though it never made it to mainstream TV.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100106080836/http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/showbiz/cbb/659278/Boyband-star-and-Jordan-ex-turned-reality-show-regular.html Dane Bowers]. News Of The World (2010-02-01)</ref>

Bowers appeared in the follow-up TV show to ''[[Totally Scott-Lee]]'', called ''[[Totally Boyband]]'', in which five boyband members from past groups were modelled into a new singing act called [[Upper Street (band)|Upper Street]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0870064/ Totally Boyband (2006– )]. IMBb.com</ref><ref>[http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/upper-street/news/39201-totally-boyband-and-the-members-are Totally Boyband! And the Members Are...]. Mtv.co.uk (2006-08-01). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> The group featured him alongside [[Lee Latchford-Evans]] of [[Steps (group)|Steps]], Jimmy Constable of [[911 (band)|911]], [[New Kids on the Block]]'s [[Danny Wood]], and [[S Club]]'s [[Bradley McIntosh]]. The series commenced on [[MTV]] in the UK in September 2006, but their first single only charted at #35 and the group subsequently disbanded.<ref>Dave Parrack [http://web.archive.org/web/20090130100910/http://www.popbuzzuk.com/boyband-upper-street-split/ Boyband Upper Street Split?] Pop Buzz UK (2006-11-13)</ref>

In 2009, Bowers appeared in an episode of ''[[Come Dine With Me|Celebrity Come Dine With Me]]'' alongside [[Bobby Davro]], [[Laila Morse]], and [[Dani Behr]],<ref name="channel4.com"/> where he served langoustines, beef tenderloin, and [[bread and butter pudding]]. Bowers' theme for the evening was 'funky, cool and fashionable'.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100120201323/http://www.channel4.com/food/on-tv/come-dine-with-me/series-7/celebrity-special-1/dane-bowers-menu_p_1.html Dane Bowers' menu]. Channel4.com (2009-09-16). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

Bowers recently made TV appearances on ''[[Loose Women]]'' on [[ITV1]] and ''[[Live from Studio Five]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0970736/ Dane Bowers]. IMDb.com</ref>

===Celebrity Big Brother 7===
On 3 January 2010, Bowers was the seventh contestant to enter [[Channel 4]]'s [[Celebrity Big Brother 7|seventh and final]] series of ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (UK)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' he made it to the final on 29 January 2010, but finished as runner-up to [[Alex Reid (fighter)|Alex Reid]].<ref name="Daily Mail, 2010"/>

==DJing==
Dane Bowers regularly plays DJ sets at established nightclubs and clubbing brands in the UK including [[Gatecrasher]],<ref>[http://www.djguide.nl/party.p?id=1547&language=en 16 June 2001 – Gatecrasher The Summer Soundsystem 2001]. Djguide.nl (2001-06-16). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> Sintillate<ref>[http://www.sintillate.co.uk/dev5/article/clubs-2 Night Club Promotions]. Sintillate.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and has performed many sets for the [[Luminar Leisure|Luminar]] brand in various parts of the UK.<ref>[http://www.iii.co.uk/investment/detail/?display=news&code=cotn:LMR.L&action=article&articleid=4364031] {{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref>

Bowers has also played many DJ sets abroad in Marbella<ref>[http://www.linekersgroup.com/vips.php Linekers Club, Marbella]. Linekersgroup.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> and Tenerife,<ref>[http://www.sintillate.co.uk/dev5/article/tenerife Tenerife Night Clubs]. Sintillate (2010-05-20). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> including the Eden and [[Es Paradis]] nightclubs, based in [[Ibiza]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/ibiza2001/clubs.shtml Ibiza Clubbing – A 7 Day Guide]. Radio 1. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> He also made a PA at the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend in [[Ayia Napa]] at 'The Abyss Club' for 'Twice as Nice' in 2001 alongside [[DJ Luck & MC Neat]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/ayianapa2001/listings.shtml Napa Listings]. BBC Radio 1. Bbc.co.uk (2001-06-20). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref>

==Personal life==
Bowers has a son Kai (born late 1997 in [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]], London) by ex-girlfriend Emma-Jane North.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lizzie Smith |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1240316/Celebrity-Big-Brother-Alex-Reid-Dane-Bowers-share-awkward-hug-enter-house.html |title=Celebrity Big Brother: Alex Reid and Dane Bowers share an awkward hug as they enter the house |publisher=Daily Mail |date=2010-01-04 |accessdate=2010-01-29}}</ref>
From 1998 to 2000, Bowers was in a relationship with model [[Katie Price]].<ref>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/big_brother/2791296/Dane-Bowers-on-Celebrity-Big-Brother-The-latest-news-and-gossip-on-Dane-Bowers-from-CBB-2010.html CBB profile: Dane Bowers]. Thesun.co.uk (2010-01-02). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The News of the World|date=8 November 2009|title=Pete's Baby Rage; Exclusive Fury As Jordan Tells All About Their Secret Abortion Heartache|author=Dan Wootton; Guy Basnett|pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Scotland on Sunday|date=5 February 2006|title=Two faces of Jordan|author=Catherine Deveney|page=10}}</ref> A video the couple made of themselves having sex was subsequently stolen and became a popular [[celebrity sex tape]].<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/top-10-biggest-celeb-sex-1880214 | title= The top 10 biggest celeb sex tapes of all time | work=Daily Mirror | first=James | last=Robertson | date=10 May 2013 | accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2007, Bowers married his agent Chrissy Johnston in Las Vegas; they separated in May 2009.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1189370/Katie-Price-shows-strain-split-Peter-Andre-gaunt-figure-catwalk.html Katie Price shows the strain of split with Peter Andre with her gaunt figure on the catwalk]. Dailymail.co.uk (2009-05-29). Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> Bowers lives in [[Coulsdon]], London.<ref name="Norwich"/>

On 4 April 2012, Bowers was arrested and bailed in connection with an alleged offence of conspiracy to commit a sexual assault.<ref>France, Anthony. (2012-04-05) [http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4239467/Dane-Bowers-quizzed-on-rape.html Dane Bowers quizzed on rape | The Sun |News]. The Sun. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.</ref> These charges have now been dropped. Bowers is due to be tried at Norwich Crown Court on 21 November 2012 on two counts of assault and one count of harassment (all racially aggravated) in connection with an alleged incident in Norwich on 2 June 2012.<ref name="Norwich">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-19622632 Dane Bowers racially-aggravated assault trial postponed]</ref>

In October 2012, Bowers began playing [[Association football|football]] for the 3rd team of [[Cwmbran Celtic F.C.|Cwmbran Celtic]] which plays in the [[Newport and District Football League|Newport and District League]]. He made his match debut in a 3-1 home defeat to [[Marshfield, Newport|Marshfield AFC]]. The chairman of Cwmbran Celtic said he "hopefully will enjoy his stay with us. He’s a nice lad." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/9959551.Dane_Bowers_lines_up_for_Cwmbran_Celtic_FC/|title= Dane Bowers lines up for Cwmbran Celtic FC|publisher=''[[South Wales Argus]]''|date= 2 October 2012}}</ref>

On 21 April 2013, Bowers was allegedly arrested and charged with two counts of assault by beating after a confrontation at the Butlins holiday resort in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2314813/Dane-Bowers-arrested-charged-assault-brawl-Butlins.html|title= Celebrity Big Brother star Dane Bowers arrested and charged with assault after 'brawl at Butlin's'|publisher=''[[Daily Mail]]''|date= 25 April 2013}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Singles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Date
!rowspan="2"|Single
!colspan="2"|Chart position
|-
!width="60"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
|17 April 2000
|"[[Buggin]]"(with [[True Steppers]])<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= British Hit Singles & Albums
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 139}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|14 August 2000
|"[[Out of Your Mind]]"(featuring [[Victoria Beckham]])<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|19 February 2001
|"Shut Up and Forget About It"<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
|25 June 2001
|"Another Lover"<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
|11 July 2010
|"All She Needs"
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

(as Upper Street)
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Date
!rowspan="2"|Single
!colspan="2"|Chart position
|-
!width="45"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
|16 October 2006
|"The One"
| style="text-align:center;"|35
|}

===Albums===
*''Facing The Crowd'' (2001 promo – unreleased)

===Other releases===
*''CD Collection'' (2001)
**Given free with [[Smash Hits]] magazine in 2001 in conjunction with [[Little Chef]]. Contains "Shut Up and Forget About It" (original version and El B Vocal Mix).

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.danebowers.com}}

{{Celebrity Big Brother (UK)|S7}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=38932784}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Bowers, Dane
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dane Leon Bowers
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British rapper
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 November 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Sutton, London, UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowers, Dane}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Celebrity Big Brother (UK) contestants]]
[[Category:Blue-eyed soul singers]]
[[Category:English rhythm and blues musicians]]
[[Category:People educated at the BRIT School]]
[[Category:Musicians from London]]
[[Category:UK garage singers]]
[[Category:People educated at Trinity School of John Whitgift]]
[[Category:People from Croydon]]
[[Category:Another Level (band)]]

Felix Dexter

2013-11-28T20:25:00Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 583689774 by 78.146.106.55 (talk) undid possible vandalism

{{Infobox person
|name = Felix Dexter
|image = Felix Dexter.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|7|26|df=y}}<ref name=Telegraph></ref>
|birth_place = [[Saint Kitts]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|10|18|1961|7|26|df=y}}
|death_place =
|nationality = British
|occupation = [[Actor]], [[comedian]], [[writer]]
|known_for = ''[[The Real McCoy (TV series)|The Real McCoy]]''
|website = {{URL|felixdexter.com}}
}}

'''Felix Dexter''' (26 July 1961<ref name=Telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/theatre-obituaries/10392225/Felix-Dexter.html Telegraph Obituary]. Retrieved 22 October 2013</ref> – 18 October 2013<ref name="Hamilton">{{cite web|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/rip-felix-dexter|title=RIP Felix Dexter|last=Hamilton|first=Davina|work=[[The Voice (newspaper)|The Voice]]|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[actor]], [[comedian]], and [[writer]].

==Early life==
Dexter was born in [[Saint Kitts]], in the [[Caribbean]], and moved to [[Surrey]] with his family at the age of seven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24591754|title=BBC News - Felix Dexter, actor and comedian, dies|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> He studied Law at [[University College London]]<ref name=times>[[The Times]] Obituary 21 October 2013. p50</ref> and began training as a [[Barrister]], before embarking on a career in comedy.<ref name=Telegraph></ref> He began by touring late night comedy venues, including [[Jongleurs|Jongleurs club]] in London and [[The Comedy Store]], before being hired to work with an all-black cast in the BBC TV sketch show ''[[The Real McCoy (TV series)|The Real McCoy]]''; which was initially based on a stage show Dexter performed at the [[Hackney Empire|Hackney Empire Theatre]].

==Radio==
On [[BBC Radio 4]] he featured the satirical spoof radio phone-in show ''[[Down the Line (radio series)|Down the Line]]'' and starred in the dramatisation of ''Delete This At Your Peril'' part of ''[[Marilyn Imrie#The Bob Servant Emails|The Bob Servant Emails]]'', written by [[Neil Forsyth]] <ref name="R4-YandY">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/fartface/console/b00wlh18/You_and_Yours_17_12_2010 BBC Radio 4, You and Yours, 17 December 2010, ''The Bob Servant Emails'' at 26 mins]</ref>
He also played in a TV series called ''[[Citizen Khan]]'', which first aired in 2012, as Omar, a [[Somali people|Somalian]] Muslim who works at a mosque in [[Sparkhill]], Birmingham. The second series of the show aired October 2013.

==Death==
Dexter died on 18 October 2013. He had been suffering from [[multiple myeloma]].<ref name="Hamilton"/>

On 17 November 2013, [[BBC Two]] television broadcast a 30 minute retrospective programme called ''Respect: A Felix Dexter Special'', featuring tributes from friends and colleagues.<ref name="BBC 2 obit">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03jg38p|title=BBC Two - Respect: A Felix Dexter Special|work=[[BBC Two]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.felixdexter.com|Felix Dexter}} – official site
*{{IMDb name|0223297}}
*[http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/comics.html?http&&&www.chortle.co.uk/comics/fdexter.html Felix Dexter] profile at chortle.co.uk

{{The Fast Show}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Dexter, Felix
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actor, writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 July 1961
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint Kitts]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 18 October 2013
| PLACE OF DEATH = UK}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dexter, Felix}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from London]]
[[Category:Black British actors]]
[[Category:English comedy writers]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple myeloma]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in England]]

{{England-tv-actor-stub}}

Olive Blakeney

2013-05-09T23:00:34Z

Jomunro: repaired old vandalism to death date

{{Infobox person
| bgcolour =
| name = Olive Blakeney
| image = Olive_Blakeney.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Olive Blakeney.
| birth_name = Olive Blakeney
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|8|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Newport, Kentucky]], [[U.S.]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|10|21|1899|8|21|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], U.S.
| othername =
| spouse = [[Bernard Nedell]] (?-1959) (her death) 1 child
| cildren = Betty Lou Nedell
| yearsactive = 1933-1959
| homepage =
}}

'''Olive Blakeney''' (21 August 1899 - 21 October 1959) was an American actress.

==Career==
She studied at a dramatic school. Played as a super in visiting stage shows at one dollar a performance. Played in many London stock companies. She became known on the London and American stage. She made her screen debut in England in 1932.

==Personal life==
Married to [[Bernard Nedell]], mother of Betty Lou Nedell and mother-in-law of [[Jimmy Lydon]] who played her son in all but the first of the [[Henry Aldrich]] films.

==Partial filmography==
*''[[Her Imaginary Lover]]'' (1933)
* ''[[Give Her a Ring]]'' (1934)
*''[[Three Maxims]]'' (1936)
*''[[Don't Get Me Wrong (film)|Don't Get Me Wrong]]'' (1937)
*''[[Gangway (film)|Gangway]]'' (1937)
*''[[Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day]]'' (1941)
*''[[Aerial Gunner]]'' (1943)
*''[[Dakota (film)|Dakota]]'' (1945)
*''[[Sealed Verdict]]'' (1948)
*''[[Three Brave Men]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Green-Eyed Blonde]]'' (1957)

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0086830/ Imdb Olive Blakeney].

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Blakeney, Olive
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 21 August 1899
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kentucky]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 21 October 1959
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Los Angeles]].
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blakeney, Olive}}
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:People from Newport, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kentucky]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]

{{US-film-actor-1890s-stub}}

Tom Goodman-Hill

2013-04-20T23:26:36Z

Jomunro: Reinstated personal life- deleted for no reason

'''Tom Goodman-Hill''' (born 1968, [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]]) is an [[English people|English]] [[actor]] of radio, film, stage and television.

==Early life==
Born as '''Tom Hill''' and brought up near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], he qualified as a teacher before turning to acting. During his time in Newcastle, he regularly acted in amateur performances at the [[The People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne|People's Theatre]].

He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in Drama and English with a teaching qualification from the [[University of Warwick]], where he took an active role in student drama. He spent a year as a [[supply teacher]] in [[Coventry]] before moving to London to pursue a full-time acting career.<ref>[http://london.broadway.com/story/id/3007001 Interview with Tom Goodman-Hill at Broadway.com]</ref>

==Career==
===Television===
Goodman-Hill is known for playing the Police Constable in ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''. He appeared as Jeff in ''[[Jonathan Creek]]''{{'}}s episode "Miracle in Crooked Lane", an episode of ''[[Murder in Mind (TV series)|Murder in Mind]]'', Series 5 of [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Hustle (TV series)|Hustle]]'' as Alfie Baron, and the Reverend Golightly in ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[The Unicorn and the Wasp]]".

He has had recurring parts in several comedies, including ''[[The Office (UK TV series)|The Office]]'' as Ray, ''[[Broken News]]'' and ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]''.

In 2008, Goodman-Hill played [[John Lilburne]] in [[Channel 4]]'s period drama, ''[[The Devil's Whore]]''. Goodman-Hill can trace his father's family back to Lilburne's Uncle Joseph, through 16 generations.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1086143/A-Devil-coincidence-The-actor-direct-descendant-character-plays.html "A Devil of a coincidence: The actor who is a direct descendant of the character he plays"]. ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 15 November 2008. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.</ref> In 2011 he played "Neil Hunter" in drama ''Case Histories'' starring [[Jason Isaacs]], and in 2011 in ''[[Spy (2011 TV series)|Spy]]''. In 2013, Goodman-Hill played Mr Roger Grove in the [[ITV1]] series ''[[Mr Selfridge]]''.

===Radio===
Goodman-Hill has played numerous roles in various [[BBC Radio 4]] productions, including: [[Jesus]] in ''[[Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke]]''; Anton in ''[[Another Case of Milton Jones]]''; Ron, the security guard, in ''Self-Storage''; Archie in ''[[Hut 33]]''; ''[[I, Claudius (radio adaptation)|I, Claudius]]''; Martin in the third series of [[Cabin Pressure (radio series)|Cabin Pressure]],<ref name="newcastleblog">
{{cite web
|title=Newcastle
|url=http://johnfinnemore.blogspot.com/2011/07/newcastle.html
|work=Forget What Did
|author=John Finnemore
|date=19 July 2011
}}
</ref> and Mason in ''[[My First Planet]]''.<ref>[http://www.radiolistings.co.uk/candc/g/go/goodman-hill_tom.html Listing on RadioListings.com]</ref>

===Theatre===
Goodman-Hill started his professional career in the theatre. He has since appeared in productions such as ''[[Pete and Dud: Come Again]]'', as [[Peter Cook]], and ''[[The Cosmonaut's Last Message To The Woman He Once Loved In The Former Soviet Union]]'' as Eric. He received an [[Laurence Olivier Award]] nomination for the [[Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] for his performance as [[Sir Lancelot]] (and other roles, mostly those played by [[John Cleese]] in the original film ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]''), in the [[London]] production of ''[[Spamalot]]''. {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

In 2009, he played [[Andrew Fastow]], the former real-life CFO of Enron in [[Lucy Prebble]]'s ''[[ENRON (play)|ENRON]]'' at Chichester and the [[Royal Court Theatre]]. The production transferred to the [[Noel Coward Theatre]] in January 2010 and in the interim he replaced [[Mark Gatiss]] in ''Darker Shores'' at the Hampstead Theatre during December 2009.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2009/dec/08/michael-billington-darker-shores ''The Guardian'' article on Goodman-Hill]</ref>

He is a patron of Scene & Heard.

==Personal life==

Goodman-Hill has two teenage children from his marriage to Kerry Bradley. After meeting during the 2010 [[National Theatre]]'s production of ''[[Earthquakes in London]]'', presently lives with his partner of three years, ''[[Call the Midwife]]'' star [[Jessica Raine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2279473/Call-Midwifes-Jessica-Raine-met-partner-Tom-Goodman-Hill-happily-married.html|title=Don't call the midwife...|author=Neil Sears|publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|date=16 February 2013|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|0329259|Tom Goodman-Hill}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=29830069}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Goodmanhill, Tom
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Hill, Thomas
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1968
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Enfield, England, UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goodmanhill, Tom}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:English radio actors]]
[[Category:English musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:English teachers]]

Cheyenne Brando

2013-01-19T00:40:56Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 533746480 by 75.217.189.76 (talk)

{{Infobox person
| name = Cheyenne Brando
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tarita Cheyenne Brando
| birth_date = {{birth date|1970|2|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tahiti]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|4|16|1970|2|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Punaauia]], Tahiti
| death_cause = [[Suicide]] by [[hanging]]
| resting_place = Roman Catholic Urania Cemetery
| monuments =
| residence =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Model
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = [[Tuki Brando]] (b. 1990)
| parents = [[Marlon Brando]] (1924-2004) [[Tarita Teriipia]] (b. 1941)
| relatives = [[Christian Brando]] (half brother)
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
}}

'''Tarita Cheyenne Brando''' (20 February 1970 – 16 April 1995) was a [[Tahiti]]an model and the daughter of [[Marlon Brando]] by his third wife [[Tarita Teriipia]], a former Tahitian actress whom he met while filming [[Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)|''Mutiny on the Bounty'']] in [[1962 in film|1962]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/style/chronicle-005590.html?src=pm The New York Times]</ref>

==Early life==
Born in 1970, Brando was raised by her mother Tarita on the island of [[Tahiti]], south of [[Papeete]]. Her parents divorced in 1972.

While growing up, Marlon Brando did not allow Cheyenne and her brother Tehotu to visit him in the United States. In 1976 he stated, "I don't think I will let them [Cheyenne and Tehotu] go to the States. As Tahitians, they are too trusting. They would be destroyed in the pace of life in the States." As a child, Cheyenne reportedly adored her father and bragged about him. As she entered her teenage years, her feelings towards her father changed. In a 1990 interview she stated, "I have come to despise my father for the way he ignored me when I was a child. He came to the island maybe once a year but really didn't seem to care whether he saw me or not. He wanted us but he didn't want us."<ref name="people">{{cite journal|last=Gliatto|first=Tom|date=1995-05-01|title=Paradise Lost|journal=People|volume=43|issue=17|issn=0093-7673|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20105629,00.html|language=English}}</ref>

Cheyenne eventually dropped out of high school and began experimenting with drugs including [[LSD]], [[phencyclidine|PCP]], [[marijuana]], and [[tranquilizers]].<ref name="nydaily">{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-04-18/news/17961322_1_dag-drollet-cheyenne-christian-brando|title=Brando Heartbreak His Daughter Hangs Herself|last=Rein|first=Lisa|coauthors=Merrill, Laurie C.|date=1995-04-18|publisher=nydailynews.com|accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref> During this time, Brando began a modeling career.

In 1989, Brando was seriously injured in a car accident when she crashed a jeep she was driving after her father refused to allow her to visit him while he was filming [[The Freshman (1990 film)|''The Freshman'']] in [[Toronto]]. She sustained a broken jaw, a laceration under her eye, and a torn ear. Marlon Brando flew Cheyenne to [[Los Angeles]] to undergo extensive reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. The accident effectively ended Brando's modeling career. After the accident, she began experiencing bouts of depression and attempted suicide.<ref name="people" />

==Death of Dag Drollet==
In May 1987, Brando began dating 23-year-old Dag Drollet, the son of a Tahitian politician. In 1989, Brando discovered she was pregnant with the couple's first child. At Marlon Brando's request, the couple moved to the United States and into Marlon's [[Mulholland Drive]] home to await the birth of their child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-16/local/me-1121_1_christian-brando|title=Brando Is Released From Jail : Murder case: Actor's son is met by a crowd of photographers and reporters. The slaying suspect is accompanied home by family members, girlfriend and pet dog.|last=Wilkinson|first=Tracy|date=1990-08-16|publisher=latimes.com|language=English|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Darwin |title=Brando Unzipped|year=2005|publisher=Blood Moon Productions, Ltd.|isbn=0-974-81182-3|pages=605–606}}</ref>

On 16 May 1990, Drollet was fatally shot by Cheyenne's elder half-brother [[Christian Brando|Christian]] at their father's home.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/18/us/brando-s-son-held-in-killing.html?src=pm The New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/17/world/brando-s-daughter-arrested-in-france-in-lover-s-slaying.html?src=pm The New York Times]</ref> Christian Brando maintained that the shooting was accidental. He stated that earlier in the evening, Cheyenne told him that Drollet was physically abusing her. Later that night, Christian confronted Drollet about the abuse. Christian claimed that the gun went off after Drollet tried to take the gun away from him.<ref name=kunen>{{cite journal|last=Kunen|first=James S.|coauthors=Micheli, Robin; Knapp, Dan; Bentley, Logan|date=1990-06-04|title=Brando's Son Faces Murder Charge|journal=People|volume=33|issue=22|issn=0093-7673|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20117861,00.html}}</ref>

Christian Brando was immediately arrested and charged with [[first degree murder]] two days later.<ref name=kunen /> The prosecutors of the case attempted to subpoena Cheyenne to testify at Christian's trial as they felt her account of the night's event was crucial in proving the shooting was premeditated. However, she refused to testify and fled to Tahiti. On 26 June 1990, she gave birth to a son she named [[Tuki Brando]]. Soon after Tuki's birth, Brando attempted suicide twice and was hospitalized for drug detoxification in a psychiatric hospital. On 22 December 1990, Cheyenne was declared "mentally disabled" by a French judge and was deemed unable to testify in her brother's trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-25/news/mn-574_1_cheyenne-brando|title=Brando's Daughter Leaves U.S., Won't Testify Against Brother|date=1990-06-25|publisher=latimes.com|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-02/local/me-3792_1_cheyenne-brando|title=Drug Overdose Leaves Cheyenne Brando, 20, Comatose, Source Says|last=Timnick|first=Lois|coauthors=Morrison, Patt|date=1990-11-02|publisher=latimes.com|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-16/local/me-1366_1_marlon-brando|title=French Arrest Brando Sister in Drollet Case: Crime: Authorities follow Marlon Brando to daughter's hiding place. Her half-brother, Christian, was convicted of killing in Los Angeles; she is charged with complicity.|last=Tempest|first=Rone|coauthors=McMillan, Penelope|date=1991-11-16|publisher=latimes.com|language=English|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=malnic>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-18/local/me-56086_1_cheyenne-brando|title=Daughter of Brando Kills Herself in Tahiti : Suicide: The actor's child Cheyenne was the linchpin of the 1990 case in which her half-brother Christian was charged with killing her lover. She had been troubled by mental problems since|last=Malnic|first=Eric|date=1995-04-18|publisher=latimes.com|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref>

Without Cheyenne's testimony, prosecutors felt they could no longer prove that Drollet's death was premeditated. They presented Christian Brando with a [[plea deal]]. Christian took the deal and plead guilty to the lesser charge of [[voluntary manslaughter]]. He was sentenced to ten years in prison.<ref name=malnic /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19910301&id=nrUeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yM4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6657,8631|title=Christian Brando to serve 10-year prison sentence|date=1991-05-01|publisher=Herald-Journal|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> He served a total of five years and was placed on three years probation. In an interview given after his release, Christian stated that he doubted Cheyenne's accusations of physical abuse against Drollet due to her mental instability. "I feel like a complete chump for believing her," he said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jan/27/local/me-brando27|title=Son of acting legend was guilty of killing his half-sister's lover|last=Thurber|first=Jon|date=2008-01-27|publisher=latimes.com|language=English|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref>

==Aftermath and final years==
In the years following Drollet's death and her half brother Christian's trial, Cheyenne Brando's mental health steadily declined. She repeatedly entered drug rehab and psychiatric hospitals. Brando also publicly accused her father of molesting her and accused him of being an accomplice in Drollet's death (Marlon Brando denied both accusations).<ref name=rein>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-04-19/news/17965862_1_cheyenne-brando-dag-drollet-miko-brando|title=Holed Up In H'wood Brando At Home; Family Mourns|last=Rein|first=Lisa|coauthors=Merrill, Laurie C.; Sutton, Larry; Nieman, Jay|date=1995-04-19|publisher=nydailynews.com|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref>

Brando was later formally diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/christian_brando/11.html|title=Christian Brando — A Hollywood Family Tragedy|last=Gribben|first=Mark|publisher=trutv.com|page=11|language=English|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> became isolated from her former friends, and lost custody of her son to her mother (who raised him in Tahiti).<ref name="people" />

==Death==
On 16 April 1995, Brando hanged herself at her mother's house in [[Punaauia]], Tahiti. Neither her father nor her half-brother Christian were able to attend her funeral in Tahiti.<ref name="people" /> Brando was buried in the Roman Catholic Uranie Cemetery in [[Papeete]] in the family crypt of Dag Drollet's family.<ref name=rein />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{findagrave|7278749}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Brando, Cheyenne
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Brando, Tarita Cheyenne
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Model
| DATE OF BIRTH = 20 February 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tahiti]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 April 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Punaauia]], Tahiti
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brando, Cheyenne}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]
[[Category:French female models]]
[[Category:French Polynesian women]]
[[Category:French Polynesian people of American descent]]
[[Category:French Polynesian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:People from Tahiti]]
[[Category:People of French Polynesian descent]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Road accident victims]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in France]]
[[Category:Suicides in French Polynesia]]

Josie Long

2012-11-25T00:00:21Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 524702100 by 94.174.153.7 (talk) vandalism

{{multiple issues|lead too short=May 2011|BLP sources=March 2008}}
{{Infobox comedian
| image = Josie Long (cropped).jpg
| name = Josie Long
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|4|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Orpington]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| website = http://www.josielong.com/
}}

'''Josie Long''' (born 17 April 1982) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[comedian]].

== Early and personal life ==

Long spent her early life in [[Orpington]], [[Kent]], where she attended [[Newstead Wood School for Girls]] in Swift House. She also attended GIFT Ltd. summer schools. She began performing stand-up comedy at 14, winning the [[BBC New Comedy Awards]] at the age of 17. At 18 she gave up stand-up whilst attending [[Lady Margaret Hall]], [[University of Oxford]], though she ran experimental comedy clubs while at university, and graduated with a degree in English.<ref name="AutoB3-1"/>

In 2007 she lived in [[Peckham Rye]] and currently lives in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]].

== Career ==

After graduating from the [[University of Oxford]], Long returned to live stand-up, supporting [[Stewart Lee]] on his spring 2005 tour.

She contributed sketches and one-liners to [[BBC Radio One]]'s 2004/05 comedy show, ''The Milk Run'' with [[Andrew O'Neill]]. One edition of the show was entirely given over to a script she co-wrote with her friend Dan Harkin, entitled ''The Adventures Of [[Marco Polo]]''.

In 2005 she began publishing a fanzine, ''Drawing Moustaches In Magazines Monthly Magazine (Bi-Monthly)'', which is distributed for free, and has featured contributions from [[Robin Ince]], [[Kevin Eldon]] and [[Stewart Lee]], as well as [[Danielle Ward]] and [[Isy Suttie]].

She appeared in the show ''An Audience With Dan Nightingale & Josie Long'' with [[Manchester|Mancunian]] comic Dan Nightingale, at the Café Royal, at the 2005 [[Edinburgh Fringe]]. In 2006 she won the [[If.comeddies]] Best Newcomer award at the Fringe for her show ''Kindness and Exuberance''. In her 2007/2008 tour ''Trying is Good'' her act often involved drawing a sea scene on her arms and stomach. Long has a love of [[applique]] and the [[V&A]] Museum, and live [[Boggle]] contests sometimes form a part of her performances.

She has performed five solo shows at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, and performed five subsequent UK tours in springs 2007, 2008 and 2009, Autumn 2010 and spring 2012. She has appeared at the [[Melbourne]] International Comedy Festival (2007–10), the [[Adelaide]] Fringe Festival (2008), the [[New Zealand]] Comedy Festival (2008, 2010) and the [[Montreal]] Just For Laughs Festival (2008). Her show, ''Trying is Good'' was nominated for the Barry Award in Melbourne 2008. In 2009 she toured her show ''All of the Planet's Wonders'', playing 14 dates during February and March. Her radio series ''Josie Long: All of the Planet's Wonders'' was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] in early 2009. Her 2010 and 2011 shows, "Be Honourable" and "The future is another place" were both nominated for the Edinburgh comedy award for Best Show.

Along with fellow comics [[Hils Barker]], Steve Hall and [[James Sherwood (comedian)|James Sherwood]], she founded the ''All-Singing, All-Dancing Competitive News Bonanza'', a live topical panel show that ran at the [[Red Lion pub]] in [[Soho]] in 2004/05, and at the Arts Theatre Club in Soho in 2006. In 2006 she also launched her own monthly comedy clubs, the ''Sunday Night Adventure Club'', at the ABC Café in [[Crystal Palace, London]] (later at the Black Sheep pub) and ''The OK Club'' at the Boogaloo pub in [[Highgate]], [[North London]]. She currently runs and hosts "The Lost Treasures of the Black Heart" comedy club in camden town, which is podcasted.

Long has written for the [[Channel Four]] teen comedy-drama series ''[[Skins (TV Series)|Skins]]''. She has also appeared in an online [[webisode]] and episodes five and ten of the second series of the show, in which she plays a college careers adviser, and appeared again in episode 5 of the third series, reprising that role, this time, however, in another career. She makes a return appearance in series 6 as the college guidance counselor in episode 1.

She has also been involved in [[BBC Switch]], on a weekly mini-feature called ''Josie Long's Confuse the Teacher Feature'', where a word is read out by Long for young people listening to the show to include in their homework, which was formed after her suggestion of the idea during an interview on the show with [[Annie Mac]].

She also appeared regularly in [[Robin Ince]]'s [[podcast]] ''Show & Tell'', now called ''Robin and Josie's Utter Shambles'', co-hosted the [[Resonance FM]] show ''I, DJ'' with Danielle Ward and [[Isy Suttie]], and guested on ''[[Answer Me This!]]'' podcast. She has also DJed at the London [[indiepop]] club night Scared To Dance.<ref name="AutoB3-2"/> She appeared on the ''[[Jon Richardson (entertainer)|Jon Richardson Show]]'' on 27 July 2008 and again on 15 February 2009. On 9 October 2008 she appeared on ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'' in the second programme of the 22nd series. On 19 January 2009 she appeared on the radio panel game ''[[Just a Minute]]''.<ref name="AutoB3-3"/> She appeared in hit [[Australia]]n improvised-comedy show ''[[Thank God You're Here]]'' twice, the first of which aired on 6 May 2009. On 5 July 2009 she appeared on [[Sunday Night Show]] on [[Absolute Radio]] with [[Iain Lee]]. On 14 July and 28 July 2009 she appeared on [[Charlie Brooker]]'s [[Channel 4]] show ''[[You Have Been Watching]]''.

On 21 August and 23 August 2009 Long performed at the [[Green Man Festival]]. On 15 November 2009, Long was the guest on the [[Dave Gorman]] radio show on [[Absolute Radio]] and the subsequent podcast of the show, before making her second appearance with [[Iain Lee]], this time on Iain Lee's ''2 Hour Long Late Night Radio Show'', on the same station eight days later. She occasionally writes for [[Alan Moore]]'s underground magazine ''[[Dodgem Logic]]''.

On 15 January 2010 she was a contestant on [[Channel 4]]'s "irreverent, and often irrelevant, panel show" ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]''. On 18 March 2010 she appeared on the [[BBC Two]] comedy quiz TV programme show ''[[The Bubble (UK TV series)|The Bubble]]'', during which she notably wore a garment displaying [[Aneurin Bevan|Nye Bevan]] related witticisms. She wrote and performed three short plays as part of [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Afternoon Play]]'' series, including one about [[apostrophe]]s.

Since 2010, Long has been involved with the anti-tax avoidance actvist group [[UK Uncut]], and has on occasion promoted the group through her standup.

Long presented a Saturday morning radio show with [[Andrew Collins (broadcaster)|Andrew Collins]] on [[BBC 6 Music]]<ref name="AutoB3-4"/> and runs a monthly comedy club at The Black Heart in Camden Town, recordings of which are used for her new podcast ''The Lost Treasures of the Black Heart''.

== Live credits ==

* 2012 Romance and Adventure (Stand Up Show at Edinburgh Fringe, UK tour[upcoming])
* 2011 The Future is Another Place (Stand Up Show at the Edinburgh fringe, Uk tour)
* 2011 MaxFunCon (Stand up show at conference in Lake Arrowhead, California, USA)
* 2010 Be Honourable! (Stand Up Show at the Edinburgh Fringe, New Zealand and Melbourne Comedy Festivals, Uk tour.)
* 2009 Darwin's Birthday Spectacular with Robin Ince
* 2009 All of the Planet's Wonders (Shown in Detail) (Edinburgh fringe, UK and Australian Tour)
* 2008 Trying is Good (Edinburgh fringe, UK, NZ, Montreal and Australian Tour. UCB Los Angeles)
* 2006 Kindness and Exuberance (Edinburgh fringe, UK and Australian Tour. UCB New York)

== Radio credits ==

* 2011 Andrew Collins and Josie Long on BBC 6 Music <ref name="AutoB3-5"/>
* 2009 All the Planet's Wonders on BBC Radio 4 <ref name="AutoB3-6"/>
* 2010 So Wrong, It's Right hosted by Charlie Brooker on BBC Radio 4
* 2010 The Adult Hour on TalkSport hosted by Ian Collins

== Television credits ==

* 2010 The Bubble, BBC2
* 2009 Skins, Channel 4, as Josie, the group's careers advisor in series 2 and then English teacher in series 3.
* 2009 [[Maeve Higgins' Fancy Vittles]], RTÉ2 (Ireland), as [[Maeve Higgins|Maeve Higgins's]] English friend.

== References ==

{{refs|refs=
<ref name="AutoB3-1">{{cite web|first=Mira | last = Katbamna |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/aug/14/freshers.students |title=Celebrities tell us about their first year at university | work = Education |publisher=The Guardian |date=14 August 2008 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoB3-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.scaredtodance.co.uk/2012/07/30/josie-longs-dj-setlist/ |title=Josie Long's DJ setlist |publisher=Scared To Dance |date=2012-07-30 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoB3-3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00grd29 |title=Just a Minute, Series 54, Episode 4 |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=2009-01-25 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoB3-4">{{cite web|author=10:00 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012cp5r |title=Andrew Collins and Josie Long |publisher=BBC Radio 6 Music |date=2011-12-17 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoB3-5">{{cite web|author=10:00 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012cp5r |title=Andrew Collins and Josie Long |publisher=BBC Radio 6 Music |date=2011-12-17 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoB3-6">{{cite web|author=23:00 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hkrbn |title=Josie Long: All of the Planet's Wonders |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=2012-07-10 |accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

* {{official|http://josielong.com/}}
* [http://www.comedycentral.co.uk/shows/robin-ince-podcasts-web-exclusive Homepage for the Show & Tell podcast]
* [http://www.stuff.tv/news/life-etc/stuff/%E2%80%9Ctext-messages-are-like-saucy-little-letters%E2%80%9D-comedian-josie-long-on-her-tech-loves-and-hates "Text messages are like saucy little letters". Comedian Josie Long on her tech loves and hates, 11 July 2008]
* [http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/j/85/josie_long Chortle.com page]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[if.comedy award|Edinburgh Fringe Best Comedy Newcomer]]|before=[[Tim Minchin]]|after=[[Tom Basden]]|years=2006}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Long, Josie
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 April 1982
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Orpington]], [[Greater London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Long, Josie}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:English socialists]]
[[Category:English television writers]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Orpington]]
[[Category:English women comedians]]
[[Category:People educated at Newstead Wood School for Girls]]

User talk:64.89.208.92

2012-09-12T00:46:17Z

Jomunro: ←Created page with '{{subst:uw-test1|Root beer}}~~~~'

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Jomunro|Jomunro]]. I noticed that you recently made an edit to [[:Root beer]] that seemed to be a test. Your test worked! If you want more practice editing, the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] is the best place to do so. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Jomunro|my talk page]]. Thank you. [[User:Jomunro|Jomunro]] ([[User talk:Jomunro|talk]]) 00:46, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Root beer

2012-09-12T00:42:51Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 511938619 by 64.89.208.92 (talk)

[[Image:Rootbeerfoam2.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A glass of root beer with foam]]
'''Root beer''' is a [[carbonation|carbonated]], sweetened [[beverage]], originally made using the [[root]] of a [[sassafras]] plant (or the [[bark]] of a sassafras tree) as the primary flavor. Root beer, popularized in North America, comes in two forms: [[fermentation (food)|alcoholic]] and [[soft drink]] (usually called "soda", or in some parts of America "pop"). The historical root beer was analogous to [[small beer]] in that the process provided a drink with a very low alcohol content. Although roots are used as the source of many soft drinks throughout the world, often different names are used.

==Ingredients==
There are hundreds of root beer brands in the [[United States]], produced in every [[U.S. state]],<ref>[http://www.root-beer.org/modules.php?name=Brands RootBeerWorld.com – Yellow Froth Pages]</ref> and there is no standardized recipe. The primary ingredient, artificial sassafras flavoring, is complemented with other flavors. Common flavorings are [[vanilla]], [[wintergreen]], [[cherry]] tree bark, [[liquorice|licorice root]], [[Smilax regelii|sarsaparilla root]], [[nutmeg]], [[acacia]], [[anise]], [[molasses]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]], and [[honey]].

Although most mainstream brands are [[caffeine]]-free, there are some brands and varieties that contain caffeine.<ref>http://www.overcaffeinated.org/database/soda-pop/barqs-root-beer.php</ref>

Homemade root beer is usually made from concentrate,<ref name="Root Beer">[http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Cheese/ROOTBEER_Jn0.htm Root Beer]</ref> though it can also be made from actual herbs and roots. Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic root beers have a thick and foamy head when poured, often enhanced by the addition of [[Cassava]] extract.

===Main ingredients===
* ''Sassafras albidum'' – Sassafras (roots) – [[safrole]]. The oil from these roots is believed to be [[carcinogenic]] so artificial versions are generally used instead. However, natural extracts with the safrole distilled and removed are available.
* ''Smilax regelii'' – [[Smilax regelii|Sarsaparilla]].
* ''Smilax glyciphylla'' – [[Sweet Sarsaparilla]].
* ''Piper auritum'' – Root Beer Plant or [[Hoja Santa]].
* ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' – [[Liquorice]] (root).
* ''[[Aralia nudicaulis]]'' – Wild Sarsaparilla or "Rabbit Root."
* ''Gaultheria procumbens'' – [[Wintergreen]] (leaves and berries) – the oil can be toxic.
* ''Betula lenta'' – [[Sweet Birch]] (sap/syrup/resin).
* ''Betula nigra'' – [[Betula nigra|Black Birch]] (sap/syrup/resin).
* ''Prunus serotina'' – [[Prunus serotina|Black Cherry]].
* ''Picea rubens'' – [[Red Spruce]].
* ''Picea mariana'' – [[Black Spruce]].
* ''Picea sitchensis'' – [[Sitka Spruce]].
* ''Arctium lappa'' – [[Burdock]] (root).
* ''Taraxacum officinale'' – [[Dandelion]] (root).

===Foam/froth===
* ''[[Quillaja saponaria]]'' – Soapbark.
* ''[[Manihot esculenta]]'' – Manioc or Yuca (root).

===Spices===
* ''Pimenta dioica'' – [[Allspice]].
* ''Theobroma cacao'' – [[Chocolate]].
* ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'' – [[Fenugreek]].
* ''Myroxylon balsamum'' – [[Tolu balsam]].
* ''Abies balsamea'' – [[Balsam Fir]].
* ''Myristica fragrans'' – [[Nutmeg]].
* ''Plussed communis'' – "plussed" (fruit or "berry").
* ''Cinnamomum verum'' – [[Cinnamon]] (bark).
* ''Cinnamomum aromaticum'' – [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|Cassia]] (bark).
* ''Syzygium aromaticum'' – [[Clove]].
* ''Foeniculum vulgare'' – [[Fennel]] (seed).
* ''Zingiber officinale'' – [[Ginger]] (root).
* ''Illicium verum'' – [[Star Anise]].
* ''Pimpinella anisum'' – [[Anise]].
* ''Humulus lupulus'' – [[Hops]].
* ''Mentha'' species – [[Mentha|Mint]].

===Other ingredients===
* ''Hordeum vulgare'' – [[Barley]] ([[malt]]ed)
* ''Hypericum perforatum'' – [[St. John's Wort]]
* [[Sugar]]
* [[Molasses]]
* [[Yeast]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Birch beer]]
*[[Beverage]]
*[[:Category:Root beer stands]]
*[[Dandelion and burdock]]
*[[Ginger beer]]
*[[Horehound beer]]
*[[Root beer float]]
*[[Root]]
*[[Beer]]
*[[Sarsaparilla (soft drink)]] – a similar, although distinct, beverage
*[[Spruce beer]]
*[[Malzbier]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{root beer brands}}
{{Soft drink}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Root Beer}}
[[Category:Root beer| ]]

[[de:Root Beer]]
[[es:Cerveza de raíz]]
[[eo:Radikbiero]]
[[fr:Racinette]]
[[he:בירת שורשים]]
[[la:Cervisia radicalis]]
[[ms:Rutbir]]
[[nl:Root beer]]
[[ja:ルートビア]]
[[ro:Root beer]]
[[ru:Корневое пиво]]
[[fi:Root beer]]
[[sv:Root beer]]
[[tl:Root beer]]

Touch (American TV series)

2012-08-03T12:52:07Z

Jomunro: /* International distribution */ correct error

{{for|the anime TV series|Touch (manga)}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Touch
| image =[[File:Touch_Logo_White.png|250px]]
| genre = [[Supernatural]] [[Drama]]
| picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]])
| audio_format = [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital 5.1]]
| runtime = 49 minutes ("Pilot") 44 minutes
| creator = [[Tim Kring]]
| starring = [[Kiefer Sutherland]] [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]] [[David Mazouz]] [[Danny Glover]] [[Maria Bello]]<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.foxflash.com/div.php/main/page?aID=1z2z1z25z1z8&ID=8721|title=FOX Announces Fall Premiere Dates For The 2012-2013 Season|publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=June 18, 2012}}</ref>
| narrated =
| executive_producer = [[Carol Barbee]] Suzan Bymel [[Peter Chernin]] Tim Kring [[Francis Lawrence]] Katherine Pope Kiefer Sutherland
| composer = [[Wendy Melvoin]] [[Lisa Coleman (musician)|Lisa Coleman]]
| country = United States
| language = [[English language|English]]
| theme =
| network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| company = [[20th Century Fox Television]] Chernin Entertainment [[Tailwind Productions]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|1|25}}
| last_aired = present
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 12
| list_episodes = List of Touch episodes
| website = http://www.fox.com/touch/
| website_title = Official website
| production_website =
}}

'''''Touch''''' is an American [[supernatural]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[television series]] created by [[Tim Kring]].<ref name="screenrant">{{cite web| url=http://screenrant.com/tim-kring-touch-plot-details-mcrid-104152/ |title=New Plot Details Emerge for Tim Kring’s ‘Touch’ |date=March 2, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011 |first=Michael |last=Crider |publisher=Screen Rant}}</ref> It stars [[Kiefer Sutherland]], and debuted on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] on January 25, 2012,<ref>{{Cite press|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2011/12/01/fox-announces-2011-2012-midseason-premiere-dates-323412/20111201fox02/ |title=FOX Announces 2011-2012 Midseason Premiere Dates |publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]] |date=December 1, 2011|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> before beginning to air regularly on March 22, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/27/touch-premiere-moved-to-march-22-bones-moves-to-monday-on-april-9-the-finder-spring-finale-on-march-8/122213/ |title='Touch' Premiere Moved To March 22, ‘Bones’ Moves To Monday On April 2, ‘The Finder’ Spring Finale On March 8 |last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers |date=February 27, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012}}</ref> Twelve episodes were ordered for the first season,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Touch-Kiefer-Sutherland-Fox-1037927.aspx? |title=Fox Makes Kiefer Sutherland's Return to Primetime Official |date=September 22, 2011 |first=Michael |last=Schneider |work=TV Guide |accessdate=September 22, 2011}}</ref> with the two-episode season finale airing on May 31, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/04/02/exclusive-fox-books-two-hour-touch-season-finale-for-may-31-more-summer-details-565311/9690/|title=Exclusive: FOX Books Two-Hour "Touch" Season Finale for May 31|last=Futon Critic Staff|date=April 2, 2012|work=The Futon Critic|accessdate=April 15, 2012}}</ref> On May 9, 2012, Fox renewed the show for a second season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/09/fox-touch-renewed/|title=Fox renews 'Touch,' cancels 'Alcatraz'|last=Hibberd|first=James|date=May 9, 2012|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref>

==Premise==
''Touch'' centers on former reporter Martin Bohm ([[Kiefer Sutherland]]) and his 11-year-old mute, emotionally disturbed son, Jake ([[David Mazouz]]). Martin's wife died in the [[World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]], and he has been struggling to raise Jake since then, moving from job to job while tending to Jake's special needs. Jake has never spoken a word, but is fascinated by numbers and patterns relating to numbers, spending much of his days writing them down in notebooks, his Touch-screen Tablet and sometimes using objects for instance popcorn kernels. He also shows a lot of interest in Cell Phones which Martin collects from the airport (where he works as a baggage handler) lost and found to give to Jake normally as a distraction when Jake is stressed out or acting out. Jake shows some surprising knowledge of cell phones in the first episode when he makes an entire box of phones set out in a circle all ring at once displaying a number, this is about the time Martin realises that Jake is in fact communicating to him through the use of numbers, there are other instances of Jake using cell phones to 'help' him communicate with his father or someone else.

In the show's pilot, Jake's repeated escapes from special schools put Martin's capacity to raise the child in question, and social worker Clea Hopkins ([[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]]) arrives to perform an evaluation of Jake's living conditions. Martin, worried that he might lose his son, attempts to communicate with him, but the boy only continues to write down a specific pattern of numbers. This leads Martin to discover Professor Arthur Teller ([[Danny Glover]]), who has seen and worked with cases like this before, claiming that Jake is one of the few who can see the "pain of the universe" through the numbers. Teller also alludes to the interconnectivity of humanity as envisioned by the Chinese legend of the [[red string of fate]], whereby actions, seen and unseen, can change the fate of people across the globe for the better. Martin realizes that Jake is trying to tell him to follow the numbers; this leads him to a former firefighter who had tried to save Martin's wife during the 9/11 attacks and who is attempting to atone for his failure. Because of his encounter with Martin, the man missed a train but was present to save all the children on an overturned school bus after an accident. On subsequent days, Martin continues to follow numbers that Jake focuses on, each time finding his actions improving those touched by the numbers, though his devotion to following Jake's message puts his evaluation with social services at risk.

A larger overarching plot involves Teller's work. Teller himself had seen the numbers during a stroke, and has been fascinated with them since. The sequence of numbers that Jake presents falls into what Teller claimed was the Amelia Sequence, based on one of his former child patients. Teller later is found dead after attempting to locate Amelia at the same facility where Jake spends his days. Martin discovers Teller's old office, rented out from a Jewish synagogue, where he performed further research on the Amelia Sequence, learning that Teller's office mate recognizes Jake as one of the 36 [[Tzadikim Nistarim|Righteous Ones]]. Meanwhile, Clea learns that an organization called AsterCorp that provides Jake's school with modern equipment seems intent on studying Jake's abilities as well as having ties to Teller's previous work with a girl named Amelia. When AsterCorp attempts to force the state to relinquish Martin's custody rights, Martin, with Jake's and Clea's help, is able to sneak Jake out and leave the city. Through Jake's directions, they end up meeting Amelia's mother ([[Maria Bello]]) on a pier in Los Angeles.

==Cast==
=== Main cast ===
[[File:Touch s1 Poster 001.jpg|thumb|right|Season one promotional poster]]
* [[Kiefer Sutherland]] as Martin Bohm: a former journalist turned baggage handler, whose wife died in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="screenrant"/>
* [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]] as Clea Hopkins: a social worker who is sent to do an evaluation of the Bohms’ living situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/gugu-mbatha-raw-joins-kiefer-sutherland-in-foxs-touch/ |title=Gugu Mbatha-Raw joins Kiefer Sutherland in FOX's Touch |date=June 10, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011 |publisher=HitFix}}</ref>
* [[David Mazouz]] as Jacob "Jake" Bohm: a mute boy who is obsessed with numbers and can see past, present and future events through the numbers. Showing his father the numbers, so he can stop bad events from happening<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/touch-david-mazouz-cast-opposite-195756 |title='Touch': David Mazouz Cast Opposite Kiefer Sutherland |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=June 7, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Danny Glover]] as Professor Arthur Teller: an expert on the gifted few who possess numerical [[clairvoyance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/06/danny-glover-kiefer-sutherland-fox-touch/ |title=Danny Glover Joins Kiefer Sutherland in Fox's Drama Pilot Touch |date=June 9, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011 |first=Michael |last=Ausiello |publisher=TVLine}}</ref>
* [[Maria Bello]] as Lucy Robbins: the mother of Amelia, a girl that shares a gift similar to that of Jake and former patient of Teller.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s190/touch/news/a372916/maria-bello-cast-as-earth-mother-type-in-kiefer-sutherlands-touch.html |title=Maria Bello cast as 'earth-mother type' in Kiefer Sutherland's 'Touch' |date=March 23, 2012 |accessdate=June 1, 2012 |first=Kristina |last=Bustos |work=Digital Spy}}</ref>

=== Recurring cast ===
* [[Roxana Brusso]] as Sheri Strepling: the director of the facility that Jake attends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/11/22/roxana-brusso-touch/ |title=Southland Co-star Joins Kiefer Sutherland's Touch |date=November 22, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011 |first=James |last=Hibberd |work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>
* [[Catherine Dent]] as Abigail Kelsey: Jake's aunt and an AsterCorp executive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s190/touch/news/a365025/kiefer-sutherlands-touch-adds-the-shield-star-catherine-dent.html |title=Kiefer Sutherland's 'Touch' adds 'The Shield' star Catherine Dent |date=February 10, 2012 |accessdate=June 01, 2012 |first=Morgan |last=Jeffery |work=Digital Spy}}</ref>
* [[Bodhi Elfman]] as Avram: a [[Hasidic Jew]] and Teller's best friend who believes in Jake’s special abilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assignmentx.com/2012/exclusive-interview-bodhi-elfman-has-the-touch/ |title=Exclusive Interview: Bodhi Elfman has the TOUCH |date=May 31, 2012 |accessdate=June 1, 2012 |first=Abbie |last=Bernstein |work=Assigment X}}</ref>
* [[Titus Welliver]] as Randall Meade: [[New York Lottery]] winner and a former firefighter who tried to rescue Martin's wife in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iamrogue.com/news/interviews/item/5679-iar-exclusive-interview-titus-welliver-talks-csi-touch-powers-grimm-life-and-lost.html |title=IAR Exclusive Interview: Titus Welliver Talks 'CSI,' 'Touch,' 'Powers,' 'Grimm,' 'Life' and 'Lost' |date=January 22, 2012 |accessdate=June 01, 2012 |first=Jami |last=Philbrick |work=I am Rogue}}</ref>
* [[Rob Benedict]] as Walt King / The Invisible Prince: a homeless man who possesses the same obsession with numbers as Jake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksitetv.com/touch/touch-episode-3-images-spoilers-supernaturals-rob-benedict-guest-stars/12588 |title=Touch Episode 3 Images & Spoilers: Supernatural’s Rob Benedict Guest Stars |date=March 12, 2012 |accessdate=June 7, 2012 |first=Craig |last=Byrne |work=KSite TV}}</ref>
* [[Jude Ciccolella]] as Arnie Klepper: a pawn shop owner who befriends Martin after he saved him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s190/touch/recaps/a372768/touch-recap-kiefer-sutherlands-new-drama-returns.html |title='Touch' recap: Kiefer Sutherland's new drama returns |date=March 23, 2012 |accessdate=June 1, 2012 |first=Morgan |last=Jeffery |work=Digital Spy}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Main|List of Touch episodes}}

==Production==
''Touch'' Season 1 was shot at Culver Studios in Culver City, CA and on location in Los Angeles. Season 2 will film at Fox Studios.

==Post-production==
"Three Little Birds", sung by Kayla Graham ([[Karen David]]), was released as a soundtrack single, on iTunes by 20th Century Fox TV Records on February 28, 2012.<ref>{{cite video |people=Fox Broadcasting |date=February 28, 2012 |title=Touch-"Three Little Birds" |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz2HFwRJt_Y&feature=youtu.be |medium='Making of' video |publisher=Fox Broadcasting |accessdate=February 29, 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The show has been met with generally positive reviews, and currently holds a [[Metacritic]] score of 63/100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/touch |title=Touch - Season 1 Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic |publisher=Metacritic.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-26}}</ref>

Michael Landweber of [[PopMatters]] called the show "stunningly effective" and praised "its mix of spirituality and science, familial and global struggles." He also noted that "The boy’s narration, unnervingly matter-of-fact about the nature of the universe, takes on more power when he reveals that in 11 years, he has never spoken a word."<ref name=Landweber>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/153680-touch-the-first-episode-is-stunningly-effective |title='Touch': The First Episode Is Stunningly Effective|date=January 25, 2012|last=Landweber|first=Michael|work=[[PopMatters]]|accessdate=March 25, 2012}}</ref>

In a review in the ''[[New York Post]]'', Linda Stasi said "If you can’t get enough of number sequences and universal cylindrical patterns that constantly repeat, then for sure you’ll repeat the pattern of watching Fox’s new show....It is intriguing, and it’s great to have Sutherland back on TV" but felt "frankly, it’s awfully complicated."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/kiefer_is_back_UebZ4sDVoJgndVudKJRHKO |title=Kiefer is back|last=Stasi|first=Linda|date=January 25, 2012|work=[[New York Post]]|accessdate=March 25, 2012}}</ref>

Lori Rackl, of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', said the show "operates on the mind-blowing premise that people around the world are linked to one another and their lives intersect—with potentially major repercussions." She finished the review saying it "delivers a suspenseful ride around the world, peppered with some tear-jerking moments. The bar has been set high. Here’s hoping “Touch” continues to reach it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/television/10131718-421/kiefer-sutherland-makes-a-welcome-return-to-tv-in-touch.html |title=Kiefer Sutherland makes a welcome return to TV in 'Touch'|last=Rackl|first=Lori|date=January 24, 2012|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=March 25, 2012}}</ref>

[[Kiefer Sutherland]]'s performance has also been met with praise, with Landweber saying "He plays the part with such a combination of intensity and subtlety that we are drawn deep into Martin’s suffering, and rather than judging him, we feel with him. Every trial is etched in his face. He imbued [[Jack Bauer]] with similar stoicism, but Martin seems less resilient, more distressed."<ref name=Landweber/>

===Awards and nominations===
In 2012, the show was nominated for two creative arts [[Emmy Award]]s; one for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music|Outstanding Main Title Theme Music]] and the other for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects|Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role]].

===Ratings===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:8%;" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="width:20%;" rowspan="2"| Timeslot ([[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|ET]])
! style="width:8%;" rowspan="2"| # Ep.
! colspan=2| Premiered
! colspan=2| Ended
! style="width:8%;" rowspan="2"| TV Season
! style="width:8%; background:#ffdead;" rowspan="2"| Rank
! style="width:10%; background:#ffdead;" rowspan="2"| Viewers (in millions)
|-
! style="width:8%;"| Date
! span style="width:10%; font-size:smaller; line-height:100%;"| Premiere Viewers (in millions)
! style="width:8%;"| Date
! span style="width:10%; font-size:smaller; line-height:100%;"| Finale Viewers (in millions)
|-
! [[List of Touch episodes #Season 1 (2011-2012)|1]]
| <center>Thursday 9:00pm</center>
! 12
| style="font-size:11px;line-height:110%"|<center>January 25, 2012</center>
! 12.01<ref name="Ratings101">{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/31/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-american-idol-big-bang-theory-top-week-19/118071/|title=TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang Theory' Top Week 19|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 31, 2012|accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref>
| style="font-size:11px;line-height:110%"|<center>May 31, 2012</center>
! 4.60<ref name="gyre">{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/06/01/thursday-final-ratings-no-adjustments-for-touch-duets-or-rookie-blue/136611/|title=Thursday Final Ratings: No Adjustments for 'Touch', 'Duets' or 'Rookie Blue'|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Bibel|first=Sara|date=June 1, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref>
! style="font-size:smaller"| [[2011–12 United States network television schedule|2011-2012]]
! style="background:#fc9;"| #45
! style="background:#fc9;"| 9.18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/full-2011-2012-tv-season-series-rankings/ |title=Full 2011-2012 TV Season Series Rankings |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |Publisher=Deadline Hollywood |date=May 24, 2012|accessdate=July 1, 2012}}</ref>
|-
|}

==International distribution==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Channel
! Premiere date
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}
| [[ORF eins]]
| February 27, 2012 (Pilot) March 26, 2012 (regular)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://programm.orf.at/?story=17958 |title=Spektakulärer Auftakt für "Touch" |publisher=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] |date=February 27, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Australia}}
| [[Network Ten]]
| April 22, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| [[Fox Latin America|Fox Brazil]]
| March 19, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/temporadas/processos-e-prisoes/acusada-de-plagio-touch-faz-sua-estreia-mundial/ |title=Acusada de plágio, ‘Touch’ faz sua estreia mundial |date=March 19, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012 |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Canada}}
| [[Global Television Network|Global]]
| March 22, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/huge-premiere-globals-touch-1-221900793.html |title=Huge premiere for Global's ''Touch'' with 1.9 million viewers |publisher=[[CNW Group|CNW Newswire]] |date=March 23, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[addikTV]] (in French)
| September 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.infopresse.com/blogs/actualites/archive/2012/06/15/article-40140.aspx |title=Quebecor Média: la saison des lancements se termine ''Touch'' |publisher=[[:fr:Infopresse|infopresse.com]] |date=June 15, 2012 |accessdate=August 1, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|China}} and [[Southeast Asia]]
| [[Fox Channel Asia|Fox Asia]]
| March 25, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| [[:fr:BeTV|BeTV]] (in French)
| June 7, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Fox Life]]
| TBA
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| March 20, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}
|rowspan="4"| March 27, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Macedonia}}
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}}
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| [[TV 2 (Denmark)|TV 2]]
| TBA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvtid.tv2.dk/nytomtv/article.php/id-47680451.html |title=Global premiere på ny Kiefer Sutherland-serie |date=January 24, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| [[ProSieben|Pro 7]]
| February 27, 2012 (Pilot)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quotenmeter.de/cms/?p1=n&p2=54448&p3= |title=ProSieben schnappt sich "Touch" |publisher=quotenmeter.de |date=January 21, 2012 }}</ref> March 26, 2012 (regular)
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| [[FX (Greece)|FX]]
| March 22, 2012
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| [[STAR World India]]
| March 24, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| [[Yes Action]]
| March 20, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| [[Fox (Italy)|Fox]]
| March 20, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.badtv.it/2011/12/fox-channels-italy-conferma-di-aver-acquistato-touch-il-nuovo-drama-con-kiefer-sutherland/ |title=PFox Channels Italy conferma di aver acquistato ''Touch'', il nuovo drama con Kiefer Sutherland! |publisher=badtv.it |date=December 5, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagicon|Union of South American Nations}} [[Latin America]] {{flag|Argentina}} {{flag|Chile}} {{flag|Colombia}} {{flag|Costa Rica}} {{flag|Ecuador}} {{flag|El Salvador}} {{flag|Mexico}} {{Flag|Paraguay}} {{flag|Peru}} {{flag|Uruguay}} {{flag|Venezuela}}
| [[Fox Latin America|Canal Fox]]
| March 19, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxonestop.com/index.php?option=com_content&catid=99&id=4935703&view=article&Itemid=203 |title=Fox One Stop Media: ''Touch'' |publisher=foxonestop.com }}</ref><ref>http://www.canalfox.com/la/series/touch/</ref>
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]
| March 25, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tv3.co.nz/Shows/Touch.aspx |title=''Touch'' on TV3 New Zealand |publisher=[[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]] }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Norway}}
| [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV 2]]
| March 19, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| [[Jack TV]] and [[Chase (TV channel)|CHASE]] on [[DWKC-TV|BEAM TV 31]]
| March 18, 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=New drama series ''Touch'' premieres this March |url=http://www.clickthecity.com/tv/?p=14310 |date=March 16, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| [[Fox (Poland)|Fox]]
|March 26, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxtv.pl/touch |title=Touch |publisher=[[Fox (Poland)]] }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| [[Fox (Portugal)|Fox]]
| March 20, 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiefer Sutherland regressa à Fox para a estreia mundial de ''Touch'' |url=http://fox.canais-fox.pt/artigos/kiefer-sutherland-regressa-a-fox-para-a-estreia-mundial-de-touch/458 |publisher=[[Fox (Portugal)]] }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}
| [[Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]]
| March 25, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| [[Fox (Spain)|Fox España]]
| March 22, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| [[TV4 (Sweden)|TV4]]
| TBA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tv4.se/1.2321356/2011/10/13/tv4_toppar_med_kiefer_sutherland |title=TV4 toppar med Kiefer Sutherland |date=October 13, 2011 |accessdate=April 2, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
| [[ProSieben|Pro 7]]
| February 27, 2012 (Pilot)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quotenmeter.de/cms/?p1=n&p2=54448&p3= |title=ProSieben schnappt sich "Touch" |publisher=quotenmeter.de |date=January 21, 2012 }}</ref> March 26, 2012 (regular)
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Ireland}}
| [[CNBC]] and [[Sky1]]
| March 20, 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Sky 1 Moves UK Premiere Date For Touch |url=http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2012/02/sky-1-moves-uk-premiere-date-for-touch/ |work=TVWise |date=February 29, 2012 |accessdate=March 4, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Hong Kong}} {{flag|Indonesia}} {{flag|Malaysia}} {{flag|Singapore}} {{flag|Thailand}}
| [[Fox Channel Asia|Fox Asia]]
| March 25, 2012
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| [[STAR Movies]]
| March 28, 2012
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Official website|http://www.fox.com/touch/}}
*{{IMDb title|1821681|Touch}}
*[http://www.tv.com/shows/touch/ ''Touch''] at [[TV.com]]

{{Touch (2012 TV series)}}
{{FOXNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)}}

[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2012 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:Fox network shows]]
[[Category:Mathematics and culture]]
[[Category:Television series by Fox Television Studios]]
[[Category:Television series involving disabilities]]
[[Category:Television shows set in New York City]]
[[Category:Touch (TV series)| ]]

[[de:Touch (Fernsehserie)]]
[[es:Touch (serie de televisión)]]
[[fa:تماس (مجموعه تلویزیونی)]]
[[fr:Touch (série télévisée)]]
[[it:Touch (serie televisiva)]]
[[nl:Touch (televisieserie)]]
[[ja:タッチ (テレビドラマ)]]
[[pl:Touch (serial telewizyjny)]]
[[pt:Touch (série)]]
[[ru:Связь (телесериал)]]
[[simple:Touch (TV series)]]
[[zh:触摸未来]]

Te lucis ante terminum

2012-06-23T00:18:56Z

Jomunro: repaired link

'''''Te lucis ante terminum''''' is an old Latin [[hymn]] in [[Long Metre]]. It is the hymn at [[Compline]] in the ''[[Roman Breviary]]''.

==Origin==

The authorship of [[Ambrose of Milan]], for which [[Pimont]] contends, is not admitted by the Benedictine editors or by [[Luigi Biraghi]]. The hymn is found in a hymnary in Irish script (described by [[Clemens Blume]] in his ''Cursus'', etc.) of the eighth or early ninth century; but the classical [[prosody (music)|prosody]] of its two stanzas (''solita'' in the third line of the original text is the only exception) suggests a much earlier origin. In this hymnary it is assigned, together with the hymn ''Christe qui splendor et dies'' (also known as ''Christe qui lux es et dies''), to Compline.

An earlier arrangement (as shown by the Rule of [[Caesarius of Arles]], c. 502) coupled with the ''Christe qui lux'' the hymn ''Christe precamur adnue'', and assigned both to the "twelfth hour" of the day for alternate recitation throughout the year. The later introduction of the ''Te lucis'' suggests a later origin.

The two hymns ''Te lucis'' and ''Christe qui lux'' did not maintain everywhere the same relative position; the latter was used in winter, the former in summer and on festivals; while many cathedrals and monasteries replaced the ''Te lucis'' by the ''Christe qui lux'' from the first Sunday of [[Lent]] to [[Passion Sunday]] or [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]] - a custom followed by the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]. The old Breviary of the [[Carthusian]]s used the ''Christe qui lux'' throughout the year. The Roman Breviary assigns the ''Te lucis'' daily throughout the year, except from Holy Thursday to the Friday after Easter, inclusively. [[Merati]], in his notes on [[Galvanus de Bettino|Galvanus]]'s ''Thesaurus'', says that it has always held without variation, this place in the Roman Church. As it is sung daily, the ''Vatican Antiphonary'' gives it many [[plainsong]] settings for the varieties of season and rite (e.g. the nine melodies, pp. 117–121, 131, 174, 356, 366).

The text given below is the original version of the hymn. It was altered by Pope Urban VIII. The 1974 Breviary of Pope Paul VI restores the earlier form of the first and last verse, but replaces the second verse with two additional verses. Pope Urban's version is still used by some, especially since the [[motu proprio]] ''Summorum Pontificum'' authorized continued use of the Roman Breviary in its 1962 form. Most monasteries adopted Pope Paul's form in the 1970s, meaning the original version is seldom sung in monasteries.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Original Latin text
! English translation
|-
| 
Te lucis ante terminum, 
rerum Creator, poscimus, 
ut solita clementia, 
sis praesul ad custodiam.

Procul recedant somnia, 
et noctium phantasmata: 
hostemque nostrum comprime, 
ne polluantur corpora.

Praesta, Pater omnipotens, 
per Iesum Christum Dominum, 
qui tecum in perpetuum 
regnat cum Sancto Spiritu.

Amen.
| 
To thee before the close of day, 
Creator of the world, we pray 
That, with thy wonted favour, thou 
Wouldst be our guard and keeper now.

From all ill dreams defend our sight, 
From fears and terrors of the night; 
Withhold from us our ghostly foe, 
That spot of sin we may not know.

O Father, that we ask be done, 
Through Jesus Christ, thine only Son, 
Who, with the Holy Ghost and thee, 
Doth live and reign eternally.

Amen.
|}

==Alternatives==
The 1974 revision replaces the second strophe with the text, ''Te corda nostra somnient,/ te per soporem sentiant,/ tuamque semper gloriam/ vicina luce concinant. Vitam salubrem tribue,/ nostrum calorem refice,/ taetram noctis caliginem/ tua collustret claritas.''

==Musical Settings==

This text has frequently been set to music. The earliest is the plainsong version found in the ''Liber Usualis'' (used as the opening of Benjamin Britten's ''Curlew River''); another, from the Sarum Rite, is much used in England. [[Thomas Tallis]] and [[Henry Balfour Gardiner]] both composed memorable settings of the text, among many others.

==References==
*Mearns and Julian in ''Dictionary of Hymnography'' (2nd ed., London, 1907), 1135, 1710.
*Bagshawe, ''Breviary Hymns and Missal Sequences'' (London, s. d.), no. 30;
*Donahoe, ''Early Christian Hymns'' (New York, 1908), 41;
*Henry, ''Hymns of the Little Hours'' in Ecclesiastical Review (Sept., 1890), 204-09;
*Kent in Shipley, ''Annus Sanctu''s, part II, 88;
*Pimont ''Les hymnes du breviaire romain'', I (Paris, 1874), 124-30, defends (128-9) the simple directness of the language of the second stanza.
*''Hymns Ancient and Modern'', (historical edition, London, 1909), no. 34, gives Latin text and tr., harmonized plain-song and a modern setting credited to the ''Katholische Geistliche Gesangbuch'' (Andernach, 1608), no. 163;
*Daniel, ''Thesaurus Hymnologicus'', I,
*Blume, ''Der Cursus S. Benedicti Nursini'', etc. (Leipzig, 1908), 65, 68, 75.

;Attribution
{{Catholic|wstitle=Te Lucis Ante Terminum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Te Lucis Ante Terminum}}
[[Category:Hymns]]
[[Category:Latin hymns]]

[[it:Te lucis ante]]
[[fi:Kun päivä painuu levolle]]

Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

2011-05-22T17:30:16Z

Jomunro: /* Cast */ cylon not revealed in this miniseries, so irrelevant in this description (especially as it is not included in his own character description here)

{{Dablink|This article is about the 2003 Battlestar Galactica miniseries. For the subsequent television show, see [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)]].}}
{{Infobox television film
| name = Battlestar Galactica
| image = BattlestarGalactica2003.jpg
| caption =
| format = Science Fiction, Drama
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])
| runtime = 180 minutes
| creator = [[Glen A. Larson]]
| starring = ''see [[#Cast|cast]]''
| country = USA
| network = [[Sky One]] [[Syfy|Sci Fi Channel]]
| first_aired = {{dts|link=off||12|8}}
| last_aired = 9, 2003
| num_episodes = 2
| list_episodes = List of Battlestar Galactica (reimagined series) episodes#Miniseries
| followed_by = [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Re-imagined ''Battlestar Galactica'']]
}}
'''''Battlestar Galactica''''' is a three-hour [[miniseries]] written and produced by [[Ronald D. Moore]] and directed by [[Michael Rymer]]. It was the first part of the ''Battlestar Galactica'' reimagining based on the [[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|1978 ''Battlestar Galactica'']] television series, and served as a [[backdoor pilot]] for the [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|2004 television series]]. The miniseries aired originally on [[Syfy|the Sci Fi Channel]] in the United States starting on December 8, 2003. The two parts of the miniseries attracted 3.9 and 4.5 million viewers,<ref name="beginningoftheend">{{cite news | author = Adam B. Vary | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20245107_20245113_20265376_28,00.html | title = The Beginning of the End: A 'Battlestar Galactica' Oral History | date = March 12, 2009 | work = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | accessdate = March 16, 2009}}</ref> making the miniseries the third-most-watched program on [[Syfy]] ever.<ref>{{cite web|work=NBC | url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20041206nbc04 |title=NBC SPOTLIGHTS SCI FI CHANNEL MINISERIES HIT 'BATTLESTAR GALACTICA' IN SPECIAL PRESENTATION ON SATURDAY, JANUARY 8 | publisher=The Futon Critic | date= December 6, 2004 |accessdate= November 11, 2007}}</ref>

==Plot==
After a 40-year [[armistice]] in a war between the [[Twelve Colonies]] (the homeworlds populated by humans) and the [[Cylon (Battlestar Galactica)|Cylons]] (human-created robots), the Cylons launch a surprise nuclear attack intended to [[genocide|exterminate]] the human race. Virtually all of the population of the [[Twelve Colonies]] are wiped out. Most of the human defense force is either rendered ineffective or destroyed due to [[Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)|Number Six]],
a Cylon in the form of a human woman, who has seduced the famous scientist [[Gaius Baltar|Dr. Gaius Baltar]] and exploited their relationship to gain access codes under the cover of an insider contract bid, in order to introduce [[malware]] into the military computer network, rendering it vulnerable to cybernetic attack.

[[File:Caprica burning.jpg|thumb|250px|[[List of Battlestar Galactica (reimagining) locations#Caprica|Caprica]] under bombardment during the Cylon attack.]]
Because the computer systems of the battlestar ''Galactica'' are not networked, the warship is unaffected by the sabotage. Its Commander, [[William Adama]], assumes command of the few remaining elements of the human fleet.

With most of the government of the Twelve Colonies dead, including everyone who came before her in the line of succession, Secretary of Education Laura Roslin succeeds to the Presidency. The cabinet department starship carrying her manages to assemble a group of surviving human ships. Baltar manages to escape the Capital World of Caprica when a Colonial Raptor based from the Galactica lands briefly for repairs, then via a lottery evacuates part of a small group of survivors - though one of the Raptor pilots, "Helo," decides to remain on the post-global nuclear
attack stricken planet by giving up his seat to evacuate Baltar, who he recognizes for his media celebrity as a noted genius.

Although Roslin hopes to transfer all the surviving refugees to ships capable of interstellar travel, the Cylons quickly locate and attack the surviving ships. Roslin is forced to abandon many of the survivors, as only the ships capable of [[FTL (Battlestar Galactica)|faster-than-light (FTL) "jumps"]] are able to escape the attack and rendezvous with the ''Galactica'' at Ragnar Anchorage, a military armory station where the ''Galactica'' is resupplying itself with weaponry and essential supplies. On Ragnar, Adama learns of the Cylons' newly-developed capacity to appear in human form.

Roslin appoints Baltar, who has not disclosed his suborning by the Cylons, as one of her senior advisers. Number Six reveals to Baltar onboard Colonial One that she planted a microchip inside Baltar's brain while he slept and can manifest herself to him in hallucinatory form, while attempting to direct his behavior. Responding to one of her suggestions, he is compeled to identify another masquerading Cylon, [[Aaron Doral]], who is left on Ragnar Anchorage when the ''Galactica'' departs.

As the Cylons attack Ragnar, the small human fleet escapes by "jumping" to a distant, unexplored area of the galaxy. Adama attempts to lift the morale of the surviving humans by announcing plans to reach a legendary thirteenth colony, "Earth," whose existence and location have been closely guarded military secrets. Roslin later convinces Adama to privately admit that his announcement was simply a ploy.

Adama finds a cryptic message in his quarters reading simply, "There are only 12 Cylon models." On Ragnar, a group of humanoid Cylons retrieve Doral. In a twist ending, one of the group appears to be ''Galactica'' crew member [[Sharon Valerii]], indicating that her counterpart on the ''Galactica'' is a Cylon, as well.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor !! Role !! Notes
|-
| [[Edward James Olmos]]
| Commander [[William Adama]]
| Leader of the fleet after [[the Destruction of the Twelve Colonies]] Commander of the [[Battlestar Galactica (ship)|Battlestar ''Galactica'']]
|-
| [[Mary McDonnell]]
| [[Laura Roslin]]
| President after [[the Destruction of the Twelve Colonies]]
|-
| [[Katee Sackhoff]]
| Lieutenant [[Kara Thrace|Kara "Starbuck" Thrace]]
| [[Colonial Viper]] pilot
|-
| [[Jamie Bamber]]
| Captain [[Lee Adama|Lee "Apollo" Adama]]
| [[Colonial Viper]] pilot
|-
| [[James Callis]]
| Dr. [[Gaius Baltar]]
| Scientist and defense researcher
|-
| [[Tricia Helfer]]
| [[Number Six (Battlestar Galactica)|Number Six]]
| Cylon
|-
| [[Callum Keith Rennie]]
| [[Leoben Conoy]]
| Cylon
|-
| [[Grace Park (actress)|Grace Park]]
| Lieutenant Junior Grade [[Sharon Valerii|Sharon "Boomer" Valerii]]
| [[Colonial Raptor]] pilot teamed with Helo
|-
| [[Michael Hogan (Canadian actor)|Michael Hogan]]
| Colonel [[Saul Tigh]]
| [[Executive officer]] of the [[Battlestar Galactica (ship)|Battlestar ''Galactica'']]
|-
| [[Matthew Bennett]]
| [[Aaron Doral]]
| Cylon
|-
| [[Paul Campbell (Canadian actor)|Paul Campbell]]
| [[Billy Keikeya]]
| President Roslin's aide
|-
| [[Aaron Douglas (actor)|Aaron Douglas]]
| Chief Petty Officer [[Galen Tyrol]]
| In charge of maintenance of [[Colonial Viper]]s and [[Colonial Raptor]]s
|-
| [[Lorena Gale]]
| [[Elosha]]
| Priestess
|-
| [[Kandyse McClure]]
| Petty Officer [[Anastasia Dualla|Anastasia "Dee" Dualla]]
| Communications on the [[Battlestar Galactica (ship)|Battlestar ''Galactica'']]
|-
| [[Connor Widdows]]
| [[List_of_minor_characters_in_Battlestar_Galactica_(2003)#Boxman.2C_Alex_.22Boxey.22|Boxey]]
| Young boy who survives the Holocaust on Caprica
|-
| [[Alessandro Juliani]]
| Lieutenant [[Felix Gaeta]]
| Tactical officer on the [[Battlestar Galactica (ship)|Battlestar ''Galactica'']]
|-
| [[Nicki Clyne]]
| Specialist [[Cally Tyrol|Cally]]
| Repairs [[Colonial Viper]]s and [[Colonial Raptor]]s under Chief Tyrol
|-
| [[Tahmoh Penikett]]
| Lieutenant [[Karl Agathon|Karl "Helo" Agathon]]
| [[Electronic countermeasures]] officer teamed with Boomer
|-
| [[Alonso Oyarzun]]
| Socinus
|
|-
| [[Ty Olsson]]
| [[Aaron Kelly (Battlestar Galactica)|Aaron Kelly]]
|
|-
| [[Lymari Nadal]]
| Giana
|
|-
|}

==Production==
===Development===
None of the previous efforts to remake or continue the story of ''Battlestar Galactica'' by [[Tom DeSanto]], [[Bryan Singer]], and original series star [[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard Hatch]] (which involved using either the original cast or the original characters and plot) proceeded beyond the development stage.<ref>{{cite_web|url=http://en.battlestarwiki.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_%28SDS%29|title=Battlestar Galactica (SDS) at the Battlestar Wiki|date=|accessdate=October 8, 2007|last=|first=|format=|language=}}</ref> Actor Richard Hatch from the original version of the series made [[Richard Hatch#Battlestar Galactica revival attempt|numerous efforts]] to purchase the franchise from the original's producer [[Glen A. Larson]]. Unsucessful he produced his own version in a comic book series, even going as far as to produce a proof-of-concept trailer called ''[[Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming|The Second Coming]]''. Much of the actor's campaign was based on the concept discounting the events which ocurred in ''[[Galactica 1980]]''. It was later and instead opted for a [[Battlestar Galactica (2003 miniseries)|remake]] rather than the sequel. Additionally with the production shift moving from Los Angeles to the Greater Vancouver area.

===Filming===
The special effects of the miniseries were created by [[Zoic Studios]] who previously worked on the ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' television series. The regular series also contains effects by [[Atmosphere Studios]] <ref name="AtmosphereProd">{{cite web| url= http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/7304.html | title= Heavy-Duty VFX Management for Battlestar Galactica}}</ref>, [[Enigma Animation Productions]] and the production's own effects team <ref name="InHouseFXProd">{{cite web | url = http://www.renderosity.com/news.php?viewStory=14257 | title = "Battlestar Galactica" Artists Recognized with 2008 Emmy for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series}}</ref> although near the end all visual effects were done by the in-house team.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Executive producer Ronald D. Moore said the outer space battles were created and rendered to look like a Discovery Channel crew was actually shooting footage.<ref>Audio Commentary, Miniseries DVD</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Battlestar Galactica (reimagining)}}
The soundtrack for the miniseries was largely scored by [[Richard Gibbs]]. Many of the cues from the Miniseries soundtrack have been re-used as incidental or background music in the regular series beginning in 2004.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

===Location===
Many scenes of the miniseries were produced in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].

==Awards==
===Wins===
* 2003 ''[[Visual Effects Society Awards|VES Awards]]'', Outstanding [[Visual effects|Visual Effects]] in a Television Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* 2004 ''[[Saturn Awards]]'', Best [[Television presentation|Television Presentation]]

===Nominations===
* 2003 ''[[Visual Effects Society Awards|VES Awards]]'', Outstanding Compositing in a Televised Program, Music Video or Commercial
* 2003 ''VES Awards'', Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Televised Program, Music Video or Commercial
* 2004 ''[[Emmy Awards]]'', Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (''Miniseries, Night 1'')
* 2004 ''Emmy Awards'', Outstanding [[Sound editor|Sound Editing]] for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (''Miniseries, Night 2'')
* 2004 ''Emmy Awards'', Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (''Miniseries, Night 1'')
* 2004 ''[[Saturn Awards]]'', [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television|Best Supporting Actress]] on Television, [[Katee Sackhoff]]

==Novelization==
In 2006, [[Tor Books]] published ''Battlestar Galactica'' (the miniseries), by [[Jeffrey Carver|Jeffrey A. Carver]] — a novelization of the 2003 miniseries. The book incorporates deleted scenes and gives background information not seen on screen. Because much of this information conflicts with much of what is later revealed in the series, the novelization is not considered [[canon (fiction)|canon]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Battlestar Galactica (2003)}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.syfy.com/battlestar/about/index.php?sub=miniseries}}
* {{imdb title|0314979|Battlestar Galactica}}
* {{Tv.com show|23557|Battlestar Galactica}}
* [[BattlestarWiki:Miniseries, Night 1|Miniseries, Night 1]] and [[BattlestarWiki:Miniseries, Night 2|Miniseries, Night 2]] at the [[Battlestar Wiki]]

{{BattlestarGalacticaTopics}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battlestar Galactica}}
[[Category:Battlestar Galactica]]
[[Category:American television miniseries]]
[[Category:Television miniseries as pilots]]

[[ca:Battlestar Galactica (2003)]]
[[es:Piloto (Battlestar Galactica, 2003)]]
[[fr:Battlestar Galactica (télésuite)]]
[[it:Battlestar Galactica (miniserie televisiva)]]
[[nl:Battlestar Galactica (2003)]]
[[ru:Звёздный крейсер «Галактика» (мини-сериал)]]
[[sk:Battlestar Galactica (2003)]]
[[fi:Taisteluplaneetta Galactica (2003)]]

Talk:The Mentalist season 3

2011-05-21T22:43:00Z

Jomunro:

{{WikiProject Television|episode-coverage=Yes|class=List|importance=Low}}
{{Television needs production section}}

== U.S. Ratings Table ==
Why can't I add U.S. ratings table? There is more to TV ratings in the U.S. than just the number of viewers watching each episode. The U.S. also has the rating/share of households and rating/share of the age demographic 18-49. The 18-49 age demographic is actually more important to networks in the U.S. than the total number of viewers watching each episode. The Nielsen ratings page has a lot of information on the importance of rating/share.[[Special:Contributions/129.62.200.171|129.62.200.171]] ([[User talk:129.62.200.171|talk]]) 05:21, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

==Recurring cast==
Removed Whitford from this list, as he only appears in one episode [[User:Jomunro|Jomunro]] ([[User talk:Jomunro|talk]]) 22:42, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

The Mentalist season 3

2011-05-21T22:39:37Z

Jomunro: /* Recurring cast */ Deleted- see discussion page

{{lead too short|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox television season
|season_name = The Mentalist'' Season 3
|image = [[File:The Mentalist 2008 Intertitle.png|250px]]
|caption = ''The Mentalist''{{'s}} season 3 intertitle.
|bgcolor = #228B22
|fgcolour = #ffffff
|showname = [[The Mentalist]]
|dvd_release_date = TBA
|country = {{USA}}
|network = [[CBS]]
|first_aired = {{Start date|2010|9|23}}
|last_aired = {{End date|2011|5|19}}
|num_episodes =
|prev_season = [[The Mentalist (season 2)|Season 2]]
|next_season =
}}

The third season of '''''[[The Mentalist]]''''' premiered on September 23, 2010.

== Cast and characters ==

=== Main cast ===
* [[Simon Baker]] as [[Patrick Jane]]
* [[Robin Tunney]] as [[Teresa Lisbon]]
* [[Tim Kang]] as [[Kimball Cho]]
* [[Owain Yeoman]] as [[Wayne Rigsby]]
* [[Amanda Righetti]] as [[Grace van Pelt]]

=== Recurring cast ===
* [[Aunjanue Ellis]] as Madeleine Hightower
* [[Gregory Itzin]] as Virgil Minelli (episode 10)
* [[Currie Graham]] as Walter Mashburn (episode 7)
* [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]] as J.J. LaRoche
* JoNell Kennedy as Marcia Wallace (episodes 6 & 16)
* [[Eric Winter]] as Craig O'Laughlin

== Episode list ==
{{See also|List of The Mentalist episodes}}
<onlyinclude>{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| №
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| #
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| Title
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| Directed by
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| Written by
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| Original air date
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| Production code
! style="background: #228B22; color:#ffffff;"| U.S. viewers (million)
|-
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Red Sky at Night
|DirectedBy = [[Chris Long (director)|Chris Long]]
|WrittenBy = [[Bruno Heller]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|9|23}}
|ProdCode = 3X6401
|Aux4 = 15.50<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/09/28/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-sunday-night-football-glee-greys-anatomy-dancing-with-the-stars-top-premiere-week/65498 |title=TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ‘Sunday Night Football’, ‘Glee,’ ‘Grey’s Anatomy,’ ‘Dancing with the Stars’ Top Premiere Week |first=Robert |last=Seidman |date=September 28, 2010|work=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After his encounter with Red John and Kristina Frye's probable death, Patrick Jane rethinks his future with the CBI. At the same time, the team investigates a murder and a high-profile kidnapping, missing lobbyist Harvey Dublin. Patrick doesn't feel like working the case, so Lisbon has to convince Patrick to help.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Cackle-Bladder Blood
|DirectedBy = [[John Polson]]
|WrittenBy = [[Ashley Gable]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|9|30}}
|ProdCode = 3X6402
|Aux4 = 14.65<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/01/thursday-finals-greys-anatomy-big-bang-theory-my-dad-says-csi-adjusted-up-vampire-diaries-private-practice-apprentice-down/66070|title=Thursday Finals: ''Grey’s Anatomy'', ''Big Bang Theory'', ''$#*! My Dad Says'', ''CSI'' Adjusted Up; ''Vampire Diaries'', ''Private Practice'', ''Apprentice'' Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=October 1, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = When Patrick's brother-in-law; Daniel "Danny" Ruskin, returns to town and gets mixed up in a murder investigation (with Danny seeming to be the murderer of a businessman he was conning), Patrick must come to his aid despite personal reservations.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Blood on His Hands
|DirectedBy = [[David Barrett (director)|David Barrett]]
|WrittenBy = Tom Szentgyorgyi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|10|7}}
|ProdCode = 3X6403
|Aux4 =14.39<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/08/thursday-finals-bones-community-grey%E2%80%99s-anatomy-big-bang-theory-my-dad-says-the-office-adjusted-up/67290|title=Thursday Finals: ''Bones'', ''Community'', ''Grey’s Anatomy'', ''Big Bang Theory'', ''$#*! My Dad Says'', ''The Office'' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=October 8, 2010|accessdate=October 9, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Cult leader Bret Stiles offers Patrick information on Red John and the disappearance of Kristina Frye to defuse their rivalry and try to ease their relationship. The information is found to be accurate and Kristina is found alive, but catatonic.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Red Carpet Treatment
|DirectedBy = [[Charles Beeson (director)|Charles Beeson]]
|WrittenBy = [[Daniel Cerone]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|10|14}}
|ProdCode = 3X6404
|Aux4 = 15.13<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/15/thursday-finals-the-big-bang-theory-30-rock-the-office-outsourced-greys-anatomy-fringe-all-adjusted-up/68224|title=Thursday Finals: ''The Big Bang Theory'', ''$#*!'', ''30 Rock'', ''The Office'', ''Outsourced'', ''Grey’s Anatomy'', ''Fringe'' All Adjusted Up|last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers|date=October 15, 2010|accessdate=October 15, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Jane and the rest of the team investigate the murder of a convict; Henry Dahl, who was later released on DNA evidence. Patrick gets some lessons in inner peace and hunting his adversary (Red John) from the husband of the man's victim. It is ultimately revealed the victim's husband and the husband of an admirer of Dahl both killed him; having conspired to do so (to the point they stole and replaced the DNA evidence initially used to convict Dahl - who was really guilty of his crime, in order to get him out of jail so they could kill him), the former to protect his wife, and the latter to avenge his wife. They avoid prosecution when they point at each-other as the killer, and the case is abandoned with some behind-the-scenes effort by Patrick; who receives something from the husband of Dahl's victim to focus his anger on Red John; a gun.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Red Ponies
|DirectedBy = [[John Showalter (director)|John Showalter]]
|WrittenBy = [[Eoghan Mahony]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|10|21}}
|ProdCode = 3X6405
|Aux4 = 14.42<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/22/thursday-finals-greys-anatomy-big-bang-csi-adjusted-up-private-practice-down-plus-nlcs-game-5-ratings/69266|title=Thursday Finals: ''Grey’s Anatomy'', ''Big Bang'', ''CSI'', ''Vampire Diaries'' Adjusted Up; ''Private Practice'' Down; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The CBI team is called upon to look in the murder of a well-known talented jockey, and their investigation leads the CBI to a horse racing track and Patrick appears to be able to "horse whisper"...
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Pink Chanel Suit
|DirectedBy = [[Eric Laneuville]]
|WrittenBy = Ken Woodruff
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|10|28}}
|ProdCode = 3X6406
|Aux4 = 14.76<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/29/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-big-bang-theory-shrekless-office-adjusted-up-nikita-down-plus-world-series-game-2/70162|title=Thursday Final Ratings: ''Grey’s Anatomy'', ''Big Bang Theory'', ''Shrekless'', ''Office'' Adjusted Up; ''Nikita'' Down; Plus ''World Series'' Game 2|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 29, 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The CBI team is at a loss when a missing person (a court judge's daughter) and murder (the daughter's boyfriend who was found stabbed dead at the home) case occurs on an extremely well guarded wealthy family's compound. The team and Patrick must find the girl, dead or alive...
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Red Hot
|DirectedBy = Chris Long
|WrittenBy = Ashley Gable
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|4}}
|ProdCode = 3X6407
|Aux4 = 14.42<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/05/thursday-final-ratings-big-bang-theory-the-mentalist-office-vampire-diaries-adjusted-up/71005|title=Thursday Final Ratings: ''Big Bang Theory'', ''The Mentalist'', ''Office'', ''Vampire Diaries'' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=November 5, 2010|accessdate=November 5, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Jane and the CBI team narrowly escape a fiery end when a building explodes while they’re investigating a death threat. Meanwhile, sparks fly between Lisbon and billionaire Walter Mashburn when they meet up again while on the case.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Ball of Fire
|DirectedBy = [[Stephen Gyllenhaal]]
|WrittenBy = Tom Szentgyorgyi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|11}}
|ProdCode = 3X6408
|Aux4 = 13.84<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/11/12/thursday-final-ratings-fringe-community-30-rock-outsourced-the-office-adjusted-down-bones-my-dad-says-adjusted-up/71871|title=Thursday Final Ratings: ''Fringe'', ''Community'', ''30 Rock'', ''Outsourced'', ''The Office'' Adjusted Down; ''Bones'', ''$#*! My Dad Says'' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=November 12, 2010|accessdate=November 13, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Patrick Jane is kidnapped and Lisbon and the CBI team must go back through years of Jane's casework to find suspects, only to realize that the list of suspects is extremely long - almost everyone he's ever dealt with might want to harm him.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Red Moon
|DirectedBy = [[Simon Baker]]
|WrittenBy = Bruno Heller
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|18}}
|ProdCode = 3X6409
|Aux4 = 14.74<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/11/19/thursday-final-ratings-my-dad-says-30-rock-outsourced-adjusted-down-the-office-adjusted-up/72859|title=Thursday Final Ratings: ''$#*! My Dad Says'', ''30 Rock'', ''Outsourced'' Adjusted Down; ''The Office'' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=November 19, 2010|accessdate=November 20, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Ellis Mars, a local astrologer, helps Patrick solve a triple murder involving two policemen and an EMT's fiancée. The case expands to several previous policemen murders, and forces the killer to break his normal full moon-killing cycle to keep from being exposed. While the local police believe it was Mars who was the killer, Patrick realizes it was the seemingly-livid and distraught EMT, himself; Todd Johnson, who he figures to be common serial killer, despite Johnson's claims that there is another reason, which only Patrick would understand. After his arrest, Patrick arrives at Johnson's cell at his request, only to find Johnson in flames. Johnson later dies from his injuries, but not before whispering the first verse of the [[The Tyger|William Blake poem]] Red John said to Patrick - revealing Red John was involved in Johnson's activities and death.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Jolly Red Elf
|DirectedBy = John Showalter
|WrittenBy = Daniel Cerone
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|12|9}}
|ProdCode = 3X6410
|Aux4 = 13.41<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/10/thursday-final-ratings-bones-fringe-community-30-rock-office-apprentice-adjusted-down-big-bang-theory-walters-oprah-up/75043|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones,' 'Fringe,' 'Community,' '30 Rock,' 'Office,' 'Apprentice' Adjusted Down; 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Walters: Oprah' Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=December 10, 2010|accessdate=December 10, 2010}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After the death of a Santa, the CBI follows leads that take them to an AA group and the National Society of Authentic Santas. Meanwhile, when Todd Johnson; a person in custody, dies, an independent investigator; J.J. LaRoche, questions Patrick about the death of Johnson, he is a major suspect as he has the last person to see him alive. Patrick, avoiding LaRoche, reaches out to retired CBI Director Minelli, who agrees to provide information to Patrick when he reveals Johnson revealed to Patrick that he was a member of Red John's network; a fact Red John himself doesn't know, which finally gives Patrick the advantage.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Bloodsport
|DirectedBy = [[Roxann Dawson]]
|WrittenBy = Eoghan Mahony
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|01|06}}
|ProdCode = 3X6411
|Aux4 = 14.88<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/07/thursday-final-ratings-winter-wipeout-the-mentalist-adjusted-up-private-practice-adjusted-down/77660|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Winter Wipeout,' 'The Mentalist' Adjusted Up; 'Private Practice' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 7, 2011|accessdate=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = While LaRoche continues his Todd Johnson murder investigation, this time having some uncomfortable questions for Rigsby, the CBI, meanwhile, turns its attention to the murder of a journalist who is killed during a professional fight.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Bloodhounds
|DirectedBy = Charles Beeson
|WrittenBy = Erika Green
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|01|20}}
|ProdCode = 3X6412
|Aux4 = 14.82<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/21/thursday-final-ratings-my-dad-says-adjusted-up-bones-adjusted-down/79682|title=Thursday Final Ratings: '$#*! My Dad Says' Adjusted Up, 'Bones' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 21, 2011|accessdate=January 22, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Patrick Jane and the CBI are joined by scientific criminal profiler Dr. Montague to investigate a double murder, which appears to be the work of a serial killer named Caveman.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Red Alert
|DirectedBy = [[Guy Ferland]]
|WrittenBy = Jordan Harper
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|02|03}}
|ProdCode = 3X6413
|Aux4 = 15.18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/04/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-vampire-diaries-mentalist-adjusted-up-private-practice-parks-recreation-adjusted-down/81520|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Vampire Diaries,' 'Mentalist' Adjusted Up; 'Private Practice,' 'Parks & Recreation' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=February 4, 2011|accessdate=February 5, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = A documentary film maker is found dead in her home and Patrick and the CBI are brought in to investigate. The case becomes complicated when the prime suspect, who is thought to have killed his wife years previously but got off due to an error in the police signing, takes hostages (which include Patrick) at City Hall. Meanwhile, Lisbon is left to deal with the situation while also dealing with interference with the local authorities and her superiors.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = Blood for Blood
|DirectedBy = [[Martha Mitchell (director)|Martha Mitchell]]
|WrittenBy = David Appelbaum
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|02|10}}
|ProdCode = 3X6414
|Aux4 = 14.86<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/11/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-vampire-diaries-adjusted-up-private-practice-bones-office-parks-rec-down/82232|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Private Practice,' 'Bones,' 'Office,' 'Parks & Rec' Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=February 11, 2011|accessdate=February 11, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Van Pelt's job is on the line when a witness under her watch is murdered.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Red Gold
|DirectedBy = [[Tom Verica]]
|WrittenBy = Cindi Grossenbacher
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|02|17}}
|ProdCode = 3X6415
|Aux4 = 15.01<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/18/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-adjusted-up-parks-recreation-private-practice-adjusted-down/83185|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Parks & Recreation,' 'Private Practice' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=February 18, 2011|accessdate=February 18, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = When Lisbon is injured during the investigation into a modern-day prospector's murder, Agent Hightower works with Patrick Jane in the field for the first time.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = Red Queen
|DirectedBy = Chris Long
|WrittenBy = Daniel Cerone
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|02|24}}
|ProdCode = 3X6416
|Aux4 = 14.79<ref>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/25/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-adjusted-up-the-office-outsourced-and-private-practice-down/83800|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'The Office,' 'Outsourced,' and 'Private Practice' Down|work=TV by the Numbers|date=February 25, 2011|accessdate=February 25, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = An antiques dealer is found dead in a museum, and the evidence points to Agent Hightower, who has become a main suspect for LaRoche in Tod Johnson's death.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Bloodstream
|DirectedBy = [[Bobby Roth]]
|WrittenBy = Erika Green
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|03|10}}
|ProdCode = 3X6417
|Aux4 = 14.28<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/11/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-adjusted-up-bones-csi-and-the-mentalist-adjusted-down/85489|title=Thursday Final Ratings: "American Idol" Adjusted Up; "Bones," "CSI" and "The Mentalist" Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=March 11, 2011|accessdate=March 12, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The CBI investigates the murder of a doctor who was found dead on the golf course driving range. Suspects include the hospital staff and the patients. LaRoche is placed in charge of the CBI and appoints Cho as the new team leader after Lisbon insults him.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = The Red Mile
|DirectedBy = [[Darnell Martin]]
|WrittenBy = Tom Szentgyorgyi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|03|31}}
|ProdCode = 3X6418
|Aux4 = 14.27<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/01/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-big-bang-theory-rules-of-engagement-csi-mentalist-adjusted-up/87920|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Rules Of Engagement,' 'CSI,' 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up|last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers|date=April 1, 2011|accessdate=April 1, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = When a man who thought he was abducted by aliens is murdered, his body is stolen from the coroner's van; Van Pelt looks for a wedding dress.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Every Rose Has Its Thorn
|DirectedBy = Charles Beeson
|WrittenBy = Ken Woodruff
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|04|07}}
|ProdCode = 3X6419
|Aux4 = 15.17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/08/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-big-bang-theory-rules-of-engagement-csi-outsourced-adjusted-up-bones-adjusted-down/88790|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Rules Of Engagement,' 'CSI,' 'Outsourced' Adjusted Up; 'Bones' Adjusted Down|last=Seidman|first=Robert|work=TV by the Numbers|date=April 8, 2011|accessdate=April 8, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = When Lisbon questions Patrick's attitude towards a charismatic young widow, he explains it's because he thinks she killed her husband - the victim in the CBI's current case.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title = Redacted
|DirectedBy = David Barrett
|WrittenBy = Eoghan Mahoney
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|04|28}}
|ProdCode = 3X6420
|Aux4 = 13.53<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/29/thursday-final-ratings-idol-greys-big-bang-csi-adjusted-up-community-down-the-office-parks-rec-finals/90975|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'Idol,' 'Grey's,' 'Big Bang,' 'CSI' Adjusted Up; 'Community' Down + 'The Office,' 'Parks & Rec' Finals|last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers|date=April 29, 2011|accessdate=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Patrick Jane seems to be somehow off his game, due to a burglary at La Roches' house. Meanwhile a hardware store owner is murdered and several shady characters are seen loitering in the area.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21
|Title = Like a Redheaded Stepchild
|DirectedBy = Eric Laneuville
|WrittenBy = Jordan Harper
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|05|05}}
|ProdCode = 3X6421
|Aux4 = 14.00<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/06/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-big-bang-theory-csi-the-mentalist-community-the-vampire-diaries-adjusted-up-bones-parks-recreation-adjusted-down/91817|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'CSI,' 'The Mentalist,' 'Community,' 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Bones,' 'Parks & Recreation' Adjusted Down|last=Seidman|first=Robert|work=TV by the Numbers|date=May 6, 2011|accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = When a prison guard is stabbed to death outside of a jewelry store, Patrick Jane suspects one of the guard's inmates is the killer. Meanwhile, Rigsby questions his own father about the murder.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22
|Title = Rhapsody in Red
|DirectedBy = David Barrett
|WrittenBy = David Appelbaum
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|05|12}}
|ProdCode = 3X6422
|Aux4 = 14.07<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/13/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-big-bang-community-rules-mentalist-office-vampire-diariesadjusted-up-bones-adjusted-down/92465/|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang,' 'Community,' 'Rules,' 'Mentalist,' 'Office,' 'Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'Bones' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=May 13, 2011|accessdate=May 15, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The Northern California Symphony Orchestra comes under questioning when one of its violinists is shot to death. Cho has his hands full when he has to deal with a bright and talented young pickpocket.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23
|Title = Strawberries and Cream (Part 1)
|DirectedBy = Chris Long
|WrittenBy = Ashley Gable
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|05|19}}
|ProdCode = 3X6423
|Aux4 = 14.11<ref name="ratings1905"/>
|ShortSummary = The team investigates an explosion at a gas station, involving a thief. In the end it is revealed that the case involved Red John, looking for Hightower.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Mentalist episodes
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24
|Title = Strawberries and Cream (Part 2)
|DirectedBy = Chris Long
|WrittenBy = Bruno Heller
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|05|19}}
|ProdCode = 3X6424
|Aux4 = 14.11<ref name="ratings1905">{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/20/thursday-final-ratings-american-idol-big-bang-the-office-greys-mentalist-adjusted-up/93470/|title=Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Big Bang,' 'The Office,' 'Grey's,' 'Mentalist' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=May 20, 2011|accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The team works together to uncover the mole within the CBI. Patrick at last meets his nemesis, face-to-face.
|LineColor = 228B22
}}
|}</onlyinclude>

== International reception ==
In the UK, the third season premiered on Friday 15 October at 9pm on [[Channel Five|FIVE]] to 2.18 million viewers, nearly 1 million less than the [[The Mentalist (season 2)|second season's premiere]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.cbs.com/primetime/the_mentalist/}}
* {{Imdb episodes|1196946|The Mentalist}}
* {{Tv.com episodes|the-mentalist|75200|The Mentalist|3}}
* {{Epguides|Mentalist|The Mentalist}}

{{The Mentalist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mentalist (season 3), The}}
[[Category:2010 television seasons]]
[[Category:2011 television seasons]]
[[Category:Lists of American television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of crime television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of drama television series episodes]]

[[es:Anexo:Tercera temporada de El Mentalista]]
[[fr:Saison 3 de Mentalist]]
[[it:Episodi di The Mentalist (terza stagione)]]

Richard Osman

2011-03-10T23:56:19Z

Jomunro: removing vandalism- citation just leads to newspaper's homepage, with no corroboration from other sources

'''Richard Osman''' is a [[Great Britain|British]] [[Presenter|television presenter]], [[television producer|producer]] and [[television director|director]]. He is [[creative director]] for the television [[production company]] [[Endemol]] [[Endemol UK|UK]].<ref name="Endemol">[http://www.endemoluk.com/?q=node/321&tid=23 People | Richard Osman] EndemolUK.com</ref>

==Television work==
From 2009, Osman has worked on the [[BBC Two]] [[Game show|quiz show]] ''[[Pointless (TV series)|Pointless]]'' as assistant to host [[Alexander Armstrong (comedian)|Alexander Armstrong]], where he is known as Armstrong's "pointless friend".<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/10_october/06/pointless.shtml BBC Daytime re-commissions Pointless] BBC Press Office</ref>

Osman has also worked as executive producer on numerous other shows, including [[Channel 4]] comedy [[panel game]]s ''[[8 out of 10 Cats]]'' and ''[[You Have Been Watching]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0652066/ Richard Osman] IMDB.com</ref>

==Writing==
Osman acts as [[script editor]] for [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Total Wipeout]]'' and in 1999, created and wrote the [[Channel 4]] [[sitcom]] ''Boyz Unlimited'' with [[David Walliams]] and [[Matt Lucas]]. In 2005, Osman co-created and co-wrote the [[Animation|animated]] Channel 4 sitcom ''[[Bromwell High]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1294955/combined "Total Wipeout" (2009)] IMDB.com</ref><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0187626/fullcredits#writers Full cast & crew for "Boyz Unlimited] IMDB.com</ref><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0453418/ "Bromwell High" (2005)] IMDB.com</ref>

==Family==
Osman's brother [[Mat Osman|Mat]] is a founder member and former [[bassist]] of the band [[Suede (band)|Suede]], before their split in 2003. The band produced the music for ''8 Out of 10 Cats'', of which Osman is the [[Executive producer]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0652066/bio Richard Osman - Biography] IMDB.com</ref><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1348171/] Mat Osman IMDB profile</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|0652066}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osman, Richard}}
[[Category:BBC people]]
[[Category:British television directors]]
[[Category:British television presenters]]
[[Category:British television producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Alexandre Desplat

2011-02-13T23:17:00Z

Jomunro: The oscars haven't happened yet

{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = Alexandre Desplat
| birthname = Alexandre Michel Gérard Desplat
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|8|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| occupation = Composer, orchestrator, conductor
| website = [http://www.alexandredesplat.net/ alexandredesplat.net]
}}
'''Alexandre Michel Gérard Desplat''' (born 23 August 1961) is a [[France|French]] film composer. He has scored several successful films in the late 2000s, including ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'', ''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon]]'', and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''. He won a [[Golden Globe]] for ''[[The Painted Veil (2006 film)|The Painted Veil]]''. He has received four [[Academy Award]] nominations, five [[BAFTA]] nominations, and five [[Golden Globe]] nominations, winning the latter award for his work on ''The Painted Veil'' in 2006.

==Early life==
Desplat was born in [[Paris]] to a [[France|French]] father and a [[Greece|Greek]] mother who met at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/movies/07burl.html?pagewanted=print</ref> After their marriage, they moved back to France, where Alexandre was born. At the age of five, he began playing piano. He also became proficient on trumpet and flute. He studied with [[Claude Ballif]], [[Iannis Xenakis]] in France and Jack Hayes in the [[United States|U.S]]. Desplat's musical interests were wide, and he was also influenced by South American and African artists and teachers, among whom were [[Carlinhos Brown]] and [[Ray Lema]]. Desplat swiftly became skilled, both as a performer and a composer.

==Career==
Desplat has composed extensively for films, in France and in Hollywood—scores and incidental music for over 100 films including ''Lapse of Memory'' (1992), ''Family Express'' (1992), ''Regarde Les Hommes Tomber'' (1994), ''Les Péchés Mortels'' (1995), César-nominated ''Un Héros Très Discret'' (1996), ''Une Minute de Silence'' (1998), ''[[Sweet Revenge (1998 film)|Sweet Revenge]]'' (1998), ''Le Château des Singes'' (1999), ''Home Sweet Home'' (2001), ''Reines d'un Jour'' (2001), the César-nominated ''Sur mes Lèvres'' (2002), ''Rire et Châtiment'' (2003), ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' (2009), and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1]]'' (2010).

Desplat has composed individual songs that have been sung in films by such artists as [[Akhenaton (rapper)|Akhenaton]], [[Kate Beckinsale]], [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]], [[Valérie Lemercier]], [[Miosotis]], and [[Catherine Ringer]]. He has also written music for the theatre, including pieces performed at the [[Comédie Française]]. Desplat has conducted performances of his music played by the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], and the [[Munich Symphony Orchestra]]. Desplat has also given [[Master Class]]es at [[La Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]] and the [[Royal College of Music]] in [[London]].

In 2007, he composed the scores for [[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]''; [[Zach Helm]]'s directorial debut ''[[Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium]]'' with American composer [[Aaron Zigman]]; and the [[Ang Lee]] movie ''[[Lust, Caution (film)|Lust, Caution]]''. Prior to these break-out works, he contributed scores for ''[[The Luzhin Defence]]'', ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'', ''[[Syriana]]'', ''[[Birth (film)|Birth]]'', ''[[Hostage (film)|Hostage]]'', ''[[Casanova (2005 film)|Casanova]]'', ''[[The Nest]]'' and ''[[The Painted Veil (2006 film)|The Painted Veil]]'', for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music, and the 2006 World Soundtrack Award. He won the 2007 BMI Film Music Award, 2007 World Soundtrack Award, 2007 European Film Award, and received his first [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Original Music Score|Best Original Score]] for ''[[The Queen (film)|The Queen]]''. He also won the Silver Berlin Bear at the [[Berlin Film Festival]] for Best Film Music in ''[[The Beat that My Heart Skipped]]''. In 2008, Desplat received his second Oscar nomination for [[David Fincher]]'s ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''. Desplat received his third Oscar nomination and a [[BAFTA]] nomination for ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' in 2010, both of which were won by [[Michael Giacchino]] for [[Up (2009 film)|Up]].

Recently, Desplat has composed music for ''[[Largo Winch (film)|Largo Winch]]'', based on the Belgian comic; ''[[Afterwards]]'' a French-Canadian psychological thriller film directed by Gilles Bourdos in English; Anne Fontaine's ''[[Coco avant Chanel]]'' based on the life of designer [[Coco Chanel]]; [[Robert Guédiguian]]'s ''[[The Army of Crime|L'Armée du Crime]]''; ''[[Cheri (film)|Cheri]]'', reuniting him with director [[Stephen Frears]], whom he collaborated with on ''The Queen''; ''[[A Prophet|Un Prophète]]'' reuniting with director [[Jacques Audiard]]; ''[[Julie & Julia]]'' directed by [[Nora Ephron]]; ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'', directed by [[Wes Anderson]] and based on the novel by [[Roald Dahl]]; ''[[New Moon (2009 film)|New Moon]]'', directed by [[Chris Weitz]]; [[Roman Polanski]]'s ''[[The Ghost Writer|The Ghost Writer (film)]]''; ''[[Tamara Drewe]]''; ''[[The Special Relationship]]''; and ''[[The King's Speech]]'' which earned Desplat his fourth Oscar nomination.

Desplat's upcoming projects include ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'', directed by [[Terrence Malick]] (which he actually recorded in early 2010), ''[[Largo Winch 2]]'', ''[[A Better Life (2011 film)|A Better Life]]'', ''[[La Fille de Puisatier]]'' and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2]]''.

==Filmography (English Language)==
* ''[[The Revengers' Comedies]]'' (1998)
* ''[[The Luzhin Defence]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Birth (film)|Birth]]'' (2004)
* ''[[The Upside of Anger]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Hostage (film)|Hostage]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Syriana]]'' (2005)
* ''[[The Alibi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Firewall (film)|Firewall]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Queen (film)|The Queen]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Painted Veil (2006 film)|The Painted Veil]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium]]'' (2007)
* ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Afterwards]]'' (2008)
* ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Julie & Julia]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' (2009)
* ''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon]]'' (2009)
* ''[[The Ghost Writer (film)|The Ghost Writer]]'' (2010)
* ''[[The Special Relationship (film)|The Special Relationship]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Tamara Drewe (film)|Tamara Drewe]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1]]'' (2010)
* ''[[The King's Speech (film)|The King's Speech]]'' (2010)
* ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'' (2011)
* ''[[A Better Life (2011 film)|A Better Life]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2]]'' (2011)

==Filmography (selected - other language(s))==
* ''[[Largo Winch 2]]'' (2011)
* ''La Fille du Puisatier'' (2011)
* ''The Army of Crime'' (2009) [''L'armée du crime'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[A Prophet]]'' (2009) [''Un prophète'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Coco Before Chanel]]'' (2009) [''Coco avant Chanel'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Largo Winch]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Lust, Caution (film)|Lust, Caution]]'' (2007) [[''Se, jie'' - Chinese (original title)]]
* ''[[L'Ennemi Intime]]'' (2007) - French (original title)
* ''[[Ségo et Sarko sont dans un bateau...]]'' (2007) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Michou d'Auber]]'' (2007) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Quand j'étais chanteur]]'' (2006) [French (original title)]
* ''[[The Valet (film)|The Valet]]'' (2006) [''La doublure'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Lies & Alibis (film)|Lies & Alibis]]'' (2006) [''The Alibi'' - Netherlands (original title)]
* ''Une aventure'' (2005)
* ''[[The Beat That My Heart Skipped]]'' (2005) [''De battre mon coeur s'est arrêté'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Tu vas rire, mais je te quitte]]'' (2005) [French (original title)]
* ''[[À boire]]'' (2004)[French (original title)]
* ''[[L'enquête Corse]]'' (2004) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Le pays des enfants perdus]]'' (2004) [French (original title)]
* ''[[A Sight for Sore Eyes]]'' (2003) [''Inquiétudes'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Les beaux jours]]'' (2003) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Eager Bodies]]'' (2003) [''Les corps impatients'' - France (original title)]
* ''[[Virus au paradis]]'' (2003) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Le pacte du silence]]'' (2003) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Les baisers des autres]]'' (2003) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Rire et châtiment]]'' [France (original title)]
* ''[[Paroles d'étoiles]]'' (2002) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Tous les chagrins se ressemblent]]'' (2002) [French (original title)]
* ''[[Une autre femme]]'' [France (original title)]

==Awards and nominations==
===César Awards===

{{awards table}}
|-
| [[César Awards 1997|1997]]
| ''[[A Self-Made Hero]]''
| [[César Award for Best Music Written for a Film|Best Music Written for a Film]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[César Awards 2002|2002]]
| ''[[Sur mes lévres]]''
| [[César Award for Best Music Written for a Film|Best Music Written for a Film]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[2006 César Awards|2006]]
| ''[[The Beat That My Heart Skipped]]''
| [[César Award for Best Music Written for a Film|Best Music Written for a Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[César Awards 2008|2008]]
| ''[[L'ennemi intime]]''
| [[César Award for Best Music Written for a Film|Best Music Written for a Film]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[César Awards 2010|2010]]
| ''[[A Prophet]]''
| [[César Award for Best Music Written for a Film|Best Music Written for a Film]]
| {{nom}}
{{end}}

===Academy Awards===

{{awards table}}
|-
| [[79th Academy Awards|2007]]
| ''[[The Queen]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[81st Academy Awards|2009]]
| ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[82nd Academy Awards|2010]]
| ''[[Fantastic Mr Fox]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[83rd Academy Awards|2011]]
| ''[[The King's Speech]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]]
| {{Pending}}
{{end}}

===Golden Globes===

{{awards table}}
|-
| [[62nd Golden Globe Awards|2004]]
| ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[64th Golden Globe Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Syriana]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[65th Golden Globe Awards|2007]]
| ''[[The Painted Veil]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[67th Golden Globe Awards|2009]]
| ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[68th Golden Globe Awards|2010]]
| ''[[The King's Speech]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
{{end}}

===Awards===

This is the full list of awards Desplat has been nominated for or has received:

*2005 [[Silver Berlin Bear]] for Best Film Music - ''[[The Beat That My Heart Skipped]]''
*2006 [[César Award]] for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) - ''[[The Beat That My Heart Skipped]]''
*2006 [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Music - ''[[The Painted Veil]]'' and ''[[The Queen]]''
*2007 [[Golden Globe]] for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - ''[[The Painted Veil]]''
*2007 [[BMI Film Music Award]] - ''[[The Queen]]''
*2007 [[European Film Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[The Queen]]''
*2007 [[Golden Horse Award]] for Best Original Film Score - ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
*2007 [[World Soundtrack Award]] for Film Composer of the Year - ''[[The Queen]]'' and ''[[The Painted Veil]]''
*2008 [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[BMI Film Music Award]] - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[World Soundtrack Award]] for Best Original Score of the Year - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[World Soundtrack Award]] for Film Composer of the Year - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'', ''[[Coco Before Chanel]]'', ''[[Largo Winch]]'' and ''[[Chéri]]''
*2010 [[Étoile d'Or]] for Best Music (Meilleure musique) - ''[[A Prophet]]'', ''[[The Army of Crime]]'', ''[[Afterwards]]'', ''[[Coco Before Chanel]]'' and ''[[Chéri]]''

===Nominations===
*1997 [[César Award]] for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) - ''[[A Self-Made Hero]]''
*2002 [[César Award]] for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) - ''[[Sur mes lévres]]''
*2004 [[Golden Globe]] for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]''
*2004 [[Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music]] - ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]''
*2004 [[European Film Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]''
*2005 [[Online Film Critics Society Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[Birth]]''
*2006 [[Étoile d'Or]] for Best Music (Meilleure musique) - ''[[The Beat That My Heart Skipped]]''
*2006 [[Golden Globe]] for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - ''[[Syriana]]''
*2006 [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[The Queen]]''
*2007 [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
*2007 [[Academy Award]] for Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Score - ''[[The Queen]]''
*2007 [[Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music]] - ''[[The Queen]]''
*2008 [[César Award]] for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) - ''[[L'ennemi intime]]''
*2008 [[Étoile d'Or]] for Best Music (Meilleure musique) - ''[[L'ennemi intime]]''
*2008 [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2008 [[Critics Choice Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
*2008 [[Asian Film Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
*2008 [[World Soundtrack Award]] for Film Composer of the Year - ''[[The Golden Compass]]''
*2009 [[Online Film Critics Society Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[Golden Globe]] for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[European Film Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[Coco Before Chanel]]''
*2009 [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]''
*2009 [[Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Score - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[Critic Choice Award]] for Best Composer - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[Saturn Award]] for Best Music - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[Academy Award]] for Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Score - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2009 [[BAFTA Film Award]] for Best Music - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2010 [[Academy Award]] for Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Score - ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]''
*2010 [[Grammy]] for Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media - ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
*2010 [[BAFTA Film Award]] for Best Music - ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]''
*2010 [[César Award]] for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) - ''[[A Prophet]]''
*2010 [[Online Film Critics Society Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox]]''
*2010 [[Satellite Award]] for Best Original Score - ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1]]''
*2011 [[Academy Award]] for Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Score - ''[[The King's Speech]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.alexandredesplat.net/ Alexandre Desplat, official website] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}
* [http://desplat.free.fr Alexandre Desplat, fan website] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}
* {{IMDb name|6035|Alexandre Desplat}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Desplat, Alexandre
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =23 August 1961
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Paris]], [[France]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Desplat, Alexandre}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Academics of the Royal College of Music]]
[[Category:European Film Awards winners (people)]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:French film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Harry Potter music]]

[[ar:الكسندر ديسبليت]]
[[ca:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[de:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[es:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[fr:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[it:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[nl:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[ja:アレクサンドル・デプラ]]
[[no:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[pl:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[pt:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[ru:Депла, Александр]]
[[fi:Alexandre Desplat]]
[[zh:亚历山大·德斯普拉]]

Andy Murray

2011-01-30T11:24:35Z

Jomunro: /* Grand Slam performance timeline */

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Other people2|Andrew Murray (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox tennis player
| playername = Andy Murray
| image = [[File:Andy Murray at the 2011 Australian Open1 crop.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Andy Murray at the [[2011 Australian Open]]
| nickname =
| country = {{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[Great Britain Davis Cup team|Great Britain]]
| residence = London| datebirth = {{Birth date and age|1987|5|15|df=y}}
| placebirth = [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
| height = {{height|m=1.90}}
| weight = {{convert|84|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}
| turnedpro = 2005
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = US[[United States dollar|$]]13,967,298<ref name="ATP">{{cite web|title=Andy Murray: Player Profile|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Andy-Murray.aspx|publisher=www.atpworldtour.com|accessdate=4 July 2010}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.andymurray.com/# www.andymurray.com]
| singlesrecord = 255–89 (74.13%)
| singlestitles = 16
| highestsinglesranking = No. 2 (17 August 2009)
| currentsinglesranking = No. 5 (10 January 2011)
| AustralianOpenresult = F ([[2010 Australian Open - Men's Singles|2010]], [[2011 Australian Open - Men's Singles|2011]])
| FrenchOpenresult = QF ([[2009 French Open - Men's Singles|2009]])
| Wimbledonresult = SF ([[2009 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Singles|2009]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Singles|2010]])
| USOpenresult = F ([[2008 US Open - Men's Singles|2008]])
| Othertournaments = Yes
| MastersCupresult = SF ([[2008 Tennis Masters Cup#Singles|2008]], [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2010]])
| Olympicsresult = 1R ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's Singles|2008]])
| doublesrecord = 25–42
| doublestitles = 1
| highestdoublesranking = No. 89 (2 April 2007)
| grandslamsdoublesresults = Yes
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2006 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2006]])
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[2006 French Open – Men's Doubles|2006]])
| WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2005)
| USOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[2008 US Open – Men's Doubles|2008]])
| OthertournamentsDoubles = Yes
| MastersCupDoublesresult =
| WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult =
| OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's Doubles|2008]])
| updated = 26 September 2010
}}
'''Andrew "Andy" Murray''' (born 15 May 1987) is a [[Scotland|Scottish]] professional [[tennis]] player and current [[United Kingdom|British]] No. 1. He is currently ranked No. 5 in the world,<ref name="ATP"/> and was ranked No. 2 from 17 August 2009 to 31 August 2009.<ref>{{cite news | first = Richard | last = Jago | title = Murray reaches world #2 | date = 2009-08-15 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga | work = Observer | accessdate = 2010-08-16 | location=London}}</ref> Murray achieved a top 10 ranking by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] for the first time on 16 April 2007. He has reached three Grand Slam finals: the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|2008 US Open]], the [[2010 Australian Open]] and the [[2011 Australian Open]].

Murray is most proficient on a fast surface (such as [[Tennis court#Hard courts|hard courts]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/no-surface-tension-as-murray-looks-to-shed-his-feet-of-clay-1667477.html |title=No surface tension as Murray looks to shed his feet of clay |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=12 April 2009 |accessdate=26 June 2009 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Newman}}</ref> although he has worked hard since 2008 on improving his [[clay court]] game.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Corretja to help Murray on clay | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7331593.stm|date =4 April 2008| accessdate =1 July 2008 | work=BBC News}}</ref> Murray works with a team of fitness experts.<ref name = "Belfast Telegraph">[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/other-sports/article3826890.ece Andy Murray: A nation expects], ''[[Belfast Telegraph]]'', 23 June 2008</ref> [[Alex Corretja]] is Murray's main coach as of July 2010.<ref>{{cite news | title = Andy Murray parts company with coach Miles Maclagan | date = 27 July 2010 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8860446.stm | work = BBC News | accessdate = 27 July 2010}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Andy Murray was born to Will and Judy in [[Dunblane]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/andy.html |title=Scottish Genealogy Scottish Ancestry Family Tree Scottish Genealogists |publisher=Scottishroots.com |date=15 May 1987 |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.andymurray.com/#/about/timeline/1987/ | title = Biography | accessdate = 2 July 2010 | publisher = Official Andy Murray website}}</ref> His maternal grandfather, [[Roy Erskine]], was a [[professional sports|professional]] [[association football|footballer]] who played [[reserve team]] matches for [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] and in the [[Scottish Football League]] for [[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] and [[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/26/wimbledon2005.wimbledon1?commentpage=1 Dunblane tastes regret along with its new favourite son], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 June 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player.asp?player=100013005 MURRAY, Andy (GBR)], [[International Tennis Federation]] profile.</ref><ref>[http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/stirling/stirling.htm STIRLING ALBION : 1947/48 – 2008/09], Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Player's Database.</ref><ref>[http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/cowdenbeath/cowdenbeath.htm COWDENBEATH : 1946/47 – 2008/09], Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Player's Database.</ref> Murray's brother, [[Jamie Murray (tennis)|Jamie]], is also a professional tennis player, playing on the doubles circuit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenniscorner.net/index.php?corner=m&action=rankings&type=doubles |title=ATP Doubles Rankings |publisher=Tennis Corner |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=26 June 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Murray was born with a bipartite [[patella]], where the kneecap remains as two separate bones instead of fusing together in early childhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orthopedics.about.com/od/kneecappatelladisorders/g/bipartite.htm |title=About Orthopedics – Patella disorders |publisher=Orthopedics.about.com |date= |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> He was diagnosed at the age of 16 and had to stop playing tennis for six months. Murray is seen frequently to hold his knee due to the pain caused by the condition, but manages it through a number of different approaches.<ref>{{cite news | first = David | last = Ornstein | title = Insider view on Murray's knee trouble | date = 2010-05-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8704999.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> But Murray has been known to pull out of events because of the condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/2290508/Andy-Murray-to-miss-Argentina-Davis-Cup-tie.html|title=Daily Telegraph, 30 January 2008, Profile of Andy Murray | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Mark | last=Hodgkinson | date=31 January 2008 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>

Following the separation of his parents when he was aged nine, Murray and Jamie lived with their father.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1197595/Tennis-stars-father-reveals-What-really-upset-Andy-The-day-Judy-walked-us.html |title=What really upset Andy? The day that Judy walked out on us |publisher=Daily Mail |author=Malcolm Folley and Patricia Kane| date=5 July 2009|accessdate=5 July 2009 | location=London}}</ref> Murray later attended [[Dunblane#Dunblane High School|Dunblane High School]].<ref name="times interview">{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article671494.ece | date=4 June 2006 | title = The Big Interview: Andy Murray | publisher = The Times |author=Paul Kimmage | accessdate = 3 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="guardian interview">{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/09/tennis.features | date=9 June 2007| title = Boy on the brink | publisher = Guardian |author=Simon Hattenstone | accessdate = 17 March 2008 | location=London}}</ref> At 15, Murray was offered a trial at Scottish football giants [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], but decided against the trial, opting to focus on his tennis career instead. <ref>http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/tennis-news/2009/06/19/andy-murray-quitting-my-football-dream-for-tennis-was-hard-but-it-proved-the-right-decision-86908-21453428/</ref> He is a member of the [[Clan Murray]], whose [[Chief]] is the [[Duke of Atholl]].

=== Dunblane massacre ===

Murray attended [[Dunblane#Dunblane Primary School|Dunblane Primary School]], and was present during the 1996 [[Dunblane massacre]].<ref name = "Faultless young Scot">[http://news.scotsman.com/dunblanekillings/Faultless-young-Scot-who-is.2563990.jp Faultless young Scot who is all set to take on the tennis world], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 14 September 2004</ref> Thomas Hamilton killed 17 people before turning one of his four guns on himself. Murray took cover in a classroom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, Andy|title=Hitting Back|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=9781846051678|page=44}}</ref> Murray says he was too young to understand what was happening and is reluctant to talk about it in interviews, but in his autobiography ''Hitting Back'' he says that he attended a youth group run by Hamilton, and that his mother gave Hamilton rides in her car.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/05/tennis.scotland |title=Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings |publisher=The Guardian |date=5 June 2008|accessdate=6 June 2008 | location=London | first=Martin | last=Hodgson}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Junior tennis ===

Murray began playing tennis at a very early age.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.andymurray.com/#/about/timeline/1990/ | title = Biography | accessdate = 2 July 2010 | publisher = Official Andy Murray website}}</ref> [[Leon Smith (tennis coach)|Leon Smith]], Murray's tennis coach from 11 to 17,<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Cambers
| first = Simon
| title = Andy Murray insists Leon Smith's appointment does not necessarily mean Davis Cup return
| newspaper = The Herald
| date = 10 April 2010
| url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other-sports-news/andy-murray-insists-leon-smith-s-appointment-does-not-necessarily-mean-davis-cup-return-1.1020225
| accessdate = 24 April 2010}}</ref> said he had never seen a five-year-old like Murray, describing him as "unbelievably competitive". Murray attributes his abilities to the motivation gained from losing to his older brother [[Jamie Murray (tennis)|Jamie]]. He first beat Jamie in an under-12s final in [[Solihull]], afterwards teasing Jamie until his brother hit him hard enough to lose a nail on his left hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/140966.html |title=Boy on the Brink: Tennis Star Andy Murray |publisher=Buzzle.com |date= |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> At 12, Murray won his category at the Orange Bowl, a prestigious event for junior players.<ref>[http://www.clgandjrtennis.com/JrOrange99.htm JUNIOR ORANGE BOWL INTERNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS], "[[College and Junior Tennis]]" Retrieved on 19 July 2008</ref> He briefly played football before reverting to tennis.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/get_involved/4237382.stm Andy Murray's First Steps in Tennis] BBC News. Retrieved 1 August 2008.</ref>

At 15, Murray moved to [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]], where he studied at the [[Schiller International School]] and trained on the clay courts of the Sánchez-Casal Academy. Murray described this time as "a big sacrifice".<ref name="guardian interview" /> While in Spain, he trained with [[Emilio Sánchez]], formerly the world No. 1 doubles player.<ref name="guardian interview" />

In July 2003 Murray started out on the Challenger and Futures circuit. In his first tournament he reached the quarter-finals of the Manchester challenger. In his next tournament, Murray lost in the first round to future world top tenner [[Fernando Verdasco]] in a challenger on clay. In September, Murray won his first senior title by taking the Glasgow futures event. He also reached the semi-finals of the Edinburgh futures event.

Murray did not play seniors until May, when he retired after five games of his first-round match at the Surbiton futures event. He returned to futures events in [[Nottingham]] in July, where he lost to future [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] finalist [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the second round. Murray spent the whole of August playing in clay future events. He won the events in [[Xativa]] and [[Rome]] as well as reaching the semi-final of the [[Vigo]] event.

In September 2004, he won the junior [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] by beating Sergiy Stakhovsky, who is now a top 100 player. He was selected for the [[Davis Cup]] match against Austria later that month,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3650524.stm | date=12 September 2004 | title = Dunblane teenager takes US Open | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 17 March 2008}}</ref> however he wasn't selected to play.

Later that year, he won [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Young Personality|BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=9 December 2005|accessdate=17 March 2007}}</ref>

=== 2005 ===
Murray began 2005 ranked 407 in the world.<ref>http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx?d=10.01.2005&c=&r=401#</ref>

In March, he became the youngest Briton to ever play in the [[Davis Cup]],<ref name=Youngest>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4319789.stm|title=GB pair take stunning doubles win|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 March 2005|accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref> as he helped Britain win the tie with a crucial doubles win. Following the tie, Murray played in a challenger and a future event in Italy, reaching the semi finals of the latter. Turning professional in April,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.stv.tv/tennis/68807-a-brief-history-of-andy-murray/ |title=A brief history of Andy Murray |publisher=STV Sport |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> Murray played his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tournament when he was given a [[Wild card (sports)#Professional Tennis|wild card]] to the [[Open SEAT]] [[clay court]] tournament in [[Barcelona]], where he lost in 3 sets to [[Jan Hernych]].

Over the next few weeks Murray reached the semis and a quarter finals in 2 more futures events. He then reached the semi finals of the boys' [[French Open]] where he lost in straight sets to [[Marin Čilić]],<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4608493.stm|title=Murray loses in French semi-final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> after he had defeated [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarter finals.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4603971.stm|title=Murray reaches French semi-finals|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> This was his first junior tournament since winning the US Open.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4595613.stm|title=British juniors progress in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 May 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref>

Given a wild card to [[Queen's Club Championships|Queens]],<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/tennis/4603449.stm|title=Murray given wildcard for Queen's|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Murray progressed past [[Santiago Ventura Bertomeu|Santiago Ventura]] in straight sets for his first ATP win. He followed this up with another straight sets win against [[Taylor Dent]]. In the last 16 he played former [[Australian Open]] champion, [[Thomas Johansson]], where he lost the match in 3 sets. After losing the opener on a tie break, Murray won the 2nd on a tie break, but the onset of cramp and an ankle injury sealed the match 7–6, 6–7, 7–5.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4078248.stm|title=Gallant Murray falls to Johansson|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4628225.stm|title=Petchey makes Murray fitness vow|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 June 2005|accessdate=17 March 2007 | first=Simon | last=Austin}}</ref>

Following his performance at Queens, Murray received a wild card for [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]].<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-351366/Wimbledon-wild-card-Murray.html|title=Wimbledon wild card for Murray|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=7 June 2005|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Ranked 312, he defeated [[George Bastl]] and 14th seed [[Radek Štěpánek]] in the opening 2 rounds, in straight sets, thereby becoming the first [[Scottish people|Scot]] in the [[Open Era|open era]] to reach the third round of the men's singles tournament at Wimbledon.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/2709427/Andy-Murray-Career-highs-and-lows---US-Open-Tennis.html Andy Murray: Career highs and lows] Daily Telegraph</ref> In the third round Murray played 2002 Wimbledon finalist [[David Nalbandian]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4619129.stm | work=BBC News | title=Brave Murray falls to Nalbandian | date=25 June 2005 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Caroline | last=Cheese}}</ref> and lost, 7–6, 6–1, 0–6, 4–6, 1–6.

Following Wimbledon, Murray played in Newport at the [[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], where he lost in the 2nd round. He had a wild card for the US Open, as he was the junior champion. In the run up to the tournament Murray won challengers on the hard courts of Aptos, which sent him into the top 200, and [[Binghamton]], [[New York City|New York]]. He also experienced his first [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|Masters]] event at [[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]], where he beat Dent again in straight sets before losing in 3 sets to world No. 4 [[Marat Safin]].

Murray played [[Andrei Pavel]] in the opening round of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Murray recovered from 2 sets to 1 down to win his first 5 set match, 6–3, 3–6, 3–6, 6–1, 6–4,<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4199444.stm|title=brave Murray through in 5 sets|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 August 2005|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> despite being sick on court.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200206.stm|title=Murray sets sights on round 3|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2005|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> He lost in the second round to [[Arnaud Clément]], 2–6, 6–7, 6–2, 7–6, 0–6.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4206614.stm|title=Battling Murray crashes out in US|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 September 2005|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref>

Murray was again selected for the Davis Cup match against [[Switzerland]]. He was picked for the opening single rubbers, losing in straight sets to [[Stanislas Wawrinka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieID=100006618 |title=Tie Details |publisher=daviscup.com |date=25 September 2005 |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray then made his first ATP final at the [[Thailand Open (tennis)|Thailand Open]]. He beat Bastl, [[Robin Söderling]], [[Robby Ginepri]] and local boy [[Paradorn Srichaphan]]. In the final he faced world No. 1, [[Roger Federer]], losing in straight sets. On 3 October, Murray achieved a top-100 ranking for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4300644.stm|title=Federer outguns impressive Murray|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 October 2005|accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref> He then retired from a challenger in Mons, before he competed in his last tournament of the year, an ATP event in [[Davidoff Swiss Indoors|Basel]]. In the opening round he faced British No. 1 [[Tim Henman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-19513579-murray-v-henman---head-to-head.do |title=Murray v Henman – head-to-head| Sport |publisher=This is London |date= |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray won in 3 sets before doing the same to [[Tomáš Berdych]]. The year finished with a 3rd round loss to [[Fernando González]]. He completed the year ranked 64 and was named the 2005 [[BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/09/murray.shtml |title=BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll |publisher=BBC|date= |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref>

Murray competed in the debut edition of the [[Aberdeen Cup]] to finish his year. He faced [[Greg Rusedski]] twice losing the first match in straight sets<ref>{{cite news | title = Rusedski defuses Murray challenge | date = 2005-11-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4474912.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref> then coming back the next day to edge the match on a champions tiebreaker.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray gains revenge on Rusedski | date = 2005-11-27 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4476784.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref>

=== 2006 ===
2006 saw Murray compete on the full circuit for the first time and split with [[Mark Petchey]]<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray splits from coach Petchey | date = 2006-04-14 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4910582.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-27}}</ref> and team up with [[Brad Gilbert]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Gilbert accepts Murray coach role | date = 2006-07-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5192008.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-27}}</ref>

Getting his season under way at the [[Brisbane International|Adelaide International]], Murray won his opening match of '06 against [[Paolo Lorenzi]] in 3 sets before bowing out to [[Tomáš Berdych]]. Murray's season then moved to [[Auckland]] where he beat [[Kenneth Carlsen]]. Murray then lost 3 matches in a row to [[Marin Čilić]], [[Juan Ignacio Chela]] at the [[Australian Open]] and [[Ivan Ljubičić]] in Zagreb. Murray arrested the situation to beat [[Mardy Fish]] in straight sets when the tour came to [[San Jose, California]]; going on to win his first ATP title, the [[SAP Open]], defeating world No. 11 [[Lleyton Hewitt]] in the final.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4729100.stm|title=Magic Murray claims maiden title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> He triumphed over [[Wang Yeu-tzuoo|Jimmy Wang]] and [[Robin Söderling]] before his first win over a top ten player, [[Andy Roddick]],<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4728788.stm|title=Murray stuns Roddick in San Jose|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> the world No. 3, to reach his 2nd ATP final, which he won. Murray backed this up with a quarter final appearance in Memphis, beating [[Rainer Schüttler]] and [[Rik de Voest]] before falling to Soderling.

Murray won just 3 times between the end of February and the middle of June, losing to [[Tommy Robredo]] in [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] in a first round exit, beating Vasilis Mazarakis and losing to [[Nikolay Davydenko]] at [[Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]. First round exits in [[Miami]] and [[Monte Carlo]] then followed to [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] and [[Jean-René Lisnard]]. He progressed past [[Marcel Granollers]] in Barcelona before losing to [[David Ferrer]]. A first round loss to local boy [[Filippo Volandri]] in Rome followed, before a win in [[Hamburg]] against [[Gaël Monfils]]. Defeats to [[James Blake]] at Hamburg, Monfils at the [[French Open]], in 5 sets,<ref>{{cite news | title = Injured Murray beaten by Monfils | date = 2006-05-30 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5029854.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref> and [[Janko Tipsarević]] at [[Queens]] followed. After the French Open, where Murray was injured again, he revealed that his bones hadn't fully grown causing him to suffer from cramps and back problems.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray plays down injury worries | date = 2006-05-30 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5031414.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref>

At the [[Nottingham Open]] Murray recorded consecutive wins for the first time since [[Memphis]]. With wins over [[Dmitry Tursunov]] and [[Max Mirnyi]] before bowing out to [[Andreas Seppi]] in the quarter finals. He progressed to the fourth round at Wimbledon, beating [[Nicolás Massú]], [[Julien Benneteau]] and Roddick, before succumbing in the last 16 to Australian Open finalist, [[Marcos Baghdatis]]. Murray reached the semi finals of the [[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]] defeating [[Ricardo Mello]] and [[Sam Querrey]] and [[Robert Kendrick]], with his first ever main tour whitewash (also known as a double bagel). He exited in the semis to [[Justin Gimelstob]]. Murray then won a [[Davis Cup]] rubber against [[Andy Ram]] coming back from 2 set down, but lost the doubles along side [[Jamie Delgado]] after being 2 sets to 1 up. The tie was over before Murray could play the deciding rubber.

His good form continued as the tour moved to the hard courts of the USA, recording a runner-up position at the [[Legg Mason Tennis Classic]]. He defeated [[Ramón Delgado]], [[Feliciano López]], Fish and Tursunov before losing to [[Arnaud Clément]]. Murray then reached his first [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|Masters Series]] semi final in [[Toronto]] at the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]], beating Ferrer, [[Tim Henman]], [[Carlos Moyá]] and [[Jarkko Nieminen]] along the way before exiting to [[Richard Gasquet]] in straight sets. At the ATP Masters Series event in [[Western & Southern Financial Group Masters|Cincinnati]] Murray defeated Henman before coming only one of two players, along side [[Rafael Nadal]], to defeat [[Roger Federer]] in 2006. This was followed by a win over Ginepri and a loss to Roddick. He also reached the fourth round of the US Open with wins over Kendrick, who pushed Murray to 4 sets. [[Alessio di Mauro]] for the loss of 2 games and a 5 set win over [[Fernando González]]. He lost in four sets to Davydenko, including a whitewash in the final set.

In the Davis Cup, Murray won both his singles rubbers but lost the doubles as Great Britain won the tie. As the tour progressed to [[Asia]], he lost to Henman for the first time in straight sets in [[Bangkok]] and followed it up with a defeat to [[Jiří Novák]] in [[Tokyo]]. In the final 2 Masters events in [[Madrid]] and [[Paris]], Murray defeated [[Iván Navarro (tennis)|Iván Navarro]] and world No. 3 Ljubičić in Madrid, followed by Chela in Paris. He exited both tournaments at the last 16 stage ending his season, with losses to [[Novak Djoković]] and [[Dominik Hrbatý]].

Murray ended the year ranked 17th, his career best to that point. Murray finished the year by participating in the [[Aberdeen Cup]] for [[Scotland]]. Murray won both his matches against [[Greg Rusedski]], edging the first match 6–4 in the final set before winning in straight sets in a second match the next day. Murray though was unhappy with the court being slippery and the linespeople being too close, citing that he could have twisted his ankle, due to a persistent ankle injury first sustained at Queens the year before.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray blasts dangerous court | date = 2006-11-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6183866.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref>

=== 2007 ===
[[File:Andy Murray 1.jpg|thumb|right|Murray at the US Open with Gilbert]]
In November Murray split with his coach Brad Gilbert<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray splits with coach Gilbert | date = 2007-11-14 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7094177.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-27}}</ref> and added a team of experts along with [[Miles Maclagan]], his main coach.<ref name = "Belfast Telegraph" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Murray assembling team of experts | date = 2007-11-30 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7095903.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-27}}</ref> Ahead of the first event of the season Murray signed a sponsorship deal with [[Highland Spring]] worth one million pounds. It was reportedly the biggest shirt sponsorship deal in tennis.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray in major sponsorship deal | date = 2006-12-29 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/6216297.stm | work = BBC News | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref> The season started well for Murray as he reached the final of the [[Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar Open]]. He defeated [[Filippo Volandri]], [[Christophe Rochus]], [[Max Mirnyi]] and [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. Before falling to [[Ivan Ljubičić]] in straight sets. Murray reached the fourth round of the [[2007 Australian Open|Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Preston, Eleanor|title=The quarter-final is a match I can win|publisher=Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/01/andymurray.wimbledon1|date=1 July 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> After defeating [[Alberto Martín]] for the loss of one game, then beating [[Fernando Verdasco]] and [[Juan Ignacio Chela]] in straight sets. In the round of 16 Murray lost a 5 set match against world No. 2, [[Rafael Nadal]], 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 6–4, 3–6, 1–6.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6286767.stm|title=Valiant Murray succumbs to Nadal|date=22 January 2007|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> He then successfully defended his [[SAP Open|San Jose]] title. Defeating [[Kevin Kim]], [[Kristian Pless]], [[Hyung-Taik Lee]], [[Andy Roddick]] and [[Ivo Karlović]] to retain the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6374011.stm|title=Murray fights back to keep title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 February 2007|accessdate=25 May 2010 | first=Piers | last=Newbery}}</ref>

Murray then made the semi finals of his next 3 tournaments. Making the semis in Memphis, he defeated [[Frank Dancevic]], Pless and [[Stefan Koubek]] before a reverse to Roddick. In Indian Wells, Murray won against [[Wesley Moodie]], [[Nicolas Mahut]], Davydenko and [[Tommy Haas]] before falling to [[Novak Djokovic]]. At Miami, Murray was victorious against [[Paul Goldstein (tennis player)|Paul Goldstein]], [[Robert Kendrick]], [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] and Roddick, before going down to Djokovic for the second tournament running.

Before the clay season Murray defeated [[Raemon Sluiter]] in the [[Davis Cup]] to help Britain win the tie. In his first tournament in Rome, Murray lost in the first round to [[Gilles Simon]] in 3 sets. In Hamburg, Murray played Volandri first up. In the first set, Murray was 5–1 when he hit a forehand from the back of the court and snapped the tendons in his wrist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-455046/Wrist-injury-casts-Andys-Grand-Slam-prospects-doubt.html |title=Wrist injury casts Andy's Grand Slam prospects into doubt | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=15 May 2007 |accessdate=11 June 2010 | location=London}}</ref>

Murray missed a large part of the season including the [[2007 French Open|French Open]] and [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]].<ref name="Out of Wimbledon">{{cite web |title = Injured Murray pulls out of Wimbledon |author = Yahoo! Sports |url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=reu-wimbledonmurray&prov=reuters&type=lgns |accessdate= 24 June 2007}}</ref> He returned at the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] in [[Canada]]. On his first match he defeated [[Robby Ginepri]] in straight sets<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6905701.stm|title=Murray eases to win on comeback|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 August 2007|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> before bowing out to [[Fabio Fognini]]. At the [[Cincinnati Masters]] Murray drew [[Marcos Baghdatis]] in the first round and won only 3 games. At the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] Murray beat [[Pablo Cuevas]] in straight sets before edging out [[Jonas Björkman]] in a 5 setter. Murray lost in the 3rd round to Lee in 4 sets.

Murray played in Great Britain's winning Davis Cup tie against [[Croatia Davis Cup team|Croatia]], beating [[Marin Čilić]] in 5 sets. Before coming back to claim one of the dead rubbers. Murray hit form, as he then reached the final at the [[Open de Moselle|Metz International]]. After knocking out, [[Janko Tipsarević]], [[Michaël Llodra]], [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] and [[Guillermo Cañas]] before failing against [[Tommy Robredo]] in the final, despite winning the first set 6–0. Murray had early exits in [[Moscow]] and Madrid; falling to Tipsarevic after winning against [[Evgeny Korolev]] in Moscow and to Nadal after defeating [[Radek Štěpánek]] and Chela in Madrid.

Murray improved as he won his third senior ATP title at the [[St. Petersburg Open]]. Beating Mirnyi, [[Lukáš Dlouhý]], [[Dmitry Tursunov]], [[Mikhail Youzhny]] and [[Fernando Verdasco]] to claim the title. In his final tournament in Paris, Murray went out in the quarter finals. He beat [[Jarkko Nieminen]] and [[Fabrice Santoro]] before falling to [[Richard Gasquet]]. With that result he finished at No. 11 in the world. Just missing out on a place at the [[ATP World Tour Finals|Masters Cup]].

=== 2008 ===
[[File:Andy Murray at the 2008 US Open3.jpg|right|thumb|Murray on his way to becoming a finalist at the US Open]]
Murray re-entered the top-ten rankings early in 2008, winning the [[2008 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar ExxonMobil Open]]. With wins over [[Olivier Rochus]], [[Rainer Schüttler]], [[Thomas Johansson]], [[Nikolay Davydenko]] and [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] for the title. He was the ninth seed at the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]] but was defeated by eventual runner-up [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the first round.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/2288937/Andy-Murray-knocked-out-of-Australian-Open.html|title=Andy Murray knocked out of Australian Open|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=14 January 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Murray took his second title of the year at the [[Open 13]] after beating [[Jesse Huta Galung]], Wawrinka, [[Nicolas Mahut]], [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] and [[Marin Čilić]]. But Murray exited to [[Robin Haase]] in straight sets in [[ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]].In [[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]] Murray defeated [[Roger Federer]] in 3 sets before doing the same to [[Fernando Verdasco]] and falling short against Davydenko. At [[BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]] Murray defeated [[Jürgen Melzer]] and [[Ivo Karlović]] in 3 sets and crashed out to [[Tommy Haas]] before a first match exit to Cilic in [[Sony Ericsson Open|Miami]].

On the clay courts Murray in [[Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters|Monte Carlo]] defeated [[Feliciano López]] and [[Filippo Volandri]] before winning just four games against [[Novak Djokovic]]. Cilic then handed Murray another first match defeat in [[Torneo Godó|Barcelona]]. In [[Rome Masters|Rome]] Murray first played [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in an ill tempered 3 set match. Murray won his first match in Rome<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2299597/Fired-up-Andy-Murray-beats-Juan-Del-Potro.html|title=Fired up Andy Murray beats Juan Del Potro|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=6 May 2008|accessdate=27 Apil 2010}}</ref> when Del Potro retired with an injury. Murray was warned for bad language and there was disagreement between the two players where Murray claimed that Del Potro insulted his mother, who was in the crowd, and deliberately aimed a ball at his head.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2299696/Andy-Murray-angry-with-Juan-Martin-Del-Potro.html|title=Andy Murray angry with Juan Martín del Potro|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=7 May 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7382098.stm|title=Murray leaps to defence of mother |date=6 May 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the next round Murray lost in straight sets to Wawrinka. In his last tournament before the [[French Open]] Murray participated in [[International German Open|Hamburg]]. He defeated [[Dmitry Tursunov]] and [[Gilles Simon]] before a defeat against [[Rafael Nadal]]. At Roland Garros he overcame local boy [[Jonathan Eysseric]] in 5 sets and clay courter [[José Acasuso]], where he lost just 4 games. He ended the tournament after a defeat by [[Nicolás Almagro]] in 4 sets in the 3rd round.

At [[Queens]] Murray played just 2 games of his opening match before [[Sébastien Grosjean]] withdrew. Against [[Ernests Gulbis]] Murray slipped on the damp grass and caused a sprain to his thumb.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1026044/British-No1-Murray-hurts-thumb-groin-falls-slippery-surface-beats-Gulbis-Queens.html|title=British No1 Murray hurts thumb and then groin in falls on slippery surface but still beats Gulbis at Queen's|publisher=Daily Mail|date=12 June 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> He won the match in 3 but withdrew ahead of his quarter final against [[Andy Roddick]].<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1026252/Murray-withdraws-Queens-quarter-final-save-thumb-Wimbledon.html|title=Murray withdraws from Queens|publisher=Daily Mail|date=13 June 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Any thought that he would pull out of [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] was unfounded as he made the start line to reach the quarter finals for the first time. Murray defeated [[Fabrice Santoro]], [[Xavier Malisse]] in 3 sets and [[Tommy Haas]] in 4, before the one of the matches of the tournament. Murray found himself two sets down to [[Richard Gasquet]] who was serving for the match. Murray broke took it to a tie break before the shot of the tournament on set point. Murray hit a backhand winner from way off the court, when he was almost in the stands.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7482226.stm|title=Murray wins after epic fightback|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Murray progressed through the 4th set before an early break in the 5th. Gasquet failed to break back in the next game and made a complaint about the light. But Murray completed a 5–7, 3–6, 7–6 (3), 6–2, 6–4 win.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7481288.stm|title=Murray Gasquet as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the next round Murray was defeated by world No. 2 Nadal in straight sets.

In his first tournament after Wimbledon, the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] Murray defeated Johansson, Wawrinka and Djokovic before losing to Nadal in the semi finals. The Nadal loss was Murray's last defeat in ATP events for 3 months. In [[2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters|Cincinnati]] Murray went one better than in Canada as he reached his first [[ATP Masters Series]] final. He beat [[Sam Querrey]] Tursunov, [[Carlos Moyá]] and Karlovic to make the final. Murray showed no signs of nerves as on debut he won his first Masters Shield. Defeating Djokovic in 2 tie breakers. At the Olympics which is ITF organised. Murray was dumped out in round one by [[Yen-Hsun Lu]].<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/aug/11/olympics2008.olympicstennis1|title=Murray crashes out in first round of men's singles|publisher=Guardian|date=11 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Citing a lack of professionalism on his part.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4530274.ece|title=Andy Murray blames Olympic failure on 'unprofessional' attitude|publisher=Times Newspaper|date=14 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Andy Murray at the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup2.jpg|thumb|right|Murray debuted at the season ending Masters Cup in 2008]]
Murray then went to [[New York City|New York]] to participate in the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. All grand slams are run by the ITF. He became the first Brit since [[Greg Rusedski]] in 1997, to reach a grand slam final. Murray defeated [[Sergio Roitman]], and [[Michaël Llodra]] won against Melzer after being 2 sets down.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/2652835/Andy-Murray-through-to-US-Open-fourth-round-after-storming-comeback-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray through to US Open fourth round after storming comeback|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=30 August 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> He beat Wawrinka to set up a match with Del Potro.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1051656/Andy-Murray-sets-US-Open-grudge-match-Argentinian-star-Del-Potro-complained-mum-Rome.html|title=Murray sets US Open grudge match|publisher=Daily Mail|date=September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> Before Nadal to beat him for the first time in a rain affected match which lasted for 2 days; to reach his first grand slam final after a 4 set battle.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7602257.stm|title=Murray stuns Nadal to reach final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=7 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the final he went down in straight sets to Federer.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7603307.stm|title=Superb Federer ends Murray dream|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7604165.stm|title=Murray Federer as it happened|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 September 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Murray beat [[Alexander Peya]] and [[Jürgen Melzer]] in the Davis Cup tie against Austria, but it was in vain as Great Britain lost the deciding rubber. He returned to ATP tournaments in Madrid. Where he won his second consecutive Masters shield. Defeating [[Simone Bolelli]], Cilic (for the first time in '08) and [[Gaël Monfils]]. Before avenging his US Open final loss against Federer in 3 sets before taking the title against Simon. Murray then made it 3 ATP tournament wins on the bounce with his 5th title of the year at the [[St Petersburg Open]]. Where Murray beat [[Viktor Troicki]], Gulbis, [[Janko Tipsarević]], without dropping a set. Before thrashing Verdasco for the loss of just 3 games in the semi final and [[Andrey Golubev]] for the loss of 2 games in the final. To become the first British player to win 2 Master tournaments and the first Brit to win 5 tournaments in a year.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/oct/20/tennis-andymurray|title=Murray masters Madrid on his path to grander ambitions|publisher=Guardian|date=20 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Heading into the final Masters event of the season, Murray was on course for a record 3rd consecutive masters shield.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7702475.stm|title=Nalbandian beats Murray in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Murray defeated [[Sam Querrey]] and Verdasco. Before [[David Nalbandian]] ended Murray's run, of 14 straight wins, when he beat him in straight sets. This was Murray's 1st defeat on the ATP tour in 3 months, since Nadal beat him in Canada.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7701750.stm|title=Murray Nalbandian as it happened|date=31 October 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Now at No. 4 in the world, Murray qualified for the first time for [[ATP World Tour Finals|Masters Cup]]. He beat Roddick in 3 sets, before the American withdrew from the competition. This was followed by a win over Simon to qualify for the semi finals.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/3445826/Andy-Murray-defeats-Gilles-Simon-to-reach-Masters-Cup-semi-finals-in-Shanghai-Tennis.html|title=Murray defeats Simon to reach Masters Cup Semi Finals|date=12 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> In his final group match against Federer, Murray defeated him in 3 sets.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/nov/14/tennis-murray-federer-masters-cup|title=Murray beats Federer in 3 sets|publisher=Guardian|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7729083.stm|title=Murray knocks out ailing Federer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the semi final Murray faced Davydenko. After leaving it all on the court against Federer, Murray succumbed to the Russian in straight sets.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7730207.stm|title=Davydenko ends Murray's Cup run |publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 November 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Murray ended 2008 ranked fourth in the world.

=== 2009 ===
[[File:Andy Murray at the 2009 French Open 6.jpg|thumb|right|Murray made the quarter-finals of the [[2009 French Open]]]]
Murray began 2009 by beating [[James Blake]], [[Roger Federer]] and [[Rafael Nadal]] to win the [[2009 Capitala World Tennis Championship|exhibition tournament in Abu Dhabi]]. He followed this with a successful defence of his title at the [[2009 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar Open]] in [[Doha]], where he beat [[Albert Montañés]], [[Philipp Petzschner]] and [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]] in straight sets before beating Federer again, 6–7, 6–2, 6–2. He defeated [[Andy Roddick]] in straight sets to win the final<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7822109.stm|title=Murray vs Roddick clash|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2009|accessdate=10 January 2009 | first=James | last=Standley}}</ref>

Seeded fourth at the [[2009 Australian Open - Men's Singles|Australian Open]], Murray made it to the fourth round, after winning against [[Andrei Pavel]], [[Marcel Granollers]] and [[Jürgen Melzer]] in straight sets. Before losing to [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the fourth round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=a638z6QofdwY&refer=uk|title=Murray Says 'No Disaster' in Australian Open Loss to Verdasco|last=Baynes|first=Dan|date=27 January 2009|publisher=Bloomberg.com |accessdate=28 January 2009}}</ref> After the loss to Verdasco, Murray was delayed from going home as he was found to be suffering from a virus.

He won his eleventh career title at [[2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]]. Beating [[Ivan Ljubičić]] and [[Andreas Seppi]] in straight sets before dropping a set before [[Marc Gicquel]] pulled out injured. Murray reached the final with a win over [[Mario Ančić]] for the loss of just 3 games. In the final he faced the world No. 1, Nadal, defeating him in the 3rd set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7890935.stm|title=Murray v Nadal as it happened|accessdate=15 February 2009|publisher=BBC Sport | date=15 February 2009 | first=Piers | last=Newbery}}</ref> But an injury in the semi final forcing his withdrawal from the [[Open 13|Marseille Open]], which he had won in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7890302.stm|title=Murray eases into Rotterdam final|accessdate=14 February 2009|publisher=BBC Sport | date=14 February 2009 | first=Saj | last=Chowdhury}}</ref>

Returning from injury, Murray went to Dubai and reached the quarter finals after a 3 set win of Stakhovsky followed by a straight sets win over [[Arnaud Clément]]. He withdrew before the quarter finals with a re-occurrence of the virus which had affected him at the Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article5809092.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Andy Murray a Davis Cup doubt after withdrawing from Dubai tournament with virus | date=26 February 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Barry | last=Flatman}}</ref> The virus caused Murray to miss a [[Davis Cup]] tie in Glasgow.

Returning from the virus Murray made it to the final at [[2009 Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]. He defeated Montanes, [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]], [[Tommy Robredo]] and Ljubicic in straight sets before winning his semi final in 3 sets against Federer. He lost in the final against Nadal, winning just 3 games in windy conditions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dirs |first=Ben |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7958320.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Tennis | Murray v Nadal as it happened |publisher=BBC News |date=22 March 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> In the [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open|Miami]] Murray beat [[Juan Mónaco]], [[Nicolás Massú]], [[Viktor Troicki]], Verdasco and [[Juan Martín del Potro]] to reach the final where he defeated [[Novak Djokovic]] in straight sets.

Murray got his clay season underway at the [[Monte Carlo Masters]]. He reached the semi finals after beating [[Victor Hănescu]], [[Fabio Fognini]] and [[Nikolay Davydenko]] in straight sets before losing to Nadal, 6–2, 7–6. Murray then moved to the [[2009 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|Rome Masters]], where he lost in the second round, after a R1 bye, to Monaco in 3 sets. Despite this on 11 May 2009, he achieved the highest ever ranking of a British male in the [[History of tennis#Open Era|open era]] when he became world No. 3.<ref name="tennis1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8030391.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Tennis | Murray to move third in rankings |publisher=BBC News |date=3 May 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> Murray celebrated this achievement by trying to defend his [[2009 Mutua Madrilena Madrid Open|Madrid Masters]] title which had switched surfaces from hard to clay. He reached the quarter finals after beating [[Simone Bolelli]] and Robredo in straight sets before losing to Del Potro. Murray reached the quarter finals of the [[2009 French Open]] but was defeated by [[Fernando González]] in 4 sets, after defeating [[Juan Ignacio Chela]], [[Potito Starace]], [[Janko Tipsarević]] and Cilic to reach the quarters.

Murray won at [[2009 AEGON Championships|Queen's]], without dropping a set, becoming the first British winner of the tournament since 1938. He beat Seppi, [[Guillermo García-López]], [[Mardy Fish]], [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] and [[James Blake]] on route to the title. This was Murray's first tournament win on [[Lawn Tennis|grass]] and his first ATP title in Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8099594.stm|title=Classy Murray wins Queen's title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 June 2009|accessdate=14 June 2009 | first=Chris | last=Bevan}}</ref>

Murray was initially seeded third at [[2009 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], but after the withdrawal of defending champion Rafael Nadal, Murray became the second highest seeded player, after Roger Federer and highest-ever seeded Briton in a senior event at Wimbledon.<ref name="tennis2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8104616.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Tennis | Murray to open against Kendrick |publisher=BBC News |date=19 June 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> Murray reached the semi finals. He opened with a win over [[Robert Kendrick]] followed by [[Ernests Gulbis]] and Troicki. Rain meant that Murray's 4th round match against [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] was the first match to be played entirely under Wimbledon's [[retractable roof]], also enabling it to be latest finishing match ever at Wimbledon. Murray's win stretched to 5 sets and three hours 56 minutes (2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 5–7, 6–3), resulting in a 22.38 finish that was approximately an hour after play is usually concluded.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8125335.stm | work=BBC News | title=Murray wins late-night thriller | date=29 June 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Piers | last=Newbery}}</ref> In the Quarter finals he dispatched Ferrero in straight sets. Murray lost a tight semi final to [[Andy Roddick]], achieving his best result in the tournament to date.

Murray returned to action in [[2008 Rogers Cup|Montreal]], beating [[Jérémy Chardy]], Ferrero, Davydenko and [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] to reach the final. Where he beat Del Potro in 3 sets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murray vs Del Potro |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8204081.stm |publisher= [[BBC SPORT]] |accessdate=16 August 2009 | date=16 August 2009 | first=Piers | last=Newbery}}</ref> After this victory he overtook Nadal in the rankings and held the No. 2 spot until the start of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/08/Montreal-Sunday-Murray-Overcomes-Del-Potro-In-Montreal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Montreal Sunday – Murray Overcomes Del Potro |publisher=ATP World Tour |date= |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> Murray followed the Masters win and the No. 2 by playing at the [[Cincinnati Masters]] where he beat Almagro, [[Radek Štěpánek]], and [[Julien Benneteau]] before Federer beat Murray for the first time since the US Open following 4 defeats, in straight sets. In the US Open, after getting past Gulbis, [[Paul Capdeville]] and [[Taylor Dent]], Murray, hampered by a wrist injury, suffered a straight sets loss to Cilic.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/6160347/US-Open-2009-Andy-Murray-refuses-to-blame-injury-for-Marin-Cilic-defeat.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=US Open 2009: Andy Murray refuses to blame injury for Marin Čilić defeat | date=9 September 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Murray competed in the Davis Cup tie in [[Liverpool]] against [[Poland]]. Murray won both his singles matches but lost the doubles as Britain lost the tie and was relegated to the next group. During the weekend Murray damaged his wrist further and was forced to miss 6 weeks of the tour, and with it dropped to No. 4 in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/6206135/Andy-Murray-wins-Davis-Cup-opener-for-Great-Britiain-against-Poland.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Andy Murray in Davis Cup dilemma over wrist injury with GB level 1–1 with Poland | first1=Ian | last1=Chadband | date=18 September 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>

Murray returned to the tour in [[2009 Valencia Open 500|Valencia]], where he won his sixth and final tournament of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/6529801/Andy-Murray-admits-beating-Mikhail-Youzhny-at-Valencia-Masters-was-easier-than-expected.html|title=Andy Murray admits beating Mikhail Youzhny at Valencia Masters was easier than expected|last=Benammar|first=Emily|date=9 November 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=9 November 2009 | location=London}}</ref> After beating [[Daniel Gimeno-Traver]], [[Leonardo Mayer]], Montanes, Verdasco and [[Mikhail Youzhny]] to claim the title. In the final Master event of 2009, in Paris, Murray beat Blake in 3 sets before losing to Stepanek in 3. At the [[2009 ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]] in London, Murray started well by beating Del Potro in 3 sets. Before losing a 3 set match to Federer. He won his next match against Verdasco but because Murray, Federer and Del Potro all ended up on equal wins and sets, it came down to game percentage and Murray was squeezed out by a game.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8378944.stm | work=BBC News | title=Murray suffers Tour Finals exit | date=27 November 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Piers | last=Newbery}}</ref> Bringing an end to his 2009 season.

=== 2010 ===
[[File:Australian Open 2010 Quarterfinals Nadal Vs Murray 3.jpg|thumb|right|Murray reached his second Grand Slam Final in Australia]]
Murray and [[Laura Robson]] represented Great Britain at the [[2010 Hopman Cup|Hopman Cup]]. The pair progressed to the final where they were beaten by Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8449765.stm|title=Andy Murray and Laura Robson beaten in Hopman Cup final |date=9 January 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=9 January 2010}}</ref>

Murray was seeded fifth in the [[2010 Australian Open|Australian Open]] following Murray's decision not to play Doha, losing the ranking to [[Juan Martín del Potro]]. He progressed through his opening few matches in straight sets to set up a quarter-final clash with the world No. 2 [[Rafael Nadal]]. Murray lead 6–3, 7–6 (2), 3–0 before the [[Spaniard]] had to retire with a torn quadriceps. He became the first British man to reach more than one Grand Slam final in 72 years,<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/01/4th-Week/Australian-Open-Thursday2-Murray-Beats-Cilic.aspx Australian Open Thursday – Murray Becomes First Briton In 33 Years To Reach Final] ATP World Tour</ref> after recovering from a set down to beat [[Croatia]]'s [[Marin Čilić]] in the semi-finals. In the final he lost to world No. 1 [[Roger Federer]] in straight sets.<ref>[http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/match_reports/2010-01-31/201001311264925883203.html?fpos=r1 "One more equals four"] australianopen.com. Retrieved 31 January 2010.</ref>

After pulling out of the [[Open 13]] event in [[Marseille]], Murray returned to action in Dubai. He was defeated in the second round, by [[Janko Tipsarević]] of [[Serbia]] 7–6 (3), 4–6, 6–4. At the [[BNP Paribas Open]] in Indian Wells, Murray defeated [[Nicolás Almagro]], after he retired at the end of the 1st set to advance to the quarter-finals. However he was defeated by [[Robin Söderling]], losing 1–6, 6–7, despite saving three match points and coming 2 points away from forcing a decider. Murray next played at the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open]], but had an early exit in a match with [[Mardy Fish]], 6–4, 6–4 in his opening round (after receiving a bye in the first round). He said following the defeat that his mind hadn't been fully on tennis.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/7587059/Andy-Murray-clears-clouded-mental-state-for-fresh-start-in-Monte-Carlo.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Andy Murray clears clouded mental state for fresh start in Monte Carlo | first=Mark | last=Hodgkinson | date=14 April 2010 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> He consequently lost his No. 3 ranking to Nadal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5033524 |title=Mardy Fish sinks Andy Murray at Key Biscayne; Venus rolls – ESPN |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=28 March 2010 |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref>

Switching attention to clay, Murray requested a wildcard for [[Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] to prevent him losing his No. 4 ranking to del Potro.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} He suffered another early exit, this time to [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] 6–2, 6–1 in the 2nd Round. He also entered the doubles competition with [[Ross Hutchins]] and defeated world No. 10 doubles team Cermak and Meritmak, before losing to the [[Bryan Brothers]] on a champions tie breaker. He then went on to reach the 3rd round in the Rome Masters 1000 where he lost to [[David Ferrer]] in straight sets, after beating Seppi and ending a 3 match losing streak. At the Madrid Masters he reached the quarter finals beating [[Juan Ignacio Chela]] and [[Victor Hănescu]] along the way. He subsequently lost to Ferrer again in a closely fought battle with the final score 7–5 6–3. Murray compeleted his preparations for the second slam of the year by defeating Fish in [[Masters Guinot-Mary Cohr#2010|an exhibition match]] 11–9 in a champions tie breaker.<ref>{{cite news | first = Ben | last = Rumsby | title = Murray upbeat ahead of French draw |date = May 2010| publisher = Sportinglife.com | url = http://www.sportinglife.com/fanzine/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/10/05/21/TENNIS_Murray_French.html | work = Press Association Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-18}}</ref> At the second slam of the year, the [[2010 French Open|French Open]], Murray was drawn in the 1st round against [[Richard Gasquet]]. Murray battled back from 2 sets down to win in the final set.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8704768.stm|title=Murray outlasts Gasquet|publisher=BBC Sport|date=24 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Due to bad weather, it then took 4 sets and 2 days to see off Chela.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8701704.stm|title=Murray eases past Chela in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Playing for the 3rd day running, Murray lost a set 6–0 against [[Marcos Baghdatis]], something he had not done since the French Open quarter finals the previous year.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8710323.stm|title=Patchy Murray edges Baghdatis out|publisher=BBC Sport|date=28 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Murray lost in straight sets to [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the 4th round, and credited his opponent for outplaying him<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8713969.stm|title=Murray makes limp exit in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=30 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8714383.stm|title=Berdych outplayed me|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref>

Murray's next appearance was at the grass courts of [[2010 AEGON Championships|London]]. Attempting to become the first Briton since [[Gordon Lowe]] in 1914 to successfully defend the title,<ref>{{cite news | first = Shuba | last = Ramkumar | title = Please keep off the grass | date = 2010-06-05 | url = http://www.thesportscampus.com/201006055541/tennis-news/preview-tennis-grass-court-season | work = The sport campus | accessdate = 2010-08-21}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Murray progressed to the third round where he faced Mardy Fish. At three all in the final set with momentum going Murray's way (Murray had just come back from 3–0 down), the players came off for bad light leaving Murray fuming at the umpire and tournament referee. Murray was quoted saying he only came off because it was three all.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray angry at Queens delay | date = 2010-06-10 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8734199.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> Coming back the next day Murray was edged out by the eventual finalist in a tie breaker for his second defeat to him in the year.<ref>{{cite news | title = Champion Murray beaten by Fish at Queens | date = 2010-06-11 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8735283.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> Due to his early loss at Queen's Murray decided to play an [[BNP Paribas Tennis Classic|exhibition match]] against [[Mikhail Youzhny]], winning 6–3, 6–4.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray beats Youzney in exho | date = 2010-06-17 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8741252.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> In Murray's second round match at [[2010 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Singles|Wimbledon]], he defeated [[Jarkko Nieminen]] by a scoreline of 6–3, 6–4, 6–2;<ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery |first=Piers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8755868.stm |title=BBC Sport – Tennis – Wimbledon 2010: Andy Murray wins in front of the Queen |publisher=BBC News |date=24 June 2010 |accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref> a match viewed by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] during her first visit to the Championships since 1977.<ref>{{cite news|author=Daniel Boettcher |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10399688.stm |title=Queen returns to Wimbledon after 33 years |publisher=BBC News |date=24 June 2010 |accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref> Murray lost to Rafael Nadal in the semi-finals, 6–4, 7–6 (6), 6–4.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6242676,00.html|title=Nadal ends Murray's dream|publisher=Sky Sports|date=2 July 2010|accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref>

On 27 July 2010, Andy Murray and his coach Maclagan split and Murray replaced him with [[Alex Corretja]] just before he competed in the [[2010 Farmers Classic|Farmers Classic]] as a wild card replacement for [[Novak Djokovic]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Diane | last = Pucin | title = Novak out Murray in | date = 2010-07-23 | url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2010/07/djokovic-out-murray-in-at-farmers-classic-tennis.html | work = LA Times | accessdate = 2010-07-29}}</ref> Murray stated that views on his game between the pair of them differed wildly and that he didn't want to over complicate things.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray looking ahead | date = 2010-07-29 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8851529.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-29}}</ref> He thanked Maclagan for his 'positive contribution' and that they have a great relationship. Jonathan Overend, the BBC's tennis journalist, reported that the split happened over Maclagan annoyance at what he saw as Corretja increasing involvement in Murray's coaching. But Murray had no intention of sacking him.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jonathan | last = Overend | title = What now for coachless Murray | date = 2010-07-28 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/jonathanoverend/2010/07/what_now_for_coach-less_murray.html#comments | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-07-29}}</ref> despite the press reporting that Murray was ready to replace him with [[Andre Agassi]]'s former coach [[Darren Cahill]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Malcom | last = Folley | title = Andy Murray ready to sack his coach after Wimbledon failure | date = 2010-07-04 | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-1291798/Andy-Murray-ready-sack-coach-Miles-Maclagan-Wimbledon-failure.html | work = Daily Mail | accessdate = 2010-07-29 | location=London}}</ref>

Starting the US hard court season with [[2010 Farmers Classic]] Murray reached the final. Murray struggled with his serve as it dropped to just 42% for first serves in, in his opening two matches, as he beat [[Tim Smyczek]]<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray battles through LA opener | date = 2010-07-30 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8869765.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-02}}</ref> and [[Alejandro Falla]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Below par Murray reaches LA semi | date = 2010-07-31 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8873534.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-02}}</ref> Murray then edged [[Feliciano Lopez]] in the semi final.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray battles into LA final | date = 2010-08-01 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8874563.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-02}}</ref> During the semi final, whilst commentating for ESPN, Cahill appeared to rule himself out of becoming Murray's next coach.<ref>{{cite news | first = Mike | last = Dickson | title = Darren Cahill says he prefers his TV job to taking over as Andy Murray’s new coach | date = 2010-08-02 | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-1299462/Darren-Cahill-says-prefers-TV-job-taking-Andy-Murray-s-new-coach.html | work = Daily Mail | accessdate = 2010-08-02 | location=London}}</ref> In Murray's first final since the Australian Open, Murray lost against [[Sam Querrey]] 7–5, 6–7(2), 3–6. This was his first loss to Querrey in five career meetings and the first time he had lost a set against the American.<ref>{{cite news | title = Querrey beats Murray to win 4th crown | date = 2010-08-01 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/30/LA-Sunday-Querrey-Wins-Fouth-Title-of-2010.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-02}}</ref>

In [[Canada]], Murray successfully defended a Masters title for the first time. He became the first player since Agassi in 1995 to defend the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Canadian Masters]]. Murray also became the fifth player to defeat Nadal (the fifth occasion that Murray has beaten the player ranked world #1) and Federer (Murray had achieved this previously at the unofficial [[2009 Capitala World Tennis Championship]] exhibition). Murray defeated Nadal in straight sets,<ref>{{cite news | title = Attacking Andy rocks Rafa to reach Toronto final | date = 2010-08-14 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Saturday-Murray-Ousts-Nadal.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref> and Federer also in straight sets, for this first win in four attempts and a first win in a final against the Swiss star. This ended his title drought dating back to November [[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray beats rain and Federer to defend title | date = 2010-08-15 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Sunday-Murray-Defends-Title.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref> Murray also beat [[David Nalbandian]], for the first time with a 6–2, 6–2 win. Ending the [[Argentina|Argentine's]] eleven match winning streak.<ref>{{cite news | first = Paul | last = Macpherson | title = Murray snaps Nalbandian streak | date = 2010-08-13 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Friday-Murray-Stops-Nalbandian.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref> Murray lost just one set in the entire week, and it came in the second set against [[Gaël Monfils]], where Murray won just six points in the entire set, before he turned it around to win the final set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Nalbandian hot streak continues | date = 2010-08-12 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/32/Toronto-Thursday-Nalbandian-Beats-Soderling.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-16}}</ref>

At the [[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Women's Open|Cincinnati Masters]] Murray opened with a 3 set win over Chardy. Murray complained afterwards about the speed of the court;<ref>{{cite news | title = Shakey Murray wins in Cincy | date = 2010-08-18 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8926312.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> and edged [[Ernests Gulbis]] in a final set tie breaker to reach the quarter finals.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray scrapes past Gulbis | date = 2010-08-19 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/08/33/Cincinnati-Thursday-Fish-Races-Past-Gasquet.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> Before his quarter final match with Fish, Murray complained that organisers refused to put the match on later in the day. Murray had played his two previous matches at midday, and all his matches in [[Toronto]] between 12 and 3pm.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray to face midday heat again | date = 2010-08-20 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8931096.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref> Murray said after the match on the issue; "I don't ever request really when to play. I don't make many demands at all during the tournaments." The reason given for turning down Murray's request was that Fish was playing doubles on which Murray commented "I'm not sure, the way the tennis works, I don't think matches should be scheduled around the doubles because it's the singles that's on the TV." Murray had no option but to play at midday again with temperatures reaching 33 degrees in the shade. Murray won the first set on a tie breaker but after going inside for a toilet break began to feel ill, and the doctor was called on court to actively cool Murray down. Murray admitted after the match that he had considered retiring. Murray lost the second set but dug in to force a final set tie breaker before Fish won.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mardy Fish beats Andy Murray in Cincinnati | date = 2010-08-20 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8933087.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-08-21}}</ref> At the [[2010 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] Murray started against Slovak [[Lukáš Lacko]] in searing heat. Murray won in straight sets and there were no signs of the problems which affected Murray in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite news | first = Kevin | last = Mitchell | title = Andy Murray breezes past Lukas Lacko in US Open first round | date = 2010-09-01 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/sep/01/andy-murray-us-open-lukas-lacko | work = Guardian | accessdate = 2010-09-06 | location=London}}</ref> Murray played [[Dustin Brown (tennis)|Dustin Brown]] in the second round and after a small rain delay, won the match in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news | first = Piers | last = Newbery | title = Murray sees off flamboyant Brown | date = 2010-09-03 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8952858.stm | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref> In the third round Murray played [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] and bowed out of the tournament losing in four sets.<ref>{{cite news | title = Wawrinka Stuns Murray, Youzhny Advances | date = 2010-09-05 | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/35/US-Open-Sunday-Wawrinka-Upsets-Nadal.aspx | work = ATP | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref> However questions about Murray's conditioning arose as he called the trainer out twice during the match.<ref>{{cite news | title = Murray baffled by US Open defeat | date = 2010-09-06 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8970892.stm#atozlist | work = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2010-09-06}}</ref>

His next event was the [[2010 China Open (tennis)|China Open]] in [[Beijing]] where he opened with a first round victory against Frenchman [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Britain's Andy Murray eases past Mathieu at China Open | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9060808.stm|date= 5 October 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> In the second round he continued through the tournament with 7–5, 6–3 win over the Spaniard [[Albert Montañés]].<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray into last eight of China Open in Beijing | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9070490.stm|date= 7 October 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> Murray reached the quarter finals where he met Croatian [[Ivan Ljubičić]] and lost in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Ivan Ljubicic beats Andy Murray in China Open | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9074427.stm|date= 8 October 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

At the [[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters|Shanghai Rolex Masters]] Murray opened against Chinese wildcard entrant [[Bai Yan]] and advanced to the next round in a quick straights sets win losing just four games.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray beats Bai Yan in round two in Shanghai | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9084277.stm|date= 13 October 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> In the third round he faced [[Jérémy Chardy]] and won in a straight sets win which booked his place at the tour finals.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9090969.stm|title=Murray win seals Tour Finals spot|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 October 2010|accessdate=5 November 2010}}</ref> Reaching the quarter-finals, his opponent was [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] and took just 55 minutes and 6–2, 6–2 to move into the semi-finals.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9094736.stm|title=Murray storms in to the Shanghai semis|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=5 November 2010}}</ref> He came up against Argentinian [[Juan Mónaco]] and despite taking an early 5-2 lead, a lapse in concentration nearly cost him the first set. However he re-grouped and came through in straight sets 6–4, 6–1 to reach his seventh [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|Masters Series]] final<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray to face Federer in Shanghai Masters final | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9098441.stm|date= 16 October 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> where he faced [[Roger Federer]] and dismissed the Swiss player in straight sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/41/Shanghai-Sunday-Murray-Masters-Federer-In-Final.aspx |title=Murray Masters Federer To Claim Shanghai Title |author= |date= 17 October 2010 |work= |publisher=ATP Tour |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> He did not drop a single set throughout the event taking only his second title of the year and his sixth [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] title.

Murray returned to Spain to defend his title at the [[2010 Valencia Open 500|Valencia Open 500]]. He opened with a straight sets win over [[Feliciano López]] 6–3, 7–6.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray beats Feliciano Lopez at Valencia Open | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9147483.stm|date= 2 November 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> However he was ousted in the second round in 131 minutes by [[Juan Mónaco]], going down 6–2, 3–6, 6–2.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Andy Murray loses to Juan Monaco at Valencia Open | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9156672.stm|date= 3 November 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> In the doubles Murray partnered his brother [[Jamie Murray]] to the final where they defeated [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and [[Max Mirnyi]]. The victory was Murray's first doubles title and the second time he reached a final with his brother.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/44/Doubles-Sunday-Murrays-Win-First-Team-Title-In-Valencia.aspx |title=Murrays Win First Team Title In Valencia |author= |date= 7 November 2010 |work= |publisher=ATP Tour |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=BBC Sport|title=Murray brothers seize first ATP Tour title in Valencia | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9164970.stm|date= 7 November 2010| accessdate=10 November 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

Murray was the third seed at the [[2010 BNP Paribas Masters|BNP Paribas Masters]] held in November. He received a bye in the first round. In the second round he defeated 2007 champion [[David Nalbandian]] 2-6, 6-4, 6-3<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9175491.stm|title=Murray defeats Nalbandian in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 November}}</ref> and in the third round he defeated [[Marin Cilic]] 7-6, 3-6, 6-3.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9180729.stm|title=Murray through to Paris quarters|publisher=BBC Sport|date 11 November 2010}}</ref> In the quarter finals he lost to 2009 finalist [[Gaël Monfils]] 2-6, 6-2, 3-6.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9185703.stm|title=Monfils ends Murray's run in Paris|publisher=BBC Sport|date=12 November 2010}}</ref> Combined with his exit and Soderling taking the title, Murray found himself pushed down a spot in the rankings, down to number 5 from number 4.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/soderlings-win-pushes-murray-down-to-no-5-2134252.html|title=Soderling's win pushes Murray down to #5|publisher=Independent|date=15 November 2010}}</ref>

At the [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals|Tour finals]] in London Murray opened with a straight sets victory over Soderling, who had just overtaken the Brit in the rankings.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9214048.stm|title=Murray downs Soderling in opener|publisher=BBC Sport|date=21 November 2010}}</ref> In Murray's second round robin match he faced Federer, who he had beaten in their last two meetings. On this occasion, however, Murray suffered a straight sets defeat.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9216649.stm|title=Federer crushes lacklustre Murray|publisher=BBC Sport|publisher=23 November 2010}}</ref> Murray then faced [[David Ferrer]] in his last group match. Murray lost the first two games but came back to take six in a row to win the set 6-2 and to qualify for the semi finals. Murray closed out the match with a 6-2 second set to finish the group stage with a win<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9230438.stm|title=Murray makes last four in London|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> before facing Nadal in the semi final. In the semi final Murray battled Nadal for over three hours before falling to the Spainard in a final set tiebreaker, bringing an end to his season.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9234077.stm|title=Nadal battles past gritty Murray|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
Murray started 2011 ranked as the World number four, before [[Robin Soderling]] demoted him to world number five.<ref>http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx</ref> The first matches he played were alongside fellow Brit [[Laura Robson]] in the [[2011 Hopman Cup]]. They did not make it past the round robin stage, losing all three ties against Italy, France and the USA. Despite losing all three ties, Murray won all of his singles matches. He beat [[Potito Starace]] of Italy, [[Nicolas Mahut]] of France, and [[John Isner]] of the United States. Murray, along with other stars such as [[Roger Federer]], [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] participated in the [[2011 Australian Open#Rally for Relief|Rally for Relief event]] to help raise money for the flood victims in [[Queensland]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/9360057.stm</ref>
Seeded fifth in the Australian Open, Andy began with a straightforward victory over World Number 103 [[Karol Beck]] in the first round and followed with a straight sets victory over [[Illya Marchenko]] in Round 2. In Round 3, Murray progressed by beating Spaniard [[Guillermo García-López]] and followed with a victory over the No. 11 seed [[Jurgen Melzer]]. Murray then defeated unseeded Ukrainian [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] in the quarter-finals, dropping a set for the first time in the tournament winning 7-5, 6-3, 6-7(3-7) 6-3 .<ref>http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/articles/2011-01-26/201101261296024977357.html</ref> He then went on to defeat 7th seed [[David Ferrer]] in the semi-finals, 4-6, 7-6(7-2), 6-1, 7-6(7-2) .

He lost the final to Djokovic, three sets to love

==Grand Slams==
===Grand Slam performance timeline===
''To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once the player's participation in the tournament has concluded. This table is current through the [[2010 US Open (tennis)|2010 U.S. Open]].''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Tournament !! [[2005 ATP Tour|2005]] !! [[2006 ATP Tour|2006]] !! [[2007 ATP Tour|2007]] !! [[2008 ATP Tour|2008]] !! [[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]] !! [[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]] !! [[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]] !! style="width:65px;"|Career SR !! style="width:69px;"|Career W–L !! style="width:69px;"|Career Win %
|-
| colspan="11" | '''Grand Slam Tournaments'''
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" align=left| Australian Open
| A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's Singles|F]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|F]]
|
| style="background:#efefef;"|0 / 5
| style="background:#efefef;"|12–5
| style="background:#efefef;"|70.58
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" align=left| French Open
| A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
| A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2009 French Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:white;"|
| style="background:#efefef;"|0 / 4
| style="background:#efefef;"|9–4
| style="background:#efefef;"|69.23
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" align=left| Wimbledon
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|4R]]
| A
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|SF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|SF]]
| style="background:white;"|
| style="background:#efefef;"|0 / 5
| style="background:#efefef;"|19–5
| style="background:#efefef;"|79.16
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" align=left| US Open
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 US Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 US Open – Men's Singles|F]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 US Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
| style="background:white;"|
| style="background:#efefef;"|0 / 6
| style="background:#efefef;"|17–6
| style="background:#efefef;"|73.91
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" | Win–Loss
| style="background:#efefef;"|3–2
| style="background:#efefef;"|6–4
| style="background:#efefef;"|5–2
| style="background:#efefef;"|12–4
| style="background:#efefef;"|15–4
| style="background:#efefef;"|16–4
| style="background:#efefef;"|
| style="background:#efefef;"|0/20
| style="background:#efefef;"|57–20
| style="background:#efefef;"|74.03
|}

=== Grand Slam finals ===
====Singles: 3 (0 titles, 2 runner-ups)====

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
| style="width:100px;"|'''Outcome'''
|width="60"|'''Year'''
| style="width:200px;"|'''Championship'''
|width="80"|'''Surface'''
| style="width:200px;"|'''Opponent in Final'''
| style="width:200px;"|'''Score in Final'''
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up || [[2008 U.S. Open (tennis)|2008]] || [[U.S. Open (tennis)|US Open]] || Hard ||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]] || 6–2, 7–5, 6–2
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up || [[2010 Australian Open|2010]] || [[Australian Open]] || Hard || {{flagicon|SUI}} Roger Federer || 6–3, 6–4, 7–6(11)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|}

==Career statistics==
{{Main|Andy Murray career statistics}}

== Playing style and equipment ==
Murray is best described as a defensive counter-puncher,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6633321.ece|title=Andy Murray has no reason to despair: The great players learn from defeat – Times Online | work=The Times | location=London | date=4 July 2009 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Simon | last=Barnes}}</ref> with professional tennis coach [[Paul Annacone]] citing that Murray "may be the best counterpuncher on tour today."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4429182|title=Patience a virtue for Andy Murray? – ESPN}}</ref> His greatest strengths include solid groundstrokes with low error rate, the uncanny ability to anticipate and react, and his transition from defence to offense with extraordinary speed which enables him to hit winners from defensive positions. His playing style has been likened to that of [[Miloslav Mečíř]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/237480-andy-murray-primed-for-new-york-part-1|title=Andy Murray: Primed for New York}}</ref> Murray's tactics usually involve passive exchanges from the baseline, usually waiting for an unforced error. However, Murray has been criticised for his generally passive style of play and lack of offensive weapons, prompting some to call him a [[Pusher (tennis)|pusher]].<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704423504575212123667809734.html A Tennis 'Pusher' Pushes Back], [[The Wall Street Journal]]</ref> He is capable of injecting sudden pace to his groundstrokes to surprise his opponents who are used to the slow rally. Murray is also one of the top returners in the game, often able to block back fast serves with his excellent reach and uncanny ability to anticipate. For this reason, Murray is rarely aced.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4609176.stm Murray's Tactics], [[BBC Sport]]</ref> Murray is also known for being one of the most intelligent tacticians on the court, often constructing points.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramsay |first=Alix |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/tennis/Murray-has-Indian-sign-over.5096794.jp |title=Murray has Indian sign over Fed – Scotsman.com Sport |publisher=Sport.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/andymurray/3218318/Andy-Murray-to-take-on-Roger-Federer-in-Madrid-Masters-semi-final-Tennis.html|title=Andy Murray to take on Roger Federer in Madrid Masters semi-final: Tennis – Telegraph | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Clive | last=White | date=17 October 2008 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>
One of his greatest strengths, however, is his first serve.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1078760/Service-strength-steers-Murray-victory-Federer-sets-shock-final-Simon.html Service strength steers Murray to victory over Federer and sets up shock final with Simon] Mail Online, 18 October 2008</ref>

Early in his career, most of his main tour wins came on [[hard court]]s. However, he claimed to prefer [[clay court]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://betting.betfair.com/tennis/the-wonderful-world-of-tennis/the-betfair-contrarian-why-andy-murray-wont-make-the-at-200308.html |title=Betfair £25 Free Bet | The Betfair Contrarian – Why Andy Murray will not make the ATP Masters Cup |publisher=Betfair |date= |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bumeral.net/blog/2008/08/03/andy-murray-tennis-player-review/ |title=Andy Murray – tennis player review |publisher=Bumeral.net |date=3 August 2008 |accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> because of his training in [[Barcelona]] as a junior player.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6474675.stm Murray training in Barcelona], [[BBC Sport]]</ref>

Murray is sponsored by [[Head (company)|Head]] for his racquets. He wore [[Fred Perry]] apparel until late 2009, when he signed a five-year £10m contract with [[Adidas]], which he began wearing at the start of the 2010 season. Since endorsing adidas, Murray has been wearing their Barricade range.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article6901849.ece|title=Andy Murray's fashion sense goes into overdrive with £30 m deal with adidas|publisher=The Times|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=25 January 2010 | location=London | first=Neil | last=Harman}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Murray is in a five-year relationship with Kim Sears, which ended briefly in 2009 before they reconciled in 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511021/Andy-Murray-the-great-romantic.html | date=25 September 2008| title = Andy Murray, the great romantic | publisher = Daily Telegraph |author=Mark Hodgkinson | accessdate = 14 May 2009 | location=London}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1231771/Andy-Murray-splits-girlfriend-Kim-Sears-followed-tennis-tours-world.html Andy Murray splits with girlfriend Kim Sears] Mail Online</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1275866/Off-form-Andy-Murray-ranks-number-girlfriend-Kim-Sears-shop-groceries.html?ito=feeds-newsxml | date= 9 May 2010| title =
Off-form Andy Murray still ranks number one with girlfriend Kim Sears as they shop for groceries | publisher = Daily Mail Online |author= Tom Kelly | accessdate = 15 May 2010 | location=London}}</ref>

Murray's tennis idol is [[Andre Agassi]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/nov/02/andy-murray-andre-agassi-drugs-test Andy Murray surprised by his idol Andre Agassi's crystal meth revelations] The Guardian</ref>

Outside of tennis, Murray's favourite sports are boxing and football. He stated his favourite boxers are [[Floyd Mayweather, Jr.]]; [[Roy Jones, Jr]]; [[Ricky Hatton]]; and [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]], whom he accompanied into the ring during his third professional fight.<ref>[http://www.boxinginsider.com/columns/celebrity-boxing-fan-tennis-player-andy-murray/ Celebrity Boxing Fan: Tennis player Andy Murray] BoxingInsider</ref> He plays [[Fantasy football (Association)|fantasy football]] and has attended [[Premier League]] games.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8990102.stm | work=BBC News | title=Murray considers coach position | date=10 September 2010 | first=Kheredine | last=Idessane}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/match_commentary/0,19764,11065_3286079,00.html |title= Match Commentary, Fulham v Wolverhampton|author= Hayley Paterson |date= 11 September 2010|work= Sky Sports|publisher=BSkyB |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> Murray also plays football games on electronic consoles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/41/Shanghai-Wednesday-Nadal-Murray-Soccer-Dispute.aspx |title=Nadal, Murray Locked In Playstation Dispute |author= |date= 13 October 2010 |work= |publisher=ATP Tour |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> His training sessions often involve sessions of [[keepie uppie]] using a tennis ball instead of a football.

==Image==
=== National identity ===
Murray identifies himself as "[[Scottish national identity|Scottish]], but also [[Britishness|British]]".<ref name="telegraphnat">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/sport/2008/06/23/stmurr123.xml Wimbledon: Andy Murray promises to focus], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref><ref name="mirrornat">[http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/2008/06/23/wimbledon-more-mature-andy-murray-ready-to-shine-115875-20618073/ "I am Scottish. I am also British. I am patriotic and proud to be Scottish"], ''[[Daily Mirror]]''</ref> Prior to [[Wimbledon 2006]], Murray caused some public debate<ref name = "littlejohn" /> when he was quoted as saying he would "support anyone but [[England national football team|England]]" at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. He received large amounts of [[hate mail]] on his website as a result.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/tennis-news/tm_objectid=17307387&method=full&siteid=66633-name_page.html Hate messages on Murray website], [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]], 29 June 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2006.</ref> It was also reported that Murray had worn a [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] shirt on the day of England's World Cup match with the South American team.<ref name = "littlejohn">[[Richard Littlejohn|Littlejohn, Richard]]: [http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/news/article-389385/See-Murray.html See you, Murray] ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'', 6 June 2006</ref>

Murray explained that his comments were said in jest during a light-hearted interview with sports columnist Maurice Russo,<ref name = "Kelly">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1033143/Des-Kelly-Federer-8217-s-winner-taking-defeat-like-man-son.html Why joke is wearing thin for Andy], ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 7 July 2008</ref> who asked him if he would be supporting [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], in the knowledge that Scotland had failed to qualify for the tournament.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/motorsport-news/tm_headline=tim-s-my-pop-idol&method=full&objectid=18432555&siteid=66633-name_page.html Tim's My Pop Idol], ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]'', 10 January 2007</ref> Sports journalist Des Kelly wrote that another tabloid had later "lifted a couple of [the comments] into a 'story' that took on a life of its own and from there the truth was lost" and that he despaired over the "nonsensical criticism".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-1033143/Des-Kelly-Federer-8217-s-winner-taking-defeat-like-man-son.html |title=Why joke is wearing thin for Andy |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=7 July 2008|accessdate=26 June 2009 | location=London | first=Des | last=Kelly}}</ref>

Murray protested that he is "not [[Anglophobia|anti-English]] and never was"<ref name="telegraphnat" /> and he expressed disappointment over England's subsequent elimination by [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]].<ref>[http://sport.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1308&id=967832006 I picked them to win on penalties so I am a bit disappointed], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 3 July 2006</ref> In an interview with [[Nicky Campbell]] on [[BBC Radio 5 Live]], [[Tim Henman]] confirmed that the remarks had been made in jest and were only in response to Murray being teased by Kelly<ref name = "Kelly" /> and Henman.<ref name = "five live">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqQsHBwkDgQ Tim Henman talks about Andy Murray, 9th Sep '08], [[YouTube]] clip of [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] interview.</ref> He also stated that the rumour that Murray had worn a Paraguay shirt was untrue.<ref name = "five live" />

In an interview with [[Gabby Logan]] for the BBC's ''[[Inside Sport (TV series)|Inside Sport]]'' programme, Murray said that he was both Scottish and British and was comfortable and happy with his British identity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/sol/newsid_6630000/newsid_6638300/6638329.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1 |title=Inside Sport, 7 May 2007 |publisher=BBC News |date= 9 May 2007|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref> He said he saw no conflict between the two and was equally proud of them. He has also pointed out that he is quarter English with some of his family originating from [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], and that his girlfriend, Kim Sears, is English.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/29/andymurray.wimbledon1 Murray's a winner – but not yet a hero], ''[[The Observer]]'', 29 June 2008.</ref>

===Other incidents===
In 2006 Murray caused an uproar during a match between him and [[Kenneth Carlsen]]. Murray was first given a warning for racket abuse then he stated that he and Carlson had "played like women" during the first set.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article786818.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Neil | last=Harman | title=Auckland to double his luck with Murray plea | date=10 January 2006}}</ref> Murray was heavily booed for the remainder of the interview, but explained later that the comment was in jest to what [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] had said at the [[Hopman Cup]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/murray-mars-victory-with-verbal-error-522397.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=John | last=Roberts | title=Murray mars victory with verbal error | date=10 January 2006}}</ref> A few months later Murray was fined $2,500 for swearing at the umpire during a [[Davis Cup]] doubles rubber with [[Serbia and Montenegro]]. Murray refused to shake hands with the umpire at the end of the match.<ref>{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4892692.stm|title=Britain fined for Murray outburst|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 April 2006}}</ref>

2007 saw Murray make an accusation that tennis had a match fixing problem, stating that everyone knows it goes on,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7044199.stm | work=BBC News | title=Murray satisfied with ATP meeting | date=17 October 2007}}</ref> in the wake of the investigation surrounding [[Nikolay Davydenko]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6928635.stm | work=BBC News | title=Davydenko faces betting inquiry | date=27 August 2007}}</ref> Both Davydenko and [[Rafael Nadal]] questioned Murray's comments, but the Scot had already backtracked saying he was taken out of context.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7039513.stm | work=BBC News | title=Tennis 'aware of fixing threat' | date=12 October 2007}}</ref>

In 2008 Murray withdrew from a Davis Cup tie, leading his brother to question his heart for the competition.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodgkinson |first=Mark |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2008/02/07/sthodg107.xml |title=Jamie and Andy Murray at war over Davis Cup |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2009-06-26 | location=London}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
{{Wikinews|Tennis: Nadal beats Murray in Wimbledon quarter final}}

* {{Official website|http://www.andymurray.com/}}
* [http://www.murraysworld.com/ Fan site]
* {{ATP|id=MC10|name=Andy Murray}}
* {{ITF male profile|number=100013005}}
* {{DavisCupplayerlink|id=100013005|name=Andy Murray}}


{{US Open boys' singles champions}}
{{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}}
{{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}}
{{Top ten European male singles tennis players}}
{{Top ten British male tennis players}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Murray, Andy
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Murray, Andrew
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Tennis player
|DATE OF BIRTH= 15 May 1987
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Andy}}
[[Category:BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:British male tennis players]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players of Great Britain]]
[[Category:People from Dunblane]]
[[Category:Scottish people of English descent]]
[[Category:Scottish tennis players]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

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[[zh:安迪·穆雷]]

Rob Brydon

2010-12-09T15:38:53Z

Jomunro: /* Singles */ repaired residual vandalism

{{Infobox person
| name = Rob Brydon
| image = Rob Brydon.jpg
| caption = Brydon at the [[2008 BAFTA Television Awards]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|5|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Swansea]], [[Wales]], UK
| years_active = 1992–present
| occupation = Actor, comedian, radio presenter
| spouse = Claire Holland (2006-present)
| website = http://www.robbrydon.com/ }}
'''Rob Brydon''' (born '''Robert Brydon Jones'''; 3 May 1965, in [[Swansea]], Wales)<ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/624210 BFI | Film & TV Database | Brydon, Rob]</ref> is a [[BAFTA]] nominated [[Wales|Welsh]] actor, comedian, radio presenter, singer and [[impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] most famous for his role as Uncle Bryn from the [[dramedy|comedy drama]] ''[[Gavin and Stacey]]'', as well as the host of panel quiz shows ''[[Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive]]'' and ''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]]'' and playing Keith Barret in the BBC comedy ''[[Marion and Geoff]]'' and its spin-off ''[[The Keith Barret Show]]''. Brydon has worked with a number of comedians and actors, notably [[Steve Coogan]] and [[Julia Davis]].

In 2003, he was listed by ''[[The Observer]]'' as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.

==Biography==
His mother, Joy (nee Brydon), was a [[school teacher]], and his father, David, was a [[car dealer]]. Brydon grew up in [[Baglan, Wales|Baglan]], in [[Port Talbot]], Wales<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/talkwales/transcripts/brydon.shtml BBC Online – TalkWales – Ask Rob Brydon]</ref> and was educated at the private St. John's School in [[Porthcawl]] and Dumbarton House School in [[Swansea]] until the age of 14, then at Porthcawl Comprehensive School, where he became a member of the school's youth theatre group. Whilst at Dumbarton, he once stole fellow pupil [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]]' dinner money.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/leisure/tv-wales/programme-news/2009/08/08/would-rob-brydon-lie-to-you-55578-24334829/| work=Daily Post North Wales | title=Would Rob Brydon lie to you? | date=8 August 2009 | accessdate=30 July 2010}}</ref>

===Early career===
He attended the [[Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama]] in [[Cardiff]], but left to join [[BBC Radio Wales|Radio Wales]] at the age of 20 without graduating from the college. Brydon's career began with radio – his early broadcasts included DJing on [[BBC Radio Wales]], when his Saturday morning shows included contributions from [[Welsh people|Welsh]] standup comedian [[Pete Park-Walker]]. Also on Radio Wales, where he stayed for six years, he was the main presenter of ''Rave'', one of [[BBC Radio 5 (former)|BBC Radio 5]]'s youth magazine and music programmes, between 1992 and 1994, with [[Alan Thompson (Welsh radio broadcaster)|Alan Thompson]] which led to the genesis of the ''[[Marion and Geoff]]'' story.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/halloffame/showbiz/robbrydon.shtml</ref> Following this, in 1994 and 1995, he appeared in numerous episodes of the original Radio Wales version of the cult comedy show [[Satellite City (sitcom)|Satellite City]] with [[Boyd Clack]].

Though he stayed with radio as a comedy performer on [[BBC Radio Five Live]]'s ''The Treatment'', Rob also does occasional stints as a stand-in presenter on [[BBC Radio 2]], where he has even stood in for [[Ken Bruce]], one of the people he impersonates.

===Voiceover artist===
Brydon was initially known nationally as a voice artist. He provided several voices for the ''[[Discworld]]'' computer games and continuity announcements for [[BBC 1]].<ref>http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1184747/</ref> Brydon is also known for his voice-over work on numerous television advertising campaigns, including those for [[Renault]], [[Tango (drink)|Tango]], [[The Times]], [[Tesco]], [[Abbey (bank)|Abbey National]], [[Sainsburys]], [[McDonald's]], [[Toilet Duck]], [[Cahoot]], Mint Card, [[Pot Noodle]], [[Domino's Pizza]], [[Crunchy Nut Cornflakes]], [[The Observer]] and [[Fairy Liquid]]. Additionally, he voiced the main character, Lewton, in the ''[[Discworld]]'' computer game ''[[Discworld Noir]]''.<ref>http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/discworld-noir/credits</ref>

===Writing breakthrough===
In the early 1990s he spent a brief stint presenting for the [[Home Shopping Network]],<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0117339/otherworks</ref> and began to find small roles in several successful films and television series. He eventually made his mark in television comedy in 2000 with two series which he co-wrote and performed in for the BBC: the [[Julia Davis]] co-written ''[[Human Remains (TV series)|Human Remains]];'' and the commercially successful ''[[Marion and Geoff]].''

Since these breakthrough series, Brydon has developed a career path as a character actor, in both comedic as well as serious roles. Brydon portrayed controversial theatre critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] in the BBC Four film ''Kenneth Tynan: In Praise of Hardcore'' (2005), opposite [[Julian Sands]] as [[Sir Laurence Olivier]].

His character Bryn West in the [[Ruth Jones]] and [[James Corden]]-written ''[[Gavin and Stacey]]'' allowed him to return to his Welsh roots. In this role, Brydon performed the 2009 [[Comic Relief]] charity single, "[[Islands in the Stream]]", with [[Ruth Jones]] (both actors appearing as their characters from ''Gavin & Stacey'') and singer [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]. It reached number one in the [[UK singles chart]] on 15 March 2009.

In 2010 Brydon starred alongside [[Steve Coogan]] in [[Michael Winterbottom]]'s partially-improvised BBC 2 sitcom [[The Trip (2010 TV series)|The Trip]] in which both actors played exaggerated versions of their own perceived public personas, (Brydon, affable and always ready to slip into an impression, Coogan, grumpy and frustrated not to be the major international star he believes he should be).<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2010/nov/02/the-trip-coppers-tv-review,</ref>

===Panelist/chairman===
In 2006, he first appeared on the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel game ''[[I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue]]''. His singing voice even earned the unprecedented accolade by the erstwhile host, [[Humphrey Lyttelton]], of being "not bad". When the team went on a tour of non-broadcast stage shows, he filled in as chairman when Lyttelton was in hospital to repair an aortic aneurysm. A message was played to the audience in which Lyttelton commented on his absence. Three days later, Humphrey Lyttelton died in hospital, following his surgery.

In February 2009, it was announced that Brydon would be one of three people to replace Lyttelton as chairman of the 51st series of ''I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue'' (the others being [[Stephen Fry]] and [[Jack Dee]]).<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a147836/fry-brydon-dee-to-host-clue-return.html Digital Spy: Fry, Brydon, Dee to host 'Clue' return]</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/comedy/article5805311.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Im Sorry I Havent a Clue panel game to return to Radio 4 | date=26 February 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | first=Patrick | last=Foster}}</ref> Brydon also appeared as guest panelist in the first two episodes of series 52, chaired by Jack Dee.

Additionally, he took over from [[Angus Deayton]] as host of [[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Parker, Robin|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/03/brydon_to_host_bbc1_quiz.html|title=Brydon to host BBC1 quiz|work=[[Broadcastnow]]|date=11 March 2009|accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref>

Brydon has also presented an episode of ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'',<ref>http://www.tv.com/have-i-got-news-for-you/rob-brydon-frankie-boyle-claudia-winkleman/episode/931746/summary.html</ref> and has appeared on BBC Radio 4's panel game ''[[Just a Minute]]''.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/arts/sites/themes/comedy/rob_brydon.shtml</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/feb/24/television.dvdreviews | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Look who's laughing now | date=24 February 2008 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | first=Amy | last=Raphael}}</ref>

Brydon also narrated a two-part programme on BBC Radio 4, ''The Pain of Laughter: The Last Days of Kenneth Williams''. It explored the latter part of [[Kenneth Williams|Williams]]'s life, featuring many of the performer's friends and contemporaries. In other radio work, Brydon sat in for [[Ken Bruce]] on BBC Radio 2 for one day only on 25 August 2008.

He has made a number of appearances on the TV comedy quiz ''[[QI]]''. In his first appearance (A series, episode 5), his talent for mimicry was displayed with impressions of [[Alec Guinness]], [[James Dean]] and [[Michael J. Fox]]. In the 2008 [[List_of_QI_episodes_(F_series)#Episode 2 .22Fire .26 Freezing.22 .28Christmas special.29|Christmas Special]] he also provided impressions of Richard Burton and Tom Jones.

===Stand-up comedy===
In 2009/10 Brydon had his first stand-up tour as Rob Brydon (rather than as a differently-named character) in the UK. The resulting DVD of the 2009/10 show, ''Rob Brydon: Live'', was released on 23 November 2009.<ref>[http://www.play.com/DVD/DVD/4-/10537125/Rob-Brydon-Live/Product.html Rob Brydon: Live – ''Play.com'']</ref> Brydon appeared as a host on episode two of series five of the BBC series of '[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]'.

In 2010, Brydon took part in ''[[Channel 4's Comedy Gala]]'', a [[Benefit concert|benefit show]] held in aid of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital]], filmed live at the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] in London on 30 March.

===Personal life===
On 6 October 2006 Brydon married Claire Holland,<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/galleries/index.html?in_gallery_id=8803&in_page_id=1055 | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=Rob Brydon's Wedding Day – Gallery – Mail Online}}</ref> a former producer on the ''[[South Bank Show]]'', at Windsor church. They live in [[Strawberry Hill, London|Strawberry Hill]] in the London borough of Richmond, and have a son, Tom, born in April 2008. Brydon has two daughters, Katie, born September 1994 and Amy, born August 1999 and a son, Harry, born October 1996 from his first marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/my-perfect-weekend/7043548/My-perfect-weekend-Rob-Brydon.html |title=My perfect weekend: Rob Brydon |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |last=Swann |first=Yvonne |date=22 January 2010}}</ref><ref>Ancestry.com, England & Wales Birth Index: 1916-2005.</ref>

A fanatical golfer, he is also a [[Swansea City]] fan and is an ambassador to their 1912 foundation.<ref>http://www.swanseacity.net/page/1912Foundation/0,,10354~1284824,00.html</ref>

Brydon has been mistaken for comedian [[Ben Miller]] and vice versa,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/article75048.ece | location=London | work=The Sun | first=Derek | last=Robins | title=Double trouble for Ben | date=17 May 2007}}</ref> whom he appeared alongside (and kissed) on QI episode 6.9, [[QI (F series)#Episode 9 "The Future"|Future]].<ref>QI, Episode 6.9, BBC1, 20 February 2009</ref>

==Filmography and television/radio appearances==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|rowspan="1"|1992–1994
|''Rave''
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|1992
|''The Healer''
|Sean
|-
|rowspan="1"|1994
|''[[Satellite City (sitcom)|Satellite City]]''
| Radio show
|-
|rowspan="3"|1995
|''The Treatment''
|
|-
|''Eleven Men Against Eleven''
| Radio commentator
|-
|''[[First Knight]]
| Man in crowd
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996
|''Lord of Misrule''
| Cornish policeman
|-
|''[[Cold Lazarus]]''
| Karl
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|''[[Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence]]''
| Bus driver
|-
|''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]''
| Traffic warden
|-
|rowspan="1"|2000
|''[[Human Remains (TV series)|Human Remains]]''
| Peter Moorcross, Gordon Budge, Stephen, Tony, Barne Willers, Les
|-
|rowspan="1"|2000–2003
|''[[Marion and Geoff]]''
| Keith Barret
|-
|rowspan="3"|2001
|''A Small Summer Party''
| Keith Barret
|-
|[[A Knight's Tale]]
| First Villager
|-
|''[[The Way We Live Now (2001 TV serial)|The Way We Live Now]]''
| Mr Alf
|-
|rowspan="5"|2002
|''[[24 Hour Party People]]''
| Ryan Letts
|-
|''[[Black Books]]''
| B.Nugent
|-
|''Legend of the Lost Tribe''
| Prison guard
|-
|''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]''
| Baptist fan
|-
|''[[Cruise of the Gods]]''
| Andy van Allen
|-
|rowspan="1"|2004
|''[[Shaun of the Dead]]''
| Football commentator/'Zombies from Hell!' presenter
|-
|rowspan="1"|2004–2005
|''[[The Keith Barret Show]]''
| Keith Barret
|-
|rowspan="4"|2005
|''[[MirrorMask]]''
| Morris Campbell/Prime Minister
|-
|''[[Supernova (television)|Supernova]]''
| Dr Paul Hamilton
|-
|''[[Little Britain]]''
| Roman de Vere (Series 3)
|-
|''[[Flight of the Conchords (radio series)]]''
| Narrator
|-
|rowspan="1"|2006
|''[[A Cock and Bull Story]]''
| Capt. Toby Shandy/ Rob Brydon
|-
|rowspan="1"|2006–2007
|''[[Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive]]''
| Himself
|-
|rowspan="1"|2007–2010
|''[[Gavin and Stacey]]''
| Bryn West
|-
|rowspan="3"|2009
|''[[Horne & Corden]]''
| Narrator to olympic sketches
|-
|''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]''
| [[Master of Ceremonies|Compere]]/stand-up
|-
| ''[[Gruffalo]]''
| TV film (Children's), Snake(voice)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2009–2010
|''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]]''
| Host of [[List of Would I Lie To You? episodes#Series 3|Series 3]] & [[List of Would I Lie To You? episodes#Series 4|Series 4]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[The Rob Brydon Show]]''
| Himself (Host)
|-
| ''[[The Trip (2010 TV series)|The Trip]]''
| Himself
|-
|}

'''Other appearances'''
*''[[Discworld (video game)]]'' (voice actor – 1995)
*''[[Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!?]]'' (voice actor – 1996)
*''[[Discworld Noir]]'' (voice actor – 1999)
*''[[Black Books]]'' (2002)
*''[[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]]'' (2003, 2008)
*''[[QI]]'' (2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010)
*''[[Just a Minute]]'' (2004, 2005)
*''[[Director's Commentary]]'' (2004)
*''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009)
*''[[Kenneth Tynan: In Praise of Hardcore]]'' (2005)
*''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Jack Dee Live at the Apollo]]'' (2005)
*''[[I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue]]'' (2006–2009)
*''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (2006)
*''[[100 Greatest Funny Moments]]'' (2006)
*''[[Napoleon (2007 film)|Heroes and Villains: Napoleon]]'' (November 2007)
*''[[Rob Brydon's Identity Crisis]]'' (March 2008)
*''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]]'' (July 2008)
*''[[The One Show]]'' (December 2009)
*''[[Desert Island Discs]] '' (May 2010)

==Discography==
===Singles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 9pt; text-align: center"
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2"| Single
!colspan="4"| Chart positions
|- style="font-size:90%;"
! style="width:4em;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
! style="width:4em;" | [[Irish Singles Chart|IE]]
! style="width:4em;" | [[World]]
! style="width:4em;" | [[Euro Hot 100|EU]]
|-
|2009
|align="left"|"[[Islands in the Stream]]"
|align="center"|1<ref>http://acharts.us/song/42283</ref>
|align="center"|48<ref>http://acharts.us/ireland_singles_top_50</ref>
|align="center"|36<ref>http://acharts.us/song/42283</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.robbrydon.com Official Rob Brydon site]
* {{IMDb name|id=0117339|name=Rob Brydon}}
* [http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/in-conversation-with-rob-brydon,1295,BA.html BAFTA Interview with Rob Brydon - April 2010]
* {{Screenonline name|id=1184747|name=Rob Brydon biography and credits}}
* [http://twitter.com/RobBrydon Rob's twitter]

===News items===
* [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3389470.ece ''Times'' February 2008 article]
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/rob-brydon-funny-guy-522132.html ''Independent'' January 2006 article]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/07/08/bcbrydon08.xml ''Telegraph'' June 2004 article]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/screen/story/0,6903,864228,00.html ''Observer'' December 2002 article]

{{S-start}}
{{S-media}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Angus Deayton]] |
title=[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Host of Would I Lie To You?]] |
years=2009—present|
after=Incumbent
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Brydon, Rob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =3 May 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Swansea]], [[Wales]], UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brydon, Rob}}
[[Category:Welsh comedians]]
[[Category:People from Swansea]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama]]
[[Category:Welsh voice actors]]
[[Category:Welsh television actors]]
[[Category:Welsh film actors]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[cy:Rob Brydon]]
[[es:Rob Brydon]]
[[nl:Rob Brydon]]
[[fi:Rob Brydon]]

Sanhedrin trial of Jesus

2010-12-04T22:13:00Z

Jomunro: /* Conduct of the trial */ correteded error in infobox

[[File:Bachiacca.jpeg|thumb|240px|Jesus before the High Priest [[Caiaphas]], depicted by [[Bacchiacca]], 1539–1540.]]
The '''Sanhedrin trial of Jesus''' was the trial of Jesus before the Jewish Council, or [[Sanhedrin]], following [[Arrest of Jesus|his arrest]] and prior to his trial before [[Pontius Pilate]]. It is an event reported by all four [[Biblical canon|Canonical]] [[Gospel]]s of the [[Bible]] ({{bibleverse||Mark|14:53–65|NIV}}, {{bibleverse||Matthew|26:57–68|NIV}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|22:63–71|NIV}} and {{bibleverse||John|18:12–24|NIV}}) although John's Gospel does not explicitly mention the Sanhedrin in this context.

The Gospels report that after [[Jesus Christ]] and his followers celebrated [[Passover]] as their [[Last Supper]], Jesus was betrayed by his [[Twelve apostles|apostle]] [[Judas Iscariot]], and [[Arrest of Jesus|arrested]] in the [[Garden of Gethsemane]] (sometimes known as the garden of tears by some hymn writers). Jesus was then put on trial by Jewish authorities to determine whether his guilt, in their eyes, justified handing him over to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Governor [[Pontius Pilate]] with their request that the [[Roman Empire]] put Jesus to death on popular demand from the people.

The trial most probably took place informally on Thursday night and then again formally on Friday morning (see the article on [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] for a discussion on the exact date of [[Good Friday]], which in recent years has been estimated as AD 33, by different groups of scientists).<ref>Isaac Newton, 1733, ''Of the Times of the Birth and Passion of Christ'', in "Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John" (London: J. Darby and T. Browne).</ref><ref>Bradley Schaefer, 1990, ''Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion'' Quarterly. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 31.</ref><ref>Astronomers on the Date of the Crucifixion http://www.mirabilis.ca/archives/000736.html</ref><ref>Astronomers on Date of Christ's Death http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/16-05-2003/2819-christ-0</ref><ref>John Pratt ''Newton's Date For The Crucifixion'' "Quarterly Journal of Royal Astronomical Society", Sept. 1991.</ref><ref>Newton's Date For The Crucifixion http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html</ref>

==Structure of the trial==
[[File:Mattias Stom, Christ before Caiaphas.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Matthias Stom]]'s depiction of Jesus before [[Caiaphas]] at night based on [[Mark 14]]]]
[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -32- - Christ before Caiaphas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Giotto]]'s depiction of Jesus before [[Caiaphas]] in the morning based on Luke 22]]

The Canonical Gospels report that after the [[arrest of Jesus]], [[Jesus]] was taken to the [[Sanhedrin]], a Jewish judicial body. The precise location and nature of the trial varies between the canonical Gospels, particularly between the three [[Synoptic Gospels]] and the [[Gospel of John]]. In the Synoptics' version, Jesus is taken to the Sanhedrin, with {{bibleverse||Matthew|26:57–68|NIV}} adding that the Sanhedrin had assembled where [[Caiaphas]] the High Priest was located. This reference, instead of stating a fixed location, may imply that the gathering occurred at the home of Caiaphas. The gathering would have occurred quite late at night, after Jesus' followers had completed their Passover "[[Last Supper]]" and they spent further time in prayer in the [[Garden of Gethsemane]].

In the era in which the narrative is set, this body was an [[ad hoc]] gathering, rather than a fixed court,<ref>[[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' Doubleday 1997 ISBN 0-385-24767-2, p. 146.</ref> as in the later [[Council of Jamnia]], and its gathering in Caiaphas' home is historically plausible, though irregular. [[Daniel J. Harrington]] argues that being located in a home makes it more likely that this was a small first preliminary hearing and not a full trial. The existence of two trials is also suggested in the book [[Poem of the Man God]]<ref>[[Maria Valtorta]], ''[[The Poem of the Man God]]'', ISBN 9992645571</ref> – see the section below on ''Criticism of the Sanhedrin Trial'' for a possible rationale that makes the account in all four Gospels consistent on this issue.<ref>Valtorta on Luke 22:66 http://www.valtorta.org/synoptic_puzzle_solved_defaultpage.asp</ref>

The dominant historical view is that the Sanhedrin was controlled primarily by the [[Sadducee]] associated with the ruling elites, rather than the [[Pharisees]] who are better known as a result of the widely read Christian [[Bible]]. The High Priest [[Caiaphas]] was a Sadducee appointed by the Roman Governor [[Valerius Gratus]], who was later replaced by [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03143b.htm</ref> Due to the Roman conquest and occupation of [[Judea]] in 63 BC, the Roman Empire controlled all officials of the province. Members of the Sanhedrin and the High Priest and other chief priests were subject to the approval of and removal by Rome, and were selected for their expected loyalty to the Roman occupiers. For example, in John 11:48, the chief priests and Pharisees worry that "the Romans will come and take away both '''''our place''''' and our nation."

According to [[Rabbinic Judaism]], the Sanhedrin of the [[Pharisees]], probably a different Sanhedrin, was led by [[Gamaliel]] from approximately the year 9 to 50 CE. This is believed to be the same Gamaliel who appears in {{bibleverse||Acts|5:34|NIV}} and {{bibleverse||Acts|22:3|NIV}}. [[Shammai]] may have also played a role.

In {{bibleverse||John|18:12–14|NIV}}, however, Jesus is first taken to [[Annas]], the father-in-law of Caiaphas, who was the current [[List of High Priests of Israel|high priest]] at that time. Annas is believed to have been the former high priest, and it appears that Caiaphas sought Annas' confirmation of Caiaphas' actions.

==Conduct of the trial==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}
{{Gospel Jesus}}
According to {{bibleverse||John|18:19–24|NIV}}, when Annas questions Jesus about his teachings and followers, Jesus refuses to be co-operative and instead says that he taught nothing in secret, always teaching in public places, and so Annas should just ask the many witnesses what Jesus had taught. John adds that a nearby official then struck Jesus for this lack of co-operation, though Jesus subsequently answers "If I have done something wrong, say so. But if not, why did you hit me?" ({{bibleverse||John|18:23|NIV}}). John states that faced with this lack of co-operation, Annas sends Jesus to Caiaphas, though John does not mention at all what happens when Jesus meets Caiaphas, instead focusing on the denial by [[Simon Peter]].

While it is true that according to Gospel accounts Jesus usually preached openly, he also instructs those who knew about his claimed [[Messiah]]ship not to tell anyone who he was, as recorded in the Gospel of Mark. Some see this as emphasizing the presence of ''[[Messianic Secret|secret teachings]],'' and teachings that were taught to only the disciples and not the crowds – see {{bibleverse||Mark|4:34|NIV}} for an example.

According to the [[Gospel]]s [[Gospel of Mark|of Mark]] and [[Gospel of Matthew|of Matthew]], the Sanhedrin wished to condemn Jesus to death, but they found the lack of evidence against him to be unhelpful. Matthew and Mark state that many false witnesses made statements to the Sanhedrin. According to Matthew and Mark the witnesses did not agree with each other, and hence since multiple witnesses are required by the [[Deuteronomic Code]], the Sanhedrin was unable to condemn him by their inconsistent testimony. Statements included the claim that Jesus had said he would destroy the [[Herod's Temple|man-made temple]], and replace it with a non man-made one three days later (Mark 14:58). (Jesus did prophesy that the destruction of the temple would occur, but never claimed he would do it (John 2:19)). However, according to a traditional Christian interpretation {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} and due to the editorial comment of the writer of the Gospel of John (at John 2:21 in reference to Jesus words at John 2:19), Jesus was referring to his own body as "the temple" (Hence Jesus' resurrection 3 days after his death).

The charges brought against Jesus were primarily of [[blasphemy]] for claiming to be God, claiming to be the [[Jewish Messiah|King of the Jews]], and for allegedly violating various laws under the laws of [[Moses]], which governed Jewish life. When the Jewish leaders' plan to kill Jesus first arose, they explained in John 10:33: '"For a good work we do not stone You, but for blasphemy; and because You, being a man, [[Incarnation (Christianity)|make Yourself out to be God]]."'

However, the Bible portrays the true motivation for the trial as being political, rather than religious. The rulers (who had been hand-picked themselves by the Romans) were afraid that the Roman Empire occupying their country would view Jesus' following among the people as yet another uprising, prompting a military attack by Rome to crush a rebellion by the Jewish people.

<blockquote> John 11: "47 What are we accomplishing?" they asked. "Here is this man performing many miraculous signs. 48 If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and then the Romans will come and take away both our place and our nation." 49 Then one of them, named Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, spoke up, "You know nothing at all! 50 You do not realize that it is better for you that one man die for the people than that the whole nation perish." 51 He did not say this on his own, but as high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the Jewish nation, 52 and not only for that nation but also for the scattered children of God, to bring them together and make them one.
</blockquote>

All the Synoptic Gospels state that Jesus was finally asked directly by the Sanhedrin if he was the ''[[Christ]], [[Son of God]]''. Jesus responded, as in Mark 14:60–62: "And Jesus said, "I am; and you shall see the [[Son of Man]] sitting at the right hand of power, and coming with the clouds of heaven." (See also [[Second Coming]])

The interpretation of Jesus' statements by the Sanhedrin and their reaction, having no language translation issues and observing him speak live, is offered by Christians as proof that Jesus claimed to be the Messiah (and ending the [[Messianic Secret]]). The Sanhedrin's response shows their understanding that Jesus was once more attributing to himself the role of Messiah, if not Godship, which enraged them. Mark 14:63–64: "Tearing his clothes, the high priest said, 'What further need do we have of witnesses? You have heard the blasphemy; how does it seem to you?' And they all condemned him to be deserving of death."

Due to the nature of the Greek language, though, "Christ" could be translated simply as ''an anointed, a son of God'', ''or'' as ''the Christ, the Son of God'', with quite different implications. The former of these simply requires that Jesus had been anointed, and that Jesus was a religious leader (''a [[son of God]]'' was a common Jewish term simply referring to any person who was particularly religious); since Jesus had been [[Anointing of Jesus|anointed at Bethany]], when a woman poured expensive perfumed oils over him, ''an anointed, a son of God'' is simply a very naturalistic and fairly worldly statement for Jesus to confirm. This does, however, seem irrelevant to the case at hand and so the translation ''the Christ, the Son of God'' has consequently remained the preferred, more logical choice, seeing as how it is on par with the [[blasphemy]] charge driven against him by the members of the Sanhedrin.

The Synoptics also state that Jesus added that ''the [[Son of Man]]'' would be seen ''sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One'', and ''coming on the clouds of heaven''. Many Christians interpret this as a reference to a future [[second coming]] of Jesus as it closely parallels Daniel's prophecy about the Son of Man in {{bibleverse||Daniel|7:13|NIV}}, though in ancient times [[gnosticism|the gnostics]] read it as referring to enlightenment reaching each individual – that each individual human (''son of man'') would spiritually escape the earthly realm and rejoin the world of the [[Monad (Gnosticism)|monad]] (''mighty one'').

The Synoptics state that these responses were sufficient for the Sanhedrin to be able to legally argue that Jesus was guilty, with Matthew and Mark adding that the high priest rent his clothes and said that Jesus' responses were [[blasphemy]]. In Matthew and Mark, Jesus is then beaten blindfolded, and challenged him to prophesy who it is that hits him. In Luke this blindfolding, and challenge to prophesy, also occurs, but it occurs before the question is posed to Jesus by the Sanhedrin (although the question is stated in the morning trial in Luke). The beating is attributed to the guards in Mark and to "those holding Jesus in custody" (ESV) in Luke.

Both the Synoptics and the Gospel of John state that early in the morning the Sanhedrin reached their conclusion, and bound Jesus, and took him to the Roman Governor [[Pontius Pilate]].

==Legal aspects==

The following are some of the [[613 Mitzvot|Mosaic Law]]s that according to Christians were violated by the Sanhedrin in the trial of Christ: bribery ([[Deuteronomy]] 16:19; 27:25); conspiracy and the perversion of judgment and justice ({{bibleverse||Exodus|23:1–2|NIV}}; {{bibleverse||Exodus|23:6–7|NIV}}; {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:15|NIV}}; Le 19:35); bearing false witness, in which matter the judges connived (Ex 20:16); letting a murderer (Barabbas) go, thereby bringing blood-guilt upon themselves and upon the land (Nu 35:31–34; De 19:11–13); [[mob action]], or 'following a crowd to do evil' (Ex 23:2, 3); in crying out for Jesus to be impaled, they were violating the law that prohibited following the statutes of other nations and that also prescribed no torture but that provided that a criminal be stoned or put to death before being hung on a stake (Le 18:3–5; De 21:22); they accepted as king one not of their own nation, but a pagan (Caesar), and rejected the King whom God had chosen (De 17:14, 15); and finally, they were guilty of murder (Ex 20:13).

Under a contrary view, if Jesus is not God, then the Sanhedrin voted correctly. Under the Jewish [[Torah|Mosaic Law]], if a man committed blasphemy against God, he was to be put to death. Although nowhere in the Gospels does Jesus explicitly state "I am God", during Jesus' trial Jesus claimed to be the Son of God, the Christ/Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One, and the Son of Man who would come with the clouds of heaven (alluding to Daniel 7:13–14) – claims which the Jewish religious leaders interpreted as claiming to be God and the high priest tore his clothes in violation of Leviticus 21:10 (Mark 14:61–64, Matthew 26:63–65, and Luke 22:66–71). As well, some Christian theologians interpret his "I am" (Mark 14:60) as equivalent to God's name (I Am). This interpretation is used in Mel Gibson's "The Passion," where the words "I am" are capitalized. Claiming to be God would be a blasphemy as well as idolatry, that is, encouraging people to worship him as a man instead of worshiping God. Repeatedly the New Testament states that Jesus' followers fell down and worshiped him [though some English Bibles (such as John Darby's Translation and the New World Translation) translate it as "did homage/obeisance to him" instead of "worshiped him", see Darby's "Revised Preface to Second Edition of the New Testament" to the distinction this makes] — live, in his presence. For Jesus to permit anyone to worship him as God would itself be interpreted by the Sanhedrin as blasphemy both by Jesus and those he allowed to worship him.

Thus, the legality of the Sanhedrin's decision to recommend that the Romans put Jesus to death ultimately rests upon whether Jesus was correct in claiming to be God [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnate]], such that there was no [[blasphemy]] in claiming to be what he actually was.

The Sanhedrin, or any other Jewish court was forbidden to sit at night (Ex 18:24) nor could it meet during a festival, as it was the last night of the Passover Festival that had begun seven days earlier (Num 28:18). See "seder service is planned for the last night of Passover" <ref>http://www.beth-elsa.org/be_siscom.htm</ref> and "the last night of Passover... Observant Jews make a festive meal that night."<ref>http://www.jewishanswers.org/ask-the-rabbi-1019/passover-4/</ref>

Some{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} take these inconsistencies with Jewish practice to indicate that such a trial most likely did not take place.''[[The Complete Gospels]]'' notes for Mark 14:53–72: "...It is difficult to reconcile much of Mark's picture with known Jewish judicial procedures: a secret court session, at night, with trumped-up and contradictory evidence. Jesus' initial refusal to speak is no defense. Finally Jesus' avowal of his messiahship (14:62) provokes the desired verdict."

The [[Poem of the Man God]] makes the Gospel of Mark consistent with the other Gospels on this issue, suggesting that Mark 14 may refer to the first of ''two trials'', one at night and the other after daybreak. The second trial being prompted by the time and place of the night trial being ''against Jewish judicial procedures'' as the ''Complete Gospel'' notes suggests.<ref>Reconciling Mark 14 with Luke 22 based on the explanation of the [[Poem of the Man God]] http://www.valtorta.org/synoptic_puzzle_solved_defaultpage.asp</ref>

According to the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] article on [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus#1006 Jesus: The Last Supper]:
:There could be no question of anything corresponding to a trial taking place on this occasion before the Sanhedrin. Whatever inquest was made must have occurred during the Thursday night and outside Jerusalem (for on entering the city a prisoner would have had to be given up to the [[Antonia Fortress|Roman garrison]]), and can not have been held before a quorum of the seventy-one members of the Sanhedrin. It is more probable that the twenty-three members of the priestly section of the latter, who had most reason to be offended with [[Jesus and the Money Changers|Jesus' action in cleansing the Temple]], met informally after he had been seized, and elicited sufficient to justify them in their own opinion in delivering him over to the Romans as likely to cause trouble by his claims or pretensions to the Messiahship, which, of course, would be regarded by them as rebellion against Rome. Nothing corresponding to a Jewish trial took place, though it was by the action of the priests that Jesus was sent before Pontius Pilate. The Gospels speak in the plural of the high priests who condemned him — a seeming contradiction to Jewish law which might throw doubt upon their historic character. Two, however, are mentioned, Joseph Caiaphas and Annas (Hanan), his father-in-law. Hanan had been deposed from the high-priesthood by [[Valerius Gratus]], but he clearly retained authority and some prerogatives of the high priest, as most of those who succeeded him were relatives of his; and he may well have intervened in a matter touching so nearly the power of the priests. According to the Talmud, Hanan's bazaars were on the [[Mount of Olives]], and probably therefore also his house; this would thus have become the appropriate place for the trial by the Sanhedrin, which indeed just about this time had moved its place of session thither.

Jesus assigns some of the guilt to Pontius Pilate but places the majority of the guilt on the High Priest Caiaphas. In John 19:11, "Jesus answered, "You would have no authority over Me, unless it had been given you from above; for this reason he who delivered Me to you has the greater sin." It has been widely but inaccurately said that Jesus referred to "the Jews" collectively although in fact Jesus referred only to a singular person as "he" or "the one" who was responsible.

==See also==
*[[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]]
*[[Arrest of Jesus]]
*[[Council of Jamnia]]
*[[Halakha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Brown, Raymond E. et al. ''The New Jerome Biblical Commentary'' Prentice Hall 1990 ISBN 0-13-614934-0
*[[John Dominic Crossan|Crossan, Dominic]] ''Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus'', 1995, ISBN 0-06-061480-3
*Kilgallen, John J. ''A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark'' Paulist Press 1989 ISBN 0-8091-3059-9
*Miller, Robert J. Editor ''The Complete Gospels'' Polebridge Press 1994 ISBN 0-06-065587-9
*[http://www.oztorah.com/2010/03/the-trial-of-jesus/ Apple, Rabbi Dr Raymond "The Trial of Jesus"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanhedrin Trial Of Jesus}}
[[Category:Jesus]]
[[Category:Judaism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Judeo-Christian topics]]
[[Category:Gospel episodes]]
[[Category:Jesus and history]]
[[Category:Stations of the Cross]]
[[Category:Early Christianity and Judaism]]

[[bg:Исус на съд пред Синедриона]]
[[hr:Suđenje Isusu]]
[[it:Processo di Gesù]]
[[zh:耶稣受犹太议会审判]]

Dialogus de oratoribus

2010-11-02T08:26:33Z

Jomunro: correcteed date links

{{wikisource|Dialogue on Orators}}
The '''''Dialogus de oratoribus''''' is a short work attributed to [[Tacitus]], in [[dialogue]] form, on the art of [[rhetoric]]. Its date of composition is unknown, though its dedication to [[Fabius Iustus]] places its publication around [[102 AD]].

The dialogue itself, set in the year [[75 BC]] or [[77 BC]], follows the tradition of [[Cicero]]'s speeches on philosophical and rhetorical arguments. The beginning of the work is a speech in defence of eloquence and poetry. It then deals with the decadence of oratory, for which the cause is said to be the decline of the education, both in the family and in the school, of the future orator. The education is not as accurate as it once was; the teachers are not prepared and a useless rhetoric often takes the place of the general culture.

After an incomplete section, the ''Dialogus'' ends with a speech delivered by Maternus reporting what some believe is Tacitus's opinion. Maternus thinks that great oratory was possible with the freedom from any power, more precisely in the [[anarchy (word)|anarchy]], that characterized the [[Roman Republic]] during the civil wars. It became anachronistic and impracticable in the quiet and ordered society that resulted from the institution of the [[Roman Empire]]. The peace, warranted by the Empire, should be accepted without regret for a previous age that was more favorable to the wide spread of literacy and the growth of great personality.

Some believe that at the base of all of Tacitus's work is the acceptance of the Empire as the only power able to save the state from the chaos of the civil wars. The Empire reduced the space of the orators and of the political men, but there is no viable alternative to it. Nevertheless, Tacitus does not accept the imperial government apathetically, and he shows, as in the ''[[Agricola (book)|Agricola]]'' the remaining possibility of making choices that are dignified and useful to the state.

The date of publication of the ''Dialogus'' is uncertain, but it was probably written after the ''Agricola'' and the ''Germania''. Many characteristics set it apart from the other works of Tacitus, so much so that the its authenticity may be questioned, even if it is always grouped with the ''Agricola'' and the ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' in the manuscript tradition. The way of speaking in the ''Dialogus'' seems closer to the model of Cicero, refined but not prolix, which inspired the teaching of [[Quintilian]]; it lacks the incongruities that are typical of Tacitus's major historical works. It may have been written when Tacitus was young; its dedication to Fabius Iustus would thus give the date of publication, but not the date of writing. More probably, the unusually classical style may be explained by the fact that the ''Dialogus'' is a work of [[rhetoric]]. For this genre the structure, the language, and the style of Cicero were the usual models.

[[Category:Latin prose texts]]
[[Category:2nd-century books]]
[[Category:Rhetoric]]
[[Category:Dialogues]]
[[Category:Works by Tacitus]]

[[es:Diálogo de los oradores]]

Elliott Gould

2010-10-29T00:06:17Z

Jomunro: /* Personal Life */ Deleted misplaced info

{{Infobox actor
| image = 6.20.09ElliotGould1SecondFilm.jpg
| caption = Gould at [[The 1 Second Film]] in June 2009.
| birth_name = Elliott Goldstein
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|8|29}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1964–present
| spouse = [[Barbra Streisand]] (1963–1971) Jennifer Bogart (1973–1976) Jennifer Bogart (1978–1989 - separated)
}}

'''Elliott Gould''' (born '''Elliot Goldstein'''; August 29, 1938) is an [[United States|American]] actor. He began acting in [[Hollywood]] films during the 1960s, and has remained prolific ever since. Some of his most notable films include ''[[M*A*S*H]]'' and ''[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]]'', for which he received an Oscar nomination. In recent years, he has starred as Reuben Tishkoff in ''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]'', ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'', and ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]''.

== Early life ==
Gould was born in [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York]], the grandson of [[Jew]]ish immigrants from [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/articles/20062091320/elliott-gould-reel-real Elliott Gould: Reel to real]</ref><ref>[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800020189/bio Elliott Gould Biography - Yahoo! Movies]</ref><ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0716,hoberman,76384,20.html Village voice > film > The Long Goodbye: Elliott Gould's Long Goodbye by J. Hoberman]</ref> His mother, Lucille ([[married and maiden names|née]] Raver), sold [[artificial flower]]s to beauty shops, and his father, Bernard Goldstein, worked in the [[Garment District, Manhattan|garment]] business.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902712-4,00.html | work=Time | title=Show Business: Elliott Gould: The Urban Don Quixote | date=September 7, 1970 | accessdate=May 1, 2010}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Professional Children's School]].

== Career ==
Gould was one of the most prominent [[United States|American]] film [[actor]]s in the early-1970s, best known for playing [[Trapper John McIntyre|Trapper John]] in [[Robert Altman]]'s satirical [[1970 in film|1970 film]] ''[[MASH (film)|MASH]]''. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine placed him on one of its covers in 1970, when he was at the brief height of his long career, calling him a "star for an uptight age". Other notable film roles include ''[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]]'' (which earned him an [[Academy Award]] nomination), ''[[A Bridge Too Far (film)|A Bridge Too Far]]'', ''[[Capricorn One]]'', and a remake of ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1979 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]''. Gould played the [[detective]] [[Philip Marlowe]] in Altman's 1973 film ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' (the role had previously been played by such distinguished actors as [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Dick Powell]], and later [[Robert Mitchum]]). He hosted ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' six times, his final time being the first episode of the disastrous [[Jean Doumanian]] season (season 6) in November 1980, where he was shocked to find that the original cast and producer had left and a new cast and producer had taken their place. He has never hosted after that, but has appeared in a season 16 (1990–1991) episode hosted by Tom Hanks where Hanks is welcomed into the Five-Timers club, a society for celebrities who have hosted SNL five times or more. Also in 1980, Gould filmed two movies for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] studios, ''[[The Last Flight of Noah's Ark]]'' and ''[[The Devil and Max Devlin]]'', in which he co-starred with [[Bill Cosby]].

Gould's [[Broadway theatre]] credits include ''[[Irma La Douce (musical)|Irma La Douce]]'', ''[[Say, Darling]]'', ''[[I Can Get It for You Wholesale]]'' (in which he met [[Barbra Streisand]]), ''[[Drat! The Cat!]]'', and ''[[Little Murders]]''. He purchased the screen rights to Little Murders, and in addition to acting in the film version, served as uncredited executive producer.

His career slowed down after a series of critical and commercial flops in the mid-to-late 1970s, but he has remained steadily employed in supporting and character roles in television and movies. He starred in a sitcom called ''[[E/R]]'' in 1984–1985, and had a recurring guest role on ''[[Friends]]'' as [[Characters of Friends|Jack Geller]], the father of [[Monica Geller|Monica]] and [[Ross Geller]].

Gould received critical praise for his role as an aging mobster in [[Warren Beatty]]'s 1991 film ''[[Bugsy]]''. In addition, he appeared in ''[[American History X]]'' as the boyfriend of [[Edward Norton]]'s character's mother. He also co-starred as Reuben Tishkoff in the popular "caper" film ''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]'' (2001), and its sequels: ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'' (2004), and ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]'' (2007).

Gould is most recently seen on advertisements for [[Save Ellis Island]] and is heard on radio commercials, most notably introducing himself by name on spots for the Gordon Flesch Company, a [[Madison, Wisconsin]]-based office products supplier.

He has also loaned his voice to several animated series, most notable among them, the [[Disney Channel]] animated series [[Kim Possible]].

Gould became one of the many celebrity producers of [[The 1 Second Film]] collaboration in June of 2009.

In November 2009 Elliott Gould signed on for a guest spot on ''[[Law & Order]]'', playing a disgruntled business owner who takes the law into his own hands after a crime spree in his Harlem neighborhood.<ref>{{cite news | author=Mickey O'Connor | title=Exclusive: Elliott Gould Signs On to Law & Order| url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Elliott-Gould-1011683.aspx | work=TVGuide.com}}</ref>

In July 2010 it was announced that Gould had signed on to guest-star in the second episode of the next season of [[CSI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/CSI-Elliott-Gould-1021257.aspx|title=Exclusive: Elliot Gould to Guest-Star on CSI|publisher=TVGuide.com}}</ref>

Gould currently serves on the [[Screen Actors Guild]] National Board of Directors and has done so for the past six years.{{When|January 2009|date=March 2009}} He has recently undergone hip replacement surgery.<ref> {{Cite news | last=Lim | first=Dennis | title=An Angsty Leading Man Who Caught the Spirit of His Times |newspaper=The New York Times | date=2008-08-01|year=2008 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/movies/01goul.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink}}</ref>

== Personal Life ==
Gould has said that he has a "very deep Jewish identity".<ref>[http://www.aish.com/societyWork/work/Elliott_Gould_An_Actors_Life.asp Elliott Gould: An Actor's Life]</ref> He has been married three times, twice to the same woman:
* [[Barbra Streisand]] (March 21, 1963 – July 9, 1971) (divorced) 1 child, actor [[Jason Gould]]
* Jennifer Bogart (December 8, 1973 – 1976) (divorced) 2 children
* Jennifer Bogart (June 9, 1978 – 1989) (separated)

== Filmography ==
==== 1960s ====
* 1964 ''[[Once Upon a Mattress]]'' - Jester
* 1964 ''[[The Confession (1964 film)|The Confession]]'' - the Mute
* 1968 ''[[The Night They Raided Minsky's]]'' - Billy Minsky
* 1969 ''[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]]'' - Ted

==== 1970s ====
* 1970 ''[[Move (film)|Move]]'' - Hiram Jaffe
* 1970 ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'' - (uncredited) - Voice
* 1970 ''[[I Love My Wife (film)|I Love My Wife]]'' - Richard Burrows
* 1970 ''[[Getting Straight]]' - Harry Bailey
* 1970 ''[[MASH (film)|M*A*S*H]]'' - Trapper John
* 1971 ''[[The Touch (1971 film)|The Touch]]'' - David Kovac
* 1971 ''[[Little Murders]]'' - Alfred Chamberlain
* 1972 ''[[The Special London Bridge Special]]'' - The Villain
* 1973 ''[[Who? (film)|Who?]]'' - Sean Rogers
* 1973 ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' - Philip Marlowe
* 1974 ''[[California Split]]'' - Charlie Waters
* 1974 ''[[Busting]]'' - Vice Detective Michael Keneely
* 1974 ''[[S*P*Y*S]]'' - Griff
* 1975 ''[[Mean Johnny Barrows]]'' - The Professor
* 1975 ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' - Himself
* 1975 ''[[Whiffs]]'' - Dudley Frapper
* 1976 ''[[I Will, I Will for Now]]'' - Les Bingham
* 1976 ''[[Harry And Walter Go To New York]]'' - Walter Hill
* 1977 ''[[A Bridge Too Far (film)|A Bridge Too Far]]'' - Col. Bobby Stout
* 1978 ''[[Matilda (1978 film)|Matilda]]'' - Bernie Bonnelli
* 1978 ''[[The Silent Partner (1978)|The Silent Partner]]'' - Miles Cullen
* 1978 ''[[Capricorn One]]'' - Robert Caulfield
* 1979 ''[[Escape to Athena]]'' - Charlie Dane
* 1979 ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1979 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'' - Robert Condon
* 1979 ''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' - Beauty Contest Compere

==== 1980s ====
* 1980 ''[[Falling in Love Again (1980 film)|Falling in Love Again]]'' - Harry Lewis
* 1980 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' - Juror/Host/Himself (8 episodes, 1975-1980)
* 1980 ''[[The Last Flight of Noah's Ark]]'' - Noah Dugan
* 1981 ''[[The Devil and Max Devlin]]'' - Max Devlin
* 1981 ''[[Dirty Tricks]]'' - Prof. Colin Chandler
* 1982 ''[[The Rules of Marriage]]''
* 1983 ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'' - The Giant (1 episode, Jack and the Beanstalk)
* 1983 ''[[Emergency Room]]'' - Dr. Howard Sheinfeld
* 1984 ''[[The Muppets Take Manhattan]]'' - Cop in Pete's
* 1984 ''[[The Naked Face (film)|The Naked Face]]'' - Angeli
* 1984 ''[[Over the Brooklyn Bridge]]'' - Alby Sherman
* 1984 ''[[Terror in the Aisles]]'' - archival footage
* 1985 ''[[George Burns Comedy Week]]'' - (1 episode, The Mission)
* 1986 ''[[Vanishing Act (TV film)|Vanishing Act]]'' - Lieutenant Rudameyer
* 1986 ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'' - Harry Folger (1 episode, The Misfortune Cookie)
* 1986 ''[[The Myth (1986 film)|The Myth]]''
* 1986 ''[[Tall Tales and Legends]]'' - Casey (1 episode, Casey at the Bat)
* 1987 ''[[Dangerous Love]]'' - Rick
* 1987 ''[[Lethal Obsession]]'' - Serge Gart
* 1987 ''[[Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8]]'' - Leonard Weinglass
* 1987 ''[[Frogs (TV film)|Frogs]]'' - Bill Anderson
* 1987 ''[[The Telephone]]'' - Rodney
* 1987 ''[[Inside Out (film)|Inside Out]]'' - Jimmy Morgan
* 1988 ''[[Act of Betrayal]]'' - Callaghan
* 1988 ''[[Paul Reiser: Out on a Whim]]''
* 1989 ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' - Lt. J. T. Hanna (1 Episode)
* 1989 ''[[Judgement (film)|Judgement]]'' - Judge Callow
* 1989 ''[[Secret Scandal]]''
* 1989 ''[[The Night Visitor]]'' - Ron Devereaux
* 1989 ''[[The Big Picture (film)|The Big Picture]]'' - Lawyer

==== 1990s ====
* 1990 ''[[Stolen: One Husband]]'' - Martin Slade
* 1990 ''[[The Lemon Sisters]]'' - Fred Frank
* 1991 ''[[Dead Men Don't Die]]'' - Barry Barron
* 1991 ''[[Bugsy]]'' - [[Harry Greenberg]]
* 1992 ''[[Somebody's Daughter]]'' - Hindeman
* 1992 ''[[The Player]]'' - Himself
* 1992 ''[[Wet and Wild Summer!]]'' - Mike McCain
* 1992 ''[[Beyond Justice]]'' - Lawyer
* 1993 ''[[Bloodlines: Murder in the Family]]'' - Stewart Woodman
* 1993 ''[[Amore!]]'' - George Levine
* 1993 ''[[Hoffman's Hunger]]'' - Felix Hoffman
* 1994 ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]'' - Himself
* 1994 ''[[The Glass Shield]]'' - Greenspan
* 1994 ''[[The Dangerous]]'' - Levine
* 1994 ''[[Bleeding Hearts]]'' - Mr. Baum
* 1994 ''[[Lois & Clark: The New Adventures Of Superman]]'' - Vincent Winniger
* 1995 ''[[A Boy Called Hate]]'' - Richard
* 1995 ''[[P.C.H]]'' - Randy's Father
* 1995 ''[[Cybill]]'' - As himself
* 1995 ''[[Cover Me (1995 film)|Cover Me]]'' Capt. Richards
* 1995 ''[[Kicking and Screaming]]'' - Grover's Dad
* 1995 ''[[The Feminine Touch]]'' - Kahn
* 1996 ''[[Busted (film)|Busted]]'' - TV Show Host
* 1997 ''[[Inside Out (Short Film)|Inside Out]]'' - Aaron's Father
* 1997 ''[[City of Industry (film)|City of Industry]]'' - Gangster
* 1997 ''[[Camp Stories]]'' - Older David Katz
* 1997 ''[[Hotel Shanghai]]'' - Hutchinson
* 1998 ''[[Michael Kael vs. the World News Company]]'' - Coogan
* 1998 ''[[The Big Hit]]'' - Morton Shulman
* 1998 ''[[Getting Personal]]'' - Jack Kacmarczyk
* 1998 ''[[American History X]]'' - Murray
* 1999 ''[[Mentors]]'' - [[Albert Einstein]] (1 episode, The Genius)

==== 2000s ====
[[File:Elliott Gould and Eddie Lzzard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elliot Gould and [[Eddie Izzard]]]]
* 2000 ''[[Picking Up the Pieces]]'' - Father LaCage
* 2000 "[[Friends]] - Mr Geller, Dad of Ross and Monica.
* 2000 ''[[Boys Life 3]]'' - Aaron's Father (segment Inside Out)
* 2000 ''[[Playing Mona Lisa]]'' - Bernie Goldstein
* 2001 ''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]'' - Reuben Tishkoff
* 2001 ''[[The Experience Box]]'' - Dr. Keith Huber
* 2002 ''[[Puckoon]]'' - Dr. Goldstein
* 2002 ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' (English voice)
* 2003 ''[[Friends]]'' - [[Jack Geller]] (20 episodes, 1994-2003)
* 2003 ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]'' - The Professor (Episode 4)
* 2004 ''[[From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks]]'' - Narrator
* 2004 ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'' - Reuben Tishkoff
* 2004 ''[[Bad Apple]]'' - Buddha Stanzione
* 2005 ''[[Poirot]]'' - Rufus Van Aldin (1 episode)
* 2006 ''[[Open Window]]'' - John
* 2006 ''[[Masters of Horror]]'' episode "[[The Screwfly Solution (Masters of Horror episode)|The Screwfly Solution]]" - Barney
* 2007 ''[[Saving Sarah Cain]]'' - Bill
* 2007 ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]'' - Reuben Tishkoff
* 2007 ''[[The Ten Commandments (2007 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'' - God (voice)
* 2007 ''[[WordGirl]]'' - The Masked Meat Marauder (voice)
* 2008 ''[[The Deal (2008 film)|The Deal]]'' - Rabbi Seth Gutterman
* 2008 ''[[The Caller (2008 film)|The Caller]]'' - Frank Turlotte
* 2009 ''[[Noah's Ark: The New Beginning]]'' - God (voice)
* 2009 ''[[Little Hercules in 3-D (2008)|Little Hercules in 3-D]]'' - [[Socrates]]
* 2009 ''[[The Life & Times of Tim]]'' - Dr. Fishman (voice)
* 2009 ''[[Morning (film)|Morning]]'' - TBA
* 2010 ''[[Expecting Mary]]'' - Horace Weitzel
* 2010 ''[[Uncorked (film)|Uncorked]]'' - Paul Browning (Andrew's father)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons}}
* {{imdb name|id=0001285}}
* {{ibdb|42703}}
* {{iobdb|Elliott|Gould}}
* [http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0716,hoberman,76384,20.html ''Village Voice'' article]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Gould, Elliott
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =August 29, 1938
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Brooklyn, New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gould, Elliott}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]

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Barbra Streisand

2010-10-29T00:05:15Z

Jomunro: rEMOVING VANDALISM

{{Pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Barbra Streisand
| Img = Barbara Streisand Allan Warren.jpg
| Img_capt = Barbra Streisand in 1973
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Barbara Joan Streisand
| Born = {{birth date and age |mf=yes|1942|4|24}} [[Brooklyn, New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Genre = [[Traditional pop]], [[adult contemporary]], [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]
| Occupation = Singer, actress, film producer, director
| Other Names = Mrs. Elliott Gould, Barbra Streisand Gould, Mrs. Barbra Gould, Ms. Barbra Streisand, Mrs. James Brolin, Barbra Gould Brolin, Barbra Streisand Gould Brolin, Mrs. Barbra Streisand, Mrs. Barbra Brolin
| Years_active = 1957–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records]]
| URL = {{url|barbrastreisand.com}}
| Spouse = [[Elliott Gould]] (1963–1971) [[James Brolin]] (1998–present)
}}
'''Barbra Streisand''' (pronuonced {{respell|STRYE|sand}}; born ''' Barbara Joan Streisand''', April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, director, and songwriter. She has won two [[Academy Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp;jsessionid=B86E461C2746B4E1B0BF45DF42A83458?curTime=1258189043639 |title=Session Timeout – Academy Awards Database – AMPAS |publisher=Awardsdatabase.oscars.org |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> eight [[Grammy Awards]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |title=Gold & Platinum – December 9, 2009 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> four [[Emmy Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/2009ptemmys/searchpastwinners.php |title=Primetime Emmy Award Database | Emmys.com |publisher=Cdn.emmys.tv |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> a [[Special Tony Award]], an [[American Film Institute]] award,<ref name="American Film Institute">{{cite web|author=American Film Institute |url=http://www.afi.com/tvevents/laa/laa01.aspx |title=AFI Life Achievement Award: Barbra Streisand |publisher=Afi.com |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> and a [[Peabody Award]].<ref name="American Film Institute"/>

She is one of the most commercially and critically successful entertainers in modern entertainment history, with more than 71.5 million albums shipped in the United States and 140 million albums sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=Gold & Platinum – December 9, 2009 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Published: 11:56PM BST Oct 8, 2009 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6276710/The-way-she-was-Barbra-Streisands-personal-items-up-for-auction.html |title=The way she was: Barbs personal items up for auction |publisher=Telegraph |date=October 8, 2009 |accessdate=December 9, 2009 | location=London}}</ref> She is the best-selling female artist on the [[Recording Industry Association of America]]'s (RIAA) Top Selling Artists list, the only female recording artist in the top ten, and the only artist outside of the [[rock and roll]] genre.<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt ''Gold and Platinum Top Selling Artists'']. RIAA.com.</ref> Along with [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Cher]], and [[Shirley Jones]], she shares the distinction of being awarded an acting Oscar and also recording a number-one single on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart.

According to the [[RIAA]], Streisand holds the record for the most top ten albums of any female recording artist - a total of 31 since 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/16329/chart-watch-extra-the-acts-with-the-most-top-10-albums-ever/ |title=Chart Watch Extra: The Acts With The Most Top 10 Albums, Ever – Chart Watch |publisher=New.music.yahoo.com |date=October 17, 2008 |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> Streisand also has the widest span (46 years) between first and latest top ten albums of any female recording artist. With her 2009 album, [[Love Is the Answer (album)|''Love Is the Answer'']], she became the only artist to achieve number-one albums in five consecutive decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200#/news/barbra-streisand-surprises-with-ninth-no-1004019217.story |title=Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts |publisher=Billboard.com |date=December 5, 2009 |accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref> According to the RIAA, she has released 51 Gold albums, 30 Platinum albums, and 13 Multi-Platinum albums in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Early years==
Streisand was born to a Jewish family,the daughter of a politician, Emmanuel and Diana (née Rosen) Streisand, on April 24, 1942, in [[Brooklyn]], New York. She was the second of three children. Fifteen months later, Emmanuel died of a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and the family went into near-poverty.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/streisand.html]</ref> She attended [[Erasmus Hall High School]] in Brooklyn and joined the Freshman Chorus and Choral Club.<ref>{{cite book |title=Yearbook |editor=Patty Greenbaum, Lisa Lewis. Anne Drake, Zazel Loven |year=1990 |publisher=Dolphin |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780385416252 |page=101}}</ref><ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/info/barbra_streisand Biography] contactmusic.com, retrieved January 24, 2010</ref> Streisand became a nightclub singer while in her teens. She wanted to be an actress and appeared in summer stock and in a number of [[Off-Off-Broadway]] productions, including ''Driftwood'' (1959), with the then-unknown [[Joan Rivers]]. (In her autobiography, Rivers wrote that she played a lesbian with a crush on Streisand's character, but this was later refuted by the play's author.) ''Driftwood'' ran for only six weeks.<ref>Autobiography of [[Joan Rivers]]: ''Enter Talking'' (New York: Delacorte Press, 1986) p. 85-96, p. 182</ref> When her boyfriend, [[Barry Dennen]], helped her create a club act—first performed at The Lion, a popular [[Homosexuality|gay]] nightclub in Manhattan's [[Greenwich Village]] in 1960—she achieved success as a singer. While singing at The Lion for several weeks, she changed her name to Barbra.<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/lion_streisand.html The Lion at barbra-archives.com]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sceneadvisor.com/restaurants/new-york/the-lion-2380 | work=New York Travel Guide | title=The Lion, New York | date=May 12, 2010 | accessdate=June 17, 2010}}</ref> One early appearance outside of New York City was at [[Enrico Banducci]]’s [[hungry i]] nightclub in San Francisco. In 1961, Streisand appeared at the Town and Country nightclub in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada, but her appearance was cut short; the club owner did not appreciate her singing style.<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/town_country_winnipeg_streisand.html Barbra Streisand Archives | Town N Country Supper Club, 1961, Winnipeg, Canada]</ref>
[[File:Barbra Streisand 1962.jpg|right|thumb|Portrait photograph, 1962]]
Streisand's first television appearance was on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', then hosted by [[Jack Paar]], in 1961, singing [[Harold Arlen]]'s [[A Sleepin' Bee]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/arts/music/27tomm.html?scp=1&sq=streisand%20arlen&st=cse | work=The New York Times | title=Streisand's Fine Instrument and Classic Instinct | first=Anthony | last=Tommasini | date=September 27, 2009 | accessdate=April 26, 2010}}</ref> [[Orson Bean]], who substituted for Paar that night, had seen the singer perform at a gay bar and booked her for the telecast. (Her older brother Sheldon paid [[NBC]] for a [[kinescope]] film so she could use it in 1961 to promote herself. Decades later the film was preserved through [[digitizing]] and is available for viewing on a website.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DXvLD-pxms You Tube clip of Streisand on Tonight Show with Orson Bean and Phyllis Diller, 1961]</ref>) Streisand became a semi-regular on ''PM East/PM West'', a talk/variety series hosted by [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]], in late 1961. [[Westinghouse Broadcasting]], which aired [[PM East/PM West]] in a select few cities (Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, DC, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago and San Francisco), has since wiped all the videotapes because of the cost of videotape at the time.<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/pm_east_streisand.html ''P.M. East P.M. West'' at Barbra-Archives.com]</ref> Audio segments from some episodes are part of the compilation CD ''Just for the Record'', which went platinum in 1991. The singer said on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' in 1991 that thirty years earlier Mike Wallace had been "mean" to her on ''PM East/PM West''.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4614802n%3fsource=search_video Video clip of Streisand interviewed by Mike Wallace on 60 Minutes, 1991.]</ref> He countered that she had been "self-absorbed." ''60 Minutes'' included the audio of Streisand saying to him in 1961, "I like the fact that you are provoking. But don't provoke ''me''."<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/pm_east_streisand.html Audio clip of Streisand saying this to Mike Wallace in 1961. ''60 Minutes'' segment is available for viewing at [[The Paley Center for Media]].]</ref>

In 1962, after several appearances on ''PM East/PM West'', Streisand first appeared on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], in the small but star-making role of Miss Marmelstein in the musical ''[[I Can Get It for You Wholesale]]''. Her first album, ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]'', won two [[Grammy Award]]s in 1963. Following her success in ''I Can Get It for You Wholesale'', Streisand made several appearances on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' in 1962. Topics covered in her interviews with host [[Johnny Carson]] included the [[Empire silhouette|empire-waisted]] dresses that she bought [[wholesale]], to her "crazy" reputation at Erasmus Hall High School.<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/tonight_show_streisand.html Barbra Streisand Archives | Johnny Carson Tonight Show 1962–1963] barbra-archives.com</ref>

Streisand returned to Broadway in 1964 with an acclaimed performance as entertainer [[Fanny Brice]] in ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' at the [[Winter Garden Theatre]]. The show introduced two of her signature songs, "People" and "Don't Rain on My Parade". Because of the play's overnight success she appeared on the cover of ''Time''. In 1966, she repeated her success with ''Funny Girl'' in London's [[West End theatre|West End]] at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]]. From 1965 to 1967 Barbra appeared in her first four Solo Television Specials.

==Singing career==

Streisand has recorded 35 studio albums, almost all with the [[Columbia Records]] label. Her early works in the 1960s (her debut ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]'', ''[[The Second Barbra Streisand Album]]'', ''[[The Third Album (Barbra Streisand album)|The Third Album]]'', ''[[My Name Is Barbra]]'', etc.) are considered classic renditions of theater and cabaret standards, including her slow version of the normally uptempo ''[[Happy Days Are Here Again]]''. She performed this in a duet on ''[[The Judy Garland Show]]''. Garland referred to her on the air as one of the last great [[belt (music)|belters]]. They also sang ''[[There's No Business Like Show Business (song)|There's No Business Like Show Business]]'' with [[Ethel Merman]] joining them.

Beginning with ''My Name Is Barbra'', her early albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials. Starting in 1969, she began attempting more contemporary material, but like many talented singers of the day, she found herself out of her element with rock. Her vocal talents prevailed, and she gained newfound success with the pop and ballad-oriented [[Richard Perry]]-produced album ''Stoney End'' in 1971. The title track, written by [[Laura Nyro]], was a major hit for Streisand.

[[File:Barbara Streisand Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|Barbra Streisand (1973)]]
During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as ''The Way We Were'' (US No. 1), ''Evergreen'' (US No. 1), ''No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)'' (1979, with [[Donna Summer]]) Which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet,(US No. 1), ''You Don't Bring Me Flowers'' (with [[Neil Diamond]]) (US No. 1) and ''The Main Event'' (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films.

As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S.—only [[Elvis Presley]] and [[The Beatles]] had sold more albums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/news/newsletter/press1999/111099.asp |title=''Recording Industry Association of America: Newsletter 1999'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070514091340/http://www.riaa.com/news/newsletter/press1999/111099.asp |archivedate=May 14, 2007}}. RIAA.com.</ref> In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the [[Barry Gibb]]-produced ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand album)|Guilty]]''. The album contained the hits ''[[Woman In Love]]'' (which spent several weeks atop the pop charts in the Fall of 1980), ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb song)|Guilty]]'', and ''[[What Kind of Fool]]''.

After years of largely ignoring Broadway and traditional pop music in favor of more contemporary material, Streisand returned to her musical-theater roots with 1985's ''[[The Broadway Album]]'', which was unexpectedly successful, holding the coveted #1 Billboard position for three straight weeks, and being certified quadruple Platinum. The album featured tunes by [[Rodgers & Hammerstein]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Jerome Kern]], and [[Stephen Sondheim]], who was persuaded to rework some of his songs especially for this recording. ''The Broadway Album'' was met with acclaim, including a nomination for Album of the Year and, ultimately, handed Streisand her eighth Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. After releasing the live album ''One Voice'' in 1986, Streisand was set to take another musical journey along the Great White Way in 1988. She recorded several cuts for the album under the direction of [[Rupert Holmes]], including ''On My Own'' (from ''Les Misérables''), a medley of ''How Are Things in Glocca Morra?'' and ''Heather on the Hill'' (from ''Finian's Rainbow'' and ''[[Brigadoon (musical)|Brigadoon]]'', respectively), ''All I Ask of You'' (from ''Phantom of the Opera''), ''Warm All Over'' (from ''The Most Happy Fella'') and an unusual solo version of ''Make Our Garden Grow'' (from ''Candide''). Streisand was not happy with the direction of the project and it was ultimately scrapped. Only ''Warm All Over'' and a reworked, Lite FM-friendly version of ''All I Ask of You'' were ever released—the latter appearing on Streisand's 1988 effort, ''Till I Loved You.''

At the beginning of the 1990s, Streisand started focusing on her directorial efforts and became almost inactive in the recording studio. In 1991, a four-disc box set, ''Just for the Record'', was released. A compilation spanning Streisand's entire career to date, it featured over 70 tracks of live performances, greatest hits, rarities and previously unreleased material.

The following year, Streisand's concert fundraising events helped propel former President [[Bill Clinton]] into the spotlight and into office.<ref>[http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/90s/george_1996.html Reprint of article in ''George Magazine''. November, 1996]</ref> Streisand later introduced Clinton at his inauguration in 1993. Streisand's music career, however, was largely on hold. A 1992 appearance at an APLA benefit as well as the aforementioned inaugural performance hinted that Streisand was becoming more receptive to the idea of live performances. A tour was suggested, though Streisand would not immediately commit to it, citing her well-known stage fright as well as security concerns. During this time, Streisand finally returned to the recording studio and released ''Back to Broadway'' in June 1993. The album was not as universally lauded as its predecessor, but it did debut at #1 on the pop charts (a rare feat for an artist of Streisand's age, especially given that it relegated Janet Jackson's ''Janet'' to the #2 spot). One of the album's highlights was a medley of ''I Have A Love / One Hand, One Heart'' a duet with the legendary [[Johnny Mathis]], who Streisand said is one of her favorite singers.

In 1993, ''New York Times'' music critic [[Stephen Holden]] wrote that Streisand "enjoys a cultural status that only one other American entertainer, [[Frank Sinatra]], has achieved in the last half century."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/27/arts/recordings-view-barbra-streisand-mixes-star-power-and-high-concept.html?scp=1&sq=streisand%20holden%20sinatra&st=cse Barbra Streisand Mixes Star Power And High Concept by Stephen Holden, New York Times, June 27, 1993]</ref>

In September 1993, Streisand announced her first public concert appearances in 27 years. What began as a two-night New Year's event at the [[MGM Grand Hotel]] in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] eventually led to a multi-city tour in the summer of 1994. Tickets to the tour were sold out in under one hour. Streisand also appeared on the covers of major magazines in anticipation of what ''Time magazine'' named "The Music Event of the Century". The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Ticket prices ranged from US$50 to US$1,500 – making Streisand the highest paid concert performer in history. ''Barbra Streisand: The Concert'' went on to be the top grossing concert of the year, earned five [[Emmy Awards]] and the [[Peabody Award]], and the taped broadcast on [[HBO]] is, to date, the highest rated concert special in HBO's 30 year history.

Following the tour's conclusion, Streisand once again kept a low profile musically, instead focusing her efforts on her acting and directing duties as well as her burgeoning romance with actor [[James Brolin]]. In 1997, Streisand finally returned to the recording studio, releasing ''[[Higher Ground (Barbra Streisand album)|Higher Ground]]'', a collection of songs of a loosely-inspirational nature which also featured a duet with [[Celine Dion]]. The album received generally favorable reviews and, remarkably, once again debuted at #1 on the pop charts.

Following her marriage to Brolin in 1998, Streisand recorded an album of love songs entitled ''[[A Love Like Ours]]'' the following year. Reviews were mixed, with many critics carping about the somewhat syrupy sentiments and overly-lush arrangements; however, it did produce a modest hit for Streisand in the country-tinged ''If You Ever Leave Me'', a duet with [[Vince Gill]].

On New Year's Eve 1999, Streisand returned to the concert stage, giving the highest grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} At the end of the millennium, she was the number one female singer in the U.S., with at least two #1 albums in each decade since she began performing. A 2-disc live album of the concert entitled ''[[Timeless: Live in Concert]]'' was released in 2000. Streisand performed versions of the "Timeless" concert in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia in early 2000.

In advance of four concerts (two each in Los Angeles and New York) in September 2000, Streisand announced she was retiring from future paying public concerts. Her performance of the song ''People'' was broadcast on the Internet via America Online.

Streisand's most recent albums have been ''Christmas Memories'' (2001), a somewhat somber collection of holiday songs (which felt entirely—albeit unintentionally—appropriate in the early post-9/11 days), and ''[[The Movie Album]]'' (2003), featuring famous movie themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. ''[[Guilty Pleasures (Barbra Streisand album)|Guilty Pleasures]]'' (called ''Guilty Too'' in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel to their previous ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand album)|Guilty]]'', was released worldwide in 2005.

In February 2006, Streisand recorded the song ''Smile'' alongside [[Tony Bennett]] at Streisand's [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] home. The song is included on Tony Bennett's 80th Birthday Album, ''Duets''. In September 2006, the pair filmed a live performance of the song for a special directed by Rob Marshall entitled ''Tony Bennett: An American Classic''. The special aired on NBC Television November 21, 2006, and was released on DVD the same day. Streisand's duet with Bennett opens the special.

In 2006, Streisand announced her intent to tour again, in an effort to raise money and awareness for multiple issues. After four days of rehearsal at the [[Sovereign Bank Arena]] in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], New Jersey, the tour began on October 4 at the Wachovia Center in [[Philadelphia]], continued with the featured stop in [[Fort Lauderdale]], Florida (this was the concert Streisand chose to film for a TV special), and concluded at Staples Center in Los Angeles on November 20, 2006. Special guests [[Il Divo]] were interwoven throughout the show. On stage closing night, Streisand hinted that six more concerts may follow on foreign soil. The show was known as ''[[Streisand: The Tour]]''.

Streisand's 20-concert tour set record box-office numbers. At the age of 64, well past the prime of most performers, she grossed US$92,457,062 and set house gross records in 14 of the 16 arenas played on the tour. She set the third-place record for her October 9, 2006 show at Madison Square Garden, the first- and second-place records of which are held by her two shows in September 2000. She set the second-place record at the [[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], with her December 31, 1999 show being the house record and the highest grossing concert of all time. This led many people to openly criticize Streisand for [[price gouging]], as many tickets sold for upwards of US$1,000.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

A collection of performances culled from different stops on this tour, ''[[Live in Concert 2006]]'', debuted at #7 on the [[Billboard 200]], making it Streisand's 29th Top 10 album.<ref>Bronson, Fred. [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/chat_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003587796 ''Chart Beat Chat'']. Billboard.com May 18, 2007.</ref> In the summer of 2007, Streisand gave concerts for the first time in continental Europe. The first concert took place in Zürich (June 18), then Vienna (June 22), Paris (June 26), Berlin (June 30), Stockholm (July 4, canceled), Manchester (July 10) and Celbridge, near Dublin (July 14), followed by three concerts in London (July 18, 22 and 25), the only European city where Streisand had performed before 2007. Tickets for the London dates cost between £100.00 and GB£1,500.00 and for the Ireland date between €118 and €500. The tour included a 58-piece orchestra.

In February 2008, ''[[Forbes]]'' listed Streisand as the #2 top-earning female musician, between June 2006 and June 2007, with earnings of about US$60 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/media/2008/01/28/music-madonna-hollywood-biz-cz_dp_0129musicwomen_slide_3.html?thisSpeed=15000 |title=In Pictures: The Top-Earning Women In Music - Forbes.com |publisher=Forbes.com |date= |accessdate=November 2, 2008}}</ref> Although Streisand's range has changed with time and her voice has become deeper over the years, her vocal prowess has remained remarkably secure for a singer whose career has endured for nearly half a century. Streisand, is a [[contralto]] or possibly a [[mezzo-soprano]] who has a range consisting of well over two octaves from “low E to a high G and probably a bit more that in either direction.” <ref>Pleasants, H. (1985). The Great American Popular Singers. Simon and Schuster.</ref>

On November 17, 2008, Streisand returned to the studio to begin recording what will be her sixty-third album <ref name=wash>Marks, Peter (December 7, 2008.) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500947.html?sub=AR&sid=ST2008120502751&s_pos= "Kennedy Center Honoree Barbra Streisand."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved on December 10, 2008.</ref> and it was announced that [[Diana Krall]] was producing the album.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2009-04-09-krall-quiet-nights_N.htm For Diana Krall, quiet time is a rare thing. By Elysa Gardner, USA TODAY. Retrieved on April 14, 2009.]</ref>

On April 25, 2009, [[CBS]] aired Streisand's latest TV special, ''[[Streisand: Live In Concert]]'', highlighting the aforementioned featured stop from her 2006 North American tour, in [[Fort Lauderdale]], Florida.

Streisand is one of the recipients of the 2008 Kennedy Center Honors.<ref>Frey, Jennifer. (December 8, 2008.) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/07/AR2008120702715.html?hpid=topnews "A Night Filled With Extra Stars."] ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved on December 10, 2008.</ref> On December 7, 2008, she visited the White House as part of the ceremonies.<ref name=wash/>

On September 26, 2009, Streisand performed a one-night-only show at the [[Village Vanguard]] in New York City's Greenwich Village.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/arts/music/28stre.html | work=The New York Times | title=Lucky Streisand Fans Were A-Listers for a Night | first=Ben | last=Sisario | date=September 28, 2009 | accessdate=April 26, 2010}}</ref>

On September 29, 2009, Streisand and Columbia Records released her newest studio album titled ''[[Love Is the Answer (album)|Love is the Answer]]'', produced by [[Diana Krall]].<ref>[http://www.barbrastreisand.com/index.php?page=news&n_id=1258 Barbra Streisand Official Site, 6/22/09 Press Release]</ref> On October 2, 2009, Streisand made her British television performance debut after her interview on [[Friday Night With Jonathan Ross]], promoting the album. This album was a big success, debuting straight at #1 on the Billboard 200 and registering her biggest weekly-sales since 1997. This made Streisand the only artist in history to achieve #1 albums in five different decades.

On February 1, 2010, Streisand joined over 80 other artists in recording a new version of the 1985 charity single "We Are the World". Quincy Jones and Lionel Richie planned to release the new version to mark the 25th anniversary of its original recording. These plans changed, however, in view of the devastating earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010, and on February 12, the song, now called "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", made its debut as a charity single to support relief aid for the beleaguered island nation.

In October 2010 [[Duck Sauce]] released the dance track ''Barbra Streisand''.

Streisand will be honored as [[MusiCares Person of the Year]] on February 11, 2011, two days prior to the 53rd Annual [[Grammy Awards]].

Streisand is one of many singers who uses [[teleprompters]] during their live performances. Streisand has defended her choice in using teleprompters to display lyrics and, sometimes, spoken banter <ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/streisands-stagefright-prompted-by-forgotten-lyrics_1117130]</ref>

==Film career==
[[File:Hello, Dolly!3 crop.jpg|right|thumb|in ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'' (1969)]]
Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'' (1968), an artistic and commercial success directed by Hollywood veteran [[William Wyler]], for which she won the 1968 [[Academy Award for Best Actress]], sharing it with [[Katharine Hepburn]] (''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]''), the first (and only) time there was a tie in this [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, [[Jerry Herman]]'s ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'' directed by [[Gene Kelly]] (1969) and [[Alan Jay Lerner]]'s and [[Burton Lane]]'s ''[[On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)|On a Clear Day You Can See Forever]]'' directed by [[Vincente Minnelli]] (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play ''[[The Owl and the Pussycat (film)|The Owl and the Pussycat]]'' (1970).

During the 1970s, Streisand starred in several [[screwball comedies]], including
''[[What's Up, Doc? (film)|What's Up, Doc?]]'' (1972) and ''[[The Main Event (1979 film)|The Main Event]]'' (1979), both co-starring [[Ryan O'Neal]], and ''[[For Pete's Sake (film)|For Pete's Sake]]'' (1974) with [[Michael Sarrazin]]. One of her most famous roles during this period was in the drama ''[[The Way We Were]]'' (1973) with [[Robert Redford]], for which she received an [[Academy Award]] nomination as Best Actress. She earned her second [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] as composer (together with lyricist [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]]) for the song "[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)|Evergreen]]", from ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' in 1976; this was the first time a woman had received this award.

Along with [[Paul Newman]], [[Sidney Poitier]] and later [[Steve McQueen]], Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1969, so the actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists was ''[[Up the Sandbox]]'' (1972).

From a period beginning in 1969 and ending in 1980, Streisand appeared in the annual motion picture exhibitors poll of Top 10 Box Office attractions a total of 10 times, often as the only woman on the list. After the commercially disappointing ''[[All Night Long (1981 film)|All Night Long]]'' in 1981, Streisand's film output decreased considerably. She has only acted in five films since.

Streisand produced a number of her own films, setting up [[Barwood Films]] in 1972. For ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]'' (1983), she was producer, director, and star, an experience she repeated for ''[[The Prince of Tides]]'' (1991) and ''[[The Mirror Has Two Faces]]'' (1996). There was controversy when ''Yentl'' received five Academy Award nominations, but none for the major categories of Best Picture, Actress, or Director.<ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/aa83.html ''1983 Academy Awards Winners and History'']. Filmsite.com.</ref> ''Prince of Tides'' received even more Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, but the director was not nominated. Streisand is also the writer of Yentl, something she is not always given credit for. According to New York Times Editorial Page Editor [[Andrew Rosenthal]] in an [http://wbgo-web.streamguys.net/audio/onDemand.php?podcastID=688 interview] (story begins at minute 16) with [[Allan Wolper]], "the one thing that makes Barbra Streisand crazy is when nobody gives her the credit for having written Yentl."

In 2004, Streisand made a return to film acting, after an eight-year hiatus, in the comedy ''[[Meet the Fockers]]'' (a sequel to ''[[Meet the Parents]]''), playing opposite [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Ben Stiller]], [[Blythe Danner]] and [[Robert De Niro]].

In 2005 Streisand's Barwood Films, Gary Smith Co. and Sonny Murray purchased the rights to [[Simon Mawer]]'s book ''[[Mendel's Dwarf]]''.<ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117921148.html?cs=1&query=streisand+dwarf Variety. "Streisand buys Dwarf". April 14, 2005.]</ref> As of December 2008, Streisand stated she is considering directing an adaptation of [[Larry Kramer]]'s play ''[[The Normal Heart]]'' — a project Ms. Streisand has worked on since the mid-1990s <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/12/garden/at-home-with-larry-kramer-when-a-roaring-lion-learns-to-purr.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 AT HOME WITH: Larry Kramer; When a Roaring Lion Learns to Purr. By ALEX WITCHEL. New York Times, Thursday, January 12, 1995.]</ref> Streisand has been seen shooting scenes for sequel to 2004's ''[[Meet the Fockers]]''.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/189252 Newsweek Interview by Ramin Setoodeh. March 14, 2009.]</ref> [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] stated that Streisand is one of several actresses interested in playing the role of Norma Desmond in the film adaptation of Webber's musical version of ''[[Sunset Boulevard (musical)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' (Meryl Streep and Glenn Close were also interested), although Paramount Pictures has delayed the film.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/theatre/article5412672.ece Andrew Lloyd Webber on Eurovision and the Phantom sequel. Times Online. Dec. 29, 2008.]</ref>

[[Rob Marshall]] considered Streisand for the role of Lilli La Fluer in the movie musical ''[[Nine (film)|Nine]]'', a role that went to [[Judi Dench]].

==Politics==
Streisand has long been an active supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and many of their causes. Streisand said, "The Democrats have always been the party of working people and minorities. I've always identified with the minorities."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027135459/http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/6011/aoltranscript.html Transcript of Streisand's Nov. 2, 1998 live chat on AOL.]</ref>
Streisand has personally raised $15 million <ref>[http://www.barbranews.com/streisandfoundint.htm Barbra News.com 2006 Interview with Marge Tabankin]</ref> for organizations through her live performances. The Streisand Foundation, established in 1986, has contributed over $16 million through its grants to "national organizations working on preservation of the environment, voter education, the protection of [[civil liberties]] and [[civil rights]], [[feminism|women’s issues]] <ref name="Heartworknews.com">{{cite news |title=Barbra Streisand Endows Program at Cedars-Sinai Women's Heart Center: $5 Million Gift Supports Women's Cardiovascular Research and Education |url=http://heartworknews.com/news/Barbra_Streisand_Endows_Program_at_Cedars_Sinai_Womens_Heart_Center_5_Million_Gift_Supports_Womens_Cardiovascular_Research_and_ |publisher=Heartworknews.com |accessdate=April 22, 2008}}</ref> and [[nuclear disarmament]]."<ref>[http://www.sonymusic.com/artists/BarbraStreisand/foundationguidelines.html Barbra Streisand/Sony Official Site, Streisand Foundation page.]</ref> In 2006, Streisand donated $1 million to the William Jefferson Clinton Foundation in support of former President [[Bill Clinton]]’s climate change initiative.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/world/23aid.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Clinton Effort Reaps Pledges of $7.3 Billion in Global Aid by Celia Dugger. New York Times. Sept. 23, 2006]</ref>

==Lawsuit==
Streisand sued aerial photographer Kenneth Adelman for displaying a photograph of her [[Malibu, California]] home, along with other photos of the entire California coastline, on the website of the [[California Coastal Records Project]]. Her suit was dismissed under the anti-[[SLAPP]] provisions of California law.<ref>''Streisand v. Adelman, et al., in California Superior Court; Case SC077257''</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Kenneth Adelman | title=Barbra Streisand Sues to Suppress Free Speech Protection for Widely Acclaimed Website | url=http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/lawsuit.html | publisher=California Coastal Records Project | date=May 13, 2007 | accessdate=April 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=Streisand’s Lawsuit to Silence Coastal Website Dismissed | url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Barbra-Streisand-Coastal3dec03.htm | publisher=Mindfully.org | date=December 3, 2003 | accessdate=April 8, 2008}}</ref> Mike Masnick of Techdirt.com coined the term "[[Streisand effect]]" in January 2005 after the publicity generated by Streisand's efforts to suppress the publication of the photograph.

==Awards==
In 2000, Barbra Streisand was awarded the [[National Medal of Arts]].<ref>[http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#00 Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts]</ref>

===Music awards===

Streisand's works have been nominated for over 56 [[Grammy Award]]s; she won 8 of these, including two special awards. She has been inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] three times. In 2011 she will be honored as [[MusiCares Person of the Year]].

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3"|1963 || rowspan="11"|[[Grammy Awards]] || Album of the Year || rowspan="2"| ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Female Vocal Performance || {{Won}}
|-
| Record of the Year || "[[Happy Days Are Here Again#Barbra Streisand version|Happy Days Are Here Again]]" || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1964 || Best Female Vocal Performance || rowspan="3"| ''[[People (Barbra Streisand album)|People]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Album of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| Record of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1965 || Best Female Vocal Performance || rowspan="2"| ''[[My Name Is Barbra]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Album of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1966 || Best Female Vocal Performance || rowspan="2"| ''[[Color Me Barbra]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Album of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| 1968 || Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance || ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'' Soundtrack || {{nom}}
|-
| 1970 || [[AGVA|AGVA Georgie Award]] || Entertainer of the Year || align="center"|— || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1972 || Grammy Awards || Best Pop Female Vocal Performance || "Sweet Inspiration / Where You Lead" || {{nom}}
|-
| AGVA Georgie Award || Singing Star of the Year || rowspan="2" align="center"|— || {{Won}}
|-
| 1975 || [[People's Choice Awards]] || Favorite Female Singer of the Year || {{Won}}
|-
| 1976 || rowspan="5"|Grammy Awards || Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance || ''[[Classical Barbra]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|1977 || Best Pop Female Vocal Performance || rowspan="4"| "[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)|Evergreen]]" (from ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'') || {{Won}}
|-
| Song of the Year || {{Won}}
|-
| Record of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Original Score – Motion Picture or Television Special || {{nom}}
|-
| AGVA Georgie Award || Singing Star of the Year || align="center"|— || {{Won}}
|-
| 1978 || rowspan="7"|Grammy Awards || Best Pop Female Vocal Performance || rowspan="3"| "[[You Don't Bring Me Flowers (song)|You Don't Bring Me Flowers]]" (with [[Neil Diamond]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1979 || Record of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|Best Pop Vocal Performance – Duo, Group, or Chorus || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|1980 || rowspan="2"| ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand album)|Guilty]]'' (with [[Barry Gibb]]) || {{Won}}
|-
| Album of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| Record of the Year || rowspan="2"| "[[Woman In Love]]" || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Pop Vocal Female Performance || {{nom}}
|-
| AGVA Georgie Awards || Singing Star of the Year || rowspan="2" align="center"|— || {{Won}}
|-
| 1985 || People's Choice Awards || Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1986 || rowspan="5"|Grammy Awards || Best Pop Vocal Female Performance || rowspan="2"| ''[[The Broadway Album]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Album of the Year || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Instrumental Arrangement Acompanying Vocal || "[[Being Alive]]" || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1987 || Best Pop Vocal Female Performance || rowspan="2"| ''[[One Voice (Barbra Streisand album)|One Voice]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Video Performance || {{nom}}
|-
| 1988 || People's Choice Awards || Favorite All-Time Musical Performer || align="center"|— || {{Won}}
|-
| 1991 || rowspan="15"|Grammy Awards || Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance || "Warm All Over" || {{nom}}
|-
| 1992 || '''Grammy Legend Award''' || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
| 1993 || Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance || ''[[Back to Broadway]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1994 || '''Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award''' || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
| Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance || ''Barbra: The Concert'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Pop Female Vocal Performance || "Ordinary Miracles" || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || rowspan="2"|Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals || "[[Tell Him (Barbra Streisand and Celine Dion song)|Tell Him]]" (with [[Celine Dion]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| "[[I Finally Found Someone]]" (with [[Bryan Adams]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| 2000 || rowspan="3"|Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || ''Timeless – Live In Concert'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Christmas Memories]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2003 || ''[[The Movie Album]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2004 || rowspan="2"|'''Grammy Hall of Fame''' || ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' (Barbra Streisand and [[Sydney Chaplin]]) || rowspan="2"|'''Inducted'''
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]''
|-
| 2007 || Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || ''[[Live in Concert 2006]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2008 || '''Grammy Hall of Fame''' || "[[The Way We Were (song)|The Way We Were]]" || '''Inducted'''
|}

===Film awards===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result
|-2000 Razzie Scariest character on South Park Nominated
| rowspan="2"|1969 || [[Academy Awards]] || Best Actress || rowspan="2"| ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' || {{tied}}
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[Golden Globe Awards]] || rowspan="2"|Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1970 || ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Henrietta Award|Henrietta World Film Favorite]] || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1971 || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || ''[[The Owl and the Pussycat (film)|The Owl and the Pussycat]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Henrietta World Film Favorite || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1974 || Academy Awards || Best Actress || rowspan="2"| ''[[The Way We Were]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|Golden Globe Awards || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) || {{nom}}
|-
| 1975 || Henrietta World Film Favorite || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
'''Also came in Comedy Central's South Park ]]- playing the voice of Barbra Joan Striesand/}}'''''Italic text''
|-
| 1976 || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || ''[[Funny Lady]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1977 || Academy Awards || Best Original Song || rowspan="3"| "[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)|Evergreen]]" (from ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'') || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6"|Golden Globe Awards || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Original Song || {{Won}}
|-
| 1978 || Henrietta World Film Favorite || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984 || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || rowspan="2"| ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director (Motion Picture) || {{Won}}
|-
| 1988 || Best Actress in Motion Picture (Drama) || ''[[Nuts (film)|Nuts]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1992 || Academy Awards || Best Picture || rowspan="2"| ''[[The Prince of Tides]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Golden Globe Awards || Best Director (Motion Picture) || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1997 || Academy Awards || Best Original Song || "[[I Finally Found Someone]]" (from ''[[The Mirror Has Two Faces]]'') || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|Golden Globe Awards || Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) || ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Original Song || "I Finally Found Someone" (from ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'') || {{nom}}
|-
| 2000 || Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement || align="center"|— || '''Special award'''
|-
|-
|}

==Personal life==
Streisand has been married twice. Her first husband was actor [[Elliott Gould]], to whom she was married from 1963 to 1971. They had one child, [[Jason Gould]], who would go on to star as her on-screen son in ''[[The Prince of Tides]]''. Her second husband is [[James Brolin]], whom she married on July 1, 1998. While they have no children together, Brolin has two children from his first marriage, including Academy Award nominated actor [[Josh Brolin]], and one child from his second marriage. Both of her husbands starred in the 1970s conspiracy sci-fi thriller ''[[Capricorn One]]''.

[[Jon Peters]]' daughters, [[Caleigh Peters]] and [[Skye Peters]], are her goddaughters.

Streisand shares a birthday with [[Shirley MacLaine]], and they celebrate together every year.

Streisand is the older sister of singer/actress Roslyn Kind. Kind was born 9 January 1951 in Brooklyn, New York.

Streisand's philanthropic organization, ''The Streisand Foundation'', gives grants to "national organizations working on preservation of the environment, voter education, the protection of civil liberties and civil rights, women’s issues and nuclear disarmament"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barbra-streisand.com/foundationguidelines.html |title=Streisand Foundation Grant Guidelines |accessdate=April 22, 2008}}</ref> and has given large donations to programs related to women's health.<ref name="Heartworknews.com" />

In September 2008, Parade magazine included Streisand on their Giving Back Fund's second annual Giving Back 30 survey, "a ranking of the celebrities who have made the largest donations to charity in 2007 according to public records".<ref>[http://www.givingback.org/Programs_Services/GivingBack30_2007.html The Giving Back Fund press release. September 14, 2008.]</ref> Streisand was named third most generous celebrity. The Giving Back Fund claimed Streisand donated $11 million, which The Streisand Foundation distributed.

At Julien’s Auctions in October 2009, Streisand, a long-time collector of art and furniture, sold 526 items with all the proceeds going to her foundation. Items included a costume from ''Funny Lady'' and a vintage dental cabinet purchased by the performer at 18 years old. The sale’s most valuable lot was a painting by Kees van Dongen.<ref>Douglas, Sarah. "[http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32797/in-the-air-star-ambitions/ In the Air: Star Ambitions]."''[[Art+Auction]]'', October 2009.</ref>

===Name===
Streisand changed her name from Barbara to Barbra because, she said, "I hated the name, but I refused to change it.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/60s/rogue_streisand.html|title=The Mouse That Wails|work=Rogue|publisher=Barbra Archivesdate=November 1963|accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> Streisand further explained, ""Well, I was 18 and I wanted to be unique, but I didn't want to change my name because that was too false. You know, people were saying you could be Joanie Sands, or something like that. [My middle name is Joan.] And I said, 'No, let's see, if I take out the 'a,' it's still 'Barbara,' but it's unique."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/08/sunday/main6753884.shtml|title=Her name is Barbra|work=[[CBS News]]|date=2010-09-27|accessadte=2010-08-26}}</ref> A 1967 biography with a concert program said, "the spelling of her first name is an instance of partial rebellion: she was advised to change her last name and retaliated by dropping an “a” from the first instead."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/hollywood_bowl_67_streisand.html|title=An Evening With Barbra Streisand|publisher=Barbra Archives|date=1967-07-09|accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref>

==References in popular culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2007}}

===On television===
The most memorable parody of Streisand's iconic status has been on the sketch comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in the recurring skit ''[[Coffee Talk]]'' where character [[Linda Richman]], played by [[Mike Myers (actor)|Mike Myers]], hosts a talk show dedicated to, among other things, the adoration of Streisand. Streisand, in turn, made an unannounced guest appearance on the show, surprising Myers and guests, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and [[Roseanne Barr]]. Mike Myers also appeared as the Linda Richman character on stage with Streisand at her 1994 MGM Grand concert, as well as a few of the 1994 Streisand tour shows.<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107779,00.html Oy! It's the Queen of Farklemt! People Magazine. April 4, 1994]</ref>

Streisand is mentioned many times in television sitcoms. In the CBS 1993–1999 sitcom ''[[The Nanny (TV series)|The Nanny]]'', [[Fran Drescher]]'s character [[Fran Fine]], along with her entire family, is obsessed with the performer. And Fran is obsessed with the fact that many times she almost meets Ms. Streisand, most notably when her stepdaughter, Margret S. Sheffield, marries Michael Brolin, nephew of James Brolin who is Barbra Gould Brolin's husband.

Streisand is frequently mentioned in the sitcom ''[[Will & Grace]]'', particularly by the character [[Jack McFarland]]. Songs made famous by Streisand, such as "[[Papa, Can You Hear Me?]]" from ''[[Yentl]]'' and "[[Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man]]" from ''[[The Broadway Album]]'' are reproduced by characters in the show.

The sitcom ''[[Friends]]'' refers to Streisand in at least two episodes. In "[[The One Where Chandler Can't Remember Which Sister]]", [[Monica Geller|Monica]] names a sandwich at her 1950s-styled restaurant after Barbra Streisand. A soup is also named after Streisand's movie ''[[Yentl]]''. Meanwhile, in The One After 'I Do', Phoebe pretends she is pregnant with [[James Brolin|James Brolin's]] baby, to which [[Chandler Bing]] responds "[A]s in Barbra Streisand's husband, James Brolin?" In the same episode, Gould appears on the show as Ross and Monica's father.

At least four episodes of the animated sitcom ''[[The Simpsons]]'' refer to Streisand. Outside Springfield Elementary School, announcing Lisa's jazz concert and noting tickets have been sold out, is an advertisement for a Streisand concert in the same venue for the following day, with tickets still on sale. In another episode, after Marge undergoes therapy, she informs the therapist that whenever she hears the wind blow, she'll hear it saying "Lowenstein", Streisand's therapist character in ''[[The Prince of Tides]]'', despite Marge's therapist having a completely different name. Another reference comes in "[[Sleeping with the Enemy (The Simpsons)|Sleeping with the Enemy]]" when Bart exclaims after seeing Lisa make a snow-angel in a cake on the kitchen table, "At least she's not singing Streisand". In "[[Simple Simpson]]", the on-stage patriotic western-singer says that Ms. Streisand is unpatriotic and could be pleased by spitting on the flag and strangling a bald eagle.

[[File:Mecha-Streisand.jpg|thumb|180px|"Mecha Streisand" as portrayed in the animated show South Park]] Another enduring satirical reference is in the animated series ''[[South Park]]'', most notably in the episode "[[Mecha-Streisand]]", where Streisand is portrayed as a self-important, evil, gigantic robotic dinosaur with a terrible singing voice about to conquer the universe before being defeated by [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[The Cure]]. This was because she criticized ''South Park'' saying it was bad for children. On another occasion, the [[Halloween]] episode "[[Spookyfish]]" is promoted for a week as being done in "Spooky-Vision", which involves Streisand's face seen at times during the episode in the four corners of the screen. At the end of the feature film ''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]],'' her name is used as a powerful curse word, a gag repeated in the episode "[[Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants]]". The Mecha-Streisand character made a return in the Season 14 episodes "[[200 (South Park)|200]]" and "[[201 (South Park)|201]]", as one of several celebrities the show had lampooned over the years.

In the 2002–04 [[Icebox.com]] cartoon and animated TV series ''[[Queer Duck]]'', the title character is obsessed with Streisand. He undergoes Christian-based conversion therapy to be made straight; only Barbra's magic nose can return him to his gayness.

In the 2005 Fox animated sitcom ''[[American Dad!]]'', Season 5 Episode 1 shows Roger preparing to watch a Streisand special where the entertainer sings the collected works of [[Celine Dion]] in Las Vegas.

In Season 1 Episode 12 of ''[[Boston Legal]]'' aired in August 2005, [[Denny Crane]] boasts that he once had a threesome with [[Shirley Schmidt]] and Barbra Streisand. Schmidt corrects him by reminding him that "Barbra Streisand" was actually a female impersonator, whose penis would have been a cue.

In the 2007 Fox animated sitcom ''[[Family Guy]]'', one episode shows [[Lois Griffin|Lois]] singing a cabaret act with "[[Don't Rain On My Parade]]"—originally sung by Streisand in ''{{dn|Funny Girl}}''—only slowed down and jazzier, as an act of defiance to [[Peter Griffin|Peter]]. In another episode, Peter received life insurance after Lois died and claimed that he has more money than Streisand. This was followed by a cut scene showing Streisand and her husband in their home. The husband asked for money and Streisand pressed one nostril of her nose and dollar bills came out the other nostril.

Streisand is referenced frequently on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] TV musical series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''. The character Rachel ([[Lea Michele]]) mentions that Streisand refused to alter her nose in order to become famous in the show's third episode ''[[Acafellas]]''. Also, in the [[Sectionals|mid-season finale]] of ''Glee'', Rachel sings the Streisand anthem "Don't Rain on My Parade". In the episode ''[[Hell-O (Glee)|Hell-O]]'', she says that she will be heartbroken for life, "Like Barbra in ''[[The Way We Were]]''." Also in the episode ''[[Hell-O (Glee)|Hell-O]]'', Jesse St.James ([[Jonathan Groff]]) criticizes Rachel's performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade" by saying that she "lacked Barbra's emotional depth." In the episode ''[[Theatricality]]'', Rachel is spying on the opposing team's dance rehearsal when the director, Shelby Corcoran ([[Idina Menzel]]), expresses dissatisfaction at the team's routine. She demonstrates how it's done with the title song from ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'', and Rachel, sitting in the audience, whispers to her friend, "Exactly what I would have done--Barbra. I could do it in my sleep."

When ''Glee'' won the prize for "Best TV Series-Comedy Or Musical" at the [[2010 Golden Globe Awards]], creator [[Ryan Murphy (writer)|Ryan Murphy]] quipped on stage, "Thank you to the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association|Hollywood Foreign Press]] and Miss Barbra Streisand".

===On film===
In movies, Streisand is remembered as the favorite of the character Howard Brackett, played by [[Kevin Kline]], who finally admits to being gay while standing at the altar in the 1997 romantic comedy ''[[In & Out]]''. His unfortunate bride-to-be, played by [[Joan Cusack]], cries out in frustration to family and friends present, "Does anybody here KNOW how many times I've had to sit through ''[[Funny Lady]]''?" In an earlier scene, Howard is taunted by a friend during an argument at a bar with a jeering, "The studio thought that Barbra was too ol-l-ld to play ''[[Yentl]]''." Barbra's signature tune, "People", is played by a school orchestra in honor of teacher Howard as the story wraps at the end of the credits. This and similar references refer to her popularity among gay men.

In the 1980 musical film ''[[Fame (1980 film)|Fame]]'', one of the characters announces that Barbra Streisand did not have to change her name to get to the top.

In the 1988 comedy, BIG, Tom Hanks goes home and to prove to his mother that he is her "little" boy he sings the first line of her favorite song, "Memories, like the corner of my mind..." from "The Way We Were."

In the 1993 romantic comedy ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'', [[Robin Williams]], while trying different looks to apply to the Mrs. Doubtfire character that he portrays, uses a wig "a la Streisand" and sings some lines from "Don't Rain on My Parade".

In the 1996 comedy "[[The Associate]]", [[Whoopi Goldberg]] plays a business woman, Laurel Ayers, who creates a business associate, Robert S. Cutty, who is said to have known and dated Streisand. In addition to having an autographed picture of Streisand in her office, Ayers also has a cross-dressing friend who dresses up to resemble Streisand throughout the film.

In the 1998 film adaptation of the novel ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' a teenage runaway played by [[Christina Ricci]] paints images of Streisand while being administered large amounts of LSD by Hunter Thompson's Samoan attorney.

In the 1999 film [[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]] based on the [[South Park|TV series]], Cartman shouted out Barbra Streisand's name and shot electricity out of his hands. She is also mentioned in a relationship conversation between the characters of Satan and Saddam Hussein.

In the 2000 remake of the comedy ''[[Bedazzled (1967 film)|Bedazzled]]'', the Devil ([[Elizabeth Hurley]]) tells Elliot ([[Brendan Fraser]]): "It's not easy being the Barbra Streisand of evil, you know."

The characters Carla and Connie, as aspiring song-and-dance acts in the 2004 comedy ''[[Connie and Carla]]'', include four Streisand references. They sing "[[Papa, Can You Hear Me?]]" and "[[Memory (Cats song)|Memory]]" at an airport lounge and "[[Don't Rain On My Parade]]" onstage in a gay bar, and talk about the plot of ''[[Yentl]]'' at the climax of the film after they ask how many in their audience have seen the movie (everyone raised their hands).

In the 2005 animated feature ''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]'', Chicken's best friend Runt's mom says, after she thinks he is lying about seeing an alien spaceship, "Don't make me take away your Streisand collection!" and Runt returns with, "Mother, you leave Barbra out of this!"

===In music===
Sound clips of Streisand's heated exchange with a supporter of former U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] were sampled in the 2009 [[Lucian Piane]] dance song "[[Bale Out]]", making it sound as if she were arguing with actor [[Christian Bale]] (whose recorded outbursts during the filming of ''[[Christian Bale#Terminator Salvation incident|Terminator Salvation]]'' were the centerpiece of the song).<ref name="lowe">{{cite news | last =Lowe | first =Andy | title =Christian Bale flips out on T4 set: Yes, yes. We know you've heard it. But the remixes are even better ... | work =[[Total Film]] | publisher =[[Future Publishing]] | date =February 3, 2009 | url =http://www.totalfilm.com/news/christian-bale-flips-out-on-t4-set | accessdate =February 2, 2010}}</ref> She is also the subject of a 2010 dance track by [[Duck Sauce (band)|Duck Sauce]] called "[[Barbra Streisand (song)|Barbra Streisand]]".

The song entered the UK Singles chart at Number 3 on Sunday 17-10-2010

===On stage===
Daniel Stern's 2003 Off-Broadway play ''Barbra's Wedding'' was set against the backdrop of Streisand's 1998 wedding to James Brolin.

The 2005 Broadway musical ''[[Spamalot]]'' carries the song "You won't succeed on Broadway" which references lines from "[[People (1964 song)|People]]" and "[[Papa, Can You Hear Me?]]".

The 2008 Broadway musical "[[Title of show|[title of show]]]" has a line where the character, Susan, was suggesting names for the title of the show. She threw out the name "Color Me Susan", a reference to Barbra's Color Me Barbra.

==Appearances==
===Broadway performances===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1961–1963 || ''[[I Can Get It for You Wholesale]]'' || Nominated—[[Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical]]
|-
| 1964–1965 || ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' || Nominated—[[Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical]]
|}

===West End performances===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' || April 13, 1966 – July 16, 1966 at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London.
|}

===Television specials===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1965 || ''[[My Name Is Barbra]]'' || Filmed in 1964 | Aired April 28, 1965
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1966 || ''[[Color Me Barbra]]'' || Filmed 1965 | Aired March 30, 1966
|-
| 1967 || ''The Belle of 14th Street'' ||Aired Oct. 11, 1967
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1968 || ''[[A Happening in Central Park]]'' || Aired June 17, 1967
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments]]'' || Nov. 2, 1973
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1975 || ''Funny Girl to Funny Lady'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Barbra: With One More Look at You'' ||
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1983 || ''A Film Is Born: The Making of 'Yentl''' ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Putting it Together: The Making of The Broadway Album'' ||
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1987 || ''[[One Voice (Barbra Streisand album)|One Voice]]'' ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Barbra Streisand: The Concert]]'' || Also producer and director
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 2001 || ''[[Barbra Streisand: Timeless]]'' || Aired on FOX TV February 14, 2001 (1 hour edited version)
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Streisand: Live in Concert]]'' || Aired on CBS April 25, 2009 <ref>CBS.com Online Schedule . Retrieved April 16, 2009.</ref> (Filmed in Florida in 2006)
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 2009 || ''[[Friday Night with Streisand and Ross]]'' || First Ever UK Performance
|}

==Discography==
{{Main|Barbra Streisand discography}}

*1963: ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]''
*1963: ''[[The Second Barbra Streisand Album]]''
*1964: ''[[The Third Album (Barbra Streisand album)| The Third Album]]''
*1964: ''[[Funny Girl (musical)| Funny Girl]]''
*1964: ''[[People (Barbra Streisand album)| People]]''
*1965: ''[[My Name Is Barbra (album)|My Name Is Barbra]]''
*1965: ''[[My Name Is Barbra, Two...]]''
*1966: ''[[Color Me Barbra]]''
*1966: ''[[Je m'appelle Barbra]]''
*1967: ''[[Simply Streisand]]''
*1967: ''[[A Christmas Album (Barbra Streisand album)| A Christmas Album]]''
*1969: ''[[What About Today?]]''
*1971: ''[[Stoney End]]''
*1971: ''[[Barbra Joan Streisand (album)| Barbra Joan Streisand]]''
*1973: ''[[Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments]]''
*1974: ''[[The Way We Were (album)| The Way We Were]]''
*1974: ''[[ButterFly (Barbra Streisand album)| ButterFly]]''
*1975: ''[[Lazy Afternoon (Barbra Streisand album)| Lazy Afternoon]]''
*1976: ''[[Classical Barbra]]''
*1977: ''[[Streisand Superman]]''
*1978: ''[[Songbird (Barbra Streisand album)| Songbird]]''
*1979: ''[[Wet (album)| Wet]]''
*1980: ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand album)| Guilty]]''
*1984: ''[[Emotion (Barbra Streisand album)| Emotion]]''
*1985: ''[[The Broadway Album]]''
*1988: ''[[Till I Loved You (album)| Till I Loved You]]''
*1993: ''[[Back to Broadway]]''
*1997: ''[[Higher Ground (Barbra Streisand album)|Higher Ground]]''
*1999: ''[[A Love Like Ours]]''
*2001: ''[[Christmas Memories]]''
*2003: ''[[The Movie Album]]''
*2005: ''[[Guilty Pleasures (Barbra Streisand album)| Guilty Pleasures]]''
*2009: ''[[Love Is the Answer (album)| Love Is the Answer]]''

==Tours and live performances==
{{Main|List of Barbra Streisand tours and live performances}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Year !! Title !! Continents !! Box-Office Benefits !! Total Audience
|-
| 1966 || ''[[An Evening with Barbra Streisand (Tour)]]'' || North America || $480,000 || 60,000
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 1994 || ''[[Barbra Streisand: The Concert Tour]]'' || North America and Europe || $50 million || 400,000
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Timeless: Live in Concert Tour]]'' || North America and Oceania || $70 million || 200,000
|- style="background:#f0f0f0"
| 2006–2007 || ''[[Streisand: The Tour]]'' || North America and Europe || $119.5 million || 425,000
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]''
| [[Fanny Brice]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] Tied with [[Katharine Hepburn]] for ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' [[David di Donatello for Best Actress|David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress]] Tied with [[Mia Farrow]] for ''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]'' [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] also for ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]''
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]''
| Dolly Levi
| Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] also for ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'' Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1970
| ''[[On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)|On a Clear Day You Can See Forever]]''
| Daisy Gamble / Melinda Tentres
|-
| ''[[The Owl and the Pussycat (film)|The Owl and the Pussycat]]''
| Doris Wilgus/Wadsworth/Wellington/Waverly
| Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 1972
| ''[[What's Up, Doc? (film)|What's Up, Doc?]]''
| Judy Maxwell
|
|-
| ''[[Up the Sandbox]]''
| Margaret Reynolds
|
|-
| 1973
| ''[[The Way We Were]]''
| Katie Morosky
| [[David di Donatello for Best Actress|David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress]] Tied with [[Tatum O'Neal]] for ''[[Paper Moon (film)|Paper Moon]]'' Nominated—[[Academy Award for Best Actress]] Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]
|-
| 1974
| ''[[For Pete's Sake (film)|For Pete's Sake]]''
| Henrietta 'Henry' Robbins
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Funny Lady]]''
| [[Fanny Brice]]
|Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
|-
| 1976
| ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]''
| Esther Hoffman Howard
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] Shared with [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]] (lyrics) for the song "[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)]]" [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] Shared with [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]] (lyrics) for the song "[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)]]" Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]] Shared with [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]], [[Kenny Ascher]], [[Rupert Holmes]], [[Leon Russell]], [[Kenny Loggins]], [[Alan Bergman]], [[Marilyn Bergman]], Donna Weiss
|-
| 1979
| ''[[The Main Event (1979 film)|The Main Event]]''
| Hillary Kramer
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[All Night Long (1981 film)|All Night Long]]''
| Cheryl Gibbons
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]''
| Yentl/Anshel
|(also director and producer) [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director]] [[Nastro d'Argento Best New Director|Nastro d'Argento for Best New Foreign Director]] Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nuts (film)|Nuts]]''
| Claudia Faith Draper
| Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]
|-
| 1991
| ''[[The Prince of Tides]]''
| Dr. Susan Lowenstein
|(also director and producer) Nominated—[[Academy Award for Best Picture]] Shared with Andrew S. Karsch Nominated—[[Directors Guild of America Award]] Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Director]]
|-
| 1996
| ''[[The Mirror Has Two Faces]]''
| Rose Morgan
|(also director and producer) Nominated—[[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] Shared with [[Marvin Hamlisch]], [[Robert John Lange]] and [[Bryan Adams]] for the song "[[I Finally Found Someone]]" Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] Shared with [[Marvin Hamlisch]], [[Robert John Lange]] and [[Bryan Adams]] for the song "[[I Finally Found Someone]]"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Meet the Fockers]]''
| Roz Focker
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Little Fockers]]''
| Roz Focker
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book | last=Andersen | first=Christopher | coauthors= | title=Barbra: The Way She Is | location= | publisher=Harper-Collins | year=2006 | isbn=0-06-056256-0}}
*{{Cite book | last=Edwards | first=Anne | title=Streisand: A Biography | publisher=Little, Brown | year=1997 | isbn=978-0316211383}}
*{{Cite book | last=Riese | first=Randall | title=Her Name Is Barbra: An Intimate Portrait of the Real Barbra Streisand | publisher=Birch Lane Press | year=1993 | isbn=1-55972-203-7}}
*{{Cite book | last=Santopietro | first=Tom | title=The Importance of Being Barbra: The Brilliant, Tumultuous Career of Barbra Streisand | publisher=Thomas Dunne | year=2006 | isbn=978-0312348793}}
*{{Cite book | last=Spada | first=James | coauthors= | title=Streisand: Her Life | location= | publisher=Crown Publishers, Inc | year=1995 | isbn=0517597535}}
*{{Cite book | last=Pohly | first=Linda | coauthors= | title=The Barbra Steisand Companion: A Guide to Her Vocal Style and Repertoire| location= | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2000 | isbn= 0313304149}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
* [http://www.barbrastreisand.com/ BarbraStreisand.com, the Official Site]
* [http://www.bjsmusic.com/ BJSMusic.com]

* {{IMDB name|0000659}}
* {{amg name|112652}}
* {{ibdb|61328}}
* {{iobdb|Barbra|Streisand}}

{{S-start}} {{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female]] | years = 1964 '''for ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]'' ''' 1965 '''for ''[[People (1964 song)|People]]'' ''' 1966 '''for ''[[My Name Is Barbra]]'' '''
| before= [[Ella Fitzgerald]] for ''[[Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson Riddle]]''
| after = [[Eydie Gormé]] for ''[[If He Walked Into My Life]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]] | years = 1964 '''for ''[[The Barbra Streisand Album]]'' '''
| before= [[Vaughn Meader]] for ''[[The First Family]]''
| after = [[Stan Getz]] & [[João Gilberto]] for ''[[Getz/Gilberto]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] | years = 1965 '''for ''[[People (1964 song)|People]]'' '''
| before= [[Ella Fitzgerald]] for ''[[Mack The Knife]]''
| after = [[Petula Clark]] for ''[[I Know a Place]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance | years = 1977 '''for ''[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)]]'' '''
| before= [[Linda Ronstadt]] for ''[[Hasten Down The Wind]]''
| after = [[Anne Murray]] for ''[[You Needed Me]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year]] | years = 1978 '''for ''[[Evergreen]]'' '''
| before= [[Bruce Johnston]] for ''[[I Write the Songs]]''
| after = [[Billy Joel]] for ''[[Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)|Just the Way You Are]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] | years = 1981 '''for ''[[Guilty (Barbra Streisand album)|Guilty]]'' '''
| before= [[The Doobie Brothers]] for ''[[Minute by Minute]]''
| after = [[The Manhattan Transfer]] for ''[[Boy From New York City]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture]] | years = 1984 '''for ''[[Yentl]]'' '''
| before= [[Richard Attenborough]] for ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| after = [[Miloš Forman]] for ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance | years = 1987 '''for ''[[The Broadway Album]]'' '''
| before= [[Whitney Houston]] for ''[[Saving All My Love for You]]''
| after = [[Whitney Houston]] for ''[[I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)]]''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] | years = 1995
| before= [[Bill Evans]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Arthur Rubinstein]]
| after = [[Dave Brubeck]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Georg Solti]], [[Stevie Wonder]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Barbra Streisand}}
{{Template group
|title = Awards for Barbra Streisand
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestActress 1961-1980}}
{{EmmyAward VarietyPerformance 1976-2000}}
{{EmmyAward VarietyPerformance 2001-2025}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActressMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1961-1980}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Director 1966-1990}}
{{2008 Kennedy Center Honorees}}
{{AFI Life Achievement Award}}
}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Streisand, Barbra
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Streisand, Barbara Joan
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Singer-Songwriter, Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH= April 24, 1942
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Brooklyn]], New York, United States
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Streisand, Barbra}}
[[Category:Barbra Streisand|*]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]
[[Category:American dance musicians]]
[[Category:American female pop singers]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American film directors]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:Austrian American Jews]]
[[Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Director Golden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Female film directors]]
[[Category:Democrats (United States)]]
[[Category:BRIT Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Jewish American composers and songwriters]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Tony Award winners]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]

[[ar:باربرا سترايساند]]
[[an:Barbra Streisand]]
[[bg:Барбра Страйсънд]]
[[ca:Barbra Streisand]]
[[cs:Barbra Streisand]]
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[[fa:باربارا استرایسند]]
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[[ko:바브라 스트라이샌드]]
[[hr:Barbra Streisand]]
[[io:Barbra Streisand]]
[[id:Barbra Streisand]]
[[it:Barbra Streisand]]
[[he:ברברה סטרייסנד]]
[[ka:ბარბრა სტრეიზანდი]]
[[sw:Barbra Streisand]]
[[la:Barbara Streisand]]
[[hu:Barbra Streisand]]
[[mk:Барбра Страјсенд]]
[[nl:Barbra Streisand]]
[[ja:バーブラ・ストライサンド]]
[[no:Barbra Streisand]]
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[[uz:Barbra Streisand]]
[[pl:Barbra Streisand]]
[[pt:Barbra Streisand]]
[[ro:Barbra Streisand]]
[[ru:Стрейзанд, Барбра]]
[[sc:Barbra Streisand]]
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[[simple:Barbra Streisand]]
[[sk:Barbra Streisandová]]
[[sl:Barbra Streisand]]
[[sr:Барбра Страјсенд]]
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[[tl:Barbra Streisand]]
[[th:บาร์บรา สตรัยแซนด์]]
[[tr:Barbra Streisand]]
[[uk:Барбра Стрейзанд]]
[[vi:Barbra Streisand]]
[[yi:בארברא סטרייסאנד]]
[[zh:芭芭拉·史翠珊]]

Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency

2010-10-07T14:45:00Z

Jomunro: /* Television adaptation */ Added new information

{{Cleanup|date=April 2007}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency
| image = [[Image:Dirk Gently UK front cover.jpg|200px|Front cover from the first UK hardcover edition of ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'']]
| image_caption = Front cover from the first UK hardcover edition
| author = [[Douglas Adams]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Dirk Gently]]
| genre = [[Fantasy novel|Fantasy]] [[Science fiction novel]]
| publisher = UK: [[William Heinemann Ltd.]], US: [[Pocket Books]]
| release_date = [[1987]]
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]] and [[Hardcover]]), Audiobook (cassette and compact disc)
| pages = 306 pp (paperback edition)
| isbn = 0-671-69267-4
| oclc= 320855177
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul]]
}}
'''''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency''''' is a humorous fantasy [[detective novel]] by [[Douglas Adams]], first published in 1987. It is described on its cover as a "thumping good detective-ghost-horror-who dunnit-time travel-romantic-musical-comedy-epic".

The book was followed by a sequel, ''[[The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul]]''. The only recurring major characters are the eponymous [[Dirk Gently|Gently]], his secretary Janice Pearce and Sergeant Gilks. Before his death, Adams also began work on another novel, ''[[The Salmon of Doubt]]'' with the intention of it being the third book in the series.

A [[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency#BBC Radio adaptation|BBC Radio adaptation]] starring [[Harry Enfield]] was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] on October 2007. A [[The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul (radio serial)|second series]] based on the sequel was broadcast on October 2008.

==Plot summary ==
''Dirk Gently''{{'}}s plot is [[Nonlinear narrative|non-linear]], partly because [[time travel]] is one of the main elements of the story.

Four billion years in Earth's past, a group of Salaxalans attempts to populate the earth; however, a mistake caused by the their engineer -who used an Electric Monk to irrationally believe the proposed fix would work- causes their landing craft to explode, killing the Salaxalans and generating the spark of energy needed to start the process of [[Abiogenesis|life on Earth]]. The ghost of the Salaxalan engineer roams the earth waiting to undo his mistake and watches human life develop. In the early 1800's, the ghost possesses [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], and influences the writer to add a second section to "[[Kubla Khan]]" and altering parts of "[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]" to describe how to correct the problem that destroyed the landing craft in the distant past. The ghost then spends nearly two hundred years seeking out someone whose hardship can be influenced by Coleridge's work. He eventually finds that person to be Michael Wenton-Weakes, a recently-fired editor of an arts magazine. Through subtle influences -as, like hypnosis, the ghost cannot possess anyone who does not fundamentally want to do what the ghost is attempting to accomplish itself- the ghost makes Michael read Coleridge's works and convinces him to kill Albert Ross, the editor who replaced him, allowing the ghost to fully possess his body as it confirms that they both seek to erase those who have supplanted them.

The ghost's actions to seek a host have affected others. During its possession of [[Professor Chronotis|Professor Urban "Reg" Chronotis]] at [[St. Cedd's College, Cambridge|St Cedd's]], it discovers that Reg owns a time machine disguised as his chambers. At the Coleridge Dinner, while possessed, Reg uses his time machine to amuse a little girl with an otherwise impossible magic trick -removing a salt cellar and apparently concealing it in an old pot the girl had discovered. It is the presence of the second section of "Kubla Khan" boring the little girl which prompts Reg to perform the trick. The ghost uses a detour during this trip to bring back an Electric Monk, which it unsuccessfully tries to use for its purposes. The Monk then goes on to kill Wayforward Technologies II's CEO, Gordon Way, due to a misunderstanding.

Following the Coleridge Dinner, Richard MacDuff -former student of Reg and current Gordon Way employee- breaks into his girlfriend's apartment to erase an answering machine message, unaware he was also temporarily possessed by the ghost who was testing if he was the kind of person who would erase a past mistake (having failed with Reg, despite his guilt at having caused the extinction of the dodo). This attracts the attention of Richard's former college friend and "Holistic Detective", [[Dirk Gently]], who believes in the 'fundamental interconnectedness of all things'. Dirk puts together the several haphazard pieces of information and concludes that there is a possessive ghost involved and that Reg has a time machine, as it is the only way to explain his trick. Dirk and Richard proceed to confront Reg, who confesses having the machine, and are met by a fully possessed Michael who asks Reg to let him use the time machine so he can fix the ship in which the Salaxalans arrived on Earth, revealing that their mothership remains hidden in orbit. Reg agrees, and Michael -wearing a make-shift environmental suit- heads towards the landing craft on a inhospitable Earth 4 billion years in the past.

As they watch Michael depart, Richard's girlfriend calls to inform him of the murder of Ross. Dirk figures that the possessed Michael was Ross's killer and that if they don't stop the ghost the necessary spark of life will not occur and human life would be wiped out. Dirk has Reg take them to the 1800's to prevent the second section of "Kubla Khan" from being written, by [[man from Porlock|interrupting Coleridge]] long enough to break his concentration from the ghost's possession and thus foiling his plan. They return to the present to find that, although subtle changes have occurred and Reg's time machine no longer works, everything is normal.

==Characters in ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency''==
*'''[[Dirk Gently]]''' (also known by a number of other names, including Svlad Cjelli), the operator of the [[eponymous]] detective agency that operates based on the "fundamental interconnectedness of all things." He specialises in missing cats and messy divorces. At university, Dirk, seemingly deliberately, created rumours about having clairvoyant abilities by vigorously denying that he had any. He concocted a "get-rich scheme" offering a university exam preparation service and was eventually sent to prison when, by sheer coincidence, he accurately duplicated the exam papers for that year without having seen them.
*'''Richard MacDuff''', a young software engineer working for WayForward Technologies II, owned by Gordon Way. His ''Anthem'' software, which is designed as a spreadsheet, but also has a unique feature to convert corporate accounts into music, was extremely popular, but he is falling behind in his deadlines to create an updated version.
*'''[[Professor Chronotis|Reg]]''' (Professor Urban Chronotis, the Regius Professor of Chronology), Richard's old college tutor, a [[fellow]] of St. Cedd's College, Cambridge with no apparent duties, who is "on the older side of completely indeterminate". He has a predisposition for childish conjuring tricks and an extremely bad memory.
*'''Gordon Way''', the owner of WayForward, who is pressuring Richard to complete his behind-schedule software project, and ends up getting shot for no immediately obvious reason a few chapters into the book.
*'''Susan Way''', sister of Gordon Way and professional cellist, and the "specific girl that Richard is not married to".
*An '''Electric Monk''' from a planet very far from the Earth. Electric monks are coincidentally humanoid robots designed to practice religion in their owners' stead. This particular monk had accidentally been connected to a video recorder and, in attempting to believe everything on the TV, had malfunctioned and begun to believe "all kinds of things, more or less at random", including things like tables being hermaphrodites and God wanting a lot of money sent to a certain address. Since it was cheaper to replace the Monk than to repair it, the Monk was cast out in the wilderness to believe whatever it liked. The Monk also owns a somewhat cynical horse, which he was allowed to keep because "horses were so cheap to make". Upon his arrival on Earth, the Monk has several humorous misadventures.
*'''Michael Wenton-Weakes''', the spoiled son of wealthy parents, known pejoratively as "Michael Wednesday-Week," which is when he promises to have the next issue of his poorly managed magazine ''Fathom'' ready. His mother sold ''Fathom'' to Gordon Way after his father's accidental death when the latter was changing an electric plug. While Michael seems largely apathetic and yielding to others, the loss of ''Fathom'' bothers him much more deeply than anyone realises.
*'''[[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]''', writer and [[laudanum]] user. For the sake of the novel, he is made to have attended St. Cedd's College. His poems ''[[Kubla Khan]]'' and ''[[Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' figure prominently in the plot, but their significance is not explained entirely until the book's end.

==Major themes==
The central motif of ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'' is the fundamental '''interconnectedness of everything'''. Many details may appear superfluous, but turn out to be integral to the plot (Such as a sofa that Richard ordered which has somehow become trapped on his staircase in a position where it not only cannot be removed, but could not apparently have assumed in the first place; this is explained as the time machine having appeared in the staircase wall while the removal men were bringing it in, Dirk opening the door to help them get it up the stairs before the machine departed). [[Chaos theory]], in its accessible form popularised by writers such as [[James Gleick]], is therefore an appropriate context for this novel. The novel's title mentions the idea of [[holism]]. There are [[quantum mechanics]] references as well; phenomena of non-locality, as in the [[EPR paradox]], make appearances, and the concept of [[Schrödinger's Cat]] plays a part in helping Dirk determine Richard's mental state, Richard producing clear and rational arguments for why the experiment proposed in the theory cannot be carried out in reality.

==Literary significance and reception==
In 1990, the Magill Book Reviews said "The author's whimsical sense of humor and his sense that the universe has many unexplored possibilities will arouse the interest of a wide readership."<ref>{{cite journal|date=1990-05-01|title=Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency|journal=Magill Book Reviews|issn=08907722}}</ref>

This novel caused Adams to become acquainted with the well-known scientist [[Richard Dawkins]]. As Dawkins explains, "As soon as I finished it, I turned back to page one and read it straight through again – the only time I have ever done that, and I wrote to tell him so. He replied that he was a fan of my books, and he invited me to his house in London."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Dawkins
| first = Richard
| authorlink = Richard Dawkins
| title = Lament for Douglas Adams
| publisher = The Guardian
| date = 2001-05-14
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,490295,00.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-29 }}</ref> Adams would later introduce Dawkins to the woman who was to become his third wife, the actress [[Lalla Ward]], best known for playing the character [[Romana]] in ''[[Doctor Who]]''. One of her early serials on the programme was ''[[City of Death]]'', which Adams wrote, and which shares certain plot elements with the novel.

==Allusions and references==
===Allusions to other works===
The life and works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge play a central role in the story, particularly ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' and ''[[Kubla Khan]]''.

The piece of music by Bach that is heard aboard the satellite is "Ach Bleib Bei Uns, Herr Jesu Christ" from the cantata "Bleib Bei Uns, denn es will Abend Werden", [[BWV 6]] (also an organ chorale BWV 649). Adams has stated that this is his personal "absolutely perfect" piece of music, and that he listened to it "over and over; drove my wife completely insane" while writing ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency''<ref>Interview with M. Throsby, ABC Classic FM, 1999, 17 May 2001 (repeat)</ref>

===Allusions to Adams's life===
In the novel, a sofa is irreversibly stuck on the staircase to Richard's apartment; according to his simulations, not only is it impossible to remove it, but there is no way for it to have got into that position in the first place. In a similar incident that occurred while Douglas Adams attended [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], furniture was placed in the rooms overlooking the river in Third Court while the staircases were being refurbished. When the staircases were completed, it was discovered that the sofas could no longer be removed from the rooms, and the sofas remained in those rooms for several decades.

The South Bank Show revealed that Adams based Chronotis' rooms on the rooms he occupied in his third year at university. Likewise, Richard's room - filled with Macintosh computers and synthesisers - was based on Adams' own flat (visited and photographed by Hi-Fi Choice Magazine).

The story borrows elements from two ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serials written by Adams:
*In ''[[City of Death]]'' an alien (Scaroth the Jagaroth) tries to change history by using time travel to avert a disastrous spaceship launch in the primeval past, at the cost of erasing humanity from existence. The Jagaroth are replaced by the Salaxalans in ''Dirk Gently''. Scaroth is splintered into twelve different periods of history, whereas the Salaxalan Ghost lives through all the billions of years.

*In ''[[Shada]]'', a professor called Chronotis is hundreds of years old. He has been living and working at a Cambridge college for centuries, without anyone noticing. He possesses an eccentric time machine. In ''Shada'', Chronotis's longevity is due to him being a Time Lord, and his time machine is an early model [[TARDIS]]. These trademark elements from Doctor Who were removed by Adams for ''Dirk Gently''. ''Shada'', which never aired due to a production strike terminating its filming, was later released on VHS with [[Tom Baker]] narrating the unfilmed segments. ''Shada'' was completed as a webcast with slight alterations to the script, with [[Paul McGann]] as the [[Eighth Doctor]] and [[John Leeson]] as K9, explaining the remake as the Doctor and Romana having 'missed' going through the events as originally intended due to them being taken out of time during the events of ''[[The Five Doctors]]'' (Which used clips from ''Shada'' to account for Baker's absence). The webcast is available at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/webcasts/shada/ The Official Doctor Who Website] and released on CD by Big Finish productions.

==Adaptations==
On 5 January 1992, Dirk Gently, Richard MacDuff, Dirk's secretary, and the Electric Monk all appeared in the Douglas Adams episode of the British arts documentary series ''[[The South Bank Show]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077082/epcast Cast list] for The South Bank Show episode on IMDb.</ref> [[Michael Bywater]] played Dirk, while [[Paul Shearer]] played both Richard and the Monk. Several characters from ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' were also featured, played by the original television series actors.

The book has been adapted for stage performance as ''[[Dirk (play)|Dirk]]''.

In 2005, some fans of Douglas Adams produced a fan radio series based on the first book. Their efforts began and were coordinated on the Douglas Adams Continuum website.<ref>[http://www.douglasadams.se/forum/viewforum.php?f=26&sid=aba592c461483f1e967856103ec5048f Dirk Gently radio series discussion forum] on douglasadams.se</ref> Three episodes were completed.<ref>[http://dirkgently.podomatic.com Dirk Gently radio series] download site</ref>

A publishing company has been seeking the rights to produce a graphic novel adaptation, though art has been removed for legal reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=www.dirk-gently.com |url=http://www.dirk-gently.com/ |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040410080252/http://www.dirk-gently.com/ |archivedate=2004-04-10 |author=Ray Friesen}}</ref>

===BBC Radio adaptation===

Announced on 26 January 2007, BBC Radio 4 commissioned [[Above the Title Productions]] to make eighteen 30-minute adaptations of Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently books (including ''[[The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul]]'' and the unfinished ''[[The Salmon of Doubt]]''), running in three series of six episodes.

The first series began on 3 October 2007 and features [[Harry Enfield]] as Dirk, [[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy Boyd]] as Richard, [[Olivia Colman]] as Janice, [[Jim Carter (actor)|Jim Carter]] as Gilks, [[Andrew Sachs]] as Reg, [[Felicity Montagu]] as Susan, [[Robert Duncan (actor)|Robert Duncan]] as Gordon, [[Toby Longworth]] as the Monk, [[Michael Fenton Stevens]] as Michael, [[Andrew Secombe]], [[Jon Glover]], [[Jeffrey Holland]], Wayne Forester and Tamsin Heatley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/13/dirk.shtml|title=BBC - Press Office - Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency opens for business|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dirkmaggs.dswilliams.co.uk/dirk%20maggs%20news%20%20new%20projects.htm Dirk Maggs] News and New Projects page</ref><ref>July 2007 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/ BBC announcement] of radio version</ref>

The script for ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'' was by [[Dirk Maggs]], who also directs, and John Langdon. The show was produced by Maggs and Jo Wheeler. As with the previous Hitchhiker's series, the cd version features greatly expanded episodes. The official websites are at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/ bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently] and [http://www.abovethetitle.com/hda_home.php/ www.abovethetitle.com/hda_home.php].

Dirk Maggs parted company with Above the Title Productions when he started his own production company, Perfectly Normal Productions and so the project was never completed and the proposed radio series of ''The Salmon of Doubt'' remains unmade as of April 2010.

====Difference between BBC Radio version and the novel====

There are a number of structural and detail differences between the radio adaptation and the book, mostly to aid the comprehension of the story when split into six half-hour episodes; this adaptation is a considered step away from the original [[Shada]] story structure. (Also, in the book Dirk Gently doesn't appear for the first 90 pages: If the radio adaptation had followed the book in structure the main character would not have appeared until episode three!)

In particular, the main characters have a closer relationship than in the novel. Dirk Gently is being employed by Gordon Way to monitor Richard MacDuff's working hours, Michael Wenton-Weakes was a contemporary of Richard at St Cedd's College. Janice Pearce is present in many more scenes than in the book, such as at Richard's hypnosis<ref name="ep2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/episode_2.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Comedy - Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency - Episodes - Episode 2|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>. Minor characters are expanded upon, such as the service station attendant.

Scenes are fleshed out with more details and dialogue, such as the actual music played by the Anthem II Software<ref name="ep1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/episode_1.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Comedy - Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency - Episodes - Episode 1|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref> being the UK's [[Balance of Payments]].

Minor changes in the story's alternative time-line include the BBC's political editor being Davis Evans (rather than [[Evan Davis (journalist)|Evan Davis]]) and [[Kubla Khan]] being "the longest poem in English literature"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/production_diary.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Comedy - Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency - Production Diary|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> as well as references to the coronation of [[Edward VIII]] (who was never crowned), and [[Jeremy Clarkson]] being the [[BBC]]'s environment correspondent (rather than a motoring journalist). Some scenes or characters are removed, such as Al Ross. Michael murders his mother instead<ref name="ep5">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/dirkgently/episode_5.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Comedy - Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency - Episodes - Episode 5|accessdate=2007-11-04}}</ref>.

For plot exposition, Dirk is possessed by Gordon to discover what happened to him after his death, when he visits the murder scenes (as a "crime tourist") in Oxfordshire with Richard and Janice.

There are also occasional references to the song "Hot Potato", a plot element from the second Dirk Gently novel [[The Long Dark Teatime of the Soul]], which puts Richard a performer whose work is released as '''Pugilism and the Third Autistic Cuckoo'''.

At the end of the radio serial Dirk, Reg and Richard prevent the sofa from being stuck on the stairs, rather than create the situation whereby it gets stuck there - and Reg 'returns' the characters to the day before they left where they stay, rather than travelling to three weeks before and then returning to the actual day they left.

===Audiobook adaptation===

Apart from the radio broadcasts, Douglas Adams recorded both unabridged and abridged readings of the first novel for the audiobook market.

===Television adaptation===
During [[Hitchcon]], the first ''Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' convention, Ed Victor, a literary agent who represents Adams's estate, announced that a television adaptation of ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'' was in production. [[Caryn Mandabach]], who was an executive for ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' is attached to the project as a [[television producer|producer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2009/10/11/9767/bbc_plans_dirk_gently_tv_series|title=BBC plans Dirk Gently TV series|publisher=Chortle.co.uk|date=11 October 2009|accessdate=11 October 2009}}</ref> [[Stephen Mangan]] is set to play Gently, wih [[Darren Boyd]] as Macduff and [[Helen Baxendale]] as Susan Way. It will be broadcast on [[BBC4]].<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11482882</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==See also==
* [[Dirk Gently]]
* [[Detective fiction]]

<div style="font-size:90%;">
{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 align=center
|---- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!width="50%"|Series:
!width="50%"|Followed by: 
|----- align="center"
|[[Dirk Gently]] series
|''[[The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul]]''
|}
</div>

{{Dirk Gently}}

[[Category:Dirk Gently]]
[[Category:1987 novels]]
[[Category:Comedy novels]]
[[Category:British science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Douglas Adams]]

[[de:Der elektrische Mönch]]
[[fr:Un cheval dans la salle de bains]]
[[ko:더크 젠틀리의 성스러운 탐정 사무소]]
[[it:Dirk Gently. Agenzia di investigazione olistica]]
[[he:סוכנות הבילוש של דירק ג'נטלי]]

Dakota Fanning

2010-06-10T20:36:59Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{Infobox actor
| image = Dakota Fanning Push Premiere.jpg
| caption = Fanning in January 2009
| birthname = Hannah Dakota Fanning
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1994|2|23}}
| birthplace = [[Conyers, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| deathdate =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2000–present
}}

'''Hannah Dakota Fanning'''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050204/news_1c04dakota.html|title= 'Hide and Seek' star Fanning, at 10, already owns acting chops|accessdate= 2008-09-29|author= Colleen Long|date= 2005-02-04|publisher= [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref> (born February 23, 1994), better known simply as '''Dakota Fanning''', is an American actress. Fanning's breakthrough performance was in ''[[I Am Sam]]'' in 2001. As a child actress, she appeared in high-profile films such as ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]'', ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'', and ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]''. Fanning began transitioning to more adult roles with ''[[Hounddog (film)|Hounddog]]'' and [[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|''The Secret Life of Bees'']]. She has won numerous awards and is the youngest person ever to have been nominated for a [[Screen Actors Guild]] Award.

== Personal life ==
Dakota Fanning was born in [[Conyers, Georgia]], the daughter of Joy ([[married and maiden names|née]] Arrington), who played [[tennis]] professionally, and Steve Fanning, who played [[minor league baseball]] for the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] and now works as an electronics salesman in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>Fanning's Genealogy at Ancestry.com</ref> Her maternal grandfather was former [[American football]] player, [[Rick Arrington]], and her aunt is former [[ESPN]] reporter [[Jill Arrington]].<ref name="milliondl">{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Joel|coauthors=|title=The Million-Dollar Baby|pages=|publisher=Time|date=2005-02-27|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1032353,00.html|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Dakota is the older sister of [[Elle Fanning]], also an actress.

Fanning is of half [[German American|German]] descent and her last name is of [[Irish American|Irish]] origin.<ref name="timess">{{cite web | publisher=timessquare.com | title=Dakota Fanning Lives Out Her Dreams | url=http://timessquare.com/Movies/FILM_INTERVIEWS/Dakota_Fanning_Lives_Out_Her_Dreams/ | accessdate=July 21, 2006}}</ref> Fanning and her family are [[Southern Baptist]].<ref name="lifeteen">{{cite web | publisher=lifeteen.com | title=Interview: Dakota Fanning | url=http://www.lifeteen.com/default.aspx?PageID=FEATUREDETAIL&__DocumentId=106317&__ArticleIndex=0 | accessdate=July 19, 2006}}</ref> She attends [[Campbell Hall School]] in [[North Hollywood, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://omg.yahoo.com/blogs/crush/friday-night-lights/241?nc |title=Friday Night Lights – Crush: Hollywood's Next Generation – omg! on Yahoo |publisher=Omg.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> and is on the varsity spirit [[cheerleading]] squad.<ref>{{cite web|last=Heyman |first=Marshall |url=http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/10/dakota_fanning |title=Dakota Fanning: Celebrities |publisher=Wmagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
=== Early years ===
Fanning began acting at the age of five after appearing on a [[Tide (brand)|Tide]] [[Television advertisement|commercial]]. Her first significant acting job was a [[guest star|guest-starring]] role in the [[NBC]] [[prime time|prime-time]] [[drama]] ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', which remains one of her favorite roles ("I played a car accident victim who has [[leukemia]]. I got to wear a neck brace and nose tubes for the two days I worked.")<ref name="jam">{{cite web | publisher=Jam! Movies | title=Fanning the flames | url=http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:ReI8vCDkr_gJ:www.canoe.ca/JamMoviesArtistsF/fanning_dakota.html+%22Dakota+Fanning%22+%22days+I+worked%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&lr=lang_en | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref>

Fanning subsequently had several guest roles on established television series, including ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'', ''[[The Practice]]'', and ''[[Spin City]]''. She also portrayed the title characters of ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' and ''[[The Ellen Show]]'' as young girls. In 2001, Fanning was chosen to star opposite [[Sean Penn]] in the movie ''[[I Am Sam]]'', the story of a [[mental retardation|mentally challenged]] man who fights for the custody of his daughter (played by Fanning).

Her role in the film made Fanning the youngest person ever to be nominated for a [[Screen Actors Guild]] Award, being seven years of age at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org/history_8 |title=History of the 8th SAG Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=Sagawards.org |date=2002-03-10 |accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> She also won the Best Young Actor/Actress award from the [[Broadcast Film Critics Association]] for her performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2001.php |title=The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2001 |publisher=Bfca.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref>

=== 2002–2003 ===
In 2002, director [[Steven Spielberg]] cast Fanning in the lead child role of Allison "Allie" Clarke/Keys in the [[science fiction]] [[miniseries]] ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]''. By this time, she had received positive notices by several film critics, including Tom Shales of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', who wrote that Fanning "has the perfect sort of otherworldly look about her, an enchanting young actress called upon ... to carry a great weight."<ref name="post">{{cite web | publisher=The Washington Post via virtuallystrange.net | title=Sci Fi's 'Taken' Grabs You and Doesn't Let Go | url=http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2002/dec/m03-004.shtml | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref>

In the same year, Fanning appeared in three films: as a kidnap victim who proves to be more than her abductors bargained for in ''[[Trapped (2002 film)|Trapped]]'', as the young version of [[Reese Witherspoon]]'s character in ''[[Sweet Home Alabama (film)|Sweet Home Alabama]]'', and as Katie in the movie ''[[Hansel and Gretel (2002 film)|Hansel and Gretel]]''.

Fanning was featured even more prominently in two films released in 2003: playing the uptight child to an immature nanny played by [[Brittany Murphy]] in ''[[Uptown Girls]]'' and as Sally in ''[[The Cat in the Hat (film)|The Cat in the Hat]]''.

Fanning did [[voice-over]] work for four [[animation|animated]] projects during this period, including voicing Satsuki in [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]'s [[English language]] release of ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'', a little girl in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] series ''[[Family Guy]]'', and a young [[Wonder Woman]] in an episode of [[Cartoon Network]]'s ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]''.

=== 2004–2005 ===
[[File:Dakota Fanning cropped.jpg|right|thumb|Dakota Fanning at the London premiere of ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' in June 2005.]]
In 2004, Fanning appeared in ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]'' as Pita, a nine-year-old who wins over the heart of a retired [[mercenary]] ([[Denzel Washington]]) hired to protect her from kidnappers. [[Roger Ebert]] wrote that Fanning "is a pro at only 10 years old, and creates a heart-winning character."<ref name="ebert">{{cite web | publisher=rogerebert.com | title=Man on Fire (review) | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040423/REVIEWS/404230302/1023 | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref>

''[[Hide and Seek (2005 film)|Hide and Seek]]'' was her first release in 2005, opposite [[Robert De Niro]]. The film was generally panned, and critic Chuck Wilson called it "a fascinating meeting of equals — if the child star [Fanning] challenged the master [De Niro] to a game of stare-down, the legend might very well blink first."<ref name="laweekly">{{cite web | publisher=laweekly.com | title=Hide and Seek review | url=http://www.laweekly.com/film/film_results.php?showid=3257 | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref> Fanning voiced Lilo (succeeding [[Daveigh Chase]]) in the [[direct-to-video]] film ''[[Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch]]''. She also had a small part in the [[Rodrigo Garcia]] film ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (released in October 2005), in which she shared an unbroken nine-minute scene with actress [[Glenn Close]], who had her own praise for Fanning: "She's definitely an old soul. She's one of those gifted people that come along every now and then."<ref name="close">{{cite web | publisher=monstersandcritics.com | title=Glenn Close raves about Dakota Fanning | url=http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1049828.php | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref> Fanning also recorded voice work for ''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]'' during this time.<ref name="coraline">{{cite web | publisher=about.com | title=Dakota Fanning Signs on to "Coraline" | url=http://movies.about.com/od/moviesinproduction/a/coraline102505.htm | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref>

Fanning completed filming on ''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story]]'' (opposite [[Kurt Russell]]) in late October 2004. Russell declared he was astonished by his co-star's performance in the film. Russell, 54, who plays her father in the movie, says, "I guarantee you, (Dakota) is the best actress I will work with in my entire career." <ref>{{cite web | publisher=softpedia.com | title=Kurt Russell Says Dakota Fanning Is The Best Actress He Ever Played With | url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Kurt-Russell-Says-Dakota-Fanning-Is-The-Best-Actress-He-Ever-Played-With-8779.shtml
| accessdate=April 12, 2007}}</ref>
[[Kris Kristofferson]], who plays her character's grandfather in the movie, said that she's like [[Bette Davis]] [[reincarnation|reincarnated]].<ref name="bette">{{cite web | publisher=reel.com | title= Dreamer: Inspired By a True Story (2005) DVD Review | url=http://www.reel.com/movie.asp?MID=141246&PID=10121575&Tab=reviews&CID=18 | accessdate=January 28, 2007}}</ref>

While promoting her role in ''Dreamer'', Fanning became a registered member of [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] at a special ceremony, which was followed by a screening of the film for members of the Girl Scouts of the San Fernando Valley Council. She is not a member of a troop, but rather registered as a "[[Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting|Juliette]]", GSUSA's title for independently registered girls.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=girlscouts.org| title= Dakota Fanning, Movie Star and Girl Scout | url=http://www.girlscouts.org/news/news_releases/2005/dakota_fanning.asp | accessdate=April 28, 2007}}</ref>

She then went directly to the set of ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'', starring alongside [[Tom Cruise]]. Released in reverse order (''War'' in June 2005 and ''Dreamer'' in the following October), both films were critical successes. ''War'' director [[Steven Spielberg]] praised "how quickly she understands the situation in a sequence, how quickly she sizes it up, measures it up and how she would really react in a real situation."<ref name="comingsoonet">{{cite web | publisher=comingsoon.net | title=War of the Worlds: Spielberg & Cruise – Part I | url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=10136 | accessdate=March 13, 2006}}</ref>

After filming was completed on ''War of the Worlds'', Fanning moved straight to another film without a break: ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]],'' which she finished filming in May 2005 in [[Australia]]. Released on December 15, 2006, ''Web'' met generally warm critical acclaim. Producer Jordan Kerner said, "...when she was so caught up in ''War of the Worlds'', we had to end up going on a search for other young actresses. They would have been nothing compared to her."<ref name="Moviehole.net">{{cite web | publisher=moviehole.net | title=Exclusive Interview : Jordan Kerner | url=http://www.moviehole.net/interviews/20061204_exclusive_interview_jordan_ker.html | accessdate=December 15, 2006}}</ref>

=== 2006–2007 ===
Over the summer of 2006, Fanning worked on the film ''[[Hounddog (film)|Hounddog]]'', described in press reports as a "dark story of [[Child sexual abuse|abuse]], violence and [[Elvis Presley]] adulation in the rural South."<ref name="hounddog">{{cite web | publisher=nydailynews.com | title=All shook up over Dakota's Hounddog | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/436645p-367837c.html | accessdate=July 20, 2006}}</ref> Fanning's parents have been criticized for allowing her to film a scene in which her character is [[rape]]d. However, in response, Fanning said that "It's not really happening," to [[Reuters]]. "It's a movie, and it's called acting."<ref name="attack">{{cite news | publisher=cnn.com | title=Dakota Fanning: 'It's called acting' | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Movies/01/24/sundance.fanning.ap/ | accessdate=January 29, 2007}}</ref> Director Deborah Kampmeier addressed the controversy in the January 2007 edition of ''[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]'': "The assumption that [Dakota] was violated in order to give this performance denies her talent."<ref name="premiere">{{cite news | title=No More Kid Stuff | publisher=Premiere | date=January 2007}}</ref>

In 2006, at the age of 12, she was invited to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], becoming the youngest member in the Academy's history.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brokeback stars to join Academy | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5153130.stm | publisher=BBC | date=April 2007}}</ref> Her income for 2006 was $4 million, earning her the fourth place in [[Forbes Magazine]]'s list of top-earning stars aged under 21.<ref>{{cite news |work=Forbes Magazine |title=Young Hollywood's Top-Earning Stars |date=February 26, 2007 |url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/23/celebrities-hollywood-earnings-tech-ent_cz_0226youngstars.html}}</ref>

In March and April 2007, she filmed ''[[Fragments (film)|Fragments – Winged Creatures]]'' alongside [[Kate Beckinsale]], [[Guy Pearce]], [[Josh Hutcherson]], and [[Academy Award]] winners [[Forest Whitaker]] and [[Jennifer Hudson]]. She plays Anne Hagen, a girl who witnesses her father's [[murder]] and who turns to religion in the aftermath.

In July 2007, Fanning filmed for three days a short film titled ''[[Cutlass (short film)|Cutlass]]'', one of [[Glamour magazine|''Glamour'']]'s "Reel Moments" based on readers' personal essays. ''Cutlass'' was directed by [[Kate Hudson]].

From September to December 2007, Fanning filmed ''[[Push (2009 film)|Push]],'' which centers on a group of young American expatriates with [[telekinesis|telekinetic]] and [[clairvoyant]] abilities who hide from a U.S. government agency in [[Hong Kong]] and band together to try to escape the control of the division.<ref name="Vanity Fair">{{cite news | title=Fanning set to 'Push' for McGuigan | url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117970403.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | publisher=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=August 2007}}</ref> Fanning plays Cassie Holmes, a 13-year-old psychic.

=== 2008–present ===
[[File:DakotaFanning08TIFF.jpg|thumb|right|Fanning at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
In January 2008, Fanning began filming the [[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|movie adaptation]] of ''[[The Secret Life of Bees]]'', a novel by [[Sue Monk Kidd]].<ref name="Variety">{{cite news | title=Cast set for 'Secret Life of Bees'
|url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117977996.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | date=December 2007}}</ref> Set in [[South Carolina]] in 1964, the story centers on Lily Owens (Fanning), who escapes her lonely life and troubled relationship with her father by running away with her caregiver and only friend (played by [[Jennifer Hudson]]) to a South Carolina town where they are taken in by an eccentric trio of beekeeping sisters (played by [[Queen Latifah]], [[Sophie Okonedo]], and [[Alicia Keys]]). Her movies ''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]'' and ''[[Push (2009 film)|Push]]'' were released on the same day, February 6, 2009.

Fanning played Jane in ''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon|New Moon]]'' and will reprise the role in ''[[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse|Eclipse]]'', based on novels by [[Stephenie Meyer]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Dakota Fanning Confirmed For 'New Moon' | url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/dakota-fanning-confirmed-for-new-moon_article_15300 | publisher=[[Access Hollywood]] | date=2009-03-07 | accessdate=2009-03-07 }}</ref> ''New Moon'' was released on November 20, 2009, and ''Eclipse'' is set for release on June 30, 2010.

In 2010, she starred in the movie ''[[The Runaways (film)|The Runaways]]'', alongside [[Kristen Stewart]], [[Stella Maeve]], and [[Scout Taylor-Compton]], where she played [[Cherie Currie]], the lead singer of [[The Runaways|the band]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|2001
|''[[Father Xmas]]''
|Clairee
|[[short subject]]
|-
|''[[Tomcats (film)|Tomcats]]''
|Little Girl in Park
|
|-
|''[[I Am Sam]]''
|Lucy Diamond Dawson
|Dakota's younger sister, [[Elle Fanning]], plays the younger version of Lucy
|-
|rowspan="4"|2002
|''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]'' (TV)
|[[List of characters in Taken#The Keys|Allie Keys]]
|Television miniseries Elle Fanning plays the younger version of Allie
|-
|''[[Trapped (2002 film)|Trapped]]''
|Abigail Jennings, "Abbie"
|
|-
|''[[Sweet Home Alabama (film)|Sweet Home Alabama]]''
|Young Melanie
|
|-
|''[[Hansel and Gretel (2002 film)|Hansel and Gretel]]''
|Katie
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2003
|''[[Uptown Girls]]''
|Lorraine Schleine, "Ray"
|
|-
|''[[The Cat in the Hat (film)|The Cat in the Hat]]''
|Sally Walden
|
|-
|''[[Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time]]''
|Preschool Kim
|Voice
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
|''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]''
|Lupita Martin Ramos, "Pita"
|
|-
|''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]''
|Satsuki Kusakabe
|Voice (English Version)
|-
|''[[In the Realms of the Unreal]]''
|Narrator
|Voice
|-
|rowspan="5"|2005
|''[[Hide and Seek (2005 film)|Hide and Seek]]''
|Emily Callaway
|
|-
|''[[Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch]]''
|Lilo
|Voice
|-
|''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]''
|Maria
|
|-
|''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]''
|Rachel Ferrier
|
|-
|''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer]]''
|Cale Crane
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]''
|Fern Arable
|Elle Fanning plays Fern's granddaughter in alternate ending
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|''[[Hounddog (film)|Hounddog]]''
|Lewellen
|
|-
|"[[Cutlass (short film)|Cutlass]]"
|Lacy
|Short film
|-
|2008
|''[[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|The Secret Life of Bees]]''
|Lily Owens
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]''
|[[Coraline|Coraline Jones]]
|Voice
|-
|''[[Push (2009 film)|Push]]''
|[[Push (2009 film)#Cast|Cassie Holmes]]
|
|-
|''[[Fragments (film)|Fragments - Winged Creatures]]''
|Anne Hagen
|
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon]]''
|[[List of Twilight characters#The Volturi|Jane]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[The Runaways (film)|The Runaways]]''
|[[Cherie Currie]]
|
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse]]''
|[[List of Twilight characters#The Volturi|Jane]]
|
|-

== Television appearances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="6"|2000
|''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
|Delia Chadsey
|"The Fastest Year"
|-
|''[[Ally McBeal]]''
|Ally (5 years)
|"Ally McBeal: The Musical, Almost"
|-
|''[[Strong Medicine]]''
|Edie's Girl
|"Misconceptions"
|-
|''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
|Brenda Collins
|"Blood Drops"
|-
|''[[The Practice]]''
|Alessa Engel
|"The Deal"
|-
|''[[Spin City]]''
|Cindy
|"Toy Story"
|-
|rowspan="4"|2001
|''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]''
|Emily
|"New Neighbors"
|-
|''The Fighting Fitzgeralds''
|Marie
|"Pilot"
|-
|''[[Family Guy]]''
|Little girl
|"[[To Love and Die in Dixie]]"
|-
|''[[The Ellen Show]]''
|Young Ellen
|"Missing the Bus"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|''[[Justice League Unlimited]]''
|Young Wonder Woman (voice)
|"Kid Stuff"
|-
|''[[Friends]]''
|Mackenzie
|"The One with Princess Consuela"
|}

== Awards and Nominations ==

{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}
'''[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]''' (Blimp Award)
* 2007 Favorite Movie Actress, ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]'' (2006)
* 2006 Favorite Movie Actress for: ''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story]]'' (2005) (nominated)

'''[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award]]''' (Critics' Choice Award)
* 2009 Best Young Actor/Actress (Under 21) for: ''[[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|The Secret Life of Bees]]'' (2008) (nominated)
* 2007 Best Young Actress for: ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]'' (2006) (nominated)
* 2006 Best Young Actress, ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005)
* 2005 Best Young Actress for: ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]'' (2004) (nominated)
* 2002 Best Young Actor/Actress, ''[[I Am Sam]]'' ([[2001 in film|2001]])

'''[[Saturn Award|Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA]]''' (Saturn Award)
* 2006 Best Performance by a Younger Actor, ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005)
* 2003 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series for: ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]'' (2002) (nominated)

'''[[Las Vegas Film Critics Society|Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards]]''' (Sierra Awards)
* 2005 Youth in Film, ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005)
* 2002 Youth in Film, ''[[I Am Sam]]'' (2001)

'''[[Locarno International Film Festival]]''' (Bronze Leopard)
* 2005 Best Actress (shared with other cast members), ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005)

'''[[Relly Awards]]'''
* 2005 Best Junior Achiever

'''[[MTV Movie Awards]]''' (MTV Movie Award)
* 2010 Best Kiss Performance, ''[[The Runaways (film)|The Runaways]]'' (2010) (nominated)
* 2006 Best Frightened Performance for: ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) (nominated)
* 2005 Best Frightened Performance, ''[[Hide and Seek (2005 film)|Hide and Seek]]'' (2005)

'''[[Image Awards]]'''
* 2009 Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for: ''[[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|The Secret Life of Bees]]'' (2008) (nominated)

'''[[Irish Film and Television Awards]]'''
* 2005 Best International Actress for: ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) (nominated)

'''[[Gotham Awards]]'''
* 2005 Best Ensemble Cast for: ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005) (nominated)

'''[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]'''
* 2002 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
for: ''[[I Am Sam]]'' (2001) (nominated)

'''[[Satellite Award]]''' (Special Achievement Award)
* 2002 Outstanding New Talent, ''[[I Am Sam]]'' (2001)

'''[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]]''' (CFCA Award)
* 2002 Most Promising Performer (nominated)

'''[[Black Reel Awards]]'''
* 2008 Best Ensemble for: ''[[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|The Secret Life of Bees]]'' (2008) (nominated)

'''[[Young Artist Award]]s''' (Young Artist Award)
* 2010 Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role – Young Actor/Actress for: ''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]'' (2009) (nominated)
* 2009 Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress, ''[[The Secret Life of Bees (film)|The Secret Life of Bees]]'' (2008)
* 2007 Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress for: ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]'' (2006) (nominated)
* 2006 Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress, ''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story]]'' (2005)
* 2005 Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress for: ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]'' (2004) (nominated)
* 2004 Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress for: ''[[The Cat in the Hat (film)|The Cat in the Hat]]'' (2003) (nominated)
* 2003 Best Performance in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Special – Leading Young Actress for: ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]'' (2002) (nominated)
* 2002 Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Under, ''[[I Am Sam]]'' (2001)

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat}}
* {{imdb|0266824|Dakota Fanning}}
* {{tvtome person|id=26659|name=Dakota Fanning}}
* [http://www.filmbug.com/db/342622 Dakota Fanning's biography on filmbug]


{{Persondata 
|NAME = Fanning, Dakota
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dakota Fanning
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH = 23 February 1994
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Conyers, Georgia]]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fanning, Dakota}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Baptists from the United States]]
[[Category:American actors of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:MTV Movie Award winners]]
[[Category:Young Artist Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Rockdale County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Saturn Award winners]]

[[ar:داكوتا فانينغ]]
[[bn:ডাকোটা ফ্যানিং]]
[[bs:Dakota Fanning]]
[[bg:Дакота Фенинг]]
[[ca:Dakota Fanning]]
[[cs:Dakota Fanning]]
[[co:Dakota Fanning]]
[[da:Dakota Fanning]]
[[de:Dakota Fanning]]
[[et:Dakota Fanning]]
[[es:Dakota Fanning]]
[[eo:Dakota Fanning]]
[[eu:Dakota Fanning]]
[[fa:داکوتا فانینگ]]
[[fr:Dakota Fanning]]
[[gl:Dakota Fanning]]
[[ko:다코타 패닝]]
[[hr:Dakota Fanning]]
[[io:Dakota Fanning]]
[[id:Dakota Fanning]]
[[ia:Dakota Fanning]]
[[is:Dakota Fanning]]
[[it:Dakota Fanning]]
[[he:דקוטה פנינג]]
[[la:Dakota Fanning]]
[[lt:Dakota Fanning]]
[[hu:Dakota Fanning]]
[[mr:डकोटा फॅनिंग]]
[[ms:Dakota Fanning]]
[[nl:Dakota Fanning]]
[[ja:ダコタ・ファニング]]
[[no:Dakota Fanning]]
[[pl:Dakota Fanning]]
[[pt:Dakota Fanning]]
[[ro:Dakota Fanning]]
[[ru:Фэннинг, Дакота]]
[[simple:Dakota Fanning]]
[[sk:Dakota Fanningová]]
[[sl:Dakota Fanning]]
[[sr:Дакота Фанинг]]
[[fi:Dakota Fanning]]
[[sv:Dakota Fanning]]
[[th:ดาโกตา แฟนนิง]]
[[tr:Dakota Fanning]]
[[uk:Дакота Фаннінг]]
[[vi:Dakota Fanning]]
[[zh:達科塔·芬妮]]

Zachary Levi

2010-06-10T19:58:09Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{Infobox actor
| name = Zachary Levi
| image = ZacharyLeviPugh.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Levi at [[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]] Premiere
| birthname = Zachary Levi Pugh
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1980|09|29}}
| birthplace = [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| occupation = Actor, Singer
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| website = http://www.zacharylevi.com/
}}
'''Zachary Levi Pugh''' (born September 29, 1980) is an [[United States|American]] [[television]] actor known for roles of Kipp Steadman in ''[[Less than Perfect]]'' and [[Chuck Bartowski]] in ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]''. He is set to appear in the upcoming Disney-animated feature film ''[[Tangled]]'', which is based on the popular fairy tale [[Rapunzel]].

== Early life ==
Levi was born in [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], the middle child between his two sisters. As a child, he and his parents moved all over the country before making their final move to their new home in [[Ventura, California]], where he went to [[Buena High School (California)|Buena High School]] for 4 years.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Anytime with Bob Kushell feat. Zach Levi |series=[[Anytime with Bob Kushell]] |airdate=February 5, 2009 |season=1 |number=8}}</ref> He began acting in theatre at the age of 6, performing lead roles in regional productions such as ''Grease'', ''The Outsiders'', ''Oliver'', ''The Wizard of Oz'' and ''Big River'' at the Simi Valley Cultural Arts Center. Because [[Levi (surname)|Levi]] is a Jewish surname, he is often mistakenly assumed to be Jewish, but this is not the case; Levi dropped his Welsh surname Pugh and uses his middle name professionally on advice that being named "Zach Pugh" would not help his career in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/arts/television/30wyat.html?ei=5088&en=ea760dfd1c5f7e97&ex=1348804800&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|title= Super Nerd Is Out to Save the World |author= Edward Wyatt|date= 30 September 2009|work= The New York Times|publisher= |accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref>

== Career ==
Levi had a supporting role in the [[FX Networks|FX]] television movie ''Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie.'' He played Kipp Steadman on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Less Than Perfect]]''. He also portrayed a potential boyfriend of [[Charisma Carpenter]]'s character, Jane, in the ABC Family television movie ''[[See Jane Date]].'' Levi was slated to be a lead in an ABC pilot called ''Three'' for the 2004/2005 television season. It was written by Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen, and would have costarred [[James Van Der Beek]], [[Jama Williamson]], and [[Jacob Pitts]], but the show was not picked up.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lisotta |first=Christopher |date=May 16, 2005 |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Upfront Navigator |work=Television Week |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=32–37}}</ref>

Levi financed [[Kendall Payne]]'s album ''Grown'' after she was dropped by her label, [[Capitol Records]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Carlozo |first=Louis R. |date=April 4, 2006 |title=Grown |work=Christian Century |volume=123 |issue=7 |page=55}}</ref>

[[File:Zachary Levi.jpg|thumb|right|Levi at the ET Post-Emmys Party, Walt Disney Concert Hall, September 21, 2008]]
He landed the starring role in ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'', a series that was given a full season order (later reduced from 22 to 13 episodes due to the [[2007 Writers' Strike]]) for the NBC 2007 fall schedule and premiered on September 24, 2007, which was given a full season order a few months later.

In the summer of 2008, Levi was named one of [[Entertainment Weekly]]'s Top Thirty People Under Thirty.<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Markovitz |coauthors=Tanner Stransky |title=30 Under 30: The Actors |work=Entertainment Weekly |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20166944_20166999_20180615_21,00.html |date=March 3, 2008 |accessdate=March 10, 2009}}</ref>

He plays Toby Seville in the film ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]''.<ref>Corliss, Richard (January 11, 2010), "ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS: THE SQUEAKQUEL". ''Time''. '''175''' (1):51</ref>

===Music===
In April 2010, [[Katharine McPhee]] released a preview of a music video to cinemas for her single [[Terrified (Katharine McPhee song)|Terrified]]. Levi duets with her on the song (which was re-recorded; the original album version features [[Jason Reeves]]) and appears in the music video singing with McPhee. On May 3, 2010, the song was previewed on [[Entertainment Weekly]]'s website and was made available for purchase on [[iTunes]].<ref>[http://www.katharinemcphee.com/news_d.aspx?nid=2030] Katharine McPhee website news 05/04/2010: "Terrified featuring Zachary Levi on Entertainment Weekly"]</ref> The full video premiered on May, 7th, 2010 on the music video website [[Vevo]].<ref>[http://www.katharinemcphee.com/news_d.aspx?nid=2037 Katharine McPhee website news 05/07/2010: "Terrified premieres on Vevo today!"]</ref>

== Personal life ==
Levi is a motorcycle enthusiast.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nygaard |first=Sandra |date=October 2007 |title=With a name like Levi, he's gotta know jeans |work=Men's Health |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=134}}</ref>

Levi is a committed [[Christian]]. During an interview with ''[[Relevant Magazine]]'', he said, "My job on my set, I believe, is to first just love people and gain that trust with people where they know that I really do love them and care about their well-being, so that when they are running into problems, they will hopefully, at some point, come to me and ask me, 'What is your peace all about? What is your comfort all about? Where do you get your love? Where do you get your talents?' And I can turn to them and say without blinking, 'Jesus Christ'".<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A With Zachary Levi |work=Relevant Magazine |url=http://www.relevantmagazine.com/culture/film/features/2830-qaa-with-zachary-levi |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref>

He dated [[Caitlin Crosby]] from 2008 to January 2010.<ref>{{cite news |work=Entertainment Weekly |title=Caitlin Crosby: Can Zach Levi's singing ladyfriend boost 'Chuck' awareness? |first=Aly |last=Semigran |url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/06/18/caitlin-crosby-zach-levis-singing-ladyfriend-releasing-debut-album-on-tuesday/ |date=June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Cristina |last=Everett |work=New York Daily News |title='Chuck' star Zachary Levi and singer Caitlin Crosby split after two years together |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/01/13/2010-01-13_chuck_star_zachary_levi_and_singer_caitlin_crosby_split_after_two_years_together.html |date=January 13, 2010 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movies/Television Shows
! Role/s
! Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2002–2006
| ''[[Less Than Perfect]]''
| Kipp Steadman
| (TV series)
|-
| rowspan= 2| 2003
| ''[[See Jane Date]]''
| Grant Asher
| (TV Series)
|-
| ''[[The Division]]''
| Todd in "The Box" (episode #4.16) and "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here" (episode #4.19)
| (TV Series)
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''
| Bellman in "Opening Night" (episode #4.10)
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Reel Guerrillas]]''
| Evon Schwarz
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Big Momma's House 2]]''
| Kevin
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007
| ''[[Spiral (2007 film)|Spiral]]''
| Berkeley
|
|-
| ''[[Ctrl Z]]''
| Ben Pillar
|
|-
| 2007–present
| ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]''
| [[Chuck Bartowski]]
| (TV series)
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008
| ''[[Wieners (movie)|Wieners]]''
| Ben
|
|-
| ''[[The Tiffany Problem]]''
| Zac
|
|-
| ''[[An American Carol]]''
| Lab Tech #1
|
|-
| ''[[Shades of Ray]]''
| Ray Rehman
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009
| ''[[Stuntmen (film)|Stuntmen]]''
| Troy Ratowski
|
|-
| ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]''
| Toby Seville
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tangled (film)|Tangled]]''
| Prince Flynn
| (Voice)
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel#Sequel|Alvin and the Chipmunks 3D]]''
| Toby Seville
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.zacharylevi.com}}
* {{imdb|1157048}}
* {{Amg name|340257}}
* {{TV Guide person |zachary-levi/191119}}
* {{Tv.com person |id=130757}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Levi, Zachary}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Louisiana]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lake Charles, Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Ventura County, California]]

[[ar:زاكري ليفي]]
[[cs:Zachary Levi]]
[[de:Zachary Levi]]
[[es:Zachary Levi]]
[[fr:Zachary Levi]]
[[is:Zachary Levi]]
[[it:Zachary Levi]]
[[hu:Zachary Levi]]
[[no:Zachary Levi]]
[[pl:Zachary Levi]]
[[pt:Zachary Levi]]
[[ru:Леви, Захари]]
[[fi:Zachary Levi]]
[[sv:Zachary Levi]]
[[tr:Zachary Levi]]
[[zh:扎卡里·列維]]

Charles N'Zogbia

2010-05-28T20:24:47Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 364467242 by 89.242.191.167 (talk) Unsourced speculation

{{ infobox Football biography 2
| image = [[File:Charles N'Zogbia.png|180px]]
| fullname = Charles N'Zogbia
| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1986|5|28}}
| cityofbirth = [[Harfleur]]
| countryofbirth = [[France]]
| height = {{convert|1.70|m|abbr=on}}
| currentclub = [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]
| clubnumber = 14
| position = [[Left back]], [[Left winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2002–2004 | youthclubs1 = [[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]
| years1 = 2004–2009 | clubs1 = [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] | caps1 = 118 | goals1 = 9
| years2 = 2009– | clubs2 = [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] | caps2 = 48 | goals2 = 6
| nationalyears1 = 2007–2009 | nationalteam1 = [[France national under-21 football team|France U-21]] | nationalcaps1 = 13 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 08:20, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 01:21, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
}}
'''Charles N'Zogbia''' (born 28 May 1986 in [[Harfleur]], [[France]]) is a professional [[France|French]] [[association football|footballer]] of [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congolese]] descent currently playing for the [[F.A. Premier League|English Premier League]] club [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]. He joined the team in 2009 from [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]].

He plays primarily as a left [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], but can also play as an [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|attacking midfielder]] or a [[defender (association football)|left back]].

N'Zogbia was [[cap (sport)|cap]]ped for the [[France national under-21 football team]] on thirteen occasions.

== Early life ==

N'Zogbia was born in [[Harfleur]], in the [[Seine-Maritime]] [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Normandy]], but was brought up in [[Paris]] in an apartment close to the [[Stade de France]].<ref name="Mick's Lowdown">{{cite news | title = Mick's Lowdown | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2005/09/23/mick_lowdown_230905_feature.shtml | publisher = BBC Tyne | date = 2005-09-23 | accessdate = 2007-09-11}}</ref> His second cousin is the professional [[tennis]] player [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]].<ref name="Jo-Wilfried Tsonga blows Rafael Nadal challenge off course">{{cite news | title = Jo-Wilfried Tsonga blows Rafael Nadal challenge off course | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3247770.ece | publisher = Times Online | date = 2008-01-25 | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | location=London | first=Neil | last=Harman}}</ref>

== Club career ==

N'Zogbia began his career at the academy of [[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]. When he was 17, he was spotted by former chief scout of [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], Charlie Woods, who arranged for him to have a trial at the club.<ref name="Mick's Lowdown" /> After training with Newcastle for a month,<ref name="Charles N'Zogbia profile">{{cite news | title = Charles N'Zogbia profile | url = http://www.4thegame.com/club/newcastle-united-fc/player-profile/5246/charlesnzogbia.html | publisher = 4thegame | date = | accessdate = 2007-09-11}}</ref> he impressed the club and they were keen to sign him. However, his transfer to Newcastle proved controversial. Le Havre had tied him to an educational contract, but Newcastle claimed that the player had freedom of contract to move on a [[free transfer (soccer)|free transfer]], an assertion which [[FIFA]] supported.

=== Newcastle United ===
[[Image:Le Zog Sportif.jpg|thumb|left|N'Zogbia in training]]

After a protracted saga involving the threat of a case at the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]], Newcastle eventually paid a nominal fee in the region of £250,000 to sign N'Zogbia from Le Havre, for compensation on youth development cost. His transfer to Newcastle officially went through on 2 September 2004, the last player to be signed by the late [[Bobby Robson|Sir Bobby Robson]]. Robson later said of him: "N'Zogbia could go to the very top with the right coaching and motivation, and I hope it is with Newcastle. I signed him as a teenager and he was one of the most naturally gifted players of that age I'd ever seen."<ref name="A real buzz and that’s just the boardroom">{{cite news | title = A real buzz and that’s just the boardroom | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/columnists/columnists.html?in_page_id=1951&in_article_id=509298&in_author_id=353 | publisher = Daily Mail | date = 2008-01-19 | accessdate = 2008-01-28}}</ref>

N'Zogbia was an instant hit on [[Tyneside]]. He developed cult status at Newcastle, where he earned the nickname 'Zog',<ref>{{cite news | title = Zog signs up for five years | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/nufc/tm_headline=zog-signs-up-for-five-years&method=full&objectid=19731800&siteid=50081-name_page.html | publisher = Chronicle Live | date = 2007-09-04 | accessdate = 2007-09-08}}</ref> with supporters chanting ''Zog on the Tyne'' (in reference to the [[Lindisfarne (band)|Lindisfarne]] song ''[[Fog on the Tyne]]''), in appreciation to his contribution to the team.<ref name="BBC Quotes of the week">{{cite news | title = Quotes of the week | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/funny_old_game/5311732.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2006-09-04 | accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref>

His debut for the club came in a 3–0 win over [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] on 11 September 2004.<ref name="Newcastle 3-0 Blackburn">{{cite news | title = Newcastle 3–0 Blackburn | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3599098.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2004-09-11 | accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref> In the [[Premier League 2005-06|2005–06]] season, N'Zogbia established himself as a first-team regular, appearing in 41 matches. He scored Newcastle's first goal of the season in the 1–1 draw at home to [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], with a skilful free kick.<ref name="Newcastle 1-1 Fulham">{{cite news | title = Newcastle 1–1 Fulham | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4210900.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2005-09-10 | accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref> He further displayed his goalscoring ability with 6 goals in total that season, including a solo effort in the 4–1 win over fierce rivals [[Sunderland F.C.|Sunderland]].<ref name="Sunderland 1-4 Newcastle">{{cite news | title = Sunderland 1–4 Newcastle | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4906562.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2006-04-17 | accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref> He was the fourth highest goal scorers for Newcastle in the 2005–06 season and also contributed seven assists. This good form attracted interest from clubs such as [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] but he signed a three-year contract extension for Newcastle at the end of the season.

He found himself playing less regularly during the [[Premier League 2006-07|2006–07]], under new club manager, [[Glenn Roeder]], who favoured [[Damien Duff]] over N'Zogbia. He also missed matches due to an injury sustained during the 1–0 defeat to [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on 13 December 2006 and did not return until late February 2007. He was left out of the Newcastle squad on 13 May 2007 for the final game of the season against [[Watford F.C.|Watford]], after he refused to be used as a substitute.<ref name="N'Zogbia may face Magpies action">{{cite news | title = N'Zogbia may face Magpies action | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/6652261.stm | publisher = BBC Sports | date = 2007-05-13 | accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref>

Despite rumours that N'Zogbia would leave Newcastle during the summer,<ref name="Big Sam won't sell N'Zogbia">{{cite news | title = Big Sam won't sell N'Zogbia | url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11678_2595618,00.html | publisher = Sky Sports | date = 2007-07-12 | accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref> he stayed at the club and was named in the starting line-up in the opening game against [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]. He repaid new manager [[Sam Allardyce]]'s trust in him by scoring the opening goal of the game, which Newcastle won 3–1.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bolton 1–3 Newcastle | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6931059.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2007-08-11 | accessdate = 2007-09-08}}</ref> On September 4, 2007 he signed a new 5-year contract, keeping him at the club until 2012.<ref name="N'Zogbia signs new Newcastle deal.">{{cite news | title = N'Zogbia signs new Newcastle deal | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/6977585.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2007-09-04 | accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref>

In December 2008, N'Zogbia announced his desire to leave Newcastle during the January 2009 [[transfer window]], saying "After four years at Newcastle, I want to reach a higher level of ambition. I don't think that is possible here."<ref name="N'Zogbia wants Toon exit">{{cite news | title = N'Zogbia wants Toon exit | url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_4686781,00.html | publisher = Sky Sports | date = 2008-12-23 | accessdate = 2009-01-07}}</ref> On 29 January 2009, following a 2–1 away loss to [[Manchester City FC]], [[Newcastle United FC]] manager [[Joe Kinnear]] angered N'Zogbia mispronouncing his name as ''insomnia''. The following day, in a press release to ([[Sky Sports News]]), N'Zogbia announced he would not play for the club again under their current manager.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/gossip_and_transfers/7857492.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Football | Gossip | Thursday's gossip column |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-01-29 |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> He made an apology to the club's fans, but reiterated his desire to leave the club.<ref>[http://www.newser.com/article/d961end80/kinnear-says-nzogbia-is-trying-to-force-transfer.html ]{{dead link|date=August 2009}}</ref>

=== Wigan Athletic ===

On 30 January 2009, just hours ahead of the transfer deadline, Newcastle agreed a £6 million fee with [[Wigan Athletic]] for N'Zogbia. The deal involved [[Ryan Taylor (footballer born 1984)|Ryan Taylor]] moving to the other way to [[St James Park]].<ref name="N'Zogbia Poised for Magpies Exit">{{cite news | title = N'Zogbia poised for Magpies exit | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wigan_athletic/7861549.stm | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2009-01-30 | accessdate = 2009-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiganlatics.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10429~1542830,00.html |title=Wigan Athletic | News | Latics News | Latics News | N'ZOGBIA ARRIVAL TAYLOR MADE |publisher=Wiganlatics.premiumtv.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref>

N'Zogbia scored his first league goal with a run beginning from behind the halfway-line for Wigan in the 1–2 away victory over [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] at the Stadium of Light.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanghera |first=Mandeep |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7922073.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Football | Premier League | Sunderland 1–2 Wigan |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-03-14 |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref>
N'Zogbia then scored the goal that may effectively keep Wigan in the Premier League by rounding of a second half comeback against Arsenal by scoring the third goal in a 3–2 win.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1266996/Wigan-3-Arsenal-2-Charles-NZogbia-scores-late-stunner-end-Gunners-title-dreams.html}</ref>

However, it was rumoured in May 2010 that N'Zogbia planned to leave Wigan for the start of the 2010/11 season, with Birmingham seen as the front runners to sign him.<ref>http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/2970785/Birmingham-to-move-for-Charles-NZogbia.html</ref>

== International career ==

N'Zogbia played twice for the France under-16 national side in 2002. In the summer of 2006, he was selected for the [[France national under-21 football team|France under-21]] 24-man provisional squad for the [[European Under-21 Football Championship]] in [[Portugal]]. However, because of an ongoing dispute between Newcastle, Le Havre and the French FA concerning his move to The Magpies, the French coach had no choice but to leave him out of the final squad.

After impressive form for Newcastle in September 2007, he was called up to the France under-21 team. He made his debut for France under-21 on September 7, 2007 in a 1–0 victory over [[Wales national under-21 football team|Wales]]. [[Congo DR national football team|Congo DR]] had called up N'Zogbia to play for them against the France 'B' Team in February 2008, but N'Zogbia had declined the invitation so that he could have more time to think about his [[international football]] future. As he holds [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and France nationality when he represented [[France national under-21 football team|France under-21]], he was eligible to both nation only, expect N'Zogbia had third nationality when he was presenting French U21.

<blockquote>
Article 18
1. If a Player has more than one nationality, or if a Player acquires a new nationality, or if a Player is eligible to play for several representative teams due to nationality, he may, only once, request to change the Association for which he is eligible to play international matches to the Association of another country of which he holds nationality, subject to the following conditions:

(a) He has not played a match (either in full or in part) in an official competition at “A” international level for his current Association, and at the time of his first full or partial appearance in an international match in an official competition for his current Association, he already had the nationality of the representative team for which he wishes to play.
–[[FIFA]] Statutes (August 2009 Edition)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/01/24/fifastatuten2009_e.pdf|title=FIFA Statutes August 2009 Edition: REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE STATUTES Article 18|accessdate=2010-04-22|work=FIFA}}</ref>

</blockquote>

In February 2010, it was reported N'Zogbia hoped to receive [[England national football team|England]] call-up,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/2861426/NZogbia-eyes-England-call.html|title=N’Zogbia eyes England call|work=The Sun|date=2010-02-20|accessdate=2010-04-22|author=Steven Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2557/news/2010/03/08/1823119/charles-nzogbia-is-hoping-for-an-england-call-up-wigan|title=Charles N'Zogbia is 'hoping' for an England call-up – Wigan Athletic boss Roberto Martinez|work=Goal.com|date=2010-02-20|accessdate=2010-03-08|author=Alan Dawson}}</ref>. However, he was in fact not eligible, as he did not have British nationality at the time he played for France at Under 21 level.

== Career statistics ==

{{updated|22 April 2010}}

{{Football player statistics 1|YY|center=y}}
{{Football player statistics 2|ENG|YY}}
|-
|[[2004-05 in English football|2004–05]]||rowspan=5|[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]||rowspan=7|[[Premier League]]||14 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 22 || 0
|-
|[[2005-06 in English football|2005–06]]|| 32 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 41 || 5
|-
| [[2006-07 in English football|2006–07]]|| 22 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 11 || 0 || 35 || 0
|-
| [[2007-08 in English football|2007–08]]|| 32 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 37 || 3
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008-09 in English football|2008–09]]|| 18 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 22 || 1
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]||13|| 1|| 0||0 || 0|| 0||0||0|| 13|| 1
|-
||[[2009-10 in English football|2009–10]]||34||5||3||0||0||0||0||0||37||5
|-
{{Football player statistics 5}} 165 || 15 || 13 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 21 || 0 || 207 || 15
|}

== References ==

{{refs|2}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}

* {{soccerbase|id=39512|name=Charles N'Zogbia}}
* [http://www.wiganlatics.premiumtv.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10429~31129,00.html Charles N'Zogbia official Wigan Athletic site profile]
* [http://www.nufc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/PlayerProfiles/0,,10278~31129,00.html Charles N'Zogbia NUFC official site profile]

{{Wigan Athletic F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nzogbia, Charles}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Seine-Maritime]]
[[Category:French people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:French footballers]]
[[Category:France under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:French expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in England]]
[[Category:Le Havre AC players]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Wigan Athletic F.C. players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Black British sportspeople]]

[[ar:تشارلز نزوغبيا]]
[[da:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[de:Charles N’Zogbia]]
[[es:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[fr:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[it:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[ja:シャルル・ヌゾクビア]]
[[no:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[pl:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[ru:Н'Зогбия, Шарль]]
[[simple:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[sl:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[fi:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[sv:Charles N'Zogbia]]
[[zh:查尔斯·恩佐比亚]]

Philip Pope

2010-03-28T15:05:22Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 334560548 by 87.114.44.157 (talk) remove dead link

'''Philip R. J. Pope''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[composer]] and [[actor]]. He was educated at [[Downside School]] and [[New College, Oxford]].<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/pub/8/441/60b Philip Pope], Linkedin.com.</ref>

==Performer==
He appeared in the [[Oxford Revue]] in [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] in 1978 and 1979, both with [[Angus Deayton]].<ref>[http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/sta/search/resultspe.cfm?NID=48612&EID=18210&DID=&AID= Philip Pope, Scottish Theatre Archive]</ref> He performed in the [[BBC]] radio comedy series ''[[Radio Active (radio series)|Radio Active]]'' (1980-87) and has also starred in a number of TV comedy shows, including ''[[Who Dares Wins (TV comedy)|Who Dares Wins]]'' (1983-88), ''[[Chelmsford 123]]'' (1988-90) and ''[[KYTV (TV series)|KYTV]]'' (1989-93). He made guest appearances on ''[[Blackadder]]'' as the painter Leonardo Acropolis and ''[[Shelley (television programme)|Shelley]]'' as pop star Hobo with [[Hywel Bennett]] as James Shelley. Pope also appeared as Tony Angelino in the ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'' episode "Stage Fright" with [[David Jason]] & [[Nicholas Lyndhurst]] — written by [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]]. Pope has regularly featured in the radio series ''[[Old Harry's Game]]'' (1995-2009).

==Composer==
Philip Pope co-wrote with [[Richard Curtis]] the [[Hee Bee Gee Bees]]' single "Meaningless Songs" (B-side "Posing in the Moonlight") released in 1980 to parody the style of a series of [[Bee Gees]] disco hits. The Hee Bee Gee Bees went on to record two albums spoofing numerous acts including [[Eagles]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[The Police]], [[Status Quo]] and [[Supertramp]]. Pope also wrote or co-wrote many comic songs for ''[[Not the Nine O'Clock News]]'' and ''[[Spitting Image]]'' including British Number 1 hit single "[[The Chicken Song]]" with [[Grant Naylor|Rob Grant & Doug Naylor]].

Pope has composed a large amount of music for radio and television including the theme tunes for ''[[Through the Keyhole]]'', ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'', ''[[KYTV (TV series)|KYTV]]'', ''[[My Hero (TV series)|My Hero]]'', ''[[The Bill]]'' and ''[[Ruddy Hell! It's Harry and Paul]]''. He was the musical director and composer for ''[[The Fast Show]]'' as well as the popular BBC children's programmes ''[[Fimbles]]'' and ''[[The Roly Mo Show]]''. Pope also provides the voice for the character Yugo, of Yugo and Migo from the ''[[The Roly Mo Show]]''.

He has scored numerous dramas and comedy-dramas for TV including ''[[Ted & Ralph]]'', ''Midnight Flight'', ''Crazy for A Kiss'', ''Hospital!'' and ''Margery & Gladys'' as well as the film ''[[Kevin & Perry Go Large]]'' (2000).

He was invited to arrange Snow Patrol's Run 12" remixed by Garrett Lee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0691171}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pope, Philip}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British composers]]
[[Category:British actors]]
[[Category:Old Gregorians]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]

List of Spaniards

2010-03-04T12:48:24Z

Jomunro: inserted correc t heading

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2008}}
This is a '''list''', in alphabetical order within categories, of '''notable people''' of [[Spanish people|Spanish heritage and descent]] born and raised in Spain.

:''Note: The same person may appear under several '''head'''ings.''

{| border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right width=300px
|+'''Reino de España''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) 
|-
| style=background:#efefef; align=center colspan=2 |
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|-
| align=center width=140px | [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|125px|Flag of Spain]] || align=center width=140px | [[Image:Escudo de España (mazonado).svg|125px|Spain: Coat of Arms]]
|-
| align=center width=140px valign="center" | ([[Flag of Spain|In detail]]) || align=center width=140px | ([[Coat of Arms of Spain|In detail]])
|}
|-
| {{Commonscat|People of Spain}}
|}

== Actors ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish actors}}

[[File:Penelope Cruz.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Penélope Cruz]]
*[[Victoria Abril|Victoria '''Abril''']] (born 1957)
*'''[[Ana Belén]]''' (born 1951)
*[[Elena Anaya|Elena '''Anaya''']] (born 1975)
*[[Antonio Banderas|Antonio '''Banderas''']] (born 1960)
*[[Javier Bardem|Javier '''Bardem''']] (born 1969)
*[[Pilar Bardem|Pilar '''Bardem''']] (born 1939)
*[[Juan Diego Botto|Juan Diego '''Botto''']] (born 1975)
*[[Mark Consuelos|Mark '''Consuelos''']] (born 1970)
*[[Penélope Cruz|Penélope '''Cruz''']] (born 1974)
*[[Gabino Diego|Gabino '''Diego''']] (born 1966)
*[[Angelines Fernández|Angelines '''Fernández''']] (1922–1994)
*[[Fernando Fernán Gómez|Fernando '''Fernán Gómez''']] (1921-2007)
*[[Sancho Gracia|Sancho '''Gracia''']] (born 1936)
*[[Alfredo Landa|Alfredo '''Landa''']] (born 1933)
*[[Sergi López (actor)|Sergi '''López''']] (born 1965)
*[[Jordi Mollà|Jordi '''Mollà''']] (born 1968)
*[[Sara Montiel|Sara '''Montiel''']] (born 1928)
*[[Paul Naschy|Paul '''Naschy''']] (born 1934)
*[[Marisa Paredes|Marisa '''Paredes''']] (born 1946)
*[[Francisco Rabal|Francisco '''Rabal''']] (1926–2001)

*[[Fernando Rey|Fernando '''Rey''']] (1917–1994)
*[[Fernando Sancho|Fernando '''Sancho''']] (1916–1990)
*[[Maria Valverde|Maria '''Valverde''']] (1986)
*[[Paz Vega|Paz '''Vega''']] (born 1976)
*[[Maribel Verdú|Maribel '''Verdú''']] (born 1970)

== Artists ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish artists}}

[[Image:Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Salvador Dalí]]]]
*[[David Aja|David '''Aja''']] Comics artist.
*[[Salvador Dalí|Salvador '''Dalí''']] (1904–1989), [[Surrealism|surrealist]] artist.
*[[Pasqual Ferry|Pasqual '''Ferry''']] Comics artist.
*[[Francisco Goya|Francisco de '''Goya''']] (1746–1828), painter and [[Engraving|engraver]].
*[[El Greco|El '''Greco''']] (1541–1614), painter and sculptor.
*[[Juan Gris|Juan '''Gris''']] (1887–1927), [[Cubism|cubist]] painter.
*[[Jesús Mari Lazkano|Jesús Mari '''Lazkano''']] (born 1960), painter.
*[[Joan Miró|Joan '''Miró''']] (1893–1983), painter, sculptor and ceramist.
*[[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Bartolomé Esteban '''Murillo''']] (1618–1682), painter.
*[[Carlos Pacheco|Carlos '''Pacheco''']] (born 1961) Comics artist.
*[[Pablo Picasso|Pablo '''Picasso''']] (1881–1973), painter and sculptor, co-founder of [[cubism]].
*[[Fernando Rivero|Fernando '''Rivero''']] (born 1928), [[still life]] painter.
*[[Antoni Tàpies|Antoni '''Tàpies''']] (born 1923), [[Abstract expressionism|abstract expressionist]] painter.
*[[Darío Urzay|Darío '''Urzay''']] (born 1958), painter, graphic artist.
*[[Diego Velázquez|Diego '''Velázquez''']] (1599–1660), painter.
*[[Ignacio Zuloaga|Ignacio '''Zuloaga''']] (1870–1945), painter.
*[[Francisco de Zurbarán|Francisco de '''Zurbarán''']] (1598–1644), painter.
=== Architects ===
{{seealso|Category:Spanish architects}}

*[[Ricardo Bofill|Ricardo '''Bofill''']] (born 1939), one of the main representatives of [[postmodernism]] in architecture.
*[[Santiago Calatrava|Santiago '''Calatrava''']] (born 1951), 2005 [[AIA Gold Medal]] Laureate.
*[[Ildefons Cerdà|Ildefons '''Cerdà''']] (1815–1876), [[Urban planning|urban planner]] who designed the 19th-century extension of Barcelona ([[Eixample]]).
*[[Lluís Domènech i Montaner|Lluís '''Domènech''' i '''Montaner''']] (1850–1923), brilliant contemporary of better known fellow citizen Gaudí.
*[[Miguel Fisac|Miguel '''Fisac''']] (1913–2006)
*[[Antoni Gaudí|Antoni '''Gaudí''']] (1852–1926), known for his unfinished masterwork [[Sagrada Família|''La Sagrada Família'']].
*[[Juan de Herrera|Juan de '''Herrera''']] (1530–1593), helped to plan [[El Escorial]]; his style influenced Spanish architecture for centuries.
*[[Enric Miralles|Enric '''Miralles''']] (1955–2000), built the [[Scottish Parliament Building|Scottish Parliament]] (finished in 2004, after his death).
*[[Rafael Moneo|Rafael '''Moneo''']] (born 1937), 1996 [[Pritzker Prize]] Laureate.
*[[Josep Lluís Sert|Josep Lluís '''Sert''']] (1902–1983), member of the GATCPAC group, exiled, Professor at Southern California University.

== Explorers and conquistadores ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish explorers|Category:Spanish conquistadors}}

[[Image:Cortes.jpg|130px|thumb|right|[[Hernán Cortés]]]]
*[[Lope de Aguirre|Lope de '''Aguirre''']] (1511–1561), soldier and adventurer, explored the [[Amazon River]] looking for [[El Dorado]].
*[[Diego de Almagro|Diego de '''Almagro''']] (1475–1538), explorer and [[conquistador]], first European in [[Chile]].
*[[Juan Bautista de Anza|Juan Bautista de '''Anza''']] (1736–1788), soldier and explorer, founded [[San Francisco]], [[California]].
*[[Fray Tomás de Berlanga|Fray Tomás de '''Berlanga''']] (1487–1551), bishop of [[Panama]], discovered the [[Galápagos Islands]].
*[[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca|Álvar Núñez '''Cabeza de Vaca''']] (c. 1490 – c. 1559), first European to explore the southwestern of what is now the [[United States]] (1527–1536), also explored South America (1540–1542).
*[[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo|Juan Rodríguez '''Cabrillo''']] (1499–1543), explorer, founded the city of [[San Diego]], [[California]].
*[[Gabriel de Castilla|Gabriel de '''Castilla''']] (1577–1620), sailor; in 1603 he became probably the first man ever to sight [[Antarctica]].
*[[Cosme Damián Churruca|Cosme Damián '''Churruca''']] (1761–1805), explorer, astronomer and naval officer, mapped the [[Strait of Magellan]] (1788–1789).
*[[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado|Francisco Vásquez de '''Coronado''']] (c. 1510 – 1554), explored [[New Mexico]] and other parts of the southwest of what is now the [[United States]] (1540–1542).
*[[Hernán Cortés|Hernán '''Cortés''']] (1485–1547), [[conquistador]] of the [[Aztec Empire]], explorer of [[Baja California Peninsula]].
*[[Juan Sebastián Elcano|Juan Sebastián '''Elcano''']] (1476–1526), explorer and sailor, first man to circumnavigate the world.
*[[Gaspar de Espinosa|Gaspar de '''Espinosa''']] (1467/1477 – 1537), soldier and explorer, first European to reach the coast of [[Nicaragua]], co-founder of [[Panama City]].
*[[Salvador Fidalgo|Salvador '''Fidalgo''']] (1756–1803), naval officer and [[Cartography|cartographer]], explored [[Alaska]] in 1790, he named [[Cordova, Alaska|Cordova]], [[Port Gravina]], and [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]].
*[[Miguel López de Legazpi|Miguel López de '''Legazpi''']] (1502–1572), explored and conquered the [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]] in 1565.
*[[Vasco Núñez de Balboa|Vasco '''Núñez de Balboa''']] (1475–1519), first European to sight the [[Pacific Ocean]], founder of [[Darién, Panama|Darién]].
*[[Francisco de Orellana|Francisco de '''Orellana''']] (c. 1500 – c. 1549), first European to explore the [[Amazon River]].
*'''[[Pedrarias Dávila]]''' (Pedro Arias de Ávila, 1440–1531), [[conquistador]], founder of [[Panama]] and governor of [[Nicaragua]].
*[[Francisco Pizarro|Francisco '''Pizarro''']] (1471–1541), conqueror of the [[Inca Empire]] in [[Peru]].
*[[Juan Ponce de León|Juan '''Ponce de León''']] (1460–1521), first European to explore [[Florida]] (1513); he founded the first European settlement in [[Puerto Rico]] (1508).
*[[Gaspar de Portolà|Gaspar de '''Portolà''']] (c. 1717 – aft. 1784), explorer, founder of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] (California).
*[[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de '''Soto''']] (1500–1542), explorer and [[conquistador]], first European to explore the plains of eastern North America; discovered the [[Mississippi river]] and the [[Ohio river]].
*[[Pedro de Valdivia|Pedro de '''Valdivia''']] (c. 1500 – 1554), conquistador of [[Chile]], founder of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]], and [[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]].

==Film directors==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish film directors}}

[[Image:Pedro-Almodovar-Madrid2008.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Pedro Almodóvar]]]]
*[[Pedro Almodóvar|Pedro '''Almodóvar''']] (born 1949)
*[[Alejandro Amenábar|Alejandro '''Amenábar''']] (born 1972)
*[[Montxo Armendáriz|Montxo '''Armendáriz''']] (born 1949)
*[[Carlos Atanes|Carlos '''Atanes''']] (born 1971)
*[[Juanma Bajo Ulloa|Juanma '''Bajo Ulloa''']] (born 1967)
*[[Jaume Balagueró|Jaume '''Balagueró''']] (born 1968)
*[[Juan Antonio Bardem|Juan Antonio '''Bardem''']] (1922–2002)
*[[Juan Antonio Bayona|Juan Antonio '''Bayona''']] (1975)
*[[Icíar Bollaín|Icíar '''Bollaín''']] (born 1967)
*[[José Luis Borau|José Luis '''Borau''']] (born 1929)
*[[Luis Buñuel|Luis '''Buñuel''']] (1900–1983)
*[[Mario Camus|Mario '''Camus''']] (born 1935)
*[[Segundo de Chomón|Segundo de '''Chomón''']] (1871-1929)
*[[Isabel Coixet|Isabel '''Coixet''']] (born 1962)
*[[Agustín Díaz Yanes|Agustín '''Díaz Yanes''']] (born 1950)
*[[Víctor Erice|Víctor '''Erice''']] (born 1940)
*[[Fernando Fernán Gómez|Fernando '''Fernán Gómez''']] (born 1921)
*[[Jesus Franco|Jesús '''Franco''']] (born 1930)
*[[José Luis Garci|José Luis '''Garci''']] (born 1944)
*[[Luis García Berlanga|Luis '''García Berlanga''']] (born 1921)
*[[Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón|Manuel '''Gutiérrez Aragón''']] (born 1942)
*[[Álex de la Iglesia|Álex de la '''Iglesia''']] (born 1965)
*[[Fernando León de Aranoa|Fernando '''León de Aranoa''']] (born 1968)
*[[Bigas Luna|Bigas '''Luna''']] (born 1946)
*[[Julio Medem|Julio '''Medem''']] (born 1958)
*Fernando Méndez Leite (born 1944)
*[[Pilar Miró|Pilar '''Miró''']] (1940–1997)
*[[Paul Naschy|Paul '''Naschy''']] (born 1934)
*[[Amando de Ossorio]]
*[[Ventura Pons|Ventura '''Pons''']] (born 1945)
*[[José Luis Sáenz de Heredia|José Luis '''Sáenz de Heredia''']] (1911–1992)
*[[Carlos Saura|Carlos '''Saura''']] (born 1932)
*[[Santiago Segura|Santiago '''Segura''']] (born 1965)
*[[David Trueba|David '''Trueba''']] (born 1969)
*[[Fernando Trueba|Fernando '''Trueba''']] (born 1955)
*[[Benito Zambrano|Benito '''Zambrano''']] (born 1964)
*[[Iván Zulueta|Iván '''Zulueta''']] (born 1943)

== Leaders and politicians ==
{{seealso|List of Spanish monarchs|List of Spanish Prime Ministers|Category:Spanish politicians}}

=== Medieval ancestors===
*''[[Pelayo of Asturias|'''Pelayo''' of Asturias]]'' (690–737), founding [[Monarch|king]] of the [[Kingdom of Asturias]].
*'''''[[Abd-ar-Rahman III]]''''' (891–961), [[Emir]] (912–929) and [[Caliph of Cordoba]] (929–961).
*''[[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir|'''Al-Mansur''']]'' (c. 938 – 1002), de facto ruler of Muslim Al-Andalus in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
*''[[Alfonso X of Castile|'''Alfonso X''' of Castile]]'' (1221–1284).

=== Modern ===
*[[Isabella of Castile|'''Isabella''' of Castile]], ''the Catholic'' (1451–1504), [[List of Castilian monarchs#Kings of Castile and Leon|Queen of Castile and Leon]] (1474–1504, with Ferdinand).
*[[Ferdinand II of Aragon|'''Ferdinand II''']], ''[[Catholic Monarchs|the Catholic]]'' (1452–1516), [[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]] (1479–1516), [[List of Castilian monarchs#Kings of Castile and Leon|Castile and Leon]] (1474–1504, with Isabella), [[Sicily]] (1479–1516), [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] (1504–1516) and [[List of Valencian monarchs|Valencia]] (1479–1516).
*[[Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros|Francisco Jiménez de '''Cisneros''']] (1436–1517), cardinal, statesman, and [[regent]] of Spain.
*[[Juana of Castile]] frequently called ''"the Mad"'', queen of Castile and Leon. Daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand.
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Charles V''']] (1500–1558), [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (1530-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558), [[Duke of Burgundy|ruler of the Burgundian territories]] (1506–1555), [[King of Spain]] (1516-1556), [[King of Naples]] and [[King of Sicily|Sicily]] (1516-1554), [[Archduke of Austria]] (1519–1521), [[List of German monarchs|King of the Romans (or German King)]]. Though he is often referred to as ''Carlos V'', he ruled officially as ''Carlos I'', hence '''Charles I of Spain'''.
*[[Philip II of Spain|'''Philip II''']] (1526–1598), King of Spain (1556–1598).
*[[Philip V of Spain|'''Philip V''']] (1683–1746), [[Spanish monarchy|King of Spain]] (1700–1746).
*[[Charles III of Spain|'''Charles III''']] (1716–1788), [[Spanish monarchy|King of Spain]] (1759–1788).
*[[Ferdinand VII of Spain|'''Ferdinand VII''']] (1784–1833), [[Spanish monarchy|King of Spain]] (1813–1833).

=== Contemporary ===
*[[Leopoldo O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan|Leopoldo '''O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan''']] (1809–1867), general and Prime Minister (1856; 1858–1863; 1864–1866).
*[[Juan Prim|Juan '''Prim''']] (1814–1870), general, [[Liberalism|liberal]] leader, revolutionary and statesman.
*[[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo|Antonio '''Cánovas del Castillo''']] (1828–1897), [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]].
*'''20th and 21st centuries''':
**[[Manuel Azaña|Manuel '''Azaña''']] (1880–1940), Premier (twice) and President during the [[Second Spanish Republic]].
**[[José María Aznar|José María '''Aznar''']] (born 1953), Prime Minister (1996–2004).
**[[Josep Borrell|Josep '''Borrell''']] (born 1947), [[President of the European Parliament]] (2004–2007).
**[[Buenaventura Durruti|Buenaventura '''Durruti''']] (1896–1936), [[Anarchism|anarchist]] leader.
**[[Santiago Carrillo|Santiago '''Carrillo''']] (born 1915), was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1960 to 1982.
**[[Francisco Franco|Francisco '''Franco''']] (1892–1975), Army general and [[dictator]], ruled Spain for 41 years as "''[[Caudillo]]''" (1939–1975).
**[[María Teresa Fernández de la Vega|María Teresa '''Fernández de la Vega''']] (born 1949),is a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politician and the first female First Vice President.
**[[Felipe González|Felipe '''González''']] (born 1942), Prime Minister (1982–1996).
**[[Dolores Ibárruri|Dolores '''Ibárruri''']] (born 1895), widely known as "La Pasionaria", leader of the Spanish Civil War and communist politician.
**[[Juan Carlos I of Spain|'''Juan Carlos I''']] (born 1938), King of Spain since 1975.
**[[Rodrigo Rato|Rodrigo '''Rato''']] (born 1949), Managing Director of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] since 4 May 2004.
**[[Adolfo Suárez|Adolfo '''Suárez''']] (born 1932), Prime Minister (1976–1981).
**[[Javier Solana|Javier '''Solana''']] (born 1942), [[Secretary General of NATO]] (1995–1999) and High Representative (since 1999) of the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy|CFSP]] of the [[Council of the European Union]].
**[[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero|José Luis Rodríguez '''Zapatero''']] (born 1960), [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]] since 2004.

== Literature ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish writers}}
=== A–D ===

[[Image:Cervates jauregui.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Miguel de Cervantes]]]]
*[[Pedro Antonio de Alarcón|Pedro Antonio de '''Alarcón''']] (1833–1891), novelist.
*[[Juan Ruiz de Alarcón|Juan Ruiz de '''Alarcón''']] (c. 1581 – 1639), dramatist.
*[[Rafael Alberti|Rafael '''Alberti''']] (1902–1999), poet, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1983).
*[[Mateo Alemán|Mateo '''Alemán''']] (1547 – c. 1609), novelist.
*[[Vicente Aleixandre|Vicente '''Aleixandre''']] (1888–1984), poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Laureate (1977).
*[[Dámaso Alonso|Dámaso '''Alonso''']], poet, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1978).
*[[Francisco Ayala (novelist)|Francisco '''Ayala''']] (born 1906), novelist, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1991).
*[[José Martínez Ruiz|'''Azorín''' (José Martínez Ruiz)]] (1863–1967), journalist, poet, novelist and essayist.
*[[Pío Baroja|Pío '''Baroja''']] (1872–1956), novelist.
*[[Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer|Gustavo Adolfo '''Bécquer''']] (1836–1870), [[Romanticism|romantic]] poet and tale writer.
*[[Jacinto Benavente|Jacinto '''Benavente''']] (1866–1954), dramatist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Laureate (1922).
*[[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Vicente '''Blasco Ibáñez''']] (1867–1928), novelist, wrote ''[[The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (novel)|The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]'' (1916).
*[[Antonio Buero Vallejo|Antonio '''Buero Vallejo''']] (1916–2000), playwright.
*[[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Pedro '''Calderón de la Barca''']] (1600–1681), playwright and poet.
*[[Rosalía de Castro|Rosalía de '''Castro''']] (1837–1885), poet.
*[[Camilo José Cela|Camilo José '''Cela''']] (1916–2002), novelist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Laureate (1989).
*[[Miguel de Cervantes|Miguel de '''Cervantes''']] (1547–1616), novelist, poet and playwright, author of ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1605 & 1615).
*[[Baltasar del Alcázar|Baltasar '''del Alcázar''']] (1530–1606), poet
*[[Miguel Delibes|Miguel '''Delibes''']] (born 1920), novelist, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1993).
*[[Agustín Díaz Pacheco|Agustín '''Díaz Pacheco''']] (born 1953), journalist and novelist.
*[[Gerardo Diego|Gerardo '''Diego''']] (1896–1987), poet, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1979).
*[[José Manuel Castañón|José Manuel '''Castañón''']] (1920-2001), novelist and essayist, lived in Venezuela as an exile (1958-1978),decorated with the''[[ Andrés Bello Order]]'' by the Venezuelan Government,1987.

=== E–H ===
*[[José Echegaray|José '''Echegaray''']] (1832–1916), dramatist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Laureate (1904).
*[[Vicente Espinel|Vicente '''Espinel''']] (1550–1624), poet and novelist.
*[[Leandro Fernández de Moratín|Leandro '''Fernández de Moratín''']] (1760–1828), dramatist and neoclassical poet.
*[[José María Gabriel y Galán|José María '''Gabriel y Galán''']] (1870–1905), poet.
*[[Antonio Gala|Antonio '''Gala''']] (born 1936), poet, dramatist and novelist.
*[[Benito Pérez Galdós|Benito Pérez '''Galdós''']] (1843–1920), novelist.
*[[Federico García Lorca|Federico '''García Lorca''']] (1898–1936), poet and dramatist.
*[[Luwis de Góngora|Luis de '''Góngora''']] (1561–1627), lyric poet.
*[[Jorge Guillén|Jorge '''Guillén''']] (1893–1984), poet, [[Cervantes Prize]] Laureate (1976).

=== I–L ===
*[[Juan Ramón Jiménez|Juan Ramón '''Jiménez''']] (1881–1958), poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Laureate (1956).
*'''[[John of the Cross]]''' (1542–1591), [[Mysticism|mystic]] poet.
*[[Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos|Gaspar Melchor de '''Jovellanos''']] (1744–1811), main figure of the Spanish [[Age of Enlightenment]], philosopher, statesman, poet and essayist.
*[[Jon Juaristi|Jon '''Juaristi''']] (born 1951), poet and essayist.
*[[Mariano José de Larra|Mariano José de '''Larra''']] (1809–1837), [[Creative nonfiction|literary journalist]].
*[[Fray Luis de León|Fray Luis de '''León''']] (1527–1591), poet of the [[Spanish Golden Age]].
*[[Torcuato Luca de Tena|Torcuato '''Luca de Tena''']] (1923–1999), novelist, journalist and lawyer.

=== M–P ===
*[[Antonio Machado|Antonio '''Machado''']] (1875–1939), poet.
*[[Salvador de Madariaga|Salvador de '''Madariaga''']] (1886–1978), essayist.
*[[Jorge Manrique|Jorge '''Manrique''']] (1440–1479), poet.
*[[Javier Marías|Javier '''Marías''']] (born 1951), novelist and translator.
*[[Juan Marsé|Juan '''Marsé''']] (born 1933), novelist.
*[[Joanot Martorell|Joanot '''Martorell''']] (1413–1468), author of the first [[novel]], ''[[Tirant lo Blanc]]'' (1490).
*[[Eduardo Mendoza|Eduardo '''Mendoza''']] (born 1943), writer.
*[[Agustín Moreto y Cavana|Agustín '''Moreto y Cavana''']] (1618–1661), dramatist and playwright.
*[[José Ortega y Gasset|José '''Ortega y Gasset''']] (1883–1955), essayist.
*[[Emilia Pardo Bazán|Emilia '''Pardo Bazán''']] (1851–1921), novelist.
*[[Arturo Pérez-Reverte|Arturo '''Pérez-Reverte''']] (born 1951), [[Bestseller|best-selling]] novelist and journalist.

=== Q–T ===
*[[Francisco de Quevedo|Francisco de '''Quevedo''']] (1580–1645), novelist, essayist and poet, master of [[Conceptism]].
*[[Fernando de Rojas|Fernando de '''Rojas''']] (1465–1541), novelist, author of [[Celestina|''La Celestina'']] (1499).
*[[Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla|Francisco de '''Rojas Zorrilla''']] (1607–1660), dramatist.
*[[Carlos Ruiz Zafón|Carlos '''Ruiz Zafón''']] (born 1964), best-selling novelist.
*[[Pedro Salinas|Pedro '''Salinas''']] (1891–1951), poet.
*[[Ramón J. Sender|Ramón J. '''Sender''']] (1901–1982), novelist and journalist.
*[[Tirso de Molina|Tirso '''de Molina''']] (1571–1648), playwright.

=== U–Z ===
*[[Miguel de Unamuno|Miguel de '''Unamuno''']] (1864–1936), existentialist author and essayist.
*[[Ramón del Valle-Inclán|Ramón María del '''Valle-Inclán''']] (1866–1936), dramatist, novelist and member of the [[Generation of 98]].
*[[Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa|Alberto '''Vázquez-Figueroa''']] (born 1936), novelist.
*[[Garcilaso de la Vega|Garcilaso de la '''Vega''']] (1501–1586), [[Renaissance literature|Renaissance]] poet.
*[[El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega|"''El Inca''" Garcilaso de la '''Vega''']] (1539–1616), first ''[[mestizo]]'' author in Spanish language.
*[[Félix Lope de Vega|Félix Lope de '''Vega''']] (1562–1635), poet and playwright.
*[[María de Zayas y Sotomayor|María de '''Zayas y Sotomayor''']] (1590–1660), novelist.
*[[José Zorrilla y Moral|José '''Zorrilla y Moral''']] (1817–1893), poet and dramatist, author of ''[[Don Juan Tenorio]]'' (1844).

== Military ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish military personnel}}
*[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|3rd Duke of '''Alba''']] (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 1507–1582), general and governor of the [[Southern Netherlands|Spanish Netherlands]] (1567–1573).
*[[John of Austria|Don '''Juan de Austria''']] (1547–1578), general and admiral; he defeated [[Ali Pacha]] in the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)]].
*[[Blas de Lezo]] (1687–1741), admiral, leading 6 warships and 3.700 men defeated a British invasion force of 28.000 troops and 186 warships, during the [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|Siege of Cartagena]], in 1741.
*[[Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz|Álvaro de '''Bazán''', 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz]] (1526–1588), admiral.
*[[Francisco Javier Castaños, 1st Duke of Bailén|Francisco Javier '''Castaños''', 1st Duke of Bailén]] (1758–1852), general; he defeated [[Pierre-Antoine, comte Dupont de l'Étang|Dupont]] in the [[Battle of Bailén]] (1808).
*''[[El Cid|El '''Cid''']]'' (Rodrigo 'Ruy' Díaz de Vivar, c. 1045 – 1099), [[knight]] and hero.
*[[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba|Gonzalo '''Fernández de Córdoba''']], "''El Gran Capitán''" (1453–1515), general and [[Military strategy|strategist]] of [[Gunpowder warfare|Early modern warfare]].
*[[Francisco Franco]] (1892–1975), general; from 1939 dictator and formal Head of State of Spain.
*[[Bernardo de Gálvez|Bernardo de '''Gálvez''']] (1746–1786), [[Field Marshal]] and governor of [[Louisiana]], Spanish hero of the [[American Revolution]].
*[[Juan Martín Díez|Juan '''Martín Díez''']], "''El Empecinado''" (1775–1825), head of [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] bands promoted to [[Brigadier-General]] of [[cavalry]] during the [[Peninsular War]].
*[[Casto Méndez Núñez|Casto '''Méndez Núñez''']] (1830–1880), admiral.
*[[Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto|Pedro '''Navarro''', Count of Oliveto]] (c. 1460 – 1528), prominent military and general.
*[[Álvaro Navia-Osorio Vigil]], Marquis of Santa Cruz de Marcenado, (1684–1732), general, author of the treatise '''Reflexiones Militares (Military Reflections)'''
*[[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese, '''Duke of Parma''']], (1545–1592), Spanish general and Military governor of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].
*[[Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases|Ambrosio '''Spinola''', marqués de los Balbases]] (1569–1630), general.
*[[Fernando Villaamil]] (1845–1898), naval officer, designer of the first [[destroyer]].

== Models ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish models}}
* [[Jon Kortajarena|Jon '''Kortajarena''']] (born 1985)
* [[Judit Mascó|Judit '''Mascó''']] (born 1969)
* [[Ines Sastre|Inés '''Sastre''']] (born 1973)
* [[Marina Pérez|Marina '''Pérez''']]
* [[Sheila Marquez|Sheila '''Marquez''']] (born 1985)

==Musicians==
=== Classical ===

[[Image:Pau Casals 06.jpg|130px|thumb|right|[[Pau Casals]]]]
*[[Isaac Albéniz|Isaac '''Albéniz''']] (1860–1909), [[composer]].
*[[Pau Casals|Pau '''Casals''']] (1876–1973), [[cello]] player and [[Conducting|conductor]].
*[[Manuel de Falla|Manuel de '''Falla''']] (1876–1946), composer.
*[[Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos|Rafael '''Frühbeck de Burgos''']] (born 1933), conductor.
*[[Enrique Granados|Enrique '''Granados''']] (1867–1916), composer.
*[[Enrique Jordá|Enrique '''Jordá''']] (1911–1996), conductor, music director of the [[San Francisco Symphony]] (1954–1963).
*[[Alicia de Larrocha|Alicia de '''Larrocha''']] (born 1923), pianist.
*[[Luis de Pablo|Luis de '''Pablo''']] (born 1930), composer.
*[[Joaquín Rodrigo|Joaquín '''Rodrigo''']] (1901–1999), composer and [[pianist]], known for his ''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]''.
*[[Gaspar Sanz|Gaspar '''Sanz''']] (1640–1710), composer, dominate figure of Spanish [[baroque music]].
*[[Jordi Savall|Jordi '''Savall''']] (born 1941), [[early music|early]] and [[baroque music]] conductor and [[viol]] player.
*[[Andrés Segovia|Andrés '''Segovia''']] (1893–1987), [[Classical guitar music|classical guitarist]].
*[[Antonio Soler|Antonio '''Soler''']] (1729–1783), composer, known for his [[harpsichord]] [[Sonata (music)|sonatas]].
*[[Francisco Tárrega|Francisco '''Tárrega''']] (1852–1909), composer and classical guitarist.
*[[Joaquín Turina|Joaquín '''Turina''']] (1882–1949), composer.
*[[Tomás Luis de Victoria|Tomás Luis de '''Victoria''']] (1548–1611), the most famous composer of the 16th century (late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]]) in Spain.

===Opera singers===
[[File:Plácido Domingo, 2008.jpg|250 px|thumb|[[Plácido Domingo]]]]
**[[Victoria de los Ángeles|Victoria de los '''Ángeles''']] (born 1923), [[soprano]].
**[[Teresa Berganza|Teresa '''Berganza''']] (born 1935), [[mezzo-soprano]].
**[[Montserrat Caballé|Montserrat '''Caballé''']] (born 1933), soprano.
**[[Nancy Fabiola Herrera|Nancy Fabiola '''Herrera''']] (born 19??), [[mezzo-soprano]].
**[[José Carreras|José '''Carreras''']] (born 1946), one of ''[[The Three Tenors]]''.
**[[Antonio Cortis]] (1891-1952), [[tenor]].
**[[Plácido Domingo|Plácido '''Domingo''']] (born 1941), one of ''The Three Tenors''.
**[[Manuel del Pópulo Vicente García|Manuel del Pópulo Vicente '''García''']] (1775–1832), tenor.
**[[Maria Gay|María '''Gay''']] (1879–1943), [[mezzo-soprano]].
**[[Alfredo Kraus|Alfredo '''Kraus''']] (1927–1999), tenor.
**[[Hippolito Lazaro]] (1887-1974), tenor.
**[[Adelina Patti|Adelina '''Patti''']] (1843–1919), [[coloratura]] [[soprano]].
**[[Conchita Supervía|Conchita '''Supervía''']] (1895–1936), mezzo-soprano.
**[[Francisco Vinas]] (1863-1933), tenor.

=== Singers ===
*[[Belén Arjona|Belén '''Arjona''']] (Born 1981) Pop-Rock singer.
*[[Ana Belén|Ana '''Belén''']] (born 1951), singer and actress.
*[[David Bisbal|David '''Bisbal''']] (born 1979) pop singer.
*[[Miguel Bosé|Miguel '''Bosé''']] (born 1956), pop singer.
*[[Nino Bravo|Nino '''Bravo''']] (1944–1973), singer.
*[[Camarón de la Isla|'''Camarón''' de la Isla]] (1950-1992), [[Flamenco]] singer, real name José Monje Cruz.
*[[Luz Casal|Luz '''Casal''']] (born 1958), pop singer.
*'''[[Charo]]''' (born 1941), singer.
*'''[[Charytin]]''' (born 1950), singer.
*'''[[Chenoa]]''' (born 1975) pop singer.
*'''[[Dover]]''', band.
*[[Rocio Durcal|Rocío '''Durcal''']] (1945–2006), singer and actress.
*[[Rocio Jurado|Rocío '''Jurado''']] (1944–2006), singer.
*[[Edurne]] (1985) Singer and Actress.
*[[Manolo García|Manolo '''García''']] (born 1955), [[singer-songwriter]].
*[[Julio Iglesias|Julio '''Iglesias''']] (born 1943), pop singer.
*[[Lolita Flores]] (born 1958), singer and actress.
*'''[[Los del Río]]''', duo, authors of [[Macarena (song)|La Macarena]].
*[[Víctor Manuel|Víctor '''Manuel''']] (born 1947), singer.
*[[Melendi|Ramón '''Melendi''']] (born 1979), flamenco-influenced singer.
*[[Carlos Núñez|Carlos '''Núñez''']] (born 1971), [[bagpipes]] and [[Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias|Galician (Celtic) music]] performer.
*[[Jordi Savall|Jordi '''Savall''']] (born 1941), film music composer.
*[[Julio Iglesias]], singer
*[[Enrique Iglesias]], singer
*[[Enrique Urquijo]], founder of the band Los Secretos with his brother Álvaro, lead voice and composer
*[[Isabel Pantoja]], singer
*[[Lola Flores]], singer
*[[Lolita Flores]], singer
*[[Jose Luis Perales]], singer
*[[Camilo Sesto]], singer
*[[Rocio Jurado]], singer
*[[Rocio Durcal]], singer
*[[Braulio]], singer
*[[Isabel Pantoja|Isabel '''Pantoja''']] (born 1956), singer.
*[[Niña Pastori|Niña '''Pastori''']], (born María Rosa García García in 1978), flamenco singer.
*[[Jose Luis Perales|José Luis '''Perales''']] (born 1945), singer.
*[[Raphael (singer)|'''Raphael''']] (born 1943), pop singer.
*[[Joaquín Sabina|Joaquín '''Sabina''']] (born 1949), [[singer-songwriter]].
*[[Marta Sánchez|Marta '''Sánchez''']] (born 1966), pop singer.
*[[Alejandro Sanz|Alejandro '''Sanz''']] (born 1968), [[Pop music|pop]] singer.
*[[Joan Manuel Serrat|Joan Manuel '''Serrat''']] (born 1943), [[Catalonia|Catalan]] [[singer-songwriter]].
*[[Enrique Urquijo|Enrique '''Urquijo''']] (1960–1999), [[New Wave music]] singer.
*[[Alex Ubago]], singer and songwriter that is popular in Spain, the United States, and Latin America

== Philosophers and humanists ==
*''[[Alfonso X of Castile|'''Alfonso X''' of Castile]]'' (1221–1284), ''El Sabio'' ("''The Wise''").
*[[Francisco de Enzinas|Francisco de '''Enzinas''']] (1518–1552), humanist and translator of the [[New Testament]]
*[[José Javier Gallego|José Javier '''Gallego''']] (born 1955), thinker, writer, critic of philosophy and history.
*[[Baltasar Gracián y Morales|Baltasar '''Gracián''']] (1601–1658), author of ''El Criticón'', influenced European philosophers such as [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]].
*[[Bartolomé de Las Casas|Bartolomé de '''Las Casas''']] (1484–1566), humanist, advocate of the rights of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
*[[Ignatius of Loyola|Ignatius of '''Loyola''']] (c. 1491 – 1556), theologian, founder of the [[Society of Jesus]].
*[[Salvador de Madariaga|Salvador de '''Madariaga''']] (1886–1978), humanist, co-founder of the [[College of Europe]] (1949).
*[[Gregorio Marañón|Gregorio '''Marañón''']] (1887–1960), humanist and medical scientist, important intellectual of the 20th century in Spain.
*[[Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo|Marcelino '''Menéndez Pelayo''']] (1856–1912), [[Philology|philologist]], historian and [[Erudition|erudite]].
*[[Julián Marías|Julián '''Marías''']] (1914–2005), philosopher. Wrote the ''History of Philosophy''
*[[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Ramón '''Menéndez Pidal''']] (1869–1968), philologist, historian and erudite member of [[Generation of '98]].
*[[Antonio de Nebrija|Antonio de '''Nebrija''']] (1441–1522), scholar, published the first grammar of the [[Spanish language]] (''[[Gramática Castellana]]'', 1492), which was the first grammar produced of any [[Romance language]].
*[[José Ortega y Gasset|José '''Ortega y Gasset''']] (1883–1955), philosopher, social and political thinker, author of ''[[The Revolt of the Masses]]'' (1930).
*[[Bernardino de Sahagún|Bernardino de '''Sahagún''']] (1499–1590), [[Franciscan]] missionary, researched [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]] culture and [[Nahuatl language]] and compiled an unparalleled work in Spanish and Náhuatl.
*[[George Santayana|George '''Santayana''']] (1863–1952), philosopher, taught at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], author of ''[[The Sense of Beauty]]'' (1896) and ''[[The Life of Reason]]'' (1905–6).
*[[Fernando Savater|Fernando '''Savater''']] (born 1947), philosopher and [[essayist]], known for his writings on [[ethics]].
*[[Francisco Suárez|Francisco '''Suárez''']] (1548–1617), one of the most influential [[Scholasticism|scholastics]] after [[Thomas Aquinas]].
*[[Miguel de Unamuno|Miguel de '''Unamuno''']] (1864–1936), [[Existentialism|existentialist]] writer and [[Literary theory|literary theoretician]].
*[[Juan Luís Vives|Juan Luis '''Vives''']] (1492–1540), prominent figure of [[Renaissance humanism]], taught at [[Catholic University of Leuven|Leuven]] and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Oxford]] (while tutor to [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]]).
*[[Xavier Zubiri|Xavier '''Zubiri''']] (1889–1983), philosopher, critic of classical [[metaphysics]].

== Science and technology ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish scientists|Category:Spanish engineers|Category:Spanish inventors}}
*[[José de Acosta|José de '''Acosta''']] (1540–1600), one of the first [[natural history|naturalists]] and [[anthropology|anthropologists]] of the Americas.
*[[Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont]] (1553-1613) Registered design for steam powered water pump for use in mines (1606).
*[[José María Algué|José María '''Algué''']] (1856–1930), meteorologist, inventor of the [[barocyclometer]], the [[nephoscope]], and the [[microseismograph]].
*[[Ignacio Barraquer]] (1884-1965), leading [[ophthalmologist]], pioneer of [[cataract surgery]].
*[[Jose Barraquer|José Ignacio Barraquer]] (1916-1998), leading [[ophthalmologist]], father of modern [[refractive surgery]], he invented the [[microkeratome]] and the [[cryolathe]], developed the surgical procedures of [[keratomileusis]] and [[keratophakia]].
*[[Angel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel '''Cabrera''']] (1879–1960), naturalist, investigated the South-American fauna.
*[[Nicolás Cabrera|Nicolás '''Cabrera''']] (1913–1989), physicist, did important work on the theories of [[crystal]] growth and the [[oxidisation]] of [[metals]].
*[[Juan de la Cierva|Juan de la '''Cierva''']] (1895–1936), aeronautical engineer, pioneer of [[rotary flight]], inventor of the [[autogyro]].
*[[Josep Comas Solá|Josep '''Comas i Solà''']] (1868–1937), astronomer, discovered the periodic [[comet]] [[32P/Comas Solá]] and 11 [[asteroid]]s, and in 1907 observed limb darkening of [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] (the first evidence that the body had an atmosphere).
*[[Pedro Duque|Pedro '''Duque''']] (born 1963), astronaut and veteran of two space missions.
*[[Fausto Elhuyar|Fausto de '''Elhúyar''']] (1755–1833), chemist, joint discoverer of [[tungsten]] with his brother [[Juan José Elhuyar|Juan José de '''Elhúyar''']] in 1783.
*[[Carlos Fernández Casado|Carlos '''Fernández Casado''']] (1905–1988), civil engineer, designer and builder of bridges and [[viaducts]].
*[[Jaime Ferrán|Jaime '''Ferrán''']] (1852–1929), doctor and researcher, discovered several vaccines.
*[[Francisco Hernández de Toledo|Francisco '''Hernández''']] (1514–1587), botanicist, carried out important research about the Mexican flora
*[[Manuel Jalón Corominas|Manuel '''Jalón Corominas''']] (born 1925), inventor of the [[mop]] (1956) and a worldwide used "two-piece" disposable [[syringe]] (1978).
*[[Carlos Jiménez Díaz|Carlos '''Jiménez Díaz''']] (1898–1967), doctor and researcher, leading figure in [[pathology]]
*[[Gregorio Marañón|Gregorio '''Marañón''']] (1887–1960), doctor and researcher, leading figure in endocrinology
*[[Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol|Narcís '''Monturiol''']] (1818–1885), physicist and inventor, pioneer of underwater navigation and first machine powered [[submarine]].
*[[José Celestino Mutis|José Celestino Bruno '''Mutis''']] (1732–1808), botanicist, doctor, philosopher and mathematician, carried out relevant research about the American flora, founded one of the first astronomic observatories in America (1762).
*[[Severo Ochoa|Severo '''Ochoa''']] (1905–1993), doctor and biochemist, achieved the synthesis of [[ribonucleic acid]] (RNA), [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel prize]] Laureate (1959).
*[[Mathieu Orfila|Mateu '''Orfila''']] (1787–1853), doctor and chemist, father of modern [[toxicology]], leading figure in forensic toxicology.
*[[Joan Oró|Joan '''Oró''']] (1923–2004), biochemist, carried out important research about the origin of life, he worked with [[NASA]] on the [[Viking biological experiments|Viking missions]].
*[[Julio Palacios Martínez|Julio '''Palacios Martínez''']] (1891–1970), physicist and mathematician
*[[Isaac Peral y Caballero|Isaac '''Peral''']] (1851–1895), engineer and sailor, designer of the first fully operative military submarine.
*[[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Santiago '''Ramón y Cajal''']] (1852–1934), father of [[Neuroscience]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel prize]] Laureate (1906).
*[[Julio Rey Pastor|Julio '''Rey Pastor''']] (1888–1962), mathematician, leading figure in geometry.
*[[Wifredo Ricart]] (1897–1974), engineer, designer and executive manager in the automotive industry.
*[[Andrés Manuel del Río|Andrés Manuel del '''Río''']] (1764–1849), [[geology|geologist]] and [[chemistry|chemist]], discovered [[vanadium]] (as [[vanadinite]]) in 1801.
*[[Pío del Río Hortega|Pío del '''Río Hortega''']] (1882–1945), [[neuroscience|neuroscientist]], discoverer of the [[microglia]] or ''Hortega cell''.
*[[Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente|Félix '''Rodríguez de la Fuente''']] (1928–1980), naturalist, leading figure in ornithology, ethology, ecology and science divulgation
*[[Margarita Salas|Margarita '''Salas''']] (born 1938), biochemist, molecular genetist and researcher.
*[[Michael Servetus|Miguel '''Servet''']] (1511–1553), scientist, surgeon and humanist; first European to describe [[pulmonary circulation]].
*[[Esteban Terradas i Illa|Esteban '''Terradas i Illa''']] (1883–1950), mathematician, physicist and engineer.
*[[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo|Leonardo '''Torres Quevedo''']] (1852–1936), engineer and mathematician, pioneer of automated calculation machines, inventor of the automatic chess, pioneer of [[remote control]], designer of the funicular over the [[Niagara Falls]].
*[[Eduardo Torroja|Eduardo '''Torroja''']] (1899–1961), civil engineer, structural architect, world famous specialist in concrete structures.
*[[Josep Trueta|Josep '''Trueta''']] (1897–1977), doctor, his new method for treatment of open wounds and fractures helped save a great number of lives during [[World War II]].
*[[Antonio de Ulloa|Antonio de '''Ulloa''']] (1716–1795), scientist, soldier and author; joint discoverer of element [[platinum]] with [[Jorge Juan y Santacilia]] (1713–1773).
*''[[Arnold of Villanova|Arnold of '''Villanova''']]'' (c. 1235 – 1311), alchemist and physician, he discovered [[carbon monoxide]] and pure [[alcohol]].

== Social scientists ==
*[[Martín de Azpilcueta|Martín de '''Azpilicueta''']] (1492–1586), [[Economics|economist]], member of the [[School of Salamanca]], precursor of the quantitative theory of money.
*[[Manuel Castells|Manuel '''Castells''']] (born 1942), sociologist, author of the well-known trilogy ''The Information Age''.
*[[Salvador Giner|Salvador '''Giner''']] (born 1934), sociologist, he had researched on social theory, sociology of culture and modern industrial society.
*[[Jesus Huerta de Soto|Jesús '''Huerta de Soto''']] (born 1956), major [[Austrian School]] economist.
*[[Juan J. Linz|Juan José '''Linz''']] (born 1926), [[Sterling Professor]] of Political and Social Science at [[Yale University|Yale]]; [[Prince of Asturias Award]] (1987) and [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science|Johan Skytte Prize]] (1996) Laureate.
*[[Xavier Sala-i-Martin|Xavier '''Sala-i-Martín''']] (born 1963), economist, professor at [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], and [[Columbia University|Columbia]].
*[[Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña|Claudio '''Sánchez-Albornoz''']] (1893–1984), historian, prominent specialist in [[Spain in the Middle Ages|medieval Spanish history]].
*[[Joseph de la Vega|Joseph de la '''Vega''']] (1650–1692), businessman, wrote ''Confusion of Confusions'' (1688), first book on [[stock market]]s.
*[[Francisco de Vitoria|Francisco de '''Vitoria''']] (c. 1480/86 – 1546), member of the [[School of Salamanca]], precursor of [[international law]] theory.

== Sports ==
{{seealso|Category:Spanish sportspeople}}

=== Athletics ===
**[[Fermín Cacho Ruiz|Fermín '''Cacho Ruiz''']] (born 1969), [[1500 metres]] Gold ([[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Olympics]]) and Silver ([[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Olympics]]) medalist.

=== Basketball ===
**[[Antonio Diaz-Miguel|Antonio '''Díaz-Miguel''']] (1933–2000), coach, enshrined in the [[Basketball Hall of Fame]] in 1997.
**[[Pau Gasol|Pau '''Gasol''']] (born 1980), [[FC Barcelona Bàsquet|FC Barcelona]] and [[Los Angeles Lakers]] player, 2001-02 [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award]] winner; [[2006 FIBA World Championship|2006 FIBA W.C.]] [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]].
**[[Fernando Martín Espina|Fernando '''Martín''']] (1962–1989), [[CB Estudiantes|Estudiantes]], [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]] and [[Portland Trail Blazers]] player.
**[[Juan Carlos Navarro (basketball)|Juan Carlos '''Navarro''']] (born 1980), [[FC Barcelona Bàsquet|FC Barcelona]] and [[Memphis Grizzlies]] player.
**[[Jordi Tomàs "Tomé"]] Player and Coach, (born 1984)

=== Boxing ===
**[[Pedro Carrasco|Pedro '''Carrasco''']] (1943–2001), 1967 European Lightweight Champion; 1971 [[World Boxing Council|WBC]]'s World [[Lightweight]] Champion.
**[[Javier Castillejo|Javier '''Castillejo''']] (born 1968), two-time [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] World [[Jr. Middleweight]] Champion and one-time [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] [[Middleweight]] champion.

=== Cycling ===
**[[Guillermo Timoner|Guillermo '''Timoner''']] (born 1926), six-time [[UCI Track World Championships, Men|World Motor paced Track Cycling Champion]] (1955, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965).
**[[Federico Bahamontes|Federico Martín '''Bahamontes''']] (born 1928), [[1959 Tour de France]] winner.
**[[Carlos Sastre|Carlos '''Sastre''']] (born 1975), [[2008 Tour de France]] winner.
**[[Alberto Contador|Alberto '''Contador''']] (born 1982), [[2007 Tour de France]], [[2008 Giro d'Italia]], [[2008 Vuelta a España]] winner.
**[[Pedro Delgado|Pedro '''Delgado''']] (born 1960), [[1988 Tour de France]] winner.
**[[Óscar Freire|Óscar '''Freire''']] (born 1976), three-time [[World Cycling Championship|World Cycling Champion]] (1999, 2001, 2004).
**[[José Manuel Fuente|José Manuel '''Fuente''']] (1945–1996), twice [[Vuelta a España]] winner (1972, 1974), second in [[Giro d'Italia]] (1972), thrird in [[Tour de France]] (1973).
**[[Roberto Heras|Roberto '''Heras''']] (born 1974), three-time [[Vuelta a España]] winner (2000, 2003, 2004).
**[[Miguel Indurain|Miguel '''Indurain''']] (born 1964), Gold medalist ([[Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Olympics]]), 1995 [[World Cycling Championship#World Time-Trial Champions|World Time-Trial Champion]], World Hour recordman (1994), five consecutive times [[Tour de France]] winner (1991-1995), twice [[Giro d'Italia]] winner (1992, 1993).
**[[Joan Llaneras|Joan '''Llaneras''']] (born 1969), Gold medalist ([[Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Olympics]]), Silver medalist ([[Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Olympics]]), seven-times [[UCI Track World Championships, Men|World Points race or Madison Track Cycling Champion]] (1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007).
**[[Luis Ocaña|Luis '''Ocaña''']] (1945–1994), [[1973 Tour de France]] winner.
**[[Abraham Olano|Abraham '''Olano''']] (born 1970), 1995 World Cycling Champion and 1998 [[World Cycling Championship#World Time-Trial Champions|World Time-Trial Champion]].
**[[Óscar Pereiro|Óscar '''Pereiro''']] (born 1977), [[2006 Tour de France]] winner.
**[[Samuel Sánchez|'''Samu'''el Sánchez]] (born 1978), [[Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|Beijing 2008 Olympic Road Race Gold Medal]]
**[[Joane Somarriba|Joane '''Somarriba''']] (born 1972), three-time [[Grande Boucle]] winner (2000, 2001, 2003).

=== Football (Soccer) ===
[[Image:Fernando Torres Spain.jpg|thumb||100px|right|Torres celebrating victory with Spain at Euro 2008]]
**[[Alfredo Di Stéfano|Alfredo '''Di Stéfano''']] (born 1926), five consecutive times [[UEFA Champions League|European Champion]] (with [[Real Madrid]], 1956–1960; scored 49 goals).
**[[Raúl González|'''Raúl''' González]] (born 1977), first player to reach 50 goals in [[UEFA Champions League]].
**'''[[Francisco Gento]]''' (born 1933), Real Madrid Player. Winner of six [[UEFA Champions League]].
**[[Xavi Hernández|'''Xavi''' Hernández]] (born 1980), midfielder and [[FC Barcelona]] player. [[UEFA Euro 2008]] MVP.
**[[Andoni Zubizarreta|Andoni '''Zubizarreta''']] (born 1961), most capped Spanish international
**[[Iker Casillas|Iker '''Casillas''']] (born 1981), goalkeeper and [[Real Madrid CF]]. Captain of the Spain team that won Euro 2008
**[[Fernando Torres|Fernando '''Torres''']] (born 1984), striker and [[Liverpool F.C.]] player. Scored the winning goal at the Euro 2008 Final.
**[[David Villa|David '''Villa''']] (born 1981), striker and [[Valencia CF]] player. Finished as top scorer at Euro 2008.

=== Golf ===
**[[Severiano Ballesteros|Severiano '''Ballesteros''']] (born 1957), winner of 5 [[Men's major golf championships|major championships]].
**[[Sergio García|Sergio '''García''']] (born 1980), winner of 6 [[PGA Tour]] and 6 [[European Tour]] titles.
**[[Miguel Ángel Jiménez|Miguel Ángel '''Jiménez''']] (born 1964), winner of 13 European Tour titles winner.
**[[José María Olazábal|José María '''Olazábal''']] (born 1966), winner of 2 major championships.

=== Motor sports ===
**[[Fernando Alonso|Fernando '''Alonso''']] (born 1981), 2005 and 2006 [[Formula One]] [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Champion]].
**[[Jaime Alguersuari|Jaime '''Alguersuari''']] (born 1990), youngest Formula One driver in history, 2008 British Formula Three champion
**[[Álvaro Bautista|Álvaro '''Bautista''']] (born 1984) motorcycle racing raider, 125cc champion of the World in 2006.
**[[Carlos Checa|Carlos '''Checa''']] (born 1972), [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|GP motorcycle racing]] rider.
**[[Marc Coma|Marc '''Coma''']] (born 1976), won the [[Dakar Rally]] in 2006.
**[[Àlex Crivillé|Àlex '''Crivillé''']] (born 1970), 500cc GP motorcycle racing [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|World Champion]] in 1999.
**[[Marc Gené|Marc '''Gené''']] (born 1974) [[Formula One]] driver.
**[[Jorge Lorenzo|Jorge '''Lorenzo''']] (born 1987), 2006 and 2007 [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|GP motorcycle racing]] 250cc World Champion.
**[[Jorge Martínez Aspar|Jorge '''Martínez Aspar''']] (born 1962), GP motorcycle racing rider, four-time World Champion [80 cc (3) and 125 cc (1)].
**[[Pedro de la Rosa|Pedro '''Martínez de la Rosa''']] (born 1971), Formula One driver.
**[[Ángel Nieto|Ángel '''Nieto''']] (born 1947), GP motorcycle racing rider, 12+1 times World Champion.
**[[Daniel Pedrosa|Daniel '''Pedrosa''']] (born 1985), youngest [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|GP motorcycle racing]] World Champion of 125cc and 250cc.
**[[Carlos Sainz|Carlos '''Sainz''']] (born 1962), 1990 and 1992 [[World Rally Championship|World Rally Champion]].

=== Tennis ===
**[[Galo Blanco|Galo '''Blanco''']] professional tennis player.
**[[Sergi Bruguera|Sergi '''Bruguera''']] (born 1971), [[1993 French Open|1993]] and [[1994 French Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Àlex Corretja|Àlex '''Corretja''']] (born 1974), [[1998 ATP Tour World Championships|1998 ATP Tour World Champion]].
**[[Albert Costa|Albert '''Costa''']] (born 1975), [[2002 French Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Juan Carlos Ferrero|Juan Carlos '''Ferrero''']] (born 1980), [[2003 French Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Andrés Gimeno|Andrés '''Gimeno''']] (born 1937), [[1972 French Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Conchita Martínez|Conchita '''Martínez''']] (born 1972), [[1994 Wimbledon Championships|1994 Wimbledon]] Women's Singles Champion.
**[[Carlos Moyà|Carlos '''Moyà''']] (born 1976), [[1998 French Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Rafael Nadal|Rafael '''Nadal''']] (born 1986), [[2005 French Open|2005]], [[2006 French Open|2006]], [[2007 French Open|2007]], [[2008 French Open]], [[2008 Wimbledon]] & [[2009 Australian Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Manuel Orantes|Manuel '''Orantes''']] (born 1949), 1975 [[U.S. Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]] Men's Singles Champion.
**[[Virginia Ruano Pascual|Virginia '''Ruano Pascual''']] (born 1973), 8 [[Grand Slam title|Grand Slam]] Doubles titles winner.
**[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario|Arantxa '''Sánchez Vicario''']] (born 1971), 10 Grand Slam titles winner (4 singles, 6 doubles).
**[[Emilio Sánchez|Emilio '''Sánchez Vicario''']] (born 1965), 3 Grand Slam Doubles titles winner.
**[[Javier Sanchez|Javier '''Sanchez Vicario''']] professional tennis player, brother of Aranxta.
**[[Manuel Santana|Manuel '''Santana''']] (born 1938), 5 Grand Slam titles winner (4 singles, 1 doubles).

=== Wrestling ===
**[[Glenn Jacobs|'''Kane''']] (born 1967), [[WWE Championship|WWF Championship]], [[ECW Championship]], [[WCW World Tag Team Championship]], [[WWE Hardcore Championship|WWF Hardcore Championship]], [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|WWF/E Intercontinental Championship]], [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF/E World Tag Team Championship]].

== Others ==
*[[José Andrés|Jose '''Andrés''']] (born 1969), [[chef]]
*[[Ferran Adrià|Ferran '''Adrià''']] (born 1962), [[chef]].
*[[Carlos D. Cidon|Carlos D. '''Cidon''']] (born 1959), [[chef]].
*[[Joaquín Cortés|Joaquín '''Cortés''']] (born 1969), dancer.
*[[Luis Miguel González Lucas|Luis Miguel '''González Lucas''']] (1926–1995), better known as ''Luis Miguel Dominguín'', [[bullfighting|bullfighter]], father of [[Miguel Bosé]].
*[[Juan March Ordinas|Juan '''March Ordinas''']] (1880–1962), politician and businessman.
*[[Federica Montseny|Federica '''Montseny''']] (1905–1994), [[anarchism|anarchist]], politician and writer.
*[[Aguas Santas Ocaña Navarro|Aguas Santas '''Ocaña Navarro''']] (born 1963), first lady of [[Honduras]].
*[[Amancio Ortega Gaona]] (born 1936), entrepreneur.
*[[Juan Pujol (alias Garbo)|Juan '''Pujol''']], alias ''Garbo'' (1912–1988), double-agent who played a key role in the success of [[Normandy Landings|D-Day]] towards the end of [[World War II]].
*[[Tamara Rojo|Tamara '''Rojo''']] (born 1974), ''[[prima ballerina]]'' of the [[London]]'s [[Royal Ballet, London|Royal Ballet]] (since 2000); [[Prince of Asturias Award]] of Arts Laureate (2005).
*[[Diego Salcedo (soldier)|Diego '''Salcedo''']] (1575–1644), first Spaniard killed by [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] [[Taíno]]s.
*[[Teresa of Avila|Saint '''Teresa of Avila''']] (1515–1582), [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] and monastic reformer.
*[[Tomás de Torquemada|Tomás de '''Torquemada''']] (1420–1498), [[Grand Inquisitor]].

== See also ==
*[[List of people by nationality]]
*[[List of Andalusians]]
*[[List of Aragonese]]
*[[List of Basques]]
*[[List of Catalans]]
*[[List of Iberian Jews#Spain|List of Spanish Jews]]

===Related links===
*[http://famousspanishpeople.org/ Famous Spanish People]

[[Category:Lists of Spanish people| ]]

[[id:Daftar tokoh Spanyol]]
[[it:Lista di spagnoli]]
[[ja:スペイン人の一覧]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de espanhóis]]
[[scn:Spagnoli cèlibbri]]
[[zh:西班牙人列表]]

Donald Macintyre (journalist)

2010-03-03T19:12:36Z

Jomunro: grammar

{{primarysources|date=December 2009}}
:''This page is about the newspaper journalist. For others of similar name see [[Donald MacIntyre]]''

'''Donald Macintyre''' is a British journalist. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and obtained a post-graduate degree from the Cardiff School of Journalism<ref>Cardiff Univ. [http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/degreeprogrammes/pgdiploma/index.html reference] to MacIntyre; there are several others in the same website.</ref>.

Macintyre is the (2004-present) [[Jerusalem]] correspondent for ''[[The Independent]]'', where he was the Chief Political Commentator (1996-2004) as well as Political Editor. He has also worked for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]], ''[[The Times|Times]] and ''[[The Sunday Telegraph|Sunday Telegraph]].<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/donald-macintyre/ 1]</ref>

MacIntyre is based in West Jerusalem, although he speaks neither Hebrew nor Arabic.<ref>MacIntyre [http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?auid=1891 Profile] Verified: 15 December 2009; stems from Univ. of Michigan student research on the origin and language abilities of journalists studying the area.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macintyre, Donald}}
[[Category:British journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UK-journalist-stub}}

Andorra

2010-02-25T12:15:46Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = {{lang|ca|''Principat d'Andorra''}}
|conventional_long_name = Principality of Andorra
|common_name = Andorra
|image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = Location Andorra Europe.png
|map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|legend=Location Andorra Europe.png}}
|national_motto = {{lang|la|''"Virtus Unita Fortior"''}}{{spaces|2}}([[Latin]]) "Strength United is Stronger"
|national_anthem = {{lang|ca|''[[El Gran Carlemany|El Gran Carlemany, Mon Pare]]''}}{{spaces|2}}([[Catalan language|Catalan]]) ''The Great [[Charlemagne]], my Father''
|ethnic_groups = 36.6% [[Andorran]], 33.0% [[Spaniards|Spanish]], 16.3% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], 6.3% [[French people|French]], 7.8% others.<ref name="Estadística">[http://www.estadistica.ad/indexdee.htm Estadísticas de población de Andorra.] Ministerio de Justicia e Interior de Andorra</ref>
|official_languages = [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
|capital = [[Andorra la Vella]]
|latd=42 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=1 |longm=31 |longEW=E
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]] and [[Coregency|Co-principality]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|Co-Princes]]
|leader_name1 = [[Joan Enric Vives Sicília]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
|leader_title2 = [[Governor-General|Representatives]]
|leader_name2 = [[Nemesi Marqués Oste]] [[Christian Frémont]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Andorra|Head of Government]]
|leader_name3 = [[Jaume Bartumeu]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Andorra)|PS]])
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|established_event1 = [[Paréage]]
|established_date1 = [[History of Andorra|1278]]
|accessionEUdate =
|area_km2 = 468
|area_sq_mi = 181 
|area_rank = 191st
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|percent_water = 0.26 (121.4 [[hectares|ha]])<ref>Girard P & Gomez P (2009), [http://www.lacsdespyrenees.com/vallee-Andorre.html Lacs des Pyrénées: Andorre]. {{fr}}</ref>
|population_estimate = 88,815<ref>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-11 World Gazetteer]</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_estimate_rank = 194th
|population_census = 69,150
|population_census_year = 2006
|population_density_km2 = 180.5
|population_density_sq_mi = 466.8 
|population_density_rank = 69th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP = $4.90 billion 
|GDP_PPP_rank = 177th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $44,623 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = unranked
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.934<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009]. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009</ref>
|HDI_rank = 28th
|HDI_category = very high
|currency = [[Euro]] (€){{smallsup|1}}
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|demonym = [[List of Andorrans|Andorran]]
|drives_on = right
|cctld = [[.ad]]{{smallsup|2}}
|calling_code = [[+376]]
|footnote1 = Before 1999, the [[French franc]] and [[Spanish peseta]]; the coins and notes of both currencies, however, remained legal tender until 2002. Small amounts of [[Andorran diner]]s (divided into 100 centim) were minted after 1982.
|footnote2 = Also [[.cat]], shared with Catalan-speaking territories.
}}

'''Andorra''' {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Andorra.ogg|/ænˈdɒrə/}}, officially the '''Principality of Andorra''' ({{lang-ca|Principat d'Andorra}}), also called the '''Principality of the Valleys of Andorra''',<ref>Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia, 1991</ref> is a small country in southwestern [[Europe]], located in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth [[European microstates|smallest nation in Europe]] having an area of {{convert|468|km²|0|abbr=on}} and an estimated population of 83,888 in 2009. Its capital, [[Andorra la Vella]], is the highest capital city in Europe, being at an elevation of 1023 metres.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AN/0/Andorra_la_Vella.html Maps, Weather, and Airports for Andorra la Vella, Andorra]</ref> The official language is [[Catalan language|Catalan]], although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken.

The Principality was formed in 1278, and sovereignty is shared between the President of the French Republic and the [[Bishop of Urgell]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. It is a prosperous country mainly because of its [[tourism industry]], which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually,<ref name="es2">[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/exportar_banc_dades_csv.asp?formules=anual|inici&any1=01/01/2008&any2=01/01/2008&codi_divisio=380&lang=1&codi_subtemes=59&codi_tema=10 Departament d'Estadística, Govern d'Andorra: www.estadistica.ad]. {{ca}}</ref> and also because of its status as a [[tax haven]]. It is not a member of the European Union, but the [[euro]] is the ''de facto'' currency. The people of Andorra have the [[List of countries by life expectancy#List_by_the_CIA_World_Factbook_.282009_estimates.29|2nd highest human life expectancy]] in the world — 82 years at birth.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/23/andorra.life.expectancy/index.html|title=Why Andorrans live longer than everyone else|date=23 April 2009|author=Pat Thompson|publisher=CNN|accessdate=7 June 2009}}</ref>
{{TOClimit|limit=2}}

==History==
{{main|History of Andorra}}
[[File:97183442 f55d8aa568 b.jpg|thumb|left|Scenery of Andorran mountains]]
Tradition holds that Charles the Great ([[Charlemagne]]) granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for fighting against the [[Moors]]. [[Feudalism|Overlordship]] of the territory was by the [[Count of Urgell]] and eventually by the bishop of the [[Diocese of Urgell]]. In 988, Borrell II, Count of Urgell, gave the Andorran valleys to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in [[Cerdanya]].<ref name="histo1">{{Cite GREC|title=La formació d'Andorra|NDCHEC=0003864|en=1}}</ref> Since then the Bishop of Urgell, based in [[la Seu d'Urgell|Seu d'Urgell]], has owned Andorra.<ref name=elements>[http://www.coprince-fr.ad/catala/elements.htm Things about the history of Andorra] French Co-prince {{ca}}</ref>

Before 1095, Andorra did not have any type of military protection and the Bishop of Urgell, who knew that the Count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys,<ref name=elements/> asked for help and protection from the Lord of Caboet. In 1095, the Lord of Caboet and the Bishop of Urgell signed under oath a declaration of their co-sovereignty over Andorra. Arnalda, daughter of Arnau of Caboet, married the Viscount of Castellbò and both became Viscounts of Castellbò and Cerdanya. Years later their daughter, Ermessenda,<ref>{{Cite GREC|title=Ermessenda de Castellbò|NDCHEC=0024413|en=1}}</ref> married Roger Bernat II, the [[France|French]] [[Count of Foix]]. They became Roger Bernat II and Ermessenda I, Counts of Foix, Viscounts of Castellbò and Cerdanya, and also co-sovereigns of Andorra (shared with the Bishop of Urgell).

In the eleventh century, a dispute arose between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. The conflict was resolved in 1278 with the mediation of [[Aragon]] by the signing of the first [[paréage]] which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the [[count of Foix]]<ref name=elements/> (whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state) and the Bishop of Urgell, in [[Catalonia]]. This gave the [[principality]] its territory and political form.

Over the years, the French co-title to Andorra passed to the kings of Navarre. After Henry of Navarre became King [[Henry IV of France]], he issued an edict in 1607 that established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra. In 1812–13, the [[First French Empire]] annexed [[Catalonia]] and divided it in four [[département]]s, with Andorra being made part of the district of [[Puigcerdà]] (département of [[Sègre]]).

==== 20th century ====
Andorra declared war on [[Imperial Germany]] during [[World War I]], but did not actually take part in the fighting. It remained in an official state of belligerency until 1957 as it was not included in the [[Treaty of Versailles]].

In 1933, France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On July 12, 1934, adventurer [[Boris Skossyreff]] issued a proclamation in Urgell, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[Franco's Spain]]. Francoist troops reached the Andorran border in the later stages of the war. During [[World War II]], Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between [[Vichy France]] and Spain.

Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. In recent times, however, its thriving tourist industry along with developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation. Its political system was thoroughly modernised in 1993, the year in which it became a member of the [[United Nations]] and the [[Council of Europe]].

[[File:Andorra-coa-old.jpg|thumb|upright|Andorran coat of arms at Andorran parliament]]

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Andorra}}
Andorra is a parliamentary [[co-principality]] with the [[President of the French Republic|President of France]] and the [[Bishop of Urgell]] ([[Catalonia]], Spain), as [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|co-princes]], in a [[duumvirate]]. The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]], whereby the [[Prime Minister of Andorra]] is the [[head of government]], and of a [[wiktionary:pluriform|pluriform]] multi-party system.

The current Prime Minister is [[Jaume Bartumeu]] of the Social Democratic Party (PS). [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

[[File:Andorralavella02.jpg|thumb|275px|left|Casa de la Vall, Andorran Parliament]]
The Parliament of Andorra is known as the General Council. The General Council consists of between 28 and 42 Councilors, as the members of the legislative branch are called. The Councilors serve for four-year terms and elections are held between the thirtieth and fortieth days following the dissolution of the previous Council. The Councilors can be elected on two equal constituencies.

Half are elected in equal number from each of the seven administrative parishes and the other half of the Councilors are elected from a single national constituency. Fifteen days after the election, the Councilors hold their inauguration. During this session, the Syndic General, who is the head of the General Council, and the Subsyndic General, his assistant, are elected. Eight days later, the Council convenes once more. During this session the Head of Government, the Prime Minister of Andorra, is chosen from among the Councilors.

Candidates for the prime-ministerial nomination can be proposed by a minimum of one-fifth of the Councilors. The Council then elects the candidate with the absolute majority of votes to be Head of Government. The Syndic General then notifies the Co-princes who in turn appoint the elected candidate as the Prime Minister of Andorra. The General Council is also responsible for proposing and passing laws. Bills may be presented to the Council as Private Members' Bills by three of the Local Parish Councils jointly or by at least one tenth of the citizens of Andorra.

The Council also approves the annual budget of the principality. The government must submit the proposed budget for parliamentary approval at least two months before the previous budget expires. If the budget is not approved by the first day of the next year, the previous budget is extended until a new one is approved. Once any bill is approved, the Syndic General is responsible for presenting it to the Co-princes so that they may sign and enact it.

If the Head of Government is not satisfied with the Council, he may request that the Co-princes dissolve the Council and order new elections. In turn, the Councilors have the power to remove the Head of Government from office. After a motion of censure is approved by at least one-fifth of the Councilors, the Council will vote and if it receives the absolute majority of votes, the Prime Minister is removed.

==Law and criminal justice==
The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court. The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the Head of Government, one each by the Coprinces, one by the Syndic General, and one by the Judges and Magistrates. It is presided over by the member appointed by the Syndic General and the judges hold office for six-year terms.

The Magistrates and Judges are appointed by the High Court, and so is the President of the Criminal Law Court. The High Court also appoints members of the Office of the Attorney General. The Constitutional Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and reviewing all appeals of unconstitutionality against laws and treaties. It is composed of four judges, one appointed by each of the Coprinces and two by the General Council. They serve eight-year terms. The Court is presided over by one of the Judges on a two-year rotation so that each judge at one point will be the leader of the Court.

==Foreign relations and defence==
{{main|Foreign relations of Andorra}}
Responsibility for defending Andorra rests with Spain and France.

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Andorra|Geology of Andorra}}

<imagemap>
File:Andorramap.png|thumb|250px|Map of Andorra with its seven parishes labeled ([[:File:Andorramap.png|enlarge map]])
rect 34 350 121 404 [[Andorra la Vella]]
rect 443 148 519 172 [[Canillo]]
rect 437 363 520 389 [[Encamp]]
rect 352 443 464 498 [[Escaldes-Engordany]]
rect 36 223 155 247 [[La Massana]]
rect 284 78 354 103 [[Ordino]]
rect 208 567 304 618 [[Sant Julià de Lòria]]
rect 651 54 745 83 [[France]]
rect 484 583 560 619 [[Spain]]
</imagemap>

===Parishes===
{{main|Parishes of Andorra}}
Andorra consists of seven parishes:
* [[Andorra la Vella]]
* [[Canillo]]
* [[Encamp]]
* [[Escaldes-Engordany]]
* [[La Massana]]
* [[Ordino]]
* [[Sant Julià de Lòria]]

===Physical geography===
[[File:Andorra topographic map-en.svg|thumb|400px|right|Topographic map of Andorra]]
[[File:Andorralavella06.jpg|thumb|right|[[Escaldes-Engordany]] with Caldea spa (center)]]
Due to its location in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains of an average height of {{convert|1996|m|ft|0}} with the highest being the [[Coma Pedrosa]] at {{convert|2942|m|ft|0}}. These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the [[Valira|Gran Valira]] river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of {{convert|840|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=s}}). Andorra's surface area is {{convert|468|km2|sqmi|0}}.

[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of [[Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests]].

===Climate===
Andorra has a temperate climate similar to that of its neighbours, but its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter, lower humidity, and it is slightly cooler in summer. There are, on average, 300 days per year of sunshine.

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Andorra}}
[[Tourism]], the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. An estimated 10.2 million tourists visit annually,<ref name="es2">[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/exportar_banc_dades_csv.asp?formules=anual|inici&any1=01/01/2008&any2=01/01/2008&codi_divisio=380&lang=1&codi_subtemes=59&codi_tema=10 Departament d'Estadística, Govern d'Andorra: www.estadistica.ad]. {{ca}}</ref> attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of adjoining France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower [[tariff]]s.

The banking sector, with its [[tax haven]] status, also contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited—only 2% of the land is arable—and most food has to be imported. Some tobacco is grown locally. The principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra's natural resources include hydroelectric power, mineral water, timber, iron ore, and lead.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html|title=CIA World Factbook entry: Andorra}}</ref>

Andorra is not a member of the [[European Union]], but enjoys a [[Microstates and the European Union|special relationship]] with it, such as being treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra lacks a [[currency]] of its own and uses that of its two surrounding nations. Andorra used the [[French franc]] and the Spanish [[Spanish peseta|peseta]] until 1999 when both currencies were replaced by the EU's single currency, the [[euro]]. Coins and notes of both the franc and the peseta, however, remained legal tender in Andorra until 2002. Andorra is negotiating to issue its own euro coins.

==Demography==
{{main|Demographics of Andorra}}
===Population===
The population of Andorra is estimated to be 83,888 (July 2009).<ref name="ciafb2009">[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2009/index.html CIA World Factbook (2009)]</ref> The population has grown from 5,000 in 1900, and reached a peak of 84,484 (estimated) in July 2008.<ref name="ciafb2008">[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2008/index.html CIA World Factbook (2008)]</ref>

Andorrans are a minority in their own country (31,363);<ref name="de1">Departament d'Estadistica, 2008</ref>; Spaniards (27,300),<ref name="de1"/> Portuguese (13,794),<ref name="de1"/> French (5,213),<ref name="de1"/> Britons (1,085) <ref name="de1"/> and [[Italian people|Italians]] make up 67.7% of Andorra's population.

=== Languages ===
{{main|Languages of Andorra}}
The historic and [[official language]] is [[Catalan language|Catalan]], a [[Romance language]]. Because of immigration, historical links, and close geographic proximity, other languages such as Spanish, French and Portuguese are also commonly spoken. Most Andorrans also speak Spanish (Castilian), French or both. Andorra is one of only four European countries (together with France, Monaco, and Turkey) that have never signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|Council of Europe Framework Convention on National Minorities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=157&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG|title=Council of Europe}}</ref>

===Religion===
The population of Andorra is predominantly (90%) [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html|title=CIA – The World Fact Book{{ndash}} Andorra}}</ref> Their patron saint is [[Our Lady of Meritxell]]. Though it is not an official state religion, the constitution acknowledges a special relationship with the Roman Catholic Church, offering some special privileges to that group. The Muslim community is primarily made up of North African immigrants. Other Christian denominations include the [[Anglican Church]], [[Jehovah's Witness|Jehovah’s Witnesses]], the [[Reunification Church]], the [[New Apostolic Church]], and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. There is a small community of [[Hinduism|Hindus]].

==Education==
Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required by law to have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is provided free of charge by the government.

There are three systems of schools – Andorran, French and Spanish – which use Catalan, French and Spanish, respectively, as the main language of instruction. Parents may choose which system their children attend. All schools are built and maintained by Andorran authorities, but teachers in the French and Spanish schools are paid for the most part by France and Spain. About 50% of Andorran children attend the French primary schools, and the rest attend Spanish or Andorran schools.

In July 1997, the Andorran Government passed a law on universities and shortly afterward, the [[University of Andorra]] was established. The geographical complexity of the country as well as the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra from developing a full academic programme, and it serves principally as a centre for virtual studies, connected to Spanish and French universities. The only two graduate schools in Andorra are the Nursing School and the School of Computer Science.

==Healthcare==
Healthcare in Andorra is provided to all employed persons and their families by the government-run social security system, [[Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social|CASS]] (Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social), which is funded by employer and employee contributions in respect of salaries.<ref name="travenand">''Travailler en Andorre'' (May 2006), Govern d'Andorra, Servei d'Ocupació, p.30. {{fr}}</ref> The cost of healthcare is covered by CASS at rates of 75% for out-patient expenses such as medicines and hospital visits, 90% for hospitalisation, and 100% for work-related accidents. The remainder of the costs may be covered by private health insurance. Other residents and tourists require full private health insurance.<ref name="travenand"/>

The main hospital, Meritxell, is in [[Escaldes-Engordany]]. Its services include 24-hour accident and emergency, anatomy, angiology, pathology, anesthesiology, clinical cardiology, clinical biochemistry, clinical neurology, dermatology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, geriatrics, hematology, immunology, intensive care, internal medicine, medical oncology, microbiology, nephrology and dialysis, neurophysiology, obstetrics and gynecology, oncology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaringology, orthopedics, pediatrics, physiotherapy, neonatology, plastic surgery, general surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, neurosurgery, pediatric surgery, thoracic surgery, trauma surgery, cardiovascular surgery, parasitology, psychiatry, radiodiagnostics, radiotherapy, urology, and venerealogy.<ref name="cassps">List of specialities with coverage by CASS at Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell (2009), [http://online.cass.ad/web/lacass/professionalSalut/hospitals/Andorra Cass.ad], Retrieved 2009-07-19.</ref>

There are also 12 primary health care centres in various locations around the Principality.<ref name="cassps"/>

==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Andorra|Rail transport in Andorra}}
Andorra has a road network of {{convert|279|km|0|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|76|km|0|abbr=on}} is unpaved. The two main roads out of [[Andorra la Vella]] are the CG-1 to the Spanish border, and the CG-2 to the French border via the [[Envalira Tunnel]] near [[Pas de la Casa]].<ref name="mobi">[http://www.mobilitat.ad/CA/default.asp Agència de Mobilitat, Govern d'Andorra]</ref> In winter, the main roads in Andorra are usually quickly cleared of snow and remain accessible, but the main road out of Andorra on the French side ([[Route nationale 20|RN-20]]/[[Route nationale 22|22]]) is less frequently cleared and is sometimes closed by avalanches.<ref name="ladep">L'Hospitalet. La RN 20 coupée à cause d'une avalanche, ''La Depeche'', 17 December 2008. [http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2008/12/17/509135-L-Hospitalet-La-RN-20-coupee-a-cause-d-une-avalanche.html Ladepeche.fr] {{fr}}</ref> Other main roads out of Andorra la Vella are the CG-3 and CG-4 to [[Arcalis]] and [[Pal, Andorra|Pal]], respectively.

Bus services cover all metropolitan areas and many rural communities, with services on most major routes running half-hourly or more frequently during peak travel times. There are frequent long-distance bus services from Andorra to [[Barcelona]] and [[Barcelona El Prat Airport|Barcelona Airport]], and also to [[Toulouse]] and [[Toulouse Blagnac Airport|Toulouse Airport]], in each case taking approximately 3 hours. Bus routes also serve [[Girona Airport]] and Portugal via [[Lleida]]. Bus services are mostly run by private companies, but some local ones are operated by the Government. The private bus companies are Autocars Nadal, Camino Bus, Cooperativa Interurbana Andorrana, Eurolines, Hispano Andorrana, and Novatel.<ref>[http://www.transportpublic.ad/Angles/index.htm Public transport of passengers], Servei de Planificació i Gestió del Transport, Govern d'Andorra, 2009.</ref>

There are no railways, ports, or airports for fixed-wing aircraft in Andorra. There are, however, heliports in [[La Massana]], [[Arinsal]] and [[Escaldes-Engordany]] with commercial helicopter services.<ref name="heliand">Heliand – Serveis (2009). [http://www.heliand.com/ Heliand.com] {{ca}}</ref><ref name="helitrans">Helitrans – Services (2009). [http://www.helitrans.ad/ Helitrans.ad] {{ca}}</ref> Nearby airports are located in Barcelona, Toulouse, Perpignan, Reus, and Girona. The closest public airport is [[Perpignan - Rivesaltes Airport]], which is {{convert|160|km|0|abbr=on}} away and has short-haul services to several destinations in the United Kingdom and France. [[La Seu d'Urgell Airport]], a small airfield {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Andorra currently used only by private aeroplanes, is being studied by the Catalan government as a possible future airport for public aviation services.<ref name="gdc2008">La Generalitat es reuneix amb els pobles afectats per l'aeroport (31 October 2008). [http://www.viurealspirineus.cat/not%C3%ADcies/pol%C3%ADtica/La+Generalitat+es+reuneix+amb+els+pobles+afectats+per+l%27aeroport Viurealspirineus.cat] {{ca}}</ref>

The nearest railway station is [[L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre]] {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Andorra which is on the {{RailGauge|1435mm}}[[Standard gauge|-gauge]] line from [[Latour-de-Carol]], ({{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on|disp=s}}) southeast of Andorra, to [[Toulouse]] and on to [[Paris]] by the French [[TGV|high-speed trains]]. This line is operated by the [[SNCF]]. Latour-de-Carol has a [[Yellow Train|scenic metre-gauge trainline]] to [[Villefranche-de-Conflent]], as well as the SNCF's {{RailGauge|1435mm}}-gauge line connecting to [[Perpignan]], and the [[RENFE|RENFE's]] {{RailGauge|1668mm}} [[Iberian gauge|-gauge]] line to [[Barcelona]] <ref>[http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/map.php?file=maps/french-network/french-network.gif SNCF Map]</ref><ref>[http://www.maplandia.com/france/languedoc-roussillon/pyrenees-orientales/prades/latour-de-carol/ Google map]</ref>.

==Media and telecommunications==
{{main|Telecommunications in Andorra}}
In Andorra, mobile and fixed telephony and internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also known as ''Servei de Telecomunicacions d'Andorra'' (STA). The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital television and radio.

By the end of 2010, it is planned that every home in the country will have [[Fiber to the x|Fibre-Optic to the Home]] for internet access at a minimum speed of 100 Mbps.<ref name="somfo">SOM Newsletter, March 2009.</ref>

There is only one Andorran television station, ''[[Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra]]'' (RTVA). ''Radio Nacional d’Andorra'' operates two radio stations, ''[[Radio Andorra]]'' and ''Andorra Música''. There are three national newspapers, ''Diari D'Andorra'', ''El Periòdic'', and ''Bon Dia'' as well as several local newspapers.

==Culture==
[[File:HPIM0309.JPG|thumb|right|Andorran flag on balcony, Ordino]]
{{main|Culture of Andorra}}
The official and historic language is Catalan. Thus, its culture is Catalan with some own specificity.

Andorra is home to folk dances like the [[contrapàs]] and [[marratxa]], which survive in [[Sant Julià de Lòria]] especially. Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbors, but is especially [[music of Catalonia|Catalan]] in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the [[sardana]]. Other Andorran folk dances include contrapàs in [[Andorra la Vella]] and [[Saint Anne's dance]] in Escaldes-Engordany. Andorra's national holiday is [[Our Lady of Meritxell]] Day, September 8.<ref name="cia"/>

{{see also|Music of Andorra}}

==See also==
{{main|Outline of Andorra}}
{{columns |width=16em
|col1 =
* [[Andorra and the European Union]]
* [[Communications in Andorra]]
* [[European microstates]]
* [[Foreign relations of Andorra]]
{{wikiatlas|Andorra}}
|col2 =
* [[List of Andorra-related topics]]
* [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra]]
* [[Lists of Andorrans]]
* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Andorra]]
|col3 =
* [[Scouting in Andorra]]
* [[Tourism in Andorra]]
* [[Transport in Andorra]]
* [[Universitat d'Andorra]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
*[http://www.govern.ad/ Govern d'Andorra] – Official governmental site (in Catalan)
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/andorra.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
*{{CIA World Factbook link|an|Andorra}}
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/andorra/andorra.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/andorra.htm Andorra] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Andorra}}
* [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Andorra:_Primary_Documents History of Andorra: Primary Documents] from ''EuroDocs''
*{{wikitravel}}

{{Andorra topics}}
{{Template group
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Countries of Europe}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = International membership
|list =
{{Monarchies}}
{{Catalan-speaking regions |state=collapsed}}
{{Council of Europe}}
{{La Francophonie |state=collapsed}}
{{MSG:Latin Union}}
}}

[[Category:Andorra| ]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Catalan Countries]]
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]
[[Category:Liberal democracies]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]]
[[Category:Principalities]]
[[Category:Pyrenees]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1278]]



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User talk:24.39.160.178

2010-02-24T17:40:51Z

Jomunro: /* February 2010 */ new section

Thank you for experimenting with {{#if:{{{1|}}}|the page [[:{{{1}}}]] on}} Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. - [[User:Myanw|Myanw]] 13:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

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== February 2010 ==

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== February 2010 ==

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, {{#if:Apathy (rapper)|as you did at [[:Apathy (rapper)]],}} you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]].  [[User:Jomunro|Jomunro]] ([[User talk:Jomunro|talk]]) 17:40, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Apathy (rapper)

2010-02-24T17:37:57Z

Jomunro: Undid revision 346123220 by 24.39.160.178 (talk)

{{Notability|music|date=October 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Apathy
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Chad Bromley
| Alias = Apathy the Alien Tongue, Apathetic
| Born = March 8, 1979
| Died =
| Origin = [[Willimantic]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]
| Instrument =
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 1994–present
| Label = Demigodz, [[Babygrande]]
| Associated_acts = Demigodz, Doe Rakers, [[Jedi Mind Tricks]], [[Army of the Pharaohs]], [[Styles of Beyond]], [[Get Busy Committee]]
| URL = http://www.myspace.com/apathy
}}
'''Chad Bromley''' (born March 8, 1979), better known as '''Apathy''' (formerly Apathy the Alien Tongue) is an underground rapper and producer from [[Willimantic]], [[Connecticut]]. He attended high school at various schools in [[Connecticut]]. He is a re-founding member and unofficial leader of the Demigodz crew. Apathy frequently collaborates with Demigodz members, Motive, Esoteric and Celph Titled, who frequently produces for him. He is also a member of the super-group [[Army of the Pharaohs]] (founded by Vinnie Paz from [[Jedi Mind Tricks]]) and the [[Connecticut]] crew Doe Rakers. His DJ is Chum the Skrilla Guerilla. At one time, Apathy was signed to [[Atlantic Records]], however after being shelved for many years, he finally decided to leave.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

He released his debut album, ''[[Eastern Philosophy (album)|Eastern Philosophy]]'', in March 2006 on [[Babygrande Records]]. Most of his previous underground work has been collected on two albums: the two-disc ''[[It's the Bootleg, Muthafuckas! Vol. 1]]'' and ''Where's Your Album?!!''. Apathy released another collection of his most recent works, ''Baptism by Fire'', in January 2007. He has also criticized the overuse of Auto Tuning by artists like Kanye West stating, "You ain't a computer, you ain't from the future, and you ain't got a tumor, so why you do to your voice, shit to make it sound stupider" and the first time he heard vocals like that was on a Cher album in the eighties. He is in a group called ''[[Get Busy Committee]]''

==Discography==
=== Albums ===
*''[[Eastern Philosophy (album)|Eastern Philosophy]]'' (2006)
*''[[Wanna Snuggle?]]'' (2009)

=== Compilations ===
*''[[It's the Bootleg, Muthafuckas! Vol. 1]]''
*''[[Hell's Lost & Found: It's The Bootleg, Muthafuckas! Volume 2]]''

=== Mixtapes ===
*''[[Where's Your Album?!!]]'' (2004)
*''[[Baptism By Fire]]'' (2007)

=== Collaborations ===
*Apathy and Celph Titled — ''[[No Place Like Chrome]]'' (2007)
*Ryu. Apathy and Scoop Deville- ''[[Get Busy Committee]]'' (2009)

:'''Featured:'''
*[[Jedi Mind Tricks]] - ''[[The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness]]'' (1997)
*Esau The Anti-Emcee (The Debut Album....The Farwell Tour) on a track called ''"Too Many Emcees"''.
*[[Sage Francis]] - ''[[Still Sick... Urine Trouble]]'' (2000)
*[[7L & Esoteric]] - ''[[The Soul Purpose]]'' (2001)
*[[7L & Esoteric]] - ''[[Dangerous Connection]]'' (2002)
*[[Demigodz]] - ''The Godz Must Be Crazy EP'' (2002)
*Dynamic Syncopation - ''In The Red'' (2002)
*[[7L & Esoteric]] - ''Warning: Dangerous Exclusive'' (2002)
*[[Styles of Beyond]] - ''[[Megadef]]'' (2003)
*[[Louis Logic]] - ''[[Sin-A-Matic]]'' (2003)
*[[7L & Esoteric]] - ''[[DC2: Bars of Death]]'' (2004)
*DutchMassive - ''Junk Planet'' (2004)
*Majik Most - ''Molesting Hip Hop: The Official Mixtape'' (2005)
*''DJ Green Lantern Presents Fort Minor: We Major'' (2005)
*[[DJ Yoda]] - ''The Amazing Adventures Of DJ Yoda'' (2006)
*[[Outerspace]] - ''The Shut Off Notice'' (2006)
*[[Army of the Pharaohs]] - ''[[The Torture Papers (album)|The Torture Papers]]'' (2006)
*[[Styles of Beyond]] - ''Razor Tag'' (2007)
*Apathy's song ''"Drive It Like I Stole It"'' was featured in the soundtrack of the [[Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition]] video game.
*Demigodz - ''The Godz Must Be Crazier EP'' [Re-Issue] (2007)
*The Camp - ''The Campaign''
*Snowgoons - ''Black Snow'' (2008)
*DJ Food Stamp - ''UndergroundHipHop.com Presents: Best of 2007 Sampler''<ref>[http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/store/detail.asp?UPC=UGHH086CD UndergroundHipHop.com Presents (Mixed By: DJ Food Stamp) (Hosted By: Apathy & Celph Titled) - 'Best Of 2007 Sampler (MIX CD)' (Mix CD) Detail - Underground Hip Hop - Store]</ref> (Hosts w/ Celph Titled) (2008)
*[[Outerspace]] - ''A Tribute To [[Gangstarr]]'' (2009)

== External links ==
* {{MySpace|apathy|Apathy}}
* {{Discogs artist|artist=Apathy|name=Apathy}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Bromley, Chad
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Apathy, Apathy the Alien Tongue, Apathetic
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American [[Rapper]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= March 8, 1979
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apathy}}
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[de:Apathy (Rapper)]]
[[it:Apathy]]
[[no:Apathy]]
[[pl:Apathy]]
[[sv:Apathy]]

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:24:35Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{refimprove|date=february 2010}}

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
*''Now'', [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)

*''Sidewalk Caesars'', [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)

*''[[Back to the River]]'', [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)

*''Already Free'', [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)

*''92'' - Beep! , Migraine (2009)[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]

*''Never Going Back'', Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:24:13Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{refimprove|date=february 2010}}

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
*''Now'', [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)

*''Sidewalk Caesars'', [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)

*''[[Back to the River]]'', [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)

*''Already Free'', [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)

*''92'' - Beep! , Migraine (2009)[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]

*Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:19:41Z

Jomunro: date added to ref box

{{refimprove|date=february 2010}}

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)

Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)

[[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)

Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)

92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009)[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]

Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:18:14Z

Jomunro: ref box

{{refimprove}}

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)

Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)

[[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)

Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)

92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009)[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]

Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:15:19Z

Jomunro: formatting

{{citation}}

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)

Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)

[[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)

Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)

92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009)[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]

Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:07:30Z

Jomunro: formatting

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

==Discography==
* Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)
* Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)
* [[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)
* Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)
* 92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009) [[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]]
* Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T17:06:47Z

Jomunro: added stub

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

Discography
* Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)
* Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)
* [[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)
* Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)
* 92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009) [[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]]
* Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

{{US-music-bio-stub}}

Ted pecchio

2010-02-24T16:50:35Z

Jomunro: moved Ted pecchio to Ted Pecchio: Capitalization

#REDIRECT [[Ted Pecchio]]

Ted Pecchio

2010-02-24T16:50:35Z

Jomunro: moved Ted pecchio to Ted Pecchio: Capitalization

Ted Pecchio (born in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American bassist and currently a member of Grammy nominee [[Susan Tedeschi]]'s touring group. Ted is the son of [[Daniel Pecchio]], bassist for the bands [[Glass Harp]] and The [[Michael Stanley Band]].

Discography

* Now, [[The Codetalkers]] (Collard Green, 2006)
* Sidewalk Caesars, [[Scrapomatic]] (Landslide, 2008)
* [[Back to the River]], [[Susan Tedeschi]] (Verve, 2008)
* Already Free, [[The Derek Trucks Band]] (RCA Victor, 2009)
* 92 - Beep! , Migraine (2009) [[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:gn5qxn9aldke]]
* Never Going Back, Shemekia Copeland (Telarc, 2009)

Bobby pin

2010-02-24T16:17:19Z

Jomunro: removed vandalism

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2009}}

[[Image:Bobby pin.jpg|right|thumb||A plain bobby pin]]

A '''bobby pin''' is a type of [[Hairpin (Fashion)|hairpin]]. In British English it is known as a '''hair grip''' or '''kirby grip'''. It is a small [[pin]] or [[clip]], usually of metal or plastic, used in [[hairstyle|coiffure]] to hold hair in place. Typical bobby pins are plain and unobtrusively colored, but some are elaborately decorated or jeweled. A bobby pin is a double-pronged hair pin that slides into hair with the prongs open and then the flexible prongs close over the hair to hold it in place. Bobby pins became popular in the 1920s to hold the new bobbed hairstyles.

== Uses ==
Like [[barrettes]], decorated bobby pins are sometimes used to be noticed in hair. A decorated bobby pin can have beads, ribbons or other details on it and is usually worn to pull back front sections of hair while looking more decorative than a plain bobby pin.

Recently, due to their cheapness, strength and durability, hair grips have been applied for a variety of different uses. In Africa, Bobby pins are systematically used to repair inoperative [[sandal]]s.{{Fact|date=March 2009}} The tactic, simple yet refined into an elegant trade, has been incorporated by both nationals and [[expatriate]]s living alongside each other throughout all regions of the continent.{{Fact|date=March 2009}}

Bobby pins can also be used to hold cloth [[headband]]s or [[bandanna]]s in the hair. Many [[Jews]] use bobby pins to hold head coverings, such as a [[yarmulke]], securely to their hair.

== History ==
On August 6th 1882 Robert Pinney (a highly respected Jewish shoemaker) invented a clip to hold together loose strands of twine in his shoe factory, which he tentatively entitled, the “Twine Clip.” His wife teased that the clip was too tight to hold the twine effectively & could only hold something as fine as hair. After a few modifications, three weeks later Robert Pinney officially released the 'Bobby Pin'

The Bobby Pin was not initially a great success but it did earn Pinney and his wife a modest income for the next few decades. It wasn't until the 1920's when the "Bobbed" haircut became fashionable that the Bobby Pin became a huge success. Unfortunately Robert Pinney had passed away from a stroke in 1918 and never saw the heights his simple invention reached.<ref>http://www.facebook.com/#/pages/Robert-Pinney/244443285883?v=info&ref=ts</ref>

The "bobby pin" came into wide use as the hairstyle known as the "[[bob cut]]" or "bobbed hair" took hold. This trend gained popularity in the 1920's, and the bobby pins kept the bobbed hair in place. A trademark on the term "bobby pin" was held for some decades by Smith Victory Corporation of Buffalo, New York. A trademark infringement claim made by Smith Victory against Proctor & Gamble regarding their naming their home permanent product Bobbi was settled in the 1950s by a payment to Smith Victory by P&G. The term is now in common usage and therefore is no longer a valid trademark. Similarly, the British "kirby grip" is derived from the trademark ''Kirbigrip'', used by a Birmingham manufacturer of such pins, Kirby, Beard & Co. Ltd.<ref>kirby-grip. Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989. Accessed 4 December 2009. [http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50126925]</ref>

== Miscellaneous uses ==
Hollywood movies have glorified bobby pins for use in [[lock picking]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hairdressing]]

{{fashion-stub}}

[[fa:سنجاق سر]]
[[no:Hårspenne]]
[[simple:Bobby pin]]
[[zh:大头针]]

Colors of the Wind

2010-02-03T19:36:01Z

Jomunro: Rev to last good edit

{{distinguish|Sing-Along Songs: Colors of the Wind}}
{{Single infobox |
| Name = Colors of the Wind
| Artist = [[Vanessa L. Williams|Vanessa Williams]]
| from Album = '''[[Pocahontas_(soundtrack)|Pocahontas]]'''
| Released = [[1995]]
| Genre = [[Pop music]], [[R&B]]
| Length = 4:20
| Writer = [[Alan Menken]] (music) [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]] (lyrics)
| Producer =
| Certification = Gold
| Last single = "The Way That You Love" (1995)
| This single = "'''Colors of the Wind'''" (1995)
| Next single = "You Can't Run" (1995)
}}
'''"Colors of the Wind"''' by composer [[Alan Menken]] and lyricist [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]] was the 1995 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winner for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] from the Disney animated feature film ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]''. It also won the [[Golden Globe]] in the same category as well as the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Movie]]. The song poetically presents the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] viewpoint that the earth is a living entity where humankind is connected to everything in nature.

The song was performed within the movie's narrative by [[Judy Kuhn]] as the singing voice of Pocahontas. Singer/actress [[Vanessa L. Williams|Vanessa Williams]] recorded a version for the end credits which was successfully released as a [[single (music)|single]] and became one of Williams' biggest hits in 1995, earning a [[Gold single]] for sales of 500,000 copies, and reaching #4 on the [[U.S.]] charts. For her version, Williams received a Grammy nomination as Best Pop Female Vocal Performance in 1996 (she lost to Annie Lennox's "No More I Love You's").<ref>http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1996/grammys.htm</ref>
==Lyrics==
In the song, Pocahontas attempts to explain to [[John Smith (Disney)|John Smith]] about the wonders of the earth and nature including the [[spirit]] within all living things, encouraging him not to think of them as things he can conquer or own, but rather as beings to respect and live with in harmony. She also urges him to accept humans who are different in appearance and culture and to learn from them.

The first line of the chorus tells of the wolf crying to the "blue corn moon"<ref>The phrase "blue corn moon" has no actual meaning in Indian lore. It was made up by composer Stephen Schwartz because he liked the sound of it. [http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080407061034AAgjAfK What is a blue corn moon?] Yahoo Answers. Retrieved 2009-08-24</ref> with the second line varying with the verse context. The second time the chorus is sung in the single version, the second line becomes "Or let the eagle tell you where he's been" from the original "Or asked the grinning bobcat why he grinned," likely because of the addition of a third chorus to the song that uses the original's second chorus "For whether we are white or copper-skinned." The third line tells of singing with the voices of the mountains, as the fourth line concludes with the title imagery of painting with the colors of the wind.

==Cover versions==
Due to the popularity of the song, many versions of it exist by different artists and in several languages. Cover artists include:

*[[Sara Ramirez]]
*[[Edyta Górniak]] ([[Polish language|Polish]])
*[[Monique Spartalis]] ([[Danish language|Danish]])
*[[Daniela Mercury]] and [[Kika Tristão]] ([[Brazilian Portuguese]])
*[[Stéphanie Martin]] ([[French Canadian]])
*[[Rita Kleinstein|Rita]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])
*[[Susana Félix]] ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
*[[Sumi Jo]] ([[Korean language|Korean]])
*[[Jennifer Rush]] ([[German language|German]])
*[[Anita Skorgan]] ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]])
*[[Daniela Castillo]] ([[Chilean Spanish]])
*[[Susana Zavaleta]] ([[Mexican Spanish]])
*[[Arja Koriseva]] ([[Finnish language|Finnish]])
*[[Winnie Hsin]] ([[Mandarin language|Mandarin]])
*Li Hui Min ([[Cantonese language|Cantonese]])
*Jane Olivor<ref>Love Decides CD, Varese Sarabande, 2000</ref>
*[[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]]
*[[Christy Carlson Romano]]
*[[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]]
*[[The Chipmunks]]
*Croon & the Creepers
*[[Danielle White]]
*[[Marla Mindelle]]
*[[Peter Broggs]]
*[[Peter Moon]]
*[[Lea Salonga]]
*[[Arturo Sandoval]]
*[[Pam Tillis]]
*and most recently by [[Vanessa Hudgens]], for ''[[Disneymania 5]]''
*[[ACIDMAN]], a [[J-Rock]] band also played a remixed version of the song for their album ''Equal''
*Harajuku, a Russian techno group<ref>[http://mihan-trade.ru/singles.php?page=10 Russian record list]</ref>
*[[Jordin Sparks]] will also be doing her version for ''DisneyMania 7''
*Rawiwan Oui Jinda ( Thai Theme Version )
*Teeranai Nammon Na Nkongkai ( Thai Film Version )

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1995)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Vanessa+Williams&titel=Colors+Of+The+Wind&cat=s |title=australian-charts.com |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie |title=irishcharts.ie search results for Vanessa Williams |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Vanessa+Williams&titel=Colors+Of+The+Wind&cat=s |title=charts.org.nz - Vanessa Williams - Colors Of The Wind |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|25
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jifexqr5ldfe~T51 |title=Allmusic - Vanessa Williams - Billboard Singles |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|53
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyhit.com |title=everyhit.com search results for Vanessa Williams |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|21
|-
!align="left"|Chart (1996)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44685/chartid=5554 |title=De Nederlandse Top 40, week 1, 1996 |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|Gfk Dutch Charts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Vanessa+Williams&titel=Colors+Of+The+Wind&cat=s |title=dutchcharts.nl - Vanessa Williams - Colors Of The Wind |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[Flanders]] [[Ultratop 50]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Vanessa+Williams&titel=Colors+Of+The+Wind&cat=s |title=ultratop.be - Vanessa Williams - Colors Of The Wind |accessdate={{Start date|2008|12|6}}}}</ref>
|align="center"|38
|-
|}

{{start box}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Can You Feel the Love Tonight]]" from ''[[The Lion King]]''
| title = [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]
| years = [[1995 in film|1995]]
| after = "[[You Must Love Me]]" from ''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]''
}}
{{end box}}

==See also==
*''[[Pocahontas: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]''
*''[[If I Never Knew You]]''
*''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pocahontas}}

[[Category:1995 singles]]
[[Category:Vanessa L. Williams songs]]
[[Category:Disney songs]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songs]]
[[Category:Alvin and the Chipmunks songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Stephen Schwartz]]

[[it:I colori del vento]]
[[fr:L'Air du vent]]
[[nl:Colors of the Wind]]
[[sv:Colors of the Wind]]

Mastermind (British game show)

2009-11-26T01:57:29Z

Jomunro: removed bad link- just leads back to this page

{{Infobox Television
| show_name = Mastermind
| image = [[Image:2003 Mastermind title card.jpg|250px]]
| caption = ''Mastermind'' logo (2003 - present)
| format = [[Game Show]]
| picture_format = [[4:3]] (1972 - 2002) [[16:9]] (2003 - present)
| runtime = 30 minutes
| creator = Bill Wright
| starring = [[Magnús Magnússon]] (BBC1) [[Peter Snow]] (BBC Radio 4) [[Clive Anderson]] (Discovery Channel) [[John Humphrys]] (BBC Two)
| director = [[Derek Hallworth]]
| channel = [[BBC1]] (11 September, 1972 - 1 September, 1997) [[BBC Radio 4]] (1998 - 2000) [[Discovery Channel]] (14 November, 2001 - 16 January, 2002) [[BBC Two]] (7 July, 2003 - present)
| first_aired = [[11 September]], [[1972]]
| last_aired = present
| num_series = 25 (BBC1) 3 (BBC Radio 4) 1 (Discovery Channel) 7 (BBC Two)
| num_episodes =
| country = {{UK}}
| producer =
| related = [[Celebrity Mastermind]] [[International Mastermind]] [[Junior Mastermind]] [[Mastermind Cymru]] [[Mastermind Plant Cymru]] [[Sport Mastermind]]
| imdb_id =
}}
'''''Mastermind''''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[game show|quiz show]], well-known for its challenging questions, intimidating setting and air of seriousness.

Devised by Bill Wright, the basic format of ''Mastermind'' has never changed — four contestants face two rounds, one on a specialised subject of the contestant's choice, the other a general knowledge round. Wright drew inspiration from his experiences of being interrogated by the [[Gestapo]] during [[World War II]].

The atmosphere is helped by ''Mastermind'''s famously ominous theme music, "Approaching Menace" by the [[United Kingdom|British]] composer [[Neil Richardson (composer)|Neil Richardson]].

==Format==
Each contestant has two minutes per round. First, each contestant in turn answers questions on their specialised subject (see [[#Examples of "Specialised Subjects"|examples]] below). The contestant may pass if he doesn't know the answer, rather than guessing. If a question is answered incorrectly, the questioner will give the answer, using valuable time. However if 'pass' is given, then the answer is read at the end of the round. After the two minutes is up a buzzer is sounded, which is made up of four beeps; if a question is being read (or has just been read), then the contestant is given a short period of time to answer, leading to the show's famous [[catchphrase]], "I've started so I'll finish." After this, answers to any passes are given.

After each contestant has answered his specialised questions, they are given general knowledge questions. As originally aired the contestants would return for the second round in the same order as for their specialised subject. The contestants are now recalled in reverse order of points scored.

The winner is the contestant with the most points. If two or more contestants have an equal number of points, then the contestant with the fewer (or fewest) passes is the winner. The possibility of passing leads to tactical play: passing uses less time, allowing more questions to be answered, but may count against the contestant at the end in the event of a tie.

Should the top two contestants have the same score and same number of passes at the end of the contest then a tie-breaker is employed, in which the two contenders are each asked the same five questions (one contender must leave the auditorium while the other answers). It is not clear what would happen should this fail to produce a clear winner, though it is implied that the process would simply be repeated as many times as necessary. It is, however, very rare for the tie-break to be required. In the version of the show hosted by John Humphrys, it has appeared twice in the main series and once in the ''[[Junior Mastermind]]'' spin-off, the latter being in the final broadcast on 26 February 2006.

The winner goes through to the next round, where he must choose a different specialised subject; if he gets to the final he may offer his first subject or a new one.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} The winner of the final of the BBC version is declared "Mastermind" for that year and is the only contestant to receive a prize, in the form of a cut glass engraved bowl.

==Versions of ''Mastermind''==
''Mastermind'' has appeared in numerous versions:
* The seminal [[BBC]] version hosted between 1972 and 1997 by [[Magnús Magnússon]]. It was originally broadcast late on a Sunday night and was not expected to receive a huge audience. However, in 1973 it was moved to a prime-time slot as an emergency replacement for a [[Leslie Phillips]] sitcom, ''[[Casanova '73]]'', which had been moved to a later time following complaints about its risqué content. The quiz subsequently became one of the most-watched shows on British television. Magnússon was famous for his catchphrase "I've started so I'll finish," which was also the title of his history of the show (by far the most authoritative work on the show — ISBN 0-7515-2585-5). The original series was also noted for the variety of venues where filming took place — often including academic and ecclesiastical buildings. The last program of the original series was filmed at [[St. Magnus Cathedral]] in [[Orkney]].<ref name="ReferenceA">As described on the BBC website's ''Mastermind'' page</ref> The original series also spawned an International Edition between 1979 and 1983.
* A version on [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] hosted by [[Peter Snow]], running between 1998 and 2000.
* A version on [[Discovery Channel]] hosted by [[Clive Anderson]] in 2001. This version shortened the amount of time available for the answering of questions and lasted just one series. This was also the first to go 'interactive'. By using the red button viewers could play the general knowledge section throughout the series. These questions had been written specifically to afford both standard and multiple-choice format in presentation. There was a one-off competition between the four highest scoring viewers.
* A new [[BBC Two]] version hosted by [[John Humphrys]], beginning in 2003. Whereas the original series kept talk to a minimum, asking contestants only their name, occupation and specialist subject, the new show includes some conversational elements with contestants between rounds. It is also distinguished from the original BBC TV series by the fact that many more contestants' specialist subjects come from [[popular culture]], which probably reflects cultural changes in the British middle classes in recent years. Unlike the original version, this version is studio-based. It is made in [[Manchester]] (although, due to asbestos being found at Granada studios, parts of the 2006 series were filmed at the [[Yorkshire Television]] studios in [[Leeds]]) .
* [[Junior Mastermind]], also hosted by John Humphrys, is a children's version of the quiz programme and has the same format, the difference being that the contestants are only ten and eleven years old. The programme aired across six nights on BBC One, ending on 4 September 2004. The winner was Daniel Parker, whose specialist subjects were the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] (heat) and [[James Bond]] [[villain]]s (final). There was another series in 2005 (subjects included Black Holes and the ''Star Wars'' trilogy), which was won by Robin Geddes, whose specialist subjects were ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'' and ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'', with a third series airing in 2006 and a fourth and fifth series in 2007.
* ''[[Mastermind Cymru]]'', a [[Welsh language|Welsh]]-language version of the programme started on [[8 October]] [[2006]] on [[S4C]]. It is hosted by [[Betsan Powys]].
* [[International Mastermind]] was an annual playoff between winners of various international versions of the show (or the nearest equivalents in some countries) and ran for five years between 1979 and 1983.
* ''[[Sport Mastermind]]'', a 2008 sports-themed version hosted by [[Des Lynam]].
* ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]'', following a similar format to the main show, but with the winner of each show being given a trophy.

In the [[United States]], the game show ''[[2 Minute Drill]]'' on sports network [[ESPN]] had its roots in Mastermind. Contestants faced questions fired at them by a panel of four sports and entertainment celebrities for two minutes. The contestant with the highest score after two rounds would win the night's prize, and the winner would have a chance to double those winnings by correctly answering the "Question of Great Significance," as host [[Kenny Mayne]] called it. In each series, winners advanced in a bracket-style playoff format, with prizes increasing from $5,000 in the first round to $50,000 (doubling to $100,000 by answering the final question) in the final round. Prizes such as trips to the [[Super Bowl]] or [[ESPY Awards]] were also given. The show had three series over a 15-month period, September 2000 to December 2001. Like Mastermind, ''2 Minute Drill'' featured a leather chair, dramatic lighting and sound effects. Willy Gibson of [[Columbus, Ohio]] was the grand champion of the first two series; he was defeated in the second round of the third and final series. Unlike ''Mastermind'' presenters, Mayne had a very dry, quirky and sometimes sarcastic sense of humor, but did a very good job of keeping the game going; he would quickly jump in if one of the celebrity panelists was tardy in posing their question, so as not to penalise the contestant.

==Records==
The highest Mastermind score is 41 points, set by [[Kevin Ashman]] in 1995. His specialist subject was "The Life of [[Martin Luther King]]".

The lowest score record is 7 points, first set by Colin Kidd in an edition broadcast in 2005. His specialist subject was "The World Chess Championships". This was equalled in November 2009, when gas fitter Michael Burton scored 2 for his specialist subject on Angels and 5 in the general knowledge round. On coming up for his "General Knowledge" round, Michael Burton described his performance as "a black chair moment".{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

The next lowest score was 8 points, attained by Lt. Col. Duncan "Flash" Gordon during the Armed Forces special edition in 1986. His chosen specialist subject was "Naval Battles of the South Pacific", where he gained 5 of his points. {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Arfor Wyn Hughes, dubbed "Disastermind" by the British press, has frequently claimed (most recently on a BBC tribute to Magnús Magnússon) that his score of 12 was the lowest ever, but in fact scores of as little as 9 points had been achieved several times prior to his 1990 appearance on the show.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Perhaps the most famous Mastermind winner was [[London]] [[taxicab|taxi]] driver [[Fred Housego]], who won in 1980, who went on to become a television and radio personality.

In October 2006, Simon Curtis achieved the lowest ever score on the speciality subject round, scoring just 1 point. Curtis was at the Semi-final stages but passed on almost every question to do with "The Films of [[Jim Carrey]]". Curtis recovered in the general knowledge section, answering 7 questions correctly to avoid breaking or tying Kidd's record.

In February 2007, an 11 year old schoolboy named Callum became the new record holder for the highest score in the specialist subject round after scoring 19 points on his specialist subject, cricketer Andrew "Freddie" Flintoff. He didn't win the show, however, being beaten by one point after achieving a final score of 32.

On 20th November 2009 as part of the BBC's Children in Need appeal, [[Lucy Porter]] broke the record for the highest score on a Celebrity edition of Mastermind, with 35, answering questions on the specialist subject of [[Steven Martin]]. Another competitor on the episode Mark Watson scored 33, which John Humphries pointed out would also have broken the record, only for Porter to follow him and take the record for herself.

==Specialised subjects==
The following is a list of specialist subjects:<ref name="Show">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/entertainment/mastermind/show.shtml|title=Mastermind: The Show|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-03-24}}</ref>
*History and genealogy of European royalty.
*The life and works of [[Gilbert & Sullivan]].
*The [[Moomin]] saga by [[Tove Jansson]].
*The history of [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]].
*The life-cycle and habits of the [[Honey-bee]].
*The [[Buddhist]] sage [[Nichiren]].
*The Female Agents of the [[Special Operations Executive]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hgjwg Kirsty Rowland; aired 6 March 2009</ref>.

A special episode of ''Mastermind'' called ''Doctor Who Mastermind'' was broadcast on [[19 March]] [[2005]], in which all four contestants had the specialist subject ''[[Doctor Who]]''. The prize was awarded to the winner by the then current Doctor, actor [[Christopher Eccleston]].

Some specialist subjects are considered not suitable to be used. The following are examples of rejected specialist subjects:<ref name="Show"/>

*Routes to anywhere in mainland Britain by road from [[Letchworth]].
*[[Cremation]] practice and law in Britain.
*The [[banana]] industry.
*Orthopaedic bone cement in total [[hip replacement]].
*[[Perfect squares]] from 99^2= 9801.

==Champions<ref>http://www.ukgameshows.com/page/index.php?title=Mastermind#Champions</ref>==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Specialist Subject - Heat !! Specialist Subject – Semi Final !! Specialist Subject –Final
|-
| 1972 || Nancy Wilkinson || French Literature || European antiques || History of music 1550-1900
|-
| 1973 || Patricia Owen || Grand Opera || Byzantine art || Grand Opera
|-
| 1974 || Elizabeth Horrocks || Shakespeare's plays || Works of J.R.R. Tolkien || Works of Dorothy L Sayers
|-
| 1975 || John Hart || Athens 500-400 BC || Rome 100-1 BC || Athens 500-400 BC
|-
| 1976 || Roger Prichard || Duke of Wellington || 20th Century British warships || Duke of Wellington
|-
| 1977 || [[David Hunt (diplomat)|Sir David Hunt]] || WW2 British campaigns in North Africa || WW2 Allied campaign in Italy || Roman Revolution 60-14 BC
|-
| 1978 || Rosemary James || Roman & Greek mythology || Works of Frederick Wolfe || Roman & Greek mythology
|-
| 1979 || [[Philip Jenkins]] || Christianity 30-150 AD || Vikings in Scotland & Ireland 800-1150 AD || History of Wales 400-1100 AD
|-
| 1980 || [[Fred Housego]] || King Henry II || Westminster Abbey || The Tower of London
|-
| 1981 || Leslie Grout || St George's Chapel Windsor || Burial Grounds of London || St George's Chapel Windsor
|-
| 1983 || [[Christopher Hughes (quiz contestant)|Chris Hughes]] || British Steam Locomotives 1900-63 || The Flashman novels || British Steam Locomotives 1900-63
|-
| 1984 || Margaret Harris || Cecil Rhodes || Postal history of Southern Africa || Cecil Rhodes
|-
| 1985 || Ian Meadows || English Civil War || History of Astronomy to 1700 || English Civil War
|-
| 1986 || Jennifer Keaveney || Elizabeth Gaskell || E. Nesbitt || Elizabeth Gaskell
|-
| 1987 || Dr Jeremy Bradbrooke || Franco-Prussian War || Anglo-American War 1812-15 || Crimean War
|-
| 1988 || David Beamish || Nancy Astor || British Royal Family 1714-1910 || Nancy Astor
|-
| 1989 || Mary Elizabeth Raw || Charles I || Prince Albert || Charles I
|-
| 1990 || [[David Edwards (Who Wants to be a Millionaire winner)|David Edwards]] || Michael Faraday || Benjamin Thompson, Count Romford || James Clerk Maxwell
|-
| 1991 || Stephen Allen || Henry VII || Dartmoor & its environs || Sir Francis Drake
|-
| 1992 || Steve Williams || Surrealist art 1918-1939 || Peter the Great || Post-Socratic Philosophy
|-
| 1993 || [[Gavin Fuller]] || Doctor Who || The Medieval Castle in the British Isles || The Crusades
|-
| 1994 || Dr George Davidson || English coinage 1066-1662 || History of Chemistry 1500-1870 || John Dalton
|-
| 1995 || [[Kevin Ashman]]|| Martin Luther King || History of the Western film || The Zulu War
|-
| 1996 || Dr Richard Sturch || Charles Williams || Emperor Frederick III || Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan
|-
| 1997 || Anne Ashurst || Frances Howard, Countess of Somerset || Regency Novels of Georgette Heyer || Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland
|-
| 1998 || Robert Gibson || The Solar System || Charles II || Robert The Bruce
|-
| 1999 || Christopher Carter || Birds of Europe || The House of Tudor || British customs and traditions
|-
| 2000 || Stephen Follows || Benjamin Britten || T.S. Eliot || Leoš Janáček
|-
| 2001 || Michael Penrice || Professional Boxing to 1980 || (No Semi Final) || English History 1603-1714
|-
| 2003 || Andy Page || The Academy Awards || Gilbert and Sullivan || Golfing majors since 1970
|-
| 2004 || Shaun Wallace || European Champions League Finals since 1970|| English football team at the European Championships since 1960 || FA Cup finals since 1970
|-
| 2005 || [[Pat Gibson|Patrick Gibson]] || The films of Quentin Tarantino || The Culture novels of Iain M. Banks || Father Ted
|-
| 2006 || Geoff Thomas|| Edith Piaf|| William Joyce|| Margaret Mitchell/Gone with the Wind
|-
| 2008 || David Clark || Henry Ford || The Prince Regent || History of London Bridge
|-
| 2009 || Nancy Dickmann || Amelia Peabody novels of Elizabeth Peters || Life and Films of Fritz Lang || Lewis and Clark Expedition
|}

==Statistics==
{{unref-section}}

===2005===
''High Scores''
* 35 - [[Pat Gibson|Patrick Gibson]] (Semi-Final, Heat 6)
* 33 - Patrick Gibson (Round 1, Heat 1)
* 31 - Isabelle Heward (Round 1, Heat 3)
* 31 - Patrick Gibson (Final)
* 30 - Thomas Dyer (Round 1, Heat 10)
* 30 - Peter Wright (Semi-Final, Heat 2)
* 29 - Derek Moody (Round 1, Heat 14)
* 29 - Amanda Hill (Round 1, Heat 16)
* 29 - Hadrian Jeffs (Round 1, Heat 24)
* 29 - Mark Grant (Semi-Final, Heat 1)

''First Round Averages''
* Average SS Score - 11.50
* Average GK Score - 9.16
* Average Score - 20.66
* Average Winning Score - 25.83

''Semi-Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 12.08
* Average GK Score - 10.83
* Average Score - 22.92
* Average Winning Score - 28.33

''Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 13.33
* Average GK Score - 12.33
* Average Total Score - 25.67

===2006===
''High Scores''
* 36 - Geoff Thomas (Final)
* 34 - Katharine Drury (Semi-Final, Heat 5)
* 33 - Geoff Thomas (Semi-Final, Heat 1)
* 29 - David Parker (Round 1, Heat 22)
* 28 - Esther Kallen (Round 1, Heat 23)
* 28 - Nick Duffy (Semi-Final, Heat 1)

''First Round Averages''
* Average SS Score - 11.05
* Average GK Score - 7.16
* Average Score - 18.21
* Average Winning Score - 23.33

''Semi-Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 12.46
* Average GK Score - 9.18
* Average Score - 22.00
* Average Winning Score - 28.00

''Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 13.33
* Average GK Score - 10.50
* Average Total Score - 23.83

===2007/08===
''High Scores''
* 33 - Hamish Cameron (Round 1, Heat 21)
* 32 - Stewart Cross (Semi-Final, Heat 4)
* 31 - Alan Frith (Round 1, Heat 23)
* 31 - Derek Moody (Round 1, Heat 24)
* 30 - William Barrett (Round 1, Heat 8)
* 30 - Jacqui Menzies (Round 1, Heat 9)
* 30 - Ian MacFarlane (Round 1, Heat 19)
* 30 - David Clark (Final)
* 29 - Les Morell (Round 1, Heat 3)
* 29 - Tom Rutherford (Round 1, Heat 5)

''First Round Averages''
* Average SS Score - 12.20
* Average GK Score - 9.23
* Average Score - 21.43
* Average Winning Score - 26.38

''Semi-Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 14.00
* Average GK Score - 9.96
* Average Score - 23.96
* Average Winning Score - 26.67

''Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 14.17
* Average GK Score - 12.67
* Average Total Score - 26.83

===2008/09===
''High Scores''
* 30 - Nancy Dickmann (Final)
* 29 - James Corcoran (Round 1, Heat 3)
* 29 - Richard Smyth (Round 1, Heat 24)
* 29 - John Beynon (Round 1, Heat 6)
* 29 - Richard Heller (Semi-Final, Heat 3)
* 28 - Mel Kinsey (Round 1, Heat 8)
* 28 - Richard Heller (Round 1, Heat 14)
* 28 - Nancy Dickmann (Semi-Final, Heat 2)
* 28 - John Beynon (Semi-Final, Heat 3)
* 28 - Ian Bayley (Semi-Final, Heat 5)
* 28 - Stuart MacDonald (Semi-Final, Heat 6)
* 28 - Ian Bayley (Final)

''First Round Averages''
* Average SS Score - 12.56
* Average GK Score - 9.49
* Average Score - 22.05
* Average Winning Score - 26.13

''Semi-Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 13.04
* Average GK Score - 9.96
* Average Score - 23.00
* Average Winning Score - 26.83

''Final Averages''
* Average SS Score - 13.50
* Average GK Score - 10.17
* Average Total Score - 23.67

==The Chair==
Perhaps the most famous icon of the show is the black leather chair in which the contestants sit, lit by a solitary spotlight in an otherwise dark studio. The inspiration for this was the interrogations faced by the show's creator, [[Bill Wright]], as a [[POW]] in [[World War II]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The original black chair was given to [[Magnús Magnússon]] as a souvenir when he retired from the show.<ref>Conversation with Magnús Magnússon, March 2004</ref>

The chair is an Eames Soft Pad Lounge Chair designed by [[Charles and Ray Eames]] in 1969. Today these chairs are made under license by [[Vitra (furniture)]].

==Parodies==
The programme has been the target for many television spoofs, most memorably the ''[[The Two Ronnies|Two Ronnies]]'' sketch written by [[David Renwick]], featuring [[Ronnie Barker]] as Magnús Magnússon and [[Ronnie Corbett]] as a contestant named Charlie Smithers, whose specialist subject was "answering the question before last". This continually led to humorous and often rude answers. A similar sketch featured ''[[Monty Python]]'' alumni [[Michael Palin]] as Magnússon and [[Terry Gilliam]] as a contestant whose speciality was "questions to which the answer is ''two''."

The 2003-onwards version has been spoofed by the ''[[Dead Ringers (comedy)|Dead Ringers]]'' team, with [[Jon Culshaw]] playing John Humphrys. One episode included ''Mastermind: The Opera''. [http://www.thelinkportal.co.uk/files/video/deadringersmastermindtheopera.swf]

Another spoof was featured in [[Armando Iannucci]]'s ''[[2004: The Stupid Version]]'', where a contestant's specialist subject was "The television series ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' and Lady Penelope's Cockney chauffeur".

Also in 2004, [[Johnny Vaughan]]'s [[BBC Three]] show ''[[Live at Johnny's]]'' featured a version called ''Mastermind Rejects'' -- the premise being that the specialist subjects were too ludicrously obscure even for Mastermind. In the final show of the series, Magnús Magnússon took over as the quizmaster - it was the last time he would utter the catchphrase "I've started so I'll finish" on any form of Mastermind. The specialist subject was ''The History of the Home Video Recorder, 1972 to 1984''.<ref>The details of ''Mastermind Rejects'' were provided by the contestant on that show, Andy Hain</ref>

On their 2005 Christmas Special, comedy duo [[French & Saunders]] parodied the show with [[Jennifer Saunders]] playing Abigail Wilson, a pensioner whose special subject is Ceramic Teapots. She passes on all but one question, which she answers incorrectly anyway.

In 2005, the show was spoofed on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[The Now Show]]'' where the specialist subject was "Britishness", relating to the proposed test immigrants may have to take, to prove they can fit in with British society.

In the 1970s a young viewer of ''[[Jim'll Fix It]]'' had her wish granted to sit in the black chair and answer questions from Magnús Magnússon on the subject of the "[[Mr. Men]]".

In 1974, [[Morecambe and Wise]] performed a sketch based on ''Mastermind'', which featured Magnússon and the black chair. The format was different, however, with Wise, then Morecambe, being asked 10 questions each.

In the late 1970s, [[Noel Edmonds]] radio Sunday lunchtime show used to feature a send-up called "Musty Mind" where a phone-in contestant would be asked ludicrous questions on a parody of a serious subject, such as the "Toad Racing" or, on another occasion, "The Cultural and Social History of Rockall" - [[Rockall]] being a bald lump of uninhabited rock in the eastern Atlantic.

[[Benny Hill]] parodied ''Mastermind'' on ''[[#The Benny Hill Show|The Benny Hill Show]]'' on at least two separate occasions. In one of the parodies the show was called "Masterbrane". In each, Benny played the role of Magnússon while [[Jackie Wright]] played the hapless contestant.

''[[Spitting Image]]'' used the ''Mastermind'' format in a sketch where a Magnús Magnússon puppet asked questions of a [[Jeffrey Archer]] puppet whose specialist subject was himself. The twist was that Archer's puppet, being incapable of answering questions about himself without exaggeration or evasion, ends the round with zero points.

The BBC's satirical current affairs quiz show ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' has parodied the show several times, by turning the lights down - except for spotlights above select chairs - and playing the theme tune, before subjecting at least one of the panel to some rigorous questioning. The first occasion happened on the 1995 video special, where every member of the panel were asked questions on specialist subjects relating to the news. The second occasion happened in 1998, when Magnus Magnusson appeared as a guest. His specialist subject was his most embarrassing moments on TV quizzes, including the moment on ''[[Quizball]]'' when he confused playwright [[Arthur Miller]] with the name of the surgeon who had once operated on his mother's kidneys. After Magnusson's questioning, the spotlight then turned onto the other guest, [[John Simpson]], who was informed that his "specialist subject" was [[Christmas cracker]] jokes.

More randomly, ''HIGNFY'' turned the ''Mastermind'' spotlight on one of its favourite guests, [[Boris Johnson]], when he appeared in 2001. He was told his specialist subject was then-[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] "whether you like it or not". The programme's final ''Mastermind'' moment to date came when [[John Humphrys]] guest-hosted an addition in 2003, shortly after taking over as ''Mastermind'' presenter. After the opening round, ''HIGNFY'' regular [[Ian Hislop]] mentioned that in accordance with a long-running theme of Humphrys' other well-known role as anchor of [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Today Programme]]'', he was about to spring a surprise on him. Hislop then asked Humphrys several questions about quotes said by him or about him, including the revelation that Iain Duncan Smith had once remarked about his "nicely balanced package".

In his early routines [[Bill Bailey]] would often parody the ''Mastermind'' music as he found it very sinister. He would then play the music on keyboard with an over-the-top hellish sounding climax.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}

The programme ''[[Balls of Steel (UK TV series)|Balls of Steel]]'' parodied ''Mastermind'' with its sketch ''The Alex Zane Cleverness Game'', in which experts were quizzed on their specialist subjects (included were "The Life of [[Anne Frank]]", "[[Eurovision Song Contest Winners]]", and "[[Hercule Poirot]]"). Unknowingly to the experts, the show was a complete hoax, and blatantly incorrect answers were included in order to frustrate them whenever they supplied the correct answer.

The comedy show ''[[Snuff Box]]'' had the two main characters [[Rich Fulcher]] and [[Matt Berry]] both appear on Mastermind. Berry chose his specialist subject as [[Alton Towers]] and only scored 3 points before a blackout, in which he apparently shoots the host after being told to sit down. Fulcher chooses 'Anglo-saxon architecture', though displays no knowledge of the subject and makes up answers such as 'Toto from [[The Wizard Of Oz]]' and '[[Elvis]]', and scoring no points.

==Transmissions==
===BBC1===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Start date !! End date !! Episodes
|-
| '''1''' || 11 September 1972 || ?? || ??
|-
| '''2''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''3''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''4''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''5''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''6''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''7''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''8''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''9''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''10''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''11''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''12''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''13''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''14''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''15''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''16''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''17''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''18''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''19''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''20''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''21''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''22''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''23''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''24''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''25''' || ?? || 1 September 1997 || ??
|}

===BBC Radio 4===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Start date !! End date !! Episodes
|-
| '''1''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''2''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| '''3''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|}

===Discovery Channel===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Start date !! End date !! Episodes
|-
| '''1''' || 14 November 2001 || 16 January 2002 || ??
|}

===BBC Two===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Start date !! End date !! Episodes
|-
| '''1''' || 7 July 2003 || 3 November 2003 || 17
|-
| '''2''' || 21 June 2004 || 5 December 2004 || 31
|-
| '''3''' || 8 March 2005 || 8 November 2005 || 31
|-
| '''4''' || ?? || 13 November 2006 || 31
|-
| '''5''' || 9 July 2007 || ?? || ??
|-
| '''6''' || ?? || 24 March 2008 || ??
|-
| '''7''' || ?? || ?? || ??
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{bbc.co.uk|id=mastermind|title=''Mastermind''}}
*[http://www.ukgameshows.com/index.php/Mastermind ''Mastermind''] at [[UKGameshows.com]]
*[http://www.challenge.co.uk/mastermind/ ''Mastermind''] at Challenge.co.uk

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mastermind (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:BBC television programmes]]
[[Category:British game shows]]
[[Category:Quiz games]]
[[Category:1970s British television series]]
[[Category:1980s British television series]]
[[Category:1990s British television series]]
[[Category:2000s British television series]]
[[Category:1972 television series debuts]]
[[Category:1972 in British television]]

[[he:מקבילית המוחות]]
[[sv:Mastermind (TV-serie)]]

Grant Naylor

2009-11-07T20:15:27Z

Jomunro: removed bad link

{{Infobox Company
| name = Grant Naylor Productions
| logo = [[Image:GrantNaylor.jpg|150px]]
| type = [[Television]] [[production company]]
| genre = 
| foundation = 1983
| founder = [[Rob Grant]] [[Doug Naylor]]
| location_city = [[London]]
| location_country = [[United Kingdom]]
| key_people = Doug Naylor (Owner)
| industry =
| products = ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', ''[[Spitting Image]]'', ''[[The 10%ers]]'', ''[[Jasper Carrott|Carrott's Lib]]'', ''[[Stressed Eric]]''
| homepage = [http://www.reddwarf.co.uk www.reddwarf.co.uk]
}}

'''Grant Naylor''' was the [[pseudonym|collective name]] used by writers [[Rob Grant]] and [[Doug Naylor]] for their collaborative work, particularly the television series ''[[Red Dwarf]]''. Grant and Naylor themselves called this pseudonym a "gestalt entity" (i.e. something which is greater than the sum of its parts).

The collaboration began in the mid-1980s when the duo co-wrote [[BBC Radio 4]] programmes such as ''Cliché'' and its sequel ''[[Son Of Cliché]]'', and [[television programmes]] such as ''[[Spitting Image]]'', ''[[The 10 Percenters]]'', and various [[Jasper Carrott]] projects. The pair are also credited with writing the lyrics to "[[The Chicken Song]]" and a number of other musical parodies for the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[satire|satirical]] television show, ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

The "Grant Naylor" collaboration, as it had become known, was best known for the creation of the cult science-fiction comedy series, ''[[Red Dwarf]]''. Grant is often credited{{Who|date=March 2009}} with the majority of humour and wit featured in the earlier series of this show (Rob Grant appeared uncredited in the third series episode [[Backwards (Red Dwarf episode)|Backwards]] (1989), as a man who 'un-smoked' a cigarette). Later episodes of ''Red Dwarf'' were made by a company named after this pseudonym, '''Grant Naylor Productions'''.

At some point in the mid to late nineties, after the success of Series VI of Red Dwarf, the "Grant Naylor" collaboration ended for unknown reasons. Rob Grant and Doug Naylor were writing the second season of their sitcom [[The Ten Percenters]] when this happened, leaving Naylor with all the writing duties for the show. When Doug Naylor was apparently left with control of ''Red Dwarf'', Rob Grant cited creative differences as the reason for his departure.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} His main reason however, he said, was that he "wished to have more on his 'tombstone' than ''Red Dwarf''."

[[Doug Naylor]] went on to write series seven and eight of ''Red Dwarf'' in collaboration with other writers.

In 1999 and 2000, Rob Grant independently wrote two television series, ''[[Dark Ages (TV series)|Dark Ages]]'' and ''[[The Strangerers]]'', and script edited the series ''[[Stressed Eric]]''. In the past few years he has written four solo books and is rumoured to be working on an animated series entitled ''[[Cruel Aliens (TV series)|Cruel Aliens]]''.

{{As of|2007}}, Grant Naylor Productions under Doug Naylor is primarily focused on the production of the [[DVD]] releases of ''Red Dwarf'' and the return of Red Dwarf in the three part special [[Red Dwarf: Back to Earth]].

{{Red Dwarf}}
{{Grant Naylor}}

[[Category:Collective pseudonyms|Naylor, Grant]]

[[de:Grant Naylor]]