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Chick Publications

2007-05-11T00:07:10Z

Jowe27: /* Parody */

{{Primarysources|date=November 2006}}

'''Chick Publications''' is an American publishing company run by [[Jack Chick]] which produces and markets [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Protestant fundamentalist]] pamphlets, [[DVD]]s, [[Video CD|VCDs]], [[video]]s, [[book]]s, and [[poster]]s. Chick Publications' most well-known products are [[Chick tract]]s, [[comics|comic]] [[tract (literature)|tract]]s which are available in many languages. All of its publications promote and seek to win converts to Christian fundamentalism. While some express views that are generally accepted within [[Christianity|Christian]] theology, e.g. the [[Incarnation]] of Christ[http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0039/0039_01.asp], Chick is most famous for his stances on issues that are highly controversial even within Christianity, such as opposition to [[Freemasonry]] [http://www.chick.com/information/religions/masonry], and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] [http://www.chick.com/information/religions/catholicism]. Many of his products also oppose secular holidays such as [[Halloween]] and [[Thanksgiving]] [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/1025/1025_01.asp], as well as several forms of entertainments such as [[role-playing game]]s and [[popular music]]. Defenders of the comics assert all his comics carry the same message — that of salvation through [[Jesus]] and a very strong support of [[Jews]] and [[Israel]]. (Except when its not convenient. In [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0018/0018_01.asp "''The Trail''"], a Catholic Bishop, an Imam and a Rabbi go to Hell, with the Rabbi saying "If ''that'' verse is true then I am '''NOT''' going to Heaven... because the Jewish religion... ''''REJECTS'''' Jesus Christ. A similar thing can be seen in [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0014/0014_01.asp "''Where's Rabbi Waxman''."])

Chick Publications is based in [[Ontario, California]]. All of Chick Publications tracts, and several excerpts from his full-length comics, are available for free reading on the Chick website. Many older tracts are out of print; however, Chick Publications will print a minimum 10,000 tract special order of any out of print series.

==Overview==
[[Image:This was your life Chick Tract.jpg|thumb|right|''This Was Your Life'', the most popular tract from Chick Publications.]]
Tracts typically follow the themes of punishment or redemption in the afterlife, or set up a confrontation between a Christian and non-Christian in order to spread a religious message. Many Chick tracts end with a non-Christian being converted to Christianity. Other endings provide a contrast between those who accept Jesus and those who reject Jesus; in some tracts, a convert receives entry to [[heaven]], while in other tract, a non-believer is condemned to [[hell]].

Most Chick tracts end with a suggested prayer for the reader to pray to accept Christ. In most of these tracts it is a standard [[sinner's prayer]] for [[salvation]]. In the tracts dealing with Catholicism or Islam, the prayer includes a clause to reject these religions. Included with the prayer are directions for converting to Christianity.

The graphics in Chick's tracts are often simple, but eye-catching. Some Christians consider them to be valuable [[evangelism|witnessing]] tools, due to the striking nature of the cartoons and their clear-cut messages.

The company's web site [http://www.chick.com/catalog/tractlist.asp] lists more than 150 comic tracts; all of them can be viewed online, but other materials can generally only be sampled. The site states that several hundred million tracts have been distributed world wide, with some of them translated into almost 100 languages. However, for the majority of languages, only one Tract is available: "This Was Your Life". This tract is unique in that, apart from the large number of languages it is published in, it also appears in six different artwork versions, depicting the major racial groups.

Like many other religious publishing organizations, Chick Publications does not distribute their tracts for free; they are normally purchased in bulk by the people handing them out.

While Chick's tracts are meant to be handed out directly (for instance, he encourages Christians to give out anti-[[Halloween]] tracts along with Halloween candy[http://www.chick.com/seasonal/halloween/default.asp?FROM=Tracttips]), they are often distributed by leaving them in places where they will be found and read (for example, public restrooms), an appealing witnessing tool for shy Christians[http://www.chick.com/bc/1996/witnessingideas.asp]. This strategy is intended to reach those who are hostile to [[evangelism|evangelists]] and unlikely to accept an offered tract, by appealing instead to their curiosity[http://www.chick.com/bc/1996/witnessingideas.asp]. The Chick Publications website claims that many people have been converted by encountering Chick Publication's comic tracts[http://www.chick.com/articles/testimonies/].

Chick Publications also publishes conventional non-graphical books on these same topics, by authors other than Chick. Many of these are also used as sources for Chick's tracts; notable sources include [[Alberto Rivera]], [[Rebecca Brown]], [[Jeff Godwin]], [[Kent Hovind]], [[Charles Chiniquy]], [[William Schnoebelen]], [[John Todd (evangelist)|John Todd]], [[Avro Manhattan]], and [[Alexander Hislop]].

Copies of Chick's tracts are displayed in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] among other examples of American religious culture.

== Claims by Chick Publications ==
Chick's tracts and other publications make many controversial claims. Some are typical of conservative [[Protestant]] beliefs — for instance, Chick claims that [[evolution]] is false (''Big Daddy?'' [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0055/0055_01.asp]), [[homosexuality]] is sinful (''Sin City'' [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/5003/5003_01.asp]), and [[abortion]] is murder (''Who Murdered Clarice?'' [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/1009/1009_01.asp] and ''Baby Talk'' [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0077/0077_01.asp]).

Others are controversial even within conservative Protestantism. In particular, Chick's tracts make frequent reference to a vast [[Satanism|Satanic]] conspiracy controlling many of the world's organizations and institutions. Religions other than Protestantism, especially the Roman Catholic Church, are generally presented as instruments of [[Satan]]. Chick claims that the [[King James Version of the Bible]] is the only recorded word of God, and all other editions are corrupt [http://www.chick.com/information/bibleversions]. [[Christian ecumenism]] is rejected as a ploy to corrupt true Christianity by encouraging acceptance of corrupted beliefs.

=== Catholicism ===
A recurring theme in Chick's tracts is the role of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which he presents as one of the most powerful and insidious branches of this conspiracy. According to Chick, the Catholic Church is the "Great Whore" referred to in the [[Book of Revelation]], and will bring about a Satanic [[New World Order (conspiracy)|New World Order]] [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0094/0094_01.asp][http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0030/0030_01.asp] before it is destroyed by [[Jesus Christ]].

Drawing on the controversial claims of [[Alberto Rivera]], Chick claims that the Catholic Church helped to mold [[Islam]] as a tool to lure people away from Christianity [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0062/0062_01.asp], that it infiltrates and attempts to destroy or corrupt all other religions and churches [http://www.chick.com/reading/comics/0112/0112_fourpages.asp?PG=17], and that it uses various means including seduction, framing, and murder to silence its critics [http://www.chick.com/reading/comics/0112/0112_fourpages.asp?pg=21]. He accuses Catholicism of supporting such (contradictory) ideologies as [[Nazism]] and [[Communism]] and using the [[Holocaust]] to persecute opponents of the Catholic Church. [http://www.chick.com/bc/1989/holocaustorinquisition.asp?FROM=Catholicpage][http://www.chick.com/reading/books/153/153_06.asp].

=== Occultism ===
[[Image:Nervous_Witch_20.gif|right]]
Various forms of [[occult]]ism are also presented as part of a Satanic conspiracy. Most forms of [[fantasy]] and depictions of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], including [[Harry Potter]] [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/5012/5012_01.asp], [[Dungeons & Dragons]] [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0046/0046_01.asp], and [[Halloween]] celebrations [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0011/0011_01.asp] are portrayed as an attempt to draw children into [[witchcraft]], which Chick considers to be a tool of Satan.

For example, in the tract "Boo!" [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0058/0058_01.asp] set during [[Halloween]], Satan's supposed birthday, Satan kills people dressed as a chainsaw-wielding maniac dressed in black and wearing a [[Jack-o'-lantern]] on his head. In the tract, Chick states that the [[Druids]] of the [[British Isles]], during [[October 31]]st, would take victims for their human sacrifices by force and leave a Jack-o'-lantern in exchange. In reality, [[squash]]es, or [[pumpkins]] that are carved for such purpose would not be accessible to the Druids since squashes came from the Americas and were not brought to the British Isles until after the time of existence for the Druids.

==Criticisms of Chick Publications==
His critics accuse Chick of misrepresentation — for instance, Chick's tract [http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0055/0055_01.asp Big Daddy?] accuses evolutionary scientists of [[circular reasoning]] in dating geological [[strata]] by the [[fossil]]s they contain, with nothing in the tract to inform its readers that the usual technique is in fact [[radiometric dating]]. (This technique is mentioned elsewhere on Chick's site[http://www.chick.com/bc/1987/evolution.asp], but not in that tract.) The tracts display those who do not share the same fundamentalist Christian view as Chick as being immoral. Gays, Catholics, Masons, Pagans, Dungeons & Dragons enthusiasts, Evolutionists, rock musicians -- all are portrayed morally flawed.

Chick has changed the claims made in ''Big Daddy?'' in response to more recent scientific findings supporting evolution. He has also changed the content of other tracts such as ''The Last Generation'' and his book ''The Next Step'' to reflect his increasing anti-Catholic beliefs, and the content of ''That Crazy Guy!'' was changed after the rise of the [[AIDS]] crisis (the tract was originally about herpes). Also, the ending to ''The Poor Little Witch'' (in which a little girl is murdered by Satanists after forsaking Occultism and converting to Fundamentalist Christianity) was changed because the urban myth, which states that "every year in the U.S. at least 40,000 people... are murdered in witchcraft ceremonies" (about twice the entire reported homicide rate for the USA[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/tables/totalstab.htm]), turned out to be false and was removed from the tract[http://www.geocities.com/chickreviews/witch.html] (the girl is no longer murdered, which also gives it a more optimistic ending).

Chick's claims about Catholic, Masonic, Satanic, etc., conspiracies are based in large part on the testimony of people who claim to have been members of these groups before converting to [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Christianity, most prominently Rivera and Schnoebelen. Many of Chick's critics consider these sources to be frauds or fantasists. Nevertheless, many Chick supporters believe their claims to be legitimate.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Further discussion of these controversies may be found in the articles on [[Alberto Rivera]], [[William Schnoebelen]], and [[John Todd (evangelist)|John Todd]].

One rather unusual claim that used to pop up frequently in Chick's publications was that the Soviet Union would invade Israel under orders of the Pope, with East Germany aiding it. Tracts that used to contain this claim (like "Escape") had it removed in later revisions. It can still be seen on Page 33 of "The Godfathers."

Some Christians, including many mainstream [[Protestant]]s and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]s, consider many of Chick Publications' views to be misrepresentations or distortions of general Christian or evangelical views, and as such find them offensive and embarrassing.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Among other issues, many Protestants reject Chick's [[King-James-Only Movement|King James Only]] stance and hence do not support those of Chick's assertions that rely on the King James Version being the only 'true Bible'.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

'''Chick''' (verb) has been used on the website [[Fark.com]] to describe a declaration or statement so outrageous that the speaker unintentionally gives his audience the false impression that he is engaged in a comedic parody of an extreme or reactionary belief. For example: "When he told me Satan appeared to Adam and Eve as a dinosaur I was sure he was pulling my leg. But he really believed it, so I guess he was actually chicking".

==Response to criticisms of Chick Publications==
Many [[fundamentalist]] Protestants, both past [http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/gesu.htm] and present, agree with at least some of Chick Publications's more controversial claims [http://www.chick.com/information/general/statementoffaith.asp]. Some reject Chick's Roman Catholic conspiracy theories but accept other claims promoted in his tracts (such as his view that a person must be saved so as to avoid eternal damnation in Hell), and so offer qualified agreement with Chick's beliefs. Some anti-[[cult]] organizations view Chick's website and publications as a valuable source of material on groups they see as cults[http://www.missionresources.com/cult.html].

Jack Chick claims that cartoons are a more effective medium for witnessing than conventional text based tracts. Some of the characteristics often seen as failings of his tracts - for instance, their simplistic messages - can also be viewed as strengths, making them more appealing to readers who are unsympathetic to more conventional forms of evangelism. Some tracts go further and even do not include words or only words aimed at children. Recently people in cartoons have been coloured in to appeal more to "blacks" [http://www.chick.com/newseries.asp?wpc=newseries.asp&wpp=a]. There seems to be an interest in reading Chick Publication's cartoon tracts among those who would never hold his views, making them an effective medium for transmitting the [[Gospel]]. Chick Publications are used by [[apologetics]] ministries [http://www.spreadhisword.org/jil/] and for [[evangelism|witnessing]].

Chick's more controversial claims are usually accompanied by supporting references to the [[Bible]] (always quoting the King James Version), other books (often also published by Chick), and historical facts; debate commonly focuses on the reliability of these sources and of Chick's representation of them.

Some Christians have suggested that several of his theories have been substantiated by [[United Nations]] world policies and current political and social climates in this new [[millennium]]. This is motivated by their [[religious right]] views and adherence to [[dispensationalism]], leading them to view the UN as part of a conspiracy leading to one-world government under an anti-Christ, based on a literal interpretation of [[s:Bible (King James)/Revelation#Chapter 13|Revelation 13]]. {{or}}

Some Christians see Jack Chick as persecuted, and claim (drawing on Biblical passages) that persecution is a sign of legitimacy. Chick claims that many threats have been made on his life because of the revealing nature of his writings. {{Fact|date=May 2007}}

==Notable tracts==
:''Main article: [[Chick Publications tracts]]''

A number of Chick Publications are well-known. ''Dark Dungeons'', which claims that ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' is a lure for Satanism, is famous for inspiring many parodies. ''This Was Your Life'' is about a man who is judged by God and is sent to [[Hell]]. ''[[That Crazy Guy!]]'' responds to safe sex teachings. The tracts ''Somebody Loves Me'' and ''Trust Me'' are mainly visual, with few words. ''The King of Kings'' tells major Bible stories in comic form. ''Titanic'' features artwork by former [[EC Comics]] artist [[Graham Ingels]]. ''[[The Death Cookie]]'' portrays the Roman Catholic [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] as a trick by Satan to lure religious people.

==Conventions==
Chick tracts also often repeat certain stylistic characteristics. Some include:
* HAWHAWHAW - Evil characters frequently laugh in this capitalized manner, which has become a [[catch phrase]] among Chick's fans
* Faceless God - [[God]] is invariably portrayed as an enormous, glowing, white robed figure, sitting on a throne, with no hair or facial features shown
* The sinner being cast into [[Hell]] following judgement by God. The person is often depicted screaming "YAAAHHH!!!"
* The [[crucifixion]] of Christ portrayed in a particularly gruesome manner, often described in graphic terms.
* A character in one Chick tract being led to accept Christ by reading another Chick tract.
* Small drawings of cats, dogs, birds, and other animals fighting. These are scattered throughout some of his tracts and are seemingly unrelated to the subject matter.

== See also ==
*[[King-James-Only Movement]]

==External links==


* [http://www.chick.com The official website of Chick Publications]

===Positive===

* [http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/chick.htm Jack Chick] a testimony from someone who claims to be saved by Jack Chick's cartoon tracts
* [http://members.aol.com/monsterwax/chick.html Jack T. Chick Museum of Fine Art]

===Negative===
* [http://www.catholic.com/library/sr_chick_tracts.asp The Nightmare World of Jack T. Chick] - A response to the claims of Chick Publications against Roman Catholics
* [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/moongod.html Muslim response to Jack Chick]
* [http://www.masonicinfo.com/chick.htm Anti-Masonic Examples: Chick Publications] - A rebuttal to Chick Publications' claims about Masonry
* [http://members.cox.net/jimmyakin/x-meet-jack-chick.htm Meeting Jack Chick] an interview with Jack Chick
* [http://www.enterthejabberwock.com/?cat=12 Chick Dissections] Tract-by-Tract rebuttal and criticism
* [http://www.hinduamericanfoundation.org/pdf/hate_report_2007.pdf Criticism of chick.com] - from the [[Hindu American Foundation]]

===Parody===

* [http://www.e-sheep.com/apocamon/ Apocamon]
* [http://www.weirdcrap.com/chick/intro.html Various Chick Tract Parodies]
* [http://www.yourmomsbasement.com/archives/2006/11/galactus_is_com.html Galactus Is Coming Chick Tract Parody]
*[http://www.subvulture.com/spacemoose/antlers.gif Space Moose Parody]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Christian fundamentalism|Chick]]
[[Category:Christian media companies]]
[[Category:Christian publishing companies]]
[[Category:Comic book publishing companies]]
[[Category:King-James-Only Movement]]
[[Category:Religious tract publishers]]
[[Category:Chick Publications| ]]

[[eo:Eldonejo Chick]]

Metal umlaut

2007-05-09T19:33:00Z

Jowe27: /* Umlaut */

:''Note: some of the accented letters used in this article may not display properly in all fonts.'' 
[[Image:Motorhead.jpg|right|225px|thumb]]
A '''heavy metal umlaut''' is an [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] over a letter in the name of a [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band. The use of umlauts and other [[diacritic]]s with a [[blackletter]] style [[typeface]] is a form of [[foreign branding]] intended to give a band's logo a [[Germanic peoples|Teutonic]] quality. It is a form of marketing that evokes stereotypes of boldness and strength commonly attributed to peoples such as the [[Vikings]]; author Reebee Garofalo has attributed its use to a desire for a "[[Gothic horror]]" feel.<ref>Garofalo, pg. 292 ''Some groups, for example Blue Öyster Cult and Motörhead, added gratuitous umlauts to their names to conjure up a more generic gothic horror, a practice that continued into the 1980s with Mötley Crüe and others.''</ref> The heavy metal umlaut is never referred to by the term ''[[diaeresis]]'' in this usage, nor is it intended to affect the pronunciation of the band's name.

Heavy metal umlauts have been parodied in film and fiction. In the [[mockumentary]] film ''{{unicode|[[This Is Spin̈al Tap]]}}'' (spelled with an umlaut over the ''n''), fictional rocker David St. Hubbins ([[Michael McKean]]) opines, "It's like a pair of eyes. You're looking at the umlaut, and it's looking at you." In 2002, [[Spin (magazine)|''Spin'']] magazine referred to the heavy metal umlaut as "the diacritical [[mark of the beast]]."

== Umlauts and diaereses ==
The German word ''Umlaut'' roughly means ''change of pronunciation'' or ''sound shift'', as it is composed of ''um-'', "around", and ''Laut'', "sound". Adding an umlaut indeed changes the pronunciation of a [[vowel]] in standard (i.e. not heavy-metal) usage; the letters ''u'' and ''ü'' represent distinct sounds, as do ''o'' vs. ''ö'' and ''a'' vs. ''ä''.

Umlauts, or visually similar [[grapheme]]s, are used in several languages, such as
[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]],
[[Estonian language|Estonian]],
[[Finnish language|Finnish]],
[[German language|German]],
[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]],
[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]],
[[Portuguese language|Brazilian Portuguese]],
[[Swedish language|Swedish]],
[[Turkish language|Turkish]].
The sounds represented by the umlauted letters in these languages are typically ''[[front vowel]]s'' (front [[Vowel roundedness|rounded vowels]] in the case of ''ü'' and ''ö''). Ironically, these sounds tend to be perceived as "weaker" or "lighter" than the vowels represented by un-umlauted ''u'', ''o'', and ''a'', and thus in the languages which use it normally, the umlaut does not evoke the impression of strength and darkness which its sensational use in English is intended to convey.

(The English word ''[[diaeresis]]'' refers to a diacritic graphically similar to the umlaut; the name comes from a Greek word meaning "divide or distinguish". This diacritic is used in languages such as [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Esperanto]], and [[Portuguese language|Brazilian Portuguese]] with varying purposes. Occasionally [[English language|English]] employs a diaeresis to indicate that two [[vowel]]s are to be pronounced separately, as in the name "Chloë" or the word "naïve", or in the obsolete spellings reënact and coöperate.)

== History ==

The German [[progressive rock]] band [[Amon Düül II]] (aka Amon Duul II) released their first album in 1969. However, their name came from "[[Ammon|Amon]], an Egyptian sun god, and [[Düül]], a character from Turkish fiction",<ref name=Amon_Düül_origin>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=B1c8j1vsjzzza | title = allmusic (((Amon Düül > Overview))) | accessmonthday = September 12|accessyear = 2006}}</ref> so this use of diaereses was not gratuitous. The third part of [[Yes (band)|Yes]]'s progressive rock epic "Starship Trooper" is entitled "Würm" (on [[The Yes Album]], released 1971). However, this again is probably not gratuitous, seemingly coming from the [[Würm glaciation]].

The first ''gratuitous'' use appears to have been either by [[Blue Öyster Cult]] or by [[Black Sabbath]], both in 1970. Blue Öyster Cult's website states it was added by guitarist and keyboardist [[Allen Lanier]],<ref name=Blue_Öyster_1>{{cite web | url = http://www.blueoystercult.com/History/history3.html | title = BÖC Retrospectively | accessmonthday = September 12 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> but rock critic [[Richard Meltzer]] claims to have suggested it to their producer and manager [[Sandy Pearlman]] just after Pearlman came up with the name: "I said, 'How about an umlaut over the O?' Metal had a [[Richard Wagner|Wagnerian]] aspect anyway."<ref name=Sandy_Pearlman>{{cite web | url = http://www.spiraling.com/words/umlaut.html | title = HELL HOLES: Spin̈al Tap's main man explains the importance of the umlaut | accessmonthday = September 12|accessyear = 2006}}</ref> In that same year, Black Sabbath's record label, on a rare picture-sleeve 7" single version of [[Paranoid (song)|Paranoid]] (with the b-side [[Rat Salad]]), for no apparent reason, retitled the song "Paranoïd" with a diaeresis above the "i".<ref>[http://www.fannins-collectables.com/images/b_listing/black_sabbath/paranoid/6059014_fc-fs.jpg Paroid/Rat Salad cover]</ref> (In French, the words ''paranoïa, paranoïaque, paranoïde'' properly have the trema.)

On their second album ''[[In Search of Space]]'' (1971), [[Hawkwind]] wrote on the backside of the cover: "{{unicode|TECHNICIÄNS ÖF SPÅCE SHIP EÅRTH THIS IS YÖÜR CÄPTÅIN SPEÄKING YÖÜR ØÅPTÅIN IS DEA˝D}}". To add to the variation, [[Denmark|Danish]] and [[Norway|Norwegian]] letter Ø and Danish/Norwegian/Swedish letter Å are added. While the Å being a separate letter sounding like the word "Oh", the Danish Ø is actually pronounced exactly like the German and Turkish Ö. And also the diacritical mark on the last " {{unicode|A˝}} " is the "Hungarian umlaut" or [[double acute accent]] ( {{unicode|˝}} )—two short lines slanting up and to the right rather like a right double-quote mark—instead of dots (Hungarian uses neither the ( {{unicode|˝}} ) nor the traditional German umlaut ("Ä") over the letter "A", though, and ( {{unicode|˝}} ) is used only on the letters "Ő" and "Ű"). This was before [[Lemmy]], later of [[Motörhead]], had become a member of the group.

[[Motörhead]] and [[Mötley Crüe]] then followed. (American hardcore punk band [[Hüsker Dü]] debuted in January of 1978.) The umlaut in ''Motörhead'' was contributed by the graphic designer of the band's first album cover. In the words of Lemmy, Motörhead's front man: "I only put it in there to look mean."<ref>[http://www.thewavemag.com/pagegen.php?pagename=article&articleid=21891 Motorhead Madman]</ref> (Interestingly, the German pronunciation of ''Motör'', a word that doesn't exist in German, would be similar to French equivalent, ''moteur''. "Motor", the correct German spelling, is pronounced similarly to "motor" in English.)
For the Crüe (according to [[Vince Neil]] in the band's [[Behind the Music]] edition), the inspiration came from a [[Löwenbräu]] bottle. At one [[Mötley Crüe]] performance in Germany, the entire audience started chanting "Meutley Crew-eh" - a pronunciation often used in Hungary as well.

[[Queensrÿche]] went further by putting the umlaut over the ''Y'' in their name. (In [[French language|French]], the ''ÿ'' is used very rarely, ''e.g.'' in the name of the Belgian-French composer [[Eugène Ysaÿe]] [iza'i], in the placename [[L'Haÿ-les-Roses]] [la'ilɛRoz],<ref>[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses L'Haÿ-les-Roses] in French Wikipedia</ref> etc.
In handwriting, the symbol ''ÿ'' can be indistinguishable to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] [[IJ (letter)|digraph ''ij'']].) Queensrÿche frontman [[Geoff Tate]] stated, "The umlaut over the 'y' has haunted us for years. We spent eleven years trying to explain how to pronounce it."<ref name=Sandy_Pearlman />
In contrast to other examples, the spelling of Queensrÿche was chosen to soften the image of the band, as it was feared that the original spelling, Queensreich, might be misconstrued as having [[neo-nazism|neo-nazi]] connotations.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/faqs/music/queensryche-faq/ Queensrÿche FAQ]</ref>

[[Hawkwind]]-influenced 1980s [[space rock]] band [[Underground Zerø]] used a variation on the concept, using the [[Scandinavian language|Scandinavian]] vowel ''[[ø]]'' in their name. This may have been inspired by [[computer system]]s of the time, many of which used the [[slashed zero]] as a glyph for the digit [[0 (number)|0]] to distinguish it from the letter [[O]] and thus resembled ''ø''. The Dutch band [[Bløf]] also uses ''ø'' in its name, even though the letter is not used in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. Ironically, Bløf is neither pronounced ''blof'' nor ''bløf''. Outside of rock, [[electronic music]] artist [[William Orbit]] has recently used the "Ø" in his surname.

The [[Parody|spoof]] band [[Spinal Tap (band)|{{unicode|Spın̈al Tap}}]] raised the stakes in 1984 by using an umlaut over the letter ''N'', a [[consonant]] (it also makes use of a [[Dotless I|dotless i]]). This is a construction found only in the [[Jacaltec]] language of [[Guatemala]] and in some orthographies of [[Malagasy]], a language of [[Madagascar]], although it is uncertain whether the writers of ''{{unicode|This Is Spın̈al Tap}}'' knew this at the time.

== The gratuitous umlaut in other popular literature ==

The 1974 film ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' included [[Madeline Kahn]]'s German-accented [[Marlene Dietrich]]-style [[chanteuse]] character "Lili Von Shtupp" (according to the credits). She is announced on a poster outside the music hall as "Lili von Shtüpp"; the film's characters pronounce the name without any change to the vowel.

In the mid-1980s, cartoonist [[Berkeley Breathed]] parodied the heavy metal umlaut in the comic strip [[Bloom County]] with the fictional group [[Deathtöngue]]. Breathed eventually had Deathtöngue change their name to the umlaut-free [[Billy and the Boingers]] following pressure from congressional hearings on "porn rock."

In 1988, [[Jim Henson]] and [[General Foods]] released a [[breakfast cereal]], [[Cröonchy Stars]], based on the popular [[Swedish Chef]] [[muppet]]. In addition to the gratuitous umlaut in ''Cröonchy'', most of the cereal's labelling and promotional material used the idiosyncratic spelling ''{{unicode|Swed̈ish Chef}}''.<ref>[http://www.kermitage.com/html/collectibles/rarestuffnew/page3.html Crooncy Stars Cereal - General Food Corps 1988]</ref> As with ''{{unicode|Spin̈al Tap}}'', this marks one of the rare instances of an umlaut being used over a consonant.

The novel ''[[Zodiac (novel)|Zodiac]]'' (1988) by [[Neal Stephenson]] features a fictional metal band called Pöyzen Böyzen, which one character describes as "not bad for a two-umlaut band".

In 1997, [[parody]] newspaper ''[[The Onion]]'' published an article called [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/32404 "Ünited Stätes Toughens Image With Umlauts"], about a [[United States Congress|congressional]] attempt to add umlauts to the name of the [[United States|United States of America]] to make it seem "bad-assed and scary in a quasi-heavy metal manner".

[[Journalist]] and [[author]] Steve Almond coined the term "[[spandex]] and umlaut circuit" in 2002 to describe the heavy metal touring scene.

Rock critic [[Chuck Klosterman]] subtitled his 2001 book ''Fargo Rock City'' with ''A Heavy Metal Odyssey in Rural Nörth Daköta''.

[[Webcomic]] artist [[Scott Kurtz]] drew a series of cartoons about a fake band called ''Djörk'' in his [[PvP Online]] webcomic. Apart from satirizing the heavy metal umlaut (the original band name was to be ''Umlaüt''), this name also refers to the Icelandic singer/songwriter [[Björk|Björk Guðmundsdóttir]], whose diacritical marks are genuine.

== Other usages of diacritics in band or album naming ==
=== Umlaut ===
*[[Mötley Crüe]]
*[[Beowülf]]
* The Norwegian hard rock band [[Hell Dörmer]]
* [[Frank Zappa]] used an umlaut in the title of the album ''[[Läther]]'' (pronounced Leather)
* The German death metal band [[Spalthammer Öf Satan]] who actually pronounce the umlaut
* [[Motörhead]]
* [[Dälek]], NJ hip-hop trio and also the group founder
* The novelty rock band [[Green Jellÿ]] kept the umlaut after changing their name from "Green Jellö". This was after the manufacturers of Jell-O threatened to sue over the use of their trademarked name; the band maintained that the "ÿ" was pronounced like a long "o", therefore the written name of the band changed, but the pronounced name did not.
* The [[Music of Scotland|Scottish]] [[NWOBHM]] band [[Holocaust (band)|Holocaust]] spelled their name Hölöcäust on their first [[7"]], "Heavy Metal Mania".
* Norwegian electronica duo [[Röyksopp]] spell their name with a Swedish-influenced [[ö]] rather than the proper Norwegian spelling "Røyksopp". The umlaut is gratuitous, and the band have stated that it is a direct reference to [[Motörhead]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Graeme | last = Virtue | title = Music: Norway calling | url = http://www.sundayherald.com/print24359 | work = Sunday Herald | date = 2002-05-05 | accessdate = 2006-09-24}}</ref>
* The Norwegian hardrock band [[Svölk]].
* The [[Music of Canada|Canadian]] [[thrash metal]] band [[Infernäl Mäjesty]].
* The [[Music of Australia|Australian]] [[thrash metal|thrash]]/[[black metal]] band [[Deströyer 666]].
* The [[Music of France|French]] [[black metal]] band [[Mütiilation]]. Technically this umlaut is superfluous - this "u" is already pronounced as the German "ü".
* The [[Czech Republic|Czech]] death metal band [[Hypnös]] formerly known as Hypnos
* The [[Denmark|Danish]] heavy metal band [[Handlebar Möustache]].
* The [[Melbourne]] based avant-metal-jam-band [[Cünt Brigade]].
* The hardcore/ska-punk band [[Leftöver Crack]].
* [[Dürty Nelly's Pub]], a rock bar in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]].
* [[Peoria, Illinois]] band [[Mudvayne]] listed their members on one release as Chüd, Güüg, R-üD and Spüg.
* Minneapolis crust/hardcore punk band Stāte of Feär
* The [[rock en espanol|Spanish band]] [[Mägo de Oz]].
* The term "nü-metal", used to describe [[nu metal]] with added umlautness.
* Gay heavy metal band/cabaret act [[Pink Stëël]] have two ''consecutive'' gratuitous umlauts, the first such instance in a band name.
* The library/scifi metal band [[Blöödhag]] also have consecutive gratuitous umlauts.
* Seattle Spaz-core band BLOÜD WÜLF.
* The [[Devin Townsend]] punk parody project [[Punky Brüster]].
* The Canadian thrash band [[Voivod (band)|Voïvod]]'s second album from 1986 was titled ''[[Rrröööaaarrr]]''. This album title actually has three consecutive gratuitous umlauts. The band's name has an umlaut over the I, but this may be acting as a diæresis. Their fourth album was entitled [[Dimension Hatröss]], placing another umlaut in the title.
* The Finnish hardcore punk band [[Ümlaut]] (this use is almost a [[self-reference]]).
* [[Zee (band)|Zee]], a short-lived band formed by [[Pink Floyd]] keyboard player [[Richard Wright (musician)|Richard Wright]] and [[Dave Harris (musician)|Dave Harris]], made excessive use of gratuitous umlauts on their 1984 album ''[[Identity (album)|Identity]]'' which included song titles such as "Cönfüsiön" and "Höw Dö Yöü Dö It".
* The [[kibology]] inspired, [[Usenet]]-based quasi-band [[Interröbang Cartel]], containing, in addition to its heavy metal umlaut, another exotic typographical reference, to the [[interrobang]] character.
* The Spanish EBM duo [[Culture Kultür]].
* The album "Paradÿsso", recorded by Spanish rock band [[Sôber]], who added a gratuitous circumflex after changing their name from Sober Stoned.
* Chuck Dukowski of [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] was previously in Würm
* Heavy Metal spoofers Insidiöus Törment revitalize the umlaut by placing it at strategically hard to pronounce vowels.
* Experimental group [[Grotus]] spell their name with an umlaut over each consonant, leaving the vowels unembellished.
* The dance music record label [[nocturnal groove]] has an umlaut on the n.
* [[Hungary|Hungarian]] ''black n' roll'' band [[Korog]] has a gratuitous umlaut over the letter ''r'' in their name, which actually means "it rumbles" and is a verb that is used exclusively to describe the sound of a hungry person's stomach.
* Italian metal band [[Labyrinth (band)|Labyrinth]] used to call themselves Labÿrinth until 2003.
* Minneapolis punk pioneers of the 1980s, [[Hüsker Dü]], whose name comes from a Danish board game (the [[Husker Du? (game)|original game]] does not have umlauts). The name of the board game comes from the Danish interrogative clause "Husker du?" (without Umlaut), which means "Do you remember?" ('you' = second person singular, not plural).
* English [[ceilidh]] band Stömp<ref>http://www.stompceilidh.co.uk/</ref> has an umlaut on the o. According to the band's website<ref>[http://www.stompceilidh.co.uk/html/the_umlaut.html That umlaut]</ref> this is to avoid confusion with the [[Stomp (dance troupe)|Stomp dance troupe]].<ref>http://www.stomponline.com/</ref>
* The [[Spain|Spanish]] pop band [[Nosoträsh]].
* Seattle "splatter rock" band [[The Accüsed]].
* The spine of the DVD A Long Days Night reads Blue Oÿster Cult.
* The Florida spoof/cover band, "George Cunninghäm änd the Devästätors", best known for their songs "Bäd to the Boner".
* The Norwegian [[thrash metal]] band [[Infernö]].
* During the 80's the intellectual SoCal-based art-rock band [[Daniel Amos]] changed its name twice, first to DA, then to Da, and when their album ''Kalhöun'' was released in 1991, the band changed their name once again, this time to dä.
* The Northern Virginia metal band [[Wärhammer]].
* The guitar player [[Lüpüs Thünder]], from the [[comedic]] American [[rapcore]] [[synth-pop]] band [[Bloodhound Gang]].
* Midwestern U.S. rock band [[Nördik Träk]].
* Long Island garage punk band [[Ünusable Signal]] added the umlaut after countless other bands shared the original name, sans-umlaut.
* South African metal band [[Rhütz]].
* American rock/metal group Ïnvaders, however their umlaut represents the pronunciation of their name.
* US rock band Stärvätıønbøx
* The correctly umlauted name of the German folk band [[Bläck Fööss]] means ''bare feet'' in [[Kölsch (dialect)|Kölsch]], a German dialect.
* The character Lars Ümlaüt in the video game [[Guitar Hero 2]]
*In the book "To Air Is Human", there is a character named Björn Türoque, a play on "Born to rock."
* [[Gwar]] guitarist [[Balsac]] has insisted for years there are umlauts over both the a's in the spelling of his name and often signs his autograph as such.
*Florida grind band [[Assück]]

=== Other characters ===

* The Danish musical project [[Leæther Strip]], uses the letter [[æ]] instead of a to spell the word "leather".
* The German punk band [[Die Ärzte]] used three dots over the "A" in ''Ärzte'' on their 2003 album [[Geräusch]], to distinguish from its normal spelling with "Ä" (double dot) umlaut. This can be represented in Unicode: {{unicode|Die A⃛rzte}}. The three dots may stand for the three band members. However, the spelling "Ärzte" with two dots is not a heavy metal umlaut but the correct German spelling (meaning "The Doctors").
* A three-dot umlaut has also been seen in artwork for [[King Creosote]], over the i, as ''Ki⃛ng Cresote''.
* The American [[jam band]] [[Rusted Root]] uses a three-dot umlaut over the "e" in its logo, as seen on its [http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B000001E5Z.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg album covers].
* The American thrash band [[Lååz Rockit]] actually used the letter "[[å]]" gratuitously in their logo, but the umlaut ("Lääz Rockit") in some press releases.
* The death metal band [[DÅÅTH]] also use two Å's in their name.
* The French band [[Magma (band)|Magma]] used a [[constructed language|fictional language]], the Kobaïan, for its lyrics. The umlaut appeared in several album titles, such as ''Mekanïk Destruktïw Kommandöh'' and ''Köhntarkösz''. However, this umlaut does affect pronunciation, and thus cannot be considered gratuitous. Kobaian also uses a three-dot diacritic over some letters in song titles, and an original letter that seems to be a cursive [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of "ie", which never appears without an umlaut.
* The English [[indie rock]] band [[Maxïmo Park]] also uses a double dotted "i" in its name. It is pronounced "max-ee-moh".
* The [[Accent (linguistics)|accent]]s and [[cedilla]] in the name of the French electronica band [[Rinôçérôse]] are also gratuitous, except the "é".
* [[William Orbit|William Ørbit]].
* The dark folk / experimental / occult band [[Death In June]] used umlauts and accented "e"s in the original releases of their albums ''The Wörld Thät Sümmer'' (1985) and ''Thé Wäll Öf Säcrificé'' (1989) - and, on these releases, also in the band name, leading to ''Deäth In Jüne'' and ''Déäth In Jüné'', respectively.
*the Japanese rock group [[BOØWY]].
* The Irish electro band Klëft (also spelt with a backwards f and an inverted cross as the T)
* [[Sisqó]] (born Mark Althavan Andrews) an R&B singer and actor.
* [[Perl]] developer (Terry) Brian Ingerson legally changed his name to [[Ingy döt Net]], to match his domain name.<ref>http://blog.ingy.net/2005/11/the_ingy_formerly_known_as_bri.html</ref>

=== Non-gratuitous umlauts ===

* The umlaut in [[Die Ärzte]] is correct German orthography: It's the plural of "Arzt" (doctor) and not related to the heavy metal umlaut.
* The [[heavy metal (music)|heavy metal]] band [[Trojan (band)|Trojan]] used umlauts in their name on the 1985 release ''Chasing the Storm''. For [[Sweden|Swedes]] the tour T-shirts from this time are particularly amusing, as "Tröjan" in Swedish translates as "the shirt".
* The [[Rhode Island]] "futurock" band [[Grüvis Malt]] have an umlaut in their name, but it may not be gratuitous, since it clarifies the pronunciation as "oo" rather than "uh".
* Another [[Rhode Island]] "Viking Synth Metal" band [[Vänhørwick]] use an umlaut pronounced with a strong "aan". Though the band has Swedish, it uses a Norweigian [[ø]] to be funny.
* The [[San Francisco]] band [[Children of Umlaut]] do not in fact have an umlaut in their name.
* The Icelandic artist [[Björk]] Guðmundsdóttir is using her [[Icelandic naming conventions|birth name]].
* The [[Ä]] in the Finnish heavily [[Manowar (band)|Manowar]]-influenced heavy metal band [[Teräsbetoni]] ''(reinforced concrete)'' is not gratuitous; while ''teräs'' means [[steel]] in Finnish, ''teras'' is not even a word.
* The [[Music of Japan#Japanese rock|Japanese rock]] band [[Lä-ppisch]] derives its name from the German colloquialism ''läppisch'', meaning "foolish" or "wishy-washy".<ref>[http://dict.leo.org/?lp=ende&search=l%E4ppisch&searchLoc=0&relink=on&spellToler=standard&cmpType=relaxed LEO D-E Ergebnisse für "läppisch"]</ref>
* The Danish [[spoof band]] [[Insidiöus Törment]] feature 2 umlauts in their name, though whether they are gratuitous or not is up for debate. The first functions as the umlaut in Motörhead, arguably indicating the use of the [[schwa]] (ə) in pronunciation (in both names), whereas the second -— contrary to common practice —- influences the pronunciation of "torment" so that it becomes "tørment"—using the [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] or [[Faroese language|Faroese]] vowel of [[ø]].
* The Haïti Twoubadou current in [[Haitian music]] represents a legitimate use of diacritics in a musical title, because it indicates separate pronunciation of two adjacent vowels. However, this makes it not an umlaut but a [[diaeresis]]. (In [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]], ''Haïti'' is pronounced ah-ee-tee or ah-ee-tsee, with the former also being the standard [[French language|French]] pronunciation.)
* Another German band, [[Einstürzende Neubauten]] ''(collapsing new buildings)'', features an umlaut where, in German, there ought to be one.
* German nazi rock band Störkraft
* Faroese progressive Viking band [[Týr (band)|Týr]] use the correct [[Faroese language|Faroese]] spelling of the Viking god of [[Tyr]].
* former [[Motörhead]] guitarist Würzel was known as Wurzel before joining the band, but singer Lemmy asked him to add the umlaut "for dramatic heavy metal effect"

== See also ==

* [[Foreign branding]] ([[Häagen-Dazs]], [[Fahrvergnügen]])
* [[Corna|Devil horns]] heavy metal hand signal
* [[Faux Cyrillic]] (Faцx Cyяillic)
* [[Kurvi-Tasch]]
* [[Word play]]
* [[Sensational spelling]]
* [[Über]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book|author=Garofalo, Rebee|title=Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|year=1997|id=ISBN 0-205-13703-2}}

== External links and references ==

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Heavy_Metal_Umlaut.ogg|2006-06-13}}

* [http://www.spiraling.com/words/umlaut.html Hell Holes: Spin̈al Tap's main man explains the importance of the umlaut] (Lisa Gidley, ''CMJ'', 2000)
* ''[http://arrivistepress.com/salmondheavymetal0503page1.shtml My Life in Heavy Metal]'' by Steve Almond (excerpt)
* [http://www.rockdots.com/thedots.html The Döts] (Dave Krinsky)
* [http://www.clicknation.com/snoof/stuff/umlaut.pdf Would you like umlauts with that?] (PDF) by Bruce Campbell
* [http://www.pvponline.com/archive.php3?archive=20041108 PvP Online: Djörk]
* [http://weblog.infoworld.com/udell/2005/01/22.html#a1156 Heavy Metal Umlaut: The Movie] Story of this page (by [[Jon Udell]])
* [http://liff.comegetsome.at/search.php?browsed=1&searchme=Doetinchem The Heavy Metal Umlaut in the Liff Dictionary]

{{heavy metal}}
[[Category:Heavy metal|Umlaut]]
[[Category:Diacritics]]
[[Category:Spelling]]

[[de:Heavy-Metal-Umlaut]]
[[es:Umlaut del heavy metal]]
[[fr:Umlaut heavy metal]]
[[it:Umlaut dell'heavy metal]]
[[pl:Heavy-metalowy umlaut]]
[[sv:Heavy metal-prickar]]

Johnny C.

2007-04-19T21:30:47Z

Jowe27: /* Nny */

[[Image:Johnny155gu.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Johnny C.]]

'''Johnny C.''' is a fictional character starring in the comic book series ''[[Johnny The Homicidal Maniac]]''. He also appears in the [[spin-off]]s of the series ''[[Squee!]]'' and ''[[I Feel Sick]]'', as well as the television series ''[[Invader Zim]]''. Johnny was created by [[Jhonen Vasquez]].

==Nny==
The series focuses on Johnny C., or Nny for short (as in (Joh-)Nny). He is a deranged [[serial killer]], [[mass murderer]], and [[spree killer]] who interacts with various other characters, generally by [[torture|torturing]] and [[murder|murdering]] them. He murders anyone who annoys him even slightly in the most elaborate, [[sadism|sadistic]] ways possible, then drains their blood and paints one of the walls in his house with it (to keep the color of the blood the same, or, later in the series, to keep something from getting out). If the situation dictates, Johnny is also willing to murder decent people who have done him no wrong; in his mind, however, even they deserve their fate. The vast majority of Nny's victims are (apparently) bad people who deserve what they get, at least by his perceptions. He has killed people in the dozens, if not hundreds — or perhaps even thousands. Authorities are unable to capture Johnny and seem unaware of his existence, although his crimes are often witnessed in public and reported by the few who survive. Johnny usually has conversations with his victims before he kills them or [[torture]]s them (or, in some cases, lets them go). However, he mocks their pleas for mercy as "noise".

He is [[delusion]]al, [[paranoid]], and devoid of [[remorse]]. His insanity manifests itself in several entities, such as [[Nailbunny]], the closest thing to a [[conscience]] that Nny possesses; and Psycho Doughboy and Mr. Eff, two styrofoam [[Pillsbury Doughboy]]s that argue over whether to let Nny commit [[suicide]]. Later in the story a new character from Nny's mind arises, Reverend Meat, who attempts to invoke feeling in Nny as he searches for numbness. [[Image:Nnycorn.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Nny]]

Sometimes, Johnny shows feelings of self-hatred for the horrible things he does. This shows in his many monologues and suicide attempts (at these times, he is known as "Johnny the Suicidal Maniac"). He even has what appears to be moments of clarity, but those quickly turn into yet more crazed rants accompanied by bloodshed. Though his exact age is unknown, Vasquez has been quoted saying Johnny is in his early twenties.

Johnny also expresses distaste for direct physical contact. In one of his rants with Nailbunny, he states that he loathes all sorts of human waste. His pursuit of desensitization also includes riddance of direct physical contact. However, Reverend Meat hints at an instance wherein Johnny may have had sex with a woman ("Don't you remember the pretty girl that gave me to you? Being in her room? Doing what you did?") His statement's foundation or the truth of it has never been established.

==Origins(?)==
In the JTHM Director's Cut, it is said that Johnny's parents were murdered by an "evil man"; it goes on to say that he became a masked crime fighter. Nothing is known of Johnny's family or of his past — even Johnny is deprived of all but occasional flashes of memory.

A running theory on Johnny's origin is that he was once a brilliant artist who lost his talent in drawing and subsequently went [[insane]]. Nailbunny chastises Johnny for drawing his Happy Noodle Boy comic ("A goddamned stick figure!") instead of making art. Vasquez writes that the idea of giving Johnny an origin does not appeal to him at all; He once said "[I] find the blurriness of it all much more appealing than making him go nuts over being pantsed in school once. 'YAAAARGH!! I have been pantsed!! I kill like the damned now!!' That's just not done.") Vasquez has expressed in interviews and hinted at in The Director's Cut that the starting point of Johnny C is just the fantasy of murder ("I never killed anyone. I avoid going over that edge by writing about a guy who has taken a flying leap over it"). The progress of the comics also imply that at first, the murder was nothing but a running gag, which then turned into an important part of the character.

In ''I Feel Sick'', there appeared sufficient evidence that Nny's situation was brought on by the combination of being a waste lock and being influenced by whatever force was behind the Doughboys. This force also appears to be manipulating things so that Johnny doesn't get caught, he even commits a murder in front of a security camera and correctly predicts he still won't get caught.

==Near-Death Experience==
Throughout the series, Johnny tries to commit suicide several times. At one point, he succeeds, though ironically it occurred accidentally and after he had changed his mind about wanting to die. He is sent to heaven and then to hell, but discovers he doesn't belong in either place and is resurrected. The series ends with him going on something of a vacation while trying to rid himself of all emotions. This open-ended conclusion leaves room for a second series of comics, but Vasquez has expressed no interest so far to continue Nny's story. However, he does appear in ''Squee!'', where he is a test subject for sleep deprivation (what he and Vasquez both suffer from) at a [[mental institution]]. He also appears in a flashback of ''I Feel Sick''.

Johnny's reason for insanity was declared in the series to him being a 'waste-lock'. During Johnny's trip to Hell, [[Satan]] explains that 'the human negative' is collected in cells placed throughout the world as random objects (The wall in Johnny's house, in this case) and are also assigned a waste-lock, a seal of sorts to protect the combination of negativity from breaking out. This, however, is implied to have a negative effect on the assigned waste-lock, but it serves a purpose; when a waste-lock is full, the waste-lock implodes and takes the existence as it knows it down the drain wherein existence is restored. Satan remarks that the ones that choose these locks must have been 'ill upon choosing him' due to him being 'profoundly disturbed to begin with'. Johnny, unconsciously, shows awareness of this task earlier ("You know, that old thing about what happens to the world when you close your eyes!!!"), but never truly understands its nature until it is told.

==See also==
* [[Johnny the Homicidal Maniac]]
* [[I Feel Sick]]
* [[Squee]]
* [[Characters of Johnny the Homicidal Maniac]]
* [[Jhonen Vasquez]]
* [[Fillerbunny]]
* [[Nailbunny]]

[[Category:Comics characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with mental illness]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Suicidal fictional characters]]
[[Category:Fictional mass murderers]]

Thrash

2007-04-13T01:35:12Z

Jowe27:

'''Thrash''' may refer to:

*[[Thrash (computer science)]], where increasing resources are used to do a decreasing amount of work
*[[Thrash metal]], a subgenre of heavy metal music
*[[Crossover thrash]], a subgenre of both hardcore punk and heavy metal music.
*[[Neo-thrash]], a subgenre of heavy metal music, also known as ''half-thrash'', ''post-thrash'', or ''groove metal''
*[[Thrashcore]], a subgenre (or possibly synonym) of hardcore punk
*[[Thrash (mascot)]], mascot of the Atlanta Thrashers
*[[Thrash (role-playing game)]], a freely distributed [[role-playing game]] heavily influenced by [[anime]] and [[list of fighting games|fighting games]]
*'''Thrash''', the nickname of British electronic musician, record producer and remixer [[Kris Weston]]

{{disambig}}

[[de:Thrash]]

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

2007-04-12T02:53:24Z

Jowe27: /* Name */

{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;"
|+ style="font-size: 125%;" | '''Eau Claire, Wisconsin'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
{| style="background: none;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" | ''City name: from ''Eaux Claires'', "clear waters" in [[French language|French]]''
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" | [[Image:Ecwilogo.jpg]] Eau Claire logo
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" | '''Official website:''' http://www.ci.eau-claire.wi.us/
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0e0e0; text-align: center;" | Location
|- class="hiddenStructureWIMap-doton-Eau_Claire.png"
|align="center" colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;" |
[[Image:WIMap-doton-Eau_Claire.png|200px|Location of Eau Claire, Wisconsin]] Location within the state of [[Wisconsin]] 
[[Image:Eau Claire, Wisconsin map.png|200px|Location of Eau Claire in Eau Claire and Chippewa Counties]] Location of Eau Claire in Eau Claire and Chippewa Counties (pink-shaded portion is within Chippewa County).
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0e0e0; text-align: center;" | Government
|-
! [[Counties of the United States|Counties]]
| [[Eau Claire County, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], [[Chippewa County, Wisconsin|Chippewa]]
|-
! [[City council]]
| [[Eau Claire City Council]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0e0e0; text-align: center;" | Geographical characteristics
|-
! [[Area]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[1 E9 m²|32.4 mi² / 83.8km²]]
|- style="text-indent: 1em;"
! Land
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 30.3 mi² / 78.4 [[km²]]
|- style="text-indent: 1em;"
! Water
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 2.1 mi² / 5.4 [[km²]] (6.46%)
|-
! [[Population]] ([[United States Census, 2000|2000]] [[United States Census|census]])
| 61,704 ([[city limits|city proper]]) 148,337 ([[Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls metropolitan area|metro]])
|- style="text-indent: 1em;"
! style="white-space: nowrap;" | Estimate ([[as of 2004|2004]])
| 61,912 (city) 155,138 ([[United States metropolitan area|metro]])<ref>This figure was arrived at by adding together the 2004 estimate for Chippewa County from [http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2004-01.html the Census Dept.] and the 2004 estimate for Eau Claire County from [http://www.co.eau-claire.wi.us/2005_Official_Directory.pdf the 2005 Official Directory for Eau Claire County] (page 47).</ref>
|- style="text-indent: 1em; white-space: nowrap;"
! [[Population density|Density]] (city)
| 738.8/[[square kilometre|km²]] (1,910.9/mi.²)
|-
! [[Latitude]]
| 44°48'53" N
|-
! [[Longitude]]
| 91° 29' 34" W
|-
! [[Time zone]]
| [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-6)
|- style="text-indent: 1em;"
! Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5)
|}
{{End frame}}

'''Eau Claire''' is a city located in west-central [[Wisconsin]]. The population was 61,704 at the 2000 census. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Eau Claire County, Wisconsin|Eau Claire County]]{{GR|6}}. Eau Claire is the principal city of and included in the Eau Claire, Wisconsin [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is included in the Eau-Claire-Menomonie, Wisconsin [[Combined Statistical Area]]. [[America's Promise]] named the city as one of the 100 Best Communities for Young People in 2007.[http://www.americaspromise.org/100Best.aspx?id=968] Eau Claire was among the first [[Tree City USA|Tree Cities]] in Wisconsin, having been recognized as such since 1980.[http://www.arborday.org/programs/treecity/map.cfm]

== Name ==
"Eau Claire" is the singularized form of the original [[French language|French]] name, "Eaux Claires", meaning "Clear Waters", for the [[Eau Claire River (Chippewa River)|Eau Claire River]]. According to local legend, the river was so named because early [[French people|French]] explorers journeying down the rain-muddied [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]], happened upon the Eau Claire River, excitedly exclaiming "Voici l'eau claire!" ("Here [is] clear water!")

Because of the difficulty non-residents have in correctly pronouncing the name of the city (it is properly pronounced as "O'Clare"; "You Clare" is a common mistake), it has been suggested by some residents that the city should be renamed "Clearwater". This recommendation has never been serious enough to make it to referendum, although a number of businesses and organizations have taken the name. (Prior to 1856, Eau Claire County was Chippewa County's "Town of Clearwater". The name "Eau Claire" was taken when the county was separated from Chippewa County.)

== Government ==
Since switching from a [[mayor]]al system in 1948, Eau Claire has had a [[city manager]]-[[city council]] [[Council-manager government|form of government]]. Discussion of changing the government back to a mayoral form has been ongoing since 1948, resulting in six unsuccessful referenda thus far. Most recently, a petition to this effect, with 3,126 signatures, was to have been presented to the City Council by [[February 21]], [[2006]], in order for it to have appeared on the [[April 4]], [[2006]] ballot. Since the petition was not presented in time, the issue is officially "dead" at least until fall 2006.

The [[Eau Claire City Council]] currently consists of five members elected from districts, five at-large from the entire city plus an elected city council president, who is also elected at-large from among all of the city's voters. City manager Don Norrell recently resigned (effective [[December 22]], [[2005]]), and was recently replaced by Mike Huggins, Norrell's former top assistant.<ref>[http://www.leadertelegram.com/story.asp?id=70634 Leader Telegram editorial] July 7, 2006.</ref> Regarding the failure of the aforementioned petition, city council member Dave Duax has reportedly said that, "[t]his really clears the air. It removes this issue as a potential uncertainty," possibly implying that "uncertainty" over the future of the council-manager form of government has been slowing the selection process.<ref>[http://www.leadertelegram.com/story.asp?id=66416 "Mayoral issue dead for now"] Mar. 7, 2006 Leader-Telegram story.</ref> The city council president is David Adler.

== Economy ==
The [[lumber]] industry drove Eau Claire's growth in the late [[19th century]]. At one time, there were 22 [[sawmill]]s operating in the city. Today retail, health care and education are the primary employment sectors in Eau Claire.

Since the loss of several thousand manufacturing jobs in the early [[1990]]s (due to the closure of the local [[United States Rubber Company|Uniroyal]] [[tire]] plant—Uniroyal has itself since become a part of the [[Michelin]] corporation), the city's economy was reshaped by the opening of a number of plants engaged in the construction of [[computer hardware]], such as [[Hutchinson Technology]]'s largest plant (the company is based in [[Hutchinson, Minnesota]]) and [[3M]], based in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]].

Eau Claire is home to a few national/regional companies including [[Menards]], [[National Presto Industries, Inc.]], [[Silver Spring Gardens]] (world's largest grower and producer of [[horseradish]] products [http://www.silverspringgardens.com/]) and [[Erbert & Gerberts]] (a [[midwest]]ern [[subway sandwich|sandwich]] chain[http://www.erbertandgerberts.com/]).

==Geography==
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; font-size: 70%; text-align: center;"
|[[Image:Eau Claire - Barstow street looking north 2005.jpg|thumb|Barstow St.]]
|-
|[[Image:Eau Claire Wisconsin-Downtown A.jpg|thumb|Graham-Riverside Building]]
|-
|[[Image:Eau Claire Wisconsin-Water Street Looking East 2006.jpg|thumb|Water St.]]
|-
|Views of Eau Claire
|}
Eau Claire is located at {{coor dms|44|48|53|N|91|29|34|W|city}} (44.814627, -91.492677){{GR|1}}, approximately 90 miles (145 km) east of [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] and [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], [[Minnesota]]. The city is located on the northern fringes of the [[Driftless Zone]].

The city was founded near the confluence of the [[Eau Claire River (Chippewa River)|Eau Claire]] and [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa]] rivers, as three separate settlements. The main section of the downtown is on the site of the original village of Eau Claire. Across the river was West Eau Claire, founded in 1856, near the site of the present day county courthouse. The city was incorporated in 1872. Between a mile and a half and two miles downstream, the Daniel Shaw & Co. lumber company founded a town, Shawtown, which was annexed to the city by the 1930s. By the 1950s, the unified city had spread far enough to the east to adjoin [[Altoona, Wisconsin|Altoona]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 83.8 [[km²]] (32.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). 78.4 km² (30.3 mi²) of it is land and 5.4 km² (2.1 mi²) of it (6.46%) is water.

The terrain of the city is characterized by the river valleys, with steep slopes leading from the center to the eastern and southern sections of the city. The lands into which the urban area is currently expanding are increasingly hilly.

There are two lakes in the city, [[Dells Pond]], and [[Half Moon Lake]]. Dells Pond is a [[Lake#Artificial lakes|reservoir]] created by a [[hydroelectric dam]], and was formerly used as a holding pool for logs. Half Moon Lake is an [[oxbow lake]] created as part of the former course of the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]].

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Month
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | May
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Year
|-
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Avg high °F (°C)
| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | 24 (-4)
| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | 27 (-2)
| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 40 (4)
| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 57 (13)
| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 70 (21)
| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 79 (26)
| style="background: #FF0000; color: black;" | 84 (28)
| style="background: #FF0000; color: black;" | 82 (27)
| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 73 (22)
| style="background: #FFDD00; color: black;" | 60 (15)
| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 41 (5)
| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | 28 (-2)
| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 55 (12)
|-
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" | Avg low °F (°C)
| style="background: #440099; color: black;" | 5 (-15)
| style="background: #440099; color: black;" | 7 (-13)
| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | 20 (-6)
| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | 34 (1)
| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 46 (7)
| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 56 (13)
| style="background: #FFDD00; color: black;" | 61 (16)
| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 58 (14)
| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 50 (10)
| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | 39 (3)
| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | 25 (-3)
| style="background: #660099; color: black;" | 12 (-11)
| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | 34 (1)
|-
! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Rainfall in inches (millimeters)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 1.1 (27.9)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 1.1 (27.9)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 1.8 (45.7)
| style="background: #44AACC;" | 2.7 (68.6)
| style="background: #006688;" | 4.0 (101.6)
| style="background: #006688;" | 4.7 (119.4)
| style="background: #2288AA;" | 3.4 (86.4)
| style="background: #2288AA;" | 3.7 (94.0)
| style="background: #2288AA;" | 3.6 (91.4)
| style="background: #44AACC;" | 2.5 (63.5)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 1.7 (43.2)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 1.2 (30.5)
| style="background: #AA22CC;" | 31.5 (800.1)
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: Weatherbase''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=059037&refer=&units=us | title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Eau Claire, Wisconsin}}</ref>
|}

==Demographics==
===Population===
As of the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]]{{GR|2}}, there were 61,704 people, 24,016 households, and 13,569 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 786.8/km² (2,037.8/mi²). There were 24,895 housing units at an average density of 317.4/km² (822.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.44% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.70% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.55% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|American Indian]], 3.66% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.34% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.28% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.00% of the population.

There were 24,016 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.5% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.6% under the age of 18, 22.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

===Income===
The median income for a household in the city was $36,399, and the median income for a family was $49,320. Males had a median income of $32,503 versus $23,418 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,230. About 5.5% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

===Metropolitan area===
Together with surrounding communities, the [[Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls metropolitan area|Eau Claire metropolitan area]] was, according to the 2000 census, home to 114,483 people. The city forms the core of the [[United States Census Bureau]]'s Eau Claire [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which includes all of Eau Claire and Chippewa Counties (composite 2000 population: 148,337). Together with the [[Menomonie, Wisconsin|Menomonie]] [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (which includes all of [[Dunn County, Wisconsin|Dunn County]]) to the west, the Eau Claire [[metropolitan area]], forms the Census Bureau's Eau Claire-Menomonie [[Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which had a consolidated 2000 population of 188,195. 2004 population estimates place the two-county Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls metropolitan population at 155,680, and the expanded Eau Claire-Menomonie CMSA population at 197,417.<ref>[http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/bb/05bb/744-779.pdf 2004 Wisconsin Bluebook] data</ref>

===Crime===
It was ranked in [[1996]] as the safest city in America. It has since lost that title, although it remains in the top ten.

==Religion==
[[Image:TS 2006.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Temple Sholom [[synagogue]] in Eau Claire]]
[[Image:Altoona Wisconsin-Mosque 2006-03-14.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Islamic Center and [[Mosque]] in Altoona]][[Image:ChristChurchCathedralEC01.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Christ Church Cathedral, Eau Claire|Christ Church Cathedral]] in Eau Claire]]
According to the Eau Claire telephone book, in addition to a single [[synagogue]] [http://uscj.org/mid-continent/eauclaire], the city is home to a large number of churches, representing a number of [[Christianity|Christian]] bodies. (There is a [[mosque]] located in nearby [[Altoona, Wisconsin|Altoona]].) Among Eau Claire's over 70 churches are:
*[[Apostolic]] Faith - 1 congregation
*[[Assemblies of God]] - 2 congregations
*[[Baptist]] - 8 churches variously unaffiliated (including 1 [[Southern Baptist Convention|SBC]] congregation)
*[[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] - 5 [[parish]]es in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Crosse|Diocese of La Crosse]]' & Eau Claire Deanery, which has 3 other parishes, one each in Altoona, [[Elk Mound, Wisconsin|Elk Mound]] and [[Brackett, Wisconsin|Brackett]] [http://www.straymond.us/]
*[[Church of Christ, Scientist]] ([[Christian Science]]) - 1 congregation
*[[Church of Christ]] - 2 congregations
*[[Episcopalian]] - 1 congregation
** The [[Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire]] has its [[Episcopal see|see]] in Eau Claire.
*[[Hmong Christian Alliance]] - 1 congregation
*[[Jehovah's Witness]] - 1 congregation
*[[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] - about 20 churches representing 6 [[synod#Lutheran usage|synods]]
**[[Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] (ELS)
**[[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] (ELCA)
**[[Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America]]
**[[Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod]] (LCMS)
**[[Church of the Lutheran Confession]]
**[[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] (WELS)
*[[Methodist]] - 4 congregations (one of which is located in nearby Altoona)
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] - 1 congregation
*[[Nazarene]] - 1 congregation
*[[Pentecostal]] - about 10 variously affiliated congregations
*[[Presbyterianism]] - 2 congregations
*[[Society of Friends]] (Quakers) - 1 congregation
*[[Salvation Army]] - 1 congregation
*[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] - 0 congregations, although neighboring Altoona and Chippewa Falls each have 1 congregation
*[[Unitarian Universalist]] - [http://www.uucec.org/ 1 congregation]
*[[United Church of Christ]] - 3 congregations
*[[Unity School of Christianity]] - 1 congregation
*[[Wesleyan]] - 1 congregation

== Education ==
[[Image:Eau Claire Wisconsin-UWEC looking northeast.jpg|thumb|right|200pix|The [[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire]] ]]

Eau Claire is home to several universities and colleges, including the [[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire]] (UWEC), the private ([[Church of the Lutheran Confession]] Synod) [[Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire)|Immanuel Lutheran College]], and three campuses of the [[Chippewa Valley Technical College]] (CVTC).

There are two private High Schools in Eau Claire:

*[[Regis High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Regis High School]] is the city's [[Roman Catholic]] High School.

*Immanuel Lutheran High School is affiliated with Immanuel Lutheran College.

There are two public High Schools in the [[Eau Claire Area School District]][http://www.ecasd.k12.wi.us/]:

*[[Memorial High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Memorial High School]] (Old Abes)

*[[North High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|North High School]] (Huskies)

== Transportation ==
===Airports===
Eau Claire is served by [[Chippewa Valley Regional Airport]].

===Mass transit===
* [[Eau Claire Transit]] bus lines

===Major highways===
{|
|-
| [[Image:I-94.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 94 (Wisconsin)|Interstate 94]]
|-
| [[Image:US 12.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 12]] ("Clairemont Avenue")
|-
| [[Image:US 53.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 53]] ("The Bypass")
|-
| [[Image:Business plate.svg|20px]] [[Image:US 53.svg|20px]] Business US-53 ("Hastings Way")
|-
| [[Image:WIS 29.svg|20px]] [[Highway 29 (Wisconsin)|Highway 29]] (Bypasses Eau Claire to the north)
|-
| [[Image:WIS 37.svg|20px]] [[Highway 37 (Wisconsin)|Highway 37]] ("Hendrickson Drive")
|-
| [[Image:WIS 85.svg|20px]] [[Highway 85 (Wisconsin)|Highway 85]] (Terminates on Wis. 37 just outside Eau Claire)
|-
| [[Image:WIS 93.svg|20px]] [[Highway 93 (Wisconsin)|Highway 93]]
|-
| [[Image:WIS 124.svg|20px]] [[Highway 124 (Wisconsin)|Highway 124]] (Foreshortened in 2006, now ends in neighboring [[Lake Hallie, Wisconsin|Lake Hallie]])
|-
| [[Image:WIS 312.svg|20px]] [[Highway 312 (Wisconsin)|Highway 312]] (Signed as, and known locally as the, "North Crossing")
|}

== Sports ==
The [[Eau Claire Express]] is a [[baseball]] team that plays in the [[Northwoods League]], an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] summer baseball league. Their home games are played at [[Carson Park]] in Eau Claire.

The [http://www.eauclairecavaliers.org/ Eau Claire Cavaliers], an amateur baseball team, also plays home games at [[Carson Park (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Carson Park]].

The [http://eteamz.active.com/cvpredators/ Chippewa Valley Predators], a member of the semi-pro [http://www.greatplainsfootball.com/ Great Plains Football League], plays their home games at the football stadium at Carson Park. Starting in 2007 the [http://www.eccrush.com/ Eau Claire Crush] will become the second semi-pro team in the area.

[[NASCAR]] driver [[Paul Menard]] is from Eau Claire.

[[Baseball]] Great [[Hank Aaron]] played in Eau Claire for the [[Eau Claire Bears]] during his first professional baseball season in [[1952 in sports|1952]]. Aaron has returned to the city several times since, including in 1994 for the dedication of his statue at Carson Park,<ref>[http://www.uwecbaseball.com/carson.php Carson Park article], from the [http://www.uwecbaseball.com UW-Eau Claire Club Baseball website]</ref><ref>[http://www.eauclaireexpress.com/PDFs/HankAaronTriFoldBrochure.pdf '''Hank Aaron'''] tri-fold brochure from the [[Eau Claire Express]] website. (.pdf)</ref><ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n18_v86/ai_15779676 "Henry Aaron honored in city where he broke barriers in baseball - Eau Claire, WI"] article from ''[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]'', 5 Sept. 1994. Retrieved via [http://www.findarticles.com/ findarticles.com] 13 Jan. 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20020403/ai_n10782449 "Hammerin' Hank still stands tall"] article from ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]'' 3 April 2002. Retrieved from [http://www.findarticles.com/ findarticles.com], 13 Jan. 2007.</ref> and again in 2006 as a campaign speaker for [[Governor of Wisconsin|governor]] [[Jim Doyle]]'s [[Wisconsin gubernatorial election, 2006|gubernatorial reëlection]].<ref>[http://www.leadertelegram.com/story.asp?id=74946 "Welcome back, Hank"] 20 October 2006 ''[[Eau Claire Leader-Telegram]]'' article. Two more stories referring to this visit, although both more germane to Hank Aaron's activities as a campaigner for [[Jim Doyle]]'s gubernatorial reëlection: [http://www.leadertelegram.com/story.asp?id=74922 "Hank Aaron goes to bat for Doyle" 19 Oct. 2006][http://www.leadertelegram.com/story.asp?id=74924 "Aaron stumps for Doyle in city" 20 Oct. 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.weau.com/news/headlines/4438826.html "Governor Doyle and Hank Aaron Visit Eau Claire"] article on [[WEAU-TV]] [http://www.weau.com/ website], viewed 13, Jan. 2007.</ref>

Current [[New York Yankees]] manager [[Joe Torre]] played and coached baseball for the Bears and Braves.[http://www.evesmag.com/torre.htm][http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Joe_Torre][http://www2.jsonline.com/sports/brew/sat/base61398.stm]

Former [[Minnesota Twins]] pitcher [[Brad Radke]] was born in Eau Claire on October 27, 1972.

==Media and entertainment==
===Print media===
The local daily newspaper is the ''[[Eau Claire Leader-Telegram]]'' [http://www.leadertelegram.com/], with a daily circulation of 26,901 during the week and a circulation rate of 38,824 for the Sunday paper. There is also a twice monthly entertainment magazine titled - ''Volume One'' [http://volumeone.typepad.com/volume_one/] which raises awareness of city events, and a number of other smaller monthly or periodic publications created and distributed in the area.

===Television===
The TV stations in the Eau Claire area:
*[[WEAU]], Channel 13 ([[NBC]])
*[[WQOW]], Channel 18 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])
*[[Wisconsin Public Television|WHWC]], Channel 28 ([[PBS]]; [[Menomonie, Wisconsin|Menomonie]])
*[[WLAX|WEUX]], Channel 48 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]])
WEAU also serves the [[La Crosse, Wisconsin|La Crosse]] area, and the Eau Claire area is served by La Crosse station [[WKBT]] ([[CBS]]).

===Radio===
There are two major radio groups in Eau Claire: [[Clear Channel Communications|Clear Channel Radio]] and [[Maverick Media]].

Clear Channel Radio owns and operates seven stations: WQRB-FM (B-95) (Hot Country); WMEQ-FM (ROCK 92.1) (Classic Rock); WBIZ-FM (Z-100) (Contemporary Hits); WATQ-FM (MOOSE COUNTRY 106.7) (Classic Country); WISM-FM (MIX 98.1) (Soft Rock); WBIZ-AM (SPORTSRADIO 1400) (Sports Talk and play-by-play); and WMEQ-AM (NEWSTALK AM 880) (News/Talk)

Maverick Media owns six stations: WECL-FM; WAXX-FM; WIAL-FM; WDRK-FM; WEAQ-AM; and WAYY-AM

There also are two [[Wisconsin Public Radio]] affiliates that broadcast in the Eau Claire area: WHWC-FM for the Ideas Network and WUEC-FM for the NPR News & Classical Music network.

Two low-power FM stations broadcast in Eau Claire: 96.3 [[WHYS]] [http://www.whysradio.org] radio broadcasting a variety of music and social programming including [[Democracy Now!]] and a station that broadcasts one of the local public access channels, CTV 11.

== Recreation ==
There are several large parks in the city, notably Putnam Park, which follows the course of Putnam Creek and Little Niagara Creek east from the UWEC campus, Phoenix Park, on the site of the old Phoenix Steel plant at the confluence of the Eau Claire and Chippewa River. Phoenix park is the host of the weekly farmers market during summer months. And [[Carson Park (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Carson Park]]. Another important park is [[Owen Park]], along the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]], home to a large bandshell where open air concerts are held throughout the summer.

Eau Claire is at the head of the [[Chippewa River State Trail]], a biking and recreation trail that follows the lower course of the Chippewa River. [http://www.chippewa-river-trail.com/]

[[Action City]], an indoor amusement park, is also located in Eau Claire. They feature a climbing wall, arcade, laser tag, go karts, mini bowling, bumper cars, mini golf, pizza, and more.

==Notable natives & residents==
===Individuals===
* [[Waldemar Ager]], Norwegian-American newspaperman and author
* [[Abigail van Buren]]
* [[Alden Carter]], [[American Library Association|ALA]] award winning author ([http://www.aldencarter.com/ website])
* [[Mickey Crowe]], Wisconsin high school basketball legend who played for [[John F. Kennedy Preparatory High School]] in the mid-1970s.
* [[Ann Landers]]
* [[Howard Luedtke]], also know as Howard "Guitar" Luedtke, the [[United States|American]] [[guitarist|blues guitarist]] and [[musician]] ([http://www.howardluedtke.com/ official site]).
* [[Steve Gunderson]], CEO of the [[Council on Foundations]] and a former Republican [[United States Congressional Delegations from Wisconsin|Congressman from Wisconsin]]
* [[Marv Harshman]], former college men's basketball coach for [[University of Washington|Washington]], [[Washington State University|Washington State]], and [[Pacific Lutheran University|Pacific Lutheran]]
* [[Jeff Hazuga]], [[defensive end]] for [[Minnesota Vikings]] (2001-2002) & [[Frankfurt Galaxy]] (2004), currently playing for [[Eau Claire Crush]] semi-pro football team
* [[Herm Johnson]], former [[CART]] / [[Indianapolis 500|Indy 500]] race car driver
* [[Sarah Krueger]], 2007 contestant on American Idol who made it to Hollywood week ([http://www.sarah-krueger.org/ fan site]).
* [[Michael Koehn]], the only Eau Claire resident to appear on the game show [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]. He won $100,000.00
* [[Ben Katz]], movie producer ([http://imdb.com/name/nm1880874/ imdb entry]), ([http://benkatzproductions.com/ corporate site])
* [[Beth Lacke]], actress ([http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0480108/ imdb entry])
* [[John Menard, Jr.]], founder of [[Menards]]
* [[Paul Menard]], [[NASCAR]] driver
* [[John Myhers]], actor ([http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0616913/ imdb entry])
* [[Julie Nelson]], TV News anchor
* [[Arthur Peabody]], former state architect of Wisconsin
* [[L. E. Phillips]], philanthropist
* [[Tom Poquette]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] player for [[Kansas City Royals]] (1973, 1976-79, 1982), [[Boston Red Sox]] and [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]]
* [[Brad Radke]], MLB pitcher for the [[Minnesota Twins]]
* [[Bill Schroeder]], [[National Football League|NFL]] [[wide receiver]] (1994-2004)

===Fictional===
* Bernice, the [[protagonist]] of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s short story ''[[Bernice Bobs Her Hair]]''.

===See Also===
* [[:Category:People from Eau Claire, Wisconsin]].
* [[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire#Notable alumni|Notable UWEC Graduates]].

== Sister City ==
Eau Claire is sistered with [[Lismore, New South Wales]], a rural town in [[Australia]].[http://www.liscity.nsw.gov.au/view_doc.asp?id=68&cat=168]

==External links==
===General===
*[http://www.ci.eau-claire.wi.us/ City of Eau Claire website]

===History===
*[http://www.eauclairehpf.org/ Eau Claire Historic Preservation Foundation]
*[http://www.ci.eau-claire.wi.us/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.287 Eau Claire Landmarks Commission photo collection]
*[http://www.cvmuseum.com/ Chippewa Valley Museum]
*[http://www.paulbunyancamp.org/ Paul Bunyan Logging Camp]

===Metropolitan area===
*[http://wcwrpc.org/MPO/body_mpo.html Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls Metropolitan Planning Organization website]

===Maps===
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|44.814627|-91.492677}}

== See also ==
* [[Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls metropolitan area]]
* [[List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population]]
* [[Eau Claire, Calgary]] - a neighboorhood in Calgary, Alberta (Canada), whose name was derived from a relocated Eau Claire, WI sawmill.
* [[List of Tree Cities USA]]

==Notes==
<references />

{{Eau Claire, Wisconsin}}

{{Wisconsin}}

[[Category:Cities in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Eau Claire, Wisconsin|*]]
[[Category:University towns in the United States]]
[[Category:County seats in Wisconsin]]

[[af:Eau Claire]]
[[de:Eau Claire (Wisconsin)]]
[[fr:Eau Claire]]

Talk:Crust punk

2007-04-12T02:21:57Z

Jowe27: /* Band list */

{{Wikiproject Punk music}}
{{genre}}
''This page was listed on [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion]] in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see [[Talk:Crust punk/Delete]].''

I don't want to edit the main page because I'm no expert on crust punk, but I have a feeling all the text about Fred Durst is wildly incorrect. Someone should clean it up...

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Some goon added Menudo, Prince, New Kids on The Block and a slew of others to the examples of bands list!!! Sorta funny but not really. I removed em.----

Why was dropdead removed from the list of bands? I understand that some people may consider dropdead something more like "political thrash," but you could also argue that aus-rotten is anarcho-punk, not crust punk, but it was left alone. [[User:Millerc|millerc]] 22:38, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Yikes, some vandal messed with the page again, I'm not an authority on crust punk so I'm not sure which ones to remove/put back in but some of these are rediculous...--[[User:71.198.164.138|71.198.164.138]] 06:09, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

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There are a handful of bands listed whose categorization as --crust-- are questionable. Propagandhi are patently not a crust band. While they have anarcho lyrics, their sound is pure pop-punk, and their asthetic is light years away from anything that could be called crusty. I'm removing them.

[[User:Macho|Macho]] 10:52, 26 Apr 2005 (CST)
---yeah they're smarter than most crust bands.

The above statement is laughable. --[[User:SwitChar|Switch]] 17:21, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

----

Someone just added juggling and riding bikes to the list of topics of crust songs. I fully agree that those are activities that many crust punks partake in, but I cannot think of any songs that talk about them. Can you cite some here in the talk page, please?

Macho Philipovich 16:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Why are the cultural origins of crust punk listed as 1980s North America? From my perspective, this was a very British scene: Amebix, Deviated Instinct, Extreme Noise Terror (by way of Zounds, and the Crass collective). Late 1970s UK sounds far more plausible to me. [[User:Cyberinsekt|Cyberinsekt]] 22:54, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

----

I deleted the crap about the Levellers, NO WAY can the Levellers ever be seen in any possible way as any kind of crust band, maybe left-wing folk rock but definitely NOT crust.I agree that Crass and Discharge are wrongly described as crust but they should be mentioned as very important influences for the entire crust scene.

----

I'm not sure you can describe the "British use of crusty" as incorrect and the "crust punk" usage as somehope correct, they're different scenes with similar names. Probably best to replace that section with something like "Crusty is sometimes used as a synonym for grebo" and leave it at that.

==Possible vandalization==
I removed a section that stated that this is pro-homosexual rights. I don't mean to say that Crust punk isn't this, but I believe that this was put in as a joke or something. --[[User:Jremington|Jazz Remington]] 05:47, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
:It isn't a defining aspect, but neither is vegetarianism/veganism, and that's mentioned. I played bass in a funkcore/crust band, and only one member was a vegetarian. I bet you can't name a single crust band who don't support gay rights... I think it should be included. --[[User:SwitChar|Switch]] 17:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
::I'm not a crust (but I do like the little bit I've heard), but I'm an anarchist and have some crust friends and I agree, gay rights/liberation would be in line with the rest of the political ideas mentioned. It shouldn't be considered vandalism and is probably fine to have in the article. [[User:The Ungovernable Force|The Ungovernable Force]] 08:02, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
It looks like a lot of the page was deleted.

Crust Punk People separate From Crust Punk Music
How about making the info about crusty people a separate page from crusty music rather than merging the two. I'm afraid the info on crusty people will be lost.

== Genre ==

There needs to be something about the different influences and subdivisions within crust punk. As controversial as this might seem, bands such as Leftover Crack (Choking Victim), Mouth Sewn Shut, No Cash, and others that mix ska with crust should be given their due. Additionally, there needs to be more about why crust punk is so different from even the more hardcore sounding and/or DIY community/philosophy strands of punk like street punk, hardcore punk, etc. WHAT MAKES CRUST PUNK CRUST? Its hard to explain crust punk to non-punk aggressive music fans (like hardcore kids), non-crust punks dismiss crust punks as crazy dirt kids, and people that don't listen to punk obviously notice the radically different and gloom drenched aesthetics and sound of crust but can't figure out how its punk beyond the patches and studs. Alright, so maybe that's a bit of a daunting task. [[User:Y.Pestis|Y.Pestis]]

I wouldn't really say no cash are crust at all, it's too teenage angst, the lyric content has very little politics compared to crust, then again, new offshoots of punk are developing as we speak, animal rights, squatting and drinking cider are good pointers to help work out whther bands are crusty, mouth sewn shut are definitley, as are LoC and c/v, mouth sewn shut are members of toxic narcotic and sound a shitload like them, so they should be on there.

You really should attach your name for proper introductory purposes. Regardless, I consider No Cash an offshot of crust because it came out of the music style and their politics are of squatting, drinking, hatred of life, etc. Additionally, most of the American crusties don't drink cider, so far I've noticed that's a UK and maybe European thing, but the other qualifications seem clichė but right on the money![[User:Y.Pestis|Y.Pestis]] 11:00, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

==Band list==
More importantly, though, I'm going to clean up the list immediately. Crass? Discharge? There is no way you can call them crust. Definitive crust: Amebix. Definitive modern crust: Wolfpack/Wolfbrigade. --[[User:SwitChar|Switch]] 17:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Amebix is an obvious crust band, but when you think of crust you have think of current day crust bands that are still around and active (like World Burns To Death), as well as the handful of pre-crust bands that obviously played an important role in shaping what crust punk became. I put CRASS back on the list because CRASS was the first punk band to really infuse punk music/culture with a philosophy and politics of anarchism, something crucial to the politicallly left orientation of crust. In my opinion, CRASS along with a handful of pre-crust anarcho punk bands should be included in the list so people looking up crust on Wikipedia might get some direction. --Noather

Okay, I went through and deleted most of the bands that were obviously not crust. There are a couple I've not heard of, so fans will need to check again. I've left a few bands I'm unsure of that might be more anarcho than crust, but [[List of musicians of anarcho-punk|if the Dead Kennedys are anarcho-punk]], these bands should be alright here. --[[User:SwitChar|Switch]] 17:28, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I dunno how you can call Contravene crust either among many others. Seems like someone just listed a punch of anarchist punk bands. It was my understanding that what's called "crust" is generally much like grindcore: rediculously hard to understand screeching or deep singing, while being overtly political, like Destroy for example.

*The list needs to be cleaned up because most band links leads to other random pages. [[User:In Flames|In Flames]] 14:31, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

I just got rid of the list and instead linked to [[List of musicians of crust punk]] which I just created. I went through and fixed all the links so that they don't go to random pages. I'm not sure if all those bands should be there though, since I don't listen to crust as much as I would like, so I don't know too many bands. [[User:The Ungovernable Force|The Ungovernable Force]] 06:34, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

<blockquote>
All of the references to Black Metal need to be removed. It has nothing to do with crust punk.
Not anything apart from maybe a little bit aesthitically, it's a little bit similar, but crust is purely politically driven, black metal is all fantasy and vampires as far as I can tell.[[User:Ugly you|Ugly you]]</blockquote>

--Black metal is not all fantasy and vampires in all cases, it has more to do with "satan worship"

--None of the references to Black Metal should be removed because it has a lot to do with crust. Its an example how aesthetically, politically, and culturally crust punk is obviously punk but as far as the sound and the image it has a lot more to do with Black Metal. Listen to Scandi crust and then listen to Black Metal and you'll see a huge similarity. No, this isn't a Black Metal article but if a crust punk band is influenced by Black Metal or a famous Black Metal Musician (i.e. Fenriz) cites crust punk as an influence, it should be included. Exclusion is just puritannical "punker than thou" bullshit.[[User:Y.Pestis|Y.Pestis]] 11:04, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

yeah, but only musically, and it's pretty easy to immediately tell which is which, they have some similar guitar riffs but that's about it, I can't think of another similarity, and I take back the aesthetic thing now, wearing black, yeah, and maybe a tiny bit of artwork but you wouldn't mistake a crusty for a goth. Exclusion is probably a bad idea, but it should be made clear how small of an influence it is, it's older as far as I can tell for a start. It's like the difference between quorn and real meat, once you get a decent chance to compare the difference is huge.[[User:Ugly you|Ugly you]]

Somewhere the article should mention the influence the two genres have had on eachother. Both crust and Black Metal are blatantly atheistic/satanic in nature, at least asthetically, though Black seems to focus much more on "god hate" than crust does. Also, musically, they are akin. Crust sounds something like a dirty stripped down version of black metal and the vocals often tend to be similiar. Also, there is a noticable crust influence among a lot of black metal bands. Many black metal bands emphasize a stark DIY asthetic, complete disavowal of mainstream success, and a raw and unproduced sound. Granted, these are generally the very radical fringes of the movement, but it is notable nonetheless. [[User:12.156.166.47|12.156.166.47]] 20:06, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

I think black metal and crust have something of a common musical root in the influence from bands like Venom and Discharge; the latter in particular. Lyrically and thematically they're very different, but if you listen to early black metal like the first Burzum or Gorgoroth albums, you can hear the punk influence in the texture of guitar riffs and the "ambient" drumming[[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 02:21, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

==CRUSTCORE==
What about the mention of the "heavier"/ modern crust punk known as CRUSTCORE? I think some mention should be made. --[[User:67.182.43.100|67.182.43.100]] 08:32, 31 July 2006 (UTC)Christopher Cole

I would like to add that crust (especially modern crust) as per the band TRAP THEM has been reviewed by a Revolver magazine journalist as the darkest, most aggressive evolution of hardcore (as in hardcore punk, but he probably didn't mean the same as todays hardcore like Hatebreed, but more along the lines of the fastest and most aggressive American anarchist punk with dark lyrics).[[User:66.122.165.197|66.122.165.197]] 19:54, 4 April 2007 (UTC)Christopher Cole

:Never heard of it, but feel free to make a few changes. --[[User:SwitChar|Switch]] 03:02, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
::Is there a difference? I don't listen to much crust, but I always thought crust and crustcore were the same. '''The''' [[User:The Ungovernable Force|'''Ungovernable''']] [[User talk:The Ungovernable Force|'''Force''']] 05:13, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
:::I mean no disrespect but just like in philosophy, there are a hundred different labels for crust punk and I think "crust" pretty much does the trick.[[User:Y.Pestis|Y.Pestis]] 11:06, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

== This page needs a MASSIVE revamp ==

This page is a mess and needs a major revamp. It is chock full of unsubstantiated claims and bizzare G.G. Allin references. As far as I can see the man had virtually nothing to do with crust other than a vaguely similar lifestyle (homeless,punk,poor hygiene). —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:D-Raven|D-Raven]] ([[User talk:D-Raven|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/D-Raven|contribs]]) 00:17, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

== That stupid picture ==
That picture of "crust punks" needs to be deleted. It smacks of looking at people like in a zoo. I didn't want to delete it because I thought that rash but it's stupid and needs to be gotten rid of.[[User:Y.Pestis|Y.Pestis]] 21:16, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

== OMFG! Antischism was speedy deleted! ==

To the barricades, to the barricades! Get out the molotovs! OK, maybe I'm overreacting, but Antischism was speedied under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:CSD#A7 CSD7]. Am I the only one who thinks that is crazy? Please ''nicely'' ask [[User:Llama man]] to reconsider. I've already started a thread on their talk. [[User:The Ungovernable Force|Ungovernable Force]][[User:The Ungovernable Force/Poll|Poll: Which religious text should I read?]] 08:46, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

==A definition of Crust by the media==
I would like to add that crust (especially modern crust) as per the band TRAP THEM has been reviewed by a Revolver magazine journalist as the darkest, most aggressive evolution of hardcore (as in hardcore punk, but he probably didn't mean the same as todays hardcore like Hatebreed, but more along the lines of the fastest and most aggressive American anarchist punk with dark lyrics).66.122.165.197 19:54, 4 April 2007 (UTC)Christopher Cole

Talk:Menards

2007-03-20T03:59:22Z

Jowe27:

{{WikiProject Wisconsin}}

== Midwest Manufacturing ==
I notice there's no mention of Midwest Manufacturing, which is essentially a manufacturing division of Menard's (making roof and floor trusses, nails, screws, treated lumber, prehung doors, etc); I think it's definitely something worth including in this article or an article of its own [[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 03:59, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

== copyvio concern ==

at least parts of this article are said to be a result of references to the Menards Team Member Handbook. This is likely a copyrighted publication. If anyone has access to the document, please make sure it's not being plagiarized here. Thanks. [[User:TShilo12|Tom]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]][[User:TShilo12|r]][[User talk:TShilo12|talk]] 05:56, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

== Handbook ==

I have a copy of the handbook, any specific parts in here that you'd like me to look up?
[[User:amotzko|Andrew]]
:Just make sure the text, especially of the "Company History" section isn't lifted from the handbook. Thanks for your effort. Cheers, [[User:TShilo12|Tom]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]][[User:TShilo12|r]][[User talk:TShilo12|talk]] 10:09, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

== Re: Handbook ==
[[User:Parallax3282|Nate]] 05:02, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

I've checked my copy of "Growth With Menards - A Team Member Information Booklet" (printed 06/2004). The afore mentioned booklet is not copyrighted, but does include the following disclaimers:

''"This brochure is a unilateral statement by MENARD, Inc. of company policies and procedures and is not intended to create and express or implied contractual obligations. The contents are designed and should be used solely for informational purposes."''

''"...This MENARDS Team Member Information Booklet and the policies and procedures contained herein supercede any and all prior Team Member information booklets or brochures and the policies and procedures contained therein."''

''"...The company will not, and Team Members should not, interpret any verbal or written statements, including those in this booklet, or other policies, practicies or procedures as altering "at will" status or providing expressed or implied contractual obligation."''

I would hence conclude the the information within, in regards to documents published under such disclaimers by Menard, Inc., are not copyrighted material as of 06/2004.

== Quotes of wisdom at bottom of page in advertisements ==
--[[User:Acidradio|Acidradio]] 09:36, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
Hey does anyone know about the origin of these "words of wisdom"? Menards is the only place I've ever seen such a thing...

== Groceries ==

They are moving into the grocery business. This is no joke. --[[User:Kalmia|Kalmia]] 16:28, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
:A Menards by my house sells "[[edutainment]]" computer games. They were not very fun though. :p --[[user:ShadowJester07|'''  ShadowJester07 ''']][[User talk:ShadowJester07| ►Talk ]] 18:36, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Othello

2007-02-26T03:27:34Z

Jowe27: ←Undid revision 110960902 by 66.81.19.195 (talk)

{{otheruses}}
[[Image:Othello title page.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Title page of the first [[quarto]] edition of ''Othello'', published in 1622]]
'''''The Tragœdy of Othello, The Moore of Venice''''' is a [[tragedy]] by [[William Shakespeare]] written around [[1603]].

The play is a concentrated, tightly-constructed [[domestic tragedy]] with almost no [[sub-plot]] relief, revolving around five or six central characters. Othello's ill-placed trust in the villain [[Iago]], resulting in his growing suspicion in his wife [[Desdemona]]'s infidelity with his [[lieutenant]] Cassio, led to the ultimate tragedy. ''Othello'' is commonly considered one of Shakespeare's great tragedies, and one of his finest works.

==Performance and Publication==
''Othello'' possesses an unusually detailed performance record. The first certainly-known performance occurred on November 1, [[1604]], at [[Whitehall Palace]] in [[London]]. Subsequent performances took place on Monday, April 30, [[1610]] at the [[Globe Theatre]]; on Nov. 22, [[1629]]; and on May 6, [[1635]] at the [[Blackfriars Theatre]]. ''Othello'' was also one of the twenty plays performed by the [[King's Men (playing company)|King's Men]] during the winter of 1612-13, in celebration of the wedding of Princess [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth]] and [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]].

The play was entered into the [[Stationers' Register|Register]] of the [[Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers|Stationers Company]] on Oct. 6, [[1621]] by the bookseller Thomas Walkley, and was first published in [[book size|quarto]] format by him in [[1622]], printed by Nicholas Okes. Its appearance in the [[First Folio]] ([[1623]]) quickly followed. Later quartos followed in [[1630]], [[1655]], [[1681]], [[1695]], and [[1705]]; on stage and in print, it was a popular play.

At the start of the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] era, on Oct. 11, 1660, [[Samuel Pepys]] saw the play at the [[Cockpit Theatre]]. [[Nicholas Burt]] played the lead. Soon after, on Dec. 8, [[Thomas Killigrew]]'s new [[King's Company]] acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with [[Margaret Hughes]] as Desdemona—probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England.

It may be one index of the play's power that ''Othello'' was one of the very few Shakespearean plays that was never adapted and changed during the Restoration and the eighteenth century.<ref>F. E. Halliday, ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964,'' Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. 346-47.</ref>

==Synopsis==
[[Image:Death_of_Desdemona.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''The Death of Desdemona'' by [[Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix]].]]
Othello, a "noble [[Moors|Moor]]" who has just eloped with the fair [[Desdemona (Othello)|Desdemona]] when the play opens, leaves [[Venice]] to command the Venetian armies against the Turks on the island of [[Cyprus]], accompanied by his new wife and his lieutenant, Cassio. When they arrive, they find that the weather has destroyed the Turkish fleet. [[Iago]], his [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], plants Desdemona's handkerchief on Cassio, managing to convince Othello that his wife has been unfaithful which makes him angry. Othello [[Asphyxia|smothers]] Desdemona out of jealousy, before Iago's wife, Emilia, eventually reveals that Desdemona's affair was Iago's invention. Iago kills his wife and then Othello commits [[suicide]] in grief. At the end, it can be assumed, Iago is taken off to be [[torture]]d and possibly [[capital punishment|executed]].

==Source==
[[Image:Desdemona_othello.jpg|thumb|left|''Desdemona'' by [[Frederic Leighton]].]]The plot for ''Othello'' was developed from a story in [[Giovanni Battista Giraldi|Cinthio]]'s ([[:it:Giambattista Giraldi Cinzio|Giraldi Cinzio]]) collection, the ''[[Hecatommithi]]'', which it follows closely. The only named character in Cinthio's story is "Disdemona", which means "unfortunate" in Greek; the other characters are identified only as "the standard-bearer", "the captain", and "the Moor". In the original, the standard-bearer lusts after Disdemona and is spurred to revenge when she rejects him.

William Shakespeare invented a new character, Roderigo, who pursues the Moor's wife and is killed while trying to murder the captain. Unlike Othello, the Moor in Cinthio's story never repents the murder of his beloved, and both he and the standard-bearer escape Venice and are killed much later. Cinthio also drew a moral (which he placed in the mouth of the lady) that European women are unwise to marry the temperamental males of other nations.

==Othello's race==
[[Image:Othellopainting.jpeg|thumb|right|"Othello and Desdemona in Venice" by [[Théodore Chassériau]] ([[1819]]–[[1856]])]]
Although the play is very much concerned with racial difference, the protagonist's specific race is not clearly indicated by Shakespeare. Othello is referred to as a "[[Moors (meaning)|Moor]]", but for Elizabethan English people, this term could refer either to the [[Berber people|Berbers]] (or Arabs) of [[North Africa]], or to the people now called "[[Black (people)|black]]" (that is, people of [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n descent). In his other plays, Shakespeare had previously depicted both a Berber Moor (in ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'') and a black Moor (in ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''). In ''Othello'', however, the references to the character's physical features do not settle the question of which race Shakespeare envisioned.

In his [[Arden Shakespeare|Arden]] edition of the play, E.A.J. Honigmann summarises the contradictory evidence. The various uses of the word 'black' (for example, "Haply for I am black") do not help, since 'black' could simply mean '[[swarthy]]' for Elizabethans<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 'Black', 1c.</ref>. Iago twice uses the word 'Barbary' or 'Barbarian' to refer to Othello, apparently referring to the [[Barbary]] coast inhabited by the "white" Moors. Yet Roderigo also calls him 'the thicklips', which seems to refer to black physiognomy. Honigmann says that since these comments are all insults, they need not be taken literally.<ref>E.A.J. Honigmann, ed. ''Othello''. London: Thomas Nelson, 1997, p. 15.</ref>

Honigmann also notes one piece of external evidence: an ambassador of the Arab King of Barbary with his retinue stayed in London in [[1600]] for several months and occasioned much discussion. Honigmann wonders whether Shakespeare's play, written only a year or two afterwards, might have been inspired by the ambassador. <ref>Honigmann, 2-3.</ref>
Also, it should be noted that a real Othello might be a Berber or Arab than of entirely sub-Saharan African ancestry. On the other hand, sub-Saharans had visited the Mediterranean long before the time in which the events of the play are set, and a portrayal of Othello as sub-Saharan adds much to the feelings of alienation and suspicion that the audience must sense from him -- here is truly a stranger in a strange land, which makes his psychological plight all the more striking and his final inability to trust his wife the more "explainable" if he is constantly reminded of the fact that the two of them are from what would then be considered almost literally two different worlds. A Barbary Arab would not experience the same emotions; he might not be trusted but he would not be considered totally alien by the Venetians. Therefore when a Barbary Othello cannot trust Desdemona, the audience would be more likely to blame him and not pity him.

Also, interpretations of Othello's origins as Black were current as of the 1930s, when a performance of the play was banned in a southern state due to the problems with representing an idealized interracial love. The performance included a middle-age African-American performer.

Popular prejudice among average readers and theatre directors today leans towards the "black" interpretation, and "white" Othellos have been rare.<ref>Honigmann, 17.</ref> One exception is [[Patrick Stewart]], who had wanted to play the title role since the age of 14, so he (along with director Jude Kelly), inverted the play so Othello became a White man in a Black Society.

==Themes and Tropes==
[[Image:Othello_and_Desdemona_by_Alexandre-Marie_Colin.jpg|thumb|left|275px|''Othello and Desdemona'' by [[Alexandre-Marie Colin]].]]{{sectOR}}
===Signifier and signified===
''Othello'' subverts traditional theatrical [[symbolism]]. A contemporary audience would have seen black skin as a sign of [[barbarism]] or [[satanism]] as Aaron is in Shakespeare's ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'': a "swarth [[Cimmeria]]n... of body's hue spotted, detested and abominable" (''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', Act II, scene iii, ll. 72-74). A white soldier would have been understood of honesty. Iago indeed actively tries to convince other characters that Othello is a "barbary horse" that "covers" Desdemona, or a "black ram", horned and animalistically "tupping" her (Act I, scene i, l. 108, ll. 85-86); and that he himself is truthful to a fault. In ''Othello'', however, the black character is "noble" and Christian; and the white soldier is a scheming liar.

''Othello'' thus constantly challenges the link between a physical [[sign (semiotics)|signifier]] and what is [[sign (semiotics)|signified]] by it. For example, Iago – whose job as standard-bearer is to hold a sign of loyalty to Othello – says, of pretending to like the Moor: "Though I do hate him as I do hell pains/ Yet for necessity of present life/ I must show out a flag and sign of love/ Which is indeed but sign" (Act I, scene i, ll. 151-154a). Desdemona, too, sees a distinction between signifier and signified, saying she "saw Othello's visage in his mind" – not in his actual face (Act I, scene iii, l. 247). The play thus argues that the relationship between [[sign (semiotics)|signifier]] and [[sign (semiotics)|signified]] is arbitrary; the plot itself hinging on the significance of an utterly "made-up" sign – a handkerchief made to signify infidelity.

When Iago tells him Desdemona is an adulteress, Othello cries "Her name, that was as fresh/ As [[Artemis|Dian]]'s visage, is now begrimed and black/ As mine own face" – leading to a suicidal conclusion: "If there be cords or knives/ Poison or fire, or suffocating streams/ I'll not endure it" (Act III, scene iii, ll. 383b-387a).

===White / Black===
The most basic aspects of [[symbology]], that white signifies purity and black signifies evil – are repeatedly challenged in ''Othello''. One example is in the character of Bianca. Her name in Italian means "white", yet, as Iago tells the audience, her name is again "but sign" of purity, as she is in fact "a housewife that by selling her desires buys herself bread and clothes" (Act IV, scene i, ll. 95-96). Ironically, just before Desdemona pleads with Othello that she is not a whore, Bianca too protests to an accuser that she is "no strumpet, but of life as honest/ As you that thus abuse me" (Act V, scene i, ll. 122-123)– leading the audience to realize that, just as with Desdemona, the only evidence anyone has that Bianca is a whore is Iago's word, and Cassio's (he calls himself a "customer," [[whore]] {Act IV, scene i, l. 117}).

===Heaven / Hell===
[[Heaven]] nevertheless remains a signifier of truth, and [[hell]] a signifier of misrepresentation in the play. The words thus recur frequently throughout ''Othello'', as Othello struggles to join other signifiers to them: for example he says to an innocent Desdemona that "Heaven doth truly know that thou art false as hell". This shows strong contrasts between the two.b defined as a whore.

===Iago / Othello===
Although the title suggests that the tragedy belongs primarily to Othello, Iago is also an important role, with more lines than the title character. In ''Othello'', it is Iago who manipulates all other characters at will, controlling their movements and trapping them in an intricate net of lies. [[A. C. Bradley]] — and more recently [[Harold Bloom]] — have been major advocates of this interpretation.

Other critics, most notably in the later twentieth century (after [[F. R. Leavis]]), have focused on Othello. Apart from the common question of jealousy, some argue that his [[honour]] is his undoing, while others address the hints of instability in his person (in Act IV Scene i, for example, he falls "into an epilepsy").

===Sexuality===
At the beginning of the 21st Century, several critics inferred that the relationship between the Moor and his Ancient is one of Shakespeare's characteristic subtexts of repressed homosexuality. Most notably [[David Somerton]], [[Linford S. Haines]] and JP Doolan-York in their 2006 publication "Notes for Literature Students on the Tragedy of Othello," devote several chapters to arguing the case for 'Sexuality and Sexual Imagery' in the play. They analyze in great depth the play's climax, Act III Scene I, with its oaths, vows and formal, semi-ritualistic declarations of love and commitment as being a dark [[parody]] of a [[heterosexual]] [[wedding ceremony]]; they continue by saying that Iago replaces Desdemona in Othello's affections.

Somerton, Haines and York-Doolan come to the conclusion that Iago is a pre-[[Jungian]] expression of Shakespeare's [[shadow ]], his repressed sexuality(which remains the subject of much heated debate among today's scholars). This also would explain why the anti-protagonist of this tragedy is so much more appealing and developed as a character than in any of Shakespeare's other plays. The discourse concludes with the speculation that Shakespeare has drawn on the androphilia of Classical society and that Iago's unrequited love for the General is the explanation for his otherwise motiveless but passionate loathing.

It should be stressed that though there are many strong arguments for this reading of the play's central relationship, it is a reading currently adopted only by a significant minority of respected critics.

==List of characters==
[[Image:Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Desdemona's Death Song.JPG|right|thumb|"Desdemona's Death Song" by [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]]]
'''''Persons Represented''''':
*''[[Doge of Venice|Duke of Venice]]''.
*''[[Brabantio]]'', also written Brabanzio, a [[Venetian Senate|Senator]], father of Desdemona.
*''Other Senators''.
*''Gratiano'', Brother to Brabantio.
*''Lodovico'', Kinsman to Brabantio.
*''Othello'', a noble Moor, in the service of Venice.
*''[[Michael Cassio|Cassio]]'', his Florentine Lieutenant
*''[[Iago]]'', his Ancient, the antagonist of the play
*''Roderigo'', a Venetian Gentleman.He was in love with Desdemona.
*''Montano'', Othello's predecessor in the government of Cyprus.
*''Clown'', Servant to Othello.
*''Herald''
*''[[Desdemona (Othello)|Desdemona]]'', Daughter to Brabantio, and Wife to Othello.
*''[[Emilia (Othello)|Emilia]]'', Wife to Iago, maid to Desdemona.
*''[[Bianca (Othello)|Bianca]]'', Mistress to Cassio.
*Miscellaneous: Officers, Gentlemen, Messenger, Musicians, Herald, Sailor, Attendants, servants etc.

==''Othello'' in performance==
===Opera===
''Othello'' is the basis for three [[opera]]tic versions:
*The opera ''[[Otello (Rossini)|Otello]]'' (1816) by [[Gioacchino Rossini]]
*The opera ''[[Otello]]'' (1887) by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
*The opera ''[[Bandanna, the opera]]'' (1999) by [[Daron Hagen]] [http://www.daronhagen.com/bandanna/]

In 1871 Arrigo Boito made an Othello libreto about the tragedy (Othello) of William Shakespeare.

===Film===
:''See also [[Shakespeare on screen#Othello|Shakespeare on screen (Othello)]].
[[Image:Othelloiagomovie.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Laurence Fishburne]] and [[Kenneth Branagh]] as Othello and Iago respectively, in a scene from the [[Othello (1995 film)|1995 version of ''Othello'']].]]
There have been several [[film]] adaptations of ''Othello''. These include:
*''[[Othello (1922 film)|Othello]]'' (1922) starring [[Emil Jannings]]. [[Silent film|Silent]]. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0013469/]
*''[[Othello (1952 film)|The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice]]'' (1952) by [[Orson Welles]] [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045251/]
*''Отелло'' (1955), [[USSR]], starring [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], [[Irina Skobtseva]], [[Andrei Popov]]. Directed by [[Sergei Yutkevich]]. See {{imdb title |id=0048455|title=Отелло}}
*''[[Othello (1965 film)|Othello]]'' (1965) starring [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Maggie Smith]], [[Frank Finlay]], and [[Joyce Redman]] [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059555/]
[[Image:Othello front.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Still from 2001 Othello of Desdemona being strangled]]
*''[[Othello (1981 television)|Othello]]'' (1981) part of the [[BBC]]'s complete works of William Shakespeare. Starring [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Bob Hoskins]]. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082861/]
*''[[Otello (1986 film)|Otello]]'' (1986) A film version of [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] opera, starring [[Plácido Domingo]], directed by [[Franco Zeffirelli]]. Won the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] for foreign language film. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091699/]
*''[[Othello (1995 film)|Othello]]'' (1995) starring [[Kenneth Branagh]], [[Laurence Fishburne]], and [[Irene Jacob]]. Directed by [[Oliver Parker]]. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114057/]
*''[[Kaliyattam]]'' (1997), in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], a modern update, set in [[Kerala]], starring [[Suresh Gopi]] as Othello, Lal as Iago, [[Manju Warrier]] as Desdemona, directed by [[Jayaraaj]]. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0199669/]
* [[O (film)|''O'']] (2001) a modern update, set in an American high school. Stars [[Mekhi Phifer]], [[Julia Stiles]], and [[Josh Hartnett]] [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0184791/]
[[Image:OmkaraStill.jpg|thumb|200px|Still from the film [[Omkara (film)|''Omkara'']] featuring [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Langda Tyagi (Iago) and [[Ajay Devgan]] as Omkara 'Omi' Shukla (Othello)]]
*''[[Othello (2001 TV film)|Othello]]'' (2001). TV film. A modern-day adaptation in modern English, in which Othello is the first black Commissioner of [[London]]'s [[Metropolitan Police]]. Made for [[ITV]] by [[London Weekend Television|LWT]]. Scripted by [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]]. Directed by [[Geoffrey Sax]]. Starring [[Eamonn Walker]], [[Christopher Eccleston]] and [[Keeley Hawes]]. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275577/]

*''[[Omkara (film)|Omkara]]'' (2006) ([[Hindi]]), a contemporary take of ''Othello'' set in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It stars [[Ajay Devgan]] as Omkara (Othello), [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Langda (Iago), [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Dolly (Desdemona), [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Kesu (Cassio), [[Bipasha Basu]] as Billo (Bianca) and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Indu (Emilia). The film is directed by [[Vishal Bharadwaj]] who earlier adapted Shakespeare's Macbeth as ''[[Maqbool]]''.

==Actors who have played Othello==

*[[Ira Aldridge]]
*[[Richard Burbage]]
*[[Laurence Fishburne]]
*[[John Gielgud]]
*[[Anthony Hopkins]]
*[[Emil Jannings]]
*[[James Earl Jones]]
*[[Laurence Olivier]]
*[[Paul Robeson]]
*[[Patrick Stewart]]
*[[Orson Welles]]

==Notes==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikisourcepar|The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
*[http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/xOthello.html#Othello ''Othello'' study guide by M.J. Cummings]
*''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2267 Othello]'' – original text of the play from [[Project Gutenberg]]
*[http://www.drbilllong.com/ShakeO/Othello.html "100 essays on Othello"] by Dr. Bill Long
*[http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/othello/ ''Othello'' study guide] by [[SparkNotes]]
*[http://www.webenglishteacher.com/othello.html Lesson plans for Othello] at Web English Teacher

{{Shakespeare}}

[[Category:1603 plays]]
[[Category:English Renaissance plays]]
[[Category:Shakespearean tragedies]]
[[Category:Masterpiece Theatre]]

[[ar:عطيل]]
[[bs:Otelo]]
[[ca:Otel·lo]]
[[cs:Othello (drama)]]
[[de:Othello]]
[[el:Οθέλος]]
[[es:Otelo]]
[[fa:اتلو]]
[[fr:Othello ou le Maure de Venise]]
[[gl:Othello]]
[[ko:오셀로]]
[[it:Otello (Shakespeare)]]
[[he:אותלו]]
[[la:Othello, Maurus Venetiae]]
[[nl:Othello (Shakespeare)]]
[[ja:オセロ (シェイクスピア)]]
[[no:Othello]]
[[pl:Otello]]
[[pt:Otelo, o Mouro de Veneza]]
[[ru:Отелло]]
[[simple:Othello]]
[[fi:Othello]]
[[sv:Othello]]
[[tr:Othello (oyun)]]
[[zh:奧賽羅]]

Talk:The Invisibles

2007-02-19T17:32:38Z

Jowe27: /* Unverified Analysis */

== Clean-up ==

Although this article is accurate and informative, it could use some quality clean-up:
*The article is too long, focusing as it does on a detailed plot synopsis of each trade paperback in the series. The plot summaries can be substantially condensed, leaving more room for, e.g., brief analysis and cultural or literary influences, in addition to populating the "External Links" section which is now blank.
*The style should conform more closely to encyclopedic standards. Although grammatically and syntactically correct, certain paragraphs contain pop-journalistic or advertising-copy affectations ("Pause. Play"; use of long ellipses). Otherwise, a good effort. -- [[User:Michael Sidlofsky|Michael Sidlofsky]] 15:27, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Started work on the page, tidied up parts as well as expanding it.The plot summarries do need some extensive cleaning up. It would be good if we could list the artists who worked on each volume as well.
I intend to return to carry on work on it.[[User:Logan1138|Logan1138]] 16:24, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

~I was the one who extended the Invisibles entry a while back. I understand what you two are saying about the length of the summaries, but like the person below me, I really do believe they shed light on the plot of the series like no other source on the web. If things are changed, I hope that at least the parts concerning the Hand of Glory and Jack Frost's destiny are left in since they are two of the most confusing elements in the story and not even "The Bomb" fansite has been able to thouroughly explain them. Thanks for all your feedback.

I had a good read through my issues and yes, i changed my mind and i agree, the summaries are very good and needed. I only tweaked a few things, added some Wki links and added images to break up the text and illustate the summaries.
I really don't see much, if any further work being done on it. However i still intend to come back and credit the artists who worked on the series. [[User:Logan1138|Logan1138]] 21:24, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

:Ok, I read the whole thing. I agree it's pretty good, although there is a fair share of awkward sentences and some confusing punctuation. But I really think source references are missing for several of the explanations. The plot summaries contain a lot of interpretation/analysis, and most of it might be correct, but if it isn't explicitly (or fairly explicitly) stated in the comic itself, it should be sourced. And I think there are quite a few of those statements in the text.
:I've read a lot of Invisibles discussion and analysis, and I got the feeling when reading this that some of it is the author's interpretation more than "fact." [[User:193.91.181.142|193.91.181.142]] 00:27, 25 October 2006 (UTC) (Nick)

== Thoughts on the cleanup ==

Actually, I think the detailed summaries help in the understanding of the series. I've looked around the internet and have yet to see such a large and detailed summary of the invisibles, that sort of "explains all" and I think the summaries deserve to be there to help people understand what exactly happened in the series. Even the website the bomb does not provide such a detailed play by play of what went on in the comic book.

----------

spoooooillleerrrrsss....

whatever

== Missing data ==

Which year was it published!?

== An excellent article - much appreciated ==

As it stands (02 December 2005) I think it is an excellent summary of the series -- lucid and informative. I've spent the last week re-reading The Invisibles from start to finish, and it STILL took this article to help me decipher the last twelve issues. I'm not sure where the idea that John = Quimper comes from, but that's part of the fun, isn't it? Good work all, and thanks!

Thanks.I think i speak for everyone who has worked on this and say it's good to see it's so appreciated.[[User:Logan1138|Logan1138]] 12:57, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

==Biggest Spoiler?==

video game... inhaled as a gas... intentionally not included?

~It was just a metaphor for how the Invisibles were playing a game. The whole series wasn't actually a videogame.
==Characters==

The section is a nice idea but it might be a better idea to create a seperate page for them to be listed as such. It doesn't seem neccessary to list every character in such a way. Plus a seperate page could be better spoiler protected. Thoughts?[[User:Logan1138|Logan1138]] 15:25, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

~Makes sense.

Ok then, i'll move the characters section to a seperate page and slap spoiler tags,etc on it. Plus it'll help keep the size of the main article down as it's getting a bit big now.[[User:Logan1138|Logan1138]] 11:43, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

==Invisiblism==

It would be nice to have some analysis on the philosophies presented in the series, the illusion of human struggle and the subjectiveness of reality and the inevitability of the future and the search for freedoms and all that. I'd do it but I'd immediatley fall into endless run-on sentences with pop journalism sentiments and heavy bias. :)

I'd do it, too, but I have no idea how to word any of it. ;)

If it us added, then I suggest it is included in an "anlysis" section after the plot summaries. [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 18:50, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

I'll try! Tell me what you think. :) [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 18:53, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

== The Invisible Kingdom ==

I added in some ideas I learned from a friend of mine who's like an Invisibles guru. [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 22:32, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

== Pop Culture Reference ==

There are a lot of references to popular culture and conspiracy theories in particular. Should a page be made for such things - especially those that aren't the center of the plot ? Like the inclusion of Rennes-le-Chatteau. Or real life people who appear or are mentioned, such as the scene with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe and how Princess Di refused to give birth to the Outer Church's new king thing. Thoughts? [[User:Atropos|Atropos]] 04:48, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

==Active status?==
I'd argue the phrasing of what members of the team are active at the end of the series, since at that point the entire reality collapses in the supercontext. 6_9 [[User:Invisible Queen|Invisible Queen]] 12:08, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Listing the members is unnecessary. There is a page for that and this a page about the series, not the actual organization. [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 01:54, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

==Peer Review, Good Article, Featured Article?==

I was wondering if anyone wanted to get this a peer review and eventually up to GA or even FA status? I think the series definitely deserves it and the article is already pretty good. [[User:Atropos|Atropos]] 04:37, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

== Anarchists ==

i am removing [[List of Invisibles Characters]] from the [[:Category:Fictional anarchists ]] because the article should be included there, not the list of caracteres. If you consider that they are not anarchists, please remove it, i don't know anything about this comic. I'm also leving a not in [[Talk:List of Invisibles Characters]], thanks --[[User:Cacuija|Cacuija]] ([[User Talk:Cacuija|my talk]]) 02:06, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

== Gnostisism ==

How can there be an article of such length about The Invisibles with no mention of Gnostic ideas? [[User:193.91.181.142|193.91.181.142]] 23:12, 24 October 2006 (UTC) (Nick)

== Unverified Analysis ==

Most of the analysis is verified by the series itself.

Exactly. For example, I'm sure Helga's translation of the 64-letter alphabet is seen as unverified. It's not stated that by learning the 64-letter alphabet she becomes enlightened, but it is stated earlier on in the series. Both Sir Miles and Cell 23 say that the 23-letter alphabet limits human ability to express abstract thought since they cannot properly name/describe the reality of the world they inhabit. The Invisibles see reality for what it is briefly when Cell 23 exposes them to words derived from the 64-letter alpabet in ''Counting to None''. Plus, the Grant Morrison interview in ''Anarchy For the Masses: The Disinformation Guide to the Invisibles'' confirms a lot of what is said in this article. [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 07:47, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

A lot of the series IS very self-explicative and provides analysis of itself; however, it is also very open to a wide variety of possible interpretations by its own admission. I think it would be nice to have an analysis section of some type [[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 17:32, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

== Analysis Section ==

I removed the following from the article, because it's uncited, and sounds like original research. See [[WP:OR]] for my reasoning. Something is original research if "''it introduces an analysis or synthesis of established facts, ideas, opinions, or arguments in a way that builds a particular case favored by the editor, without attributing that analysis or synthesis to a reputable source''". I don't think anyone did this maliciously here, but this section is an analysis that isn't attributed to a source. The comics alone can't be cited, because the comics don't explicitly analyze themselves. [[User:Bradtcordeiro|Brad T. Cordeiro]] 19:22, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

I totally understand about the Analysis, but are the trade summaries OK? [[User:Solofire6|Solofire6]] 21:55, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

===Analysis===

:Like many of Grant Morrison's works, ''The Invisibles'' brings up various questions about the nature of reality. When Ragged Robin writes her own version of "The Invisibles" in the future, it is implied that through fiction, writers can influence the course of history.

:Language's limiting effect on man is also explored within the series. As language is unable to define anything beyond three-dimensional reality (see ''Counting to None''), it holds mankind back, keeping them from realizing their full potential. More enlightened characters in ''The Invisibles'' know the full 64-letter alphabet and are able to name and experience what normally could never even be conceived.

:Morrison delves into the futility of violence when he has King Mob's old girlfriend Jacqui quote [[Philip K. Dick]], saying that those who "fight the Empire [are doomed] to be infected by its derangement". Later on in the series, King Mob gives up his violent ways and devotes himself to pacificism. Also, the Invisibles eventually state that they are not fighting the Outer Church as the reader has been led to believe for the bulk of the series, but are actually on "a rescue mission" to save humanity by elevating their consciousness, as seen in the final issue of the series.

:[[Percy Shelley]], a poet whom Morrison made into an Invisible for the sake of the series, theorized that utopia could be found in the mind and that it was "waiting for [humanity] to grow up and recognize it and come home". In other words, humanity holds utopia within themselves and only when they expand their minds can they access it. Between the defeat of the King Archon in 1999 and the end of the world in 2012, King Mob and Jack Frost's Invisibles cell work towards this goal be elevating human consciousness with new ideas and inventions, such as King Mob's Invisibles [[video game]] and the popularity of "MemePlexes" over personalities.

:To ultimately achieve utopia, man must first cast away its dualistic nature. As Morrison states in an interview with [[Disinfo]] in the company's guide to the series, ''Anarchy for the Masses'', "our universe is actually a very simple [[fractal]] generated by a simple process, and it only has [[binary|binaries]] in it. Humans can conceive beyond good and evil, and beyond duality, but yet we can't do it. The universe stops you. But in mathetmatical states people can actually go beyond duality. We know it exists; these things are there already, I think. They seem to be; it's just on another level. A five-dimensional consciousness."<ref name=disinfo>Neighly, Patrick and Kereth Cowe-Spigai ([[2003]]). ''Anarchy for the Masses: The Disinformation Guide to the Invisibles''. Retrieved [[2006-12-5]].</ref> This five-dimensional consciousness is what inhabits the supercontext that will assimilate mankind. It created [[spacetime]] so it could experience growth and can only return to the supercontext when its growth is complete, when humanity recognizes its true nature, as Jack Frost learns in ''The Invisibles'' Vol. 3 #2.

:The Outer Church and the Invisible College, chaos and order, freedom and control--all of these ideas are opposing sides of the same coin. Binaries, as Morrison described. As time reaches its end, it speeds up, condensing spacetime into a singularity. In the eleventh issue of ''The Invisible Kingdom'', Jack Frost's childhood friend Gaz describes this as existence "shrinking to a dot...everything ever...all the stars and days", which Jack confirms. As this condensing occurs, the number of binary pairs becomes fewer and fewer – everything polarizes around one side or the other, and eventually the symbols of each side, Barbelith and the King-of-All-Tears, are eliminated. The subjective nature of reality as defined by language is eliminated, allowing the binary to be resolved in a synergy. As King Mob says in the final issue of the series, the supercontext, the "synergy", is a plane of existence where "you identify with everything that is not-self and dissolve the existential alienation dilemma in unity. All is one and several is none." In the supercontext, there is no individuality, only unity.

The Invisibles

2007-02-19T17:26:07Z

Jowe27:

{{Supercbbox| 
title = The Invisibles
| image = [[Image:V2 1.PNG|225px]]
| caption = Cover to ''The Invisibles'' (Vol. 2) #1. Art by Brian Bolland. Clockwise from top: [[Lord Fanny (comics)|Lord Fanny]], [[Boy (comics)|Boy]], [[King Mob (comics)|King Mob]], [[Ragged Robin (comics)|Ragged Robin]], [[Dane McGowan|Jack Frost]]
| publisher = [[Vertigo (comics)|Vertigo]]
| issues = 25 (Vol. 1) 22 (Vol. 2) 12 (Vol. 3)
| writers = [[Grant Morrison]]
| creators = [[Grant Morrison]]
}}

'''''The Invisibles''''' is a [[comic book]] series that was published by the [[Vertigo (comics)|Vertigo]] imprint of [[DC Comics]] from 1994 to 2000. It was created and written by [[Grant Morrison]] and drawn by various artists throughout its publication.

The plot follows (more or less) a single cell of The Invisible College, a secret organization battling against physical and psychic oppression using [[time travel]], [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[meditation]], and physical [[violence]].

For most of the series, the team includes leader [[King Mob (comics)|King Mob]]; [[Lord Fanny (comics)|Lord Fanny]], a [[Brazil]]ian [[shaman]] and [[transvestite]]; Boy, a former member of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]]; [[Ragged Robin (comics)|Ragged Robin]], a [[telepathy|telepath]] with a mysterious past; and Jack Frost, a young [[hooligan]] from [[Liverpool, England|Liverpool]] who may be the next [[Buddha]]. Their enemies are the Archons of Outer Church, interdimensional [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] gods who have already enslaved most of the human race without its knowledge.

==History==
''The Invisibles'' was Morrison's first major creator-owned title for [[DC Comics]] and it drew from his ''[[Zenith (comic)|Zenith]]'' strip as well as [[1990]]s [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] culture. His intent was to create a ''[[sigil (magic)#Hypersigils|hypersigil]]'' to jump-start the culture in a more positive direction.<ref name="disinfocon">''[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3039306070586717772 Disinfocon 2000]''. With Grant Morrison. The Disinformation Company, 1999.</ref>

The title initially sold well but sales dipped sharply during the first series, leading to worries the series may be canceled outright. To stop this, Morrison suggested a "[[Masturbation|wankathon]]" in order to magically increase sales by a mass of fans masturbating at a set time.<ref name="barbelith9">[http://www.barbelith.com/old/interviews/interview_9.shtml Barbelith Interviews: Interview with an Umpire]". Retrieved [[2006-11-28]].</ref>

Morrison became seriously ill during writing the book, something he puts down to working on the title and how its magical influence affected him. After finishing the book he says he has become a different person from the one who started it. He has also said that much of the story was told to him by aliens when he was abducted during a trip to [[Katmandu]].<ref name="disinfocon" /> He has since characterized the alien abduction experience in Katmandu as a psychological experience which he perceived as such, but that the experience itself actually had nothing to do with aliens or abduction.

The third and final series was meant to be a countdown to the new [[millennium]] but shipping delays meant the final issue did not appear until April 2000. All of the series have been collected in a set of trade paperbacks.

Morrison saw the series [[censorship|censored]] due to the publisher's concern over the possibility of [[pedophile|paedophilic]] and [[child abuse]] content. The first case was in volume one, issue 5; dialogue was changed during one scene where a group rapes and degrades several nameless characters, the term ''lost souls'' was used to ensure the characters could not be identified as children, as intended by Morrison. Later in the series names of people and organizations were simply blacked out much to Morrison's dismay. DC had one line that originally read "[[Walt Disney]] was a shit" blacked out per suggestion from their lawyers;<ref name="crackcomics">Morrison, Grant ([[2002-06-13]]). "[http://www.crackcomicks.com/the_crack_issue_1.htm The Crack Issue 1]". ''Crack Comics''. Retrieved [[2006-11-28]].</ref> many of such examples of censorship were restored when reprinted in trade paperback.

The title was optioned to be made into a television series by [[BBC Scotland]]; neither this nor an optioned film version have been made. Morrison wrote ''[[The Filth]]'' for Vertigo in [[2002]], which he describes as a companion piece to ''The Invisibles'', though there is no other connection between both titles.

==Plot summary==
{{spoiler}}
===Say You Want a Revolution===
[[Image:Invisibles1.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #1]]

This first collection of ''The Invisibles'' is divided into three parts: a one issue prologue and two multi-issue story arcs.

The first issue, "Dead Beatles," has the deputy leader of the Invisibles, King Mob, summoning the spirit of [[John Lennon]] to help find a new member of the Invisibles to replace missing teammate John-A-Dreams. King Mob is led to a Liverpool hooligan named Dane McGowan, who, after burning down his school library and assaulting a teacher, is sentenced to the juvenile detention school Harmony House. At Harmony House an otherworldly Archon called the King-In-Chains, use ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]''-style psychological conditioning to force the boys in the school into mindless conformity. King Mob rescues McGowan only to leave him on the streets of London alone and aimless.

The first major story arc following "Dead Beatles" is titled "Down and Out in Heaven and Hell" and begins with Dane McGowan homeless on the streets of London. He meets a beggar calling himself Tom O'Bedlam, who is considered mad by the others. Later that day, Dane breaks a window in anger and is chased by a police officer, but Tom O'Bedlam saves him by turning him invisible, after which they become companions. Later that evening they explore the tunnels under London and get high on what Tom calls "blue mold." Afterwards Dane sees the word "[[Barbelith]]" written on the wall of the tunnel and a surreal event happens (which is later revealed to be a partially remembered abduction experience).

Tom forces Dane to crack the shell of apathy and selfishness that he has erected around himself, pointing out that he is not rebelling, but only conforming to what society expects of its youth. With his uncaring exterior cracked open and a new understanding of his place in the world, Dane is finally able to live as all humans have the potential to live, and is ready for the next stage of his preparation before finally joining the Invisibles. Tom O’Bedlam takes McGowan to the top of [[Canary Wharf]], the tallest building in London, where McGowan makes a psychic jump that allows him to contact the mysterious Barbelith. Afterwards, Tom disappears and Dane finds himself at the meeting of King Mob's cell of Invisibles, which he joins.

The second story arc "Arcadia" finds McGowan as the newest member of the Invisibles under the name Jack Frost (a name he despises). The Invisibles project their astral selves back in time to the [[French Revolution]] to recruit the [[Marquis de Sade]]. In the present, the Invisibles are stalked by the sadistic demon Orlando, while in the past, the team faces off against the Ciphermen, humans reconditioned into insect-like hive-mind cannibals. The Ciphermen seek the embalmed head of [[John the Baptist]], which has the ability to make prophecies. Ragged Robin finds the head at [[Rennes-le-Château]] in [[Provence]], [[France]], which has been the center of a number of conspiracy theories (see [[Priory of Sion]]). She sees the head, but realizes that its prophecies are nonsense. Outside, she speaks to a mysterious man (called the Blind Chessman), who tells her that the language allows for the listener to hear what they need to hear. Apparently, mankind will speak the same language as the head when the Invisibles' ambiguous objective is obtained.

Meanwhile, Orlando attacks the meditating bodies of the Invisibles while their astral selves are in the 18th century. McGowan “wakes up” after having his finger cut off by Orlando, and he and his Invisibles teammate Lord Fanny defeat Orlando. "Say You Want a Revolution" ends with the Marquis DeSade psychically projected into the 20th century, Dane McGowan threatening to leave the Invisibles, and Myrmidons, human agents of the Outer Church, circling the Invisibles for attack.

===Apocalipstick===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol1-10.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #10. Art by [[Sean Phillips]].]]

The Myrmidons close in on the Windmill, unseen until Ragged Robin senses their presence. Jack Frost, afraid of the danger working with the Invisibles puts him in, runs away and steals King Mob's car. The Invisibles chase after him, killing anyone that gets in their way. King Mob informs his teammates that he planted a bomb in the car so it would explode unless the right digits were entered. Jack crashes the car and escapes into the woods just as the bomb goes off. While tumbling through the forest, a Myrmidon happens upon him, forcing the newest Invisible to shoot the man in the head. After realising what he has done, Jack has an emotional breakdown and runs away to [[London]].

This is followed by a series of three single-issue stories focusing on minor characters. The first follows Jim Crow, a [[voodoo]]-practicing [[United States|American]] [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] star and powerful Invisible, as he hunts down wealthy businessmen who use a mixture of [[cocaine]] and voodoo to take control of the bodies of dead black men and wreak havoc on the ghetto. The second one-off issue takes place at [[Glamis Castle]] in [[Scotland]] as Sir Miles interacts with the Moonchild, the "[[Monster of Glamis]]", a 200 year-old grotesque creature being groomed to provide the physical body the King-Archon will possess in our world. The being is being kept in a "magic mirror" that he leaves periodically to consume human flesh and hunt the homeless who Sir Miles captures and presents to him as food. The third such issue shows scenes from the life of Bobby Murray, a guard killed at Harmony House by King Mob. It also introduces his wife, Audrey Murray, who joins the story many issues later.

Afterwards, the comics return to the original storyline. King Mob, Ragged Robin, Boy, and Lord Fanny have split up looking for Jack through the streets of [[London]]. Sir Miles hires Brodie, a [[bisexuality|bisexual]] assassin with a thing for transvestites, to search the gay community for traces of the Invisibles since there have been rumors of one (Lord Fanny, a transvestite [[shaman]]) asking questions about Jack Frost. He lures Fanny to his house, where he threatens her with a gun for information. King Mob, noticing his teammate is missing, rescues her, but is shot by Brodie (who, in turn, dies soon afterward). Sir Miles arrives expecting to take Fanny into custody, only to learn he's caught King Mob, a hated enemy, as well. The story is interspliced with scenes of Lord Fanny's coming of age ritual in which she meets the [[Aztec]] god [[Mictlantecuhtli]], the Lord of the Dead.

The volume closes with a look at Jack Frost as he wanders aimlessly through London. Jack tries to return to his old, selfish ways, but it is made clear through the guilt he feels for killing the Myrmidon and the compassion he shows a flock of pigeons (creatures he had once been prone to kicking) in a local park that he can never again be who he once was. He remembers his alien abduction, where he is told by his abductors that he is the chosen one, come to deliver humanity to peace and harmony before the [[apocalypse]]. Jack rejects this memory and is then found by Sir Miles, who tries to convince him to join the Outer Church in their struggle against the Invisibles. Jack Frost refuses, showing that the riches and women Sir Miles promises can no longer influence him, and uses his vast powers to level a whole street. He runs away and, still hoping he can return to how he was before the Invisibles found him, decides to hitchhike back to Liverpool with a bag of items Tom O'Bedlam left him before he died.

===Entropy in the UK===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol1-25.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #25. Art by [[Mark Buckingham]].]]

''Entropy in the UK'' opens with King Mob's interrogation by Sir Miles. To break his enemy Miles uses Key 17, a psychoactive drug that makes its victims believe whatever they read is real. The drug is so powerful it can even make a person see things that they know cannot be true (Sir Miles [[Two plus two make five|holds up four fingers, says he is holding up five]], then holds up a piece of paper with the words "five fingers" on it, and King Mob sees Miles' spread palm with five fingers). To resist, King Mob hides within his alternate persona [[Gideon Stargrave]]. Meanwhile, Ragged Robin and Boy call on Jim Crow to help them rescue King Mob and Lord Fanny from the Outer Church, who have called the King-of-All-Tears, an Archon, to oversee the interrogation. Robin and Jim head to "Alan Dunn's House of Fun", a front where King Mob and Fanny are being held, while Boy catches a train to Liverpool to continue the search search for Jack Frost.

After breaking King Mob, Sir Miles telepathically sifts through King Mob's mind for information on Jack's whereabouts. He tells King Mob that the 26-letter alphabet is designed to limit humanity's ability to express abstract thought. Since, according to Sir Miles, nothing exists unless it can be described, the Outer Church is thus able to keep certain aspects of reality hidden. This idea is brought back up in later issues when the Invisibles decipher the hidden letters of the alphabet. King Mob calls upon his voodoo guardian, Zaraguin, for power and, with the help of Lord Fanny, is able to repel Sir Miles and escape. The King-of-All-Tears senses the disruption and dispatches Ms. Dwyer, a human slave in insectoid armor, to take care of the problem.

Meanwhile, it is revealed Boy was a police officer in the [[NYPD]] and joined the Invisibles to avenge her brother, who she thinks was captured by the Outer Church. She arrives in Liverpool and begins to search for Jack, who has returned to his mother's flat. As two detectives search for him, Jack tells his mother all the unexplainable things he's seen with the Invisibles. Unable to cope with the feelings of compassion he's been running from, he breaks down and cries in her lap, telling her about the man he killed and that he wishes he could be as emotionless as he was before. His teacher, "Big Malkie" (actually a big time Invisible named Mr. Six), goes to Jack's mother's flat to warn her that her son might be in trouble. She ignores him, until the two investigators who followed him break down their door. Using Tom O'Bedlam's training, Jack calls upon the power within him and knocks them out with a blast of mental force.

Boy arrives and tries to persuade Jack to rejoin the Invisibles and help her save their friends. Jack suddenly remembers his encounter with [[Barbelith]], where it forced him to feel the pain and suffering humanity has felt for its thousands of years of existence. Barbelith told him he can stop the humanity's suffering, but only if he perfects himself first, something Jack vowed to accomplish. Realizing that to do this he would have to do what he feels is right, Jack heads off with Boy and Mr. Six to the "House of Fun" to save his teammates. It is at this moment that Jack finally comes to terms with the compassion Tom O'Bedlam allowed him to feel by breaking open his cold exterior during their time together in ''Say You Want A Revolution''.

As King Mob and Lord Fanny fight their way through the "House of Fun" complex, Robin and Jim Crow (who has allowed himself to be possessed by the Voodoo god [[Guédé|Papa Guedhe]]) battle the King-of-All-Tears' zombies. Suddenly, tumors start to spread across King Mob and Lord Fanny's bodies. Sir Miles, who is now their captive, tells them that the Archon has released nanomachines to rebuild the environment so he can survive on this plane and that these machines are causing the tumors. Sir Miles is not affected because of antibodies injected into his bloodstream. King Mob injects some of Sir Miles' blood into his and Fanny's bloodstreams to immunize them. Then, Ms. Dwyer attacks.

Outside, Jack Frost, Boy, and Mr. Six arrive at the "House of Fun." Jack is split from them as they enter, and is ambushed by the King-of-All-Tears. Using magic supplies in the bag Tom O'Bedlam left him, he is able to repel the Archon with a mystical force field. While in the protective bubble, the King-Archon forces Jack to remember all the terrible things he's done. Jack shakes off the guilt and an apparition of his future self created by the Archon appears before him. His future-self tells him that there is a war going on, but it is too big of a concept for humanity to understand and is being manipulated by "gigantic [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] intelligences". He also informs his younger self that the Invisibles are trying to perfect his soul so it can be used as a bomb to trigger the [[apocalypse]] on [[Maya calendar#End of the world?|December 22, 2012]]. These ideas are explored later on in the series.

As his consciousness ascends higher and higher, Jack loses focus on the battle at hand. He is told by reality itself that humanity is "one of the things we made so that we could experience the end". Barbelith (taking the form of [[Jesus Christ]]) gives Dane the push he needs to return to his physical body, allowing him to remember only one thing: the King-of-All-Tears' true name (as names hold power in the world of magic). Threatening him with this knowledge, Jack scares his enemy into leaving.

Meanwhile, Mr. Six and Boy continue to search for their comrades, while Jim Crow, who has since split up with Ragged Robin, comes across Ms. Dwyer and kills her, thus saving King Mob and Fanny. The Invisibles reunite, but King Mob is on the verge of death after his capture, interrogation, and Ms. Dwyer's attack. Jack, summoning up his powers, is able to heal King Mob with a substance called Magic Mirror. Jim Crow allows King Mob and his cell to be smuggled out of England to America as part of his rap group's entourage. As the others prepare to leave, Jack Frost restores Sir Miles' "aura", stolen from him by King Mob and Lord Fanny so they could survive the King-of-All-Tears' nanomachines, and allows him to escape, showing his reluctance to kill even a hated enemy and accept the Invisibles' violent methods. For the next volume, Jack will a take a back seat to his fellow teammates as he contemplates his place among the team and how he feels about their philosophies, particularly their dualistic, "us vs. them" mentality and the aforementioned violence.

The last issue is devoted to Division X (Detective Jack Flint, Detective George Harper, and Mr. Six), a squad of paranormal investigators who have been called back into operation over the course of the series, and their investigation of mysterious alien [[pornography]] given to them by a mysterious dwarf known as Mr. Quimper. The case led them to the Moonchild, who was the "alien" having sex with the women in the tapes.

===Bloody Hell in America===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-3.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #3. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

This volume begins with Jolly Roger, leader of an all-[[lesbian]] Invisibles cell, breaking into the Outer Church-run [[Dulce Base]] in [[New Mexico]] where the [[AIDS conspiracy theories|rumored cure]] for the [[AIDS]] virus is held. Though she escapes, the rest of her team is captured by the Outer Church.

Meanwhile, King Mob's cell has been relaxing for the past year at the New York estate of Mason Lang, an eccentric and extremely wealthy Invisible. King Mob and Ragged Robin have begun to fall in love with each other, while Jack Frost, Boy, and Lord Fanny vacation in [[New York City]]. At dinner, King Mob and Robin listen to Mason Lang's childhood [[alien abduction]] story, which in fact was the first step of his initiation into the Invisibles (much like Jack Frost's abduction in volume one). Jolly Roger bursts in, asking for Mason's help, not realizing King Mob, an old friend from the Invisible Academy in [[North Africa]], is there. King Mob and his cell agree to help her steal the AIDS vaccine, and they soon leave for Dulce.

As this occurs, Mr. Quimper begins working with Colonel Friday, a member of the Outer Church much like Mr. Gelt and Ms. Dwyer and the director of the Dulce facility. Quimper reveals that he has used his telepathic abilities to possess Jolly Roger, and is now leading her and her comrades into a trap.

In New Mexico, King Mob's cell switch roles, placing Ragged Robin in King Mob's position. She, Boy, King Mob, and Jolly Roger infiltrate the Dulce facility, while Jack, Fanny, Mason, and two of King Mob's friends, Austin and Emilio, stay behind as back-up. In the facility, King Mob sees the magic mirror substance (the same substance Jack used to heal him with in the previous volume) being transported and knows at once that he has to retrieve it. Tides quickly turn against the Invisibles as Quimper forces Jolly Roger to turn on her teammates and a [[boggart]] in the employ of the Outer Church attack Jack and the others.

As Quimper and Colonel Friday race to intercept the Invisibles within the Dulce facility, Ragged Robin uses her psychic powers to turn one of the soldiers surrounding them on the others. Robin tries to enter Quimper's mind to free Roger, but she overloads him and he falls to the floor unconscious, forcing Friday to take him into the Archons' universe to be healed. King Mob helps Roger break free of her brainwashing, while the back-up team defeat the bogart.
Jolly Roger and the others succeed in stealing the AIDS vaccine and rush to escape. While Robin and Boy escape with the vaccine, King Mob and Roger take a different route, deep within the twisted bowels of the Dulce facility. They find the remainders of Roger's cell, who all became victims of gruesome experiments that left them pleading for death. King Mob kills them mercifully. Mr. Quimper, now fully healed, confronts Roger. She shoots Quimper, and then asks King Mob to help her kill him, as he won't seem to die.

King Mob is looking through a window into a room holding the magic mirror substance, which is revealed to be [[Roswell UFO incident|Roswell alien]]. Just as Jolly Roger is about to pull him away from the window, Colonel Friday shoots King Mob in the shoulder. He and Jolly Roger blow up explosives they had planted earlier and escape with the rest of their teammates. The mission is a success. However, during Ragged Robin's intrusion into Mr. Quimper's mind, he left a trace of his [[ego]] in hers.

===Counting to None===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-13.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #13. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]
''Counting to None'' picks up where ''Bloody Hell in America'' left off. King Mob and the others have given the AIDS vaccine to Mason Lang's scientists and Jolly Roger says her goodbyes. Mason gets a fax from two of his scientists in California informing him that they have completed work on a [[time machine]] project.

While Mason, Ragged Robin, and Boy go to meet Mason's scientists, Takashi and Shoji, King Mob gets a massage from his old girlfriend Jacqui. He meets her and they argue about the ethics of killing in the name of Invisibilism. Jack Frost and Lord Fanny travel to a [[San Francisco]] nightclub to meet the [[Harlequinade]], a trio of mysterious benefactors with an unrevealed item the Invisibles want.

As Takashi explains the time machine to Mason and Robin, a duo of sadistic [[Japan]]ese thugs storm the lab and shoot Robin. They reveal that they want the time machine and that Shoji was working for their cult, [[Aum Shinrikyo]]. They shoot Shoji and take Mason, Boy, and Takashi with them, leaving a time bomb in the lab. King Mob comes to the building and rescues Boy, who tells him that about the bomb in Takashi's lab and that Robin is still in it. He rushes into the lab and yells at a recuperating Robin to mind-link with him just as the bomb explodes.

Robin comes to in the same place where Jack was transported to after he jumped off of [[Canary Wharf]] with Tom O'Bedlam, which King Mob reveals to be the Invisible College (not to be confused with the Invisible Academy in North Africa). He takes Robin to a room where the same aliens that abducted Jack Frost and Mason Lang start to heal her. King Mob tells her they're "antibodies" from the Invisible College (the alien [[Abduction phenomenon|abductions]] are part of the initiation process for some Invisibles). After she is healed, Robin tells King Mob that she is actually an Invisible transported back in time to give Takashi vital information about how to make the time machine she would eventually use. She was sent back in time on December 22, 2012, the day of the [[apocalypse]], and at the very moment she disappeared through time Archons burst into the lab she left from and attacked everyone in the room, including Takashi, Lord Fanny, and a mystery Invisible.

As the two walk through the Invisible College, King Mob elaborates the secret of the Invisibles' cause. He explains that what humanity perceives as reality is actually the result of two "meta-universes" over-lapping and creating a [[hologram]]. The Invisible College lies on the rim of the "healthy meta-universe" while the Outer Church lies on the rim of the "infected meta-universe". The Invisibles are trying to evolve humanity into higher beings that can exist in the "healthy meta-universe" before the two meta-universes split on Dec. 22, 2012, while the Outer Church is trying to enslave humanity by summoning the King-Archon into the body of the Moonchild. King Mob and Ragged Robin return to "reality" and rescue Mason and Takashi. King Mob begins showing remorse over his violent methods and Ragged Robin struggles with being the team leader. Elsewhere, Jack and Fanny try to convince the Harlequinade to give them whatever it is that they have by dancing while the Harlequinade watches them. They succeed and receive the item. As Jack and Fanny are driven home in a taxi, they open the box, revealing the "[[Hand of Glory]]" within.

The next story arc begins with King Mob calling Edith Manning, a 97 year-old Invisible introduced in ''Say You Want a Revolution'', and telling her he is travelling back into the past – her past – to investigate the Hand of Glory further. He then tells his cell his plans, revealing Edith told him when he first met her that they had actually met before in [[Paris]] in 1924 (the year to which he was planning to travel).

[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-10.jpg|right|thumb|Edith Manning as featured on the cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #10. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

As the rest of his cell talk, Jack tells Boy he "fancies" her, leaving her baffled. King Mob asks her to stand watch while he trances back in time. Boy kisses Jack on the cheek, and before he can react, leaves with King Mob. Lord Fanny asks Jack to bring her the Hand of Glory to show Takashi, and when he opens the case, it's gone.

King Mob completes the ritual to send his spirit back in time, and his spirit appears behind a 24 year-old Edith Manning being held up by Papa Skat, a voodoo practicer like Jim Crow. King Mob tells Papa Skat he is from the future, and Papa Skat lowers his gun, revealing himself to be an Invisible who was checking Edith's loyalties. Edith, King Mob, Papa Skat, and Edith's cousin and fellow Invisible Freddie, a young Tom O'Bedlam, go to a nearby apartment where they were told to meet the Harlequinade on the behalf of their leader, the original King Mob.

The Harlequinade arrive and give Edith the Hand of Glory as King Mob and Papa Skat fight off a pair of Myrmidons and a Cypherman (a psychic projection much like King Mob is now). They then go to see the rest of Edith and Freddie's Invisibles' cell: King Mob I, Beryl Wyndham, and Billy Chang. They activate the Hand of Glory and become briefly unstuck in time before returning to 1924 and forgetting all that occurred. Then the scene cuts to King Mob I and II, Edith, and Freddie standing outside of a church where the Harlequinade told Edith they'd meet her after they solved the "first operation of the Hand". Edith demands the Harlequinade to appear and tell her the second operation of the Hand.

The scene shifts again to Edith and Billy Chang, discussing what she saw at the church. She tells him [[Harlequin]] said the Hand would be fully functional once it was anointed. Edith and King Mob then have sex in Edith's apartment and anoint the Hand of Glory with their sexual fluids. King Mob I and II, Edith, Freddie, Beryl, and Chang all gather around the Hand of Glory to see what it really does. A rip is opened into the "infected meta-universe" and King Mob abruptly wakes up in the future, leaving the reader uniformed as to what he saw. Robin informs him that Boy stole the Hand and it's up to them to get it back.

As the Invisibles prepare to track down one of their own, Boy is captured by a man named Coyote. He informs her that she is an agent of the Outer Church trapped in her cover personality of Boy, who was created so she could infiltrate King Mob's cell and steal the Hand of Glory for them. He convinces her of this and turns her to his side. Meanwhile, King Mob, Jack Frost, Ragged Robin, Lord Fanny, and Mason Lang are searching for traces of Boy. They flip a coin on whether to go to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], or [[Seattle]], and they decide on Portland, but Jack refuses, saying she's definitely in Seattle.

They arrive in Seattle and check into a hotel where King Mob starts telling them about his experience in 1924. When they opened up the rip in time, King Mob was transported into the [[supercontext]] that will assimilate humanity in 2012. He saw Jack boiling a green glove and then came across a large door. It opened and all he remembered was something terrible asking him "what the word is" before he woke up.

As the Invisibles talk amongst each other, Mason mentions a research facility that he owns nearby and Jack snaps to attention and tells them that is the place where Boy is being held. As they drive towards the facility, Jack reveals that he read Boy's mind to see if she liked him and unintentionally formed a mind-link between them, which is how he knew where she was all of the time.

They arrive at the facility and break in, only to be caught by members of the same group that captured Boy. They use the hidden letters of the alphabet that Sir Miles mentioned in ''Entropy in the UK'' to subdue the Invisibles by forcing them to confront concepts they were previously unable to conceive. Mason compares the whole experience of being exposed to the hidden alphabet to his alien abduction experience. Robin erases her teammates' memory of the experience (presumably because, being from the future, she knows that they are not ready to experience the truth of reality and its relation to language yet).

After subduing the Invisibles with a word that is the off-switch for human consciousness, the group present Boy with King Mob and tell her to shoot him in the name of the King-Archon. Boy refuses and attacks Coyote and the others, until one of the men reveals himself to be Oscar, her former partner in the NYPD. He tells her that he's part of Cell 23, a division of the Invisibles that deals with removing Invisibles with enemy emotional implants like the ones used on Boy. Boy is given the opportunity to kill the man who killed her brother, but she refuses and thus is able to make contact with Barbelith. The Invisibles leave Cell 23 and King Mob declares "We love Big Brother", a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]] to show his misgivings about the group's actions.

===Kissing Mister Quimper===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-4.jpg|right|thumb|Mister Quimper as featured on the cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #4. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

This volume begins roughly a year after ''Counting to None''. Boy needed some down-time after her experience with Cell 23 so the Invisibles decided to relax in [[New Orleans]]. During this time, Jack Frost and Boy fall in love, while Ragged Robin informs King Mob that Mr. Quimper has been trying to possess her ever since they stole the AIDS vaccine from him in Dulce. They decide to trick him into thinking he has fully possessed her, and Robin lets Quimper fulfill his perverse fantasies by "making" her allow King Mob to dominate her sexually.

After they finish, she and King Mob go to [[Philadelphia]], where their former leader, John-A-Dreams, disappeared while investigating a lead on the Hand of Glory before Jack had been recruited. There they are manipulated by a new weapon developed by Mr. Quimper and Colonel Friday, who are showing it off to the enigmatic Blind Chessman. The weapon, codenamed Scorpio, makes them paranoid enough to believe John-A-Dreams has actually defected to the Outer Church and is stalking them in the catacombs of an ancient church. Robin figures out that it is all an illusion and they leave, meeting up with the rest of their cell in New York with Mason Lang, Jolly Roger, and Jim Crow. They have decided to retrieve the magic mirror substance King Mob saw in the Dulce facility in New Mexico. Boy does not wish to accompany them, and decides to leave after she completes Jack Frost's martial arts training. The former hooligan has now completely dedicated himself to the Invisibles and their cause, and refuses to leave them with her.

Sans Boy, they travel to New Mexico where they infiltrate Quimper's government complex. Quimper believes he is drawing them into a trap, and allows them to enter with ease. He captures King Mob and Jolly Roger, while Jack Frost is taken to the Blind Chessman, who is apparently a member of the Outer Church. He sits at the side of his chessboard so he is not directing either side, implying that he actually plays both side of the struggle between the Invisibles and the Outer Church. The Blind Chessman's words and actions suggest that there is no difference between the two opposing forces and only by playing both sides like he does can one "win" the game, an idea explored in the final volume of the series. He also tells Jack that Barbelith acts as humanity's [[placenta]], providing a life-support system to the universe.

Meanwhile, Ragged Robin comes to Quimper, and reveals herself to actually be Lord Fanny in disguise. It is revealed that Quimper was once an ally of the Invisibles until he was [[raped]] by a group of humans at the same party Fanny had been molested at before she joined the Invisibles. Fanny kisses him and assimilates him into the magic mirror substance, thus purging his soul of corruption. As the other Invisibles escape, the Blind Chessman and Jack Frost walk into the magic mirror substance and are transported into the Archons' universe, where The Blind Chessman reveals that John-A-Dreams had somehow become Quimper and that "now it's a rescue mission". It is here, with the Blind Chessman, where Jack's understanding of reality begins (the Blind Chessman completes Jack's knowledge in the final volume of the series).

A few days later at Mason's labs, Robin is about to be sent back to the future in Takashi's completed time machine. Takashi tells her the Hand of Glory is used to power the machine. It is revealed that in the future Robin was introduced to the Invisible movement by a novel she read titled "The Invisibles". Ragged Robin then wrote her own version of the book and events in her book turned out to have actually happened in the present (such as the raid on the Dulce facility), thus blurring the line between fiction and reality. Whether or not The Invisibles is real is never resolved in the series. King Mob sees Ragged Robin off as she returns to the future, and reunites with his cell at Mason's estate. Boy leaves the team after saying goodbye to Jack, and King Mob decides he will give up guns and killing for the rest of his life. He blows up Mason's estate to show Mason how easy it is for someone to change.

===The Invisible Kingdom===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol3-11.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 3, #11. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

Another year has passed, and Jack Frost is learning martial arts from Jolly Roger at the Academy in North Africa. The reader learns that the Invisibles' war against the Outer Church is actually a "rescue mission". After learning all he can from Roger, Elfayed, a veteran Invisible, takes Jack under his wing and teaches him the importance of thinking and rationality to a budding [[Buddha]] like himself.

King Mob has been traveling in [[India]] where he has been questioning his violent ways, while Division X has been tracking Sir Miles, whom they have linked to the Moonchild. King Mob returns to England, where he, Mr. Six, and Six's associate Helga, a talented linguist, devise a scheme to kidnap Sir Miles. As Mr. Six attempts to strip away his partners in Division X, Jack Flint and George Harper, of their false personalities and reveal the Invisibles within (they were Invisibles the whole time, just deep undercover in their cover personalities), multiple psychic Invisibles plant thoughts in Sir Miles' head that lead him to a windmill, where they have set up a base of operations.

It is revealed that he wrote ''The Invisibles'' novel Ragged Robin read in the future after being experimented on by the British government. As he grows up, he is seduced by the power the Outer Church promise him and he becomes an agent of the very enemy he had written about. The Invisibles are able to capture Sir Miles, and Helga begins his interrogation.

Meanwhile, Jack Frost and Jolly Roger are dispatched to a government facility where they sabotage the Outer Church's cyphermen with infectious words from the hidden alphabet that Helga has deciphered so they can't be used to guard [[Westminster Abbey]] where Sir Miles plans to summon the King Archon into the body of the grotesque Moonchild. King Mob goes back to India, where he sees Edith Manning. She says goodbye to King Mob, for she has decided it is time to die. While King Mob and Edith meet in India, Mr. Six is invited to betray the Invisibles by a man in a yellow mask and his two dwarves. Mr Six, sensing there is more to their story, agrees and learns that they are actually the Harlequinade in disguise. Apparently, the Harlequinade serve both the Outer Church (as the man in the yellow mask and his two dwarves) and the Invisibles (as themselves). They elevate his consciousness, revealing to him the nature of the universe and helping him prepare for his final role in the struggle: to end the threat of Sir Miles.

King Mob then regroups with Jack, Jolly Roger, and Fanny back in the [[United Kingdom]]. He tells Jack that after this last mission, he's quitting his Invisibles cell, but Jack doesn't mind. He's glad he got into it and was given the chance to make the world a better place for everybody. He also plans do away with the violence that has defined the Invisibles for so long.

Helga tells Sir Miles during his interrogation that only the concept of division divides the Invisibles and the Outer Church. As Cell 23 and Sir Miles himself said earlier in the series, the 26-letter alphabet limits human consciousness. Since both the Invisibles and the Outer Churh formed their interpretations of reality using the 26-letter alphabet, they are both guilty of only partially understanding the universe. Helga realized this after deciphering the full 64-letter alphabet, which allowed her to see through the rhetoric of both sides and give names to entirely new concepts. Helga explains this and then releases Sir Miles, who travels back to Westminster Abbey to summon the King-Archon. As Sir Miles is about to summon the King-Archon into the body of the Moonchild, the Invisibles attack and all hell breaks loose.

Jack Frost single-handedly defeats the King-Archon and then travels back into the magic mirror the Moonchild had been kept in. He meets the Blind Chessman who shows him that at the place where the Outer Church and the Invisible College meet there is harmony, represented by the beauty that exists in the overlap. In an interview with [[Disinfo]] found in ''Anarchy for the Masses'', the company's guide to the series, Morrison states "the Outer Church just represents the experience of existential horror at the fringes of the human personality. It's where we stop, where everything that is not-us starts to move in. It wants to erase our personalities, it wants to take us over...''The Invisibles'' is about embracing a higher reality, and the higher reality of the supercontext doesn't differentiate. In the higher reality of the supercontext, evil will be [present] as a necessary inoculation, which allows the developing larva to experience bad feelings and integrate them into itself."<ref name=disinfo>Neighly, Patrick and Kereth Cowe-Spigai ([[2003]]). ''Anarchy for the Masses: The Disinformation Guide to the Invisibles''. Retrieved [[2006-12-5]].</ref> In other words, the Outer Church is just as necessary as the Invisibles. The Invisibles and the Outer Church, as well as their two respective "meta-universes," represent just two different ways to interpret the truth about reality. Morrison states in the same interview as above: "Humans can conceive...beyond duality, but yet we can't do it. The universe stops you."<ref name=disinfo>Neighly, Patrick and Kereth Cowe-Spigai ([[2003]]). ''Anarchy for the Masses: The Disinformation Guide to the Invisibles''. Retrieved [[2006-12-5]].</ref> To realize their full potential and access the supercontext, humanity must fully cast away its [[binary]] nature.

The Blind Chessman then tells Jack that time is the "soil" mankind must grow in before they can evolve into higher beings that live outside of time, in the supercontext. After learning this Jack exits the magic mirror. As he leaves, The Harlequinade is revealed to be the collective unconciousness of humanity, constantly pushing the conscious half forward.

Back at the Abbey, John-A-Dreams, who apparently defected to the Outer Church like King Mob had suspected, reveals to Lord Fanny that when he had gone missing he had stepped outside of time and reentered the "game" as himself, Mr. Quimper, and Jack Flint of Division X. He plays both sides of the "struggle", much like the Harlequinade and The Blind Chessman, to manipulate the outcome.

The Invisibles then leave Westminster Abbey after Sir Miles breaks down and kills himself due to the manipulations of Mr. Six and Helga, who had devised a prophecy predicting Sir Miles' death with her own mystical abilities. King Mob vows never to use violence again after a woman, Audrey Murray (whose husband he had killed when springing Jack from Harmony House), helps him, thus freeing him of his bad karma. He quits his Invisibles cell, leaving Jack, who is now ready to fulfill his role of jumpstarting human consciousness using the truths he learned from the Blind Chessman, to start anew.

Fast forward thirteen years: It is [[2012]], and Jack Frost, along with a member of his Invisibles cell, a girl named Reynard, infiltrate a corporation called Technoccult that has created an Invisibles [[videogame]]. King Mob is actually its leader, making true on his promise of nonviolence by promoting peaceful forms of anarchy through his company. He reveals to Reynard that he has built a gun to fire a single shot that he has been dreaming about since 1999. The Invisibles, finally seeing through their limited interpretation of reality, have introduced new things like the drug Sky which simulates alien contact (like Jack Frost and Mason Lang both experienced) and "MeMePlexes", a socially accepted form of [[multiple personality disorder]], to slowly change humanity's way of thinking regarding reality.

We are then taken to Dec. 22, 2012, the day destined to be the end of the world. King Mob, with his gun, enters the lab where Takashi had sent Ragged Robin back in time. The Archons who Ragged Robin had seen attack her comrades before as she was being sent back in time had been defeated, but Takashi and the others, except for an obese Lord Fanny, had all been killed. King Mob steps through a fold in time, caused by the end of the universe being so near, and is transported back into the supercontext he entered in ''Counting to None''.

He sees himself walking through the supercontext back in 1924 and tells him that he doesn't have to be there yet (thus causing his old self to wake up). He then sees Jack, still boiling the green glove, who tells him that the green glove he is boiling is actually the Hand of Glory, which he will send back in time. He describes it as an object that can move time around like a cursor on a computer screen.

King Mob then snaps out of his trance and The King-of-All-Tears, the only Archon not to be defeated, attacks him. King Mob shoots his gun and a flag with the word "pop" (the word he had been told to remember when he entered the Hand of Glory in 1924 as a psychic projection) rolls out of it on a flag, causing the Archon, who had been dosed with Key 64 (a stronger version of the word drug Key 23), to explode.

At that moment, Ragged Robin returns from the past, coming forth from the defeated Archon, and embraces King Mob, finally reuniting with her lover. The stress reality feels due to the action of Robin going back in time and then returning causes the apocalypse. This was all made possible by Jack's creation of the Hand of Glory, which was used to power the time machine and show King Mob what he needed to do in order to make Ragged Robin's transition back into our world possible (it is, however, important to note that the disintegration of [[spacetime]] could just as easily been insitgated by other factors, such as the destruction of Barbelith). Meanwhile, Jack Frost declares "OUR SENTENCE IS UP." before evolving with the rest of humanity.

==Creators==
While Grant Morrison wrote the entire series, ''The Invisibles'' never had a regular art team, the idea being that each story arc would be illustrated by a separate artist. The artists to work on each issue are:

*Volume 1
**Issues #1-4: [[Steve Yeowell]]
**Issues #5-9: [[Jill Thompson]]
**Issue #10: [[Chris Weston]]
**Issue #11: [[John Ridgway (comic artist)|John Ridgway]]
**Issue #12: [[Steve Parkhouse]]
**Issues #13-15: [[Jill Thompson]]
**Issue #16: [[Paul Johnson (artist)|Paul Johnson]]
**Issues #17-19: [[Phil Jimenez]]
**Issue #20: [[Tommy Lee Edwards]]
**Issue #21: [[Paul Johnson (artist)|Paul Johnson]]
**Issues #22-24: [[Steve Yeowell]]
**Issue #25: [[Mark Buckingham]]
*Volume 2
**Issues #1-13: [[Phil Jimenez]]
**Issues #14-17: [[Chris Weston]]
**Issue #18: [[Ivan Reis]]
**Issues #19-22: [[Chris Weston]]
*Volume 3
**Issues #12-9: [[Philip Bond]], [[Warren Pleece]]
**Issues #8-5: [[Sean Phillips]]
**Issue #4: [[Steve Yeowell]], [[Ashley Wood]], [[Steve Parkhouse]], [[Philip Bond]], [[Jill Thompson]], [[John Ridgway (comic artist)|John Ridgway]]
**Issue #3: [[Steve Yeowell]], [[Rian Hughes]], [[John Ridgway (comic artist)|John Ridgway]], [[Michael Lark]], [[Jill Thompson]], [[Chris Weston]]
**Issue #2: [[Steve Yeowell]], [[The Pander Brothers]], [[John Ridgway (comic artist)|John Ridgway]], [[Cameron Stewart]], [[Ashley Wood]], [[Mark Buckingham]], [[Dean Ormston]], [[Grant Morrison]]
**Issue #1: [[Frank Quitely]]

Issues #4-2 were poorly-received, collaborative "[[Jam session|jam]]" issues which were criticized for failing to illustrate Morrison's scripts as instructed. The most notable examples were the three pages [[Ashley Wood]] drew in volume 3, issue 2; these were crucial to expressing the plot, but were considered confusing. The pages were later redrawn by [[Cameron Stewart]] for ''The Invisible Kingdom'' [[Trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]].

==Collections==
* ''Say You Want a Revolution'', published [[1999-06-01]]. Collects Volume 1, Issues #1-8 (ISBN 1-56389-267-7).
* ''Apocalipstick'', published [[2001-04-01]]. Collects Volume 1, Issues #9-16 (ISBN 1-56389-702-4).
* ''Entropy in the UK'', published [[2001-08-01]]. Collects Volume 1, Issues #17-25 (ISBN 1-56389-728-8).
* ''Bloody Hell in America'', published [[1998-02-01]]. Collects Volume 2, Issues #1-4 (ISBN 1-56389-444-0).
* ''Counting to None'', published [[1999-03-01]]. Collects Volume 2, Issues #5-13 (ISBN 1-56389-489-0).
* ''Kissing Mister Quimper'', published [[2000-02-01]]. Collects Volume 2, Issues #14-22 (ISBN 1-56389-600-1)
* ''The Invisible Kingdom'', published [[2002-12-01]]. Collects Volume 3, Issues #12-1. (ISBN 1-4012-0019-2)

==Impact==
Morrison believes the [[Wachowski brothers]] essentially plagiarized his work to create the first ''[[The Matrix|Matrix]]'' film, "plot by plot, detail by detail, image by image".<ref name="suicidegirls">"Epstein, Robert Daniel ([[2004-03-04]]). "[http://www.poormojo.org/pmjadaily/archives/002657.html Grant Morrison]". ''SuicideGirls''. Retrieved [[2006-11-28]].</ref> He holds no ill will towards them, and mentioned the series positively in the comic and in his editorial ''Invisible Ink'' page in the final issue.

==See also==
*[[List of Invisibles Characters]]
*[[King Mob]]
*[[Robert Anton Wilson]]
*[[Terence McKenna]]
*[[William S. Burroughs]]
*[[Philip K. Dick]]
*[[Michael Moorcock]]
*[[Michael Bertiaux]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.grant-morrison.com Grant Morrison's homepage.]
* [http://www.grant-morrison.com/invis_tv.htm Unproduced scripts for BBC television series]
* [http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/ The Bomb - analysis and explication of the Invisibles.]
** [http://www.barbelith.com/faq/index.php/The_Bomb The Bomb wiki - for more thoroughly updated analysis and explication]
* [http://www.crackcomicks.com/ Crack Comics, companion website to Morrison's homepage.]
* [http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle12.html Anarchy For The Masses: The Disinformation Guide To ''The Invisibles'' homepage]

[[Category:1990s books|Invisibles, The]]
[[Category:Controversial comic books and graphic novels|Invisibles, The]]
[[Category:Vertigo titles|Invisibles]]

Mayhem (band)

2007-02-19T17:22:48Z

Jowe27: ←Undid revision 109238615 by 68.45.139.12 (talk)

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = [[Image:Mayhem Logo.png|Mayhem|100px]]
|Background = group_or_band
|Img = Mayhem Tribute to the Black Emperors.jpg
|Img_capt = Cover of Bootleg 'Tribute to the Black Emperors', Feat: [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous) and [[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead)
|Years_active = [[1983]]-[[1993]], [[1995]] - present
|Origin = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]] {{Flagicon|Norway}}
|Genre = [[Black metal]]
|stylistic_origins=[[Death Metal]], [[Splatter film]], [[Venom (band)|Venom]], [[Satinism]], [[Aleister Crowley]], [[Norse mythology]],
|URL = [http://www.thetruemayhem.com/ www.thetruemayhem.com]
|Label = [[Deathlike Silence Productions|Deathlike Silence]] (1993–1994) Misanthropy Records (1997) [[Century Media]] (1994–1996) [[Season of Mist]]/[[Necropolis Records]] (2000–present)
}}

'''Mayhem''' is a [[black metal]] band formed in 1983 in [[Oslo, Norway]]. The name "Mayhem" is derived from the title of the [[Venom (band)|Venom]] song, "Mayhem With Mercy". Much controversy has followed the various [[murder]]s, [[suicide]]s and other forms of [[violence]] that have surrounded the band since its inception. The controversies have often overshadowed the music, especially in recent years due to, in part, the internet and magazine articles.

Over time Mayhem has evolved through a variety of black metal styles, delving at times into areas of dark avant-garde [[industrial music|industrial]] and [[electronica]]. Highly influential, the group is widely considered to be one of the cornerstones of the [[black metal]] movement.

==Biography==
===Early Years (1983-1990)===
Mayhem was founded in 1983 by guitarist/vocalist [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] (Øystein Aarseth - then 'Destructor'), bassist [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] (Jørn Stubberud) and drummer [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] (Kjetil Manheim). Euronymous concentrated solely on guitar following the hiring of vocalist Messiah (Eirik Nordheim) in 1986, with Maniac ([[Sven Erik Kristiansen]]) replacing Messiah. The band went on to record their third release, following two demos, ''[[Deathcrush]]'', with Euronymous's newly formed label 'Posercorpse Music'.

By this time Mayhem's sound had developed from their initial [[death metal|death]] / [[Speed metal|speed]] metal influences to arrive at a sound more distinctive, dark and unique. Though maintaining the usual death metal obsessions in gore and violence, more sinister and [[nihilism|nihilistic]] preoccupations with religion and [[paganism]] had emerged, influenced in part by [[Norse mythology]], the philosophy of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], Satanism (though Euronymous opposed the [[Aleister Crowley|Crowleyan]] and [[Anton LaVey|LaVeyan]] brands of Satanism, in favour of a [[Christian]] perspective).

An initial release of 1,000 copies [[Deathcrush]] quickly sold out, and was later successfully repressed in 1993, by the Posercorpse Music label, since having been renamed [[Deathlike Silence Productions]] as a joint venture with Øystein's Oslo specialist record shop [[Helvete]]. Øystein's plans for this new outlet included that it was to be "...like a black church in the future. We've thought about having total darkness inside, so that people would have to carry torches to be able to see the records."

[[Image:early promo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mayhem's ''Classic'' Line-up: l-r: [[Jørn Stubberud]] (Necrobutcher), [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous), [[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead) and [[Jan Axel Blomberg]] (Hellhammer)]]

By the summer of [[1988]] both [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] and [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] had left the band; Manheim, tired of 'the life', to get a 'real' job, [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]], following a failed suicide attempt and confinement in a mental institution. After two brief replacements, their positions were filled by Swede [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] (Per Yngve Ohlin, previously of Morbid), and scene drummer [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] (Jan Axel Blomberg).

Dead, as suggested by his stage name, was melancholic by nature and fascinated by death, decay, and darkness. He left even Euronymous, who by all accounts despised him, expressing concern for his mental stability. Despite this he was well liked on the scene, though regarded as a little naïve.

According to [[Bard Eithun]] "He (Dead) wasn't a guy you could know very well. I think even the other guys in Mayhem didn't know him very well. He was hard to get close to. I met him two weeks before he died. I'd met him maybe six to eight times, all in all. He had lots of weird ideas. I remember Aarseth was talking about him and said he did not have any humour. He did, but it was very obscure. Honestly, I don't think he was enjoying living in this world." {{ref|lords2}}

Dead had, over time, carefully cultivated a notoriety for strange behavior; once burying a set of clothes underground for weeks so that he could later wear the decaying rags onstage. He had kept a rotting raven in a plastic bag so better to "inhale the scent of death" before going on stage. Such morbid fascinations and antics further developed Mayhem's progressing musical atmosphere, and by this point the band's lyrics had moved increasingly toward Satanism, darkness, depression and evil. A focal point of gigs at this time was the planting of pigs heads on stakes, center stage, and Dead cutting himself with a knife.

The new lineup with Dead and Euronymous was quickly to become the band's most notorious. After some live gigs in Norway and Germany (where ''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' was recorded), Mayhem started working on their first full length album: ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]] (Lord Satan's Secret Rites)'', though by the time of its eventual release the two cornerstone members would be dead.

=== ''Classic'' Line-up (1991-1993)===
[[Image:Deadand_e.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead) and [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous)'']]
By April [[1991]], [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] was [[Death|dead]], aged 22, having suffered a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head and several lacerations to the wrists, inflicted by a knife he had bought that day. Dead committed suicide in a house he was sharing in Kråkstad with the other members of the band, and left a note asking that they "Excuse all the blood, Cheers." Other members of the band claimed it was more extensive, also saying "The knife was too dull to finish the job so I had to use the shotgun." Euronymous was first to discover the body, and took a series of photographs of the corpse, one of which was later used as cover art for the bootleg album ''[[Dawn of the Black Hearts]]''.

According to [[Occultus]], who briefly took position as vocalist after Dead's suicide: "He (Dead) didn't see himself as human; he saw himself as a creature from another world. He said he had many visions that his blood has frozen in his veins, that he was dead. That is the reason he took that name. He knew he would die.."{{ref|lords1}}

The shells used had been sent to him by [[Bergen, Norway]] musician [[Kristian Vikernes]] (aka Varg Vikernes, Count Grishnackh; ex [[Old Funeral]], sole member of black metal band [[Burzum]], later convicted murderer of Euronymous). Euronymous was particularly cold and opportunistic about Dead's suicide; in interviews he claimed, speciously, that Dead had killed himself due to the rising popularity of [[death metal]], the American movement Black Metal had risen against. According to Hellhammer, Euronymous took pieces of Dead's brain and made a stew, in which he put ham, frozen vegetables, and pepper. "He'd always said he wanted to eat flesh, so he figured this was an easy way." Euronymous also claimed to have collected and forged fragments of Dead's skull into necklaces, sending pieces to those he felt 'worthy' (amongst those rumoured to be in possession of such pieces are the members of [[Sweden|Swedish]] black metal band [[Marduk (band)|Marduk]] & [[Abruptum]]). Hellhammer has said he made a necklace from Dead's skull fragments as well.

In [[1993]], ''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' was released as the band's tribute to Dead. Dead's suicide affected Necrobutcher so much that he left Mayhem, thinning the band's ranks down to two.
{{Sound sample box align left|Music sample:}}
{{listen|filename=Mayhem De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas.ogg|title=De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas|description= | format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}}


Later that year, the recording of Mayhem's upcoming album, ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas'' resumed. In Dead's and Necrobutcher's absences, [[Attila Csihar]] handled vocals, with Vikernes on bass.

Due to adverse media and police attention, Euronymous was forced around this time to close his scene focal point record shop [[Helvete]]. By this stage he owed Vikernes 30,000 NOK (for album sales and related costs), which he was refusing to pay back, a fact argued over publicly on several occasions.

On the morning of [[August 10]], 1993, Vikernes traveled, along with 21 year old Blackthorn (Snorre Westvold, of the band [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]), the seven hours between Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. They created alibis, en route, by getting friends to rent a video locally in their names. Upon arrival, Vikernes fatally stabbed Euronymous with a knife, although Vikernes claims that Euronymous had been planning to kill him for quite some time, and that upon his arrival to Euronymous' apartment, Euronymous had attempted to attack him first. The autopsy revealed that Euronymous suffered twenty-three stab wounds: two to the head, five to the neck & sixteen to the back. However, Vikernes claims that [[Euronymous]] fell onto pieces of broken glass, from a lamp shade broken in the ruckus, which he says, attributed to the multiple puncture wounds.

{{Quotation|He then stumbled and broke a lamp on the wall, probably with his head or arm, and fell into the glass fragments - in his underwear. I ran past him and waited. Snorre was still upstairs, and I had no idea how he would react to all of this. Perhaps it was a set-up and he was in on it? Perhaps he too would attack me? I didn't know. When Snorre came running he looked very scared and I just let him ran straight past me. I realized he was not a part of this, so I asked him if he was okay (because he certainly didn't look okay). By then Euronymous was back on his feet. He looked resigned and said: "It's enough", but then he tried to kick me again, and I finished him off by thrusting the knife through his skull, through his forehead, and he died instantaneously. The eyes turned around in his head and a moan could be heard as he emptied his lungs when he died. He fell down to a sitting position, but the knife was stuck in his head, so I held him up, as I held onto the knife. When I jerked the knife from his skull he fell forward, and rolled down a flight of stairs like a sack of potatoes - making enough noise to wake up the whole neighbourhood (it was a noisy, metal staircase). |Varg Vikernes|[[Lords of Chaos]]}}

Though initial suspicion pointed towards members of the Swedish scene, Vikernes had left key pieces of evidence, including a blood stained copy of a recording contract (used as the pretense for his visit to Euronymous). Within days Vikernes was apprehended by police and charged with the murder. He has continued to record for his one-man project Burzum while in prison. With only Hellhammer remaining, Mayhem effectively ceased to exist.

=== Later Years (1994-present) ===
[[Image:Mayhem demysteriisdomsathanas.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas'']]
In 1994, ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'' was released and formally dedicated to Euronymous. Its release had been delayed due to complaints filed by Euronymous' family, who had objected to the presence of bass parts played by Vikernes. Contrary to contemporary reports these were not re-recorded by Hellhammer and appear unblemished.

By late [[1995]] Hellhammer had decided to reform the band with the help of new guitarist Blasphemer ([[Rune Erickson]]) and two previous Mayhem members - Maniac and Necrobutcher. The first release of this new lineup was a 1997 EP titled ''[[Wolf's Lair Abyss]]'', and was followed by a some live European shows. One of these took place in [[Milan]], [[Italy]], guest starring Attila Csihar, and was recorded for the ''[[Mediolanum Capta Est]]'' live album of that year.
[[Image:Mayhem_current_lineup.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Mayhem's current lineup. l-R [[Jørn Stubberud]] (Necrobutcher), [[Jan Axel Blomberg]] (Hellhammer), [[Attila Csihar]] (Attila), [[Rune Erickson]] (Blasphemer) ]]
In [[2000]] the band's second full-length CD, ''[[Grand Declaration of War]]'' was released. Strongly influenced by [[progressive metal|progressive]] and [[avant garde metal|avant-garde metal]], the album was concept-based, dealing with themes of war and post-apocalyptic destruction. Maniac largely abandoned the traditional black metal rasp for dramatic spoken-word monologue, with most of the songs sequencing seamlessly into one another. Reaction to the album was polarized. Some criticised the album for its avant-garde and electronic elements, which they perceived as pretentious, and for Maniac's vocals, which they perceived as inferior to Dead's and Attila's; others saw it as a laudable attempt to recreate and redefine black metal, with critic [[BNR Metal|Brian Russ]] going so far as to call it "really the first cohesive work the band has ever done" and "a fitting culmination to their career thus far." In retrospect, the electronic elements of the album were often heavily overstated by its detractors, appearing notably in only a single track, "A Bloodsword and a Colder Sun."

{{Sound sample box align left|Music sample:}}
{{listen|filename=Mayhem You must fall.ogg|title=You must fall |description= |format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}}

After a four year silence, Mayhem released ''[[Chimera (Mayhem album)|Chimera]]'' in [[2004]]. It showed a return to their earlier raw and brutal style, but with considerably better production values than earlier releases. ''Chimera'' still maintained a progressive edge, perhaps due to increasing input from Blasphemer. In 2004, Maniac was forced out of the band and [[Attila Csihar]] was reinstated as his replacement.

The band is currently in the process of recording a new album, titled ''Ordo ab Chao'' ("Order and Chaos"), scheduled for release on [[April 6]], [[2007]] ([[April 17]] in the United States and Canada), and set to contain ten tracks. The single, "Anti" can be heard on the official MySpace. As of [[May 4]], [[2006]], Mayhem is signed to "Seasons of Mist" records, a French label specialising in Black Metal.

==Band members==

{| class="toccolours" border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float: right; width: 375px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #E2E2E2;"
|+ <big>'''[[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] band members</big>
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1983-1985)
|
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]], [[vocals]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1986)
|
* Messiah - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1986-1987)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1987)
|
* Kittil - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* Torben Grue - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1988-1991)
|
* [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1992)
|
* [[Stian Johannsen|Occultus]] - [[bass guitar]], [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1993)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1993)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Thorns (band)|Blackthorn]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1994)
| SPLIT
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1995-1997)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1997-1998)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* Nordgaren - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1998-2004)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2004-present)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|}

==Discography==
===Albums (Studio)===

*''[[Deathcrush]]'' [EP] - ([[1987]])
*''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'' - ([[1994]])
*''[[Wolf's Lair Abyss]]'' [EP] - ([[1997]])
*''[[Grand Declaration of War]]'' - ([[2000]])
*''[[Chimera (Mayhem album)|Chimera]]'' - ([[2004]])
*''[[Ordo Ab Chao (album)|Ordo Ab Chao]]'' - ([[2007]])

===Albums (Live)===
*''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' [Live] - ([[1993]])
*''[[Mediolanum Capta Est]]'' [Live] - ([[1999]])
*''[[Live In Marseille 2000]]'' [Live] - ([[2001]])

===Albums (Compilation)===
*''[[Out From The Dark]]'' [Compilation] - ([[1996]])
*''Ancient Skin / Necrolust'' [Compilation] - ([[1997]])
*''Euro Juggalos Homiez'' [Compilation] - ([[1999]])
*''[[European Legions]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2001]])
*''[[U.S. Legions]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2001]])
*''The Studio Experience'' [Box Set] - ([[2002]])
*''[[Legions of War]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2003]])
===Albums (Split)===
*''Necrolust / Total Warfare'' [Split CD] - ([[1999]])
*''Freezing Moon / Jihad'' [Split CD] - ([[2002]])
===Demos/Promos===

*''Mayhem'' - ([[1983]]) - Never Released{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*''[[Voice of a Tortured Skull]]'' [Demo] - ([[1986]])
*''[[Pure Fucking Armageddon]]'' [Demo] - ([[1986]])

===Bootlegs===
*''Live Zeitz'' [Bootleg] - ([[1990]])
*''[[Dawn of the Black Hearts]]'' [Bootleg] - ([[1991]])
**Includes the legendary performance in Sarpsborg in 1990 with Dead, as well as Mayhem's first ever live performance in Lillehammer in 1986. The cover is one of the photos of Dead's suicide taken by Euronymous.
*''From The Darkest Past'' [Bootleg] - ([[1993]])
**An instrumental rehearsal from the ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas'' period, including most of the tracks from said album.
*''A Tribute To The Black Emperors [Bootleg - Split w/Morbid] - ([[1994]])
**Includes the ''December Moon'' demo of Dead's previous band, Morbid, released in 1987. It also features a compilation of Mayhem tracks: "Necrolust" from ''Deathcrush'', "Funeral Fog" from ''Live in Leipzig'', and "The Freezing Moon" and "Carnage," from the ''Projections of a Stained Mind'' compilation released on CBR in 1991. The tracks from the ''Projections of a Stained Mind'' compilation are the only two studio songs Mayhem ever recorded with Dead on vocals.
*''In Memorium'' [Bootleg] - ([[1996]])
**Includes a 1991 rehearsal featuring the "classic" lineup of Euronymous, Dead, Necrobutcher, and Hellhammer, an instrumental rehearsal from 1992 featuring Varg Vikernes on bass, and a rehearsal from 1991, after Dead's suicide, featuring the short-lived member Stian Occultus on bass and vocals.

==Videography==
*''Live In Bischofswerda'' [VHS] - ([[1998]])
*''European Legions: Live In Marseille 2000'' [VHS & DVD] - ([[2001]])
*Appearance in [[Metal: A Headbanger's Journey]] ([[2005]])
*Appearance in BBC One World series - Episode Name: 'Death Metal Murders' 2005

==See also==

* [[Season of Mist]] - Mayhem's record current label.
*[[Bathory (band)|Bathory]] - An early [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[black metal]] band and a large source of musical inspiration for Mayhem.
*[[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]] - [[Avantgarde metal]] band formed in 1987 under the name ''Mortem'' by [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] and [[Sverd|Steinar Johnson]].
*[[Burzum]] - The primary band of [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]], who murdered Euronymous and played bass on ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas''.
*[[Darkthrone]] - Black metal band formed in 1986 (Under the name Black Death) who originally played death metal; its members were part of the original inner circle.
*[[Emperor (band)|Emperor]] - A well-known symphonic black metal band with members in Euronymous' inner circle.
*[[Immortal (band)|Immortal]] - Well known black metal band (1989-2004) hailing from Bergen, Norway. Euronymous apparently helped in the changing of style in their songs (from a more death-black to a more black sound). Also known to have been in contact with Count Grishnakh
*[[Thorns (band)|Thorns]] - The primary black metal band of Blackthorn, who indirectly aided in the murder of Euronymous.
*[[Venom (band)|Venom]] - An early [[England|English]] [[black metal]] band which inspired [[Mayhem]].

==References==
<div class="references-small">
# {{note|Lords1}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 4, P59. Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''
# {{note|Lords2}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 4, P54. Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''
# {{note|Lords3}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 7, P238 Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''

</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.thetruemayhem.com/ Mayhem Official site]

{{mayhem (band)}}

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[[Category:Norwegian musical groups]]
[[Category:Black metal musical groups]]
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[[Category:Norwegian heavy metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Reunited musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1983]]

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Zapp Brannigan

2007-02-01T23:22:42Z

Jowe27: /* Profile */

{{Futurama character
| name = Zapp Brannigan
| image = [[Image:Zapp Brannigan.png|right|250px|Zapp Brannigan promo image.]]
| age = 30
| gender = Male
| species = [[Human]]
| planet = [[Earth]]
| job = Captain of the [[D.O.O.P.|DOOP]] [[starship]] ''Nimbus''
| relatives =
| appearance = [[Love's Labours Lost in Space]]
| line = These new uniforms are pretty snappy, eh, first officer?
| voiced = [[Billy West]]
}}
'''General Major Webelo Zapp Brannigan''' is a [[fictional character]] in the television series ''[[Futurama (TV series)|Futurama]]''. He is also referred to (mainly by himself) as "The Zapper," "The Velour Fog," "Big Z," and "Zapp Brannigan, the man with no name."

== Profile ==

Brannigan is a senior member of the military of the Democratic Order of Planets (DOOP) though his title varies; he has been referred to as a "25 star [[General]]" and "General Major [[Webelos (Boy Scouts of America)|Webelo]]." [[Kif Kroker]] is his beleaguered lieutenant and personal assistant, whose many duties include keeping Brannigan's schedule stored on an [[Etch A Sketch]], shaving Brannigan's armpits, pointing to his medals ("Show them my medal, Kif.") and informing the crew of his sexual conquests. Brannigan's flagship is the [[Nimbus (Futurama)|Nimbus]], which though severely damaged in "[[A Taste of Freedom]]" was back in service for the later episode "[[Where No Fan Has Gone Before]]." His quarters aboard the ''Nimbus'' are garishly decorated in [[velour]] and contain a hovering heart-shaped bed, hanging over which is a portrait of him in a pose mocking [[Aaron Shikler]]'s posthumous portrait of [[John F. Kennedy]].

Brannigan envisions himself a "ladies' man" yet is completely clueless in matters of romance (one entry in his book of pickup-lines is "I find the most erotic part of a woman is the boobies" - "[[Amazon Women in the Mood]]"). On first meeting [[Turanga Leela|Leela]], on or about April 13th, 3000, he ended up having [[sexual intercourse|sex]] with her (she was motivated by pity). In later encounters, he invariably refers to this interlude, at one point even implying Leela was the first woman he'd slept with ("[[Brannigan Begin Again]]"). He remains convinced that Leela lusts after him and will eventually return to him, despite her (often literally) violent opposition to the idea. His overconfidence in this is such that he does not hesitate to hit on other women in the meantime, even in Leela's presence. He is also frequently seen with female companions who are obviously [[prostitutes]], or even men in [[drag (clothing)|drag]].

Brannigan's pretensions of being suave are belied by his ignorance of how to properly pronounce words such as ''[[Champagne (beverage)|champagne]]'', ''[[bravo]]'', ''[[encore]]'', and ''[[guacamole]]'', though, strangely, he has no problem with ''[[chutzpah]]''. He claims to have a "very sexy" learning disability, "sexlexia". He is not retarded, but he is clearly an idiot.

Brannigan is arrogant, incompetent and cocky. His battle tactics are impulsive, generally stupid, and almost always unnecessary. He takes delight in sending his men to die in ridiculous, easily avoidable altercations, viewing this as proof of their loyalty. Notable examples include an (unseen) battle with "Killbots," a battle which Brannigan won by sending wave after wave of his own men at the killbots until they reached their pre-programmed kill limit. He employed similar tactics in defending Earth during the first invasion of the aliens of [[Omicron Persei VIII]] "([[When Aliens Attack]])," ordering all the ships under his command to "line up and fly directly at the enemy death cannons, clogging them with wreckage!" His fleet managed to destroy the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (while suffering heavy losses), but was powerless against the actual alien mothership.

He once provoked an invasion of Earth after leading a military force to storm the [[embassy]] of [[Dr. Zoidberg]]'s home planet, [[Decapod 10]] (in "[[A Taste of Freedom]]"). Later, he was duped by the Decapodians into handing the codes for the Global Defence Network to one of their agents, disguised as "Hugh Man." This led to their ridiculously easy conquest of Earth, for which Zapp then blamed Kif.

Brannigan's victories tend to come from using excessive force to subdue lesser opponents, such as:
*[[Carpet bombing]] Eden 7.
*Defeating the [[pacifists]] of the [[Gandhi]] [[nebula]]
*Conquering the Retiree People of the Assisted Living Nebula
*Defeating the "weak and womanlike" Spiderians of Tarantulon 6
*Driving the native population off the planet Spheron 1, during which he is seen "riding" his horse Felicity (Who happens to be a male horse) whilst brandishing a sword - the horse, though, simply stands on a hovering disc and does not go near the battlefield (in "[[War is the H-Word]]").

Brannigan briefly took leave from the DOOP to [[A Flight to Remember|serve as captain of the luxury space cruise ship ''Titanic'']], which ended up destroyed after he altered the direct, safe flight plan for an indirect, more challenging one, believing that in doing so "we might just get some kind of gravity boost, or something." He was indifferent to the danger posed by [[comets]] ("the icebergs of the sky") and [[black hole]]s ("that blackish holish thing"). This episode also shows Zapp transferring the blame for the incident to Kif, giving him the Captain's badge, and disappearing in a small escape pod. The incident serves to illustrate the apparent cowardice of the monumental space hero. Brannigan, thanks to his exaggerated or ill-won conquests is considered a hero by the general populace (such as Amy Wong's parents) and government, frequently praised (even Leela was initially "thrilled" to meet him), but anyone who is around Brannigan too long rapidly develops an extreme dislike for him. When Brannigan tried his hand at karaoke (in his "suave" style, an apparent reference to [[William Shatner]]), the audience immediately booed and jeered him, with one patron stating, "He disgusts me!" Brannigan's own crew shares this opinion, evident during a meal in the ''Nimbus'' mess hall when he raised a glass and called for support, met only by a stony silence and one anonymous crewman yelling "You suck!"

Brannigan was once dismissed (though later reinstated) from the DOOP along with Kif (after Zapp attempted to transfer the blame once again to his loyal lieutenant's shoulders) for his role in destroying DOOP's new $400 billion headquarters ("[[Brannigan Begin Again]]"). While showing off, Brannigan used his ship's tactical laser (set on Hyperdeath™) to cut the ceremonial ribbon to inaugurate the new station. He accomplished this, but did not deactivate the laser in time to avoid destroying the station.

Brannigan has expressed on several occasions his fondness for being [[Sadism and masochism|choked and spanked]] by strong women, though during an encounter with the [[Amazons|warrior-women]] of the planet Amazonia ("[[Amazon Women in the Mood]]"), his personal limits were rapidly met and exceeded. After escaping and despite his pelvic injuries, he looked back on the experience fondly, sighing happily, "I had ''snu-snu''!"

Despite all his arrogance, he has shown in a few occasions to have a genuine fondness for Kif. For example, when Kif was pregnant, with Leela's babies, Brannigan helped him reach the pond of his birth, with very few off color comments. When the birthing process was over, he made a playful dance and congratulated Kif. It is possible that on some level Zapp recognises he is only popular because of his high rank, good looks and vast amount of luck, and thus has a degree of respect for Kif's loyalty.

As is apparent, Zapp Brannigan does not wear any pants. From the disgusted reaction of Kif while following Brannigan up a ladder, he apparently eschews underwear as well.

==Origins==
Brannigan is based on the ''[[Star Trek]]'' captain [[James T. Kirk]], played by [[William Shatner]] (the two actually meet face-to-face in the episode "[[Where No Fan Has Gone Before]]"). The creators of the series envisioned Brannigan as being similar to what Shatner himself would be like as a starship captain. On the DVD commentary of Zapp's first appearance, the creators describe him as being "40% Kirk, 60% Shatner," and that the initial premise for the character was "What if the real William Shatner was the captain of the ''Enterprise'' instead of Kirk?" In the episode "[[Amazon Women in the Mood]]" the DVD audio commentary describes Zapp Brannigan's reinterpretation of "[[Lola (song)|Lola]]" as a spoken word song is a reference to what William Shatner did with "[[Rocket Man]]." Brannigan also wears a [[girdle]] to appear thinner ("[[Brannigan Begin Again]]"), seemingly a parody of similar accusations aimed at Shatner.

Some fans of this creature have speculated that he may be partly influenced by [[Zaphod Beeblebrox]], the President of the Galaxy from ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]''. The two characters share the same initials (ZB), the same first 3 letters (Zap), the same nickname ("Big Z"), and are both arrogant, irresponsible and supposed womanizers although Beeblebrox seems to be slightly more successful. However, anyone familiar with the movie ''[[How to Murder Your Wife]]'' cannot help but think Brannigan to be named after and at least partly a tribute to Bash Brannigan, the cartoon figure therein who embodies the same overblown hero type of character.

Brannigan's attire, particularly the red tunic and white boots, bears a close resemblance to that of Gold Key Comics character [[Magnus, Robot Fighter]].

==Brannigan's Law==
Brannigan's Law states that one cannot interfere with an undeveloped world, a take-off of the Prime Directive from Star Trek. Brannigan himself does not pretend to understand it, he merely enforces it, and even fails to uphold it on at least one occasion. Brannigan's Law is officially called ''Directive B10.81''. According to Brannigan, his law is also like his love; "hard and fast."

==Production==
Zapp Brannigan is voiced by [[Billy West]], though it was originally intended to be voiced by [[Phil Hartman]]. Hartman auditioned for the role and "of course, just nailed it" according to creator [[Matt Groening]]. However, due to Hartman's death, West was given the role. On the ''[[Futurama (TV series)|Futurama]]'' DVD commentary, Groening reveals that Zapp's character and mannerisms were established in [[Billy West]]'s original audition for the character, and any similarity to Phil Hartman or his other well known cartoon characters ([[Lionel Hutz]] and [[Troy McClure]]), is simply coincidence. On the other hand, in an interview for the web site [http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/06/15/billy-west-the-tv-squad-interview/ TVsquad.com], Billy West states that his Zapp Brannigan is indeed based on Hartman's characterization:

:'''JK''': ''Did Zapp Brannigan change much? Because I saw the first episode he was in and it sounded pretty much like how he sounded later.''

:'''BW''': Did he change? Um, I don't know, I try to keep it pretty consistent. Phil Hartman was supposed to do that character, and I was imitating Phil Hartman. I knew Phil Hartman; when I came to work with him on some commercials and stuff out here in Hollywood, we both had this real fascination and love for these big, old-time dumb announcers. You know, the guys who have their balls in a wheelbarrow and think that every word is so precious that it's hard to give birth to it, like everything comes out in four syllables instead of one. Guys who think far and away that of everything else in this universe, he loves his voice. So that's what was going on with him. He's modeled after a couple of big dumb announcers I knew. Fry was named after Phil. Phillip Fry.

{{wikiquote}}
{{Futurama}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lazy-nation.com/features/Brannigansoundboard.htm Zapp Brannigan Soundboard] - Soundboard created by Chris Pickering with over 90 Big Z quotes. (Approx. 1.6 mb)

[[Category:Fictional generals|Brannigan, Zapp]]
[[Category:Futurama characters|Brannigan, Zapp]]

[[fr:Zapp Brannigan]]
[[ru:Зепп Бранниган]]

Attila Csihar

2007-01-24T20:24:33Z

Jowe27:

'''Attila Csihar''' born 1971 is a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[black metal]] [[vocalist]], best known for his vocal work on the album "[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]" by [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]].

His career started in the Hungarian metal band [[Tormentor]]. The band reached a cult status in [[black metal]] circles, even without major label releases. In 1994, Attila was invited to perform vocals on [[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]] after Mayhem's then-vocalist Dead committed suicide. The album became one of the quintessential albums of the genre, even though purist fans consider Csihar's vocals out of place. In the band's now 20 year history, he's the band's only non-Scandinavian member.

After Mayhem, Csihar continued to work in various experimental projects, such as [[Plasma Pool]], [[Aborym]], and [[Korog]]. In 2004, he recorded vocals for the song 'Decay2 (Nihil's Maw)' by [[United States|American]] Doom/Drone Metal band [[Sunn O)))]], and even performed live with the band on their [[European]] tour. He briefly played in [[Keep of Kalessin]] as well. Currently, Attila left Aborym in order to rejoin [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] as the band's new singer, after their previous singer, [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]], left. His final contribution to Aborym was performing lead vocals on the song ''Man Bites God'' on their 2006 album, [[Generator (Aborym album)|Generator]].

Attila is divorced and has two children. He resides in [[Budapest]].

==Discography==
* [[Tormentor]]: [[The Seventh Day Of Doom]] (1987)
* Tormentor: [[Anno Domini (album)| Anno Domini]] (1988)
* [[Mayhem (band)| Mayhem]]: [[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]] (1993)
* [[Plasma Pool]]: [[I (album)]] (1991-1994)
* Plasma Pool: [[Drowing]] (1991-1993)
* [[Aborym]]: [[Kali Yuga Bizarre]] (1998)
* Mayhem: [[Mediolanum Capta Est]] (1998, live album)
* Tormentor: [[Recipe Ferrum!]] (1999)
* Aborym: [[Fire Walk With Us]] (2000)
* Aborym: [[With No Human Intervention]] (2002)
* [[The Beast Of Csihar Attila]] (2003, compilation album)
* [[Anaal Nathrakh]]: [[When Fire Rains Down From The Sky, Mankind Will Reap As It Has Sown]] - Guest vocals on "Atavism" (2003)
* [[Keep Of Kalessin]]: [[Reclaim]] (2003)
* [[Korog]]: [[Korog (album)| Korog]] (2004)
* [[Sunn O)))]]: [[White2]] (2004)
* Aborym: [[Generator (aborym album)| Generator]] (2006)
* Anaal Nathrakh: [[Eschaton (album)| Eschaton]] (2006)

==External links==
*[http://southernlord.com/attila/index.html Attila Csihar at Southern Lord]
*[http://www.TheTrueMayhem.com Official Mayhem Website]

{{template:mayhem (band)}}

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[[Category:Hungarian singers|Csihar, Attila]]
[[Category:Living people|Csihar, Attila]]
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Nothing Nice to Say

2007-01-08T20:26:18Z

Jowe27: /* Phillip */

{{Mergeto|Mitch Clem|date=December 2006}}
{{Infobox Webcomic 
| title = [[Image:Nn2s header.gif]]
| image = [[Image:Fletcherblake.PNG]]
| caption = Blake and Fletcher
| author = [[Mitch Clem]]
| url = [http://www.mitchclem.com/nothingnice/ MitchClem.com/NothingNice]
| rss = http://www.mitchclem.com/nothingnice/rss.php
| atom =
| status = Updates every Monday
| began = [[February 25]] [[2002]] [http://www.mitchclem.com/nothingnice/index.php?pageNum_Recordset2=0]
| ended =
| genre = 
*'''[[Comedy]]:'''
**[[Subversion (politics)|Subversive]]
**[[Politics|Political]]
**[[Punk subculture|Punk]]
| ratings =
| preceded by =
| followed by = [[San Antonio Rock City]]
}}
'''''Nothing Nice To Say''''' is a [[webcomic]], touted as "The world's FIRST online punk comic"[http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2003/03/14_postt_punkcartoon/] and is created by artist, '''[[Mitch Clem]]'''. It is sometimes abbreviated as '''''Nothing Nice''''', '''''NNTS''''' or '''''NN2S'''''.

==Synopsis==
First launched online in February, 2002, ''Nothing Nice To Say'' follows roommates Blake and bald-headed Fletcher as they make fun of [[punk rock]], punk rock fans, and just about everything relating to the [[punk subculture]], including themselves. Although it follows the [[de facto]] 3-panel webcomic setup of two roommates with one being slightly off-the-wall, it is unique in placing them in a punk setting.

==History==
During much of the comic's existence, Mitch used the space under the comic as his [[blog]]. Now his blog can be found at his [[LiveJournal]] [[#External Links|(See Link Below)]].

Clem's blogs began to show that he was likely suffering bouts of depression. Because of this he was mocked on the comic's own [[Internet forum|discussion forum]]; the [[internet traffic]] for which had rapidly outgrown the traffic for the comic strip. This is allegedly one of the reasons that Mitch- somewhat unceremoniously - ended the comic in [[2004]]. At this time, Mitch told fans he would be collaborating on a strip called ''[[Joe and Monkey]]'' with fellow webcomic artist [[Zach Miller]].

During the later part of 2004, Mitch announced in his [[LiveJournal]] that he would resurrect ''Nothing Nice'', because he simply couldn't keep himself away from it. The new version of ''Nothing Nice'' debuted in February [[2005]] drawn entirely in black and white, as opposed to the original run, which was in color.

In January 2006, Clem brought back the strip's original color format, but declared shortly afterwards that ''Nothing Nice'' was to be put on indefinite hiatus in order to concentrate on another, autobiographical strip called ''[[San Antonio Rock City]]''.

Mitch Clem stated that he was unopposed to bringing back ''Nothing Nice'' (though perhaps at a less frequent schedule), and stayed true to this statement when he brought it back on a weekly schedule on [[August 28]], [[2006]]. He also continues work on ''San Antonio Rock City'', and has combined all of his comics and art portfolio into a single website.

==Main Cast==
===Blake===
[[Image:Nothingnice.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Blake and Fletcher as they appeared in the early strips]]
One of the comic's main characters. He is named after [[Blake Schwarzenbach]] of [[Jawbreaker (band)|Jawbreaker]] and [[Jets To Brazil]] fame (also has an obvious resemblance to Jawbreaker-era Schwarzenbach), and is a great fan of both bands. Tends to be the voice of reason of the two main characters. Besides Schwarzenbach bands, he is also a fan of [[pop-punk]] bands. Played guitar in a band with Fletcher, called ''The Negative Adjectives''. He has a shrine to [[Henry Rollins]] in his bedroom, something Fletcher was unaware of until [[September 13]], [[2006]]. Blake is considered by many fans to represent a sort of "[[Parallel universe (fiction)|parallel universe]] Mitch", or is at least modelled on the comic's author; the parallels between certain of their life events and their shared tastes and opinions are used as evidence for this.

===Fletcher===
Blake's roommate. Did not originally have a name; instead he was named through a reader contest. Tends to come up with some fairly crazy and somewhat anti-social ideas. Often wears a band shirt that reads "BAND". Is a fan of old-school [[hardcore punk]]. Played drums for ''The Negative Adjectives''.

===Phillip===
Originally a [[ska]] fan, he now listens to [[emo (music)|emo]] and vehemently denies having ever liked ska at all; this is plotted by the author to make fun of what he perceives to be the trend-hopping nature of most modern-day emo fans. Blames the female gender for most of his problems, even though they actually tend to be self-inflicted. Also seems to exude "whiny bitch pheromones" which make it impossible to stay around him for any longer time without resorting to physical violence. He started out [[2007]] by renouncing emo in favor of what he felt was less depressing [[pop-punk]], but after buying the newest pop punk album (implied to be the album "Hospitals" by Off With Their Heads), he [[suicide|hung himself]] in his apartment.

===Cecil===
An [[anthropomorphic]] [[gopher]]. Very sarcastic, and at one time insulted people for spare change. According to the comic, has played [[bass guitar|bass]] for [[Screeching Weasel]], [[road crew|roadied]] for [[Fifteen (band)|Fifteen]] and [[ghostwriter|secretly written]] songs for [[The Donnas]]. Played bass for ''The Negative Adjectives'' before he quit right before their first show. Cecil has apparently rejoined the band since Joe Banks (see below) joined [http://nothingnice.com/index.php?pageNum_Recordset2=330].

===Joe===
The comic's youngest character. He's a [[skater]] and tends to get made fun of by Blake and Fletcher, as they see most skaters as "corporate whores".

===Joe Banks===
In 2005, Nothing Nice To Say and [[Joe and Monkey]] had a crossover, featuring Joe, the titular hero of the latter, auditioning for Blake and Fletcher's band, The Negative Adjectives (after seeing a poster written by Fletcher proclaiming that the band needed no new members). Ironically, Banks was accepted as the band's new singer and second guitarist and has since been featured in strips featuring the band performing.

===Bort===
Was originally [[straight edge]], but has since broke his edge and started drinking as well as smoking. Has straight edge X's tattooed on the back of his hands, and is prone to violence when one points out the irony in having them and consuming [[alcohol]] and [[tobacco]].

==Other Recurring Characters==
===Skar===
A [[skinhead]] [[oi!]] punk, and is mistaken by Blake and Fletcher for a [[Nazism|Nazi]].

===Karen===
A radical [[feminism|feminist]] ([[riot grrl]]). Spends a lot of her time getting upset at Blake and Fletcher for allegedly objectifying female punk rock band members, yet dated Alice only to further her own feminist agenda.

===Alice===
A [[goth]] girl and a [[lesbian]]. Currently dating Karen.

===Charlie/Chris===
A [[vegan]], [[hardcore punk|hardcore]]-[[crust punk]]. The rest of the cast tends to walk on egg shells around him due to his veganism, as they're afraid they might upset him if he so much as touches an object that has been in contact with dairy products. He has been referred to as both "Charlie" and "Chris," an error that Clem has jokingly acknowledged.
===The Hippie Chick===
Also known as ''That Hippie Chick Who Works At The Coffee Shop'' is hinted at having dated Alice. Not much else is known about her, other than that she is in fact a [[hippie]] and likes the [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Phish]].

===The Ska Dude===
Doesn't have a name. Was introduced because Mitch wanted a [[ska]] dude.
===Cthulhu===
Yes, the same [[Cthulhu]] from the [[H.P. Lovecraft]] stories. He's lived in Blake and Fletcher's closet for, presumably, the entire series, though he has only shown up a couple of times. Most recently, Cthulhu was turned into a kitten, though his subsequent trip to the sewers, where he raised a [[C.H.U.D.]] to eat the person who turned him into a kitten, suggests he still has his powers.
===Zach Miller===
Has appeared in some NN2S comics. Creator of [[Joe and Monkey]] and the late [[No Pants Tuesday]]
===Mitch Clem===
Mitch often appears in his own comics, often arguing with Blake & Fletcher via intercom, and was once sighted drawing the comic at a coffee shop.

==Spin-Offs and Related Content==
===The Coffee Achievers===
The Coffee Achievers originally started out as Nothing Nice story arc, but later turned into its own comic as a collaboration with [[Joe Dunn (webcomics)|Joe Dunn]], from [[Joe Loves Crappy Movies]]. The cast is mostly the same as that of Nothing Nice, but with small alterations, and is not considered to take place in the same universe as Nothing Nice To Say.

The Coffee Achievers began a working relationship between Clem and [[Joe Dunn (webcomics)|Dunn]] that has now developed into a partnership, with the pair creating a new webcomic syndicate called '''"[[Turnstile Comics]]"'''. The duo intends to host Nothing Nice To Say, The Coffee Achievers and their upcoming post-apocalyptic saga '''"The Rain Dogs"''' on Turnstile.

===Publications===
In June [[2005]], Clem announced that he would release a [[black and white]] [[comic book]] containing all of the strips up to the comic's most recent resurrection (late 2004). However, due to the older strips being in low-quality colored image formats, he will be redrawing the entire series for the book, which is to be published by Young American Comics. In January 2006, Clem stated that the release date was indefinitely deferred, due to the considerable task of replicating over 300 strips.

==External links==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [http://www.mitchclem.com/ Mitch Clem's website]
* [http://www.mitchclem.com/nothingnice/ Nothing Nice To Say]
* [http://www.coffeeachievers.net/ The Coffee Achievers]
* [http://www.mitchclem.com/rockcity/ San Antonio Rock City]
* [http://rainofbastards.livejournal.com/ Mitch Clem's Livejournal]
{{col-3}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/mitchclem/ Mitch Clem's MySpace]
* [http://www.boxcarcomics.com/ Boxcar Comics]
* [http://nn2s.ruby-soho.net Nothing Nice to Say Fanlisting]
* [http://www.youngamericancomics.com/ Young American Comics]
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}

[[Category:Comedy webcomics]]
[[Category:Dayfree Press]]

Mayhem (band)

2006-12-24T17:17:51Z

Jowe27: /* ''Classic'' Line-up (1991-1993) */ a shotgun uses "shells", not "bullets"

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = [[Image:Mayhem Logo.png|Mayhem|100px]]
|Background = group_or_band
|Img = Mayhem Tribute to the Black Emperors.jpg
|Img_capt = Cover of Bootleg 'Tribute to the Black Emperors', Feat: [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous) and [[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead)
|Years_active = [[1981]]-[[1993]], [[1995]] - present
|Origin = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
|Genre = [[Black metal]]
|stylistic_origins=[[Death Metal]], [[Splatter film]], [[Venom (band)|Venom]], [[Satinism]], [[Aleister Crowley]], [[Norse mythology]],
|URL = [http://www.thetruemayhem.com/ www.thetruemayhem.com]
|Label = [[Deathlike Silence Productions|Deathlike Silence]] (1993–1994) Misanthropy Records (1997) [[Century Media]] (1994–1996) [[Season of Mist]]/[[Necropolis Records]] (2000–present)
}}

'''Mayhem''' is an influential [[black metal]] band formed in 1981 in [[Oslo, Norway]]. The name "Mayhem" is said to derive either from the title of a [[Venom (band)|Venom]] song, "Mayhem With Mercy", or the Kerrang! magazine column "Mayhem". Much controversy has followed the various [[murder]]s, [[suicide]]s and other forms of [[violence]] that have surrounded the band since its inception.

Over time Mayhem has evolved through a variety of black metal styles, delving at times into areas of dark avant-garde [[industrial music|industrial]] and [[electronica]]. Highly influential, the group (especially in its 'classic' 1991-1993 incarnation), is widely considered to be one of the cornerstones of the [[black metal]] movement.

==Biography==
===Early Years (1981-1990)===
Mayhem was founded in 1981 by guitarist/vocalist [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] (Øystein Aarseth - then 'Destructor'), bassist [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] (Jørn Stubberud) and drummer [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] (Kjetil Manheim). Euronymous concentrated solely on guitar following the hiring of vocalist Messiah (Eirik Nordheim) in 1986, with Maniac ([[Sven Erik Kristiansen]]) replacing Messiah. The band went on to record their third release, following two demos, ''[[Deathcrush]]'', with Euronymous's newly formed label 'Posercorpse Music'.

By this time Mayhem's sound had developed from their initial [[death metal|death]] / [[Speed metal|speed]] metal influences to arrive at a sound more distinctive, dark and unique. Though maintaining the usual death metal obsessions in gore and violence, more sinister and [[nihilism|nihilistic]] preoccupations with religion and [[paganism]] had emerged, influenced in part by [[Norse mythology]], the philosophy of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], Satanism (though Euronymous opposed the [[Aleister Crowley|Crowleyan]] and [[Anton LaVey|LaVeyan]] brands of Satanism, in favour of a [[Christian]] perspective).

An initial release of 1,000 copies [[Deathcrush]] quickly sold out, and was later successfully repressed in 1993, by the Posercorpse Music label, since having been renamed [[Deathlike Silence Productions]] as a joint venture with Øystein's Oslo specialist record shop [[Helvete]]. Øystein's plans for this new outlet included that it was to be "...like a black church in the future. We've thought about having total darkness inside, so that people would have to carry torches to be able to see the records."

[[Image:early promo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mayhem's ''Classic'' Line-up: l-r: [[Jørn Stubberud]] (Necrobutcher), [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous), [[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead) and [[Jan Axel Blomberg]] (Hellhammer)]]

By the summer of [[1988]] both Manheim and Maniac had left the band; Manheim, tired of 'the life', to get a 'real' job, Maniac, following a failed suicide attempt and confinement in a mental institution. After two brief replacements, their positions were filled by Swede [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] (Per Yngve Ohlin, previously of Morbid), and scene drummer [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] (Jan Axel Blomberg).

Dead, as suggested by his stage name, was melancholic by nature and fascinated by death, decay, and darkness. He left even Euronymous, who by all accounts despised him, expressing concern for his mental stability. Despite this he was well liked on the scene, though regarded as a little naïve.

According to [[Bard Eithun]] "He (Dead) wasn't a guy you could know very well. I think even the other guys in Mayhem didn't know him very well. He was hard to get close to. I met him two weeks before he died. I'd met him maybe six to eight times, all in all. He had lots of weird ideas. I remember Aarseth was talking about him and said he did not have any humour. He did, but it was very obscure. Honestly, I don't think he was enjoying living in this world." {{ref|lords2}}

Dead had, over time, carefully cultivated a notoriety for strange behavior; once burying a set of clothes underground for weeks so that he could later wear the decaying rags onstage. He had kept a rotting raven in a plastic bag so better to "inhale the scent of death" before going on stage. Such morbid fascinations and antics further developed Mayhem's progressing musical atmosphere, and by this point the band's lyrics had moved increasingly toward Satanism, darkness, depression and evil. A focal point of gigs at this time was the planting of pigs heads on stakes, center stage, and Dead cutting himself with a knife.

The new lineup with Dead and Euronymous was quickly to become the band's most notorious. After some live gigs in Norway and Germany (where ''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' was recorded), Mayhem started working on their first full length album: ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]] (Lord Satan's Secret Rites)'', though by the time of its eventual release the two cornerstone members would be dead.

=== ''Classic'' Line-up (1991-1993)===
[[Image:Deadand_e.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Per Yngve Ohlin]] (Dead) and [[Øystein Aarseth]] (Euronymous)'']]
By April [[1991]], [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] was [[Death|dead]], aged 22, having suffered a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head and several lacerations to the wrists, inflicted by a hunting knife he had bought that day. Dead committed suicide in a house he was sharing in Kråkstad with the other members of the band, and left a note asking that they "Excuse all the blood, Cheers." although other members of the band claimed it was more extensive, it also said "the knife was too dull to finish the job so i had to use the shotgun" Euronymous was first to discover the body, and took a series of polaroids of the corpse, some of which were later used as cover art for the bootleg album, "Dawn of the Black Hearts".

According to [[Occultus]], who briefly took position as vocalist after Dead's suicide: "He (Dead) didn't see himself as human; he saw himself as a creature from another world. He said he had many visions that his blood has frozen in his veins, that he was dead. That is the reason he took that name. He knew he would die.."{{ref|lords1}}

The shells used had been sent to him by [[Bergen, Norway]] musician [[Kristian Vikernes]] (aka Varg Vikernes, Count Grishnackh; ex [[Old Funeral]], sole member of black metal band [[Burzum]], later convicted murderer of Euronymous). Euronymous was particularly cold and opportunistic about Dead's suicide; in interviews he claimed, speciously, that Dead had killed himself due to the rising popularity of [[death metal]], the American movement Black Metal had risen against. According to Hellhammer, Euronymous took pieces of Dead's brain and made a stew, in which he put ham, frozen vegetables, and pepper. "He'd always said he wanted to eat flesh, so he figured this was an easy way." Euronymous also claimed to have collected and forged fragments of Dead's skull into necklaces, sending pieces to those he felt 'worthy' (amongst those rumoured to be in possession of such pieces are the members of [[Sweden|Swedish]] black metal band [[Marduk (band)|Marduk]]). Hellhammer has said he made a necklace from Dead's skull fragments as well.

In [[1993]] ''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' was released as the band's tribute to Dead. The release was followed by the acclaimed bootleg ''[[Dawn Of The Black Hearts]]'', though against Euronymous's wishes, the release having been driven by the bands label. Following police and media attention Necrobutcher left Mayhem, thinning the band's ranks down to two.
{{Sound sample box align left|Music sample:}}
{{listen|filename=Mayhem De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas.ogg|title=De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas|description= | format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}}


Later that year, the recording of Mayhem's upcoming album, ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas'' resumed. In Dead's and Necrobutcher's absences, [[Attila Csihar]] handled vocals, with Vikernes on bass.

Due to adverse media and police attention, Euronymous was forced around this time to close his scene focal point record shop [[Helvete]]. By this stage he owed Vikernes 30.000 NOK (for album sales and related costs), which he was refusing to pay back, a fact argued over publicly on several occasions.

On the morning of [[August 10]], 1993, Vikernes traveled, along with 21 year old Blackthorn (Snorre Westvold, of the band [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]), the seven hours between Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. They created alibis, en route, by getting friends to rent a video locally in their names. Upon arrival, Vikernes fatally stabbed Euronymous with a knife. The autopsy revealed that Euronymous suffered twenty-three stab wounds: two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back. However, Vikernes claims that [[Euronymous]] fell onto pieces of broken glass from a lamp shade broken in the ruckus, which he says, attributed to the multiple puncture wounds.

{{Quotation|(He died on) the first floor. I chased him and he fell down in the glass fragments, and I ran past him. I turned around to face him again. He was standing and the other guy came running up. I didn't know whether he was going to attack me too; he was Øystein's best friend. He was with me accidentally. I thought he might attack me because he was Øystein's best friend, I was waiting for it. Øystein got up and the other guy just ran past. Then everything was clear to me. Øystein came against me and I attacked him, quite simply. I got his chest and then I pounded his skull. He just sat down, dying momentarily.|Varg Vikernes|[[Lords of Chaos]]}}

Though initial suspicion pointed towards members of the Swedish scene, Vikernes had left key pieces of evidence, including a blood stained copy of a recording contract (used as the pretense for his visit to Euronymous). Within days Vikernes was apprehended by police and charged with the murder. He has continued to record for his one-man project Burzum while in prison. With only Hellhammer remaining, Mayhem effectively ceased to exist.

=== Later Years (1994-present) ===
[[Image:De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]]]
In 1994, ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'' was released and formally dedicated to Euronymous. Its release had been delayed due to complaints filed by Euronymous' family, who had objected to the presence of bass parts played by Vikernes. Contrary to contemporary reports these were not re-recorded by Hellhammer and appear unblemished.

By late [[1995]] Hellhammer had decided to reform the band with the help of new guitarist Blasphemer ([[Rune Erickson]]) and two previous Mayhem members - Maniac and Necrobutcher. The first release of this new lineup was a 1997 EP titled ''[[Wolf's Lair Abyss]]'', and was followed by a some live European shows. One of these took place in [[Milan]], [[Italy]], guest starring Attila Csihar, and was recorded for the ''[[Mediolanum Capta Est]]'' live album of that year.
[[Image:Mayhem_current_lineup.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Mayhem's current lineup. l-R [[Jørn Stubberud]] (Necrobutcher), [[Jan Axel Blomberg]] (Hellhammer), [[Attila Csihar]] (Attila), [[Rune Erickson]] (Blasphemer) ]]
In [[2000]] the band's second full-length CD, ''[[Grand Declaration of War]]'' was released. Strongly influenced by [[progressive metal|progressive]] and [[avant garde metal|avant-garde metal]], the album was concept-based, dealing with themes of war and post-apocalyptic destruction. Maniac largely abandoned the traditional black metal rasp for dramatic spoken-word monologue, with most of the songs sequencing seamlessly into one another. Reaction to the album was polarized. Some criticised the album for its avant-garde and electronic elements, which they perceived as pretentious, while others saw it as a laudable attempt to recreate and redefine black metal (critic [[BNR Metal|Brian Russ]] called it "really the first cohesive work the band has ever done" and "a fitting culmination to their career thus far"). In retrospect, the electronic elements of the album were often heavily overstated by its detractors, appearing notably in only a single track, "A Bloodsword and a Colder Sun."

{{Sound sample box align left|Music sample:}}
{{listen|filename=Mayhem You must fall.ogg|title=You must fall |description= |format=[[Ogg]]}}{{sample box end}}

After a four year silence, Mayhem released ''[[Chimera (Mayhem album)|Chimera]]'' in [[2004]]. It showed a return to their earlier raw and brutal style, but with considerably better production values than earlier releases. ''Chimera'' still maintained a progressive edge, perhaps due to increasing input from Blasphemer. In 2004, Maniac was forced out of the band. [[Glossophobia|Stage fright]] had lead to both dependence on alcohol and reluctance to tour, which frustrated his bandmates. It is rumored that Necrobutcher signaled his departure from Mayhem by kicking him down a flight of stairs, after Maniac had gotten drunk before a gig and been unable to remember the lyrics. [[Attila Csihar]] was reinstated as Maniac's replacement.

The band is currently in the process of recording a new album, titled ''Ordo ab Chao'', scheduled for release sometime in 2006. As of May the 4th 2006, Mayhem is signed to "Seasons of Mist" records, a French label specialising in Black Metal. As of yet no release date has been announced, though "upcoming" should be hinting at an autumn release.

==Controversies==
Like several other black metal bands, Mayhem is sometimes associated with [[nationalism]] and even [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazism]]. Such accusations are based on racist statements made by Hellhammer, photos of Necrobutcher in front of a [[Reichskriegsflagge]] and band merchandise featuring both the [[3rd SS Division Totenkopf|Totenkopf]] emblem and a stylised version of the symbol of the military branch of [[Nasjonal Samling]]. The latter is classified as an illegal (racist) symbol in Norway. There exist no official statements on the matter from any of Mayhem's members.

==Band members==

{| class="toccolours" border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float: right; width: 375px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #E2E2E2;"
|+ <big>'''[[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] band members</big>
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1981-1985)
|
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]], [[vocals]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1986)
|
* Messiah - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1986-1987)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Kjetil Manheim|Manheim]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1987)
|
* Kittil - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* Torben - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1988-1991)
|
* [[Per Yngve Ohlin|Dead]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1992)
|
* [[Stian Johannsen|Occultus]] - [[bass guitar]], [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1993)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1993)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Thorns (band)|Blackthorn]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1994)
| SPLIT
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1995-1997)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1997-1998)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* Nordgaren - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1998-2004)
|
* [[Sven Erik Kristiansen|Maniac]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|-
! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2004-present)
|
* [[Attila Csihar]] - [[vocals]]
* [[Rune Erickson|Blasphemer]] - [[guitar]]
* [[Jørn Stubberud|Necrobutcher]] - [[bass guitar]]
* [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] - [[drums]]
|}

==Discography==
===Albums (Studio)===

*''[[Deathcrush]]'' [EP] - ([[1987]])
*''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'' - ([[1994]])
*''[[Wolf's Lair Abyss]]'' [EP] - ([[1997]])
*''[[Grand Declaration of War]]'' - ([[2000]])
*''[[Chimera (Mayhem album)|Chimera]]'' - ([[2004]])

===Albums (Live)===
*''[[Live in Leipzig]]'' [Live] - ([[1993]])
*''[[Mediolanum Capta Est]]'' [Live] - ([[1999]])
*''[[Live In Marseille 2000]]'' [Live] - ([[2001]])

===Albums (Compilation)===
*''[[Out From The Dark]]'' [Compilation] - ([[1996]])
*''Ancient Skin / Necrolust'' [Compilation] - ([[1997]])
*''[[European Legions]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2001]])
*''[[U.S. Legions]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2001]])
*''The Studio Experience'' [Box Set] - ([[2002]])
*''[[Legions of War]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2003]])
===Albums (Split)===
*''Necrolust / Total Warfare'' [Split CD] - ([[1999]])
*''Freezing Moon / Jihad'' [Split CD] - ([[2002]])
===Demos/Promos===

*''Mayhem'' - ([[1983]]) - Never Released{{fact}}
*''[[Voice of a Tortured Skull]]'' [Demo] - ([[1986]])
*''[[Pure Fucking Armageddon]]'' [Demo] - ([[1986]])

===Bootlegs===
*''Live Zeitz'' [Bootleg] - ([[1990]])
*''[[Dawn of the Black Hearts]]'' [Bootleg] - ([[1991]])
**Includes the legendary performance in Sarpsborg in 1990 with Dead, as well as Mayhem's first ever live performance in Lillehammer in 1986. The cover is one of the photos of Dead's suicide taken by Euronymous.
*''From The Darkest Past'' [Bootleg] - ([[1993]])
**An instrumental rehearsal from the ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas'' period, including most of the tracks from said album.
*''A Tribute To The Black Emperors [Bootleg - Split w/Morbid] - ([[1994]])
**Includes the ''December Moon'' demo of Dead's previous band, Morbid, released in 1987. It also features a compilation of Mayhem tracks: "Necrolust" from ''Deathcrush'', "Funeral Fog" from ''Live in Leipzig'', and "The Freezing Moon" and "Carnage," from the ''Projections of a Stained Mind'' compilation released on CBR in 1991. The tracks from the ''Projections of a Stained Mind'' compilation are the only two studio songs Mayhem ever recorded with Dead on vocals.
*''In Memorium'' [Bootleg] - ([[1996]])
**Includes a 1991 rehearsal featuring the "classic" lineup of Euronymous, Dead, Necrobutcher, and Hellhammer, an instrumental rehearsal from 1992 featuring Varg Vikernes on bass, and a rehearsal from 1991, after Dead's suicide, featuring the short-lived member Stian Occultus on bass and vocals.

==Videography==
*''Live In Bischofswerda'' [VHS] - ([[1998]])
*''European Legions: Live In Marseille 2000'' [VHS & DVD] - ([[2001]])
*Appearance in [[Metal: A Headbanger's Journey]] ([[2005]])
*Appearance in BBC One World series - Episode Name: 'Death Metal Murders' 2005

==See also==

* [[Season of Mist]] - Mayhem's record label
*[[Bathory (band)|Bathory]] - An early [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[black metal]] band and a large source of musical inspiration for Mayhem.
*[[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]] - [[Avantgarde metal]] band formed in 1987 under the name ''Mortem'' by [[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] and [[Sverd|Steinar Johnson]].
*[[Burzum]] - The primary band of [[Varg Vikernes|Count Grishnackh]], who murdered Euronymous and played bass on ''De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas''.
*[[Darkthrone]] - Black metal band formed in 1986 (Under the name Black Death) who originally played death metal; its members were part of the original inner circle.
*[[Emperor (band)|Emperor]] - A well-known symphonic black metal band with members in Euronymous' inner circle.
*[[Immortal (band)|Immortal]] - Well known black metal band (1989-2004) hailing from Bergen, Norway. Euronymous apparently helped in the changing of style in their songs (from a more death-black to a more black sound). Also known to have been in contact with Count Grishnakh
*[[Thorns (band)|Thorns]] - The primary black metal band of Blackthorn, who indirectly aided in the murder of Euronymous.
*[[Venom (band)|Venom]] - An early [[England|English]] [[black metal]] band which inspired [[Mayhem]].

==References==
<div class="references-small">
# {{note|Lords1}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 4, P59. Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''
# {{note|Lords2}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 4, P54. Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''
# {{note|Lords3}} ''Moynihan & Soderlind (1998). ''Lords of Chaos'' (2nd ed.) Chapter 7, P238 Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-94-6''

</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.thetruemayhem.com/ Mayhem Official site]
* [http://www.BlackMetal.net/Mayhem/ Mayhem Tribute site] (A Tribute to the Mayhem releases inspired by the true essence of Black Metal)

{{mayhem (band)}}

[[Category:Mayhem]]
[[Category:Norwegian musical groups]]
[[Category:Black metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Norwegian heavy metal musical groups]]

[[de:Mayhem]]
[[es:Mayhem]]
[[fr:Mayhem]]
[[id:Mayhem]]
[[is:Mayhem]]
[[it:Mayhem]]
[[he:מייהם]]
[[hu:Mayhem]]
[[nl:Mayhem]]
[[ja:メイヘム]]
[[no:Mayhem]]
[[pl:Mayhem]]
[[pt:Mayhem]]
[[ro:Mayhem]]
[[ru:Mayhem]]
[[sk:Mayhem (Nórsko)]]
[[fi:Mayhem]]
[[sv:Mayhem]]
[[tr:Mayhem (grup)]]

1991 in music

2006-12-13T19:18:08Z

Jowe27: /* Events */

{{ yearbox|
| in?=in music
| cp=19th Century
| c=20th century
| cf=21st century

| yp1=1988
| yp2=1989
| yp3=1990
| year=1991
| ya1=1992
| ya2=1993
| ya3=1994

| dp3=1960s
| dp2=1970s
| dp1=1980s
| d=1990s
| dn1=2000s
| dn2=2010s
| dn3=2020s
}}

'''See also:'''
* [[1991 in music (UK)]]
* [[1991|other events of 1991]]
* [[list of 'years in music']]
* [[Timeline of trends in music (1990-present)|1990s in music]]

==Events==
1991 was the year that [[grunge music]] made its popular breakthrough. [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s ''[[Nevermind]]'', led by the surprise hit single "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]", became the most popular U.S. album of the year. Followed immediately by other grunge bands like [[Alice in Chains]], [[Pearl Jam]] and [[Soundgarden]], grunge dominated the U.S. charts for the next few years. Its success effectively ended pop-oriented, [[1980s]] [[hair metal]] groups like [[Def Leppard]], [[Mötley Crüe]], [[Poison (band)|Poison]] and [[Ratt]], whose sales and critical viability were beginning to decline for about two years previously. (Oddly, the rock band [[Guns N' Roses]]'s popularity flourished. Van Halen also seemed to continue with their popularity thourghout 1991.) Grunge also ended [[Los Angeles]]' status as the city for rock music stardom, and established [[Seattle]] as such.

[[A Tribe Called Quest]]'s ''[[Low End Theory]]'' was released this year; it would go on to be considered one of the best [[hip hop music|hip hop]] albums of the [[1990s]]. A Tribe Called Quest, along with [[De La Soul]], [[Dream Warriors]], [[Gang Starr]] and the [[Poor Righteous Teachers]], helped define what came to be known as [[alternative rap]] with important releases this year.

[[Queen (band)|Queen]] frontman [[Freddie Mercury]] died at home in London on [[November 24]], due to [[AIDS]] complications. Rumors had been circulating that Mercury had AIDS, but the death came as a shock to millions of fans and the music industry. The remaining members of Queen formed [[the Mercury Phoenix Trust]] and the following year, a [[The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert|tribute concert]] was staged in Wembley Stadium. A sell-out crowd in attendance witnessed the three surviving members reuniting to play along with performances by the likes of [[David Bowie]], [[Elton John]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Def Leppard]], [[Metallica]] and [[George Michael]].

[[Queen (band)|Queen's]] [[Bohemian Rhapsody]] goes to number one for the second time, which is the first and only time a single has gone to number one in the same version more than once. It was also the first and only time a single has gone to number one more than once on the UK christmas charts. It has now spent a total of 14 weeks on the UK charts.

[[1991]] was also the year [[Contemporary Christian music|CCM]], or contemporary Christian music, reached a new peak. [[Amy Grant]], who had already crossed back and forth between CCM and pop in the mid-80s, achieved her (and CCM's) first #1 hit on the pop charts with the hit single "Baby Baby." Another single, "That's What Love Is For," would also top the charts, this time in the Adult Contemporary field. Meanwhile, Grant's album ''[[Heart In Motion]]'' reaches #10 on the pop chart and #1 on the Christian chart despite its non-religious objective, and quickly become a best-seller. Another CCM crossover artist in 1991 is [[Michael W. Smith]], who achieves a Top Ten pop hit with his single "Place In This World." The subsequent album, ''[[Go West Young Man]]'', is also a hit.

The massive success of [[Garth Brooks]] in this year sets the stage for the mid-[[1990s]] influx of pop-oriented [[country music]]ians. In addition, several soon-to-be pivotal bands form or release debuts, including future pioneers in [[riot grrl]] punk ([[Bikini Kill]], [[Bratmobile]], [[Huggy Bear]]), [[jam band]]s ([[moe.]], [[Dave Matthews Band]], [[Phish]], [[Spin Doctors]]) and [[stoner metal]] ([[Kyuss]], [[Sleep (band)|Sleep]], [[The Obsessed]]). [[Massive Attack]]'s ''[[Blue Lines]]'', while unique at the time, invented the sound that would eventually become known as [[trip hop]]. [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]]'s ''[[Clandestine (album)|Clandestine]]'' and [[Dismember (band)|Dismember]]'s ''[[Like an Ever Flowing Stream]]'' are early releases from the [[Scandinavian metal]] scene. On the other side of the Atlantic, New York death metal band [[Suffocation]] release their debut full-length [[Effigy of the Forgotten]], often considered one of the most influential extreme metal albums ever recorded. [[Trance music]] rises to prominence in the underground dance scene of [[Frankfurt, Germany]], pioneered by such producers as [[Dance 2 Trance]] and [[Resistance D]]. [[U2]] release their seventh album ''[[Achtung Baby]]'', considered by many of their fans to be their best album. [[Metallica]] also released their most commercially successful [[Metallica (album)|self-titled album]], and the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] broke through to the mainstream with their critically and commercially acclaimed ''[[Blood Sugar Sex Magik]]''.
*[[January 18]] - Three people are crushed to death during an [[AC/DC]] concert in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] when audience members rushed the stage.
*[[February 27]] - [[James Brown (musician)|James Brown]] is granted an early parole and released from jail. Brown had been arrested after leading Police on a high speed chase through two states in [[1989]]. [[Pop Will Eat Itself]] documented the affair with their song, "Not Now James, We're Busy".
*[[February 28]] - [[Hollywood, California]]'s [[Record Plant Studios]] recording studio closes its doors. Among the albums recorded at the Record Plant were [[The Eagles]]' ''[[Hotel California]]'', [[Fleetwood Mac]]'s ''[[Rumours]]'' and [[Stevie Wonder]]'s ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''
*[[March 11]] - [[Janet Jackson]] signs a $30 million (US) contract with [[Virgin Records]], making her the highest paid female recording artist ever.
*[[March 16]] - Seven members of country music singer [[Reba McEntire]]'s band and her road manager are killed when their private plane crashes in [[California]], near the [[U.S.-Mexico border]]. McEntire travels on a separate plane.
*[[March 20]]
**[[Michael Jackson]] signs a $1 billion contract with [[Sony]].
**[[Eric Clapton]]'s four-year-old son, Conor, dies after falling 53 stories from a [[New York City]] apartment window. (The death of his son would inspire Clapton to write "Tears in Heaven".)
*[[March 24]] - [[The Black Crowes]] are dropped as the opening act of [[ZZ Top]]'s tour for repeatedly insulting the tour's sponsor, [[Miller Beer]].
*[[March 27]] - [[New Kids on the Block]]'s [[Donnie Wahlberg]] is arrested in [[Louisville, Kentucky]] for allegedly setting his hotel room on fire.
*[[March 28]] - [[George Harrison]], [[Phil Collins]] and others attend funeral services for [[Eric Clapton]]'s late son, Conor.
*[[April 28]] - [[Bonnie Raitt]] marries actor [[Michael Noonan O'Keefe]] in [[New York]].
*[[May 7]] - In [[Macon, Georgia]], a judge dismisses a [[wrongful death]] lawsuit against [[Ozzy Osbourne]]. The suit was filed by a local couple that believed their son was inspired to attempt [[suicide]] by Osbourne's music.
*[[May 10]] - ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare|Truth or Dare]]'', a documentary chronicling singer [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s 1990 [[Blond Ambition Tour]], is released to theatres.
*[[June 18]]- [[Van Halen]] releases their ninth album ''[[For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge]]'', spawing the huge ballad hit "Right Now" and the Top Billboard 30 hit "[[Top of the World (Van Halen song)|Top of the World]]"
*July - Launch of the [[Australian Festival of Chamber Music]].
*[[August 13]] - [[Metallica]] releases their most successful album, "Metallica" (also called "The Black Album"). This album is somewhat of a departure from the [[thrash metal]] sound they helped pioneer. Though it is one of the best selling albums of all time<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/diamond.asp RIAA.com Diamond Certified Albums]</ref>, many fans are unhappy with the direction the sound is going.
*[[August 27]] - [[Dr. Dre]] pleads no contest to charges that he beat up a woman at a West Hollywood nightclub. Dr. Dre is sentenced to 24 months probation.
*[[September 17]] - [[Guns N' Roses]] release the highly anticipated albums [[Use Your Illusion I]] & [[Use Your Illusion II|II]] which debut at the two highest spots on the [[Billboard 200]], the first such feat for a rock act. The albums went on to sell 7 million copies each and spawned the most expensive music videos ever made and a very controversey-laden multi-year world tour.
*[[September 24]] - [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] releases ''[[Nevermind]]'', debuting at #144 on the [[Billboard 200]]. [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] also release their 5th album ''[[Blood Sugar Sex Magik]]'' on the same day.
*[[Tupac Shakur]]'s solo career begins with his first album, [[2Pacalypse Now]], however it does not do well. 6 year old Qa'id Walker is shot dead by a stray bullet during a confrontation between Tupac's entourage and a rival group.
*[[October 25]] - [[Steely Dan]] spontaneously reunites
*[[Whitney Houston]] sings "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" at the [[Super Bowl]]. The recording is then released and becomes a hit single.
*[[Britney Spears]] appears on ''[[Star Search]]''
*Country music legend [[Kenny Rogers]] stars his restaurant chain, "Kenny Rogers Roasters," serving up tasty chicken.
*[[Perry Farrell]] organizes the first [[Lollapalooza]] tour as a farewell for his just-dissolved band, [[Jane's Addiction]]
*[[Nas (rapper)|Nas]] joins [[Main Source]]
*[[The Pharcyde]] signs to [[Delicious Vinyl]], their first label
*The original surviving members of [[Bill Haley and His Comets]] from the 1950s reunite for a [[Europe|European]] concert tour, and soon after resume regular touring and recording engagements that continue as of 2005.

==Bands formed==
*[[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]
*[[Love Battery]]
*[[Shakira]]
*[[Sublime (band)|Sublime]]
*[[Cradle of Filth]]
*[[Dave Matthews Band]]
*[[moe.]]
*[[AFI (band)|AFI]]
*[[Bratmobile]]
*[[Candlebox]]
*[[Cracker (band)|Cracker]]
*[[Digable Planets]]
*[[Glue Gun (band)|Glue Gun]] forms (under the name Glü Gun)
*[[Huggy Bear]] forms in [[Brighton]], [[England]]
*[[Local H]]
*[[Stabbing Westward]] forms in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
*[[Unwritten Law]]
*[[Jermaine Dupri]] discovers [[Kris Kross]] performing at a mall in [[Atlanta]]
*The [[Phunk Junkeez]] form in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
*[[Rage Against the Machine]]
*[[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] forms in [[Berkeley, California]]
*[[Vertical Horizon]]
*[[Leftfield]], an [[electronica]] duo forms in [[London]], [[England]]
2 unlimited

==Bands disbanded==
*[[Devo]]
*[[Jane's Addiction]]
*[[The Replacements]]
*[[Talking Heads]]
*[[N.W.A.]]
*[[Galaxie 500]]
*[[The Primitives]]
*[[Transvision Vamp]]
*[[Bronski Beat]]
*[[Talk Talk]]
*[[Moev]]
*[[This Mortal Coil]]
*[[The Men They Couldn't Hang]]
*[[The La's]]
*[[Bros]]
*[[Furniture (band)|Furniture]]
*[[Fields of the Nephilim]]

==Albums released==
*''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' - [[2Pac]]
*''Derelicts of Dialect'' - [[3rd Bass]]
*''[[Spellbound (music album)|Spellbound]]'' - [[Paula Abdul]]
*''[[The Razor's Edge (album)|The Razor's Edge]]'' - [[AC/DC]]
*''[[Waking Up the Neighbours]]'' - [[Bryan Adams]]
*''Ascension'' - [[The Aints]]
*''Gülümse'' - [[Sezen Aksu]]
*''Greatest Hits Volume 1'' - [[Anal Cunt]]
*''Coolin' At The Playground Ya Know'' - [[Another Bad Creation]]
*''[[Attack of the Killer B's]]'' - [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]]
*''[[Blood for Blood (album)|Blood for Blood]]'' - [[Aria (Russian band)|Aria]]
*''To Mother'' - [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]]
*''[['80-'85]]'' - [[Bad Religion]] (compilation of their older albums)
*''[[Pop Life (album)|Pop Life]]'' - [[Bananarama]]
*''[[True Love (Pat Benatar album)|True Love]]'' - [[Pat Benatar]]
*''[[The Globe (album)|The Globe]]'' - [[Big Audio Dynamite II]]
*''Prince of Darkness'' - [[Big Daddy Kane]]
*''Midnight Radio'' - Big Head Todd & the Monsters
*''Revolution Girl Style Now'' - [[Bikini Kill]] (debut, independent demo cassette)
*''I Need a Haircut'' - [[Biz Markie]]
*''[[Blind Melon (album)]]'' - [[Blind Melon]]
*''Travelers and Thieves'' - [[Blues Traveler]]
*''[[Leisure (album)|Leisure]]'' - [[Blur (band)|Blur]] (debut)
* ''[[War Master]]'' - [[Bolt Thrower (band)|Bolt Thrower]]
* ''Vodou Adjae'' - [[Boukman Eksperyans]]
*''8 Duets: Hamburg 1991'' - [[Anthony Braxton]]
*''Ropin' the Wind'' - [[Garth Brooks]]
*''Star Time'' - [[James Brown]]
*''Space I'm In'' - The Candyskins (debut)
*''Butchered at Birth'' - [[Cannibal Corpse]]
*''[[Emotions]]'' - [[Mariah Carey]]
*''Intérprete'' - Beth Carvalho
*''Reflexive Universe'' - [[C.C.C.C.]]
*''[[Chagall Guevara (album)|Chagall Guevara]]'' - [[Chagall Guevara]]
*''Whirlpool'' - [[Chapterhouse]] (debut)
*''[[Don't Fear the Reaper (EP)]]'' - [[Clint Ruin]] & [[Lydia Lunch]]
*''Nothing but a Burning Light'' - [[Bruce Cockburn]]
*''[[Marc Cohn (album)|Marc Cohn]]'' - [[Marc Cohn]] (debut)
*''[[Love's Secret Domain]]'' - [[Coil (band)]]
*''C.M.B.'' - [[Color Me Badd]]
*''String Of Pearls'' - [[Deborah Conway]]
*''[[Hey Stoopid]]'' - [[Alice Cooper]]
*''[[Mighty Like a Rose]]'' - [[Elvis Costello]]
*''[[Ceremony (album)|Ceremony]]'' - [[The Cult]]
*''Entreat'' - [[The Cure]]
*''Island'' - [[Current 93]] with HÖH ( [[Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson]] )
*''Lactating Purple'' - Helios Creed
*''This Is Not The Way Home'' - [[The Cruel Sea (band)|The Cruel Sea]]
*''[[Cypress Hill (album)|Cypress Hill]]'' - [[Cypress Hill]] (debut)
*''85-86'' - [[Dag Nasty]]
*''Italia Mia'' - [[Dalida]] (compilation)
*''Les Années Barlay (1956-1970)'' - Dalida (compilation)
*''Blwch Tymer Tymor'' - [[Datblygu]]
*''[[Human (album)|Human]]'' - [[Death (band)|Death]]
*''Water (ep)'' - [[Def FX]]
*''[[De La Soul Is Dead]]'' - [[De La Soul]]
*''I Wish My Brother George Was Here'' - [[Del Tha Funkee Homosapien]]
*''Kaira'' - [[Toumani Diabaté]]
*''I '' - [[Die Krupps]]
*''[[Green Mind]]'' - [[Dinosaur Jr.]]
*''[[On Every Street]]'' - [[Dire Straits]]
*''[[Open Doors, Closed Windows]]'' - [[Disco Inferno (band)|Disco Inferno]]
*''[[Like an Ever Flowing Stream]]'' - [[Dismember (band)|Dismember]]
*''Divinyls'' - [[Divinyls]]
*''[[Homebase]]'' - [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince]]
*''[[Vinyl (album)|Vinyl]]'' - [[Dramarama (band)|Dramarama]]
*''[[5,000,000]] - [[Dread Zeppelin]]
*''And Now the Legacy Begins'' - [[Dream Warriors]]
*''Ex:El'' - [[808 State]]
*''Electronic'' - [[Electronic (band)|Electronic]] (debut)
*''[[Schubert Dip]]'' - [[EMF (band)|EMF]]
*''[[Clandestine (album)|Clandestine]]'' - [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]]
*''Chorus'' - [[Erasure]]
*''[[Into the Light (Gloria Estefan album)|Into the Light]]'' - [[Gloria Estefan]]
*''[[Prisoners in Paradise]]'' - [[Europe (band)|Europe]]
*''[[L'Autre...]]'' - [[Mylène Farmer]]
*''Time for a Witness'' - [[The Feelies]] (final album)
*''The Reality of My Surroundings'' - [[Fishbone]]
*''[[Believing in Better]]'' - [[Lennie Gallant]]
*''Step in the Arena'' - [[Gang Starr]]
*''[[We Can't Dance]]'' - [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] (first album in 5 years)
*''Mo' Ritmo'' - [[Gerardo]]
*''João'' (album) - [[João Gilberto]]
*''Infrared Roses'' - [[Grateful Dead]]
*''Heart In Motion'' - [[Amy Grant]]
*''Hooked'' - [[Great White]]
*''[[Use Your Illusion I]]'' - [[Guns N' Roses]]
*''[[Use Your Illusion II]]'' - Guns N' Roses
*''Masturbatorium'' - [[The Hafler Trio]]
*''Yummy!'' - [[Hard-Ons]]
*''[[Havana 3am (album)|Havana 3am]]'' - [[Havana 3am]] (debut)
*''[[Pretty on the Inside]]'' - [[Hole (band)|Hole]] (debut)
*''I'm On Your Side'' - [[Jennifer Holliday]]
*''[[OG: Original Gangster]]'' - [[Ice-T]]
*''[[Iced Earth (album)|Iced Earth]]'' - [[Iced Earth]] (debut)
**Released in the [[United States]] for the first time.
*''[[The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move...It's the Infectious Grooves]]'' - The [[Infectious Grooves]]
*''X'' - [[INXS]]
*''Nada dan Dakwah'' - [[Rhoma Irama]]
*''Dangerous'' - [[Michael Jackson]]
*''[[Doubt (album)|Doubt]]'' - [[Jesus Jones]]
*''[[Catfish Rising]]'' - [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]
*''Page of Life'' - [[Jon & Vangelis]]
*''Amen'' - [[Salif Keita]]
*''Face the Nation'' - [[Kid 'n Play]] (final album)
*''[[The White Room]]'' - [[The KLF]]
*''Funke, Funke Wisdom'' - [[Kool Moe Dee]]
*''[[Wretch (album)|Wretch]]'' - [[Kyuss]] (debut)
*''Smell the Magic'' - [[L7 (band)|L7]]
*''The La's'' - [[The La's]] (debut, final album)
*''LaTour'' - [[LaTour]]
*''A Little Ain't Enough'' - [[David Lee Roth]]
*''Future Without a Past'' - [[Leaders of the New School]] (debut)
*''V'' - [[Legião Urbana]]
*''[[Biscuits (album)|Biscuits]]'' - [[Living Colour]] (EP)
*''Buena Suerte'' - Los Rodrígues
*''[[San Antorium]]'' - [[Lowlife (band)|Lowlife]]
*''Shotgun Wedding'' - [[Lydia Lunch]] and [[Rowland S. Howard]]
*''Geetan Bhari Patari'' - [[Gurdas Maan]]
*''[[It's... Madness Too]] - [[Madness (band)|Madness]]
*''[[The Yngwie Malmsteen Collection]]'' - [[Yngwie J. Malmsteen]] (his first compilation album)
*''[[Blue Lines]]'' - [[Massive Attack]]
*''International Pop Overthrow'' - Material Issue (debut)
*''[[Solace (Sarah McLachlan album)]]'' - [[Sarah McLachlan]]
*''Bullhead'' - [[Melvins]]
*''[[Eggnog (album)|Eggnog]]'' - Melvins
*''Kindala'' - Margareth Menezes
*''Daniela Mercury '' - [[Daniela Mercury]]
*''We Are Here'' - [[Marc Trauner|Mescalinum United]]
*''[[The Human Factor (album)|The Human Factor]]'' - [[Metal Church]]
*''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]'' - [[Metallica]]
*''Mind Funk'' - [[Mind Funk]] (debut)
*''[[Let's Get To It]]'' - [[Kylie Minogue]]
*''[[Madra]]'' - [[Miranda Sex Garden]]
*''[[Spine of God]]'' - [[Monster Magnet]]
*''[[Lean Into It]]'' - [[Mr. Big (band)|Mr. Big]]
*''Blessed are the Sick'' - [[Morbid Angel]]
*''The Mormon Tabernacle Choir Sings Hymns Of Faith'' - The [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]]
*''[[Kill Uncle]]'' - [[Morrissey]]
*''[[1916 (album)|1916]]'' - [[Motörhead]]
*''Hoodoo'' - [[Alison Moyet]]
*''[[Loveless (album)|Loveless]]'' - [[My Bloody Valentine]] (final album)
*''Sexplosion!'' - [[My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult]]
*''[[13-Point Program to Destroy America]]'' - [[Nation of Ulysses]]
*''[[God Fodder]]'' - [[Ned's Atomic Dustbin]] (debut)
*''Day 1'' - [[Robbie Nevil]]
*''[[Nevermind]]'' - [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
*''Niggaz4life'' - [[N.W.A.]] (final album)
*''[[Ribbed]]'' - [[NOFX]]
*''Lunar Womb'' - [[The Obsessed]]
*''The Orb's Adventures Beneath the Overworld'' - [[The Orb]]
*''Orbital (The Green Album)'' - [[Orbital (band)]]
*''Horrorscope'' - [[Overkill (band)|Overkill]]
*''[[No More Tears]]'' - [[Ozzy Osbourne]]
*''[[Ten (Pearl Jam album)|Ten]]'' - [[Pearl Jam]] (debut)
*''[[Pennywise (album)|Pennywise]]'' - [[Pennywise (band)|Pennywise]]
*''Into the Great Wide Open'' - [[Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers]]
*''[[A Picture of Nectar]]'' - [[Phish]]
*''[[Lawn Boy]]'' - Phish
*''[[Positively Phranc]]'' - [[Phranc]]
*''[[Trompe le Monde]]'' - [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]] (final album before disbanding)
*''[[Swallow This Live]]'' - [[Poison (band)|Poison]]
*''Pure Poverty'' - [[Poor Righteous Teachers]]
*''[[Screamadelica]]'' - [[Primal Scream]]
*''[[Sailing the Seas of Cheese]]'' - [[Primus (band)|Primus]]
*''Diamonds and Pearls'' - [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
*''The Missing Years'' - [[John Prine]]
*''[[Grandes Exitos (Los Prisioneros)|Grandes Exitos]]'' - [[Los Prisioneros]]
*''World Outside'' - [[The Psychedelic Furs]] (final album)
*''[[Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black]]'' - [[Public Enemy]]
*''Luck of the Draw'' - [[Bonnie Raitt]]
*''[[Innuendo (album)|Innuendo]]'' - [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
*''[[Out of Time (album)|Out of Time]]'' - [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]
*''Ratt N' Roll 8191'' - [[Ratt]]
*''[[Blood Sugar Sex Magik]]'' - [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*''[[Harmony Ranch]] - [[Riders in the Sky]]
*''Saints and Sinners'' - [[Kane Roberts]]
*''Horrorific Atrocities'' - [[Rotting Flesh (band)]]
*''[[Joyride (Roxette album)|Joyride]]'' - [[Roxette]]
*''[[Roll The Bones]]'' - [[Rush (band)|Rush]]
*''Heartbeat'' - [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]
*''[[Streets: A Rock Opera]]'' - [[Savatage]]
*''[[Scamboogery]]'' - [[Scatterbrain]]
*''[[School of Fish (album)|School of Fish]]'' - [[School of Fish]] (debut)
*''[[Uncle Anesthesia]]'' - [[Screaming Trees]]
*''Seal'' - [[Seal (singer)|Seal]] (debut)
*''[[Arise (album)|Arise]]'' - [[Sepultura]]
*''[[Magia (Shakira album)|Magia]]'' - [[Shakira]]
*''Hilang Permataku'' - [[Yuni Shara]]
*''[[Ask the Ages]]'' - [[Sonny Sharrock]]
*''[[Real Life (Simple Minds album)|Real Life]]'' - [[Simple Minds]]
*''[[Superstition (album)|Superstition]]'' - [[Siouxsie & the Banshees]]
*''[[Slave to the Grind]]'' - [[Skid Row (heavy metal band)|Skid Row]]
*''[[Skin Yard|1,000 Smiling Knuckles]]'' - [[Skin Yard]]
*''Wayward Sons of Mother Earth'' - [[Skyclad]]
*''[[Suit suit...hehehe]]'' - [[Slank]]
*''Volume One'' - [[Sleep (band)|Sleep]] (debut)
*''[[Spiderland]]'' - [[Slint]]
*''[[Gish]]'' - [[Smashing Pumpkins]] (debut)
*''Blow Up'' - [[The Smithereens]]
*''[[Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell]]'' - [[Social Distortion]]
*''Qui Sème le Vent Récolte le Tempo'' - [[MC Solaar]]
*''[[Badmotorfinger]]'' - [[Soundgarden]]
*''[[Pocket Full of Kryptonite]]'' - [[Spin Doctors]]
*''The Soul Cages'' - [[Sting]]
*''[[Jah Won't Pay the Bills]]'' - [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]] (debut, independent demo cassette)
*''At The Village Vanguard'' - [[Sun Ra]] Sextet
*''[[No Pocky for Kitty]]'' - [[Superchunk]]
*''[[Tossing Seeds|Tossing Seeds (Singles 89-91)]]'' - [[Superchunk]]
*''Effigy of The Forgotten'' - [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]]
*''[[Mistaken Identity]]'' - [[Donna Summer]]
*''Overspill'' - [[Sun Dial]]
*''By Heart'' - [[Brenda K. Starr]]
*''[[Keep It Comin']]'' - [[Keith Sweat]]
*''Girlfriend'' - [[Matthew Sweet]]
*''[[Laughing Stock]]'' - [[Talk Talk]] (final album)
*''[[Temple of the Dog (album)|Temple of the Dog]]'' - [[Temple of the Dog]] (debut, final album)
*''Psychotic Supper'' - [[Tesla (band)|Tesla]]
*''[[Babyteeth]]'' - [[Therapy?]] (debut)
*''[[Miscellaneous T]]'' - [[They Might Be Giants]]
*''Violent Impression'' - [[This Picture]] (debut)
*''[[The Real Ramona]]'' - [[Throwing Muses]]
*''Everybody's Angel'' - [[Tanita Tikaram]]
*''Tin Machine II'' - Tin Machine (final album)
*''[[Fear (Toad the Wet Sprocket album)|fear]]'' - [[Toad the Wet Sprocket]]
*''Little Magnets Versus the Bubble of Babble'' - [[Transvision Vamp]] (final album)
*''[[The Low End Theory]]'' - [[A Tribe Called Quest]]
*''Boss of the Bass'' - [[Jamaaladeen Tacuma]]
*''Slow, Deep and Hard - [[Type O Negative]]
As Ugly As They Want To Be - Ugly kid Joe
*''Unsane'' - [[Unsane]]
*''[[Achtung Baby]]'' - [[U2]]
*''[[For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge]]'' - [[Van Halen]]
*''Circuladô'' - [[Caetano Veloso]]
*''Vital Signs 2'' - [[Vital Signs (pop band)|Vital Signs]]
*''[[Why Do Birds Sing?]]'' - [[Violent Femmes]]
*''Honey Lingers'' - [[Voice of the Beehive]]
*''Warfaze'' - [[Warfaze]]
*''[[The Pod]]'' - [[Ween]]
*''Widespread Panic'' - [[Widespread Panic]]
*''Love Wars'' - [[Womack & Womack]]
*''[[In Celebration of Life]] - [[Yanni]]
*''Baby'' - [[Yello]]
*''Play Kurt Weill'' - [[The Young Gods]]
*''[[The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life]]'' - [[Frank Zappa]] (recorded live during the [[1988]] world tour)
*''[[Mr. Bad Example]]'' - [[Warren Zevon]]

==Top hits==
*"[[Alive (song)|Alive]]" - [[Pearl Jam]]
*"[[All The Man That I Need]]" - [[Whitney Houston]]
*"American Music" - [[The Violent Femmes]]
*"Baby Baby" - [[Amy Grant]]
*"[[Black Or White]]" - [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]/[[These Are The Days Of Our Lives]]" - [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
*"Bring The Noise" - [[Public Enemy]] and [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]]
*"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" - [[Bryan Adams]]
*"Chorus" - [[Erasure]]
*"Close My Eyes" - [[Marillion]]
*"[[Coming Out of the Dark]]" - [[Gloria Estefan]]
*"[[Désenchantée]]" - [[Mylène Farmer]]
*"Do You Remember" - [[Phil Collins]]
*"Do Anything" - [[Natural Selection]]
*"[[Don't Cry]]" - [[Guns N' Roses]]
*"[[Emotions]]" - [[Mariah Carey]]
*"[[Enter Sandman]]" - [[Metallica]]
*"Every Heartbeat" - [[Amy Grant]]
*"[[Everything I Do (I Do It For You)]]" - [[Bryan Adams]]
*"Fall At Your Feet" - [[Crowded House]]
*"Get Here" - [[Oleta Adams]]
*"Get The Funk Out" - [[Extreme (band)|Extreme]]
*"[[The Globe (song)|The Globe]]" - [[Big Audio Dynamite II]]
*"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" - [[C&C Music Factory]]
*"Good For Me" - [[Amy Grant]]
*"Good Times" - [[INXS]] and [[Jimmy Barnes]]
*"Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless) - [[Crystal Waters]]
*"Holding On" - [[Beverley Craven]]
*"I Can't Make You Love Me" - [[Bonnie Raitt]]
*"[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]" - [[Mariah Carey]]
*"[[I Touch Myself]]" - [[Divinyls]]
*"It's in His Kiss (The Shoop Shoop Song)" - [[Cher]]
*"[[Let's Talk About Sex]]" - [[Salt-N-Pepa]]
*"Live And Let Die" - [[Guns N' Roses]]
*"Feed My Frankenstein" - [[Alice Cooper]]
*"Live For Loving You" - [[Gloria Estefan]]
*"[[Losing My Religion]]" - [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]
*"Love To Hate You" - [[Erasure]]
*"[[Love Will Never Do (Without You)]]" - [[Janet Jackson]]
*"More Than Words" - [[Extreme (band)|Extreme]]
*"Motownphily" - [[Boyz II Men]]
*"Mysterious Ways" - [[U2]]
*"One" - [[U2]]
*"Poundcake" - [[Van Halen]]
*"[[Radio Song]]" - [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]
*"[[Right Now (Van Halen song)|Right Now]]" - [[Van Halen]]
*"Right Here, Right Now" - [[Jesus Jones]]
*"[[Rescue Me (Madonna song)|Rescue Me]]" - [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
*"Romantic" - [[Karyn White]]
*"[[Rush (song)|Rush]]" - [[Big Audio Dynamite II]]
*"Rush Rush" - [[Paula Abdul]]
*"Sexuality" - [[Billy Bragg]]
*"Shameless" - [[Garth Brooks]]
*"[[Shiny Happy People]]" - [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]
*"Sit Down" - [[James (band)|James]]
*"[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" - [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
*"[[Someday (Mariah Carey song)|Someday]]" - [[Mariah Carey]]
*"Something To Talk About" - [[Bonnie Raitt]]
*"Temptation" - [[Corina]]
*"That's What Love Is For" - [[Amy Grant]]
*"The Show Must Go On" - [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
*"There's No Other Way" - [[Blur (band)|Blur]]
*"[[Top of the World (Van Halen song)|Top of the World]]" - [[Van Halen]]
*"Touch Me (All Night Long)" - [[Cathy Dennis]]
*"[[Train in Vain|Train in Vain (Stand By Me)]]" - [[The Clash]]
*"Twist And Shout" - [[Deacon Blue]]
*"Under The Bridge" - [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*"Walking In Memphis" - [[Marc Cohn]]
*"When Something's Wrong With My Baby" - John Farnham + Jimmy Barnes
*"Who Said I Would" - [[Phil Collins]]
*"When A Man Loves A Woman" - [[Michael Bolton]]
*"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" - [[Celine Dion]]
*"Wicked Game" - [[Chris Isaak]]
*"Violent Blue" - [[Chagall Guevara]]
*"You Could Be Mine" - [[Guns N' Roses]]

''See also: [[Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1991]]''

==[[European classical music|Classical music]]==
*[[John Corigliano]] - Symphony no. 1
*[[George Crumb]] - ''Easter Dawning'' for carillon
*[[Mario Davidovsky]] - ''Simple Dances'' for flute, two percussion, piano, and [[cello]]
*[[Joël-François Durand]] - ''un feu distinct'' for flute, clarinet, piano, violin and cello
*[[Ulrich Leyendecker]] - Symphony No. 3
*[[Witold Lutosławski]] - ''Chantefleurs et Chantefables''
*[[Joan Tower]] - Concerto for Orchestra

==[[Opera]]==
*[[John Coolidge Adams|John Adams]] - ''[[The Death of Klinghoffer]]''
*[[Harrison Birtwistle]] - first performance of the opera ''[[Gawain (opera)|Gawain]]'' at the [[Royal Opera House]], London.
*[[Daniel Catan]] - ''Rappaccini’s Daughter''
*[[John Corigliano]] - ''The Ghosts of Versailles''
*[[Daron Hagen]] - ''[[Shining Brow]]''
*[[Meredith Monk]] - ''Atlas''

==[[Musical theater]]==
* ''[[Miss Saigon]]'' ([[Claude-Michel Schönberg]] and [[Alain Boublil]]) - Broadway production opened at the [[Broadway Theatre]] on [[April 11]] and ran for 4097 performances
* ''[[The Secret Garden (musical)|The Secret Garden]]'' [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production opened at the [[St. James Theatre]] on [[April 25]] and ran for 706 performances
* ''[[Song of Singapore]]'' off-Broadway production opened at the [[Irving Place Theatre]] on [[May 7]] and ran for 459 performances
* ''[[Will Rogers Follies]]'' Broadway production opened at the [[Palace Theatre, New York|Palace Theatre]] on [[May 1]] and ran for 983 performances

==[[Musical film]]s==
* ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' animated feature
* ''[[For the Boys]]''

==Deaths==
*[[January 8]] - [[Steve Clark]], guitarist of [[Def Leppard]]
*[[February 6]] - [[Danny Thomas]], singer and actor
*[[February 17]] - [[Gitta Alpár]], opera singer
*[[February 21]] - [[Margot Fonteyn]], ballerina
*[[February 26]] - [[Slim Gaillard]], jazz musician
*[[March 2]] - [[Serge Gainsbourg]], singer and songwriter
*[[March 14]]
**Jerome [[Doc Pomus]] (65), songwriter, cancer
**[[Howard Ashman]], lyricist
*[[March 15]] - [[Bud Freeman]], jazz musician
*[[March 21]] - [[Leo Fender]], inventor of the [[electric guitar]]
*[[April 8]] - [[Per Yngve Ohlin]], aka 'Dead', vocalist for [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]]
*[[April 20]] - [[Steve Marriott]], [[the Small Faces]]
*[[April 21]] - [[Willi Boskovsky]], conductor
*[[April 23]] - [[Johnny Thunders]], rock guitarist and singer
*[[May 8]] - [[Jean Langlais]], composer
*[[May 9]] - [[Yanka Dyagileva]], poet and singer
*[[May 19]] - [[Odia Coates]], singer
*[[May 23]] - [[Wilhelm Kempff]], pianist and composer
*[[May 27]] - [[Leopold Nowak]], musicologist
*[[June 1]] - [[David Ruffin]], singer
*[[June 4]] - [[MC Trouble]], rapper
*[[June 6]] - [[Stan Getz]], US saxophonist
*[[June 9]] - [[Claudio Arrau]], pianist
*[[June 14]] - [[Joy Finzi]], founder of the Finzi Trust
*[[September 4]] - [[Charlie Barnet]], US bandleader
*[[September 8]] - [[Alex North]], composer
*[[September 17]] - [[Zino Francescatti]], violinist
*[[September 28]]
**[[Miles Davis]], musician
**[[Eugène Bozza]], composer
*[[October 6]] - [[Igor Talkov]], Russian singer/songwriter
*[[October 9]] - [[Roy Black (singer)|Roy Black]], singer
*[[October 17]] - [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]]
*[[October 31]] - [[Joseph Papp]], Broadway producer
*[[November 2]] - [[Mort Shuman]], songwriter
*[[November 8]] - [[Frances Faye]], singer
*[[November 15]] - [[Jacques Morali]], disco composer
*[[November 24]]
**[[Freddie Mercury]], singer
**[[Eric Carr]], drummer
*[[December 13]] - [[Stuart Challender]], conductor
*''date unknown''
**[[Tom Anderson (fiddler)|Tom Anderson]], Shetland fiddler
**[[Ole Beich]], guitarist and bassist
**[[Garvin Bushell]], multi-instrumentalist
**[[Patricia Cullen (composer)|Patricia Cullen]], composer
**[[Honorata de la Rama]], singer
**[[Wilhelm Lanzky-Otto]], horn virtuoso

==Awards==
*The following artists are inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]: [[LaVern Baker]], [[The Byrds]], [[John Lee Hooker]], [[The Impressions (American band)|The Impressions]], [[Wilson Pickett]], [[Jimmy Reed]] and [[Ike Turner|Ike]] and [[Tina Turner]]
*[[Grammy Awards of 1991]]
*[[Eurovision Song Contest 1991]]
*[[Kumar Sanu]] - [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award]]

==Charts==
*[http://www.popculturemadness.com/Music/Pop-Modern/1991.html Pop Culture Madness 1991 Music Chart]

===[[KROQ]]===
*[[KROQ Top 106.7 Countdown of 1991]]

==External Charts==
*[http://www.popculturemadness.com/Music/Pop-Modern/1991.html Pop Culture Madness 1991 Music Chart]

[[Category:1991 in music]]

[[fr:1991 en musique]]
[[he:1991 במוזיקה]]
[[pl:1991 w muzyce]]
[[ru:1991 в музыке]]
[[sv:Musikåret 1991]]

Punk fashion

2006-12-11T22:15:19Z

Jowe27: /* Crust punk */

'''Punk fashion''' is the styles of [[clothing]], [[hairstyles]], [[cosmetics]], [[jewelry]], and [[body modification]]s of the [[punk subculture]].

Punk fashion varies widely from [[Vivienne Westwood]] styles to styles modeled on bands like [[The Exploited]]. The distinct social dress of other subcultures and art movements, including [[glam rock]], [[skinheads]], [[rude boys]], [[art school]] students, [[Greaser (1950s)|greasers]], and [[Mod (lifestyle)|mods]] have influenced punk fashion. Punk fashion has likewise influenced the styles of these groups, as well as those of [[popular culture]].

== Historical ==
=== Original ===
[[Image:Sid-vicious.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Sid Vicious]] of the [[Sex Pistols]] displaying early punk fashions]]

The original punk fashion of the 1970s was intended to appear as confrontational, shocking and rebellious as possible. This style of punk dress was significantly different from what would later be considered the basic ''punk look''. Many items that were commonly worn by punks in the 1970s became less common later on, and new elements were constantly added to the punk image. A great deal of punk fashion from this 1970s was based on the designs of [[Vivienne Westwood]] and [[Malcolm McLaren]], as well as the dress styles of punk role models such as the [[Ramones]], [[Richard Hell]] and the [[Bromley Contingent]].

Punk style was influenced by clothes sold in Malcolm McLaren's shop ''[[SEX (boutique)|SEX]]''. McLaren has credited this style to his first impressions of Richard Hell while McLaren was in New York, supposedly managing the [[The New York Dolls]] (Note: In the documentary ''Punk: Attitude'', David Johanssen said McLaren was never their manager; he designed clothes for them and booked them one gig, the infamous ''Red Show''.)

[[Image:Paris-punk-luigi-1981.jpg|left|thumb|175px|A [[France|French]] punk in 1981]]
Deliberately offensive T-shirts were popular in the early punk scene, such as the infamous ''DESTROY'' T-shirt sold at SEX, which featured an [[Symbols and symbolism in Christian demonology#Inversion of Spiritual Symbols|inverted]] [[crucifix]] and a [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[swastika]]. These T-shirts, like other clothing, were often intentionally torn. ''[[Anarchy]]'' symbols; brightly-coloured dress shirts chaotically covered in slogans (such as "Only Anarchists are pretty"); fake blood; patches; and deliberately controversial images (such as portraits of [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]) were popular. Heavily customised [[blazer]]s and leather [[rocker jacket]]s were introduced early, and are still a common fixture of punk fashion.

Preferred footwear included military boots, [[motorcycle boot]]s, [[Brothel creepers]], [[Chuck Taylor All-Stars]], and (later on) [[Dr. Martens]] boots. Tapered [[jeans]], tight leather pants, pants with leopard patterns and [[bondage trousers]] were popular choices. Hair was cropped and deliberately made to look messy, in reaction to the typical long smooth hair of the 1960s and early 1970s. It was often dyed bright unnatural colors. Although provocative, these hairstyles were not as extreme as later punk hairstyles, such as [[liberty spikes]] or the [[Mohawk hairstyle]].

[[Image:Ramones_album_cover.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''[[Ramones]]''' album cover (L-R: [[Johnny Ramone|Johnny]], [[Tommy Ramone|Tommy]], [[Joey Ramone|Joey]], [[Dee Dee Ramone|Dee Dee]])]]
Other accoutrements worn by some punks included: [[BDSM fashion]]s; [[Fishnet (material)|fishnet]] [[stockings]] (sometimes ripped); [[spike band]]s and other studded or spiked jewelry; [[safety pin]]s (in clothes and as [[body piercing]]s); silver bracelets and heavy eyeliner worn by both men and women. Many female punks rebelled against the stereotypical image of a woman by combining clothes that were delicate or pretty with clothes that were considered masculine, such as combining a [[Ballet tutu]] with big, clunky boots.

Punk clothing somtimes incorporated everyday objects for aesthetic effect. Purposely-ripped clothes were held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; black [[Bin bag|bin liners]] (garbage bags) became dresses, shirts and skirts. Other items added to clothing or as jewelry included razor blades and chains. [[Leather]], [[rubber]] and [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] clothing have been common, possibly due to their connection with [[Transgression|transgressive]] [[sexual practices]], such as [[Bondage (BDSM)|bondage]] and [[Sadism and masochism|S&M]].

Punks in the 1970s sometimes flaunted taboo symbols such as the [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[swastika]] or [[Iron Cross]] for shock effect. However, most modern punks are staunchly anti-racist, and this trend has completely reversed in recent times. Many punks now wear a crossed-out Swastika patch or [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] symbols.

=== 1980s hardcore and anti-fashion ===
[[Image:Punks.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[United Kingdom|UK]] punks displaying elements of early and 1980s punk fashions, circa 1986]]
When punk underwent it's 1980's [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]] renaissance, it developed a new fashion style. Hardcore fashion was far more functional and much less interested in being shocking than its predecessor.

[[Dr. Martens]] boots, as well as steel-toed [[combat boot]]s were worn, often with bandanas, chains and studded leather bands attached. Dirty, torn jeans and [[tartan]] skirts or [[kilts]] were commonly worn. Heavy chains were often appropriated and used as belts.

T-shirts were often bought from [[thrift store]]s and had either band names or social and political slogans written on them with [[marker pen]]s. While this was not without precedent (''NO FUTURE'', a vaguely political slogan from the [[Sex Pistols]] song ''God Save The Queen'', was commonly seen on punk clothing in the late 1970s), the depth and detail of these slogans were not developed until the hardcore punk movement gained momentum. Plaid flannel shirts with similar band names or slogans written on the tail of the shirt were also common. Leather [[rocker jacket]]s became more popular during this era.

Hair was most often shaved. Those who did not shave their heads had [[crew cut]]s, [[Mohawk hairstyle|mohawks]] or spiked, short hair, which was often dyed unnatural colours or bleached. Amongst women, a hairstyle similar to [[The Misfits]]' [[devilock]]s was popular. This involved shaving the entire head except for a tuft at the front. Hardcore punk women reacted to the earlier 1970s movement's [[wikt:coquettish|coquettish]] vibe by adopting an asexual style. Body piercings and extensive [[tattoo]]s became very popular during this era, as did [[spike band]]s and studded [[choker]]s.

[[Image:Henry rollins microphone.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Henry Rollins]] of [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], displaying [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] ''anti-fashion'']]
A parallel ''anti-fashion'' style developed alongside hardcore punk fashion at the same time. It emphasized minimal adornment and muted colors, and eschewing [[brand]] names and fashion trends. A typical late-1980s look included items such as a plain [[T-shirt]] or [[hooded sweatshirt]], [[jeans]] or thrift store [[khakis]] and cheap flat-soled shoes. This look was worn by both men and women. Bands that fit this description included [[Hüsker Dü]], [[Minor Threat]] and [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]].

Some punks believe that the phrase ''punk fashion'' is an [[oxymoron]], since they see punk as the [[antithesis]] of fashion. [[Bob Mould]] of [[Hüsker Dü]] said:

<blockquote>
''Punks today are so concerned about what spikes or boots they're going to wear next weekend that they don't think there can be political implications in music. On the other hand, you see someone wearing a swastika on one shoulder and an anarchy symbol on the other and they don't realize that the two contradict one another.''{{fact}}
</blockquote>

== Contemporary ==
[[Image:Punk Red Mohawk Morecambe 2003.jpeg|right|thumb|200px|Punks at a music festival]]
Current factions of the punk subculture have different clothing habits, although there's often crossover between the different subgroups, in terms of style. Modern punk fashion has absorbed elements from many other similar fashions, most notably [[heavy metal fashion]]. One of the few elements in every form of punk fashion is a [[t-shirt]] with a band logo on it.

===Standard punk===
In general, modern punks wear leather, denim, spikes, chains, and combat boots. They often wear elements of early punk and hardcore fashion, such as [[kutten]] vests, bondage pants (often plaid) and torn clothing. There is a large influence by [[DIY ethic|DIY]]-created and modified clothing, such as ripped pants or shirts. Hair is typically dyed in bright colors such as red, blue, green, pink or orange and arranged into a [[mohawk hairstyle|mohawk]] or [[liberty spikes]]. Hair can also be cut very short or shaved, but this does necessarily not mean the individual is a [[skinhead]]. Belts with metal studs, and bullet belts, are popular. Leather or denim jackets and vests often have patches or are painted with logos that express musical tastes or political views. Metal spikes or studs are often added to jackets and vests.

===Hardcore===
Today's [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]], though rooted in 1980's punk movement, is sometimes not considered part of punk culture. Modern hardcore dress generally consists of jeans and a band T-shirt or [[hoodie]]. Several styles of dress, however, exist within the different genres of hardcore. A current trend amongst the hardcore scene is shorts made from cargo pants, in either camouflage print, green or khaki. What is fashionable in one branch of the hardcore scene may be frowned upon in another. Sometimes a hardcore fan will opt to wear athletic shorts, so as to be able to perform hardcore dance moves more effectively. These fans often wear [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes and listen to bands such as [[Bold (band)|Bold]], [[Champion (band)|Champion]], [[Madball]], and the [[Cro-Mags]]. Hardcore and [[Hardcore punk]] are almost synonymous in the sense that contemporary hardcore grew out of hardcore punk bands like [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] and [[Minor Threat]]. See also [[youth crew]]

===Crust punk===
[[Crust punk]] fashion is an extreme evolution of traditional punk fashion, and is heavily influenced by bands such as [[Doom (band)|Doom]], [[Amebix]] and [[Crass]]. Typical crust punk fashion includes black or [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] trousers or shorts covered in patches (heavy work pants are popular for their durability), torn band T-shirts or hoodies covered in patches, studded [[Kutte|vests]] (commonly black denim), bullet belts, jewelry made from hemp and other natural/found objects, and sometimes [[bum flap]]s. Clothing tends to be unwashed and unsanitary by conventional standards, and [[dreadlocks]] are popular. Crust punks sometimes sew articles of clothing with found or cheaply-bought materials.

===Deathrock and horror punk===
{{main|Deathrock fashion}}
Deathrock and Horror punk fashion is similar to goth fashion. Black is the predominant colour. Deathrock and horror punk incorporates a sexier image, incorporating fishnets, corsets and elaborate make-up for men and women. The use of occult and horror imagery is prevalent on T-shirts, buttons, patches and jewellery. The [[Misfits]] crimson ghost logo is a common sight on articles of clothing. Other common adornments include band names painted on jackets or bleached into clothes, as well as buttons or patches indicating cities. The initials D and R (for ''Death Rock'') may part of a crossbone logo, accompanied by other initials, such as C and A for California, N and Y for New York, or G and R for Germany. Hair may be in ''deathhawk'' style (a wider teased-out variant of the [[mohawk hairstyle]]), an angled [[bangs]] style, or in a devil lock style (sometimes at the front of a mohawk).

===Skate punk===
[[Image:SNFU In Studio.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[SNFU]] in an amalgam of the different skate punk fashions]]
[[Skate punk]] can refer to two very different groups. The first group refers to those who are traditional skate punks. Traditional skate punk generally takes a backseat to fashion. There really isn't a consensus about certain brands that have to be worn. The basic fashion encompasses clothing related to [[skateboarding]] or punk culture. They commonly have shaggy or short hair. [[Baseball caps]] and trucker caps are common, often with the bill bent upwards, with band logos or "crew" insignia painted on the bill. They wear tattered, torn jeans or shorts and usually disregard cleanliness. The other group commonly referred to as being skate punk is an almost complete opposite of the former and borders on being the same as pop punk. Generally, they are very clean cut and wear straight leg or baggy/[[sagging (fashion)|sagging]] jeans. They often wear [[hoodie]]s with various logos. All skate punk groups tend to wear [[skate shoes]] such as those made by [[Vans]], [[adio]], Circa, [[emerica]], or Fallen shoes.

===Grungie===
Dedicated fans of [[grunge music]], sometimes known as ''grungies'' or ''grungers'', often wear simple, outdoorsy clothes such as denim jackets; flannel shirts (usually plaid, and often over plain T-shirts); ripped jeans and [[Doc Martens]], generic work boots or [[Converse]] shoes. Hair is normally long, straight and undyed, although it could be shorter or dyed (often in earthy tones).

===Pop punk===
[[Image:Falloutboy.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Fall Out Boy]] in pop punk and emo fashion]]
Today's [[pop punk]] fans often wear items such as T-shirts with a tie or scarf; [[blazer]]s; [[Dickies]] pants or jeans; studded belts; stretchy gloves with the fingers cut off; [[Converse All-Stars]] or skateboarder shoes; and [[Trilby|Trilbies]] or similar hats. Hair is usually long for women and and short and spiky for men — and is often dyed black, extreme blonde, or bright colors. This fashion is influenced by artists such as [[Blink 182]] and [[Fall Out Boy]].

===Emo===
{{main|Emo (slang)}}
Some fans of [[emo (music)|emo]] opt for tight black T-shirts, skintight girl's jeans with a [[carabiner]] on the back belt loop, and white [[belt (clothing)|belt]]s. The style is often associated with bands such as [[Some Girls (California band)|Some Girls]], and [[Converge (band)|Converge]]. [[Hair coloring|Dyed]] black hair (often combed down over one side of the face), [[Earring|ear piercings]], [[nose piercing]]s, [[flesh tunnel]]s and [[labret]]s are popular within this scene.

[[Image:Crass3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Crass]] only wore black [[military surplus]] clothing]]
===Obscure trends===
The punk subculture has produced a few fashion styles that are limited to very few individuals. One prominent example is the wearing of black [[military surplus]] clothing. This was practiced by bands such as [[T.S.O.L.]] and [[Crass]]. Some punks dress similarly to the droogs in the film [[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]. This entails white [[Overall|boiler suits]], [[bowler hat]]s, black [[Dr. Martens]] or [[combat boots]], [[suspenders]] and eye make-up (on one eye only). This was practiced by bands such as [[The Adicts]], [[Lower Class Brats]], The Violators and Major Accident.

== Commercialization ==
Punk fashion has been extremely commercialized at various times, and many well-established fashion designers — such as [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] — have used punk elements in their production. Punk clothing, which was initially handmade, became mass produced and sold in record stores and some smaller specialty clothing stores by the 1980s. By the late 1990s, the American chain store [[Hot Topic]] established a niche in selling what they advertised as "punk style clothing" at [[shopping mall]]s. Many [[fashion magazine]]s and other [[glamor]]-oriented media have featured classic punk hairstyles and punk-influenced clothing.

== Common elements of punk fashion ==
* [[Bondage pants]]
* [[Brothel creeper]]s
* [[Chuck Taylor All-Stars]] shoes, or [[sweatshop]]-free alternatives such as [[Blackspot Anticorporation|Blackspot]] and [[No Sweat Apparel|No Sweat]]
* [[Dickies]] pants and shorts
* [[Dr. Martens]] boots
* [[Hair coloring|Dyed]] [[Mohawk hairstyle|mohawks]]
* [[Hoodie]]s
* [[Kutte]]n
* [[Military uniform]] items (i.e. [[combat boot]]s, [[Battle dress uniform|BDU]]s, [[Dog tag (identifier)|dog tag]]s)
* [[Body piercing|Piercings]], stereotypically [[Nose piercing|of the nose]]
* [[Rocker jacket]]s
* [[Safety pin]]s
* [[Skate shoes]]
* [[Spike band]]s and studded [[belt]]s
* [[Tartan]] patterns
* Torn clothing

== References ==
*Dick Hebidge (1979). ''Subculture: The Meaning of Style'' (Routledge, March 10, 1981; softcover ISBN 0-415-03949-5). Cited in Negus, Keith (1996). ''Popular Music in Theory: An Introduction''. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6310-2.
*[[Paul Gorman]] (2006). ''[[The Look: Adventures in Rock and Pop Fashion]]'' (Adelita, May 10 2006; softcover ISBN 0-9552017-0-5)

==See also==
*[[BDSM fashion]]
*[[Black metal fashion]]
*[[Cyberpunk fashion]]
*[[Deathrock fashion]]
*[[Emo fashion]]
*[[Gothic fashion]]
*[[Industrial fashion]]

{{punk}}

[[Category:Punk|Fashion]]
[[Category:Fashion]]

[[it:Moda punk]]
[[ja:パンク・ファッション]]
[[pt:Moda punk]]

Talk:Nothing Nice to Say

2006-12-09T01:30:54Z

Jowe27: /* Geography */

{{webcomicsproj|class=Start}}

== Quick Edit ==

I removed the mention that Mitch scrapped the book idea (he hasn't, the release date is just indefinite), and his indecision on the comic's continuance. Come on guys, that little crisis lasted what, a week? We don't need to catalogue Mitch's every breath. Try not to update this page to include every single thing he says in his livejournal, the entry is already a mile longer than it needs to be.

== There's another article ==

there's another nn2s wikipedia article, here: [[Nothing Nice to Say]]

Someone with more time on their hands and english as native language should bring that article into this one.

------

Now it's fixed. Cool.

== Quick Edit ==

I removed the reference to Blake ostensibly representing Mitch in the comic strip, mainly because Mitch himself appears in the comic strip as is noted in the cast section ([http://nothingnice.com/index.php?pageNum_Recordset2=64&totalRows_Recordset2=307 here], for example). I've been reading NN2S for a long time (including his old blog that ran beneath the strip) and I've never seen anything that would justify this inference.

You're right that it doesn't make sense because Mitch himself is a character, but it's true that Blake generally represents Mitch. For example:
*Both have a near-fanatical love of [[Jawbreaker (band)|Jawbreaker]]
*Both worship [[Henry Rollins]]
*When Clem became vegetarian, so did Blake.

==Geography==

You need to say where this comic is drawn. In the States? What city? [[User:132.159.147.78|132.159.147.78]] 22:33, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm quite certain the comic itself takes place in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which is where Clem formerly resided. I don't konw if that is ever specifically mentioned in the comic, however [[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 01:30, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

== Proposal for deletion ==

Someone on Sept 14th put a tag on the page suggesting deletion of the article. I think thats a little extreme. I admit the article needs some work and a better tag should reflect the changes necessary not deletion. I've removed the tag and added a reference and copyediting to the intro. If anyone else wants to work on the article, be my guest.[[User:Chriscobar|Chriscobar]] 14:25, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Removed redirection of Mitch Clem to Nothing nice to say since he has other two comics and this article mension veryfew thigs about him

Heavy metal subculture

2006-12-07T18:35:51Z

Jowe27:

{{Cleanup-date|April 2006}}
'''Metalhead''' is a popular term for a devoted fan of [[heavy metal music]] and is often used interchangeably with the term "[[headbanging|headbanger]]" or hesher. Headbanger is the older term, dating back to [[1968]] when it was coined to describe a group of fans violently banging their heads against a crowd barrier at a [[Led Zeppelin]] concert. Since the early 1990s however, the use of the term has declined in favour of the more fashionable "metalhead" tag. The term "headbanger" maintains popular usage in Continental [[Europe]], where the more traditional forms of metal music remain very much in style and where American terminology is often incorporated into the local vernacular at a slower rate than elsewhere. In England, the term "metaller" is in wide usage. {{fact}}

There is one school of thought among the heavy metal subculture that the "metalhead" and "headbanger" labels represent distinctive groups within it, with metalhead being a generic term for metal fans as a whole and headbangers representing older fans or fans of older metal styles. This idea does have some merit as older heavy metal fans often dress in a distinctively 'retro' fashion from younger fans, favour different or more traditional bands and eschew some aspects of the culture that have developed in recent years. Nevertheless, both groups share common interests that go beyond a preferred musical style and together comprise a distinctive [[counterculture]].

== Fashion ==
{{main|heavy metal fashion}}
Apart from the music itself, the most distinctive aspect of metalhead culture is its [[fashion]]. Like the music at its cultural core, these fashions have experienced levels of change and diversity over the decades. The evolution of metalhead fashion has in fact been quite pronounced, from a style that could almost be defined as a uniform in earlier times to a far more broadminded look recently. Some aspects of this fashion have spawned a backlash that seems to be renewing an interest in older trends among some members of the sub-culture.

Typically, the heavy metal fashions of the late 1970s – 1980s comprised blue jeans or drill pants, motorcycle boots or hi-top sneakers and black t-shirts, traditionally augmented with a sleeve-less jacket of denim or leather emblazoned with woven patches and button pins from heavy metal artists. Like in other cultural groups, this jacket was often seen as the individual’s defining symbol within the sub-culture. The intricacy of decoration could be seen as both a reflection of one’s dedication to the genre as well as one’s status within the group. This outfit could also be supplemented by [[jewellery]] and accessories that included studded leather wrist- and arm-bands, bullet belts, chains and even rings depicting skulls and other death- and horror-inspired designs. The metalheads of this era generally wore their hair quite long, with lengths beyond the shoulder being not uncommon. The relatively small number of female metal devotees of the era were generally discouraged from dressing in a similar fashion as traditionally this costume was reserved almost exclusively for males; indeed it wasn’t that unusual for female metalheads to adopt dress similar to that of [[Goth]]s or [[punk fashion|punks]].

By the early 1990s, metalhead fashion changed direction somewhat. This seems to correspond with the rise of the more diverse and even more extreme forms of heavy metal around the same time. [[Death metal]], [[black metal]] and [[grindcore]] began to dominate the culture as the more traditional forms of metal wavered under the influence of the [[grunge]] movement and metalhead fashion reflected this shift. As heavy metal music itself diversified and branched out, so did the fashions associated with it. A growing influence from Goth and [[industrial music]] and [[hardcore punk]] became increasingly evident. Black jeans and army fatigue pants began to replace the more traditional blue jeans and the patch-clad “battle jackets” were pushed aside in favour of long-sleeve t-shirts and military-style coats. The jewellery and accessories of the previous era also became less prominent but were by no means forgotten.

While long hair had been a defining aspect of metal culture in the 70s and 80s, by the 90s shorter hairstyles and even completely shaven heads had begun to grow in popularity and acceptance. An increasing [[Neo-Nazism|Nationalist-Socialist]] influence among some pockets of the heavy metal subculture was probably partly responsible for this but there were certainly many bands and artists of no clear political or philosophical persuasion that were choosing to either wear shorter hair or none at all. Certainly influential acts such as [[Metallica]] and individual artists like [[Bruce Dickinson]] of [[Iron Maiden]], [[Kerry King]] of [[Slayer]] and [[Phil Anselmo]] of [[Pantera]] either cut their hair short or shaved it completely. In a strange contrast to the shorter length of head hair, it could be argued that beards and facial hair rose in popularity among metalheads in the 90s. Whereas the metalhead of the late 70s and early 80s had a tendency to eschew facial hair except for the occasional moustache, during the 90s beards, most particularly goatees, became rather fashionable.

The wave of "Hair Cutting" that has taken place throughout the more mainstream of American scenes has not seemed to effect the heavier, more discrete genres. Band members and fans alike of genres such as Death Metal, and Black Metal still hold true to the long hair, and tend to sport straight hair falling well below the shoulders. Long beards are also very popular, and hair amongst Black Metallers tends to be black. Dreadlocks or completely shaven heads add variety.

In the early 2000s, some metal heads began to be known as moshers due to the type of dance metalheads adopted ([[moshing]]). Mosher is a term more commonly assoiciated with mainstream styles of metal such as [[metalcore]] and [[nu metal]]. These moshers tended to wear baggier jeans which would come over the feet and often trail behind them and rip. The jeans would normally have a chain attached to a hitcher at the front of the jeans and would wrap around to the back of the jeans. They would normally be held up by studded belts. Black T-shirts were often worn with emblems of their favorite bands or other motifs such as flames, skulls and other various images. Shirts could be worn also over a t-shirt being open to show the motif. [[Hoodie]]s were worn by most metal heads and would either be plain black, or another dark colour and even sometimes red, or would be emblazoned with the logo of a popular metal band. Big clunky shoes such as [[Vans]] were worn and became known as fat shoes due to their size. Piercings were common and would normally be the bottom lip or between the lip and the chin.

Both the nu metal and pop metal subgenres tend to be frowned upon, and often shunned by bands and fans alike of the less media friendly, less fadish subgenres that make up the rest of the metal community. Where most metalheads would agree that metal is and always should be anticomformist and in no way influenced by the mainstream society, genres such as Nu Metal and Pop metal tend to be viewed as pop music, adopting the feel of metal.

== Socio-economic background and traditions ==

Metalheads are typically drawn from the [[working class]]es & in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] are almost exclusively [[White people|white]], however in [[Arizona]] metalheads are divided between White, [[Mexican-American|Mexican]], & [[Native American]] very evenly. Although metalheads of other socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds are not unheard-of. Indeed, heavy metal music has an almost worldwide following and metalheads can be found in virtually every country in the world with the exception of most of [[Africa]], where only [[South Africa]] has a really notable scene. Themes and messages vary by genre or band. Some bands, particularly [[thrash metal|thrash]] acts, have addressed social issues in their music, while other bands are devoted to fantasy subjects, historical themes and cartoon-style violence. One of metal music’s key defining aspects is that of complete [[escapism]], while another key defining aspect is social criticism, so metalhead culture is geared towards these philosophies. Many black metal bands espouse philosophies that can be considered extremely right-wing or even [[fascism|neo-fascist]] in nature and a high degree of [[socialism|socialist]] rhetoric can be found in the music of some grindcore bands, Despite the social involvement of many heavy metal bands, metalheads are often portrayed as unintelligent. Even though they are stereotypically portrayed in films such as ''[[Airheads]]'' (1994), ''[[This is Spinal Tap]]'' (1984), ''[[Wayne's World]]'' and, perhaps most infamously, in the 1990s [[MTV]] cartoon series ''[[Beavis and Butthead]]'', this level of escapism should not suggest that metalheads are any less intelligent or distanced from the real world as any other subculture, although their often shabby appearance and level of indifference to outside influences can be mistaken for dim-witted ignorance. Further examination of the metalhead as a humorous stereotype can be found in the 1986 documentary ''[[Heavy Metal Parking Lot]]''. The 2005 documentary ''[[Metal: A Headbanger's Journey]]'' and the 1999 film ''[[Detroit Rock City (film)|Detroit Rock City]]'' are somewhat more kindly and generous depictions of heavy metal and the metalhead sub-culture.

Metalheads in general have little respect for organised [[religion]]. Indeed, this facet of the culture is one of its principle elements, as bands, artists and fans across the spectrum have often been united in their scorn of religious belief and practises. Religious iconography is quite prominent in metalhead culture, but usually in a blasphemous fashion, with [[crucifix|crucifixes]] and other holy objects often depicted inverted or otherwise debased. One infamous album by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] black metal band [[Marduk (band)|Marduk]] features cover art showing a [[nun]] [[masturbating]] with the [[Holy Cross]]. The level of disrespect for [[Christianity|Christian]] belief in particular among metalheads often leads to accusations of widespread [[Satanism]] among its members. Yet while Satanic imagery plays a significant role in metalhead culture, very little Satanism is actually practised and the rejection of organised religion can be so strong that even Satanism itself (and [[Neopaganism|pagan]] and [[Wicca|Wiccan]] beliefs) is decried by some within it. However, it is also not uncommon for heavy metal musicians to follow organised religion without necessarily addressing their personal religious beliefs in their music, often paradoxically with the expectations of their fanbase. [[Alice Cooper]], [[Dave Mustaine]] and [[Dave Ellefson]] of [[Megadeth]], [[Dan Spitz]] of [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]], [[Max Cavalera]] of [[Soulfly]] (former [[Sepultura]]), [[Nicko McBrain]] of [[Iron Maiden]] and wrestler-turned-metal singer [[Chris Jericho]] are all avowed Christians. [[Tom Araya]] of [[Slayer]] is also quite religious, being a Catholic.

In what may seem a further paradox, there is also a healthy Christian metalhead culture. This sub-culture within a sub-culture is often derided and criticised by the majority of metalheads, but in almost every other characteristic it is identical except in its respect for the Church. The existence of Christian metal and its devotees are often ignored by the media. A small and often belittled group of bands are a part of this sub culture.

It should be noted that rejection of organized religion by a metalhead does not mean a rejection of God, as many Christian metalheads also have strong feelings against Organized Religion

== Behaviour ==

Whereas most subcultures exhibit some form of rhythmic dancing into their behaviour, among metalheads it is almost completely absent. In place of dancing as it is usually defined, metalheads are more likely to indulge in headbanging, where the head is vigorously shaken up and down (or “windmilled” in a circular motion) while the lower body remains still. Headbanging usually also involves “[[air guitar]]”, where hand movements replicate frantic guitar-playing. Both the head and hand movements can follow the beat of the music, but often do not and can appear to an observer as random spastic upper body movement with no correlation to any sense of rhythm. However due to the rise in popularity of Nu-metal, Metalcore and Alt-metal (whose emphasis is on grinding textures, funky riffs and more dance-orientated sounds), as well as headbanging some fans will [[Skank (dance)|skank]] to the music, usually during [[breakdowns]]/[[beatdowns]]. Skanking is derived from [[Ska]] music, and is characterised by bouncing movements to the beat of the song, usually elements of [[breakdancing]] would come into play as well, such as complicated footwork and hand movements. During the early 80s with the rise of thrash metal, elements of the hardcore punk culture began to be incorporated into metalhead lifestyle, some of the more prominent aspects of which included [[slamdancing]] and [[moshing]], where fans would form rings in the crowd within which they would run into each other and/or violently push and shove one another, and [[stage-diving]], where fans would climb onto the stage with the band and launch themselves into the crowd. Later, [[crowd-surfing]], where individuals are lifted and carried forward over the heads of others in the audience, also became popular. While these behaviours were generally restricted to the punk and metalhead cultures during the 1980s, by the early 90s moshing, stage-diving and crowd-surfing had spilled over to virtually all spheres of [[alternative rock]] music to the extent that by the end of that decade it could no longer be held as an identifier of any one particular music sub-culture.

Perhaps one of the most dominant features of the metalhead culture is the "Il Cornuto" hand-signal formed by a fist with the pinky and index fingers extended, known variously as the “devil’s horns”, the “metal fist” and other similar descriptors. The "Il Cornuto" was originally an occult sign used to ward off the evil eye in Eastern Europe. An example of this can be found in the early chapters of Bram Stoker's ''Dracula''. This gesture was first popularised by singer [[Ronnie James Dio]] while a member of [[Black Sabbath]] in the 1980s and was quickly adopted into the metalhead sub-culture. “Throwing the horns” or “showing the metal fist” very soon became a way for metalheads to recognise and acknowledge each other and to show their appreciation for almost anything from a song or a band to virtually anything else they enjoyed. While the gesture still has strong ties to metal, over the last decade or so its appearance in popular mainstream films such as ''Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure'' has caused it to be adopted into almost every youth sub-culture, often to the chagrin of metalheads who feel that its status as a sacred element of their lifestyle has been cheapened by its overuse outside the community.

Commonality among metalheads is also found in their typical interest in a range of subjects that have a particular connection with the music itself. These subjects seem to chiefly but not exclusively include horror films, [[science fiction]], [[occultism]], [[politics]], blood and gore imagery, weaponry (e.g. [[swords]], [[knives]], [[firearms]] etc) and [[militaria]], fantasy (with particular attention to the work of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]), and [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] and [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] culture and [[mythology]].

Within the culture itself, metalheads often distinguish themselves according to what genre of metal they especially enjoy. While on one hand metalheads have a tendency to consider each other part of a larger brotherhood, this desire to sub-divide into smaller groups dedicated to particular sub-genres has possibly undermined the idea of a fraternal spirit. Occasionally, there is reluctance for fans of particular sub-genres of metal to mingle with fans of other sub-genres and even some debate among fans as to whether particular sub-genres are truly representative of metal music. These debates are significantly more volatile when it comes to the classification of [[nu-metal]], [[metalcore]] and, to some extent, grindcore, and to their relevancy as part of metalhead culture. To some metalheads, the likes of metalcore and nu-metal are low quality imitations of real heavy metal, mainstream and popularist (and therefore watered-down) versions of metal that have no real affiliation to the metal culture. On the other hand, there are others who argue that these styles have some merit as they often lead to newer fans discovering the “real” metal. However, heavy metal music has never been afraid to court mainstream popularity. Some of the best known acts like [[Iron Maiden]], [[Judas Priest]], [[Motörhead]], and [[Metallica]] have enjoyed immense worldwide commercial success and many others like [[Dream Theater]], [[Opeth]] and [[Nightwish]] have attracted large and dedicated followings that often include many people who don’t usually listen to heavy metal.

== Recent developments ==

In the late 1990s, outside influences began to be infused into metalhead culture once again. The rise of nu-metal saw facets of hip-hop and ghetto culture being introduced, including the adoption of sportswear, dreadlocks and African-American slang. Unlike the adoption of earlier influences however, these new aspects were seen by some to be at odds with the traditional metalhead outlook, particularly as many metalheads consider nu-metal to be a completely different style of music with a totally different culture. The explosion in the popularity of metalcore since 2002 has also brought with it changes in fashion particularly, as fans of the genre are typically neater in appearance with shorter hair, usually dyed black, and a tendency toward favouring “label” clothing and footwear. Many of these newer fans are also seen to be associating themselves with the culture for purely fashionable reasons. As with members of the nu-metal fanbase, there is some debate as to whether these fans can be properly described as metalheads as they are traditionally recognised or if they are, as many metalheads themselves believe, a new and different sub-culture.

== Subgroups ==
As mentioned above, metalheads are often keen to divide themselves into smaller subgroups with the subculture, some of which may include:

*[[Traditional metal|Trad metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[traditional metal]]. Sometimes arrogantly referred to as "true metallers" or "old school" metallers. Band examples: [[Black Sabbath]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]], and later on, [[Judas Priest]], [[Iron Maiden]], and [[Iced Earth]].

*[[Power metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[power metal]]. Band examples: [[Sonata Arctica]], [[Stratovarius]], [[Rhapsody of Fire]], [[Blind Guardian]].

*[[Glam metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[glam metal]]. Band examples: [[Mötley Crüe]], [[Ratt]], [[L.A. Guns]].

*[[Thrash metal]]ler: Also known as 'Thrashers' and 'Thrasheads'. A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[thrash metal]]. Band examples: [[Slayer]], (early) [[Metallica]], [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]], [[Megadeth]].

*[[Doom metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[doom metal]]. Band examples: (early) [[Black Sabbath]], [[Candlemass]], [[Electric Wizard]].

*[[Black metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[black metal]]. Band examples: [[Darkthrone]], [[Burzum]], [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]].

*[[Death metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[death metal]]. This naturally includes death metal's sub-categories: [[goregrind]], [[grindcore]] (to an extent) etcetera. Band examples: [[Death (band)|Death]], [[Deicide (band)|Deicide]], [[Obituary_(Band)|Obituary]], [[Incantation_(Band)|Incantation]].

*[[Folk metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[folk metal]]. A strong interest in Nordic mythology is almost universal. Often enjoy listening to [[folk music]] such as [[Tenhi]]. Folk metal usually overlaps with other genres, particularly [[black metal]] and [[viking metal]]. Band examples: [[Finntroll]], [[Korpiklaani]], [[Ensiferum]].

*[[Viking metal]]ler: A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[viking metal]]. This is more a preferences for a particular theme that encompasses many metal subgenres than a particular musical sound. Almost universally interested in Nordic mythology and history and often follow [[neopaganism]]. Band Examples: [[Amon Amarth]], [[Enslaved]], [[Thyrfing]], [[Einherjer]], [[Adorned Brood]], [[Týr (band)|Týr]].

*[[Shock metal]]ler: Also "shock rocker", A metalhead whose primary taste in metal is [[shock metal]]. Band Examples: [[Alice Cooper]], [[W.A.S.P.]], [[GWAR]].

Followers of more mainstream subgenres:

*[[Mallcore]] Kid: A fan of [[nu metal]]. Band examples: [[Korn]], [[Linkin Park]] and [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]].

*[[Fashioncore]] Kid: A fan of [[metalcore]] and [[Emo (music)|Emo]]. Band examples: [[Aiden]], [[Atreyu (band)|Atreyu]], [[Funeral for a Friend]], [[Trivium]].

*Mall [[goth]]: Typically an insult to goths seen in public, usually fans of [[Emo (music)|Emo]], [[nu metal]] and [[metalcore]] .

== External links ==
*[http://www.vikingblood.net Information on Viking and Folk metal]

[[Category:Heavy metal]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]

[[it:Metalhead]]
[[he:מטאליסט]]
[[pl:Metalowcy]]
[[ru:Металисты]]
[[sr:Metalci]]
[[fi:Hevari]]
[[sv:Hårdrockare]]

Talk:Heavy metal subculture

2006-12-07T18:35:37Z

Jowe27:

the hyperlink for "hesher" in the first sentence links to a Nickelback album...while mildly humorous, it doesn't need to do that. [[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 18:35, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

A Metalhead who's main intrest is Black Metal Is called a "Blacker", Now, When I change it to that, Stop Changing it back.

:: wow a page dedicated to ourselves. :P I don't know about that though, many people have different names for it like blackbanger but that appears to me quite ridiculous. I'm a Black Metal fan myself and haven't called myself like that ever. :P [[User:Darksteel|Darksteel]] 13:31, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

:::I'm only aware of the term "blacker" being used twice: once by the user up above, the other by someone who's friend (from another country). Said person told me this only after I mentioned that someone on Uncle Wiki claims it is an established term. --Ours18

All the “”'s are screwed up :( Someone please fix it :D [[User:Ebi|ebi]] 19:52, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Caused by people with different encoding sets making edits. Someone probably wasn't using Unicode UTF-8 (would depend on web browser, country, etc) and so the ' marks looked like ? to them or something, so changed it. It's not ment lt to mess up the article, but it's an issue people need to know about. I'll revert and make a comment. [[User:Dace59|Dace59]] 21:15, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Neither Metallers nor Blacker is in usage in the UK

:I've never heard Blacker used before. But I've heard and used Metaller myself But I don't think the usage is that wide anymore.. [[User:Dace59|Dace59]] 21:13, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

::Metaller is in very wide usage; it's all over British message boards and has even appeared in the news: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/31/ngangs31.xml
::"She had been labelled a "metaler" – a reference to heavy metal music – by her alleged assailant and her friends. " [[User:Ours18|Ours18]] 20:54, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

I get called a Metaller, Metalhead or Headbanger, but that is from a wide range of people; yes, I am British. Come to think of it, why the hell are "Glam Metallers" mentioned? Hair Metal has sod all to do with actual metal, it's a watered-down pop equivalent from the 80s seriously lacking in the heavy, dark, epic or aggressive elements of the real thing! [[User:AdmiralvonAxehaufen|AdmiralvonAxehaufen]] 19:18, 2 November 2006

Just so you all know...metalcore is a popular genre for "mallcore" people right now...so that might just needs to be change up a bit. Also, nu metal is slowly tying into the "fasioncore" label, though i don't think it is enough to change what you have. [[User:Inthebox04|Inthebox04]] 17:23, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Effigy of the Forgotten

2006-12-06T04:08:14Z

Jowe27:

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Effigy Of The Forgotten |
Type = [[Album]] |
Cover = EffigyoftheForgotten.jpg |
Artist = [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]] |
Released = [[October 22]], [[1991]] |
Genre = [[Death metal]] |
Length = 37:27 |
Label = [[Roadrunner Records]] |
Producer = |
Reviews =
*[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:8gqog40ttvnz link] |
Last album = ''[[Human Waste]]'' (1991) |
This album = ''Effigy of the Forgotten'' (1991) |
Next album = ''[[Breeding the Spawn]]'' (1993) |
|}}

'''''Effigy of the Forgotten''''' is the debut full-length album by [[New York]] [[death metal]] act [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]], released in 1991. The cover artwork is created by [[Dan Seagrave]].

==Track listing==
#"Liege of Inveracity" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito; Lyrics: Barohn)
#"Effigy of the Forgotten" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito, Barohn; Lyrics: Barohn)
#"Infecting the Crypts" (Music: Cerrito, Hobbs, Barohn; Lyrics: Cerrito)
#"Seeds of the Suffering" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito; Lyrics: Mullen)
#"Habitual Infamy" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito; Lyrics: Cerrito)
#"Reincrimation" (Music: Cerrito, Smith; Lyrics: Smith, Barohn)
#"Mass Obliteration" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito, Barohn; Lyrics: Smith, Barohn)
#"Involuntary Slaughter" (Music: Hobbs; Lyrics: Mullen)
#"Jesus Wept" (Music: Hobbs, Cerrito; Lyrics: Barohn)

==Credits==
*[[Frank Mullen]] - [[Vocals]]
*[[Terrence Hobbs]] - [[Guitar]]
*[[Doug Cerrito]] - [[Guitar]]
*[[Josh Barohn]] - [[Bass guitar]]
*[[Mike Smith (musician)|Mike Smith]] - [[Drums]]

[[Category:Suffocation albums]]
[[Category:Debut albums]]
[[Category:Albums with cover art by Dan Seagrave]]
[[Category:Roadrunner Records albums]]

[[de:Effigy of the Forgotten]]

The Lawrence Arms

2006-12-06T04:00:33Z

Jowe27: /* Pre-history */

{{Infobox_band |
band_name = The Lawrence Arms |
image = [[Image:Lawrence_Arms_updated.JPG|250px]] |
years_active = [[1999]] – present |
origin = [[Chicago, Illinois]] |
status = Active |
music_genre = [[Punk Rock]] [[Rock music|Rock]] [[Rock and Roll]] |
record_label = [[Asian Man Records]] [[Fat Wreck Chords]] |
current_members = [[Neil Hennessy]] [[Brendan Kelly (musician)|Brendan Kelly]] [[Chris McCaughan]] |
}}

'''The Lawrence Arms''' are an [[United States|American]] [[punk rock]] [[Band (music)|band]] from [[Chicago, Illinois]], formed in [[1999 in music|1999]] and currently recording for [[Fat Wreck Chords]]. They have released five full-length albums and toured extensively, including performances on the [[Vans Warped Tour]]. Their music and lyrics exhibit their propensity for juxtaposing references from history and literature with American [[pop culture]].

==Band History==
===Pre-history===
Prior to forming the Lawrence Arms, the three band members were active in other [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]-area bands. [[Brendan Kelly (musician)|Brendan Kelly]] had played in the [[ska punk]] band [[Slapstick (band)|Slapstick]] alongside [[Dan Andriano]], who would later join the [[Alkaline Trio]] (the two would reunite in [[2004 in music|2004]] to form [[The Falcon (band)|The Falcon]]), and trumpet player [[Dan Hanaway]], with whom Kelly and McCaughan would play in [[The Broadways]]. [[Chris McCaughan]] had played in [[Tricky Dick]] before joining Kelly in [[The Broadways]]. McCaughan and Kelly also shared an apartment together on Chicago's north side. [[Neil Hennessy]], meanwhile, had played in a band called [[Baxter (band)|Baxter]]. Both Slapstick and the Broadways released albums on [[Asian Man Records]], a small record label based in [[Monte Sereno, California]] that would later release albums by the Lawrence Arms.

===Formation and Asian Man years===
The three musicians came together to form the Lawrence Arms in 1999, taking their name from the apartment complex in which Kelly and McCaughan had lived before being evicted in the middle of the night. Although punk rock bands in their infancy generally start out by releasing [[EP]]s and 7" [[vinyl]] singles, the band members used their existing relationship with Asian Man Records to immediately begin recording a full-length album, ''[[A Guided Tour of Chicago]]'', which was released later that year. A second album, ''[[Ghost Stories (album)|Ghost Stories]]'', followed in [[2000 in music|2000]]. Both albums focused heavily on the members' own stories of growing up and living in Chicago.

The band's next two releases were split [[EP]]s with other bands. The first, a [[Shady View Terrace / The Lawrence Arms split EP|split with Shady View Terrace]], was released in 2000 and was their first release to be recorded by [[Matt Allison]], who would continue to record and produce all of their subsequent releases. A second EP, ''[[Present Day Memories]]'', was released in [[2001 in music|2001]] and was a split with the band [[The Chinkees]].

===Signing to Fat Wreck Chords===
The band's records and touring schedule had brought them to the attention of [[Fat Mike]] of [[NOFX]], who signed them to his [[Fat Wreck Chords]] label in late 2001. Their first release on the label was a [[The Lawrence Arms Fat Club 7"|7" vinyl single]], part of the label's "Fat Club" series of 7" records. This was followed by the full-length album ''[[Apathy and Exhaustion]]'', released in [[2002 in music|2002]]. The album spawned the band's first [[music video]], for the song "Porno and Snuff Films," and they toured extensively with NOFX and other bands from the Fat label.

Their next album was [[2003 in music|2003]]'s ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told (album)|The Greatest Story Ever Told]]''. Their most ambitious album to date, it demonstrated the band members' continued growth as musicians and songwriters and included extensive footnotes to the lyrics detailing their many references to history, literature and pop culture. It also showed an evolution in the band's vocal style. Kelly had sung most of the vocals on their first album, while on subsequent releases he and McCaughan had split vocal duties almost equally from one song to the next, with Kelly's voice tending to sound more harsh and urgent while McCaughan's sounds more relaxed and melodic. With this release, however, the two began to move towards more of a duet style of singing which would feature prominently on their next album. Extensive touring following the album's release saw the band on the road for much of 2003 and 2004. They also contributed a song to the Fat Wreck Chords ''[[Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2]]'' compilation, leading up to the 2004 presidential election and became involved with the [[Punk Voter]] campaign.

===The Falcon and ''Oh! Calcutta!''===
In December of 2004 Kelly and Hennessy joined with fellow Chicago natives [[Dan Andriano]] of the [[Alkaline Trio]] (who had played with Kelly in [[Slapstick (band)|Slapstick]]) and [[Todd Mohney]], formerly of [[Rise Against]], to form another band called [[The Falcon (band)|The Falcon]], and released an EP on [[Red Scare Records]]. Meanwhile, with interest in the Lawrence Arms increasing and their EPs out of print, Asian Man Records planned a [[CD]] release of the band's EP tracks. The resulting compilation album, ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]'', was released on Asian Man in June of [[2005 in music|2005]] and included their songs from both EPs along with nearly all of their compilation tracks, rare songs and [[b-sides]].

The Lawrence Arms re-entered the studio in [[October 2005|October]] and [[November 2005|November]] of 2005 and recorded the album ''[[Oh! Calcutta! (album)|Oh! Calcutta!]]'', which was released on Fat Wreck Chords in [[March 2006|March]] of [[2006 in music|2006]]. It had an overall faster and more urgent feel to it than their previous album, and demonstrated another step in the development of their singing as Kelly and McCaughan shared vocals in a duet style on nearly every song. They filmed a music video for the song "The Devil's Takin' Names" and toured, first with NOFX and then with the Alkaline Trio and [[the Draft (band)|the Draft]].

===Recent activity===
The Lawrence Arms spent most of 2006 on the road. They toured extensively alongside bands such as [[Alkaline Trio]], [[the Draft (band)|the Draft]], [[Lagwagon]] and [[A Wilhelm Scream]]. A full-length album by the Falcon was released that Fall, and in December the band embarked on their first headlining tour of [[Australia]].

==Discography==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
!Album Cover
!Year
!Title
!Label
!Format
!Other information
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_A_Guided_Tour.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[1999 in music|1999]]
|''[[A Guided Tour of Chicago]]''
|[[Asian Man Records]]
|[[CD]]
|First album.
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Ghost_Stories.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2000 in music|2000]]
|''[[Ghost Stories (album)|Ghost Stories]]''
|Asian Man Records
|CD
|
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Apathy.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2002 in music|2002]]
|''[[Apathy and Exhaustion]]''
|[[Fat Wreck Chords]]
|[[Gramophone record|LP]] / CD
|
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Greatest_Story.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2003 in music|2003]]
|''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told (album)|The Greatest Story Ever Told]]''
|Fat Wreck Chords
|LP / CD
|
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_CAD.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2005 in music|2005]]
|''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]''
|Asian Man Records
|CD
|Collection of [[b-sides]] and rare tracks.
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Oh!_Calcutta!.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2006 in music|2006]]
|''[[Oh! Calcutta! (album)|Oh! Calcutta!]]''
|Fat Wreck Chords
|LP / CD
|-
|}

===EPs & 7" vinyl===
{| class="wikitable"
!Album Cover
!Year
!Title
!Label
!Format
!Other information
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Shady_View.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2000 in music|2000]]
|[[Shady View Terrace / The Lawrence Arms split EP]]
|[[Castaway Records]] (EP), [[Asian Man Records]] (CD)
|[[EP]] / [[CD]]
|Out of print. All songs reissued on ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]''.
|-
|[[Image:Present_Day_Memories_cover.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2001 in music|2001]]
|''[[Present Day Memories]]''
|Asian Man Records
|CD
|Split CD with [[The Chinkees]]. Out of print. All songs reissued on ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]''.
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Fat_Club.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2002 in music|2002]]
|[[The Lawrence Arms Fat Club 7"|Fat Club 7"]]
|[[Fat Wreck Chords]]
|7" vinyl
|Out of print. The band's first release on Fat Wreck Chords.
|-
|}

===Non-album tracks===
{| class="wikitable"
!Album Cover
!Year
!Album/Source
!Label
!Song(s)
!Other information
|-
|[[Image:1157_Wheeler_cover.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2002 in music|2002]]
|''[[1157 Wheeler Avenue]]''
|[[Failed Experiment Records]]
|"Nebraska" (live)
|
|-
|[[Image:UncontrollableFatulence albumcover.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2002 in music|2002]]
|''[[Uncontrollable Fatulence|Fat Music, Vol. 6: Uncontrollable Fatulence]]''
|[[Fat Wreck Chords]]
|"Presenting: The Dancing Machine (Il Robot Con la Testa di Scimmia)"
|Track reissued on ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]'' as "Presenting: The Dancing Machine (The Robot With the Monkey Head)"
|-
|[[Image:Oil_album_cover.gif|center|90px|]]
|[[2003 in music|2003]]
|''[[Oil: Chicago Punk Refined]]''
|[[Thick Records]]
|"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been"
|Track reissued on ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]'' as "Joyce Carol Oates is a Boring Old Biddy"
|-
|[[Image:Audio_Rocketry_cover.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2003 in music|2003]]
|''[[Experiments in Audio Rocketry]]''
|[[1-2-3-4 Go Records]]
|"Traditional"
|
|-
|[[Image:Rock_Against_Bush,_Vol._2.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2004 in music|2004]]
|''[[Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2]]''
|[[Fat Wreck Chords]]
|"Necrotism: Decanting the Insalubrious (Cyborg Midnight), Part 7"
|Track reissued on ''[[Cocktails & Dreams]]''
|-
|
|[[2004 in music|2004]]
|[[MySpace]] download
|none
|"Criminal"
|offered as a download on the band's official MySpace page, recorded in November 2004
|-
|[[Image:Lawrence_Arms_Oh!_Calcutta!.jpg|center|90px|]]
|[[2006 in music|2006]]
|''[[Oh! Calcutta! (album)|Oh! Calcutta!]]''
|[[iTunes]] download
|"The Rabbit and the Rooster"
|offered as a bonus track with the iTunes download version of the album only
|-
|
|[[2006 in music|2006]]
|official [[website]] download
|none
|"Cut it Up" (live)
|offered as a download on the band's official website, from a live set recorded for [[Fungus 53]]
|-
|}

==Videography==
===Music Videos===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Album
!Other information
|-
|[[1998 in music|1998]]
|"An Evening of Extraordinary Circumstance"
|''[[A Guided Tour of Chicago]]''
|
|-
|[[2002 in music|2002]]
|"Porno and Snuff Films"
|''[[Apathy and Exhaustion]]''
|
|-
|[[2006 in music|2006]]
|"The Devil's Takin' Names"
|''[[Oh! Calcutta! (album)|Oh! Calcutta!]]''
|
|}

==External links==
* [http://thelawrencearms.net/ The Lawrence Arms official website]
* [http://www.thefalconisbiggerthanjesus.com/ The Falcon official website]
* [http://www.punknews.org/bands/thelawrencearms Punknews.org Profile with reviews, interviews and more]
* [http://www.thepunksite.com/interviews.php?page=lawrencearms Interview with Brendan Kelly]
* [http://fatwreck.com/ Fat Wreck Chords]
* [http://asianmanrecords.com/ Asian Man Records]
* [http://www.redscare.net/ Red Scare Records]
* [http://www.mammothpress.com/index.php?area=readinterview&pid=99/ Lawrence Arms Interview on Mammoth Press]
* [http://www.pounceonline.com/media/storage/paper746/news/2006/09/18/TheBigPicture/Opening.Up.With.The.Lawrence.Arms-2316156.shtml/ Lawrence Arms Interview from 9/18/06 on Pounce Online]

[[Category:American musical groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]
[[Category:Later punk groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]
[[Category:Illinois musical groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]
[[Category:Fat Wreck Chords groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]
[[Category:Punk rock groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]
[[Category:Chicago musical groups|Lawrence Arms, The]]

[[de:The Lawrence Arms]]
[[fr:The Lawrence Arms]]
[[nl:The Lawrence Arms]]

== See Also ==
[[Slapstick Family Tree]]

Talk:D-beat

2006-12-06T03:53:40Z

Jowe27: /* disclose page. */

{{genre}}
yo i added a [[drum beat]] page that links to this page as well as to [[blast beat|blast beats]] and some other crap. check it out and improve it if you like.

--[[User:Macho|Macho]] 2:10PM April 25, 2005

----

hey y'all-- i fixed a typo (it's -> its), and i changed "subtley" (not a word) assuming you meant it to be "subtly". change it if i was wrong.

== disclose page. ==

hey, i made a page about disclose!
can be found at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclose

-[[User:Marxxxx|Marxxxx]] 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey all, im new to this. Macho, i was wondering if you knew anything on what c-beat is? I recently heard it through a thrash band George Harrison. They mentioned c-beat in their lyrics.

----

i know nothing of c-beat, sounds like a [[neologism]] someone made up to make themselves sound cool. also- i just removed the last sentence of the article, since it was clumsy and inepsy are now included in the list at the end of the article.

[[User:Macho|Macho Philipovich]] 21:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

i fixed a link, and cleaned the band section up.

-[[User:Marxxxx|Marxxxx]] 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

----

I made sections for the page. I also cleaned up the Brazil secion somewhat, but I think it needs more work. Will someone please do that? Also I standardized the punctuation on this page to "D-beat" (earlier there also times when it was punctuated "D-Beat" and "d-beat"). Is that an acceptable way to do it? The band list is getting long. Can we shorten it or sort it by style or region?

-Macho Philipovich 17:34, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

: "D-beat" is the best way to standardize it, in my opinion [[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 03:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

== temporary nonsense ==

Someone changed the first paragraph of this article to some nonsense about something else and posted a giant picture of a guy with a neck beard and a Burzum shirt. (?) I put it back to what it was before. I'm pretty new at this, so I don't know if there's some quick way to "revert" a page or report nonsense..

== Reverted ==

Someone changed the start of the article to say that Discharge was a [[Punk Metal]] band instead of [[Hardcore Punk]]. To be honest, I don't think it was a useful change, since Hardcore Punk is a common term, yet I have been involved in this scene for years and never heard the term "Punk Metal". (Maybe "Crossover"). Besides, the [[Punk Metal]] article is apparantly slated for deletion. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 13:20, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

== /* too many bands */ ==

I think there are too many little-known bands listed on this article. It seems like every person who comes just looks at it and says "Why--they didn't mention Disclamber!" or whatever and adds one more unheard of band to the list. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 05:33, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
:Haha... Yeah, you're right, I haven't heard of half of the bands mentioned in the list. Maybe we should tone it down and just mention a few well-known D-beat groups. —[[User:Quirk|Quirk]] 23:16, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
::It seems to me with other genres, that they have a separate page like "List of Screamo bands" or whatever. People can add to the list to their heart's content. I do think that it's somewhat pointless to list a little-known band that doesn't have a wikipedia article. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 00:40, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
:::Okay, I created a [[List of D-beat bands]] and deleted all red links from the band list on this page. The list on this page should perhaps be even more succinct, but I'm not sure which bands to leave and which to discard. —[[User:Quirk|Quirk]] 23:21, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
::::Heh heh, you were even more harsh than I was; I took out about half of them yesterday. Suits me fine.. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 02:08, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

i think its funny how at least half those bands have names like either dis[whatever] or [whatever]charge. i mean, i know thats one of the trade mark, but i think the band named DischargeD really took it over the line, imean changing it to past tense dosnt really mean you can use someone elses name.
:Yeah, and they all try to rip-off Discharge's logo. I almost bought [http://angryyoungandpoor.com/store/pc/viewPrd.asp?idcategory=415&idproduct=75141 this patch] thinking it was Discharge until I looked closer and saw it was some band called Disclose. It's kinda funny and pathetic. [[User:The Ungovernable Force|Ungovernable Force]][[User talk:The Ungovernable Force|Got something to say?]] 21:58, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

== Sample? ==

A sound sample of D-beat would be great. It is difficult to describe how a specific beat or sound "feels" like to listen to, so a sound sample from either a song or just the beat would be a very good addition here.

I concur--[[User:87.64.21.155|87.64.21.155]] 10:31, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

i dunno. it was just described to me as repetitive drum beats, with lots of hollow sounding drums, i know thats completly un-technical, but D-beat isnt a technical type of music really.

on the blast beat page there's what I believe is a MIDI sample of blast beats played at various speeds; It would indeed be a great idea to do something similar here, if for no other reason than it's a pain to try to explain what a d-beat sounds like to someone by slapping your hands on your knees. Anybody got a decent midi program?[[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 03:52, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

== What a mess ==

This article really needs to be re-written and re-formatted, when i first came across it, it had zero wiki links and no proper formatting. I tried to fix some of the worst mistakes, but there's still a ton that needs to be re-worked to bring it up to wikipedia standards.
[[User:Jessek|Jesse K.]] 23:41, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
::Hmm, it still looks much worse than it did before after several edits.. How is it an improvement to move the intro to the second paragraph and leave a weird tiny, blank title bar? I guess it's a work in progress, but.. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 14:49, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Talk:D-beat

2006-12-06T03:52:29Z

Jowe27: /* Sample? */

{{genre}}
yo i added a [[drum beat]] page that links to this page as well as to [[blast beat|blast beats]] and some other crap. check it out and improve it if you like.

--[[User:Macho|Macho]] 2:10PM April 25, 2005

----

hey y'all-- i fixed a typo (it's -> its), and i changed "subtley" (not a word) assuming you meant it to be "subtly". change it if i was wrong.

== disclose page. ==

hey, i made a page about disclose!
can be found at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclose

-[[User:Marxxxx|Marxxxx]] 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey all, im new to this. Macho, i was wondering if you knew anything on what c-beat is? I recently heard it through a thrash band George Harrison. They mentioned c-beat in their lyrics.

----

i know nothing of c-beat, sounds like a [[neologism]] someone made up to make themselves sound cool. also- i just removed the last sentence of the article, since it was clumsy and inepsy are now included in the list at the end of the article.

[[User:Macho|Macho Philipovich]] 21:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

i fixed a link, and cleaned the band section up.

-[[User:Marxxxx|Marxxxx]] 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

----

I made sections for the page. I also cleaned up the Brazil secion somewhat, but I think it needs more work. Will someone please do that? Also I standardized the punctuation on this page to "D-beat" (earlier there also times when it was punctuated "D-Beat" and "d-beat"). Is that an acceptable way to do it? The band list is getting long. Can we shorten it or sort it by style or region?

-Macho Philipovich 17:34, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

== temporary nonsense ==

Someone changed the first paragraph of this article to some nonsense about something else and posted a giant picture of a guy with a neck beard and a Burzum shirt. (?) I put it back to what it was before. I'm pretty new at this, so I don't know if there's some quick way to "revert" a page or report nonsense..

== Reverted ==

Someone changed the start of the article to say that Discharge was a [[Punk Metal]] band instead of [[Hardcore Punk]]. To be honest, I don't think it was a useful change, since Hardcore Punk is a common term, yet I have been involved in this scene for years and never heard the term "Punk Metal". (Maybe "Crossover"). Besides, the [[Punk Metal]] article is apparantly slated for deletion. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 13:20, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

== /* too many bands */ ==

I think there are too many little-known bands listed on this article. It seems like every person who comes just looks at it and says "Why--they didn't mention Disclamber!" or whatever and adds one more unheard of band to the list. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 05:33, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
:Haha... Yeah, you're right, I haven't heard of half of the bands mentioned in the list. Maybe we should tone it down and just mention a few well-known D-beat groups. —[[User:Quirk|Quirk]] 23:16, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
::It seems to me with other genres, that they have a separate page like "List of Screamo bands" or whatever. People can add to the list to their heart's content. I do think that it's somewhat pointless to list a little-known band that doesn't have a wikipedia article. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 00:40, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
:::Okay, I created a [[List of D-beat bands]] and deleted all red links from the band list on this page. The list on this page should perhaps be even more succinct, but I'm not sure which bands to leave and which to discard. —[[User:Quirk|Quirk]] 23:21, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
::::Heh heh, you were even more harsh than I was; I took out about half of them yesterday. Suits me fine.. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 02:08, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

i think its funny how at least half those bands have names like either dis[whatever] or [whatever]charge. i mean, i know thats one of the trade mark, but i think the band named DischargeD really took it over the line, imean changing it to past tense dosnt really mean you can use someone elses name.
:Yeah, and they all try to rip-off Discharge's logo. I almost bought [http://angryyoungandpoor.com/store/pc/viewPrd.asp?idcategory=415&idproduct=75141 this patch] thinking it was Discharge until I looked closer and saw it was some band called Disclose. It's kinda funny and pathetic. [[User:The Ungovernable Force|Ungovernable Force]][[User talk:The Ungovernable Force|Got something to say?]] 21:58, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

== Sample? ==

A sound sample of D-beat would be great. It is difficult to describe how a specific beat or sound "feels" like to listen to, so a sound sample from either a song or just the beat would be a very good addition here.

I concur--[[User:87.64.21.155|87.64.21.155]] 10:31, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

i dunno. it was just described to me as repetitive drum beats, with lots of hollow sounding drums, i know thats completly un-technical, but D-beat isnt a technical type of music really.

on the blast beat page there's what I believe is a MIDI sample of blast beats played at various speeds; It would indeed be a great idea to do something similar here, if for no other reason than it's a pain to try to explain what a d-beat sounds like to someone by slapping your hands on your knees. Anybody got a decent midi program?[[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 03:52, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

== What a mess ==

This article really needs to be re-written and re-formatted, when i first came across it, it had zero wiki links and no proper formatting. I tried to fix some of the worst mistakes, but there's still a ton that needs to be re-worked to bring it up to wikipedia standards.
[[User:Jessek|Jesse K.]] 23:41, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
::Hmm, it still looks much worse than it did before after several edits.. How is it an improvement to move the intro to the second paragraph and leave a weird tiny, blank title bar? I guess it's a work in progress, but.. [[User:Dan Carkner|Dan Carkner]] 14:49, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Bolt Thrower

2006-12-05T18:31:17Z

Jowe27:

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Bolt Thrower 
| Img = Boltthrower01.jpg
| Img_capt = Bolt Thrower in 2005
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Coventry]], [[England]]
| Genre = [[Death metal]]
| Years_active = [[1986]] –
| Label = [[Vinyl Solution]] [[Earache Records]] [[Metal Blade Records]]
| Associated_acts =
| URL = http://www.boltthrower.com
| Current_members = [[Karl Willetts]] [[Jo Bench]] [[Gavin Ward (musician)|Gavin Ward]] [[Barry Thompson]] [[Martin Kearns]]
| Past_members = [[Andrew Whale|Andy Whale]] [[Martin van Drunen]] [[Alex Thomas]] [[Dave Ingram]] Alex Tweedy [[Alan West]] 
}}

{{otheruses4|the [[death metal]] band|the weapon sometimes called a bolt thrower|Ballista}}

'''Bolt Thrower''' are a [[death metal]] band from [[Coventry]], [[England]]. Many consider Bolt Thrower to have a strong [[grindcore]] influence, particularly their earlier works. They formed in [[1986]] and released their first album with [[Vinyl Solution]] in [[1988]]. They then shifted to a new [[record label]], [[Earache Records]], soon becoming one of the best selling bands on that label. Their current label is [[Metal Blade Records]]. The band has had a succession of members and have toured [[Europe]], the [[United States]] and [[Australia]].

The band takes its name from a weapon in the popular tabletop strategy game [[Warhammer Fantasy Battle]]. The lyrics and artwork of their second album were based on Warhammer as well as its futuristic companion [[Warhammer 40,000]], with much of the art actually being provided by the game's publisher, [[Games Workshop]]. The general theme of their lyrics is war and its consequences.

==History==
===Early history: 1986-1988===
Bolt Thrower were formed in September [[1986 in music|1986]] as a [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] and [[thrash metal]] band, influenced largely by thrash bands such as [[Slayer]] and hardcore punk bands like [[Crass]] and [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]]. The band was founded by bassist [[Gavin Ward (musician)|Gavin Ward]] and guitarist [[Barry Thompson]] in a [[Coventry]] [[pub]] toilet during a hardcore punk [[concert|gig]]. Shortly thereafter [[Andrew Whale]] and [[Alan West (musician)|Alan West]] joined on drums and vocals respectively. In April [[1987 in music|1987]] the ''In Battle There Is No Law'' demo was recorded with this line-up.

Their second recording was the ''Concession of Pain'' demo, which they made in September of 1987. Gavin had switched to guitars and they recruited [[Alex Tweedy]] to play the bass. However, Alex did not show up for the recording, and so Gavin played both guitar and bass for the demo. Two weeks after the recording session, Gavin's girlfriend [[Jo Bench]] replaced Tweedy.

With this line-up they recorded their first Peel session on [[January 3]], [[1988 in music|1988]], with [[John Peel]], the alternative disk jockey of [[BBC Radio One]]. He had received their second demo and became enthusiastic about the band. They recorded four tracks for it, resulting in a deal with [[Vinyl Solution]] to release one album. Just before the recording of their first full-length album, they replaced their singer with their driver [[Karl Willetts]]. Their debut [[Vinyl record|LP]], ''[[In Battle there is no Law]]'' is only a half hour in length and has a primitive and raw sound.

===1989-1994===
[[Image:Bolt_realm.jpg|right|thumb|The cover of the 1989 album ''Realm of Chaos'', similar to the cover of ''Rogue Trader'', the first edition of [[Warhammer 40,000]]]]
They were not satisfied with the deal with Vinyl Solution as it was a pure [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] label at that time. The label did little promotion for Bolt Thrower and their blend of death metal and hardcore punk, so after one album Bolt Thrower decided to leave Vinyl Solution and were signed by [[Earache Records]]. Earache Records had also signed many other death metal bands including [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]] and [[Napalm Death]]. The band worked a little on their style and changed to playing faster, more aggressive and powerful songs, becoming more of a [[grindcore]], death metal band. The production of this piece was not great, though it was an improvement on previous attempts. The artwork was done by [[Games Workshop]] (they produce games such as [[Warhammer]]) as a gaming supplement they produced had a similar name to the album Bolt Thrower was about to release. After Games Workshop heard the recording of the songs for Bolt Thrower's second Peel session, which was recorded on [[6 November]] [[1988]], they offered to do the expensive artwork for Bolt Thrower's album. The band accepted this offer. The record was released in [[1989]] with the title of ''[[Realm of Chaos]]'' and with the subtitle ''Slaves To Darkness''. Most of the lyrics to the songs were also influenced by the game, but not merely because of the deal with Games Workshop. Karl, Andy and Gavin were very much into the games Games Workshop produced and they wrote a couple of songs about these games. Some obvious examples are "[[Nurgle|Plague Bearer]]" and "[[World Eaters|World Eater]]". Most lyrics can however be projected on war, the general theme Bolt Thrower uses. After the recording of ''Realm of Chaos'' they went on the [[Grindcrusher Tour]] with labelmates [[Napalm Death]], [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]] and [[Morbid Angel]]. On the ''Cenotaph'' EP one song ("Realm of Chaos") appears that is recorded during this tour. This EP also features the two CD-bonus tracks from ''War Master'' and ''Realm of Chaos'' plus the song "Cenotaph".

Continuing, they recorded their third and final Peel session on [[22 July]], [[1990 in music|1990]]. On this three songs from the upcoming album were performed in raw versions as well as "Lost Souls Domain" off ''Realm Of Chaos''. Next step in the history of Bolt Thrower was the album titled ''[[War Master]]''. The songs on this album are quite similar stylewise to those on 'Realm of Chaos' but more ingenious. They put in some more skills in playing and did not lose their extreme grind edge at the same time, making it all sound far more sophisticated. And this time the production was done skillfully. It was recorded, as the previous album in the Slaughterhouse studios, which burnt down two weeks after the recordings were completed. Again Games Workshop offered them to do the artwork; however as it was considered too expensive, Bolt Thrower declined the offer. The former head-designer of Games Workshop would do the artwork, resulting in quite similar artwork as that on ''Realm of Chaos''. For the [[United States|U.S.]] tour they did to promote the ''War Master'' album, they used an old US school bus as tour bus, loaded with many computer games. All three Peel Sessions were then released on one CD named ''The Peel Sessions 1988-90'' in [[1991 in music|1991]].

Their next step was ''[[The IVth Crusade]]'', so-called because it was their fourth album (not counting the Peel sessions). They took out most of the [[grindcore]] influences, [[downtune]]d their guitars even more and wrote slower songs which were heavier and more bombastic. It tends more to [[doom metal]] influenced by bands like [[Candlemass]], in combination with their own massive death metal sound. The album was followed by the tour ''World Crusade'' with the [[Poland|Polish]] death metal act [[Vader (band)|Vader]] and the [[Sweden|Swedish]] death metal band [[Grave (band)|Grave]] in Europe. The band toured the [[United States|US]] again as well as [[Australia]]. During this time a single was released called ''Spearhead'' containing a very heavy, extended remix of the CD track "Spearhead" plus two new tracks and "Dying Creed" off the album.

Classic line-up (from [[1988]] to [[1994]]):
* Karl Willetts : Vocals
* Gavin Ward : Guitar
* Barry Thompson : Guitar
* Jo Bench : Bass guitar
* Andy Whale : Drums

Their next album is called ''[[...For Victory]]'' and was released in [[1994 in music|1994]]. It was the final album with Karl Willetts and Andrew Whale. Both left the band because of changing life directions. The latest American tour did not go well, they returned home prematurely and by this time the band was quite fed-up with touring. They too made a partial return to their [[Hardcore punk|Hardcore]]/[[thrash metal]] roots, whilst not forgetting their doom influences, though the vocals tended to sound a bit different: less [[death grunt|growling]], but more hardcore punk styled; they had more screaming, especially on "When Glory Beckons" and "Armageddon Bound". A limited edition of the album exists containing a bonus Live CD, called ''War'' (sometimes called "Live War"). After the album release Karl Willetts was replaced by [[Netherlands|Dutchman]] [[Martin van Drunen]] and [[Martin Kearns]], who took over the drum kit.

===1995 to present===
[[Image:Band17.jpg|thumb|Bolt Thrower in 2001]]

In [[1995 in music|1995]] and [[1996 in music|1996]] the band did two European tours. Then in [[1997 in music|1997]], Martin van Drunen decided to leave the band again as he had never felt he really became a part of Bolt Thrower, and also because he got a disease that made his hair fall out due to which he felt insecure on stage. For at least one show in [[Germany]] long time friend [[Dave Ingram]] stood in. Martin Kearns decided to leave again. The position at the [[drum kit]] is now taken by [[Alex Thomas]]. Karl Willetts temporarily rejoined the band to do the vocal duties on the next album. The band switched record labels from [[Earache Records|Earache]] to [[Metal Blade Records]], because since the US ''...For Victory'' tour they had seen a lack of success with Earache. Earache had also wanted to get rid of them and Bolt Thrower wanted to leave Earache as soon as possible, so they parted company.

The album titled ''[[Mercenary (album)|Mercenary]]'' was released on [[8 September]] [[1998 in music|1998]] in [[Europe]] and on [[10 November]] 1998 in the USA, and features 9 tracks. It is over all a bit slower than its predecessors. However, it is definitely very heavy and sounds very much Bolt Thrower. And Karl returned to perform his previous style of singing; the hardcore punk influences have disappeared again. After the album recording, Karl left the band again and the band have recruited Dave Ingram permanently after he left [[Benediction (band)|Benediction]].

In November 1998, Earache Records released ''Who Dares Wins'', an album featuring various older recordings, including the songs from the Spearhead EP and Cenotaph EP. The band themselves do not agree with the release this album, as it is a cheap cash-in from Earache and they warn not to buy it. Originally, it was titled ''No Guts - No Glory'' but the title was changed because one song on ''Mercenary'' has the same title and [[Metal Blade Records|Metal Blade]] objected. Following the release of the album a European tour was done, called ''Into the Killing Zone'' with [[Dave Ingram]] on vocals.

After a short [[Europe]]an tour in [[2001 in music|2001]] (only 5 dates), they started to work on a new album. ''[[Honour - Valour - Pride]]'' was released in late 2001 on [[Metal Blade Records|Metal Blade]] and shows a progression from the direction taken on ''Mercenary''. It contains 9 tracks; the [[digipak]] has one bonus track. Martin Kearns is now back with the band after he settled his things in his life. Alex Thomas departed since he lacked interest in the musical direction of Bolt Thrower.

In [[2004 in music|2004]] the band began working on new material for their latest album. They intended to record it in the May of 2004, with the release set to the end of the year by Metal Blade. Meanwhile a European tour and a US tour were prepared. Unfortunately, right before the recording could begin, Dave Ingram decided to leave, mostly due to health issues. This put off the new record and tours, and priority was set to finding a new singer: on [[18 November]] [[2004]], the band had announced the return of [[Karl Willetts]]. Recording of the album, entitled ''[[Those Once Loyal]]'', started in May 2005; it was released on 11 November in Germany, 14 November in the rest of Europe and 15 November in the USA [[2005 in music|2005]]. It has been met with widespread critical acclaim from magazines such as [[Rock Sound]], [[Rock Hard]] and [[Metal Hammer]]. A European tour followed in January and February [[2006 in music|2006]]. A second leg followed in April, with dates in [[Scandinavia]], [[UK]], [[Spain]] and more. A US tour is expected later this year.

Meanwhile, Earache has coincided the release of ''Those Once Loyal'' with a re-release of the ''Realm of Chaos'' featuring new artwork. The band encourage people not to buy it as (like ''Who Dares Wins'') it was released without their consultation let alone consent. Furthermore, it has been alleged that the band has not received royalties from Earache for a number of years.

==Members==
===Current line-up===
* [[Barry Thompson|Barry (Baz) Thomson]] - [[Rhythm guitar|Rhythm]]/[[Lead guitar]] (1986 -)
* [[Gavin Ward (musician)|Gavin Ward]] - [[Rhythm guitar]] (Bass on demos) (1986 -)
* [[Jo Bench]] - [[Bass guitar]] (1987 -)
* [[Martin Kearns|Martin (Kiddie) Kearns]] - [[Drums]] (1994 - 1997, 2000 - )
* [[Karl Willetts]] - [[Vocals]] (1987 - 1994, 2004 -)

===Former members===
* [[Alex Tweedy]] - [[Bass guitar]] (1987)
* [[Alan West (musician)|Alan West]] - [[Vocals]] (1986 - 1988)
* [[Dave Ingram]] - [[Vocals]] (1997, 1998 - 2004)
* [[Martin van Drunen]] - [[Vocals]] (1995 - 1997)
* [[Alex Thomas]] - [[Drums]] (1997 - 1999)
* [[Andrew Whale|Andrew (Andy) Whale]] - [[Drums]] (1986 - 1994)

==Discography==
===Demos===
*''In Battle There Is No Law'' (self-released cassette, [[1987 in music|1987]])
*''Concession Of Pain'' (self-released cassette, [[1987 in music|1987]])

===Standard releases===
*''[[In Battle there is no Law]]'' (Vinyl Solution, [[1988 in music|1988]])
*''[[Realm of Chaos|Realm of Chaos - Slaves to Darkness]]'' (Earache, [[1989 in music|1989]])
*''[[Cenotaph (album)|Cenotaph]] ([[Extended play|EP]])'' (Earache, [[1990 in music|1990]])
*''[[War Master]]'' (Earache, [[1991 in music|1991]])
*''[[The IVth Crusade]]'' (Earache, [[1992 in music|1992]])
*''[[Spearhead (album)|Spearhead]] ([[Extended play|EP]])'' (Earache, [[1993 in music|1993]])
*''[[...For Victory]]'' (Earache, [[1994 in music|1994]])
*''[[Mercenary (album)|Mercenary]]'' (Metal Blade, [[1998 in music|1998]])
*''[[Honour - Valour - Pride]]'' (Metal Blade, [[2001 in music|2001]])
*''[[Those Once Loyal]]'' (Metal Blade, [[2005 in music|2005]])

===Live and compilation albums===
*''[[The Peel Session]]'' ([[Extended play|EP]]) (Strange Fruit, [[1988 in music|1988]])
*''[[The Peel Sessions 1988-90 (Bolt Thrower)|The Peel Sessions 1988-90]]'' (Strange Fruit, [[1991 in music|1991]])
*''[[War (Bolt Thrower album)|War]]'' (Earache, [[1994 in music|1994]])
*''[[Who Dares Wins (album)|Who Dares Wins]]'' (Earache, [[1998 in music|1998]])

===Video clips===

*"The IVth Crusade" (1992)
*"...For Victory" (1998)
*"Inside the Wire" (2000)
*"Cenotaph" (2001)

==Audio files (mp3)==
*[[Mercenary (album)|Mercenary ]] (1997)
**08. [http://www.metalblade.de/mp3/noguts.mp3 No Guts, no Glory]
**10. [http://www.metrixmetal.home.pl/bt/download/BoltThrower_Infiltrator.mp3 Infiltrator]
*[[Honour - Valour - Pride]] (2001)
**02. [http://www.metalblade.de/mp3/boltthrower_insidethewire.mp3 Inside the Wire]
**07. [http://www.metrixmetal.home.pl/bt/download/BoltThrower_K-Machine.mp3 K-Machine (demo)]
*[[Those Once Loyal]] (2005)
**02. [http://www.metalblade.com/bands/Bolt_Thrower/Bolt_Thrower-Entrenched.mp3 Entrenched]

==External links==
*Official Bolt Thrower [http://www.boltthrower.com Website]
*Unofficial Bolt Thrower [http://metrixmetal.home.pl/bt/forum/index.php Forum]
*Unofficial Bolt Thrower [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kmachine/btfaq/btfaq.htm F.A.Q.]
*Bolt Thrower's current label [http://www.metalblade.com Metal Blade Records]

==References==
*{{cite book|author=Sharpe-Young, Garry|title=Rockdetector: A-Z of Death Metal|publisher=Cherry Red|year=2003|id=ISBN 1-901447-35-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Christe, Ian|title=Sound of the Beast : The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal|publisher=Harper Entertainment|year=2003|id=ISBN 0-06-052362-X}}
*[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=44467 BOLT THROWER Condemn EARACHE 'Realm of Chaos' Reissue - Nov. 19, 2005] Quotes from the official webpage of Bolt Thrower

{{BoltThrower}}

[[Category:Peel Sessions artists]]
[[Category:English musical groups]]
[[Category:Bolt Thrower]]
[[Category:British heavy metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Death metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Music from Coventry, England]]

[[de:Bolt Thrower]]
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[[nl:Bolt Thrower]]
[[pl:Bolt Thrower]]
[[pt:Bolt Thrower]]
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[[sv:Bolt Thrower]]

Talk:Bolt Thrower

2006-12-05T18:26:50Z

Jowe27: /* Grindcore */

{{HMM}}
{| class="messagebox standard-talk"
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| width="40px" | [[Image:Cscr-former.png|none|30px]]
| This article is a former [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|featured article candidate]]. Please '''''[[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Bolt Thrower|view its sub-page]]''''' to see why the nomination failed. For older candidates, please check the [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Archived nominations/Index|archive]].
[[Category:Wikipedia featured article candidates (contested)|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]
|}
{{oldpeerreview}}

== Featured article candidate? ==

According to the notices on the top of this page, this article has been a featured article candidate, but I can't find any info about the nomination or its rejection (all the links seem to go to edit pages). Does anyone know where that information is? [[User:Rbarreira|Rbarreira]] 21:40, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

: I nominated it [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Bolt_Thrower]] it has since been renamed [[User:Spearhead|Spearhead]] 22:10, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

==Grindcore==

They were Grindcore originally, so i added it. Take it down if you can prove they wernt.[[User:Captaincookie|Captaincookie]] 11:00, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
: they never were grind. they had some hardcore punk influence, early on. furthermore they're straight death. [[User:Spearhead|Spearhead]] 15:54, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
:: 2 things: First, I removed this paragraph because it's written horribly and makes little sense- "Primary to popular belief ...For Victory wasn't comeback to bolt thrower's grindcore roots (War Master, Realm of Chaos). Metal-Encyclopedia Anus and Earache records call the ...For Victory to grindcore because bolt thrower take a more Godflesh influence to ...For Victory and Godflesh is a own band of Napalm Death-former Justin K Broadrick."
::Also, I think you can make a strong argument that Bolt Thrower can be considered a grindcore band. Listen to "In Battle There Is No Law"; the use of blast beats, the layering of guitar rythms against the drum beat, etc. Yes, there is a hardcore punk influence, but isn't grindcore really just a combination of fast/heavy thrash or death metal with fast hardcore (i.e. Napalm Death)? Death metal and grindcore are often very similar and a lot of bands combine both styles, including Suffocation, Exhumed and Bolt Thrower. They certainly aren't a "straight death" band, if you want that listen to Baphomet or Massacra. I'm going to edit the page to mention something like "Bolt Thrower are considered by some part of the grind genre".[[User:Jowe27|Jowe27]] 18:26, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

== Grindcore ==

I think Realm of Chaos and ..For Victory
is a Bolt Thrower's only grindcore releases.
: they never were grind. they had some hardcore punk influence, early on. furthermore they're straight death.[[User:Spearhead|Spearhead]] 17:51, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

== Removed category ==

Removed Birmingham bands category as they are from Coventry, not Birmingham. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba hotep]] 20:07, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
: they're from around brum. Whale and Karl are from brum, Jo and Gav live in Leamington Spa and Baz is from Coventry. [[User:Spearhead|Spearhead]] 20:37, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
It didn't mention Birmingham at all in the text so that's why I took the category out. It's OK though, someone's put it back in for you. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba hotep]] 08:09, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
Although, I have now created the new category of Music from Coventry, England. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba hotep]] 09:18, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

== Bolt thrower redirect page ==

I have overwritten the disambig page for "Bolt thrower" - it now redirects to here because the other article (Ballista) doesn't even mention "bolt" and "thrower" in the same sentence. Besides the "other uses" link someone else has put up on the band article is sufficient if I'm being generous. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba]] [[User talk:Bubba hotep|hot]][[Special:Contributions/Bubba hotep|ep]] 15:00, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
:This article should then be moved to [[Bolt Thrower]] - no reason to have a redirect page instead of an actual article. - [[User:Quirk|Quirk]] 15:45, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Valis (novel)

2006-11-27T22:11:40Z

Jowe27: /* Derivative works */

{{Mergefrom|Black Iron Prison|date=May 2006}}

:''This article is about the Philip K. Dick novel. For information about the video game series, see [[Mugen Senshi Valis]].''

'''''VALIS''''' is a 1981 [[science fiction]] book by [[Philip K. Dick]]. The title is an acronym for ''Vast Active Living Intelligence System'', Dick's [[Gnosticism|gnostic]] vision of one aspect of [[God]]. VALIS is the first book in an unfinished trilogy that (together with his thematically related final novel) represents Dick's last major work before he died. As Dick's ''[[Radio Free Albemuth]]'' is actually an earlier version of Valis, it is not included as a component of this trilogy.

''VALIS'' is a part of Dick's unfinished '''[[VALIS trilogy]]''' of novels:
* ''VALIS'' ([[1981]])
* ''[[The Divine Invasion]]'' (1981)
* ''[[The Owl in Daylight]]''

''[[The Transmigration of Timothy Archer]]'' ([[1982]]) is thematically related to the unfinished trilogy and has been included in several omnibus editions of the trilogy as a stand-in for the unwritten final volume.

==Plot summary==

{{spoiler}}

==Horselover Fat==
The main character in ''VALIS'' is Horselover Fat, an [[author surrogate]]. "Horselover" is English for the Greek word "phil-hippos", lover/friend of horses, and "fat", being English for the German word "dick".

Even though the book is written in first person, for most of the book Dick treats Horselover Fat as a separate person, describing conversations and even arguments with him, and criticizing his opinions and writings; this can all be viewed by the reader as a form of mental illness. The major subject of these dialogues is spirituality, as Dick/Fat's character is ostensibly obsessed with several religions and philosophies, including [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Gnosticism]] and even [[Jungian]] Psychoanalysis, in the search for a cure for what he believes is simultaneously a personal and a cosmic wound. Near the end of the book the [[messianic figure]], incarnated by the child Sophia, cures him (temporarily), and he describes his surprise that Horselover Fat has suddenly disappeared from his side.

==Exegesis==
{{main|Exegesis (book)}}

VALIS has been described as one node of an artificial [[satellite]] network originating from the star [[Sirius]] in the [[Canis Major]] constellation. According to Dick, the Earth satellite used "pink laser beams" to transfer information and project holograms on Earth and to facilitate communication between an extraterrestrial species and humanity. Dick claimed that VALIS used "disinhibiting stimuli" to communicate, using symbols to trigger [[recollection]] of [[genetic memory|intrinsic knowledge]] through the [[anamnesis|loss of amnesia]], achieving [[gnosis]]. Drawing directly from [[Platonism]] and [[Gnosticism]], Dick wrote in his '' Exegesis'': "We appear to be memory coils (DNA carriers capable of experience) in a computer-like thinking system which, although we have correctly recorded and stored thousands of years of experiential information, and each of us possesses somewhat different deposits from all the other life forms, there is a malfunction - a failure - of [[Recollection|memory retrieval]]."

At one point, Dick claimed to be in a state of [[enthousiasmos]] with VALIS, where he was informed his infant son was in danger of perishing from an unnamed malady. Routine checkups on the child had shown no trouble or illness; however, Dick insisted that thorough tests be run to ensure his son's health. The doctor eventually complied, despite the fact that there were no apparent symptoms. During the examination doctors discovered an [[inguinal hernia]], which would have killed the child if an operation was not quickly performed. His son survived thanks to the operation, which Dick attributed to the "intervention" of VALIS.

Another event was an episode of [[xenoglossia]]. Supposedly, Dick's wife transcribed the sounds she heard him speak, and discovered that he was speaking [[Koine Greek]], an ancient dialect which he had never studied. As Dick was to later discover, Koine Greek was originally used to write the [[New Testament]] and the [[Septuagint]]. However, this was not the first time Dick had experienced xenoglossia. A decade earlier, Dick claimed he was able to think, speak, and read fluent [[Latin]] under the influence of [[Sandoz Laboratories|Sandoz]] [[LSD-25]].

The UK edition of ''VALIS'' also included '''Cosmology and Cosmogony''', a chapbook containing selections from Dick's ''[[Exegesis by Philip K. Dick|Exegesis]]''.

==Rhipidon Society==

Dick's friends (and fellow science fiction writers) [[K.W. Jeter]] (Kevin) and [[Tim Powers]] (David) appear as thinly disguised characters in the novel, and along with Dick, as members of the "[[Rhipidon Society]]", with the motto, "Fish Cannot Carry Guns!" It is also said that [[James P. Blaylock]] appears in the book.

==Main characters==

* '''Phil''' Dick: narrator, science fiction writer
* '''Horselover Fat''': narrator
* '''Gloria Knudson''': suicidal friend of Fat's
* '''Kevin''': friend of Fat's, skeptic
* '''Sherri Solvig''': Fat's friend, dying from lymphatic cancer
* '''David''': Catholic friend of Fat's
* '''Zebra''': pure energy, discorporate, the [[Logos]], living information, the "plasmate", "God"; communicates with Fat
* '''VALIS''': title of an American science fiction film, appears as a satellite, controls reality, synonymous with Zebra (see ''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth (film)|The Man Who Fell to Earth]])''. Essentially a [[story within a story]]. It also forms the plotline of ''[[Radio Free Albemuth]]'', Dick's rejected (but posthumously published) original version of ''Valis''.
* '''Eric Lampton''': rock star, screenwriter, actor, aka "Mother Goose", David Bowie
* '''Linda Lampton''': actress
* '''Sophia''': the child-messiah, incarnation of VALIS
* '''Brent Mini''': electronic composer (based upon electronic/ambient musician [[Brian Eno]])

==Philosophical and cultural references==

[[Theology]] and [[philosophy]], especially [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] philosophy, play an important role in ''VALIS'', presenting not just Dick's (and/or Horselover Fat's) own views on these subjects but also his interpretation of numerous religions and philosophies of the past. The most prominent religious references are to [[Valentinus (Gnostic)|Valentinian Gnosticism]], the [[Rosy Cross|Rose Cross Brotherhood]], [[Zoroastrianism]] and [[Buddhism]], as well as Biblical writings including the [[Book of Daniel]] and the [[New Testament]] [[epistles]]. Many ancient [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]] are discussed, including several [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Pre-Socratics]] ([[Pythagoras]], [[Xenophanes]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Empedocles]] and [[Parmenides]]) as well as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. More recent thinkers that are mentioned include the philosophers [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] and [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], the Christian [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Jakob Böhme]], the alchemist [[Paracelsus]] and the [[psychologist]] [[Carl Jung]].

The action of ''VALIS'' is set firmly in the American popular culture of its time, with references to the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Frank Zappa]] and [[Linda Ronstadt]] as well as the fictional rock musicians Eric Lampton and Brent Mini. However, the novel also contains a number of [[high culture]] references such as the poets [[Henry Vaughan|Vaughan]], [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]], and the classical composers [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]] and [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]. In particular, the novel contains several extended discussions about Wagner's metaphysical opera ''[[Parsifal]]''.

==Derivative works==

The novel ''VALIS'' was adapted in 1987 as an electronic opera by composer [[Tod Machover]], and performed at [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], with live singers and video installations created by artist [http://www.ubikam.fr/portes/val_main1.htm# Catherine Ikam].

In 2004, in the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Philip K. Dick's alleged epiphany, described in the Exegesis and dramatized in ''VALIS'', an [http://www.pinklight.net/pub/Pinklight/ art exhibition] was organized in Vienna by multimedia artist's group XDV, which had several interactive artworks inspired by the descriptions of his experiences.

Radio station [[CIBL-FM]] 101,5 in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] broadcasts a late-night radio show called "L'Eglise de VALIS internationale / Church of VALIS internationale." On-air since 1997, the show's producers claim to retransmit messages sent to them from VALIS.

It is also worth noting that the graphic novel ''[[The Invisibles]]'' carries a strong ''VALIS'' influence.

==See also==
* ''[[Radio Free Albemuth]]''
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Solid State Intelligence]] (SSI) - a malevolent form of VALIS. See [[John C. Lilly]].
* [[Black Iron Prison]]

==External links==
*[http://deoxy.org/pkd_tcs.htm Tractates Cryptica Scriptura] The appendix of ''VALIS'', an extract of the Exegesis
*[http://www.philipkdickfans.com/weirdo/weirdo1.htm VALIS comics drawn by R. Crumb]
*[http://www.philipkdickfans.com Philip K. Dick Fans website]
*[http://www.philipkdick.com/ Official Philip K. Dick site]

{{Dick}}

[[Category:1981 novels]]
[[Category:Philip K. Dick novels]]
[[Category:Science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Postmodern literature]]
[[Category:Philosophical novels]]

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[[fr:Siva]]
[[pl:Valis]]

Tragedy (band)

2006-11-27T20:08:21Z

Jowe27:

'''Tragedy''' is a modern [[hardcore punk]] band, originally from [[Memphis, Tennessee]], but currently residing in [[Portland, Oregon]]. The band formed in [[2000]] and was born from the ashes of influential modern hardcore bands [[His Hero is Gone]] and [[Deathreat]].

[[Image:Tragedy.jpg|thumb|300px|From the insert to the band's first, self-titled LP on Tragedy Records (2000)]]

Tragedy's music is characterized by its unrelenting, heavy hardcore punk sound, often punctuated by melodic interludes and downshifts in tempo. The band remains strongly aware of its roots but often takes the genre in newer, more innovative directions, pioneering a new breed of hardcore punk along with close friends and contemporaries [[From Ashes Rise]], as well other bands residing in Portland and throughout the world. (See: [[Severed Head of State]] and [[Remains of the Day (band)|Remains of the Day]])

Though most of these bands maintain a progressive attitude as to the nature of their sound (Remains of the Day actually includes a [[violin]]ist among its members), there is a staunch refusal to separate themselves categorically from their hardcore punk provenances. Tragedy draw from many various early hardcore punk bands as influences, most prominently in the vein of [[d-beat]], ranging from [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]] themselves to [[Japan]]ese d-beat groups such as [[Deathside]]. Some consider Tragedy to be part of the [[crust punk]] subgenre, due to their heavy, dark and apocalyptic nature.

Tragedy's first and subsequent albums have met with critical acclaim within the [[DIY]] hardcore community, and many see the band as at the forefront of a modern hardcore renaissance of sorts. Nevertheless, despite the band's [[cult following]] and near celebrity status among underground hardcore circles, they remain largely mysterious, refusing thus far to utilize the internet and including minimal information in album inserts.

==Members==
*[[Todd Burdette]] - Guitar/Vocals - Also of [[Deathreat (band)|Deathreat]], [[Severed Head of State]] and [[Warcry (us band)|Warcry]], Formerly of [[Copout (band)|Copout]], [[His Hero is Gone]] and [[Call The Police (band)|Call The Police]]
*[[Yannick Lorraine]] - Guitar - Formerly of [[His Hero is Gone]] and [[Union of Uranus]]
*[[Billy Davis (punk musician)|Billy Davis]] - Bass/Vocals - Also of [[Deathreat (band)|Deathreat]], Formerly of [[Copout (band)|Copout]] and [[From Ashes Rise]]
*[[Paul Burdette]] - Drums - Also of [[Deathreat (band)|Deathreat]] and [[Criminal Damage (band)|Criminal Damage]], Formerly of [[His Hero is Gone]] and [[Call The Police (band)|Call The Police]]

==Discography==

*Tragedy (2000) LP on Tragedy Records
*Tragedy (2001) LP European pressing on Skuld Releases
*Can We Call This Life? (2002) 7" on Tragedy Records
*Vengeance (2002) LP on Tragedy Records
*Vengeance (2003) LP European pressing on Skuld Releases
*Split 7" with [[Totalitär]] (2003) on [[Armageddon Label]]
*UK 2004 Tour 7" limited to 500 copies on Tragedy Records
*Nerve Damage LP (2006) on Tragedy Records

====Release covers====

[[Image:Selftitled.gif|95px]]
[[Image:Europress1.gif|95px]]
[[Image:Canwe.gif|95px]]
[[Image:Vengeancecover.jpg|95px]]
[[Image:Europress2.jpg|95px]]
[[Image:Splittragedy.jpg|95px]]
[[Image:Tragedy_2004.jpg|95px]]
[[Image:Nervedamage.jpg|95px]]

==Quotes==
*"...And they won't have to burn the books when no one reads them anyway." — The Point of No Return, Tragedy LP (2000)
*"You can run, you can hide, but never close your eyes!" — Revengeance, Vengeance LP (2002)
*"NO TRUCE. NO MERCY. NO SURRENDER. NO REST. NO MORE. THIS IS WAR." — Call To Arms, Vengeance LP (2002)

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/conflictingideas Tragedy Fan Myspace Profile] - Myspace.com
*[http://www.myspace.com/tragedyport Another Tragedy Fan Myspace Profile] - Myspace.com
*[http://www.attackfanzine.net/tragedy.htm Interview with Tragedy's Billy Davis] - Attackfanzine.com
*[http://www.rekylvinyl.no/shop/?prodID=10400 Review of Tragedy's Vengeance Record] - Rekylvinyl.no
*[http://www.punknews.org/review/260 Review of Tragedy's Self-Titled Record] - Punknews.org
*[http://www.scenepointblank.com/reviews/849 Review of Tragedy's Nerve Damage Record] - Scenepointblank.com
*[http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/aug2006/tragedy.aspx Another Review of Tragedy's Nerve Damage Record] - Decibel Magazine.
*[http://www.stereokiller.com/bands/tragedy Tragedy Profile on Stereokiller.com] - Stereokiller.com
*[http://www.wweek.com/editorial/3301/8203/ Tragedy story in local Portland weekly free paper] - Willamette Week
[[Category:hardcore punk groups]]

Punk rock

2006-11-27T19:36:27Z

Jowe27:

{{Punkbox}}
'''Punk rock''' is an [[anti-establishment]] [[rock music]] movement with origins in the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | year=| title="The birth of punk" | work=Independent News and Media Limited (UK)| url=http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/music/features/article324977.ece | accessdate= October 28 | accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref name="savage"> Savage, Jon, "England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock", [[Faber and Faber]], 1991. ISBN 0-312-28822-0</ref> and [[Australia]]<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/arts/music/stories/s780315.htm Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2003, "Misfits and Malcontents"] (Downloaded 1/11/06); [http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/saints.htm www.punk77.co.uk, (no date) "The Saints"]; (Downloaded 1/11/06); [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=5594 Billboard, 1992-2005, "The Saints"] (Downloaded 1/11/06)] </ref> around 1974-1975, exemplified by bands such as the [[Ramones]],<ref name="rrhf">{{cite web | author= | year=2002| title="The Ramones" | work= Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | url=http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=1775 | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> [[Sex Pistols]],<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web | author= Artist Profiles | year=| title="Artist Profiles: Sex Pistols"| work=BBC.co.uk| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/profiles/sexpistols.shtml | accessdate= September 22 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> [[The Damned]], and [[The Clash]].

The term ''punk'' is used to describe the associated [[Punk subculture|subculture]], involving youthful [[aggression]], specific [[Punk fashion|clothing styles]], [[Punk ideology|ideologies]], and a [[DIY punk ethic|DIY]] (do it yourself) attitude; the term can also be used as a noun to indicate a member of said subculture. The cities of [[London]], [[Sydney]], [[New York City]], [[Washington DC]], [[Los Angeles]] and [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] have been key locales for punk bands, venues and audiences.

==Characteristics==
Punk bands often emulate the bare musical structures and arrangements of 1960s [[garage rock]] bands. This emphasis on accessibility exemplified punk's DIY aesthetic, and contrasted with the ostentatious musicianship of many of the mainstream rock bands popular in the years before the advent of punk. In 1976, the [[England|English]] punk [[fanzine]] ''Sideburns'' included drawings (later reproduced in ''[[Sniffin' Glue]]'') of three chords, captioned: "This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. Now form a band".<ref name="punkinUK">{{cite web | author= | year= 2002| title="Punk Music in Britain" | work=BBC.co.uk | url=http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/music/features/article324977.ece | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> Typical punk instrumentation includes a [[drum kit]], one or two [[electric guitar]]s, an [[electric bass]] and vocals. Drums typically sound heavy and dry, and often have a minimal set-up — with a [[snare drum]], one mounted or standing [[tom tom|tom]], one [[floor tom]], one [[bass drum]], [[hi-hats]], one or two [[crash cymbal]]s and a [[ride cymbal]].

In the early days of punk rock, musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion; complicated guitar solos were considered self-indulgent and unnecessary, although basic guitar breaks were still common, even in early punk songs. Bass guitar lines are often basic and used to carry the songs melody, although some punk bass players such as [[Mike Watt]] put greater emphasis on more technical bass parts. Guitar parts tend to include highly-distorted [[power chords]], although some bands take a [[surf rock]] approach with lighter, "[[twang]]ier" guitar tones. Production is minimalistic, with tracks sometimes laid down on home tape recorders. Punk vocals sometimes sound nasal, and are often shouted instead of sung in a conventional sense.

Most punk songs have a [[verse-chorus form]] and a [[Time signature|4/4 time signature]]. Punk songs are normally about two and a half minutes long, but can be merely a few seconds. Punk rock tends to have faster tempos than the rock bands who came before them. Drum beats are usually simplistic, with quarter note grooves and not very technical bass or snare drum patterns. However, in [[hardcore punk]] the drumming is considerably faster and quite technical.

By the mid-1970s, punk lyrics began to involve confrontational frankness and commentaries on social and political issues. Songs such as The Clash's "[[Career Opportunities]]" and "London's Burning" and [[Chelsea (band)|Chelsea's]] "Right to Work", dealt with [[unemployment]], boredom, and other grim realities of urban life. The [[Sex Pistols]] songs "[[God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)|God Save the Queen]]" and "[[Anarchy in the U.K.]]" were openly disparaging of the British political system. Others were violent or anti-[[romantic love|romantic]] in depictions of sex and love, such as [[The Voidoids]]' "Love Comes in Spurts".

==History==
===Origins===
[[Image:punks.jpg|left|thumb|250px|UK Punks, circa 1986]]
The phrase ''punk rock'' (from ''[[Wiktionary:Punk|punk]]'', meaning a hoodlum or ruffian, or a worthless person<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/punk?view=uk], ''[[Ask Oxford]]''. Accessed 19 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=punk&x=0&y=0 Punk], ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'' online. Accessed 22 March 2006.</ref>) was originally applied to the untutored [[guitar]]-and-[[vocals]]-based [[Rock music|rock]] of United States bands of the mid-1960s such as [[The Standells]], [[The Sonics]], and [[The Seeds (band)|The Seeds]]—bands that are now often categorized as [[garage rock]].

The term "punk" was first used outside of the original connotaion in a magazine of the same name created by Legs McNeil, John Holmstrom and Ged Dunn, inspired by [[the Dictators]], [[Iggy and the Stooges]], [[the New York Dolls]], tv re-runs, and drinking beer, although "punk rock" was first used by rock critic [[Dave Marsh]], who used it to describe the music of [[? and the Mysterians]] in the May 1971 issue of ''[[Creem]]'' magazine,<ref>{{cite web | author= Marsh, Dave| year= 1971| title="Will Success Spoil The Fruit?"| work=[[Creem|Creem magazine]] | url=http://creemmagazine.com/ArchivePages/1971_05.html | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> and it was adopted by many rock music journalists in the early 1970s. In the liner notes of the 1972 anthology album ''[[Nuggets]]'', [[Lenny Kaye]] uses the term ''punk-rock'' to refer to the 1960s garage rock bands, as well as some of the darker and more primitive practitioners of 1960s [[psychedelic rock]]. Shortly after he wrote those notes, Kaye formed a band with [[avant-garde]] poet [[Patti Smith]]. Smith's group, and her first album, ''[[Horses (album)|Horses]]'' (released 1975), directly inspired many of the mid-1970s punk rockers.<ref name="TM">{{cite web | author= Moore, Thurston| year= 1996| title="Grabbing Ankles" | work=Bomb Magazine| url=http://www.oceanstar.com/patti/intervus/9601bomb.htm | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>

Punk rock may have been influenced by the snotty attitude, on- and off-stage violence, and aggressive instrumentation, overt sexuality and political confrontation of artists such as [[The Who]], the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Eddie Cochran]], [[Gene Vincent]], [[The Velvet Underground]], [[Alice Cooper]], [[The Stooges]], the [[MC5]], [[The Deviants (band)|The Deviants]], and the [[New York Dolls]]. Other likely influences include the [[England|English]] [[Pub rock (UK)|pub rock]] scene, and British [[glam rock]] and [[art rock]] acts of the early 1970s, including [[David Bowie]], [[Gary Glitter]] and [[Roxy Music]]. Early punk rock also displays influences from other musical genres, including [[ska]], [[funk]], and [[rockabilly]].

[[Image:Nevermind.png|right|thumb|Cover of the [[Sex Pistols]] 1977 album ''[[Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols]]''.]]
Punk rock served as a reaction against 1970s popular music such as [[disco]] music, [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[progressive rock]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | year=2001| title="The Sex Pistols " | work=Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thesexpistols/biography | accessdate=September 11 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> and [[arena rock]]. Punk also rejected the remnants of the 1960s [[hippie]] [[counterculture]]. The cultural critiques and strategies for revolutionary action of the [[Europe]]an [[Situationist]] movement of the 1950s and 1960s influenced the vanguard of the British punk movement, particularly the [[Sex Pistols]]. Their manager, [[Malcolm McLaren]], consciously embraced situationist ideas, which are also reflected in the clothing—designed for the band by [[Vivienne Westwood]]—and in the band's promotional artwork, much of it designed by the Situationist-affiliated [[Jamie Reid]].

The British punk movement may have drawn upon the do-it-yourself attitude of the [[Skiffle music]] craze that emerged amid the post-[[World War II]] austerity in Britain. Punk rock in Britain coincided with the end of [[post-war consensus]] politics that preceded the rise of [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcherism]]. This led many British punk bands to express an angry attitude based on social alienation.

===Early emergence===
The first ongoing music scene that was assigned the "punk" label appeared in New York in 1974-1976, centered around bands that played regularly at the clubs [[Max's Kansas City]] and [[CBGB]]. This had been preceded by a nascent [[underground rock]] scene at the Mercer Arts Center, picking up from the demise of [[The Velvet Underground]]. The Mercer scene, forming in 1971, featured the [[New York Dolls]] and [[Suicide (band)|Suicide]], but came to an abrupt end in 1973 when the building collapsed.<ref>Heylin, Clinton, ''From the Velvets to the Voidoids: A Pre-Punk History for a Post-Punk World'', 1993, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-017970-4</ref> The CBGB and Max's scene included [[The Ramones]], [[Television (band)|Television]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Johnny Thunders]] and the Heartbreakers (fronted by a former [[New York Dolls|New York Doll]]), [[Richard Hell]] and [[The Voidoids]], and the [[Talking Heads]]. The "punk" title was applied to these groups by early 1976, when ''[[Punk Magazine]]'' first appeared, featuring these bands alongside articles on some of the immediate role models for the new groups, such as [[Lou Reed]] and [[Patti Smith]] (who were the cover subjects of the first and second issues, respectively).

At the same time, a less celebrated, but nonetheless highly influential, scene had appeared in [[Ohio]], including [[Electric Eels (band)|The Electric Eels]], [[Devo]], and [[Rocket from the Tombs]] (who in 1975 split into [[Pere Ubu (band)|Pere Ubu]] and [[The Dead Boys]]).

During this same period, bands that would later be recognized as "punk" were formed independently in other locations, such as [[The Saints (band)|The Saints]] in [[Brisbane|Brisbane, Australia]], [[The Modern Lovers]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and [[The Stranglers]] and the [[Sex Pistols]] in London. There was no unified, international subculture connecting these bands in the early 1970s and many bands were amazed or even dismayed to discover like-minded musicians exploring similar sounds. [[Ed Kuepper]] of The Saints said:
:''One thing I remember having had a really depressing effect on me was the first Ramones album. When I heard it [in 1976], I mean it was a great record ... but I hated it because I knew we’d been doing this sort of stuff for years. There was even a [[chord progression]] on that album that we used ... and I thought, 'Fuck. We’re going to be labeled as influenced by the Ramones,' when nothing could have been further from the truth.''<ref> Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2003 ''ibid''.</ref>

These early bands also operated within small "scenes", often facilitated by enthusiastic impresarios who either operated venues, such as [[nightclub|club]]s, or organised temporary venues. In other cases, the bands or their managers improvised their own venues, such as a house inhabited by The Saints in an inner suburb of Brisbane. The venues provided a showcase and meeting place for the emerging musicians (the [[100 Club]] in London, [[CBGB]] in New York, and [[The Masque]] in [[Hollywood]] are among the best known early punk clubs).

While the London bands may have played a relatively minor role in determining the early punk sound, the London punk scene would come to define and epitomize the rebellious punk culture. After a brief stint managing the [[New York Dolls]] at the end of their career in the US, Englishman [[Malcolm McLaren]] returned to London in May 1975. He started a clothing store called ''[[SEX (boutique)|SEX]]'' that was instrumental in creating the radical punk clothing style.<ref name="Robb">Robb, John, "Punk Rock: An Oral History", Elbury Press, 2006. ISBN 0-09-190511-7</ref> He also began managing The Swankers, who would soon become the [[Sex Pistols]]. The Sex Pistols soon created a strong cult following in London, centered on a clique known as the [[Bromley Contingent]] (named after the suburb where many of them had grown up), who followed them around the country.

[[Image:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of [[The Clash]] album ''[[London Calling]]'' (1979).]]
An oft-cited moment in punk rock's history is a [[July 4]], 1976 concert by the [[Ramones]] (with [[The Stranglers]]) at [[the Roundhouse]] in London. Many of the future leaders of the UK punk rock scene were inspired by this show, and almost immediately afterward, the UK punk scene found its feet.<ref name="rrhf"/> By the end of 1976, many fans of the Sex Pistols had formed their own bands, including [[The Clash]], [[Joy Division]], [[Siouxsie & the Banshees]], [[The Adverts]], [[Generation X (band)|Generation X]], [[The Slits]], and [[X-Ray Spex]]. Other UK bands to emerge in this milieu included [[The Damned]] (the first to release a single, the classic "[[New Rose]]")<ref>{{cite web | author= Griffin, Jeff | year=| title="The Damned" | work=BBC.co.uk| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/t/thedamned/ | accessdate=November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>, [[The Jam]], [[The Vibrators]], [[Buzzcocks]], and the appropriately named [[London (band)|London]].

In December of 1976, the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]], [[The Damned]], and [[Johnny Thunders]] & [[The Heartbreakers]] united for the ''Anarchy Tour'', a series of gigs throughout the UK. Many of the gigs were cancelled by venue owners,<ref>{{cite web | author= | year=2002| title="The Sex Pistols ARE punk" | work=The Filth and the Fury Official Website| url=http://www.thefilthandthefury.co.uk/home.htm | accessdate= November 11 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> after tabloid newspapers and other media seized on sensational stories regarding the antics of both the bands and their fans. The notoriety of punk rock in the UK was advanced by an infamous televised incident that was widely publicised in the tabloid press: on ''Thames Today'', a London TV show, guitarist [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]] of the Sex Pistols was goaded into a verbal altercation by the host, [[Bill Grundy]], swearing at him on live television in violation of then-accepted standards of propriety.<ref>{{cite web | author= Barkham, Patrick| year=2005| title="Ex-Sex Pistol wants no future for swearing" | work=The Guardian (UK) | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1427563,00.html | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>

One of the first books about punk rock — ''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' by [[Julie Burchill]] and [[Tony Parsons]] (December 1977) — declared the punk movement to be already over: the subtitle was ''The Obituary of Rock and Roll''. The title echoed a lyric from the title track of Patti Smith's 1975 album ''Horses.''<ref>Burchill, Julie, Parsons, Tony, "The Boy Looked At Johnny: The Obituary of Rock and Roll", 1978, Pluto Press, UK, ISBN 0-86104-030-9</ref>

During 1977, a second wave of bands emerged, influenced by those mentioned above. These included [[The Misfits]] (from [[New Jersey]]), [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] (from [[Los Angeles]]), [[Stiff Little Fingers]] (from [[Northern Ireland]]), and [[Crass]] (from [[Essex]]). Some of these bands would later lead the movement towards the [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]] subgenre.

In the UK, punk interacted with the Jamaican [[reggae]] and [[ska]] [[subculture]]s. This reggae influence is evident in much of the music of [[The Clash]], [[The Police]] and [[The Slits]], for example. By the end of the 1970s, punk had spawned the [[2 Tone]] ska revival movement, including bands such as [[The Beat (band)|The Beat]] (The English Beat in U.S.), [[The Specials]], [[Madness (band)|Madness]], and [[The Selecter]].

Gradually, punk became more varied and less minimalist, with bands such as [[The Clash]] and [[The Police]] incorporating other underground musical influences like [[ska]] and [[rockabilly]] and even [[jazz]] into their music, but the message of the music remained the same; it was subversive, counter-cultural, rebellious, politically incorrect and often [[anarchist]]. Punk rock dealt with topics like problems facing society, oppression of the lower classes, the threat of a nuclear war, and such. Often it was personal but no less critical: many songs concerned the individual's personal problems, such as being unemployed, or having particular emotional and/or mental issues (e.g. depression). Punk rock was a message to [[society]] that all was not well and all were not equal.

===Subgenres of punk===
[[Image:Ebbaflagga12.jpg|thumb|none|200px|left|The [[Sweden|Swedish]] punk band [[Ebba Grön]], a poster from 1981]]
While it is thought that the style of punk from the 1970s had a decline in the 1980s, many sub-genres branched off playing their own interpretation of punk rock.
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[[New Wave music|New Wave]] and its attendant subculture arose along with the earliest punk groups; indeed "punk" and "New Wave" were originally interchangeable terms. Soon after the term gained popularity, a division emerged between the two genres: music that tended more toward experimentation, lyrical complexity, or more polished production, notably bands such as [[Talking Heads]], [[Television (band)|Television]] and [[Devo]], were called "New Wave" rather than "punk".<ref>Reynolds, Simon, "Rip It Up and Start Again: Post Punk 1978-1984", Faber and Faber, 21 April 2005, ISBN 0-571-21569-6</ref> Combining elements of early punk music and fashion with a far more pop oriented and less "dangerous" style in the early 1980s, typified by artists such as [[The Cars]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[The Police]] and even [[Duran Duran]], New Wave became one of the most popular music movements of its time.

The United States saw the emergence of [[hardcore punk]], which is known for fast, aggressive beats and, in many cases, politically or socially aware lyrics. Early hardcore bands include [[Dead Kennedys]], [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], [[Bad Brains]], [[Social Distortion]], [[The Descendents]], early [[The Replacements|Replacements]], [[Bad Religion]], and [[The Germs]] and the movement developed via [[Minor Threat]], [[The Minutemen (band)|Minutemen]] and [[Hüsker Dü]], among others. In New York, there was a large hardcore punk movement led by bands such as [[Agnostic Front]], [[The Cro-Mags]], [[Murphy's Law]], [[Sick of it All]], and [[Gorilla Biscuits]]. Other styles emerged from this new genre including [[skate punk]], [[emo (music)|emo]] and [[straight edge]].

In the UK, meanwhile, diverse [[post-punk]] bands emerged, such as [[Joy Division]], [[Throbbing Gristle]], [[The Fall]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Siouxsie & the Banshees]], and [[Public Image Ltd]], with the latter two bands featuring veterans of the original British punk rock movement. Sometimes confused with New Wave, post-punk was closely tied to the emerging [[Indie (music)|indie]] scene and [[independent record label]]s such as [[Rough Trade Records]] and [[Factory Records]]. The music was often dark, arty, abrasive, and experimental, drawing inspiration from sources such as [[Krautrock]], [[dance music]], and [[David Bowie]].

[[Oi!]] is a [[subgenre]] of punk rock that sought to align punk with a [[working-class]] street-level following. Many of the prominent bands predated the naming of the genre by a few years; it wasn't until the 1980s that journalist [[Garry Bushell]] gave Oi! its name, partly derived from the [[Cockney Rejects]] song "''Oi! Oi! Oi!''".<ref name="Robb"/> This movement featured bands such as [[Cock Sparrer]], [[Sham 69]], [[Blitz]] and [[The Blood]].

Bands sharing the [[Ramones]]' [[bubblegum pop]] influences formed their own brand of punk, sporting melodic songs and lyrics more often dealing with relationships and simple fun than most punk rock's nihilism and anti-establishment stance. Along with the Ramones, such bands as the [[Buzzcocks]], [[The Rezillos]] and [[Generation X (band)|Generation X]] led the way to [[pop punk]].

===Legacy and recent developments===
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The underground punk movement in the United States and the United Kingdom produced countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound, or applied its spirit and DIY ethics to a completely different sound. By the end of the 1980s, these bands had largely eclipsed their punk forebearers and were termed [[alternative rock]]. As alternative bands like [[Sonic Youth]] and the [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]] started to gain larger audiences, major labels sought to capitalize on a market that had been growing underground for the past 10 years.

In 1991, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] achieved huge commercial success with their album, ''[[Nevermind]]''. The band cited punk as a key influence on their music.<ref>{{cite web | author= | year= | title="Kurt Donald Cobain" | work=The Biography Channel| url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/691:1872/1/Kurt_Donald_Cobain.htm | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> Although they sometimes labelled themselves as punk rock and championed many unknown punk icons (as did many other alternative rock bands), Nirvana's music was equally akin to other forms of [[garage rock]], [[indie rock]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] that had existed for decades. Nirvana's success fueled the alternative rock boom that had been underway since the late 1980s, and helped define that segment of 1990s popular music. The resulting shift in popular taste was chronicled in the film ''[[1991: The Year Punk Broke]]'', which featured Nirvana, [[Dinosaur Jr]], and [[Sonic Youth]].<ref>{{cite web | author= | year= 1999| title="1991 The Year That Punk Broke" | work=rottentomatoes.com | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sonic_youth_1991_the_year_that_punk_broke/about.php | accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>

Praise for previously obscure punk acts by the popular alternative rock artists helped lead to a punk rock resurgence in popular culture in the 1990s, especially in North America. In 1994, bands like [[Green Day]], [[The Offspring]], [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]], and [[Bad Religion]] experienced massive crossover success with the aid of [[MTV]] and major radio stations like [[KROQ-FM]].<ref name=punkbroke>Gold, Jonathan. "The Year Punk Broke". ''SPIN''. November 1994.</ref> While some bands signed to major labels (Green Day signed to [[Reprise Records]] in 1994),<ref>{{cite web | author= | year= 2006| title="Reprise Gets Green Day Back Catalog" | work=aversion.com | url=http://www.aversion.com/news/news_article.cfm?news_id=7601| accessdate= November 19 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> indie labels like [[Epitaph Records]] (started by [[Brett Gurewitz]] of [[Bad Religion]] and the home of the [[skate punk]] sound of The Offspring, [[Pennywise (band)|Pennywise]], [[NOFX]], and [[Rancid]]), also benefited from punk's resurgence. Green Day's commercial success paved the way for a wave of [[pop-punk]] at the turn of the century. Examples of bands labelled as pop punk include [[blink-182]], [[Simple Plan]], [[Good Charlotte]] and [[Sum 41]]. The late 1990s also saw a [[ska punk]] revival, which continued into the 2000s with bands like [[Streetlight Manifesto]], [[Reel Big Fish]], [[Less Than Jake]] and [[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]].

Some in the punk community were wary of the music being co-opted by the mainstream.<ref name="punkbroke" /> By the late 1990s, punk rock was so ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were sometimes used to sell commercial bands as ''rebels''. Some punk rockers complained that by signing to major labels and appearing on [[MTV]], punk bands were buying into the system that punk was created to rebel against (although punk's earliest pioneers also released work on major labels).

Many of the popular [[indie rock]] bands of the 2000s have been heavily influenced by [[garage rock]], [[protopunk]] and early punk rock. Examples include [[The Yeah Yeah Yeahs]], [[Jet (band)|Jet]], [[The Vines]], [[The Hives]], [[The White Stripes]], [[The Strokes]] and [[The Libertines]].

==See also==
*[[Protopunk]]
*[[Postpunk]]
*[[Punk subculture]]
*[[DIY Culture]]
*[[List of forerunners of punk music]] (ca. 1968-1976)
*[[List of musicians in the first wave of punk music]] (ca. 1976-1985)
*[[List of musicians in the second wave of punk music]] (ca. 1985-present)
*[[List of punk movies]]
*[[Timeline of punk rock]]
*[[Punk ideology]]
*[[List of rock genres]]

==Sound samples==
*[[Media:IWanttoBeSedated.ogg|"I Wanna Be Sedated"]] by [[The Ramones]], from ''[[Road to Ruin]]'', 1978. 28 seconds, 540 KB.
*[[Media:WireDotDash1978.ogg|"Dot Dash"]] by [[Wire (band)|Wire]], a single from 1978. 30 seconds, 519 KB.
*[[Media:LondonCalling.ogg|"London Calling"]] by [[The Clash]], from ''[[London Calling]]'', 1979. 30 seconds, 616 KB.

==References==
*''[[Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung]]'' by [[Lester Bangs]], ISBN 0-679-72045-6
*''The Boy Looked At Johnny: The Obituary of Rock and Roll'' by [[Julie Burchill]] & [[Tony Parsons]], 1978, Pluto Press, UK, ISBN 0-86104-030-9
*''Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk'' by [[Legs McNeil]] & Gillian McCain, 1997, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-026690-9
*''Burning Britain - A History Of UK Punk 1980 to 1984'' by Ian Glasper, Cherry Red Books, ISBN 1-901447-24-3

==Notes==
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<references />
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.fastnbulbous.com/punk.htm A History of Punk]
*[http://www.southendpunk.com Southend Punk History] Punk history and band list
*[http://www.punk77.co.uk/ Punk 77] History of UK punk
*[http://www.punkoiuk.co.uk/ Punk & Oi! in the UK] Band interviews, news, reviews and more

{{punk}}
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[[Category:DIY Culture]]
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[[Category:Punk rock|*]]
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Audiogalaxy

2006-11-27T19:33:48Z

Jowe27:

{{Cleanup-date|August 2006}}
[[Image:AGSatellite609.png|thumb|300px|Audiogalaxy Satellite 0.609]]
'''Audiogalaxy''', formerly located at http://www.audiogalaxy.com/, was a [[file sharing]] system that indexed [[MP3]] files. Originally created by [[Michael Merhej]] as an FTP site index called The Borg Search, Audiogalaxy evolved into a robust [[peer-to-peer]] system with client software (the Audiogalaxy "Satellite"), a web-based [[search engine]], always-on searching for requested files, auto-resume and low system impact. It quickly gained ground among file sharers abandoning [[Napster]] in [[2001]]. Some observing the previous downfall of Napster via lawsuit were shocked at the design of Audiogalaxy, which was in some ways more centralized than Napster.

* In May of 2001, Audiogalaxy implemented "groups" which allowed group members to send songs to everyone in the group. Clever hackers used this backdoor to circumvent the "blocked songs" restriction, where Audiogalaxy could deny transfer of specific copyrighted songs.

* For those curious, here is how blocked songs could be downloaded, Not quite "hacking" but a clever workaround:
"You need 2 accounts, so sign up for a second if you only have one.
create a group with your 1st a/c and get your 2nd a/c to join it,
go into your 2nd a/c & click the song with the X you want 2 download,
it will tell you its copyrighted
look at the url in the address bar & take note of the numbers at the end,
paste this into the address bar & add the numbers (and go to that url):
http://www.audiogalaxy.com/groups/sendSong.php?&g=
click send to group
go back into your 1st a/c & run the satellite
the copyrighted song will start downloading!"

* On [[May 9]], [[2002]], Audiogalaxy required songs to be in the sender's shared folder to be sent. Previously, one could send any song to anyone by editing the [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI]] parameters. This protection was quickly defeated by creating a "dummy" file in one's shared folder, and sending a song with the same name -- due to Audiogalaxy's [[checksum]] [[hash function|hashing]], the correct file was always sent despite the dummy.

* Even though Audiogalaxy claimed that they were trying to cooperate with the [[music industry]] and block [[copyright]]ed songs from their network, they continued to offer illegal MP3s and were sued by [[RIAA]], on [[May 24]], [[2002]]. On this day, Audiogalaxy blocked sending of all blocked songs.

* On [[June 17]], [[2002]], Audiogalaxy reached an [[out-of-court settlement]] with the RIAA. The settlement reached would allow Audiogalaxy to operate a "filter-in" system, which required that for any music available, the songwriter, music publisher, and/or recording company must first consent to the use and sharing of the work.

* On [[September 8]], [[2002]], Audiogalaxy licensed and re-branded a for-pay streaming service called ''[[Rhapsody (online music service)|Rhapsody]]'' from [[Listen.com]] and discontinued its famous web-based P2P service.

* On [[December 25]], [[2002]], Martin Rieder wrote a preliminary form of a database-backed backwards-compatible Audiogalaxy server, dubbed OpenAG Server.

Audiogalaxy's stated mission was to facilitate sharing of music, though much more appears to have grown from its legacy. It was notable for its strong community due to such features as chat-enabled groups and per-artist [[internet forum]]s. Although music is no longer shared, some message boards are still moderately active. Some of the more active forums include the Nine Inch Nails, Radiohead, Rush, Blink 182 and General Discussion boards.

Files of any type could easily be shared via Audiogalaxy by renaming a file in a certain way. For example, cdrwin37.zip would be shared by renaming it to cdrwin37<space>zip<space>.mp3

== External links ==
*[http://www.riaa.com/PR_story.cfm?id=522 RIAA, NMPA Reach Settlement With Audiogalaxy.com]
*[http://www.audiogalaxy.com/getRhapsody Audiogalaxy's Rhapsody service:]
*[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/6/21/171321/675 R.I.P Audiogalaxy] - Kennon Ballou's story of Audiogalaxy (an Audiogalaxy programmer)

[[Category:File sharing networks]]
[[Category:File sharing programs]]
[[Category:Internet forums]]

[[de:Audiogalaxy]]
[[es:Audiogalaxy]]
[[fr:Audiogalaxy]]
[[pt:Audiogalaxy]]

Duke Nukem (character)

2006-11-27T19:25:28Z

Jowe27: /* Character */

'''Duke Nukem''' is an action hero created by [[computer and video games|computer game]] developers [[Todd Replogle]], [[George Broussard]], [[Allen Blum]] and [[Scott Miller]] of [[3D Realms]]/[[Apogee Software]]. In all of his appearances since ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' he has been voiced by voice actor [[Jon St. John]].

==Background==

[[Image:dukenukem3d.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Duke Nukem, killing an Enforcer, on the box cover of ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'']]

Duke Nukem first appeared as the title character of the [[Apogee Software|Apogee]] [[platform game]] ''[[Duke Nukem (computer game)|Duke Nukem]]'', which was published in [[1991]]. This game was written for the [[IBM PC]] compatible, and featured 320×200, 16-color [[EGA]] graphics with vertical and horizontal scrolling. The original game consisted of three episodes, the first of which was distributed as [[shareware]]. A sequel, entitled ''[[Duke Nukem II]]'', was published by Apogee in [[1993]]. This sequel took advantage of 256-color [[VGA]] graphics, [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] music, and digitized sound. Although the graphics were stunning for 1993, only 16 colors were actually used on-screen at once; however, three different 16-color palettes were used in the game.

The first Duke Nukem game was titled ''Duke Nukem'', but Apogee learned that this name might have already been trademarked, so they changed it to ''Duke Nukum'' for the 2.0 revision. The name was later discovered not to be trademarked, so the spelling ''Duke Nukem'' was restored for ''Duke Nukem II'' and all successive Duke games, and is preferred even when referring to the original. The trademark in question was that of ''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers|Captain Planet]]'''s [[Duke Nukem (Captain Planet)|Duke Nukem]] character.

The character is now best known from the [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'', developed by Apogee's [[3D Realms]] division and released in [[1996]]. ''Duke Nukem 3D'' was one of the most controversial games at the time due to its gratuitous violence, sexual content, strong language and racy content.

Duke Nukem also received a short-lived toy line from now-defunct toy company ReSaurus. Primarily centered around ''Duke Nukem 3D'', the line featured three versions of Duke (with a fourth "internet only" Duke that came with a CD-ROM and freezethrower accessory), the Pigcop, Octabrain, and Battlelord. The toys were relatively popular but were prone to breakage (Duke's legs were held on by a thin plastic rod which was easy to snap and the Octabrain had numerous fragile points). More toys were planned to coincide with the release of [[Duke Nukem Forever]], but the game's delay halted these toys, and ReSaurus eventually went out of business completely. Further details about the action figures are available on the [http://www.3drealms.com/actionfigures/index.html 3D Realms website].

Plans for a live action ''Duke Nukem'' movie produced by [[Threshold Entertainment]] were announced back in 2001, but the film never made it to production.

==Character==
Though initially a disgruntled TV viewer who took offense to Dr. Proton interrupting the [[soap opera]]s, Duke's personality in all his games since ''Duke Nukem 3D'' has been that of a hyper-masculine, egotistical, [[machismo]]-filled womanizer, and his missions generally involved killing [[extraterrestrial life|aliens]] that had invaded [[Earth]] to enslave its women. Duke Nukem's character is based on a number of Hollywood-action heroes such as [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Bruce Campbell]], [[Bruce Willis]] and most of all, the hero from John Carpenter's movie ''[[They Live]]'' and [[Ash Williams]] from ''[[Evil Dead]]''. The main character of ''[[Serious Sam]]'' is an homage to Duke Nukem.{{fact}}

Like the characters often played by Schwarzenegger and Stallone, Duke Nukem is a confident, aggressive, and frequently politically incorrect muscle-man, who, although not technically [[superhuman]], nonetheless manages to achieve incredible physical feats of violence and conquest through sheer machismo and expertise with automatic weapons. Like the characters played by Bruce Campbell, Duke Nukem is also a smart-mouth (although Duke's humor is somewhat less sarcastic and more straightforwardly aggressive, several of Duke Nukem 3D's phrases are taken directly from the Campbell film [[Army of Darkness]]), and his sneering visage is often found speaking [[one-liner joke|one-liner]]s while slaughtering his enemies. He is also apparently extremely sexually adept and irresistible to women, and circumstances generally find him surrounded by many buxom women (though certain signs in the games seem to indicate a girlfriend- current or ex- named Lani). Duke is rumored to be in the area of 29 to 33 years of age. There is also an inside joke that circulated on the internet that compares Duke's looks to that of former [[NFL]] player [[Howie Long]].

Other than a wide array of automatic firearms, explosives, and energy weapons, Duke is best known for his trademark [[jet pack]], which gives him the ability to fly short distances in quick bursts. He is also known for his [[sunglasses]], which he hasn't been seen without since ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]''.

==Catchphrases==
Some of Duke's [[catchphrase]]s:
{{wikiquotepar|Duke Nukem}}

*"Hail to the king, baby!" (a reference to ''[[Army of Darkness]]'')
*"Groovy!" (a reference to ''[[Army of Darkness]]'')
*"Come get some!" (yet another reference to "[[Army of Darkness]]")
*"Shake it, baby!"
*"It's time to kick ass and chew bubble gum, and I'm all outta gum" (a reference to ''[[They Live]]'')
*"I'm Duke Nukem, and I'm coming to get the rest of you alien bastards!"


==Duke Nukem games==
[[As of 2006]], there have been three "main" Duke Nukem games, and a number of other games in which the character starred.

* ''[[Duke Nukem (computer game)|Duke Nukem]]'' (temporarily ''Duke Nukum'') - [[1991]] - [[MS-DOS]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem II]]'' - [[1993]] - MS-DOS
* ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' - [[1996]] - MS-DOS/Mac

A long-promised sequel to ''Duke Nukem 3D'', ''[[Duke Nukem Forever]]'', has been in development since 1997. This lengthy development cycle has led to numerous derogatory puns on the game's title, such as ''Duke Nukem Whenever'' and ''Duke Nukem Will Be In Development Forever'' by fans and videogames magazines. The official company line is that Duke Nukem Forever will be released "When it is done". Over the years 3D Realms executives have asserted the game remains in development. Most recently, in [[February 2006]], executive producer [[George Broussard]] quoted that DNF is "in full production," though jokingly said "I think it'll be out when pigs fly." [http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3147571]. Recent speculation from publisher Take 2 hints that the game may be released by the end of 2006, and may be coming to the some or all next-generation [[computer and video games|video game]] consoles ([[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii]]).{{fact}} However, executive producer [[George Broussard]] has been quoted saying. "I would never ship a game early (even a couple of months), for 500k."{{fact}}

=== Other Duke Nukem games ===
* ''[[Duke Nukem 64]]'' - [[1997]] - [[Nintendo 64]] (Port of PC Duke3D game)
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]'' - [[1997]] - [[PlayStation]] (Port of PC Duke3D game)
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]'' - [[1998]] - [[PlayStation]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]'' - [[1999]] - [[Nintendo 64]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]'' - 1999 - [[Game Boy Color]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]'' - [[2000]] - [[PlayStation]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Advance]]'' - [[2002]] - [[Game Boy Advance]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project]]'' - [[2002]] - [[Microsoft Windows]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile]]'' - [[2004]] - [[Tapwave Zodiac]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile]]'' - [[2004]] - Cellular Phones
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile II: Bikini Project]]'' - [[2005]] - Cellular Phones
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile 3D]]'' - [[2005]] - Cellular Phones

Duke Nukem has made cameo appearances in a few other Apogee games. He appeared in ''[[Cosmo's Cosmic Adventure]]'' ([[1992]]) and ''[[Death Rally]]'' ([[1996]]). Additionally, there was a Duke Nukem table in the [[1998]] pinball title ''[[Balls of Steel (game)|Balls of Steel]]'' from Apogee's [[Pinball Wizards]] division—the title ''Balls of Steel'' is a reference to a pinball machine seen in ''Duke Nukem 3D''. Duke Nukem is on the default high score lists of ''[[Crystal Caves]]'', ''Death Rally'', ''[[Paganitzu]]'', ''[[Realms of Chaos (computer game)|Realms of Chaos]]'' and ''[[Stargunner]]''.

==External links==
* [http://www.3drealms.com/ 3D Realms Official website]
* [http://duke4.net/ Duke4.net]
* [http://www.spatang.com/nukem/ Duke Central - Informative fansite on Duke Nukem I and II]
* [http://www.planetduke.com/ PlanetDuke - Home of the official Duke Nukem Forever FAQ]
* [http://au.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/duke_hist/ History of Duke Nukem]
{{Duke Nukem series}}
[[Category:Computer and video game franchises]]
[[Category:Platform games]]
[[Category:Duke Nukem]]
[[Category:Fictional anti-heroes]]
[[Category:Computer and video game protagonists|Nukem, Duke]]
[[Category:American computer and video game characters|Nukem, Duke]]

[[da:Duke Nukem]]
[[de:Duke Nukem]]
[[fr:Duke Nukem]]
[[sv:Duke Nukem]]
[[zh:毁灭公爵]]

Duke Nukem (character)

2006-11-27T19:23:42Z

Jowe27: /* Catchphrases */

'''Duke Nukem''' is an action hero created by [[computer and video games|computer game]] developers [[Todd Replogle]], [[George Broussard]], [[Allen Blum]] and [[Scott Miller]] of [[3D Realms]]/[[Apogee Software]]. In all of his appearances since ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' he has been voiced by voice actor [[Jon St. John]].

==Background==

[[Image:dukenukem3d.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Duke Nukem, killing an Enforcer, on the box cover of ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'']]

Duke Nukem first appeared as the title character of the [[Apogee Software|Apogee]] [[platform game]] ''[[Duke Nukem (computer game)|Duke Nukem]]'', which was published in [[1991]]. This game was written for the [[IBM PC]] compatible, and featured 320×200, 16-color [[EGA]] graphics with vertical and horizontal scrolling. The original game consisted of three episodes, the first of which was distributed as [[shareware]]. A sequel, entitled ''[[Duke Nukem II]]'', was published by Apogee in [[1993]]. This sequel took advantage of 256-color [[VGA]] graphics, [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] music, and digitized sound. Although the graphics were stunning for 1993, only 16 colors were actually used on-screen at once; however, three different 16-color palettes were used in the game.

The first Duke Nukem game was titled ''Duke Nukem'', but Apogee learned that this name might have already been trademarked, so they changed it to ''Duke Nukum'' for the 2.0 revision. The name was later discovered not to be trademarked, so the spelling ''Duke Nukem'' was restored for ''Duke Nukem II'' and all successive Duke games, and is preferred even when referring to the original. The trademark in question was that of ''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers|Captain Planet]]'''s [[Duke Nukem (Captain Planet)|Duke Nukem]] character.

The character is now best known from the [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'', developed by Apogee's [[3D Realms]] division and released in [[1996]]. ''Duke Nukem 3D'' was one of the most controversial games at the time due to its gratuitous violence, sexual content, strong language and racy content.

Duke Nukem also received a short-lived toy line from now-defunct toy company ReSaurus. Primarily centered around ''Duke Nukem 3D'', the line featured three versions of Duke (with a fourth "internet only" Duke that came with a CD-ROM and freezethrower accessory), the Pigcop, Octabrain, and Battlelord. The toys were relatively popular but were prone to breakage (Duke's legs were held on by a thin plastic rod which was easy to snap and the Octabrain had numerous fragile points). More toys were planned to coincide with the release of [[Duke Nukem Forever]], but the game's delay halted these toys, and ReSaurus eventually went out of business completely. Further details about the action figures are available on the [http://www.3drealms.com/actionfigures/index.html 3D Realms website].

Plans for a live action ''Duke Nukem'' movie produced by [[Threshold Entertainment]] were announced back in 2001, but the film never made it to production.

==Character==
Though initially a disgruntled TV viewer who took offense to Dr. Proton interrupting the [[soap opera]]s, Duke's personality in all his games since ''Duke Nukem 3D'' has been that of a hyper-masculine, egotistical, [[machismo]]-filled womanizer, and his missions generally involved killing [[extraterrestrial life|aliens]] that had invaded [[Earth]] to enslave its women. Duke Nukem's character is based on a number of Hollywood-action heroes such as [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Bruce Campbell]], [[Bruce Willis]] and most of all, the hero from John Carpenter's movie ''[[They Live]]'' and [[Ash Williams]] from ''[[Evil Dead]]''. The main character of ''[[Serious Sam]]'' is an homage to Duke Nukem.{{fact}}

Like the characters often played by Schwarzenegger and Stallone, Duke Nukem is a confident, aggressive, and frequently politically incorrect muscle-man, who, although not technically [[superhuman]], nonetheless manages to achieve incredible physical feats of violence and conquest through sheer machismo and expertise with automatic weapons. Like the characters played by Bruce Campbell, Duke Nukem is also a smart-mouth (although Duke's humor is somewhat less sarcastic and more straightforwardly aggressive), and his sneering visage is often found speaking [[one-liner joke|one-liner]]s while slaughtering his enemies. He is also apparently extremely sexually adept and irresistible to women, and circumstances generally find him surrounded by many buxom women (though certain signs in the games seem to indicate a girlfriend- current or ex- named Lani). Duke is rumored to be in the area of 29 to 33 years of age. There is also an inside joke that circulated on the internet that compares Duke's looks to that of former [[NFL]] player [[Howie Long]].

Other than a wide array of automatic firearms, explosives, and energy weapons, Duke is best known for his trademark [[jet pack]], which gives him the ability to fly short distances in quick bursts. He is also known for his [[sunglasses]], which he hasn't been seen without since ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]''.

==Catchphrases==
Some of Duke's [[catchphrase]]s:
{{wikiquotepar|Duke Nukem}}

*"Hail to the king, baby!" (a reference to ''[[Army of Darkness]]'')
*"Groovy!" (a reference to ''[[Army of Darkness]]'')
*"Come get some!" (yet another reference to "[[Army of Darkness]]")
*"Shake it, baby!"
*"It's time to kick ass and chew bubble gum, and I'm all outta gum" (a reference to ''[[They Live]]'')
*"I'm Duke Nukem, and I'm coming to get the rest of you alien bastards!"


==Duke Nukem games==
[[As of 2006]], there have been three "main" Duke Nukem games, and a number of other games in which the character starred.

* ''[[Duke Nukem (computer game)|Duke Nukem]]'' (temporarily ''Duke Nukum'') - [[1991]] - [[MS-DOS]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem II]]'' - [[1993]] - MS-DOS
* ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' - [[1996]] - MS-DOS/Mac

A long-promised sequel to ''Duke Nukem 3D'', ''[[Duke Nukem Forever]]'', has been in development since 1997. This lengthy development cycle has led to numerous derogatory puns on the game's title, such as ''Duke Nukem Whenever'' and ''Duke Nukem Will Be In Development Forever'' by fans and videogames magazines. The official company line is that Duke Nukem Forever will be released "When it is done". Over the years 3D Realms executives have asserted the game remains in development. Most recently, in [[February 2006]], executive producer [[George Broussard]] quoted that DNF is "in full production," though jokingly said "I think it'll be out when pigs fly." [http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3147571]. Recent speculation from publisher Take 2 hints that the game may be released by the end of 2006, and may be coming to the some or all next-generation [[computer and video games|video game]] consoles ([[PlayStation 3|PS3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii]]).{{fact}} However, executive producer [[George Broussard]] has been quoted saying. "I would never ship a game early (even a couple of months), for 500k."{{fact}}

=== Other Duke Nukem games ===
* ''[[Duke Nukem 64]]'' - [[1997]] - [[Nintendo 64]] (Port of PC Duke3D game)
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]'' - [[1997]] - [[PlayStation]] (Port of PC Duke3D game)
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]'' - [[1998]] - [[PlayStation]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]'' - [[1999]] - [[Nintendo 64]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]'' - 1999 - [[Game Boy Color]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]'' - [[2000]] - [[PlayStation]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Advance]]'' - [[2002]] - [[Game Boy Advance]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project]]'' - [[2002]] - [[Microsoft Windows]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile]]'' - [[2004]] - [[Tapwave Zodiac]]
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile]]'' - [[2004]] - Cellular Phones
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile II: Bikini Project]]'' - [[2005]] - Cellular Phones
* ''[[Duke Nukem Mobile 3D]]'' - [[2005]] - Cellular Phones

Duke Nukem has made cameo appearances in a few other Apogee games. He appeared in ''[[Cosmo's Cosmic Adventure]]'' ([[1992]]) and ''[[Death Rally]]'' ([[1996]]). Additionally, there was a Duke Nukem table in the [[1998]] pinball title ''[[Balls of Steel (game)|Balls of Steel]]'' from Apogee's [[Pinball Wizards]] division—the title ''Balls of Steel'' is a reference to a pinball machine seen in ''Duke Nukem 3D''. Duke Nukem is on the default high score lists of ''[[Crystal Caves]]'', ''Death Rally'', ''[[Paganitzu]]'', ''[[Realms of Chaos (computer game)|Realms of Chaos]]'' and ''[[Stargunner]]''.

==External links==
* [http://www.3drealms.com/ 3D Realms Official website]
* [http://duke4.net/ Duke4.net]
* [http://www.spatang.com/nukem/ Duke Central - Informative fansite on Duke Nukem I and II]
* [http://www.planetduke.com/ PlanetDuke - Home of the official Duke Nukem Forever FAQ]
* [http://au.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/duke_hist/ History of Duke Nukem]
{{Duke Nukem series}}
[[Category:Computer and video game franchises]]
[[Category:Platform games]]
[[Category:Duke Nukem]]
[[Category:Fictional anti-heroes]]
[[Category:Computer and video game protagonists|Nukem, Duke]]
[[Category:American computer and video game characters|Nukem, Duke]]

[[da:Duke Nukem]]
[[de:Duke Nukem]]
[[fr:Duke Nukem]]
[[sv:Duke Nukem]]
[[zh:毁灭公爵]]

The Broadways

2006-11-16T22:26:45Z

Jowe27:

'''The Broadways''' were a short-lived band from [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. The group formed in 1996 after the dissolution of the influential ska-punk band [[Slapstick (band)| Slapstick]], with their vocalist [[Brendan Kelly (musician)|Brendan Kelly]] and trumpet player [[Dan Hanaway]] combining with Rob DePaola and [[Tricky Dick (band)| Tricky Dick]] guitarist [[Chris McCaughan]]. Musically, The Broadways frequently drew comparisons to [[Crimpshrine]] and [[Jawbreaker (band)|Jawbreaker]]. The band is notable for the intelligent political, social, and introspective nature of their lyrics, as well as their complex, non-traditional song structures and above-average punk musicianship.

The band broke up in 1998, with Kelly stating the cause mainly having to do with ''"all of us growing out of where we were in our lives when we started the band."'' After the breakup, Kelly and McCaughan formed [[The Lawrence Arms]], while Hanaway and DePaola started [[The Honor System]]. A collection of unreleased material and songs collected from their EPs was released posthumously in 2000 as Broken Van.

==Band members==
* Brendan Kelly - Bass, Vocals
* Dan Hanaway - Guitar, Vocals
* Chris McCaughan - Guitar, Vocals
* Rob DePaola - Drums

==Releases==
===Full albums===
* ''[[Broken Star]]'' (Asian Man Records, 1998)
* ''[[Broken Van]]'' (Asian Man Records, 2000)

===EPs, etc.===
* [[We All Know That You Can Do It 7"]] (Bicycle Records, 1997)
* Where's The Beef? compilation (1997) ''(contains the unreleased song "Fuck The Church")''
* [[Big City Life (EP)|Big City Life]] (Asian Man Records, 1998)

==Trivia==
The Voice over on "This Routine" from the album "Broken Van" is from the book 'I, Rigoberta Menchu" and is about a woman of ten years old working on a cotton plant dealing with mosquitoes.
 
 
No Broadways songs have a traditional structure (a chorus/verse), the only exceptions being "The Nautical Mile" and "The Kitchen Floor" However those do not carry a normal structure either.

==External links==
*[http://www.thelawrencearms.net/ The Lawrence Arms] (current band of Brendan Kelly and Chris McCaughan)
*[http://www.thehonorsystem.net/ The Honor System] (current band of Dan Hanaway and Rob DePaola)
*[http://www.asianmanrecords.com/ Asian Man Records] (label that released most of The Broadways' albums)

[[Category:Chicago musical groups|Broadways, The]]
[[Category:Pop punk groups|Broadways, The]]

== See Also ==
[[Slapstick Family Tree]]

Emperor (band)

2006-11-16T19:54:14Z

Jowe27: /* Biography */

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = [[image:Emperorlogo.png|125px|Emperor logo]]
| Img = EmperorIX.JPG
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Norway]]
| Genre = [[Black metal]] (old) [[extreme metal|Extreme]] [[symphonic metal]] (now)
| Years_active = [[1991]] – [[2001]] [[2005]] – present
| Label = [[Century Media]] [[Candlelight Records|Candlelight]] [[Nuclear Blast]]
| Associated_acts =
| URL = [http://www.emperorhorde.com/ Official Website]
| Current_members = [[Ihsahn]] [[Samoth]] [[Trym Torson]]
| Past_members = [[Mortiis]] [[Bård Faust|Faust]] Alver Tchort
}}

'''Emperor''' is a seminal and infamous band which started out as a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[black metal]] band in [[1991]], and went forward to a more [[progressive metal|progressive]] sound, changing to an [[extreme metal|Extreme]] [[symphonic metal]] in their later days. They dissolved in [[2001]], and reformed in late [[2005]]. The group was founded by [[Samoth]] on drums and [[Ihsahn]] on guitar and vocals.

==Biography==

[[image:Emperor_wrathofthetryant.jpg|thumb|left|Cover of "Wrath Of The Tyrant"]]

In their youth, Ihsahn and Samoth met at a rock music seminar. The two young men began playing together under various names; first Dark Device, then Xerasia, then Embryonic. The group soon evolved into the now well-known band [[Thou Shalt Suffer]]. Soon, however, Samoth began to write music outside of Thou Shalt Suffer, and together with Ihsahn and a new bass player called Mortiis (later of his own eponymous band [[Mortiis]]), Emperor was formed. After a short while together, the band released a demo entitled ''[[Wrath of the Tyrant]]''. It quickly gained popularity in the underground and attracted the attention of the then-start-up label Candlelight. Soon afterwards, a record contract was signed, Samoth moved to rhythm guitar, Ihsahn continued the vocal duties and lead guitars and [[Bård Faust|Faust]] was recruited as a drummer.

In the summer of [[1992]], a series of events were set in motion by the black metal inner circle. Members of [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] and Samoth, along with various other black metallers, set out to burn down the ancient churches of Norway. Also in 1992, Faust was in [[Lillehammer]] to see the newly constructed [[1994 Winter Olympic Games|Olympic park]]. A [[homosexual]] man named Rhys Adamec approached him and suggested that they [[Human sexual behavior|go together]] in the nearby forest. Faust agreed, and once in the forest, stabbed the man to death. He was not convicted until a year later. After Faust committed the murder, he went with members of Mayhem to burn bibles and hymnals at a nearby ski-jump. In the summer of [[1993]], the band began working on their first full-length record. Emperor were supported by the famous [[United Kingdom|British]] group [[Cradle Of Filth]] on tour, and after this tour the band ceased wearing [[corpse paint in heavy metal|corpse paint]]; they stated that it was becoming a trend and losing its original significance and symbolism. In the autumn of that year, the police began to investigate the murder of [[Øystein Aarseth|Euronymous]] of Mayhem, naming [[Varg Vikernes]] (of [[Burzum]]) as a suspect; this investigation eventually led to the incarceration of Samoth for arson, and of Faust for the murder of the homosexual man in Lillehammer.

In [[1994]], ''[[In the Nightside Eclipse]]'' was released, and earned Emperor widespread acclaim and a large fanbase. The album is considered by many a definitive black metal record, with its epic, evolving song structures, ambient keyboard sounds, and raspy, spewed vocals.

After Samoth's parole, the band was joined by [[Trym Torson|Trym]] on drums, and in the end of [[1996]], Emperor entered the studio to record ''[[Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk]]''. Featuring a much more progressive sound than their earlier output, ''Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk'' was a much more commercial effort, winning the album of the year poll in many popular metal magazines around the world, including [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Terrorizer (magazine)|Terrorizer]] and [[United States|US]] [[Metal Maniacs (magazine)|Metal Maniacs]].

Now continuing their career as a trio, with Ihsahn handling [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], vocals, guitars and bass, the band recorded their third album ''[[IX Equilibrium]]'' and toured [[Europe]] and the United States. It was around [[2000]] when Samoth and Trym started to gravitate more towards [[death metal]], while Ihsahn directed his musical exploration towards the more artistic and progressive side of [[extreme metal]], as shown by his side project, [[Peccatum]]. Thus, in [[2001]], Emperor decided to disband after releasing one final album, ''[[Prometheus: The Discipline of Fire & Demise]]'', composed entirely by Ihsahn.

Following the breakup, Samoth and Trym continued playing in the black/death metal outfit [[Zyklon (band)|Zyklon]], while Ihsahn concentrated on his family project [[Peccatum]]. Later [[Ihsahn]] announced a solo project, bearing uncanny resembelance to [[Prometheus: The Discipline of Fire & Demise]] and [[Peccatum]], featuring drummer Asgeir Mickelson of [[Borknagar]] and [[Vintersorg]]. It has generated positive feedback in the [[black metal]] community.

The band played a surprise three-song show in Oslo on [[30 September]] [[2005]], at which they announced a series of full concerts to take place in California, New York City and Europe in [[2006]]. As of February 2006, they were also scheduled to play at the [[Inferno_Metal_Festival|Inferno festival]] in April and [[Wacken Open Air]] in August. Samoth unfortunately was unable to take part in the US tour dates due to problems entering the country, so Emperor performed without him.

On the 7th of October 2006, Emperor performed at the under-18 Motstøy-festival in their home town of Notodden. The band had wanted to do an under-18 gig and a gig at their home town, so the festival fit perfectly. It was held at a small venue called StuA, and with only 450 tickets available, the concert was sold out in short time.

And on the 28th October 2006, Emperor returned to the UK to play their potentially last ever gig at London's Astoria venue. The band was warmly greeted by the fans.

Recently [[Ihsahn]] announced an Emperor [[Tablature]] Book based on their ''[[Scattered Ashes: A Decade of Emperial Wrath]]'' [[compilation album]] containing thirteen Emperor tracks from their back catalogue. It will be transcribed by Ihsahn with a [[foreword]] also by him and is to be released [[October 31st]] via [[Candlelight Records]].

==Discography==

[[image:emperor_inthenightsideeclipse.jpg|thumb|Cover of "In the Nightside Eclipse"]]

===Albums (Studio)===
*''[[In the Nightside Eclipse]]'' - ([[1994]])
*''[[Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk]]'' - ([[1997]])
*''[[Emperor / Wrath of the Tyrant]]'' - ([[1998]])
*''[[IX Equilibrium]]'' - ([[1999]])
*''[[Prometheus: The Discipline of Fire & Demise]]'' - ([[2001]])
===Albums (Live)===
*''[[Emperial Live Ceremony]]'' [Live] - ([[2000]])
===Albums (Compilation)===
*''Emperial Vinyl Presentation'' [Box Set] - ([[2001]])
*''[[Scattered Ashes: A Decade of Emperial Wrath]]'' [Compilation] - ([[2003]])
===Albums (Split)===
*''Thorns vs. Emperor'' [Split CD] - ([[1999]])
*''True Kings of Norway'' [Split CD] - ([[2000]])
===Singles/EPs===
*''Emperor [12" EP]'' - ([[1993]])
*''[[As the Shadows Rise]] [7" EP]'' - ([[1994]])
*''[[Reverence (Emperor album)|Reverence]]'' (EP, [[1996]])
===Demos/Promos===
*''[[Wrath of the Tyrant]]'' [Demo] - ([[1992]])
*''Emperor / Hordanes Land'' [Split CD] - ([[1993]])
===Bootlegs===
*''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' [Bootleg] - ([[1995]])
*''[[Conquering Europe]]'' [Bootleg] - ([[1997]])
*''Live in Frostland'' [Bootleg] - ([[1999]])
===Tribute Albums===

==Videography==
*''The Loss and Curse of Reverence'' [Promo Video]
*''Emperial Live Ceremony'' [VHS/DVD] - ([[2000]])
*''Empty'' [Promo Video] - ([[2001]])

==Band members==
[[Image:IhsahnWOA2006.jpg|thumb|200px|Ihsahn.]]
===Current members===
*''[[Ihsahn]] (Vegard Sverre Tveitan)'' - Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboard - ([[1991]]-[[2001]], [[2005]]-)
*''[[Samoth]] (Tomas Haugen)'' - Guitar (Drums) - ([[1991]]-[[2001]], [[2005]]-)
*''[[Trym Torson]] (Kai Mosaker)'' - Drums - ([[1995]]-[[2001]], [[2005]]-)

===Former members===
*''[[Alver]] (Jonas Alver)'' - Bass - ([[1995]]-[[1998]])
*''[[Tchort]] (Terje Schei)'' - Bass - ([[1993]]-[[1994]])
*''[[Mortiis]] (Håvard Ellefsen)'' - Bass - ([[1991]]-[[1992]])
*''[[Bård Faust|Faust]] (Bård Eithun)'' - Drums - ([[1992]]-[[1993]])

===Live and session members===

*''Secthdamon (Odd Tony)'' - Bass ([[2006]])
**Also involved in [[Zyklon (band)|Zyklon]] and [[Myrkskog]].
*''Einar Solberg'' - Keyboards ([[2006]])
**Also involved in [[Leprous]]
*''Charmand Grimloch (Joachim Rygg)'' - Keyboard ([[1998]]-[[2001]])
**Also involved in Tartaros
*''Tyr (Jan Erik Torgersen)'' - Bass ([[1998]]-[[2001]])
**Also involved in [[Borknagar]] and [[Vintersorg]].
*''Ildjarn (Vidar Vaaer)'' - Bass ([[1993]])
** Also involved in [[Ildjarn]] and [[Thou Shalt Suffer]].
*''[[Jan Axel Blomberg|Hellhammer]] (Jan Axel Blomberg)'' - Drums ([[1992]])
** Also involved in [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]], [[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]], [[Winds (band)|Winds]], [[Age Of Silence]], [[Immortal (band)| Immortal]], [[Antestor]], and [[Dimmu Borgir]].

===Related artists===

==Ihsahn==
*[[Ihsahn]]
*[[Peccatum]]
*[[Thou Shalt Suffer]]
*[[Ulver]] (guest)
*[[Wongraven]]
*[[Zyklon-B_%28band%29|Zyklon-B]]

==Samoth==
*[[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]]
*[[Burzum]]
*[[Gorgoroth (band)|Gorgoroth]]
*[[Ildjarn]]
*[[Satyricon (band)|Satyricon]]
*[[SCUM (band)|Scum]]
*[[Thou Shalt Suffer]]
*[[Ulver]] (guest)
*[[zyklon_(band)|Zyklon]]
*[[Zyklon-B_%28band%29|Zyklon-B]]

==Trym==
*[[Enslaved (band)|Enslaved]]
*[[Paganize]]
*[[zyklon_(band)|Zyklon]]

==Faust==
*[[Aborym]]
*[[Blood Tsunami]]
*[[Imposter (band)|Imposter]]
*[[SCUM (band)|Scum]]
*[[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]
*[[zyklon_(band)|Zyklon]]

==Mortiis==
*[[Cintecele Diavolui]]
*[[Fata Morgana (band)|Fata Morgana]]
*[[Mortiis]]
*[[Vond]]

==Tchort==
*[[Blood Red Throne]]
*[[Carpathian Forest]]
*[[Green Carnation]]
*[[Satyricon (band)|Satyricon]]

==Jonas Alver==
*[[Dødheimsgard]]

===General===
*[[Darkthrone]]
*[[Immortal]]
*[[mayhem (band)|Mayhem]]

==External links==
* [http://www.emperorhorde.com/ Emperor Official site]
* [http://www.BlackMetal.net/Emperor/ Emperor Tribute site] (A Tribute to the Emperor releases inspired by the true essence of Black Metal)

[[Category:Black metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Norwegian heavy metal musical groups]]

[[de:Emperor]]
[[es:Emperor]]
[[fr:Emperor]]
[[he:אמפרור]]
[[nl:Emperor (band)]]
[[ja:エンペラー (バンド)]]
[[no:Emperor]]
[[pl:Emperor]]
[[pt:Emperor]]
[[sk:Emperor (Nórsko)]]
[[fi:Emperor]]
[[sv:Emperor]]
[[tr:Emperor (grup)]]

Swedish death metal

2006-11-16T19:49:11Z

Jowe27:

{{Mergeto|melodic death metal|date=September 2006}}
'''Scandinavian death metal''' concerns the [[death metal]] bands of [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] origin. The most dominant countries of the genre are [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. Many bands that fall under this category are associated with the [[melodic death metal]] movement, thus giving Scandinavian death metal a very different sound from other variations of death metal. However, Scandinavia (particularly Norway) is more notorious for its quantity of black metal as opposed to "true" death metal, though Gothenburg in Sweden is regarded as the capital of melodic death metal, leading melodic death metal to be named "Gothenburg" by many.

In the early [[1990s]], a distinctively new death metal scene arose, centered primarily around [[Gothenburg]] and [[Stockholm]], Sweden, though also incorporating Finnish and [[Norway|Norwegian]] bands. The Swedish and Finnish bands, inspired mainly by [[1980s]] [[thrash metal]] and [[speed metal]] bands, were more popular than the Norwegian bands, who were influenced strongly by [[black metal]] and included [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] and chaotic riffs. The first wave of "Swedish death metal" consisted primarily of the bands [[Carnage (band)|Carnage]] and Nihilist, who fragmented later into [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]], [[Dismember (band)|Dismember]] and [[Unleashed (band)|Unleashed]]. These bands used a trademark "Sunlight Studios" guitar sound formed by linking together two distortion boxes to create a mechanical, electric buzz. Using tremolo picking and faster riffs than most death metal, they represented the greatest success of the genre outside America. Later, the [[Gothenburg]] sound was pioneered by bands such as [[At the Gates]], [[Dark Tranquillity]], [[Arch Enemy (band)|Arch Enemy]] and [[In Flames]]. As the 1990s progressed, the Norwegian and Swedish scenes continued diverging, with the latter's center moving from Stockholm to Gothenburg, where [[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]] influences became prominent, and Finnish acts continued this trend into the next millennium as [[Finnish rock]] began to break into mainstream [[Europe]]an audiences. As of 20th century was nearing its end, were Finnish death metal bands, most notably [[Children Of Bodom]] and [[Sentenced]], popularizing concept of Scandinavian melodic death metal in European metal scene for the first time.

== Bands ==
{{Main|List of Scandinavian death metal bands}}

{{Heavymetal}}

[[Category:Finnish music]]
[[Category:Heavy metal by nationality]]
[[Category:Metal subgenres]]
[[Category:Nordic music]]
[[Category:Norwegian music]]
[[Category:Swedish music]]

[[fr:Death mélodique]]
[[it:Scandinavian metal]]
[[he:דת' מטאל סקנדינבי]]
[[nl:Scandinavische death metal]]
[[sv:The Gothenburg sound]]

Blackened death metal

2006-11-16T19:46:19Z

Jowe27:

{{genrebox|name=Blackened Death metal
|color=#BB0022
|bgcolor=white
|stylistic_origins=[[Black metal]] - [[Death metal]]
|cultural_origins=Early-Mid [[1990s]] [[Australia]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]]
|instruments=[[Guitar]] - [[Bass guitar]] - [[Drums]]
|popularity=Underground
|other_topics=[[Death grunt|Death growl]] - [[Blackened thrash metal]]
}}
'''Blackened death metal''' also called '''death/black metal''' or '''black/death metal''' (depending on which style is dominant) is a fusion genre of [[extreme metal]] utilising elements of [[death metal]] and [[black metal]]; bands often hail from [[Europe]]. Many of the bands start out as full on black metal outfits and end up adopting death metal influences and fusing the two together or becoming modern death metal artists. In the 1980s, bands like [[Hellhammer]] and [[Celtic Frost]] straddled the often still-vague genres of [[thrash metal]], [[death metal]] and [[black metal]], and it wasn't until albums such as [[Necrophobic]]'s [[The Nocturnal Silence]], [[Emperor (band)|Emperor]]'s [[IX Equilibrium]] and [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]]'s [[Satanica]] that the current form of "blackened death metal" truly took form. Some [[Melodic black metal]] bands have a style similar to Blackened Death metal because it owes much from Death metal, more precisely [[Swedish death metal]] and [[Melodic death metal]].

Often cited musical characteristics of blackened death metal are relatively high pitched, raspy [[death grunt]]s in a more black metal style, cyclical technical death metal riffs or simplistic Black metal riffs, and extremely fast and often repetitive drumwork with a more [[Groove metal|groovy]] approach than in Black metal which is obviously a Death metal influence. It must be noted that [[Morbid Angel]] are '''not''' considered Blackened Death metal, even though they are a Death metal band who exhibits or exhibited Black metal traits.

Blackened death metal bands often have influences outside black and death metal, for example Deströyer 666 have thrash metal influences (some of their work is sometimes considered "[[blackened thrash metal]]") and Akercocke, Behemoth, Emperor and [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] have also clearly displayed [[Avant-Garde metal|Avant-garde]] elements in their albums (if considered Blackened Death metal).

== Notable blackened death metal bands ==
*[[Aeternus]]
*[[Akercocke]]
*[[Angel Corpse]]
*[[Aurora Borealis (band)|Aurora Borealis]]
*[[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]]
*[[Beyond Shadows]]
*[[Belphegor (band)|Belphegor]]
*[[Cadaver (band)|Cadaver]]
*[[Cardinal Sin(Band)|Cardinal Sin]]
*[[Deströyer 666]] (blackened death/thrash)
*[[Dissection (band)|Dissection]]
*[[Darkthorns (band)|Darkthorns]]
*[[Emperor (band)|Emperor]] ([[black metal]]; [[IX Equilibrium]] influence on genre)
*[[Forest of Impaled]]
*[[Ghamorean]]
*[[Goatwhore]]
*[[God Dethroned]]
*[[Hate Forest]]
*[[Hellhammer]] (early [[black metal]]; influence on [[black metal|black]]/[[death metal]])
*[[Impaled Nazarene]]
*[[Impiety (band)|Impiety]] ([[Kaos Kommand 696]] and beyond)
*[[Knergeizer]]
*[[Melechesh]]
*[[Mindgrinder]]
*[[Myrkskog]]
*[[Naglfar (band)|Naglfar]]
*[[Necrophobic]]
*[[Panzerchrist]]
*[[Sarcófago]]
*[[Sarcophagus (band)|Sarcophagus]]
*[[The Amenta]]
*[[Unanimated]]
*[[Vesania]]
*[[Vital Remains]]
*[[Zyklon (band)|Zyklon]]
[[Category:Metal subgenres]]

==External links==

{{heavymetal}}
{{music-genre-stub}}

[[nl:Blackened death metal]]
[[pt:Black-death metal]]

Death metal

2006-11-07T07:25:00Z

Jowe27: /* Blackened death metal */

{{sprotect}}
{{genrebox|name=Death metal
|color=#BB0022
|bgcolor=white
|stylistic_origins=[[Thrash metal]]
|cultural_origins=Early-Mid [[1980s]] [[United States]], [[England]], and [[Sweden]].
|instruments=[[Guitar]] - [[Bass guitar]] - [[Drums]]
|popularity=Underground in early 1980s, moderate in late 1980s and early 1990s, increased popularity in recent years.
|derivatives=
|subgenrelist=List of Thrash Metal genres
|subgenres=[[Melodic death metal]] - [[Technical death metal]] -
|fusiongenres=[[Deathgrind]] - [[Doom metal#Death/doom|Death doom]] - [[Deathrash|Death thrash]] - [[Deathcore]] - [[Swedecore|Melodic deathcore]] - [[Blackened death metal]]
|regional_scenes=[[Florida|Florida death metal]] - [[Texas|Texas death metal]] - [[New York|New York death metal]] - [[Scandinavian death metal]]
|other_topics=[[Death grunt]] - [[Extreme metal]] - [[Blast beat]]
}}
'''Death metal''' is a sub-genre of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] that evolved out of [[thrash metal]] during the early 1980s.

== Characteristics ==

Commonly recognized characteristics include usually violent or dark lyrics which focus on death as a nihilistic metaphor (although lately more philosophy-based lyrics, such as those of later [[Death_(band)|Death]] have become popular as well), [[chromatic]] progressions and a narrative or "story telling" song structure such that there is not a [[Verse-chorus form|verse-chorus]] cycle as much as an ongoing development of themes and motifs. It is usually identified by downtuned rhythm guitars, fast percussion, and dynamic intensity. "[[Blast beat]]s" are frequently used to add to the ferocity of the modern music. The vocals are commonly low gurgles named [[death grunt]], growl, or death growl. This kind of vocalising is distorted by use of the throat and guts, unlike traditional singing techniques which discourages this technique. Some people consider it similar to the [[Overtone singing|overtone]] style of singing. Music journalist Chad Bowar notes that, because of the similarity of the vocals to "unintelligible yelling", the style is sometimes described as "[[Cookie monster]] vocals"<ref>{{cite web | title=Cookie Monster Vocals | work=about.com | url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/glossary/g/gl_cookiemonste.htm | accessdate=January 21 | accessyear=2006}}. See further examples of this usage at {{cite web | title=The cookie monster vocal explained | work=rocknerd | url=http://rocknerd.org/article.pl?sid=04/07/15/1626209 | accessdate=January 21 | accessyear=2006}} and {{cite web | title=The categorization of death metal | work=metalstorm.ee | url=http://www.metalstorm.ee/articles/article.php?id=18 | accessdate=January 21 | accessyear=2006}}.</ref>.

Death metal's subject matter usually addresses more nihilistic themes than any other genre (alongside [[black metal]]), usually using metaphors of a gruesome nature to represent a larger concept. The genre was founded as the branch of metal praising 'death.' The focus on mortality along with the extreme nature of the music (as well as [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]]'s "[[Seven_Churches|Death Metal]]") likely inspired the naming of this genre.

Death metal is occasionally known for abrupt [[tempo]], [[Key (music)|key]], and [[time signature]] changes, and extremely fast and complex guitar and [[drum]]work, although this is not always the case. Bands of this genre frequently utilize downtuned and distorted [[guitar]]s, a downtuned, sometimes distorted [[bass guitar]], a drum set (almost universally using two [[bass drum]]s or a double bass drum pedal). Although this is the standard setup, bands have been known to incorporate other instruments such as [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]. Death metal is very physically demanding of its musicians, especially in its more "technical" forms. Indeed, it is said by many familiar with death metal that much of the genre's oeuvre rivals [[European classical music|classical]] and [[fusion jazz]] in difficulty; in particular, drummers in the style are almost universally required to have immense ability, as all but the most basic death metal requires incredible speed and accuracy, as well as the ability to play in odd meters and remember constant changes.

There are two widely-based theories on the origin of the term "death metal." The first being the title of the [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]] song ''Death Metal'', which was featured on their [[1985]] debut album [[Seven Churches]] (an album widely regarded as the first death metal album, predating [[Morbid Angel]]'s and [[Death (band)|Death's]] works), and a song made famous on the underground tape-trading circuit shortly before. The other is that the name of death metal pioneers [[Death (band)|Death]] was made into the genre's name, where their [[1987]] debut album [[Scream Bloody Gore]] made death metal a more recognised style of music. Their simplistic name has said to have been adopted into the genre's title. A third theory emerged in 2003 when the late Thomas 'Quorthon' Forsberg of [[black metal]] band [[Bathory]] claimed in an interview with the British journalist [[Joel McIver]] that he had invented the term 'death metal' as far back as 1984, even though his band never pursued a death metal approach.

== Early history (up to 1989) ==
Death metal is a subgenre of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]. [[Death grunt|Growling vocals]] are the primary identifier for death metal for the newer generation. But this by itself also includes works such as ''Welcome to Hell'' from [[1981]] by British metal group [[Venom (band)|Venom]] where the vocals may be mostly "growling", but the music is not what is generally meant by "death metal" today. Venom never labelled what they did, but their album ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' became the basis for labelling music with 'Satanic' lyrics and growling vocals as "[[black metal]]".

Genres are not usually identified solely by aesthetic form, and black or death metal labels are not easy to apply to some bands. One example of this is the American band [[Slayer (band)|Slayer]], a pioneering [[thrash metal]] band. This genre (one that predates death metal), is also characterized by complex rhythmics and heavy guitar riffing. Slayer is not usually classified as a death metal band, and have never labelled themselves as such. Even so, with [[Reign in Blood]] from 1986, and subsequent works, they certainly influenced many early death metal bands.

Around [[1983]], aggressive U.S. bands such as Florida's [[Death (band)|Death]], California's [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]], and Chicago's [[Master (band) | Master]] began to form. If one would call this diffuse genre "early death metal", the first recorded examples of this would be [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]]'s album ''[[Seven Churches]]'' from 1985, [[Messiah]]'s album ''[[Hymn to Abramelin]]'' from 1986 and early demotapes by Death, followed by Death's album ''[[Scream Bloody Gore]]'' from 1987. [[Morbid Angel]] is another band that largely influenced the death metal scene, releasing numerous demos and rehearsal since 1983. To their credit, these "early death metal" bands did push the format forward, something that would ultimately pay off in a new form of music that was substantially different from their closest forefather, [[thrash metal]].

The late 1980s saw the rise of death metal in [[Scandinavia]], and in particular in [[Sweden]] with bands like [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]] (then Nihilist), [[God Macabre]], Carnage (later [[Dismember (band)|Dismember]]) and [[Grave (band)|Grave]]. The debut albums of these bands were mostly released in the early 1990s and characterised by a distinct guitar sound, which is heavly inspired by the sound of the [[UK]] [[grindcore]] act [[Unseen Terror]].

However, other death metal historians maintain that the 1985 brand of "early death metal" is more aptly summarised by the moniker "post-thrash" and that the band Death receives inflated credit partly because of its name. In particular, the music flora around 1985, although fitting the above description of "extreme brutality and speed" for its time, did not create anything significantly new compared to their immediate predecessors, and one would be hard pressed to identify strong and specific musical differences between, say Death's debut album from [[1987]] and same-period work by [[thrash metal]] bands such as the [[Brazil]]ian [[Sepultura]] or even the aforementioned Venom, except perhaps slightly "growlier" vocals.

The alternative standpoint is that the modern concept of "death metal"—the point when it clearly decouples from the origins in heavy metal and thrash metal—can be set to [[1989]] or [[1990]]. Just as in the original creation of [[NWOBHM]] (New Wave of British Heavy Metal) by [[Iron Maiden]] and other bands was sparked by the youthful energy of [[punk rock]] in the late [[1970s]], so did cross-fertilisation between metal and punk once more create something new in the late [[1980s]]. The chaotic and often confusing development that took place around this time is well illustrated by the British band [[Napalm Death]], often characterised as a "[[grindcore]]" band (see below). This band was simultaneously always part of the [[hardcore punk]] scene. However, Napalm Death themselves changed drastically around or before [[1990]], leaving [[grindcore]] (and most of the band members) behind.

In particular, on 1990's ''[[Harmony Corruption]]'', Napalm Death can be heard playing something most fans would call death metal today, i.e. "modern death metal" by the above characterization. This album clearly displays aggressive and fairly technical guitar riffing, complex rhythmics, a sophisticated growling vocal delivery by [[Mark "Barney" Greenway]], and thoughtful lyrics. Other bands contributing significantly to this early movement include Britain's [[Bolt Thrower (band)|Bolt Thrower]] and [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]], Buffalo's [[Cannibal Corpse]], Sweden's [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]], New York's [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]], and Florida's [[Morbid Angel]].

To close the circle, the band [[Death]] put out the album ''[[Human (album)|Human]]'' in 1991, certainly an example of modern death metal. The band Death's founder [[Chuck Schuldiner]] helped push the boundaries of uncompromising speed and technical virtuosity, mixing in highly technical and intricate rhythm guitar work with complex arrangements and emotive guitar solos. Other examples of this are Carcass's ''[[Necroticism: Descanting the Insalubrious]]'' from 1991, Suffocation's debut ''[[Human Waste]]'' from the same year and Entombed's ''[[Clandestine]]'' from 1992.
At this point, all the above characteristics are clearly present: abrupt [[tempo]] and count changes, on occasion extremely fast [[drum kit|drumming]], morbid lyrics and growling delivery.

== Later history (1991-) ==
{{unreferencedsect}}
During the 1990s, death metal grew in many directions, spawning a rich variety of subgenres, including the following:

===Melodic death metal===
[[Melodic death metal]], where harmonies and melodies are much more present in the guitarwork. Although more melodic, it can sound more raw than the more precise sounding American variety. This subgenre is mostly associated with [[Sweden]], especially in [[Gothenburg]], as well as [[Norway]] and [[Finland]] (see [[Scandinavian death metal]]). The genre finds its best representation in [[At the Gates]], [[Hypocrisy (band)| Hypocrisy]], [[In Flames]], [[Dark Tranquillity]], and [[Arch Enemy (band)| Arch Enemy]].

===Scandinavian death metal===
[[Scandinavian death metal]], which could be called the forerunner of melodic death metal with bands like [[Entombed (band)| Entombed]], [[Dismember (band)| Dismember]], [[Unleashed (band)| Unleashed]], and the aforementioned [[At the Gates]]. Entombed (ex-Nihilist) was the band, which started to combine punk and death/thrash riffs and set a trademark "[[Sunlight studios]]" guitar sound - mainly created by the use of the Boss Heavy Metal distortion pedal. A raw, mechanical, electric buzz, which many bands of this genre later tried to reproduce. Nevertheless, this sound was inspired by British [[deathgrind]] band [[Unseen Terror]] on their debut album ''Human Error''.

===Florida death metal===
Florida death metal are more rigid and percussive than the Swedish variant, more precise, refined and traditional; in many ways this style can be seen, at least in the early days as an extension of [[thrash metal]], especially the [[Slayer]]/[[Kreator]]/[[Destruction_(band)|Destruction]] variety, but with added complexity and brutality. It tends to be more direct and brutal than the "technical death metal" pioneered by bands such as [[Cynic_(band)|Cynic]] and [[Atheist_(band)|Atheist]]. Bands include [[Deicide (band)|Deicide]], [[Malevolent Creation]], [[Monstrosity (band)|Monstrosity]], [[Obituary (band)|Obituary]], [[Brutality (band)|Brutality]], [[Morbid Angel]], and [[Death (band)| Death]], though later Death's albums fall more into the category of progressive death metal (see below).

===Technical death metal===
[[Technical death metal]], a narrow but influential subgenre, refers to bands who are particularly distinguished by the virtuosity of their musicians. It should be noted, however, that much death metal requires considerable instrumental skill to perform. In fact, some consider the term "technical death metal" misleading, as it suggests that artistry and songwriting are given less focus than virtuosity and instrumental skill. Nonetheless, it is a term commonly applied to such bands as [[Gorguts]], [[Immolation (band)|Immolation]], [[Necrophagist]], [[Death (band)|Death]], [[Cynic (band)|Cynic]], [[Atheist (band)|Atheist]], [[Pestilence (band)|Pestilence]], [[Cryptopsy]], [[Nile (band)|Nile]], [[Spawn of Possession]] and [[Dying Fetus]].

===Progressive death metal===
Progressive death metal, is a subgenre of death metal that incorporates characteristics such as [[time signatures]] and mood changes from [[progressive metal]]. The overlapping of genres is quite common. The genre typically showcases death metal's growls, blastbeats, chaotic alternating rhythms of progressive metal, acoustic parts and the use of instruments not common to traditional heavy metal such as the [[saxophone]]. [[Opeth]], [[Death (band)|Death]], [[Pestilence (band)|Pestilence]], and [[Atheist (band)|Atheist]] are seen as Progressive death metal.

===Brutal death metal===
Brutal death metal (also known as "percussive death metal") developed by combining certain aspects of the song structures of [[grindcore]]/[[goregrind]] with death metal. This genre tends to be highly technical (see above). Brutal death metal is associated with bands like [[Krisiun]], [[Disgorge]], [[Agiel]], [[Dying Fetus]], [[Devourment]], [[Vital Remains]], early [[Penetralia]], and [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation.]] One main characteristic of brutal death is the vocal style, called [[death grunt]], which are almost always very low-pitched. The lyrics are mostly [[gore]] related, sung in a slow and choppy manner. In addition, the guitar riffs are usually chunky grooves or hyper fast and down-tuned, often with pinch harmonics. The drumming is usually highly varied in style, ranging from slow and churning to [[blast beats|blast beat]], as is often the case in [[grindcore]]; New York bands such as Suffocation and Morpheus Descends, and Florida bands such as Deicide can be considered the origins of this style.

===Death/Doom===
[[Doom metal#Death/doom|Death/doom]] is a slow and melancholic subgenre inspired by and mixed with classic [[doom metal]]. The genre was created by the likes of [[Asphyx]], [[Disembowelment (band)|Disembowelment]], [[My Dying Bride]], [[Anathema (band)|Anathema]], and [[Paradise Lost (band)|Paradise Lost]].

===Blackened death metal===
[[Blackened death metal]], is a subgenre of death metal fused with the more fluid and melodic elements of [[black metal]]. These bands also tend to adopt some of the thematic characteristics of that genre as well- evil, Satanism, and occultism are all common topics and images. [[Necrophobic]], [[Goatwhore]], [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]], [[Deicide (band) | Deicide]], [[Zyklon (band)|Zyklon]], and [[Dissection (band)|Dissection]] are prime examples of this genre, as is [[Emperor (band)|Emperor]] on their ''[[IX Equilibrium]]'' album.

===Deathrash===
[[Deathrash]] (also known as "Death/thrash") is a form of thrash metal with elements of death metal, including speed, guitar picking techniques, and vocals. In the earliest incarnation this style was the progression from thrash metal to death metal. Some bands in this particular genre are: [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]], [[Benediction (band)|Benediction]], [[Pestilence (band)|Pestilence]] and [[Sepultura]] with their early albums, [[Epidemic (band)|Epidemic]], [[Cancer (band)|Cancer]] and the first two [[Sinister (band)|Sinister]] albums.

===[[Grindcore]]===
Grindcore is considered by some to be an even more extreme variant of death metal and hardcore punk. However, many fans of grindcore and music historians would place it in a genre by itself, since the genre historically developed in parallel to death metal (both developed in the 1980s, death metal from [[thrash metal]] and grindcore from [[hardcore punk]]), each influencing the development of the other, but with early [[grindcore]] having a much more obvious [[hardcore punk]], [[crossover thrash]], and [[anarcho-punk]] influence. Early grindcore bands include [[Napalm Death]] (considered by many to be the founder of the genre), [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]], [[Impetigo (band)|Impetigo]], [[Fear of God]], [[Terrorizer]], and [[Extreme Noise Terror]].

=== Other fusion genres ===

On the one hand, there are also other heavy metal sub-genres that have come from fusions between death metal and other non-metal genres, such as the fusion of death metal and [[Jazz]] played by [[Pestilence (band)|Pestilence]] on their ''Spheres'' album, or the work of Florida bands Atheist and Cynic, the former of which sometimes went as far as to include [[jazz]]-style drum solos on albums, and the latter of which incorporated notable influences from [[jazz fusion|fusion]]. [[Nile (band)|Nile]] have also incorporated Egyptian music and Middle Eastern themes into their style.

With the recent rise in popularity of [[metalcore]], strong modern [[hardcore punk]] influences have also been utilized in death metal. [[Dying Fetus]] is one such band, with a handful of members having been active at times in their local [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] scene, and even releasing an [[extended play|EP]] with a cover song by their hardcore peers, Next Step Up.

It is also noteworthy that many bands can easily be placed in two or more of the preceding categories, and a band's specific categorization is often a source of contention due to personal opinion and interpretation.

==Key artists==

Key death metal bands include: [[Atheist (band)|Atheist]], [[Autopsy (band)|Autopsy]], [[Bolt Thrower (band)|Bolt Thrower]], [[Cannibal Corpse]], [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]], [[Death (band)|Death]], [[Deicide (band)|Deicide]], [[Dismember (band)|Dismember]], [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]], [[Immolation (band)|Immolation]], [[Morbid Angel]], [[Napalm Death]], [[Obituary (band)|Obituary]], [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]], and [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]].

==References==
<references />

==See also==
* [[List of death metal bands]]
* [[Death grunt]]
* [[Blast beat]]
* [[Extreme metal]]



{{heavymetal}}

[[Category:Death metal]]
[[Category:Metal subgenres]]
[[Category:Transgressive art]]

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Souls to Deny

2006-10-29T00:03:57Z

Jowe27:

{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = Souls to Deny
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]]
| Cover = SoulsToDeny.jpg
| Released = [[April 27]], [[2004]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Death metal]]
| Length = 38:20
| Label = [[Relapse Records]]
| Producer = Joe Cincotta
| Reviews =
| Last album = ''[[Despise the Sun]]'' (1998)
| This album = ''Souls to Deny'' (2004)
| Next album = ''Suffocation'' (2006)
}}

'''''Souls to Deny''''' is a 2004 album by the [[death metal]] band [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]] marking the end of a 6-year hiatus. This is the first album featuring guitarist Guy Marchais (ex-Pyrexia, ex-Internal Bleeding), but does mark the return of original drummer [[Mike Smith]]. They did not have a bass player during the recording; bass guitar tracks on the album are played on the album by Terrance Hobbs and Mike Smith. The cover artwork is from well-known artist [[Dan Seagrave]].

==Track listing==
#"Deceit" – 4:40
#"To Weep Once More" – 4:31
#"Souls to Deny" – 5:45
#"Surgery of Impalement" – 3:51
#"Demise of the Clone" – 4:36
#"Subconsciously Enslaved" – 4:24
#"Immortally Condemned" – 6:03
#"Tomes of Acrimony" – 4:30

==Credits==
* [[Frank Mullen]] - Vocals
* [[Terrance Hobbs]] - Guitar
* [[Guy Marchais]] - Guitar
* [[Derek Boyer]] - Bass
* [[Mike Smith (musician)|Mike Smith]] - Drums

[[Category:Suffocation albums]]
[[Category:2004 albums]]
[[Category:Albums with cover art by Dan Seagrave]]
[[Category:Relapse Records albums]]

[[de:Souls to Deny]]

{{2000s-metal-album-stub}}

Suffocation (band)

2006-10-29T00:02:01Z

Jowe27: minor adjustments to account for recent recordings; readability edits. Will do more later

'''Suffocation''', an American [[death metal]] [[musical band|band]], fused the predominant [[rhythm]]ic styles of early death metal and [[grindcore]], with complex song structures to start a new subgenre of [[music]], considered "brutal death" metal by some. Suffocation is placed amongst peers such as [[Immolation (band)|Immolation]], [[Incantation (band)|Incantation]], and [[Morpheus (Descends)]] as being part of a genetic fragment of death metal known as "New York Death Metal", or "NYDM" for short. The band is also known for having two African American musicians (drummer Mike Smith and guitarist Terrance Hobbs) which is rare in the underground metal scene.
The band was formed in 1990 and has since released several highly-regarded releases on the once death metal label [[Roadrunner Records]], an EP ''Despise The Sun'' on a smaller label in 1998. The band reunited in 2004 with [[Souls to Deny]], featuring the return of original drummer Mike Smith. A self-titled album was also released in 2006.

In death metal history, Suffocation stands unique for fusing the technical with the percussive, brutal "older" styles of [[death metal]]. Suffocation integrated death metal with the muffled strumming and downstroke rhythms of [[speed metal]] while introducing more complex rhythms, a variety of influences--perhaps most importantly a strong tendency to use the techniques of [[grindcore]], and bizarre, mocking lead guitar; to the discriminating ear, their profound influence can be heard in many modern bands the world over.

==Line-up==
* [[Frank Mullen]] - Vocals (1990-1998, 2003-)
* [[Terrance Hobbs]] - Guitar (1990-1998, 2003-)
* [[Guy Marchais]] - Guitar (1990, 2003-)
* [[Derek Boyer]] - Bass (2003-)
* [[Mike Smith (musician)|Mike Smith]] - Drums (1990-1994, 2003-)

===Former members===
* [[Doug Cerrito]] - Guitar (1990-1998)
* [[Josh Barohn]] - Bass (1990-1993, 2003)
* [[Chris Richards]] - Bass (1992-1998)
* [[Doug Bohn]] - Drums (1994-1996)
* [[Dave Culross]] - Drums (1996-1998)

==Discography==
* '' [[Reincremation]]'' (Demo, 1990)
*''[[Human Waste]]'' (EP, 1991)
*''[[Effigy of the Forgotten]]'' (1991)
*''[[Breeding the Spawn]]'' (1993)
* ''Live Death'' (EP, 1994)
*''[[Pierced from Within]]'' (1995)
*''[[Despise the Sun]]'' (EP, 1998)
*''[[Souls to Deny]]'' (2004)
*''[[Live in Quebec]]'' (Live album, 2006)
*''[[The Closing of a Chapter]]'' (Live album, 2006)
*''[[Suffocation (album)|Suffocation]]'' (September, 2006)

==External links==
*[http://www.suffocation.us/ Suffocation's official website]
*[http://www.rockdetector.com/interviews/artist,8702.sm?id=100 Suffocation Interview with Mike Smith]

[[Category:Death metal musical groups]]
[[Category:American heavy metal musical groups]]

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[[fi:Suffocation]]

Mike Smith (drummer)

2006-10-28T23:56:03Z

Jowe27:

'''Mike Smith''' is a [[death metal]] [[drummer]] of [[African-American]] origin. He is known for his work with the death metal band [[Suffocation (band)|Suffocation]]. He performed on their [[1990 in music|1990]] demo ''[[Reincremated]]'', the [[1991 in music|1991]] [[extended play|EP]], ''[[Human Waste]]'', their 1991 debut album ''[[Effigy of the Forgotten]]'', and their [[1993 in music|1993]] album ''[[Breeding the Spawn]]''. He then departed from the band and was subsequently replaced by drummer [[Doug Bohn]]. He then returned when the band reformed in [[2002 in music|2002]] after a four-year hiatus and performed on their [[2004 in music|2004]] release, ''[[Souls to Deny]]'' and 2006 self-titled album.

Mike Smith also lent his drumming skill to the song "Dawn of a Golden Age" on ''[[Roadrunner United|Roadrunner United: The All Star Sessions]]''.

[[Category:Heavy metal drummers|Smith, Mike]]
[[Category:Living people|Smith, Mike]]
[[Category:African Americans|Smith, Mike]]
[[Category:African American musicians|Smith, Mike]]
{{drummer-stub}}
[[de:Mike Smith]]

Screeching Weasel

2006-09-02T02:21:08Z

Jowe27: /* Music */ very short description of "middle" Screeching Weasel sound

{{Infobox Band
| band_name = [[Image:RamonesLP.jpg|RamonesLP.jpg]]
| years_active = 1986-2001 (on and off)
| origin = [[Chicago, Illinois]]
| music_genre = [[Punk rock]], [[Pop punk]],
| record_label = [[Underdog Records]], [[Roadkill Records]], [[Lookout! Records]], [[Selfless Records]], [[Fat Wreck Chords]], [[Panic Button Records]], [[Asian Man Records]]
| website = [http://www.screechingweasel.com/ http://www.screechingweasel.com]
}}
'''Screeching Weasel''' was a [[punk rock|punk]] band from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. They were formed in [[1986]] by [[Ben Weasel]] and [[John Pierson (musician)|John Jughead]]. Starting out as a heavily [[Ramones]] influenced band playing local all ages shows, the band gained prominence in the early 90's after signing a record deal with the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] punk label [[Lookout! Records]]. Many of today's popular [[pop punk]] bands cite Screeching Weasel as influential, including; [[Green Day]], [[blink-182]], and [[The All-American Rejects]].
==Members==
After Weasel and Jughead, who were in the band for it's entirety, the two most notable members were, [[Danny Vapid]] on guitar and bass and [[Dan Lumley|Dan Panic]] on drums. These four are considered the band's "classic" lineup. However, since it's formation, the band has gone through many line-up changes and, at times, has included such notable musicians as [[Mike Dirnt]] and [[Mass Giorgini]].

==Music==
The band's lyrics reflected Weasel's "anti-everything" apolitical orientation set to music that was melodic and derivative of The Ramones. [[Girls]], [[paranoia]], aging, and panic problems (which Weasel suffered from) were common subjects for songs as well. Many centered on his relationship with Weasel's then girlfriend Portia.

Their music transformed from the traditional punk when they began, to their long-standing, distinctive punk/pop sound, and later to a more fast-paced and melodic type of punk.

The middle period of the band's sound begins most distinctly with the album "My Brain Hurts", reaching adolescence with "Wiggle" and flowering into full realization with "Anthem For a New Tomorrow". These works and several of those following it are characterized by more complex, anthemic songwriting and more intelligent and metaphoric lyrics.

Through his writings in ''[[Maximum RocknRoll]]'', fanzines, and lyrics, Ben Weasel established himself as one of the most pungent internal critics of the punk scene. As an example, in the 1999 song ''[[Tightrope (song)|Tightrope]]'', Weasel launched a rather pointed attack on the glorification of violence and chauvinism by what he termed "tough-guy, so-called working class or [[street punk]] bands." Later, punk band [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] referred briefly to this song in the liner notes of their 2003 album, ''Indestructible''.

==Post Break-Up==
After breakups in 1988 and 1995, Screeching Weasel officially broke up for the third - and allegedly final - time on July 6, 2001.

Members of Screeching Weasel have gone on to form bands such as: [[The Methadones]], [[The Mopes]], [[Even in Blackouts]], and [[Sweet Black And Blue]]. For a short time during one of many break-ups, Weasel and Vapid also formed [[The Riverdales]]. Additionally, Ben Weasel released a solo record in 2002 entitled ''Fidatevi'', and is currently recording a second one.

In [[2004 in music|2004]] Ben Weasel rescinded all of the Screeching Weasel and [[The Riverdales|Riverdales]] masters from [[Lookout! Records]] in the wake of long-running financial and personal conflicts. The masters were subsequently licensed to and reissued by [[Asian Man Records]].

==Discography==

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Year'''
| '''Title'''
| '''Lable'''
| '''Lineup'''
| '''Other information'''
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Screeching Weasel (album)|Screeching Weasel]]''
| Underdog
|Ben Weasel- Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Vinnie Bovine- Bass

Steve Cheese- Drums

| re-issued in 1997 by VML Records, with additional demos and unreleased tracks
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Boogadaboogadaboogada!]]''
| Roadkill
|Ben Weasel- Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Warren Ozzfish- Bass

Steve Cheese- Drums

|released on Wetspots in the UK, re-issued by Lookout in 1992, re-mastered and re-issued by [[Asian Man Records]] in 2005
|-
| 1991
| ''[[My Brain Hurts]]''
| Lookout
|Ben Weasel- Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Dan Vapid- Guitar

Dave Naked- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums

| re-mastered and re-issued by [[Asian Man Records]] in 2005
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Ramones (Screeching Weasel album)|Ramones]]''
| Selfless
|Ben Weasel- Guitar, Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Dan Vapid- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
| a cover of the entire first Ramones LP; 1700 pressed (1400 black vinyl, 300 white vinyl); 300 re-pressed in 1993; out of print. Re-released on Panic Button records as [[Beat_is_on_the_Brat|Beat Is On The Brat]] in 1998.
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Wiggle_(album)|Wiggle]]''
| Lookout
|Ben Weasel- Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Dan Vapid- Guitar

Johnny Personality- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
| recorded in 1992, not released until the next year, re-mastered and re-issued by [[Asian Man Records]] in 2005
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Anthem For A New Tomorrow]]''
| Lookout
|Ben Weasel- Guitar, Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Dan Vapid- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
| re-mastered and re-issued by Asian Man Records in 2005
|-
| 1994
| ''[[How To Make Enemies And Irritate People]]''
| Lookout
|Ben Weasel- Guitar, Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Mike Dirnt- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
|re-mastered and re-issued by [[Asian Man Records]] in 2005
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Kill the Musicians]]''
| Lookout
|
| collection of demo, rare, out of print, and live material
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Bark Like A Dog]]''
| Fat Wreck Chords
| Ben Weasel- Guitar, Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Dan Vapid- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Television City Dream]]''
| Fat Wreck Chords
|
| Features cover art by [[Aldo Giorgini]], noted Italian artist, and father of Screeching Weasel bassist-producer [[Mass Giorgini]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Emo (album)|Emo]]''
| Panic Button
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Thank You Very Little]]''
| Panic Button / Lookout
|
| double CD; more b-sides, rarities, and live material
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Teen Punks In Heat]]''
| Panic Button / Lookout
|Ben Weasel-Vocals

John Jughead- Guitar

Phillip Hall- Guitar

Mass Giorgini- Bass

Dan Panic- Drums
| alleged to be their final record
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Weasel Mania]]''
| [[Fat Wreck Chords]]
|
| Best-of compilation, with 34 songs selected by [[Ben Weasel]]
|}

===EPs===
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Year'''
| '''Title'''
| '''Label'''
| '''Other information'''
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Punkhouse]]''
| Limited Potential
| re-issued in 1991 by No Budget Records; re-issued in 1993 by Selfless Records; out of print
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Pervo-Devo]]''
| Shred of Dignity
| 2500 originally pressed and released with the final issue of Ben Weasel's sex-themed fanzine, "Teen Punks In Heat"; 450 pressed in 1992, and the label name had changed to Outpunk; out of print
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Snappy Answers to Stupid Questions]]''
| Selfless
| on-air performance at WFMU in New Jersey; 1500 pressed on blue vinyl, features tour bassist Scott "Gub" Conway, out of print
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Happy, Horny, Gay And Sassy]]''
| Selfless
| more songs from on-air performance at WFMU in New Jersey; 300 pressed on pink vinyl, out of print
|-
| 1993
| ''Screeching Weasel / [[Pink Lincolns]] split''
| VML
| 1500 pressed, out of print
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Radio Blast]]''
| Underdog
| 2000 pressed, out of print
|-
| 1993
| ''[[You Broke My Fucking Heart]]''
| Lookout
| out of print
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Screeching Weasel / Born Against split]]''
| Lookout
| out of print
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Suzanne Is Getting Married]]''
| Lookout
| [[Mike Dirnt]] from [[Green Day]] plays bass on one track, out of print
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Screeching Weasel / Born Against split]]''
| Lookout
| out of print
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Major Label Debut]]''
| Lookout / Panic Button
| first Panic Button release
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Formula 27]]''
| Vermiform
| later reissued on Lookout / Panic Button, out of print
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Four on the Floor(Screeching Weasel album)|Four on the Floor]]''
| Lookout / Panic Button
| four songs apiece from Screeching Weasel, Moral Crux, Enemy You, and [[Teen Idols]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Jesus Hates You]]''
| Probe
| picture disc; all cover songs ([[Stooges]], [[Subhumans]], [[Stiff Little Fingers]])
|}

===Compilations===
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Year'''
| '''Title'''
| '''Label'''
| '''Contributing Track(s) / Other Info'''
|-
| 1989
| ''What Are You Pointing At?''
| Very Small Records
| "Kamala's Too Nice", "I Wanna Be A Homosexual"
|-
| 1989
| ''There's A Fungus Amongus''
| What The Fuck?
| "Slogans"
|-
| 1989
| ''They Don't Get Paid, They Don't Get Laid, But Boy, Do They Work Hard''
| Maximum Rocknroll
| "This Bud's For Me"
|-
| 1990
| ''Achtung Chicago''
| Underdog
| "Teenage Slumber Party"
|-
| 1992
| ''Four Two Pudding''
| Very Small Records
| "Kamala's Too Nice", "I Wanna Be A Homosexual"; CD release of ''What Are You Poiting At?'' 10"; re-released in 1998 with new artwork
|-
| 1993
| ''It's A Punk Thing, You Wouldn't Understand''
| Shakefork
| "Celena"
|-
| 1994
| ''Fallen Upon Deaf Ears''
| Skullduggery
| "Soap Opera"
|-
| 1994
| ''Chairman Of The Bored''
| Grass
| "Chicago"
|-
| 1994
| ''Punk USA''
| Lookout
| "My Friends Are Getting Famous"
|-
| 1997
| ''Physical Fatness - Fat Music Volume III''
| Fat Wreck Chords
| "Cool Kids"
|-
| 1999
| ''Life In The Fat Lane - Fat Music Volume IV''
| Fat Wreck Chords
| "Dummy Up"
|-
| 1999
| ''Return Of The Read Menace''
| Honest Don's
| "My Own World"
|-
| 1999
| ''Short Music For Short People''
| Fat Wreck Chords
| "Dirty Needles"
|-
| 2000
| ''Liberation Sucks''
| Liberation
| "California Sucks"
|-
| 2000
| ''Lookout Freakout''
| Lookout / Panic Button
| "Acknowledge"
|-
| 2001
| ''Lookout Freakout - Episode 2''
| Lookout
| "Pauline"
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.screechingweasel.com http://www.screechingweasel.com] - official site
* [http://www.benweasel.com http://www.benweasel.com] - Ben Weasel's blog
* [http://www.lyricsdir.com/screeching-weasel-lyrics.html Screeching Weasel Lyrics]
* [http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/tabs/screeching_weasel_tabs.htm http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/tabs/screeching_weasel_tabs.htm]- Guitar chords and tabs

[[Category:American musical groups]]
[[Category:Punk rock groups]]
[[Category:Fat Wreck Chords groups]]
[[Category:Pop punk groups]]
[[Category:Illinois musical groups]]
[[Category:Chicago musical groups]]

[[de:Screeching Weasel]]
[[it:Screeching Weasel]]

Pop-punk

2006-09-02T02:12:11Z

Jowe27: /* Independent pop punk */ short mention of Ramones influence; musical style/lyrical metaphor

{{ActiveDiscuss}}
 
{{Punkbox}}
'''Pop punk''' is a [[fusion genre]] combining the catchy attributes of some of the original [[punk rock]] groups with trends in contemporary pop music.

Pop punk music is usually more melodic and cleaner-sounding than the original punk rock music of the late 1970s. It developed in several cities throughout the world in the 1980s and early 1990s, although it was largely California-based bands that achieved widespread popularity in the mid 1990s. The sound broke into the mainstream with the popularity of [[Green Day]] and [[The Offspring]]'s respective albums, [[Dookie]] and [[Smash (album)|Smash]]. Other pop punk bands who have achieved mainstream success include [[blink-182]], [[Good Charlotte]], [[Simple Plan]], [[Sum 41]], [[New Found Glory]], [[Fall Out Boy]], and [[Panic! at the Disco]].

===Alternate use===
Additionally, pop punk is a retroactive description for some of the original punk bands of the late 1970s, such as The [[Ramones]], who were influenced by [[bubblegum pop]] and popular rock music of the 1950s and 1960s. These bands became the primary influence on subsequent bands that were to develop pop punk. The Ramones were never defined as pop punk during their active years, but are now described by some as pop punk. Other examples include [[Buzzcocks]], [[The Rezillos]], [[The Jam]], and [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]].

==History==
====[[Punk rock]] origins (1974-1980s)====
The pop punk style emerged at the onset of punk rock around 1975, with bands like The Ramones, however it was not considered a separate genre until later. The Ramones were fans of [[The Beatles]], 1960s [[bubblegum pop]] and [[garage rock]]. In 1975, their loud and fast melodic minimalism differentiated them from other groups in New York City's budding art-rock scene. Additionally, [[protopunk]] bands along with [[power pop]] bands like; [[Cheap Trick]], [[The Knack]], [[The Raspberries]], [[Pezband]], [[The Records]] and [[The Nerves]] helped lay the groundwork for pop punk.

In [[Britain]], punk had already become a much more active and concentrated movement than in New York City. [[The Undertones]], [[Buzzcocks]] and [[The Jam]] featured catchy hooks and lyrics that sometimes dealt with teenage romantic issues. [[The Rezillos]], [[The Boys]], and [[The Only Ones]] are other examples of early punk bands with pop inclinations. On the somewhat harder-edged side of pop-influenced punk, there were bands like; [[999 (band)|999]], [[The Vibrators]], [[The Adicts]], and [[The Lurkers]]. Many [[Mod Revival]] bands also displayed pop punk leanings, particularly [[The Chords]] and [[Purple Hearts (UK band)|The Purple Hearts]]. The popularity of the [[Sex Pistols]] and [[The Clash]], which had surpassed that of The Ramones, demonstrated that punk rock bands could write hit songs.

The original punk movement was followed by [[hardcore punk]], with louder, faster music and more politically motivated lyrics. Vocal harmony, melodic instrumentation and [[Time signature|4/4]] drumming was replaced with screaming, [[Consonance and dissonance|discordant]] instrumentation, and experimental rhythms. A few bands began to combine hardcore with [[pop music]] to create a new, faster pop punk sound. The [[Descendents (band)|Descendents]], [[The Vandals]], [[NOFX]], [[Hüsker Dü]], and [[The Replacements]] exemplify this shift.

====Formation (early 1980s-1993)====
Writers have used "pop punk" to describe bands playing rudimentary pop music infused with original punk rock and [[hardcore punk]] bands for a number of years. An early occurrence appears in a 1977 [[New York Times]] article, "''Cabaret: Tom Petty's Pop Punk Rock Evokes Sounds of 60's''". <ref>[[New York Times]], "''Cabaret: Tom Petty's Pop Punk Rock Evokes Sounds of 60's''", John Rockwell, March 9, 1977, Page C22, [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nytimes/75047710.html?did=75047710&FMT=ABS&FMTS=AI&date=Mar+9%2C+1977&author=&pub=New+York+Times++(1857-Current+file)&desc=Cabaret%3A+Tom+Petty%27s+Pop+Punk+Rock+Evokes+Sounds+of+60%27s]</ref> The term "pop punk" was originally used by the punk community in the 1980s, in publications such as [[Maximum RocknRoll]], to describe bands similar to [[Social Distortion]] and [[TSOL]]. <ref>[[Maximum RocknRoll]], "''BLOODSPORT - cassette (music review)''", Tim Yohannan, December 1984, Issue 20, Page 66, [http://www.operationphoenixrecords.com/archivespage.html]</ref>

Early in the 1980s, bands such as; [[Descendents]] (possibly the first pop punk band), [[The Vandals]], [[The Dickies]], [[Hard-Ons]], [[Fastbacks]], and [[Shonen Knife]], diverged from hardcore and sought a middle ground between the sound of the original punks and the brutality of hardcore. Their positive, yet sarcastic, approach began to separate them from the more serious hardcore scene. This continued through the middle to late 1980s with the formation of new bands like: [[ALL (band)|ALL]], [[The Lemonheads]], [[The Doughboys]], [[Sweet Baby]], [[The Queers]], and [[Screeching Weasel]].

The music remained in relative obscurity until 1991, when [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] released the album [[Nevermind (album)|Nevermind]]. This album helped define [[grunge music]], popularized [[alternative rock]], and set the stage for pop punk's mainstream acceptance.

====Popular acceptance (1994-1997)====
In February 1994, Green Day released the landmark pop punk album [[Dookie]], the band's first on a major label. Weeks after its release, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s [[Kurt Cobain]] died, leaving grunge fans searching for new forms of music. Some fans, tired of the brooding, serious tone of grunge, looked for something with a more sunny and melodic sound. They found this in Dookie, featuring the hit singles; ''Longview'',
''Basket Case'', ''Welcome To Paradise'', and ''When I Come Around''. A high point of Green Day's career was their performance at [[Woodstock '94]], where the band and spectators engaged in a good-hearted, mudslinging fight. The band became extremely popular, appearing on [[Saturday Night Live]], the cover of [[Rolling Stone]], and winning a [[Grammy]] for ''Best Alternative Music Album''.

Shortly after the release of Dookie, the [[heavy metal music|metal]]-influenced pop punk band [[The Offspring]] released [[Smash (album)|Smash]] on Epitaph. The singles; ''Come Out And Play'', ''Self Esteem'', and ''Gotta Get Away'', were all commercially successful. The album sold over 10 million copies worldwide, set a record for most albums sold on a independent label, and established The Offspring as a modern rock staple.

While the popularity of Dookie and Smash swelled, attention spilled over to similar bands such as [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]], [[NOFX]], [[Bad Religion]], [[MxPx]], [[Pennywise (band)|Pennywise]], [[Jawbreaker (band)|Jawbreaker]], [[Smoking Popes]] and [[Lagwagon]]. Of these, Rancid received the most attention with the two hits, ''Ruby Soho'' and ''Time Bomb'', from their album [[...And Out Come The Wolves]], which eventually went platinum. However, other punk and pop punk bands saw growing sales and increased interest surrounding their music. Pop punk's sarcastic [[Spoiled brat|bratiness]] provided an effective contrast to the moody, [[nihilism]] offered by many grunge, hardcore and earlier punk rock bands. By the end of the year, Dookie and Smash had sold millions of copies <ref>Bestseller lists and Diamond Certification available at the [[RIAA]] website: http://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/diamond.asp</ref>, and pop punk had become a prominent musical style.

During this surge in interest, some bands became associated with the pop punk genre even though they didn't consider themselves part of it. [[Weezer]], a California [[power pop]] band, played a raw, [[power chord]]-driven, melodic pop sound that was far from grunge, similar to that of pop punk. Their [[Weezer (The Blue Album)|Blue Album]] (1994) and hit single ''Buddy Holly'' became influential for many future pop punk bands. Northern Ireland rockers [[Ash (band)|Ash]] garnered much attention from pop punk fans after their hit song ''Kung Fu'' was released, due to its bouncy, fun, simple power chord driven nature. The band's sound was much more energetic and punk-inspired when compared to fellow [[Britpop]] bands such as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] and [[Blur (band)|Blur]].

In the mid 1990s, a [[ska punk]] revival was taking place, led by bands such as [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]], [[No Doubt]], and even [[Rancid]] (who included ex-members of the influential ska punk band [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] in their lineup). Ska punk shares many characteristic of pop punk such as its upbeat sound and distance from grunge and hardcore. Some ska punk bands borrowed little from pop punk, while others such as [[Goldfinger (band)|Goldfinger]] and [[Less Than Jake]] are considered pop punk.

By 1997, pop punk was expanding significantly. Green Day's song ''[[Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)]]'', from their album [[nimrod.]], brought pop punk to new levels of acceptance. Not a traditional pop punk song, it featured Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong playing acoustic guitar and singing heartfelt lyrics, backed by violins. Though lyrically [[anti-social]], the song was played at social events such as weddings, graduations, and sporting events. The use of the song in the final episode of [[Seinfeld]] in 1998 exposed Green Day's sound to audiences far beyond the punk community.

====Continued mainstream ascent (1998-2003)====
In 1998, The Offspring released the album, [[Americana (album)|Americana]]. The album went platinum many times over, and produced hit singles and videos such as; ''Pretty Fly (For A White Guy)'', ''Why Don't You Get A Job?'', and ''The Kids Aren't Alright''. It was arguably the peak of the band's commercial popularity.

In 1999, trio [[blink-182]] released [[Enema of the State]], which sold over 7 million copies worldwide. The album had three hit singles, including ''What's My Age Again?'', ''All The Small Things'', and ''Adam's Song''. Enema of The State developed the pop punk sound with the use of pop music production techniques, experimental drum rhythms, and using the Internet as a marketing tool. The band continued success in 2001 with their album [[Take Off Your Pants and Jacket]], with the hits ''The Rock Show'', ''First Date'', and ''Stay Together For The Kids''.

In 2001, Canadian pop punksters [[Sum 41]] released [[All Killer No Filler]]. It was a success on radio and MTV, with singles such as ''Fat Lip'' and ''In Too Deep''. They continued success with their metal-pop punk hybrid albums [[Does This Look Infected?]] and [[Chuck (album)|Chuck]]. Although considered pop punk by some, alternative rockers [[Jimmy Eat World]] didn't necessarily live up to the punk side of the equation. Their 2001 album [[Bleed American]] and its biggest hit, ''The Middle'', were commercially successful.

In 2002, [[New Found Glory]] released [[Sticks and Stones]], which inclued the MTV and modern rock hits ''My Friends Over You'' and ''Head On Collision''. [[Good Charlotte]] released the album [[The Young and the Hopeless]], which was a huge success on radio and MTV. It eventually went three times platinum in the United States, thanks to singles such as ''Lifestyles of The Rich & Famous'', ''The Anthem'', ''Girls & Boys'', and ''Hold On''. They also achieved some success with the songs ''Predictable'' and ''I Just Wanna Live'' on a later album.

[[Simple Plan]], another Canadian pop punk band, had success in 2002 with the album [[No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls]]. It featured the hits ''I'd Do Anything'', ''Addicted'', and ''Perfect''. They continued success with the more mature album, [[Still Not Getting Any]], and the hits ''Welcome To My Life'', and ''Untitled''. [[The All-American Rejects]] released their self-titled album and scored a hit with ''Swing, Swing''. They achieved more success with the album [[Move Along]] and the singles ''Dirty Little Secret'', and ''Move Along''. [[Bowling For Soup]] achieved success with the song ''Girl All The Bad Guys Want'', ''1985'' and ''Almost''. Also achieving success in 2002 was Canadian pop-rock singer [[Avril Lavigne]]. Lavigne was originally marketed as a skater punk/rebel (despite the fact that she played primarily teen pop-rock/post-grunge), specifically with her hit song and video ''Sk8er Boi''. She later shed her "punk" image, but she does still play some songs that could be considered pop-punk.

In Britain, a different type of pop punk was making waves. Bands were combining the sounds of pop punk with the image and vocal harmonies of [[boybands]], to make a sound that was even more sugar coated and radio friendly than US pop punk bands. The first band to do this was [[Busted]], a trio of teenagers who were equally influenced by blink-182 and Michael Jackson. They were hugely successful in the UK with hits such as ''What I Go To School For'', ''Year 3000'', ''You Said No'', ''Crashed The Wedding'', and ''Thunderbirds Are Go''. They received lots of attention from teenage girls in the UK, but they never broke into the American market, despite having an MTV2 reality show based on their attempts at "breaking" America. Another UK band who fused pop punk with boyband elements was [[McFly]]. McFly were different than Busted though, because they fused elements of [[surf music]] into their sound. McFly, like Busted, had much success overseas but did not manage to break America, despite appearing in and having songs contributed to the movie ''Just My Luck'' starring Lindsay Lohan.

Other notable bands from the 1998-2003 era of pop punk include: [[Lit]], [[The Ataris]], [[American Hi-Fi]], [[SR-71 (band)|SR-71]], [[Unwritten Law]], [[Sugarcult]], [[Mest]], [[Alkaline Trio]], [[Fenix*TX]], [[The Starting Line]], [[Something Corporate]], and [[The Riddlin Kids]].

====Contemporary pop punk (2003 and later)====
In 2003, blink-182 released their [[(Untitled) (album)|untitled album]], featuring more mature lyrics and experimental musical styles. This album is usually considered the point where pop punk began to shift from immature, fun, light hearted lyrics to more serious, emotionally charged lyrics. The album produced two hits, ''Feeling This'' and ''I Miss You''. Florida pop-punk band[[Yellowcard]] had success in 2004 with the album [[Ocean Avenue]] and the hit singles ''Ocean Avenue'', and ''Only One''. 2004 also marked the release of Green Day's politically-driven punk [[rock opera]] album [[American Idiot (album)|American Idiot]]. This shot Green Day back to the top of the charts, and exposed them to a new generation of fans. The singles ''American Idiot'', ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams'', ''Holiday'', and ''Wake Me Up When September Ends'' received constant national airplay and MTV rotation. Christian pop punk act [[Relient K]] scored a mainstream breakthrough in 2005 with the album [[Mmhmm]] and its singles ''Be My Escape'' and ''Who I Am Hates Who I've Been''.

Contemporary pop punk music often has more poetic, [[Emo (music)|emo]]-influenced lyrics, as well as vocal and musical styles borrowed from the [[post-hardcore]] genre. Chicago based pop punk band [[Fall Out Boy]] recently celebrated success with the album [[From Under The Cork Tree]] and its singles ''Sugar, We're Going Down'' and ''Dance Dance''. Fall Out Boy's bassist and primarly lyricsist [[Pete Wentz]], emerged as an outspoken character in the pop punk scene. An interesting personality, he exeplifies an unusual fusion of teen idol, political activist, poet, geek, and entertainment mogul. His record label, [[Decaydance]], which has signed a variety of artists, includes forerunners of pop punk. One of the first acts on Decaydance, [[Panic! At The Disco]], fuse pop punk with electronic influences. They have achieved success on MTV and radio with their single ''I Write Sins Not Tragedies'', off the album [[A Fever You Can't Sweat Out]].

Increasingly, bands have been mixing pop punk with other musical genres as demonstrated by: [[The Academy Is...]], [[Aiden]], [[The A.K.A.s (ARE EVERYWHERE!)|The A.K.A.s]], [[Amber Pacific]], [[Angels and Airwaves]], [[Brand New]], [[Cartel (band)|Cartel]], [[Halifax (band)|Halifax]], [[Hazen Street]], [[Houston Calls]], [[Jack's Mannequin#Jack.27s Mannequin|Jack's Mannequin]], [[Motion City Soundtrack]], [[Paramore]], [[The Pink Spiders]], [[Son Of Dork]], [[Story of the Year]], and [[The Summer Obsession]].

==Independent pop punk==
Some pop punk artists have rejected mainstream [[List of record labels|record label]]s in favor of running their own labels or releasing albums on small independent labels. The term ''buzzpop'' has sometimes been used to describe this non-commercial vein of pop punk. Bands in this genre include; [[The Movielife]], [[Chixdiggit!]], [[Dillinger Four]], [[F.Y.P]], [[Groovie Ghoulies]], [[The Lillingtons]], [[The Methadones]], [[The Parasites]], [[Pinhead Gunpowder]], [[The Queers]], [[The Riverdales]], [[Scared of Chaka]], [[Screeching Weasel]], [[Sloppy Seconds]], [[Squirtgun]], [[Teenage Bottlerocket]], [[The Unlovables]], and [[The Vindictives]]. Several independent record labels have specialized in pop punk artists. [[Redscare Records]] and [[Mutant Pop]] are two such examples.

Many of these bands are direct musical evolutions of the sounds pioneered by The Ramones; The Queers and The Lillingtons, for example, are a continuation of The Ramones' short, disillusioned rock'n'roll anthems.
Others, such as F.Y.P. Dillinger Four and mid-period Screeching Weasel, used The Ramones as a springboard to create songs that are often very different from The Ramones musically, but use the same sorts of metaphoric themes (boredom, dissatisfaction, growing older).

==Related genres==
Pop punk can sometimes be indistinguishable from other genres like [[power pop]] and [[skate punk]]. Pop punk has also been fused with genres like [[Christian punk]], [[college rock]], [[dance-punk]], [[screamo]], [[frat rock]], [[melodic hardcore]], [[metallic hardcore]], [[riot grrrl]], [[ska punk]], the [[mod revival]], [[indie pop]], [[queercore]], [[cuddlecore]], [[Garage punk]] and [[Surf rock|surf-punk]].

The [[post-hardcore]] and [[Emo (music)|emo]] genres have sometimes been confused with pop punk by fans and the mainstream press. Bands such as [[Taking Back Sunday]], [[Atreyu (band)|Atreyu]], [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]], and [[My Chemical Romance]] play a style of post-hardcore music that has achieved success on MTV. Each of these bands has had at least one song which features recognizable pop punk characteristics.

==Other names for pop punk==
The genre's association with [[Southern California]] has led some to call it the ''SoCal'' sound. A derogatory term for this music and its fans is ''mall punk''. The name points out the genre's connection to businesses like [[Hot Topic]] and other [[shopping mall]] stores where the music and associated fashions can be purchased. ''Wentzrock'' has come along, slighting the entire [[Decaydance Records]] rosters and those bands associated with [[Fall Out Boy]].{{fact}} Another term, ''softcore'', denotes pop punk's opposition to hardcore.

==See also==
[[List of pop punk bands]]

==Footnotes==


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The Invisibles

2006-09-02T01:53:43Z

Jowe27: /* Analysis */

{{Superteambox| 
image=[[Image:V2_1.PNG|250px]]
|caption=Cover to ''The Invisibles'' (v2) #1. Art by Brian Bolland. Top row, left to right; Jack Frost, Lord Fanny, and Boy. Bottom row, left to right; Ragged Robin and King Mob II.
|comic_color=background:#8080ff
|team_name=The Invisibles
|publisher=Vertigo Comics
|debut=''The Invisibles'' Vol. 1, #1 ([[1994]])
|creators=[[Grant Morrison]]
|status=Inactive
|base=Worldwide
|alliance_color=background:#ffc0c0
|current_members=none
|former_members= [[Dane McGowan|Jack Frost]] [[King Mob (comics)|King Mob II]] [[Ragged Robin (comics)|Ragged Robin]] [[Boy (comics)|Boy]] [[Lord Fanny (comics)|Lord Fanny]]|}}

'''''The Invisibles''''' is a [[comic book]] series written by [[Grant Morrison]] and drawn by various artists. It was published by the [[Vertigo (comics)|Vertigo]] imprint of [[DC Comics]] from 1994 to 2000. It follows the titular organization in their secret battle against physical and psychic oppression using [[time travel]], [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[martial art]]s, [[meditation]] and [[gun]]s. It is set at the time it was published and makes many references to real world people, both living and dead.

The comic focuses on one [[covert cell|cell]] of Invisibles. At the beginning of the series, the leader of the cell is [[King Mob (comics)|King Mob]]. The rest of the team consists of [[Lord Fanny (comics)|Lord Fanny]], a [[Brazil|Brazilian]] [[shaman]] and [[transvestite]]; [[Boy (comics)|Boy]], a former member of the [[NYPD|New York Police Department]]; [[Ragged Robin (comics)|Ragged Robin]], a [[telepathy|telepath]] with a mysterious past, and [[Dane McGowan (comics)|Jack Frost]], a young [[hooligan]] from [[Liverpool, England|Liverpool]] with various spiritual powers. Their enemies are the archons of the [[Outer Church]], interdimensional [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] gods who have already enslaved most of the human race without their knowledge.

==About the series==
''The Invisibles'' was Morrison's first major creator-owned title for [[DC Comics]] and it drew from his ''[[Zenith (comic)|Zenith]]'' strip as well as [[1990]]s [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] culture and just about every [[fringe]] notion he could find, whether or not he believed in it. His intent was to create a [[sigil (magic)#Hypersigils|hypersigil]] to jump-start the culture in a more positive direction. Morrison hoped that the comic book will, in the long run, be as influential as the [[Sex Pistols]], though it is too early to say whether this prediction will prove true.
Some believe that there is a clear influence on the ''[[The Matrix series]]'' of [[film]]s, which is visible from thematic and aesthetic similarities between the two. Morrison believes[http://www.poormojo.org/pmjadaily/archives/002657.html] that the [[Wachowski brothers]] essentially [[plagiarized]] his work to create the first Matrix film which came out in 1999. He does not hold any ill will about this alleged plagiarism, and the Matrix was later mentioned positively both in the comic and in his editorial ''Invisible Ink'' page in the final issue.

The title initially sold well but sales dipped sharply during the first series leading to worries the series may be cancelled outright. To stop this Morrison suggested a "[[Masturbation|wankathon]]" in order to magically increase sales by a mass of fans masturbating at a set time. It is unclear whether or not he was joking, though he later thanked anyone who participated. [http://www.barbelith.com/old/interviews/interview_9.shtml]

Morrison became seriously ill during writing the book, something he puts down to working on the title and how its magical influence affected him. After finishing the book he says he has become a different person from the one who started it. He has also said that much of the story was told to him by aliens when he was abducted during a trip to [[Katmandu]]. He has since characterized the "Alien Abduction Experience in Katmandu" as more of an experience to which he has assigned that label/name. He believes that the experience itself actually had nothing to do with Aliens, or Abduction. [http://www.barbelith.com/old/interviews/interview_4.shtml]

''The Invisibles'' never had a regular art team, the idea being that each story arc would be illustrated by a separate artist. So in volume one [[Steve Yeowell]] drew the first, then [[Jill Thompson]]. However this was not popular with some readers who wanted a regular artist and in volume two [[Phil Jimenez]] was the regular artist. Jimenez left volume two with issue 13 and was replaced by [[Chris Weston]].
The final volume started out with [[Philip Bond]] and [[Sean Phillips]] as artists but issues 4,3 and 2 (the volume was numbered backwards counting down from 12 to 1) were '[[Jam (music)|jam]]' issues. These issues were not well received as some artists were criticised for failing to illustate Morrison's scripts as instructed. The most notable example was the three pages [[Ashley Wood]] drew in volume 3, issue 2 which were crucial to help readers understand the entire series. The pages were later redrawn by [[Cameron Stewart]] for ''The Invisible Kingdom'' [[trade paperback]]. The final issue was drawn by [[Frank Quitely]] to critical acclaim.

Morrison saw the series [[censorship|censored]], due to publisher's concern over the possibility of [[pedophile|pedophilic]] and [[child abuse]] content. The first case being in volume one, issue 5 at the start of the ''Arcadia'' story arc. Dialogue was changed during one scene (where a group rapes and degrades several nameless characters) to "lost souls" to ensure the characters could not be identified as children as intended.
Later in the series names of people and organisations were simply blacked out much to Morrison's dismay. As an example, in issue number 22 of volume 2, a line by Mason is blacked out: the line originally read "Walt Disney was a shit", but DC's lawyers had it removed. Many of these examples of [[censorship]] were corrected when reprinted in trade paperback.

The title was optioned to be made into a television series by [[BBC|BBC Scotland]] but it was never made. A movie option was also taken up but it has also not been made.

Morrison wrote ''[[The Filth]]'' for Vertigo in [[2002]] which he describes as a companion piece to ''The Invisibles'', though there is no other connection between both titles.

==Publishing history==
''The Invisibles'' was originally published as three separate comic book series as well as occasional one-off stories in various Vertigo titles. The third and final series was meant to be a countdown to the new [[millennium]] but shipping delays meant the final issue did not appear until April [[2000]].

All of the series have been collected in a set of [[Trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]]s:

# ''Say You Want a Revolution'' (vol 1, #1-8; featuring the artwork of Steve Yeowell and Jill Thompson)
# ''Apocalipstick'' (vol 1, #9-16; featuring the artwork of Jill Thompson, Chris Weston, et. al)
# ''Entropy in the UK'' (vol 1, #17-25; featuring the artwork of Phil Jimenez, Steve Yeowell, et. al)
# ''Bloody Hell in America'' (vol 2, #1-4; featuring the artwork of Phil Jimenez)
# ''Counting to None'' (vol 2, #5-13; featuring the artwork of Phil Jimenez)
# ''Kissing Mister Quimper'' (vol 2, #14-22; featuring the artwork of Chris Weston and Ivan Reis)
# ''The Invisible Kingdom'' (vol 3, #12-1 - the series was numbered backwards; featuring the artwork of Phillip Bond, Sean Phillips, Frank Quitely, et. al)

==Characters==
{{Main|List of Invisibles Characters}}

The cell the story focuses on consists of five members, [[King Mob (comics)|King Mob]], [[Ragged Robin (comics)|Ragged Robin]], [[Dane McGowan|Jack Frost]], [[Lord Fanny (comics)|Lord Fanny]], and [[Boy (comics)|Boy]]. Their central enemy from the Outer Church is [[Sir Miles (comics)|Sir Miles]]. A large number of peripheral characters also have recurring appearances through the story.

==Plot summary==
{{spoiler}}

===Say You Want a Revolution===
[[Image:Invisibles1.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #1]]

This first collection of ''The Invisibles'' is divided into three parts: a one issue prologue and two multi-issue story arcs.

The first issue “Dead Beatles” has the deputy leader of the Invisibles, King Mob, summoning the spirit of [[John Lennon]] to help find a new member of the Invisibles to replace a recently killed teammate John-A-Dreams. King Mob is led to a Liverpool [[hooligan]] named Dane McGowan who, after burning down his school library and assaulting a teacher, is sentenced to a juvenile detention school Harmony House. At Harmony House, the demoniacally possessed headmaster Mr. Gelt and his master, the otherworldly King-In-Chains, use [[A Clockwork Orange]]-style psychological conditioning to force the boys in the school into mindless conformity. King Mob rescues McGowan only to leave him on the streets of London alone and aimless.

The first major story arc following “Dead Beatles” is titled “Down and Out in Heaven and Hell” and begins with Dane McGowan homeless on the streets of London. He meets a beggar calling himself Tom O'Bedlam, who is considered mad by the others. Later that day, Dane breaks a window in anger and is chased by a [[police|cop]]. Tom O'Bedlam saves him by turning him invisible, after which they become companions. Later that evening they explore the tunnels under London and get high on what Tom calls "blue mold." After Dane sees the word "[[Barbelith]]" written on the wall of the tunnel and a surreal event happens (which is later revealed to be a partially remembered abduction experience).

Later, Tom O'Bedlam explains to McGowan that the world is infected by viral cities that are taking over, squandering the planet’s resources, and helps him understand by showing him the world through the eyes of a [[pigeon]]. He also asks him about Jack Frost, a spirit that menaced Dane in the first issue, which Dane explains is a monster his mother said would come for him when he misbehaved.

Tom then forces Dane to crack the shell of apathy and selfishness that he was erected around himself, pointing out that he is not rebelling, but only conforming to what society expects of its youth. After realizing that it's okay to care for others and show his emotions, Dane is finally able to understand that his former [[nihilism]] was, in a way, correct: he is nothing. The sense of self humans feel on this plane is false and (as shown later on in the series) they will essentially become nothing--or one with everything--once they transcend this stage of existence.

With his uncaring exterior cracked open and a new understanding of his place in the world, Dane is finally able to live as all humans have the potential to live and is ready for the next stage of his preparation before finally joining the Invisibles. Tom O’ Bedlam takes McGowan to [[Canary Wharf]], the tallest building in London, where McGowan makes a psychic jump that allows him to contact the mysterious Barbelith. Afterwards, Tom disappears and Dane finds himself at the meeting of King Mob's cell of Invisibles, whom he joins.

The second story arc “Arcadia” finds McGowan as the newest member of the Invisibles under the name Jack Frost (a name that McGowan despises). The Invisibles project their astral selves back in time to the [[French Revolution]] to recruit the [[Marquis de Sade]]. In the present, the Invisibles are stalked by the face-stealing demon Orlando, while in the past, the team faces off against the Ciphermen, humans reconditioned into insect-like hive-mind cannibals. The Ciphermen seek the embalmed head of [[John the Baptist]] which has the ability to make prophecies. Ragged Robin finds this head at [[Rennes-le-Château]], which has been the center of a number of conspiracy theorists. She sees the head, but realizes that its prophecies are nonsense. Outside, she speaks to the Blind Chessman, who tells her that the humans will speak the same language as the head when the Invisibles' ambiguous objective is obtained.

Meanwhile, Orlando attacks the meditating bodies of the Invisibles while their astral selves are in the 17th-century. McGowan “wakes up” after having his finger cut off by Orlando, and McGowan and his Invisibles teammate Lord Fanny defeat Orlando. Say You Want a Revolution ends with the Marquis DeSade psychically projected into the 20th-century, Dane McGowan threatening to leave the Invisibles, and Myrmidons, human agents of the Outer Church, circling the Invisibles for attack.

===Apocalipstick===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol1-10.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #10. Art by [[Sean Phillips]].]]

The Myrmidons close in on the Windmill, unseen until Ragged Robin senses their presence. Jack Frost runs away and steals King Mob's car, and the Invisibles chase after him, killing anything that gets in their way. King Mob informs his teammates that he planted a bomb in the car so it would explode unless the right digits were entered. Jack crashes the car and escapes into the woods just as the car bomb goes off.

While tumbling through the forest, a Myrmidon happens upon Jack, forcing the newest Invisible to shoot the man in the end. After realising what he'd done, Jack has an emotional breakdown and runs away.

After that there is a series of three one-off stories focused on minor characters. The first follows Jim Crow, a vodou [[Haiti|Haitian]] [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] and [[Rapping|rap]] star and powerful Invisible, as he hunts down wealthy businessmen who has been using a mixture of [[cocaine]] and [[voodoo]] to take control of the bodies of dead black men and wreak havoc on the ghetto.

The second one-off issue features the Moonchild, a 200 year-old grotesque being who is being groomed by Sir Miles and the rest of the Outer Church to be the body the King-Archon will possess in our world because [[Princess Diana]] refused to give birth to a newer, more powerful one. The being is being kept in a "magic mirror" that he leaves periodically to consume human flesh and hunt the homeless who Sir Miles captures and presents to him as food.

The third such issue shows scenes from the life of Bob Murray, a guard killed at Harmony House. It also introduces his wife, who joins the story many issues later.

Afterwards, the comics return to the original storyline. King Mob, Ragged Robin, Boy, and Lord Fanny have split up looking for Jack through the streets of [[London]]. Sir Miles hires Brodie, a [[bisexuality|bisexual]] assassin with a thing for transvestites, to search the gay community for trace of the Invisibles since there have been rumors of one (Lord Fanny, a transvestite [[shaman]]) asking questions about Jack Frost.

He lures Fanny to his house, where he threatens her with a gun for information. King Mob, noticing his teammate was missing, rescues her, but is shot by Brodie (who, in turn, dies soon afterward). Sir Miles arrives expecting to take Fanny into custody, only to learn he's caught King Mob, a hated enemy, as well. The story is interspliced with scenes of Lord Fanny's coming of age ritual in which she meets the [[Aztec]] god Mictlantecuhtli, the lord of the dead.

The volume closes with a look at Jack Frost as he wanders aimlessly through London. He remembers his alien abduction, where he is told by his abductors that he is the chosen one, come to deliver humanity to peace and harmony before the apocalypse. He is encountered by Sir Miles, who tries to convince him to join the Outer Church in their struggle against the Invisibles. Jack Frost refuses and uses his vast powers to level a whole street. He runs way, deciding to hitchhike back to [[Liverpool]] with a bag of items Tom O'Bedlam had left him before he died.

===Entropy in the UK===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol1-25.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 1, #25. Art by [[Mark Buckingham]].]]

This volume opens with King Mob's interrogation by Sir Miles, who is using the drug Key 17 to make him believe words are real (for example, if he sees the words "diseased face" written on a mirror, he thinks he's seeing his own diseased face). To help him resist, King Mob uses his [[Gideon Stargrave]] [[persona]]. Meanwhile, Ragged Robin and Boy call on Jim Crow to help them rescue King Mob and Lord Fanny from the Outer Church, who have called the King-Archon himself to oversee the interrogation. Robin and Jim head to "Alan Dunn's House of Fun", a front for where King Mob and Fanny are being held, while Boy catches a train to Liverpool in search of Jack Frost.

After breaking King Mob, Sir Miles telepathically sifts through King Mob's mind for information on Jack's whereabouts. He tells King Mob that the English [[alphabet]] is designed to limit humanity's ability to express abstract thought. Since, according to Sir Miles, nothing exists unless it can be described, the Outer Church is thus able to keep certain aspects of reality hidden. This idea is brought back up in later issues when the Invisibles learn of the hidden letters of the alphabet.

King Mob calls upon his voodoo guardian, Zaraguin, for power and is able to repel Sir Miles and escape. The King-Archon senses the disruption and dispatches Ms. Dwyer, a human slave in four dimensional insectoid armor, to take care of the problem.

Meanwhile, it is revealed Boy was a police officer in the [[NYPD]] and joined the Invisibles to get revenge for her brother, who she thinks was captured by the Outer Church. She arrives in Liverpool and begins to search for Jack, who has returned to his mother's flat.

As two [[detectives]] search for him, Jack tells his mother all the crazy things he's seen while travelling with the Invisibles. His teacher, "Big Malkie" (actually a big time Invisible named Mr. Six), goes to Jack's mother's flat to warn her that her son might be in trouble. She dismisses him (rather rudely), until the two investigators who followed him break down their door. Jack calls on the power within him using Tom O'Bedlam's training, and knocks them out with a blast of telepathic force.

Boy arrives and tries to persuade Jack to rejoin the Invisibles and help her save their friends. Jack suddenly remembers his encounter with [[Barbelith]], where it forced him to feel the pain and suffering humanity has felt for its thousands of years of existence. Barbelith told him he can stop the turmoil, but only if he perfects himself first, something Jack vowed to accomplish. Realizing that to do this, he would have to do what he felt was right--namely assisting his friends in a time of need--Jack heads off with Boy and Mr. Six to the "House of Fun" to save his teammates.

As King Mob and Lord Fanny fight their way through the "House of Fun" complex, Robin and Jim Crow (who is now being possessed by the Voodoo god Papa Guedhe) battle zombies the King-Archon conjured to frighten them away. Suddenly, tumors start to spread across King Mob and Lord Fanny's bodies. Sir Miles, who is now their captive, tells them that the King-Archon has released nanomachines to rebuild the environment so he can survive on Earthplane and that they are causing the tumors. He himself is not affected because of antibodies injected into his bloodstream. King Mob injects some of Sir Miles' blood into his and Fanny's bloodstreams so they are immune, too. Then, Ms. Dwyer attacks.

Outside, Jack Frost, Boy, and Mr. Six arrive at the "House of Fun". Jack is split from them as they enter, and is ambushed by the King-Archon. Using magic supplies in the bag Tom O'Bedlam left him, he is able to repel the Archon with a mystical force field. While in the protective bubble, the King-Archon forces Jack to reenact all the terrible things he's done. Jack shakes off the guilt and an apparition of his future self appears before him. He tells him that there is a war going on, but it is too big a concept for humanity to understand and is being manipulated by "gigantic [[Manichaean]] intelligences". He also informs his younger self that the Invisibles are trying to perfect his soul so it can be used as a bomb to trigger the apocalypse on Dec. 22, 2012. These ideas are explained later on in the series. Jack ignores himself and thus, falls into the Archon's trap.

As his consciousness ascends higher and higher, Jack loses focus of the battle at hand. He is told by unknown speaker (most likely the collective subconciousness of humanity) that he is "one of the things we made so that we could experience the end". Barbelith (taking the form of Jesus) pushes Dane back, allowing him to remember only one thing: the King-Archon's name (which hold power in many kinds of magic). Threatening him with this knowledge, Jack scares his enemy into leaving.

Meanwhile, Mr. Six and Boy continue to search for their comrades, while Jim Crow, who has since split up with Ragged Robin, comes across Ms. Dwyer and kills her, thus saving King Mob and Fanny. The Invisibles reunite, but King Mob is on the verge of death after the combined effect of his capture, interrogation, and Ms. Dwyer's attack.

Jack, summoning up his powers, is able to heal King Mob with a substance Jim Crow calls "Le Miroir fantastique": Magic Mirror. As the others are astounded by King Mob's recovery, Jack Frost restores Sir Miles' "aura", stolen from him by King Mob and Lord Fanny so they could survive the King-Archon's nanomachines, and allows him to escape, showing his reluctance to kill even a hated enemy. Jim Crow allows King Mob and his cell to be smuggled out of England to America as part of his rap group's entourage.

The last issue is devoted to Division X (Det. Jack Flint, Det. George Harper, and Mr. Six), a squad of paranormal investigators who had been called back into operation over the course of the series, and their investigation of mysterious alien pornography given to them by a mysterious dwarf known as Mr. Quimper, which led them to the Moonchild, who was the "alien" having sex with the women in the tapes.

===Bloody Hell in America===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-3.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #3. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

This volume begins with Jolly Roger, leader of an all-lesbian Invisibles cell, breaking into an Outer Church government facility in Dulce where the cure to the [[AIDS]] virus is rumored to be held. Though she escapes, the rest of her team is captured by the Outer Church.

Meanwhile, King Mob's cell has been relaxing for the past year at the New York estate of Mason Lang, an eccentric and extremely wealthy Invisible. King Mob and Ragged Robin have begun to fall in love with each other, while Jack Frost, Boy, and Lord Fanny vacation in [[New York City]]. At dinner, after a bout of rough sex, King Mob and Robin listen to Mason Lang's childhood abduction story, which in fact was the first step of his initiation into the Invisibles (much like Jack Frost's abduction in volume one).

Jolly Roger bursts in, asking for Mason's help, not realizing King Mob, an old friend from the Invisible Academy in North Africa, is there. King Mob and his cell agree to help her steal the AIDS vaccine, and they soon leave for Dulce.

As this occurs, Mr. Quimper, now working with Colonel Friday, a member of the Outer Church much like Sir Miles and the director of the Dulce facility. He reveals that he has used his telepathic abilities to possess Jolly Roger, and is now leading her and her comrades into a trap.

In [[New Mexico]], King Mob's cell switch roles, placing Ragged Robin in King Mob's position. She, Boy, King Mob, and Jolly Roger infiltrate the Dulce facility, while Jack, Fanny, Mason, and two of King Mob's friends, Austin and Emilio, stay behind as back-up. In the facility, King Mob sees the magic mirror substance (the same thing that Jack used to heal him in the previous volume) being transported and knows at once that he has to retrieve it. Tides quickly turn against the Invisibles as Quimper forces Jolly Roger to turn on her teammates and a bogart in the employ of the Outer Church attack Jack and the others.

As Quimper and Colonel Friday race to intercept the Invisibles within the Dulce facility, Ragged Robin uses her psychic powers to turn one of the soldiers surrounding them on the others. Robin tries to enter Quimper's mind to free Roger, but she overloads him and he falls to the floor unconscious, forcing Friday to take him into the Archons' universe to be healed. King Mob helps Roger break free of her brainwashing, while the back-up team defeat the bogart.

Jolly Roger and the others succeed in stealing the AIDS vaccine and rush to escape. While Robin and Boy escape with the vaccine, King Mob and Roger take a different route, deep within the twisted bowels of the Dulce facility. They find the remainders of Roger's cell, who all fell victim to gruesome experiments that left them pleading for death. King Mob kills them mercifully. Mr. Quimper, now fully healed, confronts Roger. She shoots Quimper, and then asks King Mob to help her kill him, because he is still alive.

Meanwhile, King Mob is looking through a window into a room holding the [[Roswell UFO incident|Roswell alien]], which is revealed to be pure liquid information made of the suffering of the universe. Just as she is about to pull him away from the window, Colonel Friday shoots King Mob in the shoulder. He and Jolly Roger blow up explosives they had planted earlier and escape with the rest of their teammates. The mission was a success. However, during Ragged Robin's intrusion into Mr. Quimper's mind, he left a trace of his [[ego]] in hers.

===Counting to None===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-13.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #13. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]
This volume picks up where ''Bloody Hell in America'' left off. King Mob and the others have given the AIDS vaccine to Mason Lang's scientists and Jolly Roger says her goodbyes. Mason gets a fax from his scientists in California informing him that they have completed work on a time machine project.

While Mason, Ragged Robin, and Boy go to meet Mason's scientists, Takashi and Shoji, King Mob gets a message from his old girlfriend Jacqui. He meets her and they argue about the ethics of his killings in the name of Invisibilism. Jack Frost and Lord Fanny travel to a [[San Francisco]] nightclub to meet the Harlequinade, a trio of mysterious benefactors with an item the Invisibles want.

As Takashi explains the time machine to Mason and Robin, a duo of sadistic [[Japan]]ese thugs storm the lab and shoot Robin. They reveal that they want the time machine and that Shoji was working for them. They shoot Shoji and take Mason, Boy, and Takashi with them, leaving a time bomb in the lab.

King Mob comes to the building and rescues Boy, who tells him that there's a bomb in Takashi's lab and Robin is still in it. He rushes into the lab and yells at a recuperating Robin to mind-link with him just as the bomb explodes.

Robin comes to in the same place where Jack was transported to after he jumped off of the skyscraper with Tom O'Bedlam, which King Mob reveals to be the Invisible College (not to be confused with the Invisible Academy in North Africa). He takes Robin to a room where the same aliens that abducted Jack Frost and Mason Lang start to heal her. King Mob tells her they're "antibodies" from the Invisible College (the [[Abduction phenomenon|abductions]] were part of the initiation process for some Invisibles).

After she is healed, Robin shares a piece of information with King Mob: she is actually an Invisible transported back in time to give Takashi vital information about how to make the time machine. She was sent back in time on Dec. 22, 2012, the day of the [[apocalypse]], and at the very moment she disappeared through time Archons bursted in and attacked everyone in the room (including Takashi, Lord Fanny, and a mystery Invisible).

As the two walk through the Invisible College, King Mob elaborates the secret of the Invisibles' cause. He explains that what humanity perceives as reality is actually the result of two "meta-universes" over-lapping and creating a [[hologram]]. The Invisible College lies on the rim of the "healthy meta-universe" while the Outer Church lies on the rim of the "infected meta-universe". The Invisibles are trying to evolve humanity into 5-D beings that can exist in the "healthy meta-universe" before the two meta-universes split on Dec. 22, 2012 (which Jack is destined to cause), while the Outer Church is trying to enslave humanity by summoning the King-Archon into the body of the Moonchild.

King Mob and Ragged Robin return to "reality" and rescue Mason and Takashi, while Jack and Fanny try to convince the Harlequinade to give them whatever it is that they have by dancing like mad while the Harlequinade watches them. They succeed and they give them the item. As Jack and Fanny are driven home in a taxi, they open the box, revealing "The Hand of Glory" within.

The next story arc begins with King Mob calling Edith Manning, a 97 year-old Invisible introduced in ''Say You Want a Revolution'', and telling her he is travelling back into the past--her past--to investigate the Hand of Glory further. He then tells his cell his plans, revealing Edith told him when he first met her that they had actually met before in 1924 in [[Paris]] (the year he was planning on travelling back in time to).[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-10.jpg|right|thumb|Edith Manning as featured on the cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #10. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

As the rest of his cell talk, Jack tells Boy how much he fancies her, leaving her baffled. King Mob asks her to stand watch while he trances back in time (like they did before to recruit the Marquis DeSade). Boy kisses Jack on the cheek, and before he can react, leaves with King Mob. Lord Fanny asks Jack to bring her the Hand of Glory to show Takashi, and when he opens the case, it's gone.

King Mob completes the ritual to send his spirit back in time, and his psychic image appears behind a 24 year-old Edith Manning being held up by Papa Skat, a voodoo practicer like Jim Crow. King Mob tells Papa Skat he is from the future, and Papa Skat lowers his gun, revealing himself as an Invisible who was checking Edith's loyalties. Edith, King Mob, Papa Skat, and Edith's cousin and fellow Invisible Freddie a.k.a. Tom O'Bedlam, go to a nearby apartment where they were told to meet the Harlequinade on the behalf of their leader King Mob I.

The Harlequinade arrive and give Edith the [[Hand of Glory]] as King Mob and Papa Skat fight off a pair of Myrmidons and a Cypherman (a psychic projection much like King Mob is now). They then go to see the rest of Edith and Freddie's Invisibles' cell: King Mob I, Beryl Wyndham, and Billy Chang. They activate the [[Hand of Glory]] and a series of surreal events happen frightening everybody affected.

Then the scene cuts to King Mob I and II, Edith, and Freddie standing outside of a church where the Harlequinade told Edith he'd meet her after they solved the "first operation of the Hand". Edith demands the Harlequinade to appear and tell her the second operation of the Hand.

The scene shifts again to Edith and Billy Chang, discussing what she saw at the church. She tells him that Harlequin told her the Hand would be fully functional once it was anointed. Edith and King Mob then have sex in Edith's apartment and anoint the Hand of Glory with their sexual fluids.

King Mob I and II, Edith, Freddie, Beryl, and Billy Chang all gather around the Hand of Glory to see what it really does. A rip is opened into the "infected meta-universe" and King Mob abruptly wakes up in the future, leaving the reader uniformed as to what he saw. Robin informs him that Boy stole the Hand and it's up to them to get it back.

As the Invisibles prepare to track down one of their own, Boy is captured by a man named Coyote. He informs her that she is an agent of the Outer Church trapped in her cover personality of Boy, who was created so she could infiltrate King Mob's cell and steal the Hand of Glory for them. He convinces her of this and turns her to his side.

Meanwhile, King Mob, Jack Frost, Ragged Robin, Lord Fanny, and Mason Lang are searching for traces of Boy. They flip a coin on whether to go to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], or [[Seattle]], and they decide on Portland, but Jack refuses, saying she's definitely in Seattle.

They arrive in Seattle and check into a hotel where King Mob starts telling them about his experience in 1924. When they opened up the rip in time, King Mob was transported into the [[supercontext]] that would assimilate humanity in 2012 and bring them into the "healthy meta-universe". He saw Jack boiling a green glove and then came across a large door. It opened and all he remembered was something terrible asking him "what the word is" before he woke up.

As the Invisibles talk amongst each other, Mason mentions a research facility that he owns nearby and Jack snaps to attention and tells them that that's the place where Boy is being held. As they drive towards the facility, Jack reveals that he read her mind to see if she liked him and unintentionally started a mind-link between them, which is how he knew where she was all the time.

They arrive at the facility and break in, only to be caught by members of the same group that captured Boy. They use the hidden letters of the alphabet that Sir Miles mentioned in ''Entropy in the UK'' to subdue the Invisibles by forcing them to confront concepts they were previously unable to conceive. Mason compares the whole experience of being exposed to the hidden alphabet to his alien abduction experience. Robin erases her teammates' memory of the experience (presumably because, since she is from the future, she knows that they are not ready to experience the truth of reality and its relation to language yet).

After subduing the Invisibles with a word that is the off-switch for human consciousness, the group present Boy with King Mob and tell her to shoot him in the name of Abaddon the Destroyer a.k.a. the King-Archon. Boy breaks refuses and attacks Coyote and the others, until one of the men reveals himself to be Oscar, her former partner in the NYPD.

He tells her that he's part of Cell 23, a division of the Invisibles that deals with removing Invisibles with enemy emotional implants like the ones used in Boy to make her want to bring the Hand of Glory to Seattle, which would have led her straight into the hands of the Archons.

Boy is given the opportunity to kill the man who killed her brother, but she refuses and thus is able to make contact with Barbelith, who revealed to her true place in the Invisibles. The Invisibles leave Cell 23 and King Mob declares: "We love Big Brother", a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]] to show his misgivings about the group's actions.

===Kissing Mister Quimper===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol2-4.jpg|right|thumb|Mister Quimper as featured on the cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 2, #4. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

This volume begins roughly a year after Counting to None. Boy needed some down-time after her experience with Cell 23 so the Invisibles decided to relax in [[New Orleans]]. During this time, Boy expresses her love for Jack Frost, while Ragged Robin informs King Mob that Mr. Quimper has been trying to possess her ever since they stole the AIDS vaccine from him in Dulce. They decide to trick him into thinking he has fully possessed her, and Robin lets Quimper fulfil his perverse fantasies by "making" her allow King Mob to dominate her sexually.

After they finish, she and King Mob go to [[Philadelphia]], where their former leader, John-A-Dreams, disappeared while investigating a lead on the Hand of Glory before Jack had been recruited. There they are manipulated by a new weapon developed by Mr. Quimper and Colonel Friday, who are showing it off to the enigmatic Blind Chessman. The weapon, codenamed Scorpio, makes them paranoid enough to believe John-A-Dreams has actually defected to the Outer Church and is stalking them in the catacombs of an ancient church.

Robin figures out that it is all an illusion and they leave, meeting up with the other Invisibles in their cell in New York with Mason Lang, Jolly Roger, and Jim Crow. They have decided to retrieve the magic mirror substance King Mob saw in the Dulce facility in New Mexico. Boy does not wish to accompany them, and decides to leave after she completes Jack Frost's martial arts training. The former [[hooligan]] has now completely dedicated himself to the Invisibles and their cause, and refuses to leave them, even with her.

Sans Boy, they travel to New Mexico where they infiltrate Quimper's government complex. Quimper believes he is drawing them into a trap, and allows them to enter with ease. He captures King Mob and Jolly Roger, while Jack Frost is taken to the Blind Chessman. The Blind Chessman compares reality to a game of chess, which correlates to what Jack was told in ''Entropy in the UK'' by humanity's collective subconscious. He sits to the side of his chessboard so he is not directing either side. He then asks Jack if he knows what "[[Manichaean]]" means yet. The Blind Chessman is like one of the "gigantic [[Manichaean]] intelligences" Jack Frost's future self describes in ''Entropy in the UK'' since he plays both sides of the chessboard, with both sides representing respectively the Invisibles and the Outer Church. The Blind Chessman's words and actions suggest that there is no difference between the two opposing forces and only by playing both sides like he does can one "win" the game. He also tells Jack that Barbelith acts as humanity's [[placenta]], providing a life-support system to the universe.

Meanwhile, Ragged Robin comes to Quimper, and reveals herself to actually be Lord Fanny in disguise. It is revealed that Quimper was once an ally of the Invisibles until he was [[raped]] by a group of humans at the same party Fanny had been molested at.

Fanny kisses him and assimilates him into the magic mirror substance, thus purging his soul of corruption. As the other Invisibles escape, the Blind Chessman and Jack Frost walk into the magic mirror substance and are transported into the Archons' universe, where The Blind Chessman reveals that John-A-Dreams had somehow become Quimper and that "now it's a rescue mission".

A few days later at Mason's labs, Robin is about to be sent back to the future in Takashi's completed time machine. Takashi tells her the Hand of Glory is used to power the machine.

Just before she leaves, Robin tells King Mob that in the future she was introduced to the Invisible movement by a novel she read titled "The Invisibles". Ragged Robin then wrote her own version of the book and events in her book turned out to have actually happened in the present (such as the raid on the Dulce facility), thus blurring the line between fiction and reality. Whether or not The Invisibles is real is never resolved in the series.

King Mob sees Ragged Robin off as she returns to the future, and reunites with his cell at Mason's estate. Boy leaves the team after saying goodbye to Jack, and King Mob decides he will give up guns and killing for the rest of his life. He blows up Mason's estate to show Mason how easy it is for someone to change.

===The Invisible Kingdom===
[[Image:Invisiblesvol3-11.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of ''Invisibles'' volume 3, #11. Art by [[Brian Bolland]].]]

Another year has passed, and Jack Frost is learning martial arts from Jolly Roger at the Academy in North Africa. The reader learns that the Invisibles' war against the Outer Church is actually a "rescue mission".

After learning all he can from Roger, Elfayed, a veteran Invisible, takes Jack under his wing and teaches him the importance of thinking and rationality to a budding [[Buddha]] like himself.

King Mob has been traveling in India where he has been questioning his violent ways, while Division X has been tracking Sir Miles, whom they have linked to the Moonchild. King Mob returns to England, where he, Mr. Six, and Six's associate Helga, a talented linguist, devise a scheme to kidnap Sir Miles.

As Mr. Six attempts to strip away his partners in Division X, Jack Flint and George Harper, of their false personalities and reveal the Invisibles within (they were Invisibles the whole time, just deep undercover in their cover personalities), multiple psychic Invisibles plant thoughts in Sir Miles' head that lead him to a windmill, where they have set up a base of operations.

It is revealed that he wrote "The Invisibles" (the novel Ragged Robin read in the future) after being experimented on by the British government. As he grows up, he is seduced by the power the Outer Church promise him and he becomes an agent of the very enemy he had written about. The Invisibles are able to capture Sir Miles, and Helga begins his interrogation.

Meanwhile, Jack Frost and Jolly Roger are dispatched to a government facility where they sabotage the Outer Church's cyphermen with the hidden alphabet that Helga has deciphered so they can't be used to guard [[Westminster Abbey]] where Sir Miles plans to summon the King Archon into the body of the grotesque Moonchild.

King Mob goes back to [[India]], where he sees Edith Manning. She says goodbye to King Mob, for she has decided it is time for herself to die.

While King Mob and Edith meet in India, Mr. Six is invited to join a man in a yellow mask and his two dwarves, thereby betraying the Invisibles. Mr Six, sensing there is more to their story, agrees and learns that they are actually the Harlequinade in disguise. Apparently, The Harlequinade serve both the Outer Church (as the man in the yellow mask and his two dwarves) and the Invisibles (as themselves). They elevate his consciousness, revealing to him the nature of the universe, thus helping him prepare for his final role in the struggle: to end the threat of Sir Miles.

King Mob then regroups with Jack, Jolly Roger, and Fanny back in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. He tells Jack that after this last mission, he's quitting his Invisibles cell, but Jack doesn't mind. He's glad he got into it and was given the chance to make the world a better place for everybody.

Meanwhile, Helga tells Sir Miles that only the concept of division divides the Invisibles and the Outer Church. Like Sir Miles and Cell 23 hinted at earlier on in the series, the 26 letter alphabet only limits humanity's perception of reality. So, both the Invisibles and the Outer Church are guilty of the same misconception. Helga then releases Sir Miles, and he travels back to Westminster Abbey to summon the King-Archon. As Sir Miles is about to summon the King-Archon into the body of the Moonchild, the Invisibles attack and all hell breaks loose.

Jack Frost single-handedly defeats the King-Archon and then travels back into the magic mirror the Moonchild had been kept in where he meets the Blind Chessman who tells him that at the place where the Outer Church and the Invisible College meet there is harmony. The Invisibles and The Outer Church, as well as their two respective "meta-universes" (the "meta-universe" theory was really just King Mob's limited interpretation of the truth due to the fact that the two "meta-universes", if they exist, would have to integrate rather than separate for what the Blind Chessman is saying to be true), represent just two different ways to interpret the truth about reality. Humans can only understand it in terms of "freedom" and "control" since they have not the lingual capacity to describe its truth, and it is this binary thinking Jack Frost is destined to rescue humanity from. Only then can they evolve into something greater. Although he never realized it, his rebelling against even the rebellious Invisibles was due to his subconscious understanding that both sides' philosophies are essential and must balance each other out. This balance creates the harmony, the ultimate truth, that Jack is shown.

The Blind Chessman then tells Jack that all humans are larvae being prepared to hatch into flies (meaning all humans are going to evolve into a higher being). After learning this Jack exits the magic mirror. As he leaves, The Harlequinade refer to midwives. Many believe this reference to midwives is connected to Barbelith, who is much like humanity's personal midwife.

Back at the Abbey, John-A-Dreams, who apparently defected to the Outer Church like King Mob had suspected, reveals to Lord Fanny that when he had gone missing he had stepped outside of time and reentered the "game" as himself, Mr. Quimper, and Jack Flint of Division X. He plays both sides of the "struggle", much like the Harlequinade and The Blind Chessman, to manipulate the outcome.

The Invisibles then leave Westminster Abbey after Sir Miles breaks down and kills himself due to the manipulations of Mr. Six and Helga, who had devised a prophecy predicting Sir Miles' death with her own mystical abilities. King Mob vows never to use violence again after a woman, Audrey Murray (whose husband he had killed when springing Jack from Harmony House), helps him, thus freeing him of his bad karma. He quits his Invisibles cell, leaving Jack and Lord Fanny to start anew.

Fast forward thirteen years: It is [[2012]], and Jack Frost, along with a member of his Invisibles cell, a girl named Reynard, infiltrate a corporation called Technoccult that has created an Invisibles [[videogame]]. King Mob is actually its leader, making true on his promise of nonviolence by promoting peaceful forms of anarchy through his company. He reveals to Reynard that he has built a gun to fire a single shot that he has been dreaming about since 1999. The Invisibles, finally seeing through their limited interpretation of reality, have introduced new things like the drug Sky which simulates alien contact (like Jack Frost and Mason Lang both experienced) and [[memetics]] to slowly change humanity's way of thinking regarding reality.

We are then taken to Dec. 22, 2012, the day destined to be the end of the world. King Mob, with his gun, enters the lab where Takashi had sent Ragged Robin back in time. The Archons who Ragged Robin had seen attack her comrades before as she was being sent back in time had been defeated, but Takashi and the others, except for an obese Lord Fanny, had all been killed. King Mob steps through a fold in time, caused by the end of the universe being so near, and is transported back into the supercontext he entered in ''Counting to None''.

He sees himself walking through the supercontext back in 1924 and tells him that he doesn't have to be there yet (thus causing his old self to wake up). He then sees Jack, still boiling the green glove, who tells him that the green glove he is boiling is actually the Hand of Glory, which he will send back in time to play a role in the creation of the Invisible movement. He describes it as an object that can move time around like a cursor on a computer screen.

King Mob then snaps out of his trance and The King-of-All-Tears, the only Archon not to be defeated, attacks him. King Mob shoots his gun and a flag with the word "pop" (the word he had been told to remember when he entered the Hand of Glory in 1924 as a psychic projection) rolls out of it on a flag, causing the Archon, who had been dosed with Key 64 (apparently a stronger version of the word drug Key 23) earlier in the series, to explode.

At that moment, Ragged Robin returns from the past and hugs King Mob, finally reuniting with her lover. The stress reality feels due to the action of Robin going back in time and then returning causes the apocalypse. This was all made possible by Jack's creation of the Hand of Glory, which in turn was used to power the time machine. Meanwhile, Jack Frost, having already fulfilled his destiny, declares "OUR SENTENCE IS UP." before evolving with the rest of humanity.

==Analysis==
Like many of [[Grant Morrison]]'s works, The Invisibles brings up various questions about the nature of reality. When Ragged Robin writes her own version of "The Invisibles" in the future, it is an implied possibility that through fiction, writers can influence the course of history and even create histories of their own. Also, the Invisibles game that King Mob creates in volume three has led many readers to believe that the Invisibles is in fact a game (combined with numerous references throughout that series to the Invisibles' struggle being "just a game"), played by Jack Frost as he sits in King Mob's lounge. Some also believe that when John-A-Dreams found the time suit, he exited time and reentered it as all of humanity.

Morrison also delves into the fruitlessness of anarchy when he has King Mob's old girlfriend Jacqui quote [[Philip K. Dick]], saying that those who "fight the Empire [are doomed] to be infected by its derangement". Later on in the series, King Mob gives up his violent ways and devotes himself to pacificism. Also, the Invisibles state that they are not fighting the Outer Church like the reader had been led to believe for the bulk of the series, but are actually on "a rescue mission" to save humanity from the greed and oppression the Outer Church represents. It is also said that The Invisibles and The Outer Church are two sides of the same coin.

Morrison presents a magnitude of ideas to the reader, one of which is that humans are like [[larva]] waiting to evolve into flies. The realm where these "flies" would live is never revealed (due to a human's inability to imagine anything beyond the third dimension), but it is hinted at in the beginning of the series that in this realm everyone will hear what they need to hear, creating a utopia. It is this "eternal" language that the [[Knights Templar]] were protecting. [[Percy Shelley]], a poet who Morrison made into an Invisible for the sake of the series, theorized that utopia could be found in the mind and that it was "waiting for [humanity] to grow up and recognize it and come home". In other words, humanity holds utopia within themselves and only when they see through the binary interpretations of reality the Invisibles and the Outer Church offer can they access it.

Morrison also had Percy Shelley and his friend, [[Lord Byron]] (also an Invisible), argue about whether or not mankind truly wants to be free. Byron believes that "men are like sheep", while Shelley believes they have "a drive towards liberty". This debate is brought up many times throughout the series since much of humanity is content being controlled (albeit unknowingly) by the Outer Church, while the Invisibles fight to be individuals, free to make their own decisions.

Ultimately, many of the themes of the series can be condensed down into a binary relationship; our subjective reality is much simpler than we belive- it operates on a [[binary]] (1/0, or either/or) system, like that of a computer. The Outer Church and the Invisible College; chaos and order; freedom control; all of these are opposing sides of the same coin. As time reaches its end, it speeds up, condensing spacetime into a singularity (see the final issue of the series). As this condensing occurs, the number of binary pairs becomes fewer and fewer- everything polarizes around one side or the other, and eventually the symbols of each side, BARBELiTH and the King Archon, are eliminated. The subjective nature of reality as defined by language is eliminated, allowing the binary to be resolved in a synergy.

==See also==
*[[King Mob]], the [[Situationist]] group for which King Mob of the Invisibles was named
*''[[The Matrix]]''
*''[[The Filth]]''
*[[Robert Anton Wilson]]
*[[Terence McKenna]]
*[[Philip K. Dick]]
*[[William S. Burroughs]]
*[[Michael Moorcock]]
*[[Michael Bertiaux]]

==References==
*[http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/ The Bomb]
*Anarchy For The Masses: The Disinformation Guide To ''The Invisibles''. Published by the [[Disinfo|The Disinformation Company]]

==External links==
* [http://www.grant-morrison.com Grant Morrison's homepage.]
* [http://www.grant-morrison.com/invis_tv.htm Unproduced scripts for BBC television series]
* [http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/ The Bomb - analysis and explication of the Invisibles.]
** [http://www.barbelith.com/faq/index.php/The_Bomb The Bomb wiki - for more thoroughly updated analysis and explication]
* [http://www.crackcomicks.com/ Crack Comics, companion website to Morrison's homepage.]
* [http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle12.html Anarchy For The Masses: The Disinformation Guide To ''The Invisibles'' homepage]

[[Category:Vertigo titles|Invisibles]]
[[Category:Fictional rebels|Invisibles, The]]
[[Category:Controversial comic books and graphic novels|Invisibles, The]]

Barbelith

2006-09-02T01:42:46Z

Jowe27: /* ''The Invisibles'' */

'''Barbelith''' is both an element in the comic book series ''[[The Invisibles]]'' by [[Grant Morrison]] and the [[online forum]] named after it initially conceived of as a space for the discussion of Morrison's works.

==''The Invisibles''==
In ''The Invisibles'', Barbelith is the name of the "placenta" for humanity; a satellite-like object located on the dark side of the moon. It recurs throughout the story as a supernatural moon seeming both intelligent and benign. Barbelith's role is like that of a placenta in that it connects the hologram of our subjective reality to the realm outside of our space-time, the domain of the magic mirror, and helps humans to realize their true nature beyond the subjective concept of "self".

Prior to contact with Barbelith, most characters undergo some sort of trauma or intensity- an alien abduction or shamanic initiation, for example. A sort of cosmic "stoplight" is also present in some instances, though also seems to preceed any sort of contact with the "healthy" dimension of The Invisibles binary-based paradigm; the realm of the Invisible College.

The word first appeared on a sign post in ''House of Heart's Desire'', a short story published in 1989 within the pages of ''[[A1 (comic)|A1]]''. It has also cropped up in other comics Morrison has written. ''[[Doom Patrol]]'' #54 in particular goes into more detail.

Grant Morrison describes its origins as follows: "The word 'BARBELiTH' is derived from a dream I had when I was about 20 or 21 and coincided with my first structured 'magical' experiences and a minor nervous breakdown (in the dream, BARBELiTH was the name of some higher dimension or alternate reality)."

Barbelith also has obvious origins in VALIS, a sort of information-satellite for humanity in the Phillip K. Dick novel of the same name.

==The forum==

The forum's first stage was as ''The Nexus'', created in 1998, a board associated with the [[The Invisibles]] annotation site ''The Bomb'', and also centered on discussion of the comic book series. As the forum's subject matter expanded, it eventually became ''Barbelith''. It is run by [[Tom Coates (technologist)|Tom Coates]].

Its fora are:
*'''Conversation''' (''"For off-topic discussion, introductions and chatting"''),
*'''Policy & Help''' (''"Board policy, technical errors & problems about trolls"''),
*'''Head Shop''' (''"Philosophy, Cultural Studies and Identity Politics"''),
*'''Laboratory''' (''"New technologies, pure science, medicine and medical ethics''),
*'''Switchboard''' (''"Politics, activism and current affairs"''),
*'''Temple''' (''"Faith, magic and mysticism, bodywork, and applied psychology"''),
*'''Art, Fashion and Design''' (''"Fine art, high fashion, product and graphic design"''),
*'''Books, Criticism & Writing''' (''"Novels, periodicals, short stories and the literary world"'');
*'''Comic Books''' (''"Graphic Novels and Comics - superheroes to social-commentary"'');
*'''Film, TV & Theatre''' (''"Movies, Television and on the stage"'');
*'''Games & Gameplay''' ("''Videogames, board games, RPGs, sport - the mechanics of play''");
*'''Radio & Music''' (''"From Bowie to Britney, punk to Daft Punk"'');
*'''Creation''' (''"Collaborative or individual creative projects"'')
*'''Gathering''' (''"Organising gatherings - unlawful or otherwise"'').

==External links==

* [http://www.barbelith.com The Barbelith Online Community]
* [http://www.barbelith.com/faq/index.php/Barbelith Barbelith's Wiki entry on the word] and they also have a page [http://www.barbelith.com/faq/index.php/What_does_Barbelith_mean%3F What does Barbelith mean?]
* [http://www.barbelith.com/bomb "The Bomb", Invisibles annotations site]
* [http://fish1000.blogspot.com/2005/11/grant-morrison-house-of-hearts-desire.html House of Hearts Desire]

[[Category:Fictional deities]]