Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Samson Kandie

2024-10-13T12:57:29Z

Killerkürbis: I' m sorry - my bad . Kandie is the man with the white jacket. The man shaking hands is Raymond Kipkoech

{{Short description|Kenyan long-distance runner (1971–2024)}}
{{Sources|date=January 2021}}
'''Samson Kandie''' (20 April 1971 – 4 October 2024) was a Kenyan [[long-distance runner]], who won the 2004 edition of the [[Vienna Marathon]]. He set his personal best (2:08:31) in the classic distance on September 26, 1999, at the [[Berlin Marathon]], where he finished third. Kandie also came third in the Berlin marathon in 1998.

[[File:VCM-2004-Siegerehrung.jpg|thumb|Samson Kandie (2nd from right) at the medal ceremony of the Vienna City Marathon 2004]]

He also took part in the [[2001 World Championships in Athletics - Men's marathon|marathon race at the 2001 World Championships]], but did not finish the race.

Kandie died on 4 October 2024 after being attacked and beaten at his home. He was 53.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/former-marathoner-samson-kandie-dies-in-eldoret-after-attack-4786646#story|title=Former marathoner Samson Kandie's final hours after Eldoret attack by unknown assailants|website=Nation Africa|date=5 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|last=Rotich|first=Bernard}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{KEN}}
|-
|1998
|[[Berlin Marathon]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Marathon
|[[1998 Berlin Marathon|2:09:11]]
|-
|1999
|[[Berlin Marathon]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Marathon
|[[1999 Berlin Marathon|2:08:31]]
|-
|2001
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Edmonton, Canada]]
|—
|Marathon
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's Marathon|DNF]]
|-
|2002
|[[Hokkaido Marathon]]
|[[Sapporo, Japan]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Marathon
|2:15:12
|-
|2004
|[[Vienna Marathon]]
|[[Vienna, Austria]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Marathon
|2:08:35
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics}}
*[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/kandie_samson.htm Marathoninfo profile]

{{Footer Vienna Marathon Champions Men}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandie, Samson}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Kenyan male long-distance runners]]
[[Category:20th-century Kenyan people]]
[[Category:21st-century Kenyan people]]
[[Category:Murdered sportspeople]]

{{Kenya-athletics-bio-stub}}

Ray Kelly (singer)

2024-10-13T12:45:39Z

Killerkürbis: /* External links */Dead Link marked

{{Short description|Irish Catholic priest and singer (born 1953)}}
{{about|the Irish Catholic priest|other people with the same name|Raymond Kelly (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = priest
| honorific-prefix = [[The Reverend Father]]
| name = Ray Kelly
| honorific-suffix = [[Saint Patrick’s Society for the Foreign Missions|S.P.S.]]
| image = Pastor Ray Kelly 5963-Michelides.jpg
| caption = Father Kelly singing at a charity event in Vienna on 2017
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| birth_name = Raymond Kelly
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Tyrrellspass]], [[County Westmeath]], [[Ireland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| parents =
}}

'''Raymond Kelly''', [[Saint Patrick’s Society for the Foreign Missions|S.P.S.]] (born 25 April 1953), known as "The Singing Priest," is an [[Irish Catholics|Irish Catholic]] priest known for his interpretation of popular songs. He is a member of [[Saint Patrick's Society for the Foreign Missions]].

Apart from his parish activities, he became famous for a [[YouTube]] [[viral video]] of him singing at a wedding at which he officiated, for his appearance as a contestant on ''[[Britain's Got Talent]]'', and for his appearance as a contestant on ''[[Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]''. He has a very large family and has sung at many of his relatives' and in-laws' weddings.

In May 2023 it was announced that he would be leaving his role as parish priest of St. Brigid's & St. Mary's parish at [[Oldcastle, County Meath]], Ireland to become Associate Pastor in [[Kilcormac]], [[Rahan, County Offaly|Rahan]] and [[Eglish]] parishes in [[County Offaly, Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anglocelt.ie/2023/07/06/fr-ray-to-leave-role-as-parish-priest-of-oldcastle|title=Fr Ray to leave role as parish priest of Oldcastle|publisher=anglocelt.ie|date=July 6, 2023|access-date=March 19, 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and priesthood==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Kelly was born on 25 April 1953 in [[Tyrrellspass]], [[County Westmeath]], and began singing when he was young. In 1989 he was ordained as a priest and began his vocation.

==Music career==
Kelly became famous in 2014 after a video of him singing [[Leonard Cohen]]'s song "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)|Hallelujah]]" while officiating at a couple's wedding became a [[YouTube]] sensation. The words were modified to suit the occasion by 10-year-old bridesmaid Lucy Pitts O'Connor. By early 2024, it had received more than 90 million hits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYKwqj5QViQ|title=Original Big surprise for Bride and Groom...Chris and Leah Wedding 5 April 2014|last=invitationlovejesus|date=7 April 2014|access-date=29 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In December 2014 [[Universal Music]] released a 10-track album ''Where I Belong'' of Kelly singing Celtic-inspired arrangements.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/27/ray-kelly-album_n_6533358.html ''The Huffington Post'']</ref> The album was recorded during summer 2014 in a studio created for the purpose in Kelly's house, so that the recording schedule would not interfere with his duties as a priest. In December 2015 Kelly was a guest on the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Midweek (BBC Radio 4)|Midweek]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06r5wl8 |title=BBC Radio 4 - Midweek |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=9 December 2015 |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>

==Television appearances==
In 2018 Kelly auditioned for the [[Britain's Got Talent (series 12)|12th series]] of ''[[Britain's Got Talent]]'', singing "[[Everybody Hurts]]" by [[R.E.M.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/tvfilm/nervous-britain-s-got-talent-priest-father-ray-kelly-has-already-had-a-record-deal-and-two-albums-a3820666.html|title=BGT priest has already had a record deal and TWO albums|date=23 April 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx8yD3-HWTg|title=Father Ray Kelly takes us to church with AMAZING version of 'Everybody Hurts' - Auditions - BGT 2018|last=Britain's Got Talent|date=21 April 2018|access-date=29 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> He made it to the live shows but he was eliminated in semifinal 5. He came fourth in the public voting.

In 2020, he took part in the [[Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 4)|fourth season]] of the Irish edition of [[Dancing with the Stars (Irish series)|''Dancing with the Stars'']]. He and his professional partner, [[Kylee Vincent]], were eliminated on 8 March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/tv-film/fr-ray-kelly-finally-eliminated-21655673|title=Fr Ray Kelly eliminated from Dancing with the Stars after weeks at the bottom of table|work=RSVP|first=Mikie|last=O'Loughlin|date=8 March 2020|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
* ''Where I Belong'' (2014)
* ''An Irish Christmas Blessing'' (2015)

== Books ==
* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36bMxQEACAAJ |title=Hallelujah: Memoirs of a Singing Priest |year=2022 |publisher=Columba Books |isbn=9781782183686}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://fatherraykelly.com Official website]{{dead link|date=October 2024}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYKwqj5QViQ Kelly's original YouTube video]

{{Britain's Got Talent}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Ireland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Ray}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Britain's Got Talent contestants]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Musicians from County Westmeath]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:People from Oldcastle, County Meath]]

Talk:Samson Kandie

2024-10-09T08:20:07Z

Killerkürbis: /* For additional citatons */ new section

{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Stub|listas=Kandie, Samson|1=
{{WikiProject Athletics}}
{{WikiProject Biography|sports-work-group=yes|sports-priority=low}}
{{WikiProject Running|importance=}}
{{WikiProject Africa|class=|importance=|Kenya=yes|Kenya-importance=}}
| blp=no
}}

== For additional citatons ==

[https://runningmagazine.ca/the-scene/former-kenyan-marathoner-dies-after-violent-attack/#:~:text=On%20Friday%2C%20outside%20his%20home%20in%20Eldoret%2C%20Kenya%2C,condition%2C%20where%20he%20later%20died%20of%20his%20injuries. This source] is probably helpful to add. [[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 08:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

Samson Kandie

2024-10-09T07:54:40Z

Killerkürbis: in the middle is Heinz Fischer, shakin hands with him ; See also: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MediaSearch&search=Samson+Kandie&type=image]

{{Short description|Kenyan long-distance runner (1971–2024)}}
{{Sources|date=January 2021}}
'''Samson Kandie''' (20 April 1971 – 4 October 2024) was a Kenyan [[long-distance runner]], who won the 2004 edition of the [[Vienna Marathon]]. He set his personal best (2:08:31) in the classic distance on September 26, 1999, at the [[Berlin Marathon]], where he finished third. Kandie also came third in the Berlin marathon in 1998.

[[File:VCM-2004-Siegerehrung.jpg|thumb|Samson Kandie (second from left) at the medal ceremony of the Vienna City Marathon 2004]]

He also took part in the [[2001 World Championships in Athletics - Men's marathon|marathon race at the 2001 World Championships]], but did not finish the race.

Kandie died on 4 October 2024 after being attacked and beaten at his home. He was 53.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/former-marathoner-samson-kandie-dies-in-eldoret-after-attack-4786646#story|title=Former marathoner Samson Kandie's final hours after Eldoret attack by unknown assailants|website=Nation Africa|date=5 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|last=Rotich|first=Bernard}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{KEN}}
|-
|1998
|[[Berlin Marathon]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Marathon
|[[1998 Berlin Marathon|2:09:11]]
|-
|1999
|[[Berlin Marathon]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Marathon
|[[1999 Berlin Marathon|2:08:31]]
|-
|2001
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Edmonton, Canada]]
|—
|Marathon
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's Marathon|DNF]]
|-
|2002
|[[Hokkaido Marathon]]
|[[Sapporo, Japan]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Marathon
|2:15:12
|-
|2004
|[[Vienna Marathon]]
|[[Vienna, Austria]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Marathon
|2:08:35
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics}}
*[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/kandie_samson.htm Marathoninfo profile]

{{Footer Vienna Marathon Champions Men}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandie, Samson}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Kenyan male long-distance runners]]
[[Category:20th-century Kenyan people]]
[[Category:21st-century Kenyan people]]
[[Category:Murdered sportspeople]]

{{Kenya-athletics-bio-stub}}

Blended (film)

2023-06-20T21:33:27Z

Killerkürbis: /* Cast */Delinked (counter-intuitively redirects to any series instead of a biographical article of the actress, like usually. That makes no sense)

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blended
| image = Blended (2014) Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Frank Coraci]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Adam Sandler]]
* [[Jack Giarraputo]]
* Mike Karz}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Clare Sera
* Ivan Menchell}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Adam Sandler
* [[Drew Barrymore]]
* [[Kevin Nealon]]
* [[Terry Crews]]
* [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]]}}
| music = [[Rupert Gregson-Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Julio Macat]]
| editing = Tom Costain
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Happy Madison Productions]]
* Gulfstream Pictures
* [[RatPac-Dune Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|5|23}}
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=''BLENDED'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/blended-film |work=[[Warner Bros.]] |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=May 22, 2014 }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $40–45 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |title=Blended (2014) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blended.htm |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |access-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="BlendedBombs" />
| gross = $128 million<ref name="mojo" />
}}
'''''Blended''''' is a 2014 American [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Frank Coraci]] and distributed by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. Written by Ivan Menchell and Clare Sera, the film stars [[Adam Sandler]] and [[Drew Barrymore]] as two single parents who went on a blind date together and never wanted to see each other again afterwards. To their surprise, they both end up at the same African safari resort with their children and are forced to stay together. The film's [[ensemble cast]] also features [[Bella Thorne]], [[Emma Fuhrmann]], [[Terry Crews]], [[Joel McHale]], [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]], [[Kevin Nealon]], and [[Shaquille O'Neal]]. South African cricketer [[Dale Steyn]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] as himself.

The film was produced by Adam Sandler, [[Jack Giarraputo]], and Mike Karz and was released on May 23, 2014.<ref name="date">{{cite news |date=April 24, 2013 |author=Rebecca Ford |title=Warner Bros. Announces Title, Release Date for Adam Sandler Romantic Comedy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/adam-sandler-romantic-comedy-blended-445830 |newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=103381 |title=Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore Comedy Blended Set for May 23, 2014 |publisher=ComingSoon.net |date=April 24, 2013 |access-date=November 2, 2013}}</ref> It grossed $14.3 million during its opening weekend and $128 million worldwide, against a budget of $40 million,<ref name="mojo" /> and received generally negative reviews from critics.<ref name="tomatoes" /><ref name="metacritic" /> This is the third collaboration between Sandler and Barrymore after ''[[The Wedding Singer]]'' (also directed by Coraci) and ''[[50 First Dates]]''.

==Plot==
Divorced Lauren Reynolds goes on a blind date with widower Jim Friedman at [[Hooters]]; it goes poorly. Lauren and Jim run into each other while on errands to the pharmacy, and the cashier mistakenly switches their credit cards. Jim goes to Lauren's house to switch the credit cards back. Jen is at Lauren's house and has broken up with her boyfriend Dick, Jim's boss, although she and Dick had already paid for a trip to Africa. Lauren commits to using Jen's portion of the vacation package without knowing that Jim intends to use Dick's as well and that the hotel accommodation is for a romantic suite.

The families are put together for a "blended familymoon", where they get together with other couples, including the oversexed Eddy and Ginger. Eddy's new bride is quite his junior, to the chagrin of their teenage son Jake, on whom Jim's oldest daughter Hilary develops a crush at first sight. The kids make an awkward impression with each other, with Brendan calling his mother "hot," and the others not knowing how to react to Espen acting like her mother is there with her, as she is not ready to let go of her yet. Over time the kids begin to bond with each other and each other's parent.

Jim bonds with the boys, helping them with adventurous sports, while Lauren bonds with the girls, helping Hilary to change her [[tomboy]]ish look into a more feminine one, leading to Jake becoming her boyfriend. As they become closer to their children, Jim and Lauren begin to warm up to each other. They inadvertently get together for a couples' massage and have fun with each other. When Lou asks Lauren to put her to bed, Lauren sings her "[[Over the Rainbow]]," which, unknown to her, was the song Lou's mother used to sing. The other girls pretend to sleep, while discovering how much they truly love Lauren. She returns this feeling when she maternally kisses each girl's forehead as she says goodnight. Jim starts to experience deeper feelings for Lauren.

On the last night of the trip, Lauren puts on a black dress that she admired earlier. She wears it that evening and receives admiration from everyone. Jim and Lauren are sat down for a romantic dinner, which Lauren soon discovers was actually planned by Jim specifically for her. They chat briefly about basic parenting techniques and then pull in for a kiss; however, at the last second, Jim pulls away, apologizing and explaining that he "can't do it".

After returning to America, Jim realizes he misses Lauren and that he has fallen in love with her, which he admits to his daughters who are ecstatic with the news. Although Espen is not fully ready to move on from her mother's death, she also does not want her family to lose Lauren. She tells her father that her mother said that she had other things to do in [[Heaven]], and would not be around as much. At the kids' behest, Jim goes to Lauren's house to give her flowers, only to find her ex-husband Mark there. Tyler gets excited to see Jim and wants to play ball; Mark bullies Jim into leaving, then ditches Tyler to answer a summons from work. Mark tries to make a move on Lauren, but she refuses his advances because of his continuous failure to be a good father, in addition to his having an affair during their marriage.

Lauren and Brendan go to support Tyler at his next baseball game, along with Jen and Dick, whom Jen has worked things out with, and his five kids. Mark does not come to the game. Jim and his daughters arrive to show encouragement, inspiring Tyler to hit the ball as Jim had taught him in Africa. Jim then finds Lauren and they admit to wanting to be together, and they kiss, to the happiness of their kids, who know that they are already a blended family.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Adam Sandler]] as Jim Friedman
* [[Drew Barrymore]] as Lauren Reynolds
* [[Bella Thorne]] as Hilary "Larry" Friedman, Jim's oldest daughter
* Braxton Beckham as Brendan Reynolds, Lauren's older son
* [[Emma Fuhrmann]] as Espen "[[ESPN]]" Friedman, Jim's middle daughter
* Kyle Red Silverstein as Tyler Reynolds, Lauren's younger son
* [[Alyvia Alyn Lind]] as Louise "Lou" Friedman, Jim's youngest daughter
* [[Terry Crews]] as Nickens
* [[Kevin Nealon]] as Eddy Warnick
* Jessica Lowe as Ginger Warnick, Eddy's wife
* Zak Henri as Jake Warnick, Eddy's son
* [[Wendi McLendon-Covey]] as Jen Palmer, Lauren's friend and co-worker
* [[Joel McHale]] as Mark Reynolds, Lauren's ex-husband
* [[Jackie Sandler]] as Hollywood stepmom
* [[Jared Sandler]] as cute teenage boy
* Abdoulaye N'Gom as Mfana, trip's tour guide
}}

In addition, [[Shaquille O'Neal]] appears as Doug; [[Dan Patrick (sportscaster)|Dan Patrick]], longtime anchor of [[ESPN]]'s ''[[SportsCenter]]'', appears as Dick; [[South African Cricket Team|South African]] cricketer [[Dale Steyn]] plays himself; [[Lauren Lapkus]] appears as Tracy the babysitter; [[Mary Pat Gleason]] appears as a pharmacy cashier; [[Allen Covert]] and [[Alexis Arquette]] make cameo appearances reprising their roles as Ten Second Tom and Georgina from ''[[50 First Dates]]'' and ''[[The Wedding Singer]]'', respectively. Sandler's mother, wife, and daughters, Judith, Jacqueline, Sunny, and Sadie Sandler, appear in the film.

==Production==
[[Wendi McLendon-Covey]] joined the cast of the film on July 31, 2013; she played Barrymore's character's best friend, who does not have any children. [[Chelsea Handler]] was previously cast in this role.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 31, 2013 |author=Lucas Shaw |title='Bridesmaids' Actress 'Wendi McLendon-Covey' Joins Adam Sandler Comedy for Warner Bros. |url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/bridesmaids-actress-joins-adam-sandler-comedy-blended-exclusive-107501 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |work=TheWrap.com }}</ref> On July 31, 2013, Warner Bros. changed the title from ''Blended'' to ''The Familymoon'',<ref>{{cite news |date=July 31, 2013 |author= Dave McNary |title=Adam Sandler, Drew Barrymore Comedy Re-Named 'Familymoon' |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/adam-sandler-drew-barrymore-comedy-re-named-familymoon-1200570740/ |newspaper=Variety|access-date=August 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Name">{{cite news |date=July 31, 2013 |author=Dominic Patten |title=Warner Bros' Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore Rom-Com Gets New Name |url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/07/warner-bros-adam-sandler-drew-barrymore-rom-com-gets-new-name/ |work=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref> before reverting to its original title later that year.

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Blended'' took place at the [[Sun City (South Africa)|Sun City resort]] in [[South Africa]]. Some scenes were filmed near [[Lake Lanier]],{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} [[Buford, Georgia|Buford]],<ref>{{cite web |title='Blended', starring Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore, will film in Georgia, too |url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/tag/blended-filming-locations/ |publisher=onlocationvacations.com |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> and [[Gainesville, Georgia|Gainesville]]{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], USA. [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] co-produced the film with [[Happy Madison Productions]].

==Reception==
The film was distributed by Warner Bros., and released theatrically on May 23, 2014.<ref name="Name" />

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 140 reviews with an average rating of 4.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lurching between slapstick and schmaltz without showing much of a commitment to either, ''Blended'' commits the rare Sandler sin of provoking little more than boredom."<ref name="tomatoes">{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blended/ | title=Blended | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=May 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] | access-date=April 4, 2021 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 31 out of 100 based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/blended | title=Blended Reviews | website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | access-date=May 23, 2014 }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url=https://cinemascore.com |title=CinemaScore |website=Cinemascore.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= 2018-12-20 |quote=BLENDED (2014) A- }}</ref><ref name="BlendedBombs" />

[[A. O. Scott]], of ''[[The New York Times]]'', complained about the film's "retrograde gender politics; its delight in the humiliation of children; its sentimental hypocrisy about male behavior; its quasi-zoological depiction of Africans as servile, dancing, drum-playing simpletons" and concluded "Parents strongly cautioned. It will make your children stupid."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/movies/adam-sandler-and-drew-barrymore-in-blended.html | title=When Single Parents Collide on a Safari | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 22, 2014 | access-date=May 31, 2014 | last1=Scott | first1=A. O. }}</ref> Andrew Barker of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' criticized the film for not trusting its audience "following every unexpectedly smart exchange with a numbskull pratfall or one-liner, and every instance of genuine sincerity with an avalanche of schmaltz."<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2014 |last=Barker |first=Andrew |title=Film Review: 'Blended' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-blended-1201188878/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> Sheri Linden of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called the film a wholesome family drama, and compared it to the 2005 film ''[[Yours, Mine & Ours (2005 film)|Yours, Mine and Ours]]''. Linden praised the lead performances saying "Sandler and Barrymore display an onscreen connection that lends a grounding warmth to the clunkiest comedy setups" and welcomed the interruption by Terry Crews character, although "Like all routines in the film, though, it repeats itself rather than venture into fresher and funnier territory." In summary "This hit-and-miss comedy feels caught between old-school nostalgia and movie-persona growing pains on the part of Adam Sandler."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2014 |author=Sheri Linden |author-link=Sheri Linden |title='Blended': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/blended-film-review-705522 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[Christy Lemire]] gave the movie 1.5 stars and stated that while this wasn't Sandler's best performance, "That actor is in there, somewhere. Perhaps Sandler will actually challenge himself again one of these days and set him free."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/blended-2014 | title=Blended | publisher=Roger Ebert | access-date=June 1, 2020 }}{{Rating|1.5|4}}</ref> ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''{{'}}s Jocelyn Noveck said, "To say that the new Adam Sandler movie is better than some of his other recent work isn’t saying much" and gave the movie a single star.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/film-review-blended | title=The National | date=June 11, 2014 | access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> [[HitFix|Hitfix]] declared ''Blended'' is "[Not] Adam Sandler's Worst [film]!"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hitfix.com/the-fien-print/movie-review-blended-isnt-adam-sandlers-worst-subsidized-vacation/ | title=Blended | publisher=Hit Fix | access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref>

Gary Goldstein of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave the film a positive review and wrote: "It could have been a bit smarter and a lot shorter, but ''Blended'', the third big-screen pairing for Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore (after ''The Wedding Singer'' and ''50 First Dates''), is a fun, often funny, largely enjoyable romp."<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2014 |author=Gary Goldstein |title=Review: 'Blended,' with Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler, is fun |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-blended-movie-review-20140523-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |quote=Terry Crews, playing the singers’ shamelessly buff and ebullient frontman, is a hoot. }}</ref>
Defending the film for its strong family values, Graham Young of the ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' wrote, "It's warm, funny, tender, serious and, despite a couple of teenage references, decidedly old fashioned. There’s no swearing, no pandering to repeated toilet gags and the ‘gross-out’ market is all but ignored. Instead, there's lots of genuinely funny slapstick, singing asides and some great kids’ performances."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2014 |first=Graham |last=Young |url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/review-blended-12a-7165186 |title=Movie review: Blended (12A) |work=[[Birmingham Mail]]}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film performed poorly at the box office; analysts had predicted an opening weekend gross of $30 million but the film grossed just $14.2 million.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2014 |author=RYAN FAUGHNDER |title=Review: 'Blended,' with Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler, is fun |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-blended-movie-review-20140523-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2014 |author=Ray Subers |author-link=Ray Subers |title=Forecast: 'X-Men' Targets $100 Million Memorial Day Debut |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3783197700/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=2020-05-04 |quote=it could wind up close to $30 million for the four-day weekend.}}</ref>
It finished third at the box office behind ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'' and ''[[Godzilla (2014 film)|Godzilla]]''.<ref name="mojo" /> According to Warner Bros., the audience was 56% female and 74% over the age of 25, which indicates that families were not a big part of the opening weekend audience.<ref name="BOM-bomb" />
Cinema Blend called it "one of Adam Sandler's Worst-Ever Openings" comparing it to ''50 First Dates'' which opened to $40 million ten years previously.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 26, 2014 |author= | url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Blended-One-Adam-Sandler-Worst-Ever-Openings-43171.html | title=Blended |work=Cinema Blend | publisher=Grant Land | access-date=June 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Rosen">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |title=Adam Sandler's Latest Flop Is 'Blended' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/adam-sandler-blended-flop_n_5393691 |website=HuffPost |date=26 May 2014 |quote=‘Blended’ Is One Of Adam Sandler’s Worst Openings Ever}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ray Subers |title=Friday Report: 'X-Men' Kicks Off Holiday Weekend with $36 Million |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3766420484/ |website=Box Office Mojo |date=May 24, 2014 |quote=That's a terrible start for an Adam Sandler movie: it's less than half of Jack and Jill's $9.8 million, and is even lower than 2012 flop That's My Boy ($4.6 million).}}</ref> Dan Fellman Warner Bros.' president of domestic distribution attributed the weak opening to good weather over [[Memorial Day]] weekend, but was optimistic based on the A− grade from CinemaScore.<ref name="BlendedBombs">{{cite web |date=May 23, 2014 |author=Pamela McClintock |author-link=Pamela McClintock |title=Box Office: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Nabs Record $302M Globally; 'Blended' Bombs |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-x-men-days-706933 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |quote=audiences were more forgiving, awarding it an A− CinemaScore. One saving grace is the film's relatively modest $45 million budget.}}</ref> Box Office Mojo said it was likely to earn over $50 million.<ref name="BOM-bomb">{{cite web |date=May 25, 2014 |author=Ray Subers |author-link=Ray Subers |title=Weekend Report: 'X-Men' Rules Memorial Day, Falls Short of Franchise Record |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed4018078724/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |quote=Meanwhile, Adam Sandler's Blended bombed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 3, 2014 |author=Ray Subers |title=May Box Office Hits Lowest Level Since 2010 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3950969860/ |website=Box Office Mojo |quote=Blended earned $27.4 million through its first nine days—less than most Sandler movies earn in their first weekend—and is on track for around $50 million total.}}</ref>

The film had grossed $46,219,290 in North America and $81,800,000 in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $128 million.<ref name="mojo" /><ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=Blended (2014) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Blended#tab=summary |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[35th Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Awards]]
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor|Worst Actor]]
| [[Adam Sandler]]
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=Razzies>{{cite news|url=http://www.razzies.com/history/2015/2015-noms-press-release.html|title=RAZZIES Celebrate 35 Years of Worst Achievements in Film with Inclusive Nominee List ...and New "Redeemer" Award|access-date=January 14, 2015|work=Golden Raspberry Award Foundation}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]]
| [[Drew Barrymore]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor|Worst Supporting Actor]]
| [[Shaquille O'Neal]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[2014 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy|Choice Movie: Comedy]]
| ''Blended''
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Nordyke">{{cite web |date=August 10, 2014 |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |title=Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 17, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy|Choice Movie Actor: Comedy]]
| Adam Sandler
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy|Choice Movie Actress: Comedy]]
| Drew Barrymore
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Young Artist Awards]]
| Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast
| Young Ensemble Cast
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms36.html |title=36th Annual Young Artist Awards |work=YoungArtistAwards.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418100620/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms36.html |archive-date=April 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 3, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Performance in a Feature Film - Best Supporting Actress
| [[Emma Fuhrmann]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==Home media==
''Blended'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] on August 26, 2014. It sold $14,808,893 in DVD sales and $5,619,798 in Blu-ray sales, for a total of $20,428,691.<ref name="numbers" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.blendedmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1086772|Blended}}
* {{mojo title|blended|Blended}}

{{Frank Coraci|state=expanded}}
{{Happy Madison Productions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blended}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Comedy crossover films]]
[[Category:Dune Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Frank Coraci]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Films set in Africa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in South Africa]]
[[Category:Happy Madison Productions films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Gulfstream Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Adam Sandler]]
[[Category:Films produced by Jack Giarraputo]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rupert Gregson-Williams]]
[[Category:Films set in Connecticut]]
[[Category:2010s American films]]

Wrecked (American TV series)

2023-06-20T21:22:44Z

Killerkürbis: Delinked: link redirects to this article. That makes no sense

{{Short description|American TV series (2016–18)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Wrecked TBS.png
| caption =
| image_alt = The title WRECKED written in slanted block capitals in cyan on a yellow background
| genre = Sitcom
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* Jordan Shipley
* Justin Shipley
}}
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zach Cregger]]
* Asif Ali
* [[Rhys Darby]]
* [[Brooke Dillman]]
* [[Ginger Gonzaga]]
* Will Greenberg
* Jessica Lowe
* [[Ally Maki]]
* [[Brian Sacca]]
* [[James Scott (actor)|James Scott]]}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 30
| list_episodes = #Episodes
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[James Griffiths (director)|James Griffiths]]
* Jordan Shipley
* Justin Shipley
* Moses Port
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jesse Hara
* [[Ken Topolsky]]
}}
| editor =
| location = {{Plainlist|
* Puerto Rico (season 1)
* Fiji (seasons 2–3)
}}
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| runtime = 
| company = {{Plainlist|
* Shipley & Shipley Productions
* [[TBS (U.S. TV channel)|TBS Productions]] (Season 1)
* Studio T (Season 2–3)
}}
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|6|14}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|10|2}}
| related = 
| screenplay =
| story =
| budget =
| channel = [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]
}}

'''''Wrecked''''' is an American [[sitcom]] that was created by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley for [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]. The series is about a group of people stranded on an island, after their airplane crashed in the ocean and is a parody of ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sippell |first1=Margeaux |title=TBS Cancels 'Wrecked' After 3 Seasons |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tbs-cancels-wrecked-after-3-seasons/ |website=The Wrap |date=26 April 2019 |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> The 10-episode first season premiered on June 14, 2016.

On July 6, 2016, TBS renewed the show for a second season which was shot in [[Fiji]].<ref name="kans_Insp">{{cite web | title = Inspired by 'Lost,' these KC brothers landed a TBS hit on their first try | work = kansascity | access-date = 2017-04-03 | url = http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/tv/article124974104.html }}</ref> The second season premiered on June 20, 2017. On September 13, 2017, TBS renewed the series for a third season,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-guest-book-people-of-earth-and-wrecked-all-renewed-at-tbs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914034743/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-guest-book-people-of-earth-and-wrecked-all-renewed-at-tbs/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 14, 2017|title='The Guest Book,' 'People of Earth' and 'Wrecked' all renewed at TBS|last=Porter|first=Rick|date=September 13, 2017|work=TV by the Numbers|access-date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> which premiered on August 7, 2018. On April 26, 2019, it was reported that the series had been canceled by TBS after three seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2019/04/26/wrecked-cancelled-season-4-tbs/|title=Wrecked Cancelled at TBS|last=Nemetz |first=Dave|work=[[TVLine]]|date=April 26, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

== Cast ==
[[File:Cast of Wrecked UPROXX interview.jpg|right|thumb|Left to right: Asif Ali, Zach Cregger, Jessica Lowe, Will Greenberg, interviewed by [[Uproxx]] in 2017]]
* [[Zach Cregger]] as Owen O'Connor,<ref name=deadlinecast>{{cite web |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=January 26, 2015 |url=https://deadline.com/2015/01/wrecked-tbs-pilot-cast-1201360061/ |title=TBS Deserted Island Comedy Pilot 'Wrecked' Sets Ensemble Cast |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] }}</ref> a flight attendant
* Asif Ali as Pack Hara,<ref name=deadlinecast/> a sports agent
* [[Brian Sacca]] as Daniel "Danny" Wallace,<ref name=deadlinecast/> the son of a rich businessman
* [[Rhys Darby]] as Steve Rutherford, a New Zealander from [[Papakura]]
* [[Brooke Dillman]] as Karen Cushman/Sister Mercy,<ref name=deadlinecast/> a statistical analysis executive for [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]]
* [[Ginger Gonzaga]] as Emma Cook,<ref name=deadlinecast/> a [[podiatrist]] (season 1, guest Season 2-3)
* [[Jessica Lowe]] as Florence Bitterman,<ref name=deadlinecast/> Emma's best friend, a pretentious feminist
* Will Greenberg as Todd Hinkle,<ref name=deadlinecast/> an obnoxious guy who cares more about his finding the meaning to life than his girlfriend
* [[Ally Maki]] as Jess Kato,<ref name=deadlinecast/> Todd's girlfriend, then fiancée and later, wife
* [[James Scott (actor)|James Scott]] as Liam,<ref name=deadlinecast/> a British soldier (pilot only)

===Recurring===
* [[Pablo Azar]] as Pablo (season 1)
* [[George Basil]] as Chet Smart<ref name=deadlinecast/>
* Lela Elam as Diane from Toledo (season 1-2)
* Todd Allen Durkin as Kurt Turdhole (season 1, guest Season 2)
* Brendan Jennings as Jerry, a deceased castaway with whom Pack has conversations during his hallucinations (season 1)
* Mike Benitez as Roger (season 1)
* Will McLaughlin as Bruce Island
* Ruben Rabasa as Yolonzo (season 1)
* [[Rory Scovel]] as Corey (season 2, guest Season 1)
* [[Eliza Coupe]] as Rosa, Owen's co-worker (season 1)
* [[Erinn Hayes]] as Rosa, Owen's co-worker (season 2)
* [[Ebonée Noel]] as The Barracuda (season 2)
* [[Ravi Patel (actor)|Ravi Patel]] as Tank Top (season 2, guest 1)
* Lucas Hazlett as Bandana (season 2, guest 1)
* Shaun Diston as V-Neck (season 2)
* Patrick Cox as Flannel (season 2)
* [[Jemaine Clement]] as Luther (season 2)
* Dink O'Neal as Richard "Dick" Wallace, Danny's father (season 1, guest Season 2)
* Jonno Roberts as Declan Stanwick (season 3)
* [[Rachel House (actress)|Rachel House]] as Martha Stanwick (season 3)
* [[Robert Baker (actor)|Robert Baker]] as Brewster (season 3)
* Will Hines as Greg Peabody (season 3)
* [[Eugene Cordero]] as Errol (season 3)
* [[Karan Soni]] as Keith (season 3)

===Guest starring===
* Darin Toonder as Owen's father
* Luke Nappe as Young Owen
* [[Gary Anthony Williams]] as Gary, Jerry's deceased friend
* [[Josh Lawson]] as Eric, Steve's boss
* Elke Berry as Carol, Steve's ex-wife
* [[Jamie Denbo]] as Greta Liebowitz, Pack's boss
* [[Chris Bosh]] as himself
* [[Marc Evan Jackson]] as Father Daddy
* [[Sara Paxton]] as Sister Grace
* [[Britt Lower]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/brittlower/status/876952653682626564 |title=britt lower on Twitter: "the appropriate words that i should share are: i am in this show tomorrow!!! #wrecked" |publisher=Twitter.com |date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-06-28}}</ref> as Margot Wallace, Danny's sister
* [[Rob Corddry]] as himself

== Development ==
TBS ordered the production of the pilot episode written by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley in October 2014. The show follows a group of people after they survived a plane crash on a deserted island.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=October 24, 2014 |url=https://deadline.com/2014/10/wrecked-pilot-tbs-lost-859085/ |title=TBS Orders 'Wrecked' Deserted Island Comedy Pilot That Echoes 'Lost' |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] }}</ref> The pilot was filmed in [[Puerto Rico]]<ref name=deadlinecast/> and was picked up to series with a 10-episode order in May 2015.<ref name=futonpress>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/05/13/kevin-reilly-unveils-bold-vision-for-tnt-and-tbs-at-turner-broadcastings-2015-upfront-407514/20150513turner03/ |title=Kevin Reilly Unveils Bold Vision for TNT & TBS At Turner Broadcasting's 2015 Upfront |date=May 13, 2015 |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] }}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #87CEEB
| link1 = #Season 1 (2016)
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|2016|6|14}}
| end1 = {{End date|2016|8|2}}

| color2 = #07078f
| link2 = #Season 2 (2017)
| episodes2 = 10
| start2 = {{Start date|2017|6|20}}
| end2 = {{End date|2017|8|22}}

| color3 = #FF6C21
| link3 = #Season 3 (2018)
| episodes3 = 10
| start3 = {{Start date|2018|8|7}}
| end3 = {{End date|2018|10|2}}
}}

===Season 1 (2016)===
{{Episode table|background=#87CEEB|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=11|writer=25|airdate=10|prodcode=6|viewers=9|country=U.S.|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = All Is Not Lost
|DirectedBy = [[James Griffiths (director)|James Griffiths]]
|WrittenBy = Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|6|14}}
|Viewers = 1.64<ref name="Premiere"/>
|ShortSummary = A striking British special forces agent leads a daring rescue after a commercial flight crash-lands on an uninhabited island.
|ProdCode = 101
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Rest in Peace, Callaway Hinkle
|DirectedBy = James Griffiths
|WrittenBy = Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|6|14}}
|Viewers = 1.21<ref name="Premiere">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-14-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618020421/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-14-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.14.2016|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|access-date=June 15, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=June 15, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The survivors find a satellite phone. Danny confronts his past. Steve comforts Todd after learning about the death of his child.
|ProdCode = 102
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Always Meant to See That
|DirectedBy = Stuart McDonald
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|6|21}}
|Viewers = 1.37<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-21-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624190229/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-21-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 24, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.21.2016|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|access-date=June 22, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Todd, Danny, and Owen investigate the other islanders after unearthing a troubling suitcase. Pack, Emma, and Florence are faced with the ultimate choice.
|ProdCode = 103
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Community Pile
|DirectedBy = Stuart McDonald
|WrittenBy = Ben Dougan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|6|28}}
|Viewers = 1.22<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-28-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630033509/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-28-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.28.2016|last=Metcalf |first=Mitch|access-date=June 29, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=June 29, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Chet takes Pack on a vision quest. Danny helps Owen relax. Todd makes a play to control the island.
|ProdCode = 104
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Tubthumping
|DirectedBy = Jeff Tomsic
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|7|5}}
|Viewers = 1.38<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-5-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709233704/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-5-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.5.2016|last=Metcalf |first=Mitch|access-date=July 7, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=July 7, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The island holds an election for leader. Candidates are Emma, Florence, and Steve. Eventually Steve wins. Todd gets incarcerated into "The Pit."
|ProdCode = 105
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Phantom
|DirectedBy = Stuart McDonald
|WrittenBy = [[Carol Kolb]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|7|12}}
|Viewers = 1.15<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-12-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715051758/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-12-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.12.2016|last=Metcalf |first=Mitch|access-date=July 13, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=July 13, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Steve and Owen argue over the best use of island supplies. Danny tries to remember [[Billy Zane|an actor's name]]. Pack faces a difficult decision.
|ProdCode = 106
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Trial
|DirectedBy = Ryan Case
|WrittenBy = Rosa Handelman
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|7|19}}
|Viewers = 1.24<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-19-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720234918/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-19-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.19.2016|last=Metcalf |first=Mitch|access-date=July 20, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=July 20, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The island holds a trial after a serious accident.
|ProdCode = 107
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Adventures of Beth and Lamar
|DirectedBy = Stuart McDonald
|WrittenBy = Clay Lapari & Erin Mitchell
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|7|26}}
|Viewers = 1.22<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727224054/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 27, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.26.2016|last=Metcalf |first=Mitch|access-date=July 27, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Owen and Danny search for food. Florence tries desperately to get a sick Emma medical help. Steve's origins are revealed.
|ProdCode = 108
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Javier and the Gang
|DirectedBy = Todd Biermann
|WrittenBy = Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|8|2}}
|Viewers = 1.17<ref name="Finale"/>
|ShortSummary = Owen has an encounter in the jungle. Florence and Todd try to survive off the island.
|ProdCode = 109
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Cop Tricks
|DirectedBy = Todd Biermann
|WrittenBy = Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|8|2}}
|Viewers = 0.92<ref name="Finale">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805182034/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 5, 2016|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.2.2016|last=Salem|first=Mitch|access-date=August 3, 2016|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Owen and Steve face off for control of the island.
|ProdCode = 110
|LineColor = 87CEEB
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2017)===
{{Episode table|background=#07078f|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=11|writer=25|airdate=10|prodcode=6|viewers=9|country=U.S.|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Ransom
|DirectedBy = [[Ian Fitzgibbon]]
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|20}}
|Viewers = 1.21<ref name="S2Premiere"/>
|ShortSummary = Pirates arrive on the island to ransom Danny back to his millionaire father, but things don't go as planned for anyone.
|ProdCode = 201
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Poison
|DirectedBy = Ian Fitzgibbon
|WrittenBy = [[Anthony King (writer)|Anthony King]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|20}}
|Viewers = 0.86<ref name="S2Premiere">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-20-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622070226/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-20-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 22, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 21, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=June 21, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = As the pirates take over the island, Pack tries to negotiate a deal for the group's continued survival. Steve tries to make an alliance with Danny.
|ProdCode = 202
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Caiman
|DirectedBy = Maurice Marable
|WrittenBy = Shaun Diston
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|27}}
|Viewers = 1.02<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-27-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629004025/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-27-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 28, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Florence and Karen must trek into the jungle to find what is tainting their water. The castaways debate whether they want the pirates to spoil "Game of Thrones." Steve begins an unlikely romance.
|ProdCode = 203
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Tony Pepperoni
|DirectedBy = [[Sarah Adina Smith]]
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|11}}
|Viewers = 0.87<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-a-network-finals-7-11-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713032652/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-a-network-finals-7-11-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 13, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=July 12, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Owen and Florence deal with the return of a deadly foe. Todd makes a haunting discovery about his past after trying to fist fight Chet.
|ProdCode = 204
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = No One Rides for Free
|DirectedBy = Maurice Marable
|WrittenBy = Celeste Ballard
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|18}}
|Viewers = 0.94<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-18-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719202640/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-18-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 19, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=July 19, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Jess and Todd try to buy passage on the pirate's ship through unconventional means. Owen starts to have feelings for Florence as Steve grapples with his new love.
|ProdCode = 205
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Sister Mercy
|DirectedBy = Sarah Adina Smith
|WrittenBy = Anthony King
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|25}}
|Viewers = 0.98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-25-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727005707/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-25-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 27, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=July 26, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After discovering the pirate's plan to harvest their organs, the survivors try to escape the island. Karen makes a difficult decision that echoes a moment from her past.
|ProdCode = 206
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Cruise-ifornication
|DirectedBy = [[Emile Levisetti]]
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|1}}
|Viewers = 1.08<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-1-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803045349/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-1-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 3, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 2, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After making it onto the pirate's ship (a Red Hot Chili Peppers tribute band cruise), the survivors divide after only some of them are able to get showers before the water runs out. Pack and Bruce form an unlikely friendship.
|ProdCode = 207
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Speed
|DirectedBy = [[Jim Field Smith]]
|WrittenBy = Lauren McGuire
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|8}}
|Viewers = 1.00<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-8-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810021226/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-8-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 10, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 9, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After Todd and Jess decide to get married, Florence and Owen struggle to define their new romance. Corey returns to officiate the wedding. Pack and Steve make a discovery that threatens to tear them apart.
|ProdCode = 208
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = The Setup
|DirectedBy = Jim Field Smith
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|15}}
|Viewers = 1.01<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-15-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034141/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-15-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 17, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.15.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 16, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 16, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Danny launches an investigation after the survivors discover someone has sabotaged the ship by blowing the engine. Steve makes a shocking discovery at the bottom of the ship.
|ProdCode = 209
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Nerd Speak
|DirectedBy = James Griffiths
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|8|22}}
|Viewers = 1.08<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-22-2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824023651/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-22-2017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 24, 2017|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2017|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 23, 2017|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = As the ship sinks, the survivors try to escape. Meanwhile Danny, Owen, and Florence must confront Corey for the sabotage.
|ProdCode = 210
|LineColor = 07078f
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2018)===
{{Episode table|background=#FF6C21|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=11|writer=25|airdate=10|prodcode=6|viewers=9|country=U.S.|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Bush Man
|DirectedBy = Jim Field Smith
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|8|7}}
|Viewers = 0.87<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-7-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809025135/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-7-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 9, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.7.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 8, 2018|website=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After surviving the Cruisifornication explosion and washing ashore on a new island, the survivors uncover a menacing threat.
|ProdCode = 301
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Puke & Cigars
|DirectedBy = Jim Field Smith
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|8|14}}
|Viewers = 0.98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-14-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025515/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-14-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.14.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 15, 2018|website=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After a charismatic millionaire rescues the survivors, Jess and Florence suspect he may not be what he seems, and set out to answer the question -- who is Declan Stanwick?
|ProdCode = 302
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Six Feet
|DirectedBy = Justin Shipley
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers and Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|8|21}}
|Viewers = 0.98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-21-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825014722/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-21-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 25, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.21.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 22, 2018|website=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After discovering Declan's sinister plot, Danny goes undercover with the rich, while Pack and Karen attempt to escape the compound.
|ProdCode = 303
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = A Game of Chest
|DirectedBy = Jordan Shipley
|WrittenBy = Lauren McGuire
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|8|28}}
|Viewers = 0.86<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-28-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041334/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-28-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 30, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.28.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 29, 2018|website=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = After Jess loses her recollection of the last decade, Todd attempts to spark her memory. Steve and Declan face off in a battle of wits.
|ProdCode = 304
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Last Meal
|DirectedBy = Amy York Rubin
|WrittenBy = Shaun Diston
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|4}}
|Viewers = 0.90<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-4-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908170740/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-4-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.4.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=September 6, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = On the eve of "The Hunt," Martha offers to the survivors' one last meal of their choosing; as long as they can all decide together.
|ProdCode = 305
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Hunt Day
|DirectedBy = Alethea Jones
|WrittenBy = Lyle Friedman
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|11}}
|Viewers = 0.89<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-11-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002257/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-11-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.11.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=September 12, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Hunt Day arrives and the survivors must face off against each other in a battle royale to the death.
|ProdCode = 306
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Ballers
|DirectedBy = Alethea Jones
|WrittenBy = Celeste Ballard
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|18}}
|Viewers = 0.91<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-18-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011252/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-18-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.18.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=September 19, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Attempting to hide from the others during The Hunt, Pack and Jess run into a new threat on the island.
|ProdCode = 307
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Dark Prince Returns
|DirectedBy = Jim Field Smith
|WrittenBy = Charlie Fay and Isaac Jay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|25}}
|Viewers = 0.79<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-25-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050138/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-25-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.25.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=September 26, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = With Karen gravely injured, Owen and Danny must journey to the center of the island to defeat Chettywompwomp; Florence learns more about Karen's back story; Pack, Todd, and Jess face a futile task.
|ProdCode = 308
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Mrs. Stanwick
|DirectedBy = Jim Field Smith
|WrittenBy = Chris Kula
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|2}}
|Viewers = 0.73<ref name="S3Finale">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-2-2018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021455/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-2-2018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 4, 2018|title=Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.2.2018|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=October 3, 2018|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = The survivors attempt to turn the tables on the rich and lure them into a trap.
|ProdCode = 309
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = The Island Family
|DirectedBy = James Griffiths
|WrittenBy = The Shipley Brothers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|2}}
|Viewers = 0.55<ref name="S3Finale"/>
|ShortSummary = Barricaded in the mansion and surrounded by the rich, the survivors mount one last attempt to escape Declan's island.
|ProdCode = 310
|LineColor = FF6C21
}}
}}

==Reception==
''Wrecked'' has received mixed reviews. On [[Metacritic]], the show holds a score of 56%, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/wrecked-2016 |title=Wrecked (2016): Season 1 |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4168956|Wrecked}}

{{TBSNetwork Shows}}

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Harry Belafonte

2023-04-25T16:21:36Z

Killerkürbis: /* Death */internal link

{{short description|American singer, activist, and actor (1927-2023)}}
{{redirect|Belafonte|his album|Belafonte (album)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Recent death}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harry Belafonte
| image = Harry Belafonte 1964 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Belafonte in 1964
| birth_name = Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|4|25|1927|3|1}}
| death_place = Manhattan, New York, U.S.
| other_names = {{plainlist|
* Harold George Belafonte Jr.
* Harry Bellanfanti Jr.
}}
| years_active = 1949–2023
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|activist}}
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Marguerite Byrd|1948|1957|end=divorced}}
| {{marriage|Julie Robinson|1957|2004|end=divorced}}
| {{marriage|Pamela
Frank|2008}}
}}
| children = 4, including [[Shari Belafonte|Shari]]
| module = {{Infobox musician|embed=yes
| associated_acts =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Calypso music|Calypso]]|[[mento]]||[[pop music|pop]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[World music|world]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
| website =
}}
}}

'''Harry Belafonte''' (born '''Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.'''; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, activist, and actor. As arguably the most successful [[Caribbean-American]] pop star of his time, he popularized [[Jamaica]]n [[mento]] folk songs which was marketed as [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinbagonian]] [[Calypso music|Calypso]] musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. His breakthrough album ''[[Calypso (album)|Calypso]]'' (1956) was the first million-selling [[LP album|LP]] by a single artist.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.allmusic.com/album/calypso-mw0000313800 |title= Harry Belafonte - Calypso |publisher=AllMusic (All Media Network) |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>

Belafonte was best known for his recordings of "[[The Banana Boat Song]]", with its signature "Day-O" lyric, "[[Jump in the Line (Shake, Senora)|Jump in the Line]]", and "[[Jamaica Farewell]]". He recorded and performed in many genres, including [[blues]], [[folk music|folk]], [[gospel music|gospel]], [[show tune]]s, and [[Great American Songbook|American standards]]. He also starred in several films, including ''[[Carmen Jones (film)|Carmen Jones]]'' (1954), ''[[Island in the Sun (film)|Island in the Sun]]'' (1957), and ''[[Odds Against Tomorrow]]'' (1959).

Belafonte considered the actor, singer and activist [[Paul Robeson]] a mentor, and he was a close confidant of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s. As he later recalled, "Paul Robeson had been my first great formative influence; you might say he gave me my backbone. Martin King was the second; he nourished my soul."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Belafonte|first1=Harry|title=My Song: A Memoir|last2=Shnayerson|first2=Michael|publisher=Knopf|year=2011|isbn=978-0-307-27226-3|location=New York|pages=297}}</ref> Throughout his career, Belafonte was an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]] and [[USA for Africa]]. From 1987 until his death, he was a [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Unicef Names Belafonte Good-Will Ambassador|date=March 9, 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]|via=ProQuest Historical Newspapers}}</ref> He was a vocal critic of the policies of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] presidential administrations. Belafonte acted as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aclu.org/ambassadors |title= ACLU Ambassadors - Harry Belafonte |publisher=aclu.olrg (American Civil Liberties Union) |access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref>

Belafonte won three [[Grammy Award]]s (including a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]), an [[Emmy Award]],<ref name="emmys.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Harry+Belafonte&submit=Search&search_api_views_fulltext_1=&search_api_views_fulltext_3=&search_api_views_fulltext_2=&search_api_views_fulltext_4=&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2013-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nomination_category=All |title=Awards search for Harry Belafonte |publisher=[[Emmy Award|Emmys]] |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> and a [[Tony Award]]. In 1989, he received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]]. He was awarded the [[National Medal of Arts]] in 1994. In 2014, he received the [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]] at the Academy's [[Governors Awards#6th Annual Governors Awards|6th Annual Governors Awards]]<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|last=Sinha-Roy |first=Piya |url= http://in.reuters.com/article/us-film-governorsawards-idINKBN0GS2G820140828 |title=Belafonte, Miyazaki to receive Academy's Governors Awards |work=Reuters |date= August 28, 2014 |access-date= August 28, 2014}}</ref> and in 2022 was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in the Early Influence category and was the oldest living person to have received the honor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/music/rock-hall/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2022-inductees-induction-class-dolly-parton-pat-benatar-eminem-duran-duran-eurythmics-judas-priest-carly-simon/95-780d297f-76c2-4105-a73d-58bedbe693b4#longform_chapter_1|title=Artist: Harry Belafonte:Early Influence Award|author= |date=2022 |website=www.wkyc.com|access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Belafonte was born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.<ref name=Belafontemovie>{{cite web|title=Life in Harlem|url=http://singyoursongthemovie.com/life-in-harlem/|work=Sing Your Song|publisher=S2BN Belafonte Productions|access-date=February 20, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014005929/http://singyoursongthemovie.com/life-in-harlem/|archive-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> at Lying-in Hospital on March 1, 1927, in [[Harlem]], New York, the son of Jamaican-born parents Harold George Bellanfanti Sr., who worked as a chef, and Melvine (née Love), a housekeeper.<ref>{{cite book |title=Harry Belafonte |author=Genia Fogelson |publisher=Holloway House Publishing |year=1996 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oadlz5gMG9UC&pg=PA13 |isbn=0-87067-772-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hardy | first = Phil |author2=Dave Laing | title = The Faber Companion to Twentieth Century Music | publisher = Faber | year = 1990 | page = 54 | isbn = 0-571-16848-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/62/Harry-Belafonte.html |title=Harry Belafonte Biography (1927-) |publisher=Film Reference |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">The African American Registry [http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/harry-belafonte-entertainer-truth Harry Belafonte, an entertainer of truth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110440/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/harry-belafonte-entertainer-truth |date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://calypsoworld.org/noflash/artists-04.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208081530/http://calypsoworld.org/noflash/artists-04.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |title=Calypso Artists: Harry Belafonte |website=Calypso World|date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Oadlz5gMG9UC&q=%22Harold+George+Belafonte%22&pg=PA13 | title = Harry Belafonte | isbn = 978-0-87067-772-4 | last1 = Fogelson | first1 = Genia | date = September 1, 1996}}</ref> His mother was the child of a [[Scottish Jamaican]] mother and an [[Afro-Jamaican]] father, and his father was the child of a [[Black American]] mother and a [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Dutch-Jewish]] father of [[Sephardic Jewish]] descent. Harry, Jr. was raised [[Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Keillor|first=Garrison|date=October 21, 2011|title=The Radical Entertainment of Harry Belafonte (Published 2011)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/books/review/my-song-by-harry-belafonte-with-michael-shnayerson-book-review.html|access-date=March 1, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

From 1932 to 1940, Belafonte lived with one of his grandmothers in her native country of Jamaica, where he attended [[Wolmer's Boys' School|Wolmer's Schools]]. Upon returning to New York City, he attended [[George Washington High School (Manhattan)|George Washington High School]]<ref>Arenson, Karen W. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07EFDA103CF931A35755C0A9669C8B63 "Commencements; Belafonte Lauds Diversity Of Baruch College Class"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 2, 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2008. "(He said that he had not gotten past the first year at George Washington High School, and that the only college degrees he had were honorary ones.)"</ref> after which he joined the [[U.S. Navy]] and served during [[World War II]].<ref name="autogenerated4" /> In the 1940s, he was working as a janitor's assistant when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the [[American Negro Theater]]. He fell in love with the art form and also became friends with [[Sidney Poitier]]. The financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play.<ref>{{cite web|last=Belafonte |first=Harry |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/12/141243628/harry-belafonte-out-of-struggle-a-beautiful-voice |title=Harry Belafonte: Out Of Struggle, A Beautiful Voice |publisher=NPR |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> At the end of the 1940s, he took classes in acting at the [[Dramatic Workshop]] of [[The New School]] in New York with the influential German director [[Erwin Piscator]] alongside [[Marlon Brando]], [[Tony Curtis]], [[Walter Matthau]], [[Bea Arthur]], and Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theater. He subsequently received a [[Tony Award]] for his participation in the Broadway revue ''[[John Murray Anderson's Almanac]]'' (1954). He also starred in the 1955 Broadway revue ''[[3 for Tonight]]'' with [[Gower Champion]].

==Musical career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Harry Belafonte singing 1954.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte in 1954]]
Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, which included [[Charlie Parker]] himself, [[Max Roach]] and [[Miles Davis]], among others. He launched his recording career as a pop singer on the Roost label in 1949, but quickly developed a keen interest in [[folk music]], learning material through the [[Library of Congress]]' American folk songs archives. With guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the legendary jazz club [[The Village Vanguard]]. He signed a contract with [[RCA Victor]] in 1953, recording regularly for the label until 1974.

Belafonte also performed during the [[Rat Pack]] era in [[Las Vegas]]. He and associated acts such as [[Liberace]], [[Ray Vasquez]], and [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] were featured at the [[Sands Hotel and Casino]] and the [[Dunes (hotel and casino)|Dunes Hotel]].

===''Calypso''===
Belafonte's first widely [[art release|released]] single, which went on to become his "signature" audience participation song in virtually all his live performances, was "[[Matilda (calypso song)|Matilda]]", recorded April 27, 1953. His breakthrough album ''[[Calypso (album)|Calypso]]'' (1956) became the first [[LP album|LP]] in the world "to sell over 1 million copies within a year", Belafonte confirmed on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's ''The Link'' program on August 7, 2012. He added that it was also the first million-selling album ever in England. The album is number four on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s "Top 100 Album" list for having spent 31 weeks at number 1, 58 weeks in the top ten, and 99 weeks on the U.S. charts. The album introduced American audiences to [[calypso music]] (which had originated in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] in the early 19th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso", a title he wore with reservations since he had no claims to any [[Calypso Monarch]] titles.

One of the songs included in the album is the now famous "[[Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)|Banana Boat Song]]" (listed as "Day-O" on the ''Calypso'' LP), which reached number five on the pop charts, and featured its signature lyric "Day-O".<ref name=pc18>{{cite web |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19768/m1/ |title=Show 18 – Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library |year=1969 |last=Gilliland |first=John |author-link=John Gilliland |website=[[Pop Chronicles]]|access-date=November 4, 2013 }}</ref>

Many of the compositions recorded for ''Calypso'', including "Banana Boat Song" and "[[Jamaica Farewell]]", gave songwriting credit to [[Irving Burgie]].

===Middle career===
[[File:Julie Andrews Harry Belafonte 1969.jpg|thumb|With [[Julie Andrews]] on the NBC special ''An Evening with Julie Andrews and Harry Belafonte'' (1969)]]
While primarily known for calypso, Belafonte recorded in many different genres, including [[blues]], [[folk music|folk]], [[gospel music|gospel]], [[show tune]]s, and [[Great American Songbook|American standards]]. His second-most popular hit, which came immediately after "The Banana Boat Song", was the comedic tune "[[Mama Look at Bubu]]", also known as "Mama Look a Boo-Boo" (originally recorded by [[Lord Melody]] in 1955<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Lord-Melody-Caribbean-All-Stars-Band-The-Bo-Bo-Man-Saxophone-Limbo/release/4459202|title=Lord Melody / Caribbean All Stars Band - The Bo-Bo-Man / Saxophone Limbo|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref>), in which he sings humorously about misbehaving and disrespectful children. It reached number eleven on the pop chart.

In 1959, Belafonte starred in ''Tonight With Belafonte'', a nationally televised special that featured [[Odetta]], who sang "[[Waterboy (song)|Water Boy]]" and who performed a duet with Belafonte of "[[There's a Hole in My Bucket]]" that hit the national charts in 1961.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.spclarke.com/?page_id=165 |title=Odetta |publisher=WordPress |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> Belafonte was the first Jamaican American to win an [[Emmy]], for ''Revlon Revue: Tonight with Belafonte'' (1959).<ref name="emmys.com"/> Two live albums, both recorded at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 1959 and 1960, enjoyed critical and commercial success. From his 1959 album, "[[Hava Nagila]]" became part of his regular routine and one of his signature songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJqXjvlKa2w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/zJqXjvlKa2w| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Video – What does Hava Nagila mean? |year=2011 |last=Grossman |first=Roberta |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was one of many entertainers recruited by [[Frank Sinatra]] to perform at the [[United States presidential inaugural balls|inaugural gala]] of President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961. Later that year, RCA Victor released another calypso album, ''[[Jump Up Calypso]]'', which went on to become another million seller. During the 1960s he introduced several artists to American audiences, most notably South African singer [[Miriam Makeba]] and Greek singer [[Nana Mouskouri]]. His album ''[[Midnight Special (Harry Belafonte album)|Midnight Special]]'' (1962) included a young harmonica player named [[Bob Dylan]].

As [[the Beatles]] and other stars from Britain began to dominate the U.S. pop charts, Belafonte's commercial success diminished; 1964's ''[[Belafonte at The Greek Theatre]]'' was his last album to appear in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Top 40. His last hit single, "A Strange Song", was released in 1967 and peaked at number 5 on the [[adult contemporary music]] charts. Belafonte received [[Grammy Award]]s for the albums ''[[Swing Dat Hammer]]'' (1960) and ''[[An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba]]'' (1965). The latter album dealt with the political plight of black [[South Africans]] under [[apartheid]]. He earned six [[Gold Record]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database# |title=Searchable Database - Search: Belafonte Makeba |publisher=RIAA |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>

During the 1960s, Belafonte appeared on TV specials alongside such artists as [[Julie Andrews]], [[Petula Clark]], [[Lena Horne]], and [[Nana Mouskouri]]. In 1967, Belafonte was the first non-classical artist to perform at the prestigious [[Saratoga Performing Arts Center]] (SPAC) in Upstate New York, soon to be followed by concerts there by [[the Doors]], [[the 5th Dimension]], [[the Who]], and [[Janis Joplin]].

From February 5 to 9, 1968, Belafonte guest hosted ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' substituting for [[Johnny Carson]]. Among his interview guests were [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and Sen. [[Robert F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/mlk-appears-tonight-show-harry-belafonte |title=MLK Appears on "Tonight" Show with Harry Belafonte |publisher=The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|date=February 2, 1968 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref>

===Later recordings and other activities===
{{off topic|date=April 2018}}
Belafonte's fifth and final calypso album, ''[[Calypso Carnival]]'', was issued by RCA in 1971.
Belafonte's recording activity slowed considerably after releasing his final album for RCA in 1974. From the mid-1970s to early 1980s, Belafonte spent the greater part of his time on tour, which included concerts in Japan, Europe, and Cuba. In 1977, [[Columbia Records]] released the album ''[[Turn the World Around]]'', with a strong focus on world music. Columbia never issued the album in the United States. He subsequently was a guest star on an episode of ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' in 1978, in which he performed his signature song "Day-O". However, the episode is best known for Belafonte's rendition of the spiritual song "Turn the World Around", from the album of the same name, which he performed with specially made Muppets that resembled African tribal masks. It became one of the series' most famous performances and was reportedly [[Jim Henson]]'s favorite episode. After Henson's death in May 1990, Belafonte was asked to perform the song at Henson's memorial service. "Turn the World Around" was also included in the 2005 official hymnal supplement of the [[Unitarian Universalist Association]], ''Singing the Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uua.org/publications/singingjourney/songinformation/93778.shtml |title=Song Information |publisher=UUA |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012095016/http://www.uua.org/publications/singingjourney/songinformation/93778.shtml |archive-date=October 12, 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:Harry Belafonte 1983.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte performing in 1983]]
Belafonte's involvement in [[USA for Africa]] during the mid-1980s resulted in renewed interest in his music, culminating in a record deal with [[EMI]]. He subsequently released his first album of original material in over a decade, ''[[Paradise in Gazankulu]]'', in 1988. The album contains ten protest songs against the South African former [[Apartheid]] policy and is his last studio album. In the same year Belafonte, as [[UNICEF]] Goodwill Ambassador, attended a symposium in [[Harare, Zimbabwe]], to focus attention on child survival and development in Southern African countries. As part of the symposium, he performed a concert for UNICEF. A [[Kodak]] video crew filmed the concert, which was released as a 60-minute concert video titled "Global Carnival". It features many of the songs from the album ''Paradise in Gazankulu'' and some of his classic hits. That same year, four Belafonte songs—"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)", "[[Man Smart (Woman Smarter)|Man Smart, Woman Smarter]]", "Sweetheart from Venezuela", and "[[Jump in the Line (Shake, Senora)]]"—were featured in the film ''[[Beetlejuice]]'', directed by [[Tim Burton]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Merschmann|first=Helmut|date=2000|title=Tim Burton: The Life and Films of a Visionary Director|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_cqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22harry%20belafonte%22|publisher=[[Titan Books]]|page=176|isbn=978-1840232080}}</ref>
[[File:Harry Belafonte 1996.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Belafonte in 1996]]
Following a lengthy recording hiatus, ''[[An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends]]'', a soundtrack and video of a televised concert, were released in 1997 by [[Island Records]]. ''[[The Long Road to Freedom: An Anthology of Black Music]]'', a huge multi-artist project recorded by RCA during the 1960s and 1970s, was finally released by the label in 2001. Belafonte went on the ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today Show]]'' to promote the album on September 11, 2001, and was interviewed by [[Katie Couric]] just minutes before the first plane hit the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/details/nbc200109110831-0912 | title=NBC Sept. 11, 2001 8:31 am - 9:12 am| date=September 11, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive | access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref> The album was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Awards for Best Boxed Recording Package, for Best Album Notes, and for Best Historical Album.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Belafonte received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]] in 1989. He was awarded the [[National Medal of Arts]] in 1994 and he won a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2000. He performed sold-out concerts globally through the 1950s to the 2000s. Owing to illness, he was forced to cancel a reunion tour with [[Nana Mouskouri]] planned for the spring and summer of 2003 following a tour in Europe. His last concert was a benefit concert for the [[Atlanta Opera]] on October 25, 2003. In a 2007 interview, he stated that he had since retired from performing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pr-inside.com/de/besser-als-es-jetzt-ist-kann-r53408.htm |title=kostenloses PR und Pressemitteilungen |publisher=Pr-inside.com |access-date=November 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708033506/http://www.pr-inside.com/de/besser-als-es-jetzt-ist-kann-r53408.htm |archive-date=July 8, 2012 }}</ref>

On January 29, 2013, Belafonte was the Keynote Speaker and 2013 Honoree for the MLK Celebration Series at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]. Belafonte used his career and experiences with Dr. King to speak on the role of artists as activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://events.risd.edu/event/2013_mlk_series_keynote_address_harry_belafonte_artist_as_activist#.VdJh2vlVhBc|title=2013 MLK Series Keynote Address – Harry Belafonte 'Artist as Activist'|date=January 29, 2013|publisher=RISD}}</ref>

Belafonte was inducted as an honorary member of [[Phi Beta Sigma]] fraternity on January 11, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|first=DeNeen L.|last=Brown|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/01/12/harry-belafonte-challenges-phi-beta-sigma-to-join-movement-to-stop-oppression-of-women/ |title= Harry Belafonte challenges Phi Beta Sigma to join movement to stop oppression of women|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 12, 2014|access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref>

In March 2014, Belafonte was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Berklee College of Music]] in Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/aclu-ambassador-project|title=ACLU Ambassador Project|website=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en|access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, Belafonte released ''When Colors Come Together'', an anthology of some of Belafonte's earlier recordings produced by his son David who wrote lyrics for an updated version of "Island In The Sun", arranged by longtime Belafonte musical director Richard Cummings, and featuring Harry Belafonte's grandchildren Sarafina and Amadeus and a children's choir.

==Film career==
{{uncited section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Harry Belafonte (Berlin Film Festival 2011) cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Belafonte at the 2011 Berlin Film Festival]]

Belafonte starred in numerous films. His first film role was in ''[[Bright Road]]'' (1953), in which he supported female lead [[Dorothy Dandridge]]. The two subsequently starred in [[Otto Preminger]]'s hit musical ''[[Carmen Jones (film)|Carmen Jones]]'' (1954). Ironically, Belafonte's singing in the film was dubbed by an opera singer, as was Dandridge's, both voices being deemed unsuitable for their roles. Using his star clout, Belafonte was subsequently able to realize several then-controversial film roles. In 1957's ''[[Island in the Sun (film)|Island in the Sun]]'', there are hints of an affair between Belafonte's character and the character played by [[Joan Fontaine]]. The film also starred [[James Mason]], Dandridge, [[Joan Collins]], [[Michael Rennie]], and [[John Justin]]. In 1959, he starred in and produced, through his company HarBel Productions, [[Robert Wise]]'s ''[[Odds Against Tomorrow]]'', in which he plays a bank robber uncomfortably teamed with a racist partner ([[Robert Ryan]]). He also co-starred with [[Inger Stevens]] in ''[[The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959 film)|The World, the Flesh and the Devil]]''. Belafonte was offered the role of [[Porgy (novel)|Porgy]] in Preminger's ''[[Porgy and Bess (film)|Porgy and Bess]]'', where he would have once again starred opposite Dandridge, but he refused the role because he objected to its [[racial stereotype|racial stereotyping]]; [[Sidney Poitier]] played the role instead.
[[File:Harry Belafonte Viennale2011b.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte at the 2011 [[Viennale]]]]
Dissatisfied with most of the film roles offered to him during the 1960s, Belafonte concentrated on music. In the early 1970s, Belafonte appeared in more films, among which are two with Poitier: ''[[Buck and the Preacher]]'' (1972) and ''[[Uptown Saturday Night]]'' (1974). In 1984, Belafonte produced and scored the musical film ''[[Beat Street]]'', dealing with the rise of [[hip hop|hip-hop]] culture. Together with [[Arthur Baker (musician)|Arthur Baker]], he produced the gold-certified soundtrack of [[Beat Street (soundtrack)|the same name]]. Belafonte next starred in a major film again in the mid-1990s, appearing with [[John Travolta]] in the race-reverse drama ''[[White Man's Burden (film)|White Man's Burden]]'' (1995); and in [[Robert Altman]]'s [[jazz age]] drama ''[[Kansas City (1996 film)|Kansas City]]'' (1996), the latter of which garnered him the [[New York Film Critics Circle Award]] for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred as an Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in the TV drama ''[[Swing Vote (1999 film)|Swing Vote]]'' (1999). In 2006, Belafonte appeared in ''[[Bobby (2006 film)|Bobby]]'', [[Emilio Estevez]]'s ensemble drama about the [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]]; he played Nelson, a friend of an employee of the Ambassador Hotel ([[Anthony Hopkins]]). His final film appearance was in [[Spike Lee]]'s Academy Award-winning ''[[BlacKkKlansman]]'' (2018) as an elderly civil rights pioneer.

==Political and humanitarian activism==
[[File:Kung king belafonte.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte with King [[Gustav VI Adolf]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1964]]
Belafonte is said to have married politics and pop culture.<ref name = people39>{{cite magazine |url= https://people.com/celebrity/tribute-to-black-icons-by-their-family-members/ |title= A Tribute to Black Icons — from Harry Belafonte to Whitney Houston — by the Family Members Who Know Them Best |magazine= [[People (magazine)|People]] |date= February 21, 2022 }}</ref> Belafonte's political beliefs were greatly inspired by the singer, actor and civil rights activist [[Paul Robeson]], who mentored him. Robeson opposed not only racial prejudice in the United States but also western [[colonialism]] in Africa. He{{who|Robeson or Belafonte?|date=December 2022}} refused to perform in the American South from 1954 until 1961. In 1960, Belafonte appeared in a campaign commercial for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Presidential candidate [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1960/harry-belafonte |title=Commercials - 1960 - Harry Belafonte |website=The Living Room Candidate |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> Kennedy later named Belafonte cultural advisor to the [[Peace Corps]]. Belafonte supported [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for the [[1964 United States presidential election]].<ref>Jet, October 1, 1964</ref>

Belafonte gave the keynote address at the ACLU of Northern California's annual Bill of Rights Day Celebration In December 2007 and was awarded the Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] Civil Liberties Award. The 2011 [[Sundance Film Festival]] featured the documentary film ''[[Sing Your Song]]'', a biographical film focusing on Belafonte's contribution to and his leadership in the civil rights movement in America and his endeavors to promote social justice globally.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macdonald |first=Moira |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2017343454_mr27sing.html?prmid=head_main |title=Movies | 'Sing Your Song' recounts Harry Belafonte's life |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Belafonte's memoir ''My Song'' was published by [[Knopf Books]].

===Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement===
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Poitier Belafonte Heston Civil Rights March 1963.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Belafonte (center) at the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C]] with [[Sidney Poitier]] (left) and [[Charlton Heston]]]]
Belafonte supported the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s and was one of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s confidants. He provided for King's family since King made only $8,000 a year as a preacher. Like many other civil rights activists, Belafonte was [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted]] during the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy era]]. During the 1963 [[Birmingham Campaign]], he bailed King out of Birmingham City Jail and raised $50,000<ref>{{cite book
|last=King
|first=Martin Luther Jr.
|title=The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.
|date=January 2001
|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king_0/page/185 185]
|isbn=978-0-446-67650-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king_0/page/185
}}</ref> to release other civil rights protesters. He contributed to the 1961 [[Freedom Rides]], supported [[voter registration drive]]s, and helped to organize the 1963 [[March on Washington]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}

During the "[[Freedom Summer|Mississippi Freedom Summer]]" of 1964, Belafonte bankrolled the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]], flying to [[Mississippi]] that August with Sidney Poitier and $60,000 in cash and entertaining crowds in Greenwood.
In 1968, Belafonte appeared on a [[Petula Clark]] primetime television special on [[NBC]]. In the middle of a duet of ''On the Path of Glory'', Clark smiled and briefly touched Belafonte's arm,<ref>{{YouTube|gQXVjY1oqRo|title=Harry Belafonte with Petula Clark – On The Path Of Glory}}</ref> which prompted complaints from Doyle Lott, the advertising manager of the show's sponsor, [[Plymouth Motors]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q2VYAAAAIBAJ&pg=6371%2C1119906 |title=Tempest in TV Tube Is Sparked by Touch |author= |agency=AP |date=March 5, 1968 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> Lott wanted to retape the segment,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7AkeAAAAIBAJ&pg=5727%2C478890 |title=Bellafonte Hollers; Chrysler Says Everything's All Right |author= |agency=UPI |date=March 7, 1968 |newspaper=The Dispatch |location=Lexington, North Carolina |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> but Clark, who had ownership of the special, told NBC that the performance would be shown intact or she would not allow it to be aired at all. Newspapers reported the controversy,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6SVIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2374%2C536509 |title=Chrysler Rejects Charges Of Discrimination In Show |author= |agency=AP |date=March 7, 1968 |newspaper=The Morning Record |location=Meriden–Wallingford, Connecticut |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=meVfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5089%2C1074881 |title=Belafonte says apologies can't change heart, color |author= |date=March 16, 1968 |newspaper=The Afro American |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> Lott was relieved of his responsibilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hz0xAAAAIBAJ&pg=7269%2C3917099 |title=Belafonte Ire Brings Penalty: Chrysler Official Apologizes To Star |author= |agency=AP |date=March 11, 1968 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> and when the special aired, it attracted high ratings.

In 2005, Belafonte founded [https://www.gatheringforjustice.org/ The Gathering for Justice] after he witnessed news reports of a 5-year-old Black girl, Jaiesha Scott, being handcuffed and arrested in her Florida classroom for “being unruly”. After dedicating his life to the Civil Rights movement, and seeing so many gains, he was struck in that moment with the distance left to go. The mission of The Gathering for Justice is to end child incarceration and eliminate the racial inequities that permeate the justice system. The Gathering for Justice has two state-based task forces, Justice League NYC (established in 2013) and Justice League California (established in 2017), both of which bring together juvenile and criminal justice experts, advocates, artists and individuals who’ve experienced or been impacted by incarceration directly.

Belafonte taped an appearance on an episode of ''[[The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour]]'' to be aired on September 29, 1968, performing a controversial "[[Mardi Gras]]" number intercut with footage from the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] riots. [[CBS]] censors deleted the segment. The full unedited content was broadcast in 1993 as part of a complete [[Smothers Brothers]] Hour syndication package.

=== Humanitarian activism ===
[[File:Harry Belafonte (left) with opera star Stacey Robinson in 1988.jpg|thumb|right|Belafonte (left) with activist and opera star Stacey Robinson in 1988.]]
In 1985, Belafonte helped organize the [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song "[[We Are the World]]", a multi-artist effort to raise funds for Africa. He performed in the [[Live Aid]] concert that same year. In 1987, he received an appointment to [[UNICEF]] as a [[goodwill ambassador]]. Following his appointment, Belafonte traveled to [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], where he served as chairman of the International Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals for African Children. He also helped to raise funds—alongside more than 20 other artists—in the largest concert ever held in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. In 1994, he went on a mission to [[Rwanda]] and launched a media campaign to raise awareness of the needs of Rwandan children.

In 2001, Belafonte went to South Africa to support the campaign against [[HIV/AIDS]]. In 2002, [[Africare]] awarded him the [[Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award]] for his efforts to assist Africa. In 2004, Belafonte went to [[Kenya]] to stress the importance of educating children in the region.

Belafonte had been involved in [[prostate cancer]] advocacy since 1996, when he was diagnosed and successfully treated for the disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenix5.org/stories/famous/Belafonte.html |title=Harry Belafonte and prostate cancer |publisher=Phoenix5.org |date=April 21, 1997 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> On June 27, 2006, Belafonte was the recipient of the [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]] Humanitarian Award at the 2006 BET Awards. He was named one of nine 2006 Impact Award recipients by ''[[AARP The Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.aarpmagazine.org/people/impact_awards_bela.html |title=Feel Great. Save Money. Have Fun |magazine=AARP The Magazine |date=May 26, 2013 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> On October 19, 2007, Belafonte represented [[UNICEF]] on Norwegian television to support the annual telethon ([http://www.tvaksjonen.no TV Aksjonen]) in support of that charity and helped raise a world record of $10 per inhabitant of Norway. Belafonte was also an ambassador for the [[Bahamas]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} He is on the board of directors of the Advancement Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advancementproject.org |title=Advancement Project |publisher=Advancement Project |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> He also serves on the Advisory Council of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].

=== Political activism ===
{{American socialism |expanded=Activists}}
Belafonte was a longtime critic of [[U.S. foreign policy]]. He began making controversial political statements on this subject in the early 1980s. At various times he made statements opposing the U.S. embargo on [[Cuba]]; praising Soviet peace initiatives; attacking the [[U.S. invasion of Grenada]]; praising the [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]]; honoring [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]] and praising [[Fidel Castro]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Belafonte is additionally known for his visit to Cuba which helped ensure [[hip-hop]]'s place in Cuban society. According to Geoffrey Baker's article "Hip hop, Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba", in 1999, Belafonte met with representatives of the rap community immediately before meeting with Fidel Castro. This meeting resulted in Castro's personal approval of, and hence the government's involvement in, the incorporation of rap into his country's culture.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Baker | first = Geoffrey |title=¡Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba |journal= Ethnomusicology | volume = 49 | pages = 368–402 | issue = 3 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174403 |date=Fall 2005 | jstor = 20174403 }}</ref> In a 2003 interview, Belafonte reflected upon this meeting's influence:

[[File:Harry Belafonte Civil Rights March 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Belafonte speaking at the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C]]]]
"When I went back to [[Havana, Cuba|Havana]] a couple years later, the people in the hip-hop community came to see me and we hung out for a bit. They thanked me profusely and I said, 'Why?' and they said, 'Because your little conversation with Fidel and the Minister of Culture on hip-hop led to there being a special division within the ministry and we've got our own studio'."<ref>{{cite news | last = Levinson | first = Sandra |title=An exclusive interview with Harry Belafonte on Cuba |work= Cuba Now | url = http://www.afrocubaweb.com/belafonte03interview.htm |access-date= October 25, 2003 }}</ref>

Belafonte was active in the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]]. He was the Master of Ceremonies at a reception honoring [[African National Congress]] President [[Oliver Tambo]] at Roosevelt House, Hunter College, in New York City. The reception was held by the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=32-130-F4A |title=Reception Honoring Oliver R. Tambo, President, The African National Congress (South Africa) |website=[[African Activist Archive]] |publisher=Matrix |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> He was a board member of the [[TransAfrica Forum]] and the [[Institute for Policy Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/about/trustees |title=Institute for Policy Studies: Trustees |publisher=Ips-dc.org |access-date=November 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311180901/http://www.ips-dc.org/about/trustees |archive-date=March 11, 2008 }}</ref>

===Opposition to the George W. Bush administration===
Belafonte achieved widespread attention for his political views in 2002 when he began making a series of comments about President [[George W. Bush]], his administration and the [[Iraq War]]. During an interview with [[Ted Leitner]] for [[San Diego]]'s 760 KFMB, on October 10, 2002, Belafonte referred to a quote made by [[Malcolm X]].<ref name=CNNpowell /> Belafonte said:

{{blockquote|There is an old saying, in the days of [[slavery]]. There were those slaves who lived on the plantation, and there were those [[House slave|slaves who lived in the house]]. You got the privilege of living in the house if you served the master, do exactly the way the master intended to have you serve him. That gave you privilege. [[Colin Powell]] is committed to come into the house of the master, as long as he would serve the master, according to the master's purpose. And when Colin Powell dares to suggest something other than what the master wants to hear, he will be turned back out to pasture. And you don't hear much from those who live in the pasture.}}

Belafonte used the quote to characterize former [[United States Secretary of State|United States Secretaries of State]] Colin Powell and [[Condoleezza Rice]], Powell and Rice both responded, with Powell calling the remarks "unfortunate"<ref name=CNNpowell>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/10/15/belafonte.powell/ | work=CNN | title=Belafonte won't back down from Powell slave reference | date=October 14, 2002 | access-date=May 4, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225224441/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/10/15/belafonte.powell/ | archive-date=December 25, 2009 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and Rice saying: "I don't need Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to be black."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,66288,00.html | work=Fox News | title=Powell, Rice Accused of Toeing the Line | date=October 22, 2002}}</ref>
[[File:Harry Belafonte-IPS.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte in 2003]]
The comment was brought up again in an interview with [[Amy Goodman]] for ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/01/30/157217&mode=thread&tid=25 |title=Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI |website=Democracy Now!|access-date=November 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116221213/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06%2F01%2F30%2F157217&mode=thread&tid=25 |archive-date=November 16, 2007 }}</ref> In January 2006, Belafonte led a delegation of activists including actor [[Danny Glover]] and activist/professor [[Cornel West]] to meet with [[President of Venezuela]] [[Hugo Chávez]]. In 2005, Chávez, an outspoken Bush critic, initiated a program to provide cheaper [[heating oil]] for poor people in several areas of the United States. Belafonte supported this initiative.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/01/08/2003288040 |title=Venezuela plans to expand program to provide cheap heating oil to US poor | newspaper= Taipei Times |date=October 29, 2013|access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> He was quoted as saying, during the meeting with Chávez, "No matter what the greatest tyrant in the world, the greatest [[terrorism|terrorist]] in the world, George W. Bush says, we're here to tell you: Not hundreds, not thousands, but millions of the American people support your revolution."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10767465 |title=Belafonte calls Bush 'greatest terrorist' - World news - Americas|website=[[NBC News]] |date=January 8, 2006|access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> Belafonte and Glover met again with Chávez in 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,214973,00.html | work=[[Fox News]] | title=Chavez Repeats 'Devil' Comment at Harlem Event | date=September 21, 2006}}</ref> The comment ignited a great deal of controversy. [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to acknowledge Belafonte's presence at an awards ceremony that featured both of them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/382483p-324705c.html |location=New York |work=Daily News |title=Hillary's not wild about Harry |first=Katherine|last=Thomson|date=January 12, 2006| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218064934/http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/382483p-324705c.html |archive-date=February 18, 2007 }}</ref> [[AARP]], which had just named him one of its 10 Impact Award honorees 2006, released this statement following the remarks: "AARP does not condone the manner and tone which he has chosen and finds his comments completely unacceptable."<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.aarp.org/research/press-center/presscurrentnews/harry_belafonte_comments.html |title= Harry Belafonte Comments |publisher=AARP.org |date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> During a [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] speech at [[Duke University]] in 2006, Belafonte compared the American government to the [[9/11 hijackers|hijackers]] of the [[September 11 attacks]], saying: "What is the difference between that terrorist and other terrorists?" <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/01/30/157217 |title=Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI |website=[[Democracy Now!]]|access-date=November 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114183807/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06%2F01%2F30%2F157217 |archive-date=November 14, 2007 }}</ref> In response to criticism about his remarks Belafonte asked, "What do you call Bush when the war he put us in to date has killed almost as many Americans as died on 9/11 and the number of Americans wounded in war is almost triple? ... By most definitions Bush can be considered a terrorist." When he was asked about his expectation of criticism for his remarks on the war in Iraq, Belafonte responded: "Bring it on. [[Dissent]] is central to any democracy."<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Brad |url=http://dailybeacon.utk.edu/showarticle.php?articleid=50447 |title=Audience applauds Belafonte |work=[[The Daily Beacon]] |publisher=University of Tennessee, Knoxville |date=September 13, 2006|access-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016110632/http://dailybeacon.utk.edu/showarticle.php?articleid=50447 |archive-date=October 16, 2007 }}</ref>

In another interview, Belafonte remarked that while his comments may have been "hasty", nevertheless he felt the Bush administration suffered from "arrogance wedded to ignorance" and its policies around the world were "[[morally bankrupt]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35313 |title=POLITICS-US: Belafonte on Thinking Outside the Ballot Box |publisher=Ipsnews.net |access-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220131219/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35313 |archive-date=February 20, 2012 }}</ref> In January 2006, in a speech to the annual meeting of the Arts Presenters Members Conference, Belafonte referred to "the new [[Gestapo]] of [[Homeland Security]]" saying, "You can be arrested and have no [[right to counsel]]!"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,182413,00.html | work=Fox News | title=Belafonte Blasts 'Gestapo' Security | date=January 23, 2006}}</ref> During the Martin Luther King Jr. Day speech at Duke University in January 2006, Belafonte said that if he could choose his epitaph it would be, "Harry Belafonte, Patriot."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/5/16/sing_your_song_harry_belafonte_on |title=''Sing Your Song'': Harry Belafonte on Art & Politics, Civil Rights & His Critique of President Obama |last1=Goodman |first1=Amy |website=[[Democracy Now!]]|date= May 16, 2011|access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>

In 2004, he was awarded the Domestic Human Rights Award in San Francisco by [[Global Exchange]].

===Obama administration===
[[File:Harry belafonte 0103.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Belafonte in 2013]]
In the 1950s, Belafonte was a supporter of the African American Students Foundation, which gave a grant to [[Barack Obama Sr.]], the late father of the 44th US president, [[Barack Obama]], to study at the University of Hawaii in 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 17, 2012|title=Barack Obama's father on colonial list of Kenyan students in US|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/18/barack-obama-father-colonial-list|access-date=June 17, 2020|newspaper=The Guardian|author-link=Richard Norton-Taylor|first=Richard|last=Norton-Taylor|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Belafonte commented on the [[Obama administration]] and the role which popular opinion played in shaping its policies. "I think [Obama] plays the game that he plays because he sees no threat from evidencing concerns for the poor."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/26/harry_belafonte_on_obama_he_plays|title=Harry Belafonte on Obama: "He Plays the Game that He Plays Because He Sees No Threat from Evidencing Concerns for the Poor"|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=January 26, 2011}}</ref>

On December 9, 2012, in an interview with [[Al Sharpton]] on [[MSNBC]], Belafonte expressed dismay that many political leaders in the United States continue to oppose Obama’s policies even after his re-election: "The only thing left for Barack Obama to do is to work like a third-world dictator and just put all of these guys in jail. You're violating the American desire."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thegrio.com/2012/12/14/harry-belafonte-obama-should-work-like-a-third-world-dictator/|title=Harry Belafonte: Obama should 'work like a third world dictator'|author=Francis, Marquise|work=[[The Grio]]|publisher=MSNBC|date=December 14, 2012|access-date=June 20, 2013}}</ref>

On February 1, 2013, Belafonte received the [[NAACP]]'s [[Spingarn Medal]], and in the televised ceremony, he counted [[Constance L. Rice]] among those previous recipients of the award whom he regarded highly for speaking up "to remedy the ills of the nation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-ZRo5ws44I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/T-ZRo5ws44I| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=NAACP Image Awards | Harry Belafonte Speaks on Gun Control in Acceptance Speech | Feb 1, 2013 |via=YouTube |date=February 2, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== New York City Pride ===
In 2013, Belafonte was named a Grand Marshal of the New York City Pride Parade, alongside [[Edith Windsor|Edie Windsor]] and Earl Fowlkes.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nycpride.org/uploads/press_releases/2013%20NYC%20Pride%20Grand%20Marshals.pdf|title = NYC Pride Press Release|website =Nycpride.org}}</ref>

===2016 presidential election===
In 2016, Belafonte endorsed Vermont U.S. Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] for the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016|Democratic primaries]], saying: "I think he represents opportunity, I think he represents a moral imperative, I think he represents a certain kind of truth that's not often evidenced in the course of politics".<ref>{{citation|title = Harry Belafonte Endorses Bernie Sanders for President|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NunNrElCRDs|date = February 11, 2016|access-date = February 11, 2016|last = Bernie 2016}}</ref>

Belafonte was an honorary co-chair of the [[2017 Women's March|Women's March on Washington]], which took place on January 21, 2017, the day after the [[inauguration of Donald Trump]] as president.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4641011/gloria-steinem-harry-belafonte-on-activism-trump/|title=Gloria Steinem Harry Belafonte March on Washington VIDEO|last=Aneja|first=Arpita|date=January 21, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref>

=== The Sanders Institute ===
Belafonte was a fellow at [[The Sanders Institute]], which has a mission to "revitalize democracy by actively engaging individuals, organizations and the media in the pursuit of progressive solutions to economic, environmental, racial and social justice issues."<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.sandersinstitute.com/about/fellow/belafonte|title = Harry Belafonte - The Sanders Institute|website =sandersinstitute.com}}</ref>

==Business career==
Harry Belafonte liked and often visited the Caribbean island of [[Bonaire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/tpo-ode-aan-bonaire-een-ongrijpbare-liefde-in-de-caraibische-branding/ |title=Ode aan Bonaire, een ongrijpbare liefde in de Caraïbische branding |website=ThePostOnline via Knipselkrant Curacao|access-date=May 3, 2021|language=nl}}</ref> He and Maurice Neme of [[Oranjestad, Aruba]], formed a joint venture to create a luxurious [[private community]] on Bonaire. On June 3, 1966, the construction of the neighbourhood started which was named [[Belnem]] after Belafonte and Neme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=belnem&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010640638:mpeg21:a0057&resultsidentifier=ddd:010640638:mpeg21:a0057&rowid=3 |title=Belnemproject|website=Amigoe via Delpher.nl|date=April 21, 1981|access-date=May 3, 2021|language=nl}}</ref> The neighbourhood is managed by the Bel-Nem Caribbean Development Corporation. Belafonte and Neme served as its first directors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=belnem&coll=ddd&page=1&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1960-1969%7C1966%7C&identifier=ddd:010462950:mpeg21:a0092&resultsidentifier=ddd:010462950:mpeg21:a0092&rowid=2 |title=Statuten Bel-Nem goedgekeurd|website=Amigoe di Curacao via Delpher.nl|date=June 29, 1966|access-date=May 3, 2021|language=nl}}</ref> In 2017, Belnem was home to 717 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2018/17/bonaire-bevolkingscijfers-per-buurt |title=Bonaire, bevolkingscijfers per buurt|website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|access-date=May 3, 2021|year=2017|language=nl}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Julie Belafonte 1998.jpg|thumb|upright|Second wife Julie Robinson in 1998]]
[[File:HarryPamelaBelafonteApr2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Belafonte with third wife Pamela in April 2011]]
Belafonte and Marguerite Byrd were married from 1948 to 1957. They had two daughters: Adrienne and [[Shari Belafonte]]. They separated when Byrd was pregnant with Shari.<ref name = people39/> Adrienne and her daughter Rachel Blue founded the Anir Foundation / Experience, focused on humanitarian work in southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anirfoundation.org/About_Anir.html |title=Anir Experience |publisher=Anir Foundation| access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> Shari is a photographer, model, singer, and actress and is married to actor [[Sam Behrens]].

In 1953, Belafonte was financially able to move from [[Washington Heights, Manhattan]], "into a white neighborhood in [[Elmhurst, Queens]]."<ref>[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|Gates Jr., Henry Louis]]. [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/08/26/belafontes-balancing-act "Belafonte's Balancing Act"], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', August 26, 1996. Accessed March 19, 2019. "In 1953, enjoying his first real taste of affluence, Belafonte moved from Washington Heights into a white neighborhood in Elmhurst, Queens."</ref>

Belafonte had an affair with actress [[Joan Collins]] during the filming of [[Island in the Sun (film)|''Island in the Sun'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parade.com/211568/erinhill/joan-collins-shares-steamy-details-of-affairs-with-harry-belafonte-and-warren-beatty/|title=Joan Collins Shares Steamy Details of Affairs with Harry Belafonte and Warren Beatty|last=Hill|first=Erin|date=October 14, 2013|website=Parade}}</ref>

On March 8, 1957, Belafonte married his second wife Julie Robinson, a former dancer with the [[Katherine Dunham Company]] who was of [[American Jews|Jewish]] descent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bloom|first=Nate|title=Jewish Stars 11/18 |newspaper=[[Cleveland Jewish News]]|date=November 17, 2011|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/jewish-stars/article_7913ef9e-115a-11e1-a5a7-001cc4c03286.html|quote=His second wife, dancer Julie Robinson, to whom he was married from 1958-2004, is Jewish. They had a daughter Gina, 50, and a son David, 54}}</ref> They had two children, David and Gina. David, the only son of Harry Belafonte, is a former model and actor and is an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]]-winning and Grammy nominated music producer and the executive director of the family-held company Belafonte Enterprises Inc. As a music producer, David has been involved in most of Belafonte's albums and tours and productions. He is married to model and singer [[Malena Belafonte]] who toured with Belafonte. Gina Belafonte is a TV and film actress and worked with her father as coach and producer on more than six films. She now leads Sankofa, a non-profit established by her father to support political activism in the arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=SANKOFA |url=https://sankofa.org |website=sankofa.org |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref>

After 47 years of marriage,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/music/interview-harry-belafonte-singer-1-2321445 |title= Interview: Harry Belafonte, singer |first= James |last= Mottran |date= May 27, 2012 |work= The Scotsman }}</ref> Belafonte and Robinson divorced. In April 2008, Belafonte married photographer Pamela Frank.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/07/us/harry-belafonte-fast-facts/index.html |title=Harry Belafonte Fast Facts |publisher= CNN|date=July 7, 2013 |access-date = December 10, 2013}}</ref>

Belafonte had five grandchildren, Rachel and Brian through his children with Marguerite Byrd, and Maria, Sarafina, and Amadeus through his children with Julie Robinson. In October 1998, Belafonte contributed a letter to [[Liv Ullmann]]'s book ''Letter to My Grandchild''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ullmann|first=Liv|title=Letter to My Grandchild|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|date=October 1998|isbn=0-87113-728-3}}</ref>

===Death===
On April 25, 2023, Belafonte died from [[congestive heart failure]] at his home on the [[Upper West Side]] of [[Manhattan]], at the age of 96.<ref name = Keepnews>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/arts/music/harry-belafonte-dead.html|title = Harry Belafonte, 96, Dies; Barrier-Breaking Singer, Actor and Activist|last = Keepnews|first = Peter|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = April 25, 2023|accessdate = April 25, 2023|url-access = limited}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{further|Harry Belafonte discography}}

Belafonte released 30 studio albums and eight live albums, and achieved critical and commercial success.

==Filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=400px|
* ''[[Bright Road]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Carmen Jones (film)|Carmen Jones]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Island in the Sun (film)|Island in the Sun]]'' (1957)
* ''The Heart of Show Business'' (1957 short)
* ''[[The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959 film)|The World, the Flesh and the Devil]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Odds Against Tomorrow]]'' (1959)
* ''[[King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis]]'' (1970 documentary) (narrator)
* ''[[The Angel Levine]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Buck and the Preacher]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Uptown Saturday Night]]'' (1974)
* ''Fundi: The Story of [[Ella Baker]]'' (1981 documentary)
* ''A veces miro mi vida'' (1982)
* ''Drei Lieder'' (1983 short)
* ''Sag nein'' (1983 documentary)
* ''Der Schönste Traum'' (1984 documentary)
* ''We Shall Overcome'' (1989 documentary) (narrator)
* ''[[The Player (1992 film)|The Player]]'' (1992) (cameo)
* ''[[Prêt-à-Porter (film)|Ready to Wear]]'' (1994) (cameo)
* ''[[Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream]]'' (1995)
* ''[[White Man's Burden (film)|White Man's Burden]]'' (1995)
* ''Jazz '34'' (1996)
* ''[[Kansas City (1996 film)|Kansas City]]'' (1996)
* ''Scandalize My Name: Stories from the Blacklist'' (1998 documentary)
* ''Swing Vote'' (1999 TV movie)
* ''[[Fidel (2001 documentary)|Fidel]]'' (2001 documentary)
* ''XXI Century'' (2003 documentary)
* ''Conakry Kas'' (2003 documentary)
* ''Ladders'' (2004 documentary) (narrator)
* ''Mo & Me'' (2006 documentary)
* ''[[Bobby (2006 film)|Bobby]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Motherland (2010 film)|Motherland]]'' (2009 documentary)
* ''[[Sing Your Song]]'' (2011 documentary)
* ''Hava Nagila: The Movie'' (2013 documentary)
* ''[[BlacKkKlansman]]'' (2018)
* ''The Sit-In: Harry Belafonte hosts the Tonight Show '' (2020 documentary)}}

==Television work==
[[File:After Dark 11th June 1988.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Appearing (second from left) on British television discussion programme ''[[After Dark (TV programme)|After Dark]]'' in 1988]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=400px|
* ''[[Sugar Hill Times]]'' (1949–1950)
* ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' (1953-1964, 10 times)
* ''The Nat King Cole Show'' (1957)
* ''[[The Steve Allen Show]]'' (1958)<ref>[http://www.tv.com/shows/the-steve-allen-show/harry-belafonte-and-the-belafonte-singers-johnny-carson-martha-raye-676944/cast/ Cast] (Harry Belafonte and the Belafonte Singers; Johnny Carson; Martha Raye). ''The Steve Allen Show'' Season 4 Episode 9.</ref>
* ''Tonight With Belafonte'' (1959)
* ''1963 Round Table'' (1963)
* ''The Danny Kaye Show'' (1965)
* ''Petula'' (1968)
* ''[[The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour]]'' (1968)
* ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' (1968)
* ''A World in Music'' (1969)
* ''Harry & Lena, For The Love Of Life'' (1969)
* ''A World in Love'' (1970)
* ''[[The Flip Wilson Show]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Free to Be ... You and Me]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Grambling's White Tiger]]'' (1981)
* ''Don't Stop The Carnival'' (1985)
* ''[[After Dark (TV series)|After Dark]]'' (1988) (extended appearance on political discussion programme, more [[After Dark (TV series)#Harry Belafonte, Denis Worrall and "South Africa"|here]])
* ''[[An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends]]'' (1997)
* ''Swing Vote'' (1999)
* ''[[PB&J Otter]]'' "The Ice Moose" (1999)
* ''[[Tanner on Tanner]]'' (2004)
* ''That's What I'm Talking About'' (2006) (miniseries)
* ''[[When the Levees Broke|When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts]]'' (2006) (miniseries)
* ''Speakeasy'', interviewing [[Carlos Santana]] (2015)<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Grow|first1=Kory|title=Roger Waters, John Mellencamp Choose Interviewers for 'Speakeasy' TV Show|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/roger-waters-john-mellencamp-choose-interviewers-new-speakeasy-tv-show-20150108|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=January 27, 2015|date=January 8, 2015}}</ref>
}}

==Concert videos==
* ''En Gränslös Kväll På Operan'' (1966)
* ''Don't Stop The Carnival'' (1985)
* ''Global Carnival'' (1988)
* ''[[An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends]]'' (1997)

==Stage work==
* ''John Murray Anderson's Almanac'' (1953)
* ''3 for Tonight'' (1955)
* ''Moonbirds'' (1959) (producer)
* ''Belafonte at the Palace'' (1959)
* ''Asinamali!'' (1987) (producer)

==Legacy==
Belafonte celebrated his 93rd birthday on March 1, 2020, at Harlem's [[Apollo Theater]] in a tribute event that concluded "with a thunderous audience singalong" with rapper [[Doug E. Fresh]] to 1956's "Banana Boat Song". Soon after, the New York Public Library's [[Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture]] announced it had acquired Belafonte's vast personal archive - a lifetime's worth of "photographs, recordings, films, letters, artwork, clipping albums," etc.<ref name="Schomburg archive">{{cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=A Great Day-O for Black Culture |issue=Arts pp C1, C3 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 14, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of peace activists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Sharlet |first1= Jeff|year= 2013|title=Voice and Hammer |journal=[[Virginia Quarterly Review]] |issue=Fall 2013 |pages= 24–41|url= http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2013/fall/sharlet-belafonte/|access-date=October 4, 2013}}
* Smith, Judith. ''Becoming Belafonte: Black Artist, Public Radical''. University of Texas Press, 2014. {{ISBN|0292729146}}, {{ISBN|9780292729148}}.
* Wise, James. ''Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. {{ISBN|1557509379}}. {{OCLC|36824724}}.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://snccdigital.org/people/harry-belafonte/ SNCC Digital Gateway: Harry Belafonte], Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
*{{IMDb name}}
*[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/12907%7C66480/Harry-Belafonte Harry Belafonte] at the [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM Movie Database]]
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{iobdb name}}
*{{Discogs artist|Harry Belafonte}}
*{{C-SPAN}}

{{Harry Belafonte}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Harry Belafonte
|list =
{{EmmyAward VarietyPerformance 1959–1973}}
{{Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s}}
{{NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award}}
{{National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s}}
{{2022 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}
{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{TonyAward MusicalFeaturedActor 1947-1975}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one albums 1956–1969}}
}}
{{EGOT winners}}
{{Civil rights movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belafonte, Harry}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American memoirists]]
[[Category:African-American Catholics]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American folk singers]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American musicians of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Martiniquais descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Sephardic-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American socialists]]
[[Category:American world music musicians]]
[[Category:Calypsonians]]
[[Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure]]
[[Category:Donaldson Award winners]]
[[Category:Feminist musicians]]
[[Category:George Washington Educational Campus alumni]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners]]
[[Category:Jubilee Records artists]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York City]]
[[Category:New York (state) socialists]]
[[Category:People from Elmhurst, Queens]]
[[Category:People from Harlem]]
[[Category:People from the Upper West Side]]
[[Category:People from Washington Heights, Manhattan]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:RCA Victor artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]
[[Category:Tony Award winners]]
[[Category:UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]

Sharon Kovacs

2023-01-25T20:51:28Z

Killerkürbis: Undid revision 1135610979 by Nico Voormanns (talk) - no solid souce for this specification

{{short description|Dutch singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sharon Kovacs
| image = Sharon Kovacs 20141002.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|04|15}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.kovacsmusic.com|kovacsmusic.com}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| birth_place = [[Baarlo]], Netherlands
}}
'''Sharon Kovacs''' (born 15 April 1990),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/kovacs_f1|title=Albums by Kovacs: Discography, songs, biography, and listening guide – Rate Your Music|work=rateyourmusic.com}}</ref> known professionally as '''Kovacs''', is a Dutch singer from [[Baarlo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kovacsmusic.com/biography|title=Kovacs|work=Kovacs}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Kovacs - Rock am Ring 2019-2807.jpg|thumb|Sharon Kovacs live at [[Rock am Ring]] 2019.]]
[[File:Kovacs - Rock am Ring 2019-3627.jpg|thumb|Sharon Kovacs live at [[Rock am Ring]] 2019.]]
Kovacs studied at Rock City Institute, a vocational school in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. She graduated in 2013. In 2014 she worked with producer Oscar Holleman to record her first EP ''My Love'', which was partly recorded in Cuba. On 1 June 2014, Dutch radio station [[NPO 3FM]] named her 3FM Serious Talent.<ref>[http://www.3fm.nl/artiest/7928/kovacs/biografie Kovacs biografie], 3FM.nl.</ref> In 2014, she played at various festivals amongst which [[North Sea Jazz Festival|North Sea Jazz]] and [[Lowlands (festival)]]. On October 2 she won the Dutch [[NPO Radio 6]] Soul & Jazz Award in the category 'Best Soul & Jazz Talent'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio6.nl/nieuws/detail/3597/winnaar-radio-6-award-beste-soul-jazz-talent|title=Winnaar Radio 6 Award Beste Soul & Jazz Talent|work=NPO Radio 6 Soul & Jazz}}</ref>

Her first album ''Shades Of Black'' was released on April 2, 2015, after which she started her '' Shades of Black'' club tour and played at various festivals throughout Europe, Turkey and Israel. After ''My Love'' the single ''Diggin''' was another chart success.

On October 29, it was announced that she is the fourth winner of a 2016 [[European Border Breakers Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanborderbreakersawards.eu/en/news/article/ebba-for-kovacs/|title=Article|publisher=}}</ref>

''Sugar Pill'', Kovacs' first new song in two years, was released in June 2017. After the release of her debut album, she immediately started working on her second album, together with producer [[Liam Howe]], who also collaborates with Lana Del Rey, Adele, Marina and the Diamonds and FKA twigs, among others.

Sophomore album ''Cheap Smell'' was released in August 2018, preceded by the singles ''Black Spider'' and ''It's The Weekend''. The album entered the charts in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, where it reached the 7th place.

In 2019 the non-album singles ''Snake Charmer'' (with [[Parov Stelar]]), You Again (written for the German film ''Dem Horizont so nah'') and Crazy (with [[Metropole Orkest|Metropool Orkest]]) were released.

In 2020, Kovacs wrote ''Mata Hari'', which kicked off the fifth edition of the Art Rocks project, challenging musicians to write a song inspired by an artwork from the collections of fifteen different Dutch museums.

The summer single ''Tutti Frutti Tequila'' was released on July 16, 2020, chosen by Holland's NPO Radio 2 as TopSong.

In March 2022, Kovacs released the single ''Not Scared Of Giants'', reportedly a preview of a new album. It was accompanied by an impressive video which was filmed and sung live in one take. It was followed by the singles and videos ''Bang Bang'', ''Fragile'' and ''Goldmine'', all previews of Kovacs' third album ''Child Of Sin'', which was released on January 13, 2023. The album was co-written and produced by Jonathan Quarmby, the house producer of London's RAK Studio, who has previously worked with James Morrison, Mika, Nancy Sinatra and The Pretenders, among others.The title song is a duet with [[Rammstein]] singer [[Till Lindemann]]. In one of Holland's leading newspapers Volkskrant the album received 4 stars and reviewer Pablo Cabenda wrote: "Sharon Kovacs shows just the right sense of drama on Child of Sin". On January 20, 2023, ''Child Of Sin'' entered the Album Top 100 at #5.

==Discography==
'''Studio albums'''
* ''[[Shades of Black (album)|Shades of Black]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Cheap Smell]]'' (2018)
* ''Child of Sin'' (2023)

'''Singles'''
* ''My Love'' EP (2014)
* "The Devil You Know" (2015)
* "Sugar Pill" (2017)
* "Cheap Smell" (2018)
* "Black Spider" (2018)
* "It's the Weekend" featuring [[Gnash (musician)|Gnash]] (2018)
* "Mama & Papa" (2018)
* "Snake Charmer" featuring [[Parov Stelar]] (2019)
* "You Again" (2019)
* "Crazy" featuring [[Metropole Orkest]] (2019)
* "Tutti Frutti Tequila" (2021)
* "Not Scared of Giants" (2022)
* "Bang Bang" (2022)
* "Fragile" (2022)
* "Goldmine" (2022)
* "Child of Sin" featuring [[Till Lindemann]] (2023)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|www.kovacsmusic.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kovacs, Sharon}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch singers]]

{{Netherlands-singer-stub}}

Kevin Durand

2023-01-06T11:28:44Z

Killerkürbis: /* Television */According to IMDb 10 episodes (but not mentioned in the pilot)

{{Short description|Canadian actor (b. 1974)}}
{{About|the Canadian actor|the American basketball player|Kevin Durant}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kevin Durand
| image = Kevin Durand SDCC 2014.jpg
| caption = Durand in July 2014
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thunder Bay, Ontario]], Canada
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sandra Cho |October 1, 2010}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Kevin Serge Durand''' is a Canadian actor. He is best known for portraying Vasiliy Fet in ''[[The Strain (TV series)|The Strain]]'', Joshua in ''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]'', [[Martin Keamy]] in ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'', [[Blob (comics)|Fred J. Dukes / The Blob]] in ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'', [[Barry Burton]] in ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'', [[Gabriel]] in ''[[Legion (2010 film)|Legion]]'', [[Little John]] in ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'', Jeeves Tremor in ''[[Smokin' Aces]]'', and Carlos in ''[[The Butterfly Effect]]''. He received a 2012 Best Supporting Actor [[Genie Award|Genie]] nomination for his portrayal of Lenny Jackson in ''[[Citizen Gangster]]''.

==Early life==
Kevin Serge Durand was born in [[Thunder Bay, Ontario]], the son of Reina (née Perreault) and Serge Durand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailypress.ca/PrintArticle.aspx?e=1075254 |title=Timmins Press |last=nurun.com |website=Timmins Press}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is of [[French Canadians|French-Canadian descent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hab at Heart: Kevin Durand |url=https://www.nhl.com/canadiens/news/hab-at-heart-kevin-durand/c-775049 |website=www.nhl.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Durand's first break came when he was cast in ''[[Mystery, Alaska]]''.<ref name="durand"/> He often portrays characters on both sides of law enforcement, such as Booth in ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]'', sidekick Red in ''[[Wild Hogs]]'', the psychotic [[neo-nazi]] Jeeves Tremor in ''[[Smokin' Aces]]'', the title role in ''Otis E.'', [[Gabriel]] in ''[[Legion (2010 film)|Legion]]'', [[Little John]] in ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'', and the hired thug Tucker in the [[3:10 to Yuma (2007 film)|2007 remake of ''3:10 to Yuma'']].<ref name="durand"/>

Durand appeared opposite [[Hugh Jackman]] in ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' as [[Blob (comics)|Blob]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movieweb.com/kevin-durand-to-play-the-blob-in-wolverine/ |title=Kevin Durand to Play the Blob in Wolverine |work=[[MovieWeb]] |access-date=September 2, 2016}}</ref> and in ''[[Real Steel]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://flix66.com/kevin-durand-reteams-with-hugh-jackman-in-real-steel/|title=Kevin Durand reteams with Hugh Jackman in Real Steel |last=Sturdivant |first=Brad |website=Flix 66 |date=May 7, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, he co-starred in ''[[Citizen Gangster]]'' and [[David Cronenberg]]'s ''[[Cosmopolis (film)|Cosmopolis]]'', and as [[video game]] character Barry Burton in the fifth installment of the ''Resident Evil'' movie franchise, ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.joblo.com/horror-movies/news/more-resident-evil-5-casting-news-kevin-durand-johann-urb-and-oded-fehr |title=More Resident Evil 5 Casting News: Kevin Durand, Johann Urb... And Oded Fehr?! |last=Walkuski |first=Eric |website=[[JoBlo.com]] |date=September 9, 2011}}</ref> In 2013, he appeared in the film ''[[The Mortal Instruments]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118056295 |title=Durand, Maillet join 'Mortal Instruments' |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=6 July 2012}}</ref> He co-starred in Darren Aronofsky's ''[[Noah (2014 film)|Noah]]'' and two mid-2010s [[Atom Egoyan]] films, ''[[Devil's Knot (film)|Devil's Knot]]'' and ''[[The Captive (2014 film)|The Captive]]''.

Durand has played series regulars on shows such as Joshua in ''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]'', Vasiliy Fet in ''[[The Strain (TV series)|The Strain]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/strain-guillermo-del-toro-fx-lost-kevin-durand-446706 |title='Lost' Vet Joins FX Vampire Drama 'The Strain' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> Harbard the Wanderer in ''[[Vikings (2013 TV series)|Vikings]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://collider.com/vikings-season-3-story-details-kevin-durand/ |title=VIKINGS: Season 3 Adds New Cast Members Including Kevin Durand, Morgane Polanski, and Ben Robson |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=June 18, 2014}}</ref> Agent Jay Swopes in the American [[Touching Evil (U.S. TV series)|remake]] of ''[[Touching Evil]],'' as well as guest roles on ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]'', ''[[CSI: Miami]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Without a Trace]]'', ''[[Dead Like Me]]'' and others. He also recurred on the television show ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' as [[Goa'uld characters in Stargate#Zipacna|Lord Zipacna]] and on ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' as [[Martin Keamy]].<ref name="durand">{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-05-27-durand-lost_N.htm |title=For Durand, playing the 'Lost' psychopath can be a blast |last=Deerwester |first=Jayme |website=[[USA Today]] |date=May 27, 2008}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Durand married his longtime girlfriend Sandra Cho on October 1, 2010. They have two daughters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/09/02/kevin-durand-welcomes-daughter-amelie-moon/ |title=Kevin Durand Welcomes Daughter Amélie Moon |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |last=Rayne |first=Naja |date=September 2, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211094212/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/09/02/kevin-durand-welcomes-daughter-amelie-moon/ |archive-date=February 11, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]''
| Bazooka Marksman Joe
|
|-
| ''[[Mystery, Alaska]]''
| 'Tree' Lane
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[K-9: P.I.]]''
| Agent Verner
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''{{sortname|The|Butterfly Effect}}''
| Carlos
|
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed]]''
| Black Knight Ghost
|
|-
| ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]''
| Booth
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Big Momma's House 2]]''
| Oshima
|
|-
| ''[[Smokin' Aces]]''
| Jeeves Tremor
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
| ''[[Wild Hogs]]''
| Red
|
|-
| ''Throwing Stars''
| Reed
|
|-
| ''[[3:10 to Yuma (2007 film)|3:10 to Yuma]]''
| Tucker
|
|-
| ''Stars''
| Carl
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''Greener Mountains''
| Three-toe
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Echo|dab=2008 film}}''
| Walter
|
|-
| ''[[Winged Creatures (film)|Winged Creatures]]''
| Bagman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]''
| [[Blob (comics)|Fred Dukes / The Blob]]
|
|-
| ''Otis E.''
| Otis
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Legion (2010 film)|Legion]]''
| [[Gabriel]]
|
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]''
| [[Little John]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[I Am Number Four (film)|I Am Number Four]]''
| Mogadorian Commander
|
|-
| ''[[Citizen Gangster]]''
| Lenny Jackson
|
|-
| ''[[Real Steel]]''
| Ricky
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
| ''[[Cosmopolis (film)|Cosmopolis]]''
| Torval
|
|-
| ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]''
| [[Barry Burton]]
|
|-
| ''[[A Dark Truth]]''
| Tor
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Devil's Knot (film)|Devil's Knot]]''
| John Mark Byers
|
|-
| ''[[Fruitvale Station]]''
| Officer Caruso
|
|-
| ''[[The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones]]''
| Emil Pangborn
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| ''[[Dark Was the Night (2014 film)|Dark Was the Night]]''
| Paul Shields
|
|-
| ''[[Winter's Tale (film)|Winter's Tale]]''
| Cesar Tan
|
|-
| ''[[Noah (2014 film)|Noah]]''
| Rameel
|
|-
| ''[[The Captive (2014 film)|The Captive]]''
| Mika
|
|-
| ''[[Garm Wars: The Last Druid]]''
| Skellig 58
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tragedy Girls]]''
| Lowell Orson Lehmann
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Bigger (film)|Bigger]]''
| Bill Hauck
|
|-
| ''[[Take Point]]''
| Markus
| Korean film
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Primal (2019 film)|Primal]]''
| Richard Loffler
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Dangerous (2021 film)|Dangerous]]''
| Cole
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes]]''
|
| Filming
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''Exhibit A: Secrets of Forensic Science''
| John Greer
| Episode: "The Frankenstein of Sleep
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Hard Time: Hostage Hotel]]''
| Kenny, Flynn's henchman
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| ''{{sortname|The|Outer Limits|dab=1995 TV series}}''
| Alan
| Episode: "Skin Deep"
|-
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Mr. Mooney
| Episode: "Mars Attacks"
|-
| ''[[Stargate SG-1]]''
| [[Goa'uld characters in Stargate#Zipacna|Lord Zipacna]]
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Beggars and Choosers (TV series)|Beggars and Choosers]]''
| Cliff
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]''
| VX
| 1 episode
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]''
| [[List of Dark Angel characters#Joshua|Joshua]]
| 14 episodes
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]''
| Homeless Bloke on Train
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="3' | 2003
| ''[[Dead Like Me]]''
| Chuck
| Episode: "Sunday Mornings"
|-
| ''[[Tarzan (2003 TV series)|Tarzan]]''
| Gregory Creal{{\}}Trevor Whedon
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| ''Mob Princess''
| Claudio
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="2' | 2004
| ''{{sortname|The|Goodbye Girl}}''
| Earl
| TV film
|-
| ''[[Touching Evil (U.S. TV series)|Touching Evil]]''
| Agent Jay Swopes
| 12 episodes
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Collector|dab=Canadian TV series}}''
| The Devil{{\}}Bus Driver
| Episode: "The Tour Guide"
|-
| ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]''
| Elysian
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Threshold (TV series)|Threshold]]''
| Crewman Sonntag
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Connor Daly
| Episode: "Still Life"
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006
| ''[[Kyle XY]]''
| Police Officer at Party
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Dead Zone|dab=TV series}}''
| Cabot
| Episode: "Panic"
|-
| ''12 Hours to Live''
| John Carl Lowman
| TV film
|-
| ''[[Without a Trace]]''
| Travis Holt
| Episode: "The Damage Done"
|-
| rowspan="2' | 2007
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Mike Newberry
| Episode: "Dangerous Son"
|-
| ''[[Shark (U.S. TV series)|Shark]]''
| Rick Carris
| Episode: "No Holds Barred"
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]''
| [[Martin Keamy]]
| 11 episodes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[American Dad!]]''
| CIA Guy (voice)
| Episode: "Great Space Roaster"
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Republic of Doyle]]''
| Donnie Squires
| Episode: "Streets of St. John's"
|-
| 2014–2017
| ''[[The Strain (TV series)|The Strain]]''
| [[The Strain#Vasiliy Fet|Vasiliy Fet]]
| 41 episodes
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Vikings (2013 TV series)|Vikings]]''
| The Wanderer{{\}}Harbard
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Trial & Error (TV series)|Trial & Error]]''
| Rutger Hiss
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]''
| King Zarkon{{\}}Commander Mar (voice)
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ballers (TV series)|Ballers]]''
| Werner Thompson
| 6 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2' | 2019
| ''[[Swamp Thing (2019 TV series)|Swamp Thing]]''
| [[Floronic Man|Jason Woodrue]]
| 10 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wu Assassins]]''
| James Baxter{{\}}Earth Wu
| Episode: "Legacy"
|-
|2021–2022
| ''[[Locke & Key (TV series)|Locke & Key]]''
|Frederick Gideon
| Recurring role (season 2, 3 episodes); Main role (season 3, 8 episodes)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|243806}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durand, Kevin}}
[[Category:Canadian male film actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male television actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Canadian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thunder Bay]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ontario]]

Talk:Barry Foster (actor)

2022-12-10T08:40:53Z

Killerkürbis: /* Date of birth doubtful */ new section

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|a&e-priority=Low
|a&e-work-group=yes
|listas=Foster, Barry
}}

==Move discussion in progress==
There is a move discussion in progress on [[Talk:Barry Foster#Requested move |Talk:Barry Foster]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you.  —[[User:RM bot|RM bot]] 12:00, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

==Move discussion in progress==
There is a move discussion in progress on [[Talk:Barry Foster (football)#Requested move |Talk:Barry Foster (football)]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you.  —[[User:RM bot|RM bot]] 03:00, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

== Hotel du Lac ==

There's no mention of Barry Foster's role in Anita Brookner's Hotel du Lac which I think is regrettable. [[Special:Contributions/78.148.104.179|78.148.104.179]] ([[User talk:78.148.104.179|talk]]) 19:11, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Date of birth doubtful ==

According to several sources (f.e. "The Telegraph" and "The Guardian") he was born 1931. [[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 08:40, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes

2022-10-13T21:12:47Z

Killerkürbis: /* See also */List of common affixes (for comparison purposes) added

{{Short description|None}}
This is a '''{{nowrap|list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes}}''' used in [[medical terminology]], their meanings, and their [[etymology|etymologies]]. Most of them are [[classical compound|combining forms]] in [[New Latin]] and hence [[international scientific vocabulary]]. There are a few general rules about how they combine. First, [[prefix]]es and [[suffix]]es, most of which are derived from [[ancient Greek]] or [[classical Latin]], have a droppable [[wikt:-o-|-o-]]. As a general rule, this ''-o-'' almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots (e.g. {{wikt-lang|la|arthr-}} + {{lang|la|-o-}} + ''[[wikt:-logy|-logy]]'' = ''[[wikt:arthrology|arthrology]]''), but generally, the ''-o-'' is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem (e.g. {{lang|la|arthr-}} + ''[[wikt:-itis|-itis]]'' = ''[[wikt:arthritis|arthritis]]'', instead of ''{{not a typo|arthr-o-itis}}''). Second, medical roots generally go together according to language, i.e., Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages, it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots.

{{Compact TOC |j=[[#J–K|J–K]] |k= |q=[[#Q–R|Q–R]] |r= |x=[[#X–Z|X–Z]] |y=|z= |custom1= Roots of the body |custom2= Roots of color |custom3= Roots of description |custom4= Roots of position |custom5= Prefixes of quantity or amount |seealso= yes}}

==Prefixes and suffixes==
The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meanings, origins, and English examples.

===A===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|a-}}''', '''{{nowrap|an-}}'''
| not, without ([[alpha privative]])
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀ-|ἀ-/ἀν-}} ({{grc-transl|ἀ-/ἀν-}}), not, without
| [[analgesic]], [[apathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ab-}}'''
| from; away from
| Latin
| [[Abduction (kinesiology)|abduction]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|abdomin-}}'''
| of or relating to the [[abdomen]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|abdomen|abdōmen}}, abdomen, fat around the belly
| [[abdomen]], abdominal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ac}}'''
| pertaining to; one afflicted with
| Greek {{lang|grc|-ακός}} ({{grc-transl|-ακός}})
| [[cardiac]], [[wikt:celiac|celiac]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|acanth-}}'''
| [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorn or spine]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄκανθα}} ({{grc-transl|ἄκανθα}}), thorn
| acanthion, [[acanthocyte]], [[acanthoma]], [[acanthulus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|acou-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|a)kou/w|ἀκούω}}</ref>
| of or relating to [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀκούω|ἀκούειν}} ({{grc-transl|ἀκούειν}}), {{lang|grc|ἀκουστικός}} ({{grc-transl|ἀκουστικός}}), of or for hearing
| [[acoumeter]], [[acoustician]], [[hyperacusis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|acr-}}'''
| extremity, topmost
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄκρον}} ({{grc-transl|ἄκρον}}), highest or farthest point
| [[acrocrany]], [[acromegaly]], [[acroosteolysis]], [[acroposthia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-acusis}}'''
| hearing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀκουστικός}} ({{grc-transl|ἀκουστικός}}), of or for hearing
| [[paracusis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ad}}'''
| toward, in the direction of
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ad}}, toward, to
| [[wikt:dorsad|dorsad]], [[wikt:ventrad|ventrad]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ad-}}'''
| at, increase, on, toward
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ad-}}, to
| [[adduction]], addition
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aden-}}'''
| of or relating to a [[gland]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀδήν, ἀδέν-}}, ({{grc-transl|ἀδήν, ἀδέν-}}), an acorn; a [[gland]]
| [[adenocarcinoma]], [[adenology]], [[adenotome]], [[adenotyphus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|adip-}}'''
| of or relating to [[fat]] or fatty tissue
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|adeps}}, {{lang|la|adip-}}, fat
| [[adipocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|adren-}}'''
| of or relating to the [[adrenal gland]]s
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ad}} + {{wikt-lang|la|ren|rēnēs}}, kidneys
| [[adrenal artery]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-aemia}}''', '''{{nowrap|ema}}''', '''{{nowrap|hemat}}''' ([[British English|BrE]])
| [[blood]] condition
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀναιμία}} ({{grc-transl|ἀναιμία}}), without blood
| [[anaemia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aer(o)-}}'''
| air, gas
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀήρ}}, ἀέρος ({{grc-transl|ἀήρ, ἀέρος}})
| [[aerosinusitis]], aerodynamics
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aesthesi-}}''' ([[British English|BrE]])
| sensation
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἴσθησις}} ({{grc-transl|αἴσθησις}})
| [[anaesthesia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-al}}'''
| pertaining to
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-alis}}
| [[Human abdomen|abdominal]], femoral
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|alb-}}'''
| denoting a white or pale color
| Latin ''[[wikt:albus#Latin|albus]]'', white
| [[albino]], [[tunica albica]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|alge(si)-}}'''
| [[pain]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄλγος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄλγος}})
| [[analgesic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-algia|-algia]]}}''', '''{{nowrap|alg(i)o-}}'''
| pain
| Greek
| [[myalgia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|all-}}'''
| denoting something as different, or as an addition
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄλλος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄλλος}}), another, other
| [[alloantigen]], [[allopathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ambi-}}'''
| denoting something as positioned on both sides; describing both of two
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ambi-}}, {{wikt-lang|la|ambo}}, both, on both sides
| [[ambidextrous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:amnio-|amnio-]]}}'''
| Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄμνιον}} ({{grc-transl|ἄμνιον}})
| [[amniocentesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|amph(i)-}}''',
| on both sides
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀμφί}} ({{grc-transl|ἀμφί}})
| [[amphicrania]], [[amphismela]], [[amphomycin]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|amylo-}}'''
| starchy, carbohydrate-related
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|amylum}} (starch)
| [[amylase]], [[amylophagia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|an-}}'''
| not, without ([[alpha privative]])
| Greek
| [[analgesia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:ana-|ana-]]}}'''
| back, again, up
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνα-}} ({{grc-transl|ἀνα-}})
| [[anaplasia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|an-}}'''
| [[anus]]
| Latin
| anal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|andr-}}'''
| pertaining to a [[man]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνήρ}}, {{lang|grc|ἀνδρ-}} ({{grc-transl|ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ-}}), male
| [[Android (robot)|android]], [[andrology]], [[androgen]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|angi-}}'''
| [[blood vessel]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγγεῖον}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγγεῖον}})
| [[angiogram]], [[angioplasty]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aniso-}}'''
| describing something as unequal
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνῑσος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄνῑσος}}), unequal
| [[anisocytosis]], [[anisotropic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ankyl-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ancyl-}}'''
| denoting something as crooked or bent
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγκύλος}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγκύλος}}), crooked, curved
| [[ankylosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ante-}}'''
| describing something as positioned in front of another thing
| Latin {{wikt-lang|grc|ante|āntē}}, before, in front of
| [[antepartum]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|anthropo-}}'''
| human
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|άνθρωπος}} ({{grc-transl|άνθρωπος}}), human
| [[anthropology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|anti-}}'''
| describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αντι}} ({{grc-transl|αντι}}), against
| [[antibody]], [[antipsychotic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|apo-}}'''
| away, separated from, derived from
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀπό}} ({{grc-transl|ἀπό}})
| [[apoptosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|archi-}}'''
| first, primitive
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀρχι-}} ({{grc-transl|ἀρχι-}})
| archinephron
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|arsen(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to a male; masculine
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αρσενικός}} ({{grc-transl|αρσενικός}})
| arsenoblast
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|arteri(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to an [[artery]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀρτηρία}} ({{grc-transl|ἀρτηρία}}), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein)
| [[arteriole]], [[artery]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|arthr-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the joints, limbs
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄρθρον}} ({{grc-transl|ἄρθρον}}), a joint, limb
| [[arthritis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|articul-}}'''
| joint
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|articulus}}
| [[Articulation (anatomy)|Articulation]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ary}}'''
| pertaining to
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-arius}}
| [[biliary tract]], coronary
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ase}}'''
| [[enzyme]]
| from Greek {{lang|grc|διάστασις}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|δια-}} ({{grc-transl|δια-}}, part, apart) + {{wikt-lang|grc|στάσις}} ({{grc-transl|στάσις}}, stand)), division
| [[Lactase]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-asthenia}}'''
| [[muscle weakness|weakness]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀσθένεια}} ({{grc-transl|ἀσθένεια}})
| [[Myasthenia gravis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|atel(o)-}}'''
| imperfect or incomplete development
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀτελής}} ({{grc-transl|ἀτελής}}), without end, incomplete
| [[atelocardia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ather-}}'''
| fatty deposit, soft gruel-like deposit
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀθάρη}} ({{grc-transl|ἀθάρη}})
| [[Atherosclerosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ation}}'''
| process
| Latin
| [[medication]], civilization
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|atri-}}'''
| an atrium (esp. heart atrium)
| Latin
| [[Atrium (heart)|atrioventricular]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aur-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the ear
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|auris}}, the ear
| [[Aural]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aut-}}'''
| self
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αὐτός}}, αὐτο- ({{grc-transl|αὐτός, αὐτο-}})
| [[Autoimmune]], autograph, autobiography, automobile, automatic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|aux(o)-}}'''
| increase; growth
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αὐξάνω}}, αὔξω ({{grc-transl|αὐξάνω, αὔξω}})
| Auxocardia: enlargement of the heart, [[auxology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|axill-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix)
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|axilla}}, armpit
| [[Axilla]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|azo(to)-}}'''
| nitrogenous compound
| French {{wikt-lang|fr|azote}}, nitrogen; from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|άζωτικός}} ({{grc-transl|άζωτικός}}) {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀ-}} ({{grc-transl|ἀ-}}, no, without) + {{wikt-lang|grc|ζωή}} ({{grc-transl|ζωή}}, life)), mephitic air
| azothermia: raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood
|}

===B===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bacillus}}'''
| rod-shaped
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|baculus}}, stick
| ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bacteri-}}'''
| Pertaining to [[bacteria]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bacterium}}; Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βακτήριον}} ({{grc-transl|βακτήριον}}), small staff
| [[bacteriophage]], [[bactericide]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|balan-}}'''
| of the [[glans penis]] or [[glans clitoridis]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βάλανος}} ({{grc-transl|βάλανος}}), acorn, glans
| [[balanitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bas-}}'''
| of or pertaining to base
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βάσις}} ({{grc-transl|βάσις}}), foundation, base
| basolateral
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bi-}}'''
| twice, double
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bi-}}
| binary vision, bicycle, bisexual
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bio-}}'''
| life
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βίος}} ({{grc-transl|βίος}})
| [[biology]], biological
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|blast-}}'''
| [[germinate]] or bud
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βλαστός}} ({{grc-transl|βλαστός}})
| [[blastomere]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|blephar(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the eyelid
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βλέφαρον}} ({{grc-transl|βλέφαρον}}), eyelid
| [[blepharoplasty]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|brachi(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to the arm
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bracchium}}, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βραχίων}} ({{grc-transl|βραχίων}}), arm
| [[brachium of inferior colliculus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|brachy-}}'''
| indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little'
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βραχύς}} ({{grc-transl|βραχύς}}), short, little, shallow
| [[brachycephalic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|brady-}}'''
| slow
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βραδύς}} ({{grc-transl|βραδύς}}), slow
| [[bradycardia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bronch(i)-}}'''
| of or relating to the [[bronchus]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bronchus}}; Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βρόγχος}} ({{grc-transl|βρόγχος}}), windpipe
| [[bronchitis]], [[bronchiolitis obliterans]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bucc(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[cheek]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bucca}}, cheek
| buccolabial
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|burs(o)-}}'''
| [[Bursa (anatomy)|bursa]] (fluid sac between the bones)
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bursa}}, purse; Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|βύρσα}} ({{grc-transl|βύρσα}}), hide, wine-skin
| [[Synovial bursa|bursa]], [[bursitis]]
|}

=== C===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|capill-}}'''
| of or pertaining to hair
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|capillus}}, hair
| [[capillus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|capit-}}'''
| pertaining to the head as a whole
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|caput}}, {{lang|la|capit-}}, the head
| [[Capitation (healthcare)|capitation]], decapitation
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|carcin-}}'''
| [[cancer]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|καρκίνος}} ({{grc-transl|καρκίνος}}), crab
| [[carcinoma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cardi-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[heart]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|καρδία}} ({{grc-transl|καρδία}}), heart
| [[cardiology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|carp-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[wrist]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|carpus}} < Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|καρπός}} ({{grc-transl|καρπός}}), wrist; NOTE: This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit.
| carpal, [[carpopedal spasm]], metacarpal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cata-}}'''
| down, under
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κατά}} ({{grc-transl|κατά}})
| [[catabolism]], catacombs, [[cataract]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-cele}}'''
| pouching, [[hernia]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κήλη}} ({{grc-transl|κήλη}})
| [[Hydrocele]], [[Varicocele]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-centesis}}'''
| surgical puncture for [[Needle aspiration biopsy|aspiration]]
| Greek κέντησις ({{grc-transl|κέντησις}})
| [[amniocentesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cephal(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the head (as a whole)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κεφαλή}} ({{grc-transl|κεφαλή}}), the head
| [[cephalalgy]], [[hydrocephalus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cerat(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[cornu (horn)|cornu]]; a horn
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κέρας}}, {{lang|grc|κερατ-}} ({{grc-transl|κέρας, κερατ-}}), a horn
| [[wikt:Ceratoid|ceratoid]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cerebell(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[cerebellum]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cerebellum}}, little brain
| [[cerebellum]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cerebr(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[brain]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cerebrum}}, brain
| cerebrology
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cervic-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[neck]] or the [[cervix]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cervix}}, {{lang|la|cervīc-}}), neck, cervix
| cervical vertebrae, cervicodorsal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cheil-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the lips
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χεῖλος}} ({{grc-transl|χεῖλος}}), lip, mouth, beak
| [[angular cheilitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chem(o)-}}'''
| chemistry, drug
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χημεία}} ({{grc-transl|χημεία}})
| chemical, chemistry, [[chemotherapy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chir-}}''', '''{{nowrap|cheir-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the hand
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χείρ}}, {{lang|grc|χειρο-}} ({{grc-transl|χείρ, χειρο-}}), hand
| [[chiropractor]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chlor-}}'''
| denoting a green color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χλωρός}} ({{grc-transl|χλωρός}}), green, yellow-green
| [[chlorophyll]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chol(e)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to [[bile]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χολή}} ({{grc-transl|χολή}}), bile
| [[Cholemia|cholaemia]] (UK) / [[cholemia]] (US), [[cholecystitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cholecyst(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[gallbladder]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χοληκύστις}} ({{grc-transl|χοληκύστις}}), gallbladder < {{wikt-lang|grc|χολή}} ({{grc-transl|χολή}}), bile, gall + {{wikt-lang|grc|κύστις}} ({{grc-transl|κύστις}}), bladder
| [[cholecystectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chondr(i)o-}}'''
| cartilage, gristle, granule, granular
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χονδρός}} ({{grc-transl|grc|χονδρός}})
| [[chondrocalcinosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|chrom(ato)-}}'''
| color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χρῶμα}} ({{grc-transl|χρῶμα}})
| [[hemochromatosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-cidal}}''', '''{{nowrap|-cide}}'''
| killing, destroying
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-cida|-cīda}}, cutter, killer
| [[bacteriocidal]], suicide, suicidal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cili-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[cilia]], the eyelashes; eyelids
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cilium}}, eyelash; eyelid
| [[Eyelash|ciliary]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|circum-}}'''
| denoting something as 'around' another
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|circum}}, around
| [[circumcision]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cis-}}'''
| on this side
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cis}}
| [[cisgender]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-clast}}'''
| break
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κλαστός}} ({{grc-transl|κλαστός}}), broken
| [[osteoclast]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|clostr-}}'''
| spindle
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κλωστήρ}} ({{grc-transl|κλωστήρ}}), spindle, thread
| ''[[Clostridium]]''
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|co-}}'''
| with, together, in association
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|co-}}
| [[coenzymes]], co-organization
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-coccus}}''', '''{{nowrap|‑coccal}}'''
| round, spherical
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κόκκος}} ({{grc-transl|κόκκος}}), berry, seed
| ''[[Streptococcus]]''
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|col-}}''', '''{{nowrap|colo-}}''', '''{{nowrap|colono-}}'''
| [[colon (anatomy)|colon]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κόλον}} ({{grc-transl|κόλον}})
| [[colonoscopy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|colp-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the vagina
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κόλπος}} ({{grc-transl|κόλπος}}), bosom, womb; hollow, depth
| [[colposcopy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|com-}}'''
| with, together
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cum}}
| communicate
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|contra-}}'''
| against
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|contra|contrā}}
| [[contraindication]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cor-}}'''
| with, together
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cor-}}
| corrective
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cor-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the eye's [[pupil (anatomy)|pupil]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κόρη}} ({{grc-transl|κόρη}}), girl, doll; pupil of the eye
| [[corectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cord(i)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the heart (''uncommon as a prefix'')
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cor}}, heart
| [[commotio cordis]],
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cornu-}}'''
| applied to describing processes and parts of the body as likened or similar to horns
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cornū}}, horn
| [[greater cornu]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|coron-}}'''
| pertaining to the [[heart]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|corona|corōna}}
| [[coronary heart disease]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cortic-}}'''
| cortex, outer region
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cortex}}, bark of a tree
| [[corticosteroid]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cost-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[ribs]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|costa}}, rib
| [[costochondral]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cox-}}'''
| of or relating to the [[hip]], haunch, or hip-joint
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|coxa}}, hip
| [[coxopodite]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|crani(o)-}}'''
| belonging or relating to the [[Human cranium|cranium]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cranium}}, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κρᾱνίον}} ({{grc-transl|κρᾱνίον}}), cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain
| [[craniology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-crine}}''', '''{{nowrap|crin(o)-}}'''
| to secrete
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κρίνω}} ({{grc-transl|κρίνω}}), separate, divide, discern
| [[endocrine]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cry(o)-}}'''
| cold
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κρύος}} ({{grc-transl|κρύος}}), cold, frost
| [[cryoablation]], cryogenic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cutane-}}'''
| skin
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cutis}}
| [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cyan(o)-}}'''
| having a blue color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κύανος}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|κυάνεος}} ({{grc-transl|κύανος, κυάνεος}}, blue, of the color blue)
| [[cyanopsia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cycl-}}'''
| circle, cycle
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κύκλος}} ({{grc-transl|κύκλος}})
| [[cyclosis]], cyclops, tricycle
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cyph(o)-}}'''
| denotes something as bent (''uncommon as a prefix'')
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κυφός}} ({{grc-transl|κυφός}}), bent, hunchback
| [[cyphosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cyst(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|cyst(i)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[urinary bladder]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κύστις}} ({{grc-transl|κύστις}}), bladder, cyst
| [[cystotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cyt(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-cyte}}'''
| [[cell (biology)|cell]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κύτος}} ({{grc-transl|κύτος}}), a hollow, vessel
| [[cytokine]], [[leukocyte]], [[cytoplasm]]
|}

===D===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dacry(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to [[tears]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δάκρυ}}, tear
| [[dacryoadenitis]], [[dacryocystitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-dactyl(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to a finger, toe
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δάκτυλος}} ({{grc-transl|δάκτυλος}}), finger, toe
| [[dactylology]], [[polydactyly]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|de-}}'''
| from, down, or away from
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|de-}}
| [[dehydrate]], demonetize, demotion
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dent-}}'''
| of or pertaining to teeth
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dens|dens}}, {{lang|la|dentis}}, tooth
| [[dentist]], dental
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dermat(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|derm(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the skin
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δέρμα|δέρμα, δέρματος}} ({{grc-transl|δέρμα, δέρματος}}), skin, human skin
| [[dermatology]], epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-desis}}'''
| binding
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δέσις}} ({{grc-transl|δέσις}})
| [[arthrodesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dextr(o)-}}'''
| right, on the right side
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dexter}}
| [[dextrocardia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|di-}}'''
| two
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δι-}}
| [[diplopia]],
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|di-}}'''
| apart, separation
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dis-}}
| dilation, distal, dilute
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dia-}}'''
| through, during, across
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|διά}} ({{grc-transl|διά}}), through, during, across
| [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dif-}}'''
| apart, separation
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dif-}}
| different
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|digit-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the finger ''[rare as a root]''
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|digitus}}, finger, toe
| [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|diplo-}}'''
| twofold
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|διπλόος}} ({{grc-transl|διπλόος}})
| [[diploid]], diplosis
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-dipsia}}'''
| (condition of) thirst
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δίψα}} ({{grc-transl|δίψα}})
| [[dipsomania]], [[hydroadipsia]], [[oligodipsia]], [[polydipsia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dis-}}'''
| separation, taking apart
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dis-}}
| [[dissection]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dors(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|dors(i)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the back
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|dorsum}}, back
| [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]], [[dorsocephalad]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dromo-}}'''
| running, conduction, course
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δρόμος}} ({{grc-transl|δρόμος}})
| [[dromotropic]], [[syndrome]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|duodeno-}}'''
| twelve
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|duodeni}}
| [[duodenal atresia]], [[duodenum]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dura-}}'''
| hard
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|durus}}
| [[dura mater]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dynam(o)-}}'''
| force, energy, power
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δύναμις}} ({{grc-transl|δύναμις}})
| hand strength dynamometer, dynamics
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-odynia|-dynia]]}}'''
| pain
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀδύνη}} ({{grc-transl|ὀδύνη}})
| [[vulvodynia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dys-}}'''
| bad, difficult, defective, abnormal
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|δυσ-}} ({{grc-transl|δυσ-}})
| [[dysentery]], [[dysphagia]], [[dysphasia]]
|}

===E===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-eal}}''' (see [[#-al|-al]])
| pertaining to
| English [[wikt:-al|-al]], from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-ālis}}
| adenohypophyseal, [[corneal]], [[esophagus|esophageal]], [[Perineum|perineal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ec-}}'''
| out, away
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐκ}} ({{grc-transl|ἐκ}}), out of, from
| [[Ectopia (medicine)|ectopia]], [[ectopic pregnancy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|{{not a typo|ect(o)-}}}}'''
| outer, outside
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐκτός}} ({{grc-transl|ἐκτός}})
| [[ectoblast]], [[ectoderm]], ectoplasm
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ectasia}}''', '''{{nowrap|-ectasis}}'''
| expansion, [[wikt:dilation|dilation]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔκτασις}} ({{grc-transl|ἔκτασις}})
| [[bronchiectasis]], [[telangiectasia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ectomy}}'''
| denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐκτομή}} ({{grc-transl|ἐκτομή}}), excision
| [[mastectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-emesis}}'''
| [[vomiting]] condition
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἕμεσις}} ({{grc-transl|ἕμεσις}})
| [[hematemesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-emia}}'''
| [[blood]] condition (Am. Engl.)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἷμα}} ({{grc-transl|αἷμα}}), "blood"
| [[anemia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|encephal(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the brain; see also ''[[#cerebro-|cerebro-]]''
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐγκέφαλος}} ({{grc-transl|ἐγκέφαλος}}), the brain
| [[encephalogram]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|endo-}}'''
| denotes something as inside or within
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔνδον}} ({{grc-transl|ἔνδον}}), inside, internal
| [[endocrinology]], [[endospore]], endoskeleton
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[eosin]](o)-}}'''
| having a red color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἠώς}} ({{grc-transl|ἠώς}}), dawn, daybreak, morning red, goddess of the dawn ({{wikt-lang|grc|Ἠώς}}, {{grc-transl|Ἠώς}})
| [[eosinophil granulocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|enter(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the intestine
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔντερον}} ({{grc-transl|ἔντερον}}), intestine
| [[gastroenterology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|epi-}}'''
| on, upon
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐπι-}} ({{grc-transl|ἐπι-}}), before, upon, on, outside, outside of
| [[epicardium]], [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]], [[epidural]], [[episclera]], [[epistaxis]], epidemic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|episi(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐπίσιον}} ({{grc-transl|ἐπίσιον}}), the pubic area, loins; vulva
| [[episiotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|erythr(o)-}}'''
| having a red color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐρυθρός}} ({{grc-transl|ἐρυθρός}}), red
| [[erythrocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-esophageal}}''', '''{{nowrap|-esophago-}}'''
| gullet ([[American English|AmE]])
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|οἰσοφάγος}} ({{grc-transl|οἰσοφάγος}})
| [[esophagus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|esthesio-}}'''
| sensation ([[American English|AmE]])
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἴσθησις}} ({{grc-transl|αἴσθησις}}), to perceive
| [[esthesioneuroblastoma]], [[esthesia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|eu-}}'''
| true, good, well, new
| {{wikt-lang|grc|εὖ}} ({{grc-transl|εὖ}})
| [[eukaryote]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ex-}}'''
| out of, away from
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ex-}}
| [[Surgery|excision]], except
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|exo-}}'''
| denotes something as "outside" another
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔξω}} ({{grc-transl|ἔξω}}), outside of, external
| [[exophthalmos]], [[exoskeleton]], exoplanet
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|extra-}}'''
| outside
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|extra}}, outside of, beyond
| [[extradural hematoma]] extraordinary, extreme
|}

=== F===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|faci-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the face
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|faciēs|faciēs}}, the face, countenance
| [[facioplegic]], facial
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|fibr-}}'''
| fiber
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|fibra}}, fiber, filament, entrails<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=fibra&la=la|title=Latin Word Study Tool|work=Tufts.edu|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>
| fibril, [[fibrin]], [[fibrinous pericarditis]], [[fibroblast]], fibrosis
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|fil-}}'''
| fine, hair-like
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|filum|fīlum}}, thread
| [[filament, filum terminale]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|foramen}}'''
| hole, opening, or aperture, particularly in bone
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|foramen|forāmen}}
| [[foramen magnum]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-form}}'''
| used to form adjectives indicating "having the form of"
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|forma|fōrma}}, form, shape
| cruciform, [[cuneiform]], falciform
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|fore-}}'''
| before or ahead
| Old English {{wikt-lang|ang|fore-|fōr(e)-}}, before, in front of
| [[foregut]], foreshadow
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|fossa}}'''
| a hollow or depressed area; a trench or channel
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|fossa}}, ditch, pit
| [[fossa ovalis (thigh)|fossa ovalis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|front-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the forehead
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|frons|frōns}}, {{lang|la|front-}}, the forehead
| [[frontonasal]]
|}

===G===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|galact-}}'''
| milk
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γάλα}}, {{lang|grc|γαλακτ-}} ({{grc-transl|γάλα, γαλακτ-}})
| [[galactorrhea]], [[galaxy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gastr-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the stomach
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γαστήρ}}, {{lang|grc|γαστρ-}} ({{grc-transl|γαστήρ, γαστρ-}}), stomach, belly
| [[gastroenterology]], [[gastropod]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-gen}}'''
| *born in, from
* of a certain kind
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-γενής}} ({{grc-transl|-γενής}}), from {{lang|grc|γεν-νάειν}} ({{grc-transl|γεν-νάειν}}), to be born
| *[[endogen]]
* [[heterogenous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-genic}}'''
| formative; pertaining to producing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-γενής}} ({{grc-transl|-γενής}})
| [[cardiogenic shock]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|genu-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the knee
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|genu|genū}}, knee
| [[genu valgum]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-geusia}}'''
| taste
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γεῦσις}} ({{grc-transl|γεῦσις}})
| [[ageusia]], [[dysgeusia]], [[hypergeusia]], [[hypogeusia]], [[parageusia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gingiv-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[gums]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|gingīva}}, gum
| [[gingivitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|glauc(o)-}}'''
| Having a grey or bluish-grey colour
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γλαυκός}} ({{grc-transl|γλαυκός}}), grey, bluish-grey
| [[glaucoma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gloss(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|glott(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[tongue]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γλῶσσα}}, {{lang|grc|γλῶττα}} ({{grc-transl|γλῶσσα, γλῶττα}}), tongue
| [[glossology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gluco-}}'''
| sweet
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γλυκύς}} ({{grc-transl|γλυκύς}}), sweet
| [[glucocorticoid]], glucose
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|glyc-}}'''
| [[sugar]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γλυκύς}} ({{grc-transl|γλυκύς}}), sweet
| [[glycolysis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gnath-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the jaw
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γνάθος}} ({{grc-transl|γνάθος}}), jaw
| [[gnathodynamometer]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-gnosis}}'''
| knowledge
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γνῶσις}} ({{grc-transl|γνῶσις}}), inquiry, knowledge
| [[diagnosis]], [[prognosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gon-}}'''
| seed, [[semen]]; reproductive
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γόνος}} ({{grc-transl|γόνος}}), fruit, seed, procreating
| [[gonorrhea]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-gram}}''', '''{{nowrap|-gramme}}'''
| record or picture
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γράμμα}} ({{grc-transl|γράμμα}}), picture, letter, writing
| [[angiogram]], gramophone
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-graph}}'''
| instrument used to record data or picture
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-γραφία}} ({{grc-transl|-γραφία}}), written, drawn, graphic interpretation
| [[electrocardiograph]], [[seismograph]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-graphy|-graphy]]}}'''
| process of recording
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-γραφία}} ({{grc-transl|-γραφία}}), written, drawn, graphic interpretation
| [[angiography]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|gyno-}}''', '''{{nowrap|gynaeco-}}''' ([[British English|BrE]]), '''{{nowrap|gyneco-}}''' ([[American English|AmE]])
| woman
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|γυνή}}, {{lang|grc|γυναικ|γυναικ-}} ({{grc-transl|γυνή, γυναικ}})
| [[gynaecology]], [[gynecomastia]], [[gynoecium]]
|}

===H===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|halluc-}}'''
| to wander in mind
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|alucinor|ālūcinor}}, to wander in mind
| [[hallucinosis]], hallucination
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hem(at)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|haem(ato)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to [[blood]]
| Latin {{lang|la|hæma}}{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἷμα}}, {{lang|grc|αἱματ-}} ({{grc-transl|grc|αἷμα, αἱματ-}}), blood
| [[hematology]], older form [[haematology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hema-}}''', '''{{nowrap|hemo-}}'''
| blood ([[American English|AmE]])
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἷμα}}, ({{grc-transl|grc|αἷμα}}), blood
| hemal, [[hemoglobin]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hemangi(o)-}}'''
| blood vessels
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|αἷμα}}, ({{grc-transl|grc|αἷμα}}), blood, + {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγγεῖον}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγγεῖον}}), vessel, urn
| [[hemangioma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hemi-}}'''
| one-half
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἡμι-}} ({{grc-transl|ἡμι-}}), half
| [[cerebral hemisphere]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hepat-}}''', '''{{nowrap|hepatic-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the liver
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἧπαρ}}, {{lang|grc|ἠπᾰτ-}} ({{grc-transl|ἧπαρ, ἠπᾰτ-}}), the liver
| [[hepatology]], [[hepatitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|heter(o)-}}'''
| denotes something as "the other" (of two), as an addition, or different
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἕτερος}} ({{grc-transl|ἕτερος}}), the other (of two), another; different
| [[heterogeneous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hidr(o)-}}'''
| [[sweat]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἱδρώς}}, {{lang|grc|ἱδρωτ-}} ({{grc-transl|ἱδρώς, ἱδρωτ-}}), sweat, perspiration
| [[hyperhidrosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hist(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|histio-}}'''
| [[biological tissue|tissue]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἱστός}} ({{grc-transl|ἱστός}}), web, tissue
| [[histology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|home(o)-}}'''
| similar
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὅμοιος}} ({{grc-transl|homoios}}), like, resembling, similar
| [[homeopathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hom(o)-}}'''
| denotes something as "the same" as another or common
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὁμός}} ({{grc-transl|ὁμός}}), the same, common
| [[homosexuality]], [[homozygote]], homophobic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|{{not a typo|humer(o)-}}}}'''
| of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm)
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|umerus}}, shoulder
| [[humerus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hydr(o)-}}'''
| water
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὕδωρ}} ({{grc-transl|ὕδωρ}}), water
| [[hydrophobe]], hydrogen
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hyper-}}'''
| extreme or beyond normal
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑπέρ}} ({{grc-transl|ὑπέρ}}), over, above; beyond, to the extreme
| [[hypertension]], [[hypertrichosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hyp(o)-}}'''
| below normal
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑπό}}, {{lang|grc|ὑπο-}} ({{grc-transl|ὑπό}}), below, under
| [[hypovolemia]], [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hyster(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the womb or the [[uterus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑστέρα}} ({{grc-transl|ὑστέρα}}), womb
| [[hysterectomy]], [[hysteria]]
|}

===I===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-iasis}}'''
| condition, formation, or presence of
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-iasis}}, pathological condition or process; from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴασις}} ({{grc-transl|ἴασις}}), cure, repair, mend
| [[mydriasis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|iatr(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to medicine or a physician (''uncommon as a prefix but common as a suffix; see [[#-iatry|-iatry]])
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἰατρός}} ({{grc-transl|ἰατρός}}), healer, physician
| [[iatrochemistry]], [[iatrogenesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|{{vanchor|-iatry}}}}'''
| denotes a field in medicine emphasizing a certain body component
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἰατρός}} ({{grc-transl|ἰατρός}}), healer, physician
| [[podiatry]], [[psychiatry]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ic}}'''
| pertaining to
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ικός}} ({{grc-transl|-ικός}})
| [[hepatic artery]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ics}}'''
| organized knowledge, treatment
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-icus}}, collection of related things, theme; cognate with Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ικός}} ({{grc-transl|ικός}}), of, pertaining to
| [[obstetrics]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|idio-}}'''
| self, one's own
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴδιος}} ({{grc-transl|ἴδιος}}), one's own
| [[idiopathic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ileo-}}'''
| [[ileum]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|εἰλεός}} ({{grc-transl|εἰλεός}}), to shut in, intestinal obstruction
| [[ileocecal valve]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|infra-}}'''
| below
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|infra|īnfrā}}, below
| [[infrahyoid muscles]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|inter-}}'''
| between, among
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|inter}}
| [[interarticular ligament]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|intra-}}'''
| within
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|intra|intrā}}
| [[intramural]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ipsi-}}'''
| same
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ipsi-}}
| [[ipsilateral]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|irid(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[iris (eye)|iris]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|iris|īrīs}}, rainbow; from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἶρις}} ({{grc-transl|ἶρις}}), rainbow
| [[iridectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|isch-}}'''
| restriction
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴσχω}} ({{grc-transl|ἴσχω}}), hold back, restrain
| [[ischemia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ischio-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[ischium]], the hip-joint
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἰσχίον}} ({{grc-transl|ἰσχίον}}), hip-joint, ischium
| [[ischioanal fossa]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-ine|-ine]]}}'''
| of or pertaining to
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-īnus}}, of or pertaining to; cognate with Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ινος}}, added to form adjectives relating to material, time, and so on
| [[morphine]], masculine/{{wbr}}feminine
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-ism|-ism]]}}'''
| condition, disease
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ισμός}} ({{grc-transl|-ισμός}}), suffix forming abstract nouns of state, condition, doctrine
| [[dwarfism]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ismus}}'''
| [[spasm]], contraction
| Greek {{lang|grc|-ισμός}}
| [[hemiballismus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|iso-}}'''
| denoting something as being equal
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴσος}} ({{grc-transl|ἴσος}}), equal
| [[Isotonicity|isotonic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ist}}'''
| one who specializes in
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ιστής}} ({{grc-transl|-ιστής}}), agent noun, one who practices
| [[pathologist]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ite}}'''
| the nature of, resembling
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-ītēs}}, those belonging to, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ίτης}} ({{grc-transl|-ίτης}})
| [[dendrite]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-itis}}'''
| [[inflammation]]
| Greek {{lang|grc|-ῖτις}} ({{grc-transl|-ῖτις}}) fem. form of {{wikt-lang|grc|-ίτης}} ({{grc-transl|-ίτης}}), pertaining to, because it was used with the feminine noun {{wikt-lang|grc|νόσος}} ({{grc-transl|νόσος}}, disease), thus {{grc-transl|-ῖτις νόσος}}, disease of the, disease pertaining to
| [[tonsillitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ium}}'''
| structure, tissue
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-ium}}, aggregation or mass of (such as tissue)
| [[pericardium]]
|}

===J–K===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|juxta-}}'''
| near to, alongside, or next to
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|iuxta}}
| [[juxtaglomerular apparatus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|kal-}}'''
| [[potassium]]
| New Latin {{wikt-lang|la|kalium}}, potassium
| [[hyperkalemia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|kary-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|ka/ruon|κάρυον|cite}}</ref>
| nucleus
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κάρυον}} ({{grc-transl|κάρυον}}), nut
| [[eukaryote]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|kerat-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|ke/ras|κέρας|shortref}}</ref>
| [[cornea]] (eye or skin)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κέρας}} ({{grc-transl|κέρας}}), horn
| [[keratoscope]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|kine-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|kine/w|κινέω|shortref}}</ref>
| movement
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κινέω}} ({{grc-transl|κινέω}}), to move, to change
| [[akinetopsia]], [[kinesthesia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|koil-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|koi{{=}}los|κοῖλος|shortref}}</ref>
| hollow
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κοῖλος}} ({{grc-transl|κοῖλος}})
| [[koilocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|kyph-}}'''<ref>{{LSJ|ku/ptw|κύπτω|shortref}}</ref>
| humped
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κυφός}} ({{grc-transl|κυφός}}), bent forward, stooping, hunchbacked
| [[kyphoscoliosis]]
|}

===L===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|labi-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[lip]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|labia}}, {{lang|la|labium}}, lip
| [[labiodental]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lacrim(o)-}}'''
| [[tears|tear]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lacrima}}, tear from crying
| [[Lacrimal canaliculi]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lact(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|lact(o)}}'''
| [[milk]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lac}}, milk
| [[lactation]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lapar(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the abdominal wall, flank
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λαπάρα}} ({{grc-transl|λαπάρα}}), flank
| [[laparotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|laryng(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[larynx]], the lower throat cavity where the [[Larynx|voice box]] is
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λάρυγξ|λᾰ́ρυγξ}}, ({{grc-transl|λᾰ́ρυγξ}}), throat, gullet
| [[larynx]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|latero-}}'''
| lateral
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lateralis|laterālis}}, lateral, of or belonging to the side
| [[lateral pectoral nerve]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lei(o)-}}'''
| smooth
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λεῖος}} ({{grc-transl|λεῖος}}), smooth
| [[leiomyoma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-lepsis}}''', '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-lepsy|-lepsy]]}}'''
| attack, [[seizure]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λῆψις}} ({{grc-transl|λῆψις}}), seizure
| [[epilepsy]], [[narcolepsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lept(o)-}}'''
| light, slender
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λεπτός}} ({{grc-transl|λεπτός}}), thin, lean
| leptomeningeal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|leuc(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|leuk(o)-}}'''
| denoting a white color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λευκός}} ({{grc-transl|λευκός}}), white, bright, pale
| [[leukocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lingu(a)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|lingu(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the tongue
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lingua}}, tongue, speech, language
| [[linguistics]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lip(o)-}}'''
| fat
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λίπος}} ({{grc-transl|λίπος}}), fat, lard
| [[liposuction]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|liss(os)-}}'''
| smooth
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|Λισσός}} ({{grc-transl|Λισσός}}), smooth
| [[lissencephaly]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lith(o)-}}'''
| [[stone]], [[calculus (medicine)|calculus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λίθος|λῐ́θος}} ({{grc-transl|λῐ́θος}})
| [[lithotripsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|log(o)-}}'''
| speech
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λόγος}} ({{grc-transl|λόγος}})
| [[Dialogue|dialog]], [[cataloging|catalog]], [[logos]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-logist|-logist]]}}'''
| denotes someone who studies a certain field (the field of _____-logy); a specialist; one who treats
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λογιστής}} ({{grc-transl|λογιστής}}), studier, practitioner (lit., accountant)
| [[oncologist]], [[pathologist]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-logy}}'''
| denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field; the study of
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-λογία|-λογῐ́ᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|-λογῐ́ᾱ}}) base noun for the study of something
| [[hematology]], [[urology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lumb(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|lumb(a)-}}'''
| of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis.
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lumbus}} or {{lang|la|lumbaris}}, loin
| [[lumbar vertebrae]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lymph(o)-}}'''
| [[lymphatic system|lymph]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lympha}}, water
| [[lymphedema]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|lys(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-lytic|-lytic]]}}'''
| [[Solvation|dissolution]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λύσις|λῠ́σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|λῠ́σῐς}}), loosen, release, + [[wikt:-ic|-ic]]
| [[lysosome]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-lysis|-lysis]]}}'''
| destruction, separation
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|λύσις|λῠ́σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|λῠ́σῐς}}), loosen, release
| [[paralysis]]
|}

===M===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|macr(o)-}}'''
| large, long
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μακρός|μᾰκρός}} ({{grc-transl|μᾰκρός}}), long, tall
| [[macrophage]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-malacia}}'''
| softening
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μαλακία}} ({{grc-transl|μαλακία}}), soft, weak, self-indulgent
| [[osteomalacia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mamm(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[breast]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|mamma}}, breast, udder
| [[mammogram]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mammill(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[nipple]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|mammilla}}, nipple
| [[mammillaplasty]], [[mammillitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|manu-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[hand]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|manus}}, hand
| [[manufacture]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mast(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[breast]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μαστός}} ({{grc-transl|μαστός}}), breast, woman's breast, man's pectoral muscle
| [[mastectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|meg(a)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|megal(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-megaly}}'''
| enlargement, million
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέγας|μέγᾰς}} ({{grc-transl|μέγᾰς}}), big, large, great, mighty
| [[splenomegaly]], [[megameter]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|melan(o)-}}'''
| having a black color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέλας|μέλᾱς}}, {{lang|grc|μελανο-}} ({{grc-transl|μέλᾱς, μελανο-}}), black, dark
| [[melanin]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|melos}}'''
| extremity
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέλος}} ({{grc-transl|μέλος}}), part of a body, limb, member
| [[erythromelalgia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mening(o)-}}'''
| [[Biological membrane|membrane]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μῆνιγξ|μῆνῐγξ}} ({{grc-transl|μῆνῐγξ}})
| [[meningitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|men-}}'''
| month, [[menstrual cycle]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μήν}} ({{grc-transl|μήν}}), month
| [[menopause]], [[menorrhagia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mer-}}'''
| part
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέρος}} ({{grc-transl|μέρος}}), part, component, region
| [[merocrine]], [[meroblastic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mes-}}'''
| middle
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέσος}} ({{grc-transl|μέσος}}), middle, between, half
| [[mesoderm]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|met}}''', '''{{nowrap|meta-}}'''
| after, beside, beyond or change
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μετά|μετᾰ́}} ({{grc-transl|μετᾰ́}}), with, among, along with, in common with
| [[metacarpal]], [[metacarpus]], [[metacromion]], [[metanephros]], [[metatheria]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{anchor|-meter}} '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-meter|-meter]]}}'''
| instrument used to measure or count
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μέτρον}} ({{grc-transl|μέτρον}}), measure or property, something used to measure
| [[sphygmomanometer]], [[thermometer]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:-metry|-metry]]}}'''
| process of measuring, ''-meter'' + ''-y'' (see [[#-meter|-meter]])
| Greek {{lang|grc|μέτρον}} ({{grc-transl|μέτρον}})
| [[optometry]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|metr-}}'''
| pertaining to conditions or instruments of the [[uterus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μήτρᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|μήτρᾱ}}), womb, uterus
| [[metrorrhagia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|micr-}}'''
| millionth; denoting something as small, relating to smallness
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μικρός|μῑκρός}} ({{grc-transl|μῑκρός}}), small
| [[microscope]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|milli-}}'''
| thousandth
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|mille}}, thousand
| [[milliliter]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|mon-}}'''
| single
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μονός}} ({{grc-transl|μονός}})
| [[infectious mononucleosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|morph-}}'''
| form, shape
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μορφή}} ({{grc-transl|μορφή}})
| [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|muscul(o)-}}'''
| [[muscle]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|musculus|mūsculus}}, muscle (lit. mouse-like, due to mouse-shaped appearance of some muscles; loanword from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}} ({{grc-transl|μῦς}}), mouse, + Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-culus}}, diminutive suffix)
| [[musculoskeletal system]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|my(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to [[muscle]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}}, {{lang|grc|μυ-}} ({{grc-transl|μῦς, μυ-}}), muscle, mouse, mussel
| [[myoblast]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|myc(o)-}}'''
| [[fungus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μύκης}}, {{lang|grc|μυκητ-}} ({{grc-transl|μύκης, μυκητ-}}), mushroom or fungus
| [[onychomycosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|myel(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to [[bone marrow]] or the [[spinal cord]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μυελός}} ({{grc-transl|μυελός}}), marrow, bone-marrow
| [[myelin sheath]], [[myeloblast]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|myl(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to [[molar (tooth)|molar]] teeth or the lower jaw
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μύλη|μῠ́λη}} ({{grc-transl|μῠ́λη}}, mill, grind, molars
| [[mylohyoid nerve]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|myri-}}'''
| ten thousand
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μυρίος|μῡρῐ́ος}} ({{grc-transl|μῡρῐ́ος}}), innumerable, countless, infinite
| [[myriad]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:myringo-|myring(o)-]]}}'''
| [[eardrum]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|myringa}}, eardrum
| [[myringotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|myx(o)-}}'''
| [[mucus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μύξα|μύξᾰ}} ({{grc-transl|μύξᾰ}}), mucus, nasal discharge
| [[myxoma]]
|}

===N===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|nan(o)-}}'''
| dwarf, small
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νᾶνος}} ({{grc-transl|νᾶνος}}), dwarf
| [[nanogram]], [[nanosecond]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|narc(o)-}}'''
| numb, [[sleep]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νάρκη}} ({{grc-transl|νάρκη}}), numbess, torpor
| [[narcolepsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|nas(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[human nose|nose]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|nasus|nāsus}}, nose
| nasal
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|nat(o)-}}'''
| birth
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|nātus}}, born, arisen, made
| [[neonatology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|necr(o)-}}'''
| death
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νεκρός}} ({{grc-transl|νεκρός}}), dead body, corpse, dying person
| [[necrosis]], [[necrotizing fasciitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|neo-}}'''
| new
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νέος}} ({{grc-transl|νέος}}), young, youthful, new, fresh
| [[neoplasm]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|nephr(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[kidney]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νεφρός}} ({{grc-transl|νεφρός}}), kidney
| [[nephrology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|nerv-}}'''
| of or pertaining to nerves and the [[nervous system]] (''uncommon as a root: [[#neuro-|neuro-]] mostly always used'')
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|nervus}}, tendon, nerve; cognate with Greek {{lang|grc|νεῦρον}} ({{grc-transl|νεῦρον}}), tendon, string, nerve
| [[nerve]], [[nervous system]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{anchor|neuro-}} '''{{nowrap|neur-}}'''
| of or pertaining to nerves and the [[nervous system]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|νεῦρον}} ({{grc-transl|νεῦρον}}), tendon, sinew, nerve
| [[neurofibromatosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|noci-}}'''
| pain, [[injury]], hurt
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|noceo|noceō}}
| [[nociception]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|norm-}}'''
| normal
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|norma|nōrma}}, norm or standard; lit. carpenter's square
| [[normocapnia]]
|}

===O===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ocul-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the eye
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|oculus}}, the eye
| [[Oculist]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|odont-}}'''
| of or pertaining to [[teeth]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀδούς}}, {{lang|grc|ὀδοντ-}} ({{grc-transl|ὀδούς, ὀδοντ-}}, tooth
| [[orthodontist]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|odyn-}}'''
| pain
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀδύνη}} ({{grc-transl|ὀδύνη}})
| stomatodynia
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-oesophageal, oesophago-}}''' ([[British English|BrE]])
| gullet
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|οἰσοφάγος|οἰσοφᾰ́γος}} ({{grc-transl|οἰσοφᾰ́γος}})
| oesophagus
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-oid}}'''
| resemblance to
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ειδής}} ({{grc-transl|-ειδής}}), like, connected to, pertaining to
| [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ole}}'''
| small or little
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-olus}}, suffix to form a diminutive of the noun
| [[arteriole]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|olig-}}'''
| having little, having few
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀλίγος|ὀλῐ́γος}} ({{grc-transl|ὀλῐ́γος}}), few
| [[oligotrophy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|om(o)-}}'''
| shoulder
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὦμος}} ({{grc-transl|ὦμος}}), shoulder
| [[omoplate]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-oma}}''' (singular), '''{{nowrap|-omata}}''' (plural)
| [[tumor]], mass, fluid collection
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-μα}} ({{grc-transl|-μα}}), suffix added to verbs to form nouns indicating the result of a process or action; cf. English [[wikt:-tion|-tion]]
| [[sarcoma]], [[teratoma]], [[mesothelioma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|omphal(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the navel, the [[Navel|umbilicus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀμφαλός}} ({{grc-transl|ὀμφαλός}}), navel, belly-button
| [[omphalotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|onco-}}'''
| tumor, bulk, volume
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄγκος}} ({{grc-transl|ὄγκος}})
| [[oncology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-one}}'''
|
|
| [[hormone]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{anchor|onchyo-}} '''{{nowrap|onych(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄνυξ}}, {{lang|grc|ὀνυχο-}} ({{grc-transl|ὄνυξ, ὀνυχο-}}), nail; claw; talon
| [[onychophagy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|oo-}}'''
| of or pertaining to an (egg), a woman's egg, the ovum
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ᾠόν}}, {{lang|grc|ᾠο-}} ({{grc-transl|ᾠόν, ᾠο-}}), egg, ovum
| [[oogenesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|oophor(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the woman's (ovary)
| Neoclassical Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ᾠοφόρον}} ({{grc-transl|ᾠοφόρον}}), ovary, egg-bearing
| [[oophorectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ophthalm(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the (eye)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀφθαλμός}} ({{grc-transl|ὀφθαλμός}}), the eye
| [[ophthalmology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|opistho-}}'''
| back, behind, rear<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho- "opistho-"]. dictionary.com</ref>
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄπισθεν|ὄπῐσθεν}} ({{grc-transl|ὄπῐσθεν}}), behind, at the back
| [[opisthotonus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-opsy}}'''
| examination or inspection
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄψις|ὄψῐς}} ({{grc-transl|ὄψῐς}}), view
| [[biopsy]], [[autopsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|optic(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to chemical properties of the [[eye]]
| Middle French {{wikt-lang|frm|optique}}; from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀπτικός|ὀπτῐκός}} ({{grc-transl|ὀπτῐκός}}); cognate with Latin {{wikt-lang|la|oculus}}, relating to the eye
| [[opticochemical, biopsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|or(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the mouth
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ōs}}, {{lang|la|ōris}}, mouth
| [[mouth|oral]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-or}}'''
| one who, agent noun–forming suffix
| generally appended where Latin would do it—to the root of a Latin-type perfect passive participle. Cf. [[#-er|-er]]
| doctor
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|orchi(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|orchid(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|orch(o)-}}'''
| [[testis]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄρχις}} ({{grc-transl|ὄρχις}}), testicle, ovary
| [[orchiectomy]], [[orchidectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|orth(o)-}}'''
| denoting something as straight or correct
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀρθός}} ({{grc-transl|ὀρθός}}), straight, correct, normal
| [[orthodontist]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-osis}}'''
| a condition, [[disease]] or increase
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ωσις}} ({{grc-transl|-ωσις}}), state, abnormal condition, action
| [[Harlequin type ichthyosis]], [[psychosis]], [[osteoporosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ossi-}}''', '''{{nowrap|osse-}}'''
| [[bone]], bony
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|os}}, bone
| [[peripheral ossifying fibroma]], [[osseous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ost(e)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|oste(o)-}}'''
| bone
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀστέον}} ({{grc-transl|ὀστέον}}), bone
| [[osteoporosis]], [[osteoarthritis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ot(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[ear]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|οὖς}}, {{lang|grc|ὠτ-}} ({{grc-transl|οὖς, ὠτ-}}), the ear
| [[otology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ous}}'''
| pertaining to
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-osus|-ōsus}}, full of, prone to
| [[porous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ovari(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the ovaries
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ōvarium}}, [[ovary]]
| [[ovariectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ovo-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ovi-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ov-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the eggs, the [[ovum]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ōvum}}, egg, ovum
| [[ovogenesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|oxo-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ox/i}}'''
| addition of [[oxygen]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|oxy-}}'''
| sharp, [[acid]], acute; [[oxygen]]
| borrowed from French {{wikt-lang|fr|oxygène}} (originally {{lang|fr|principe oxigine}}, 'acidifying principle', referring to oxygen's role in the formation of acids, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀξύς}} ({{grc-transl|ὀξύς}}), sharp, pointed + {{wikt-lang|grc|γένος}} ({{grc-transl|γένος}}), birth)
| [[oxytocin]], oxygenated, [[oxycodone]]
|}

===P===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pachy-}}'''
| thick
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|παχύς|πᾰχῠ́ς}} ({{grc-transl|πᾰχῠ́ς}}), thick, large, stout
| [[pachyderma]], pachyderm
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-pagus}}'''
| Indicates [[conjoined twin]]s, with the first part denoting the organs fused
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πάγος|πάγος}} ({{grc-transl|πάγος}}), fixed, set, fastened
| [[wikt:xiphopagus|xiphopagus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|palpebr-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the eyelid (''uncommon as a root'')
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|palpebra}}, eyelid
| [[palpebra]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pan-}}''', '''{{nowrap|pant(o)-}}'''
| denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'; "all"
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πᾶς}}, {{lang|grc|παν-}} ({{grc-transl|πᾶς, παν-}}), all, every
| [[panophobia]], [[panopticon]], [[pancytopenia]] (deficiency in all blood cell types - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)<ref>''The Language of Medicine'', 11th edition, Davi-Ellen Chabner</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|papill-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast)
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|papilla}}, nipple; diminutive of papula (see below)
| [[Optic papillitis|papillitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|papul(o)-}}'''
| Indicates [[papulosity]], a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|papula}}, pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin
| [[papulation]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|para-}}'''
| alongside of
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|παρά|πᾰρᾰ́}} ({{grc-transl|πᾰρᾰ́}})
| [[paracyesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-paresis}}'''
| slight [[paralysis]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πάρεσις}} ({{grc-transl|πάρεσις}})
| [[hemiparesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|parvo-}}'''
| small
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|parvus}}, small, little, unimportant
| [[Parvovirus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|path(o)-}}'''
| disease
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πάθος|πᾰ́θος}} ({{grc-transl|πᾰ́θος}}), pain, suffering, condition
| [[Pathology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-pathy}}'''
| denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πάθος|πᾰ́θος}} ({{grc-transl|πᾰ́θος}}), suffering, accident
| [[Psychopathy|sociopathy]], [[neuropathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pauci-}}'''
| Few
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|paucus}}
| [[Pauci-immune]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pector-}}'''
| breast or chest
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pectus}}
|[[pectoralgia]], [[pectoriloquy]], [[pectorophony]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ped-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-ped-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-pes }}'''
| of or pertaining to the foot; -footed
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pes|pēs}}, {{lang|la|pēd-}}, foot
| [[Pedoscope]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ped-}}''', '''{{nowrap|pedo-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the child
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|παῖς}}, {{lang|grc|παιδός}} ({{grc-transl|παῖς, παιδός}}), child
| [[pediatrics]]. [[pedophilia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pelv(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|pelv(o)-}}'''
| hip bone
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pelvis}}, basin
| [[Pelvis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-penia}}'''
| deficiency
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πενία|πενῐ́ᾱ}}, poverty, indigence
| [[osteopenia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|peo-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the penis
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πέος}} ({{grc-transl|πέος}})
| [[Peotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-pepsia}}'''
| denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract.
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πεπτός}} ({{grc-transl|πεπτός}}), cooked, digested < {{wikt-lang|grc|πέσσω}} ({{grc-transl|πέσσω}}), I boil, cook; digest
| [[dyspepsia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|per-}}'''
| through
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|per}}, through, by means of
| percutaneous
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|peri-}}'''
| denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|περί|περῐ́}} ({{grc-transl|περῐ́}}), around, about, concerning
| [[periodontal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-pexy}}'''
| fixation
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πῆξις}} ({{grc-transl|πῆξις}}), fixing in place, fastening
| [[nephropexy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phaco-}}'''
| lens-shaped
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φακός|φᾰκός}} ({{grc-transl|φᾰκός}}), lentil-bean
| phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|{{vanchor|-phagia}}, -phage}}'''
| Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion
| Greek {{lang|grc|φαγία}} ({{grc-transl|φαγία}}) eating < {{wikt-lang|grc|φαγεῖν|φᾰγεῖν}} ({{grc-transl|φᾰγεῖν}}), to eat
| [[Sarcophagia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-phago-}}'''
| eating, devouring
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-φᾰ́γος}} ({{grc-transl|-φᾰ́γος}}), eater of, eating
| [[phagocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phagist-}}'''
| Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word
| Greek {{lang|grc|φαγιστής}} ({{grc-transl|φαγιστής}}) eater; see ''[[#-phagia|-phagia]]''
| [[Lotophagi]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-phagy}}'''
| Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word
| Greek φαγία ({{lang|grc-Latn|phagia}}) eating; see ''[[#-phagia|-phagia]]''
| [[hematophagy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phall-}}'''
| [[Phallus (embryology)|phallus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φαλλός}} ({{grc-transl|φαλλός}}), penis
| [[Aphallia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pharmac-}}'''
| drug, medication
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φάρμακον|φάρμᾰκον}} ({{grc-transl|φάρμᾰκον}}), witchcraft, drug
| pharmacology
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pharyng-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[human pharynx|pharynx]], the upper throat cavity
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φάρυγξ|φᾰ́ρῠγξ}}, {{lang|grc|φαρυγγ-}} ({{grc-transl|φᾰ́ρῠγξ, φαρυγγ-}}), throat, windpipe; chasm
| [[pharyngitis]], [[pharyngoscopy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-phil(ia)}}'''
| attraction for
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φιλία|φῐλῐ́ᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|φῐλῐ́ᾱ}}), friendship, love, affection
| [[hemophilia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phleb-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φλέψ}}, {{lang|grc|φλεβ-}} ({{grc-transl|φλέψ, φλεβ-}}), blood-vessel, vein
| [[phlebography]], [[phlebotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-phobia}}'''
| exaggerated fear, sensitivity, aversion
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φόβος}} ({{grc-transl|φόβος}}), terror, fear, flight, panic
| [[arachnophobia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phon-}}'''
| sound
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φωνή}} ({{grc-transl|φωνή}})
| phonograph, symphony
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phos-}}'''
| of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root '''{{nowrap|[[#phot-|phot-]]}}''' below.
| Greek {{lang|grc|φῶς}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|φάος|φᾰ́ος}}, φωτ- ({{grc-transl|φῶς, φᾰ́ος}}), light
| [[phosphene]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|{{vanchor|phot-}}}}'''
| of or pertaining to light
| Greek {{lang|grc|φωτω-}} ({{grc-transl|φωτω-}}), < {{wikt-lang|grc|φῶς}} ({{grc-transl|φῶς}}), light
| [[photopathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phren-}}''', '''{{nowrap|phrenic-}}'''
| the mind
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φρήν}} ({{grc-transl|φρήν}}), intellect, wits, mind
| [[phrenic nerve]], [[schizophrenia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|phyllo-}}'''
| leaf-like
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φῠ́λλον}} ({{grc-transl|φῠ́λλον}}), leaf, foliage, plant
| [[phyllodes tumour]], [[phyllotaxis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-phyte}}''', '''{{nowrap|phyto-}}'''
| to grow
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|φῠτόν}} ({{grc-transl|φῠτόν}}), plant, tree
| [[hydrophyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pia}}'''
| soft
| Medieval Latin {{lang|la|pia mater}}, tender mother, from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pia}}, {{lang|la|pius}}, pious, dutiful, good
| [[pia mater]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|piri-}}'''
| Pear
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pirum}}, cognate with Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄπιον}} ({{grc-transl|ἄπιον}}), pear
| [[Piriformis muscle]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-plasia}}'''
| formation, development
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πλάσις|πλᾰ́σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|πλᾰ́σῐς}}), moulding, conformation
| [[Achondroplasia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-plasty}}'''
| surgical repair, reconstruction
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πλαστός}} ({{grc-transl|πλαστός}}), molded, formed
| [[rhinoplasty]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-plegia}}'''
| paralysis
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πληγή}} ({{grc-transl|πληγή}}), stroke (from a sword), from {{wikt-lang|grc|πληγή}} ({{grc-transl|πληγή}}), to strike or smite
| [[paraplegia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pleio-}}'''
| more, excessive, multiple
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πλεῖον}} ({{grc-transl|πλεῖον}}), more
| [[pleiomorphism]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pleur-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the ribs
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πλευρᾱ́}} ({{grc-transl|πλευρᾱ́}}), rib, side of the body
| [[Pleurogenous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-plexy}}'''
| stroke or seizure
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πλήσσω}}, {{lang|grc|πλήσσειν}} ({{grc-transl|πλήσσω, πλήσσειν}}), to strike or smite
| [[Cataplexy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pne-}}''', '''{{nowrap|pneum-}}'''
| air, breath, lung
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πνέω|πνεῖν}} ({{grc-transl|πνεῖν}}), {{wikt-lang|grc|πνεῦμα|πνεῦμα, πνεύματος}} ({{grc-transl|πνεῦμα, πνεύματος}}), {{lang|grc|πνεύμων}} ({{grc-transl|πνεύμων}})
| [[apnea]], [[pneumatology]], [[pneumonocyte]], [[pneumonia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pod-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-pod-}}''', '''{{nowrap|-pus }}'''
| of or pertaining to the foot, -footed
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πούς|πούς, ποδ-}} ({{grc-transl|πούς, ποδ-}}), foot
| [[podiatry]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-poiesis}}'''
| production
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ποίησις}} ({{grc-transl|ποίησις}}), poetry, poem, creation
| [[hematopoiesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|polio-}}'''
| having a grey color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πολιός|πολῐός}} ({{grc-transl|πολῐός}}), grey, grizzled
| [[poliomyelitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|poly-}}'''
| denotes a 'plurality' of something
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πολῠ́ς}} ({{grc-transl|πολῠ́ς}}), many, a lot of, large, great
| [[polymyositis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|por-}}'''
| pore, porous
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πόρος}} ({{grc-transl|πόρος}}), passage, passageway
| pore
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|porphyr-}}'''
| denotes a purple color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πορφύρα}} ({{grc-transl|πορφύρα}}), Tyrian purple, royal purple
| [[porphyroblast]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|post-}}'''
| denotes something as 'after (time)' or 'behind (space)' another
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|post}}, after, behind
| [[postoperation]], [[postmortem]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pre-}}'''
| denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
| Middle English {{lang|enm|pre-}}, from Medieval Latin {{lang|la|pre-}} < (Classical) Latin {{wikt-lang|la|prae-}}, before, in front of
| [[premature birth]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|presby-}}'''
| old age
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πρέσβυς}} ({{grc-transl|πρέσβυς}}), old man, elder
| [[presbyopia]], [[presbycusis]]<ref name="Stedman">Stedman's Online</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|prim-}}'''
| denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|primus|prīmus}}, first, most important
| primary
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pro-}}'''
| denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πρό|πρό-}} ({{grc-transl|πρό-}}), before, in front of
| [[procephalic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|proct-}}'''
| [[anus]], [[rectum]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πρωκτός}} ({{grc-transl|πρωκτός}}), anus
| [[proctology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|prosop-}}'''
| [[face]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πρόσωπον}} ({{grc-transl|πρόσωπον}}), face, visage, mask
| [[prosopagnosia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|prot-}}'''
| denotes something as 'first' or 'most important'
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πρωτος}} ({{grc-transl|πρωτος}}), first; principal, most important
| [[protoneuron]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pseud-}}'''
| denotes something false or fake
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ψεύδω}} ({{grc-transl|ψεύδω}}), to lie or deceive
| [[pseudoephedrine]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|psor-}}'''
| Itching
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ψώρα}} ({{grc-transl|ψώρα}}), itch, mange, scurvy
| [[psoriasis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|psych-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the mind
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ψυχή}} ({{grc-transl|ψυχή}}), breath, life, soul
| [[psychology]], [[psychiatry]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ptero-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ptery-}}'''
| Pertaining to a wing; 'pterygo-', wing-shaped
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πτερόν}} ({{grc-transl|πτερόν}}), wing, feather
| [[lateral pterygoid plate]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ptosis}}'''
| falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πτῶσῐς}} ({{grc-transl|πτῶσῐς}}), falling
| [[apoptosis]], [[nephroptosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ptyal-}}''', '''{{nowrap|ptyalo}}'''
| saliva, salivary glands, sialaden
|
| [[ptyalolithiasis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ptysis}}'''
| spitting
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πτῡ́ω}} ({{grc-transl|πτῡ́ω}}), to spit up, disgorge; + {{wikt-lang|grc|-σις}} ({{grc-transl|-σις}}), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
| hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pulmon-}}''', '''{{nowrap|pulmo-}}'''
| of or relating to the [[lungs]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pulmo|pulmō}}, a lung
| pulmonary
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|py-}}'''
| [[pus]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πύον}} ({{grc-transl|πύον}}
| [[pyometra]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pyel-}}'''
| [[pelvis]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πύελος}} ({{grc-transl|πύελος}}), pelvis, wash basin
| [[pyelonephritis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pykno-}}'''
| to thicken (as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πύκνωσις}} ({{grc-transl|πύκνωσις}}), thickening
| [[pyknosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pylor-}}'''
| gate
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πυλωρός}} ({{grc-transl|πυλωρός}}), gate keeper; lower orifice of the stomach
| [[pyloric sphincter]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|pyr-}}'''
| [[fever]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|πῦρ}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|πυρετός}} ({{grc-transl|πῦρ, πυρετός}}), fire, heat, fever
| [[antipyretic]]
|}

===Q–R===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:quadri-|quadr(i)-]]}}'''
| four
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|quattuor}}
| [[quadriceps]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|radi-}}'''
| radiation
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|radio|radiō}}, I radiate, emit beams; from {{wikt-lang|la|radius}}, ray of light, spoke of a wheel
| [[radiowave]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|radic-}}'''
|referring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein
|Latin {{wikt-lang|la|radix|rādīx}}, root
|[[radiculopathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|re-}}'''
| again, back
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|re-}}
| [[relapse]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rect-}}'''
| [[rectum]]
| abbr. of New Latin {{lang|la|rectum intestinum}} ('straight intestine') < Latin {{wikt-lang|la|rectus|rēctus}}, straight
| [[rectal]], [[rectum]], [[rectus femoris]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ren-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the kidney
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ren|rēn, rēnes}}, kidney
| [[renal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|reticul(o)-}}'''
| net
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|reticulum|rēticulum}}
| [[reticulocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|retro-}}'''
| backward, behind
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|retro}}
| [[retroversion]], retroverted
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rhabd(o)-}}'''
| rod shaped, striated
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥάβδος|ῥᾰ́βδος}} ({{grc-transl|ῥᾰ́βδος}}), wand, stick, stripe
| [[rhabdomyolysis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rhachi(o)-}}'''
| [[vertebral column|spine]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥάχις}} ({{grc-transl|ῥάχις}}), spine or backbone
| rachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rhin(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the nose
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥίς}}, {{lang|grc|ῥῑνο-}} ({{grc-transl|ῥίς, ῥῑνο-}}), nose
| [[rhinoceros]], [[rhinoplasty]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rhod(o)-}}'''
| denoting a rose-red color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥόδον}} ({{grc-transl|ῥόδον}}), rose
| [[rhodophyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rrhage}}''', '''{{nowrap|-rrhagia}}'''
| burst forth, rapid flow (of blood, usually)
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ραγία|-ραγία}} ({{grc-transl|-ραγία}}), to break, to burst
| [[hemorrhage]], [[menorrhagia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rrhaphy}}'''
| surgical suturing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥαφή}} ({{grc-transl|ῥαφή}})
| [[hymenorrhaphy]], neurorrhaphy
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rrhea}}''' ([[American English|AmE]])
| flowing, discharge
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥοίᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|ῥοίᾱ}}), flow, flux
| [[galactorrhea]], [[diarrhea]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rrhexis}}'''
| rupture
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥῆξις|ῥῆξῐς}} ({{grc-transl|ῥῆξῐς}}), breaking, bursting, discharge
| [[karyorrhexis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rrhoea}}''' ([[British English|BrE]])
| flowing, discharge
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥοίᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|ῥοίᾱ}}), flow, flux
| [[diarrhoea]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|rubr(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ruber}}, red
| [[rubrospinal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-rupt}}'''
| break or burst
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|rumpō}}
| erupt, interrupt
|}

===S===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|salping(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. [[Fallopian tubes]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σάλπιγξ|σᾰ́λπῐγξ}}, {{lang|grc|σαλπιγγ-}}, ({{grc-transl|σᾰ́λπῐγξ, σαλπιγγ-}}), trumpet
| [[salpingectomy]], [[salpingopharyngeus muscle]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sangui-}}''', '''{{nowrap|sanguine-}}'''
| of or pertaining to blood
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|sanguis}}, blood
| [[sanguine]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sapro-}}'''
| relating to putrefaction or decay
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σαπρός}} ({{grc-transl|σαπρός}}), rotten, putrid
| saprogenic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sarco-}}'''
| muscular, flesh-like
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σάρξ}} ({{grc-transl|σάρξ}}), flesh
| [[sarcoma]], [[sarcoidosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|scapul(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[scapula]]
| Latin ({{wikt-lang|la|scapula}}), shoulder
| [[scapulothoracic]], [[facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|schist(o)-}}'''
| split, cleft
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σχιστός|σχῐστός}} ({{grc-transl|σχῐστός}}), cloven, divided
| [[schistocyte]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|schiz(o)-}}'''
| denoting something "split" or "double-sided"
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σχιζω|σχῐ́ζω}} ({{grc-transl|σχῐ́ζω}}), I split, cleave, part; irregular formation of the verb {{lang|grc|σχῐ́ζειν}} ({{grc-transl|σχῐ́ζειν}}), to cut, split
| [[schizophrenia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|scler(o)-}}'''
| hard
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκληρός}} ({{grc-transl|σκληρός}})
| [[scleroderma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-sclerosis}}'''
| hardening
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκληρός}} ({{grc-transl|σκληρός}}), hard, harden; + {{wikt-lang|grc|-σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|-σῐς}}), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
| [[atherosclerosis]], [[multiple sclerosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|scoli(o)-}}'''
| twisted
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκολιός}} ({{grc-transl|σκολιός}}), curved, bent
| [[scoliosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-scope}}'''
| instrument for viewing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκόπος}} ({{grc-transl|σκόπος}}), watcher
| [[stethoscope]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-scopy}}'''
| process of viewing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκοπέω}} ({{grc-transl|σκοπέω}}), to look at, behold, examine
| [[endoscopy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|scoto-}}'''
| darkness
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκότος}} ({{grc-transl|σκότος}})
| [[scotopic vision]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|semi-}}'''
| one-half, partly
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|semi-}}
| semiconscious
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sial(o)-}}'''
| [[saliva]], [[salivary gland]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|saliva|salīva}}, saliva.
| [[sialagogue]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sigmoid(o)-}}'''
| sigmoid, S-shaped curvature
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σιγμοειδής}} ({{grc-transl|σιγμοειδής}}), crescent-shaped, lunate sigma-shaped
| [[sigmoid colon]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[wikt:sinistro-|sinistr(o)-]]}}'''
| left, left side
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|sinister}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sinus-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the sinus
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|sinus}}, a curve, bend, hollow cavity, bosom
| [[sinusitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sito-}}'''
| food, grain
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σῖτος}} ({{grc-transl|σῖτος}})
| [[sitophobia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|somat(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|somatico-}}'''
| body, bodily
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σῶμα}} ({{grc-transl|σῶμα}})
| somatic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|somn(o)}}'''
| Sleep
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|somnus}}, sleep, drowsiness
| [[insomnia]]c<ref>The Language of Medicine 11th Edition, Davi-Ellen Chabner</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-spadias}}'''
| slit, fissure
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σπάω}} ({{grc-transl|σπάω}}), break, split
| [[hypospadias]], [[epispadias]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|spasmo-}}'''
| [[spasm]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σπασμός}} ({{grc-transl|σπασμός}})
| [[Spasmodic dysphonia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sperma-}}''', '''{{nowrap|spermo-}}''', '''{{nowrap|spermato-}}'''
| [[semen]], [[spermatozoa]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σπέρμα}} ({{grc-transl|σπέρμα}}), seed, semen
| [[spermatogenesis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|splanchn(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|splanchn(o)-}}'''
| [[viscera]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σπλᾰ́γχνον}} ({{grc-transl|σπλᾰ́γχνον}}), bowels, guts
| [[splanchnology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|splen(o)-}}'''
| [[spleen]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σπλήν}}, {{lang|grc|σπλην-}} ({{grc-transl|σπλήν, σπλην-}}), spleen, milt
| [[splenectomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|spondyl(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the spine, the [[vertebra]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σφόνδῠλος}} / {{lang|grc|σπόνδυλος}} ({{grc-transl|σφόνδῠλος, σπόνδυλος}}), the spine
| [[spondylitis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|squamos(o)-}}'''
| denoting something as "full of scales" or "scaly"
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|squāmōsus}}, full of scales, scaly
| [[squamous cell]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-stalsis}}'''
| contraction
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στέλλω}} ({{grc-transl|στέλλω}}), I dispatch, place, set
| [[peristalsis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-stasis}}'''
| stopping, standing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στᾰ́σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|στᾰ́σῐς}}), to stand, place, set
| [[cytostasis]], [[homeostasis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-staxis}}'''
| dripping, trickling
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στάζω}}, {{lang|grc|στακτός}} ({{grc-transl|στάζω, στακτός}}), drip, leak, trickle
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sten(o)-}}'''
| denoting something as narrow in shape or pertaining to narrowness
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στενός}} ({{grc-transl|στενός}}), narrow, short
| [[stenography]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-stenosis}}'''
| abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στενός}} ({{grc-transl|στενός}}), narrow, short; + {{wikt-lang|grc|-σῐς}} ({{grc-transl|-σῐς}}), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
| [[restenosis]], [[stenosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|steth-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the upper chest, the area above the breast and under the neck
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στῆθος}} ({{grc-transl|στῆθος}}), chest, [[cuirass]]
| [[stethoscope]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|stheno-}}'''
| strength, force, power
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σθένος}} ({{grc-transl|σθένος}})
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|stom-}}''', '''{{nowrap|stomat-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the mouth; an artificially created opening<ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Medical Terminology|first1=Peggy S.|last1=Stanfield|first2=Y. H.|last2=Hui|first3=Nanna|last3=Cross|date=30 September 2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1284038781}}</ref>
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στόμᾰ}}, {{lang|grc|στοματ-}} ({{grc-transl|στόμᾰ, στοματ-}}), mouth
| [[stomatogastric]], [[stomatognathic system]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-stomy}}'''
| creation of an opening
| New Latin {{wikt-lang|la|stoma}}, opening; from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|στόμᾰ}} ({{grc-transl|στόμᾰ}})
| [[colostomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sub-}}'''
| beneath, under
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|sub}}
| [[subcutaneous tissue]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|super-}}'''
| in excess, above, superior
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|super}}
| [[superior vena cava]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|supra-}}'''
| above, excessive
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|supra}}
| [[supraorbital vein]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sy}}''', '''{{nowrap|syl-}}''', '''{{nowrap|sym-}}''', '''{{nowrap|syn-}}''', '''{{nowrap|sys-}}'''
| indicates similarity, likeness, or being together; assimilates before some consonants: before ''l'' to '''{{nowrap|syl-}}''', ''s'' to '''{{nowrap|sys-}}''', before a [[labial consonant]] to '''{{nowrap|sym-}}'''
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σῠν-}} ({{grc-transl|σῠν-}}), with, together
| symptom, [[synalgia]], [[synesthesia]], [[syssarcosis]]
|}

===T===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tachy-}}'''
| denoting something as fast, irregularly fast
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ταχύς|τᾰχῠ́ς}} ({{grc-transl|τᾰχῠ́ς}}), fast, quickly
| [[tachycardia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tension}}''', '''{{nowrap|-tensive}}'''
| [[pressure]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|tēnsiō}}, stretching, extension, tension
| [[hypertension]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|terato-}}'''
| Monster
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τέρᾰς}} ({{grc-transl|τέρᾰς}})
| teratoma, teratogen
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tetan-}}'''
| rigid, tense
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τέτανος}} ({{grc-transl|τέτανος}})
| [[tetanus]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thec-}}'''
| case, [[Scabbard|sheath]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θήκη}} ({{grc-transl|θήκη}})
| [[intrathecal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thel-}}'''
| of or pertaining to a nipple (''uncommon as a prefix'')
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θηλή}} ({{grc-transl|θηλή}}), a teat, nipple
| [[Theleplasty]], [[thelarche]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thely-}}'''
| denoting something as relating to a woman, feminine
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θῆλῠς}} ({{grc-transl|θῆλῠς}}), female, feminine
| [[Thelygenous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|therap-}}'''
| treatment
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θερᾰπείᾱ}} ({{grc-transl|θερᾰπείᾱ}})
| hydrotherapy, therapeutic
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|therm(o)-}}'''
| heat
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θερμός}} ({{grc-transl|θερμός}})
| [[hypothermia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thorac(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|thorac(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|thoracico-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|thorax|thōrāx}} < Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θώρᾱξ}} ({{grc-transl|θώρᾱξ}}), chest, cuirass
| thoracic, [[thorax]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thromb(o)-}}'''
| of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θρόμβος}} ({{grc-transl|θρόμβος}}), lump, piece, clot of blood
| [[thrombus]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thyr(o)-}}'''
| [[thyroid]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θῠρεός}} ({{grc-transl|θῠρεός}}), large oblong shield; + {{wikt-lang|grc|εἶδος}} ({{grc-transl|εἶδος}}), a form or shape
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thym-}}'''
| emotions
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θῡμός}} ({{grc-transl|θῡμός}}), spirit, soul; courage; breath, mind, emotions
| [[dysthymia]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tic}}'''
| pertaining to
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-τῐκός}} ({{grc-transl|-τῐκός}}), adjective-forming suffix denoting: relating to, able to, suited to
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|toco-}}'''
| childbirth
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τόκος}} ({{grc-transl|τόκος}})
| [[tocolytic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tome}}'''
| cutting instrument
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τομή}} ({{grc-transl|τομή}}), intersection
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tomy}}'''
| act of cutting; incising, incision
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τομία}} ({{grc-transl|-τομία}})
| [[Gastrotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ton-}}'''
| tone, tension, pressure
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τόνος}} ({{grc-transl|τόνος}}), rope, cord; tension
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tony}}'''
| tension
| Greek {{lang|grc|-τονία}} ({{grc-transl|-τονία}})
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|top(o)-}}'''
| place, topical
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τόπος}} ({{grc-transl|τόπος}})
| [[Topical anesthetic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tort(i)-}}'''
| twisted
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|tortus}}
| [[Torticollis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tox(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|tox(o)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|toxic(o)-}}'''
| [[toxin]], poison
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τοξικόν}} ({{grc-transl|τοξικόν}}), bow (archery), bow-related; from Greek {{lang|grc|τοξικόν φάρμᾰκον}} ({{grc-transl|τοξικόν φάρμᾰκον}}), poison for smearing arrows with
| [[Toxoplasmosis]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|trache(a)-}}'''
| [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τραχεῖα}} ({{grc-transl|τραχεῖα}}), windpipe
| [[Tracheotomy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|trachel(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the neck
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τρᾰ́χηλος}} ({{grc-transl|τρᾰ́χηλος}}), neck
| tracheloplasty
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|trans-}}'''
| denoting something as moving or situated across or through
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|trāns}}, across, through
| [[Blood transfusion|Transfusion]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tri-}}'''
| three
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|tri-}}
| triangle, triceps
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|trich(i)-}}''', '''{{nowrap|trichia}}''', '''{{nowrap|trich(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to hair, hair-like structure
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|θρῐ́ξ}} ({{grc-transl|θρῐ́ξ}}), hair
| [[trichocyst]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-tripsy}}'''
| crushing
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τρῖψις}} ({{grc-transl|τρίψις}}), rubbing, friction
| [[lithotripsy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-trophy}}'''
| nourishment, development
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τροφή}} ({{grc-transl|τροφή}}), food, nourishment
| [[pseudohypertrophy]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-trop}}'''
| turned toward, with an orientation toward, having an affinity for, affecting
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τρόπος}} ({{grc-transl|τρόπος}}), a turn, way, manner, style
| [[geotropic]], [[phototropic]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|tympan(o)-}}'''
| [[eardrum]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|τῠ́μπᾰνον}} ({{grc-transl|τῠ́μπᾰνον}}), drum, eardrum
| [[tympanocentesis]]
|}

===U===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-ula}}''', '''{{nowrap|-ule}}'''
| small
| Latin
| Nodule
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ultra-}}'''
| beyond, excessive
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ultra}}
| [[ultrasound]], [[ultraviolet]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|umbilic-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the navel, the [[Navel|umbilicus]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|umbilīcus}}, navel, belly-button
| [[Navel|umbilical]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ungui-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the nail, a claw
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|unguis}}, nail, claw
| [[unguiform]], [[ungual]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|un(i)-}}'''
| one
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ūnus}}
| [[unilateral hearing loss]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{anchor|ur-}} '''{{nowrap|ur-}}'''
| of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system
| Greek {{lang|grc|οὐρέω, οὐρεῖν}} ({{grc-transl|οὐρέω, οὐρεῖν}}); {{wikt-lang|grc|οὖρον}} ({{grc-transl|οὖρον}}), urine
| [[antidiuretic]], diuresis, [[diuretic]], [[dysuria]], enuresis, [[polyurea]], [[polyuria]], [[Uremia|uraemia/uremia]], uremic, ureter, urethra, [[urology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|urin-}}'''
| of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|urina|ūrīna}}, urine < Greek {{lang|grc|οὖρον}} ({{grc-transl|οὖρον}}), see [[#ur-|ur-]] above.
| [[uriniferous]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|uter(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[uterus]] or womb
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|uterus}}, womb, uterus
| [[uterus]]
|}

===V===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|vagin-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[vagina]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vagina|vāgīna}}, sheath, scabbard; vagina
| [[vaginal epithelium]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|varic(o)-}}'''
| swollen or twisted [[vein]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|varix}}
| varicose, [[esophageal varices]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|vas(o)-}}'''
| duct, [[blood vessel]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vas|vās}}, vessel, dish, vase
| [[vasoconstriction]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|vasculo-}}'''
| [[blood vessel]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vāsculum}}
| [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ven-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[vein]]s, venous blood, and the [[vascular system]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vēna}}, blood-vessel, vein
| [[venule]], [[venospasm]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ventr(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the belly, the stomach cavities
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|venter}}, belly, stomach, womb
| [[ventrodorsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ventricul(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[ventricle (disambiguation)|ventricle]]s; any hollow region inside an organ
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|ventriculus}}, the ventricles of the heart, the ventricles of the brain
| [[cardiac ventriculography]], [[atrioventricular node]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-version}}'''
| turning
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|versio|versiō}}
| [[anteversion]], retroversion
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|vesic(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the [[urinary bladder|bladder]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vēsīca}}, bladder, blister
| [[vesical arteries]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|viscer(o)-}}'''
| of or pertaining to the internal organs, the [[viscera]]
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|viscus}} (pl. {{lang|la|viscera}}), internal organ(s)
| [[viscera]]
|}

===X–Z===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%" | Affix
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Meaning
! scope="col" style="width: 35%" | Origin language and etymology
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" | Example(s)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|xanth(o)-}}'''
| having a yellow color, especially an abnormally yellow color
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ξᾰνθός}} ({{grc-transl|ξᾰνθός}}), yellow
| [[xanthopathy]]
[[xanthelasma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|xen(o)-}}'''
| foreign, different
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ξένος}} ({{grc-transl|ξένος}}), foreign, stranger
| [[xenograft]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|xer(o)-}}'''
| dry, desert-like
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ξηρός}} ({{grc-transl|ξηρός}}), dry
| [[xerostomia]], [[xeroderma]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|xiph-}}'''
| sword
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ξῐ́φος}} ({{grc-transl|ξῐ́φος}}), sword
| [[xiphisternum]], [[Xiphoid process|xiphoid]], xiphoidalgia
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|-y}}'''
| condition or process of
| Latin {{wikt-lang|la|-ia}}, from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|-ία|-ῐ́ᾱ}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|-εια|-ειᾰ}} ({{grc-transl|-ῐ́ᾱ, -ειᾰ}}), suffixes used to form abstract nouns
| [[surgery]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|ze-}}'''
| boil
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ζέω}} ({{grc-transl|ζέω}}), to boil, seethe, bubble
| [[eczema]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|zo(o)-}}'''
| animal, animal life
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ζῷον}} ({{grc-transl|ζῷον}})
| [[zoology]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|zym(o)-}}'''
| [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]]
| Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ζύμη}} ({{grc-transl|ζύμη}}), leaven, yeast
| [[enzyme]], [[lysozyme]]
|}

==English meanings==

This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.

===Roots of the body===

====Roots of bodily concepts====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Bodily concept
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" | '''digestion'''
| -pepsia || – || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''disease'''
| -pathy || – || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''eating'''
| -phagia || -vory || –
|}

====Body parts and substances====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Body part or component
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|abdomen}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|λαπαρός|lapar-}}
| abdomin-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|aorta}}'''
| aort-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|arm}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|βραχίων|brachi-}}
| [[wikt:armus#Latin|arm-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|armpit}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|μασχάλη|maschal-}}
| [[wikt:axilla#Latin|axill-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|artery}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀρτηρία|arteri-}}
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|back}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|νῶτον|not-}}
| [[wikt:dorsum#Latin|dors-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|big toe}}'''
| –
| allic-, hallic-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|bladder}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|κύστις|cyst-}}
| [[wikt:vesica#Latin|vesic-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|blood}}'''
| haemat-, hemat- ({{wikt-lang|grc|αἷμα|haem-}}, hem-)
| [[wikt:sanguis#Latin|sangui-]], sanguin-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|blood clot}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|θρόμβος|thromb-}}
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|blood vessel}}'''
| angi-
| [[wikt:vas#Latin|vas-]], [[wikt:vasculum#Latin|vascul-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|body}}'''
| somat-, {{wikt-lang|grc|σῶμα|som-}}
| [[wikt:corpus#Latin|corpor-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|bone}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀστέον|oste-}}
| [[wikt:os#Latin|ossi-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|[[bone marrow]]}}''', '''{{nowrap|marrow}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|μυελός|myel-}}
| [[wikt:medulla#Latin|medull-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|brain}}'''
| encephal-
| [[wikt:cerebrum#Latin|cerebr-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|breast}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|μαστός|mast-}}
| mamm-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|chest}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|στῆθος|steth-}}
| pector-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|cheek}}'''
| parei-
| bucc-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|ear}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|οὖς|ot(o)-}}
| aur(i)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|eggs}}''', '''{{nowrap|ova}}'''
| oo-
| ov-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|[[eye]]}}'''
| ophthalm(o)-
| ocul(o)-
| optic(o)- (''French'')
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|eyelid}}'''
| blephar(o)-
| cili-, palpebr-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|face}}'''
| prosop(o)-
| faci(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|fallopian tubes}}'''
| salping(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|fat}}''', '''{{nowrap|fatty tissue}}'''
| lip(o)-
| adip-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|[[finger]]}}'''
| dactyl(o)-
| digit-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|forehead}}'''
| –
| front(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|gallbladder}}'''
| cholecyst(o)-
| fell-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|genitals}}''', sexually undifferentiated
| gon(o)-, phall(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|gland}}'''
| aden(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|glans}}''' ''penis'' or ''clitoridis''
| balan(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|gums}}'''
| –
| gingiv-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|hair}}'''
| trich(o)-
| capill-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|hands}}'''
| cheir(o)-, chir(o)-
| manu-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|head}}'''
| cephal(o)-
| capit(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|heart}}'''
| cardi(o)-
| cordi-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|hip}}''', '''{{nowrap|hip-joint}}'''
| –
| cox-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|horn}}'''
| cerat(o)-
| cornu-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|intestine}}'''
| enter(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|jaw}}'''
| gnath(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|kidney}}'''
| nephr(o)-
| ren-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|knee}}'''
| gon-
| genu-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|lip}}'''
| cheil(o)-, chil(o)-
| labi(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|liver}}'''
| hepat(o)-, (hepatic-)
| jecor-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|loins}}''', '''{{nowrap|pubic region}}'''
| episi(o)-
| pudend-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|lungs}}'''
| pneumon-
| pulmon(i)-, (pulmo-)
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|marrow}}''', '''{{nowrap|bone marrow}}'''
| myel(o)-
| medull-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|mind}}'''
| psych-
| ment-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|mouth}}'''
| stomat(o)-
| or-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|muscle}}'''
| my(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|nail}}'''
| onych(o)-
| ungui-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|navel}}'''
| omphal(o)-
| umbilic-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|neck}}'''
| trachel(o)-
| cervic-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|nerve; the nervous system}}'''
| neur(o)-
| nerv-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|nipple}}''', '''{{nowrap|teat}}'''
| thele-
| papill-, mammill-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|nose}}'''
| rhin(o)-
| nas-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|ovary}}'''
| oophor(o)-
| ovari(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|pelvis}}'''
| pyel(o)-
| pelv(i)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|penis}}'''
| pe(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|pupil (of the eye)}}'''
| cor-, core-, coro-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|rib}}'''
| pleur(o)-
| cost(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|rib cage}}'''
| thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|shoulder}}'''
| om(o)-
| {{not a typo|humer}}(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|sinus}}'''
| –
| sinus-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|skin}}'''
| dermat(o)-, (derm-)
| cut-, cuticul-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|skull}}'''
| crani(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|stomach}}'''
| gastr(o)-
| ventr(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|testis}}'''
| orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|throat}}''' (upper throat cavity)
| pharyng(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|throat}}''' (lower throat cavity/voice box)
| laryng(o)-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|thumb}}'''
| –
| pollic-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|tooth}}'''
| odont(o)-
| dent(i)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|tongue}}'''
| gloss-, glott-
| lingu(a)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|toe}}'''
| dactyl(o)-
| digit-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|tumour}}'''
| cel-, onc(o)-
| tum-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|ureter}}'''
| ureter(o)-
| ureter(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|urethra}}'''
| urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-
| urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|urine}}''', '''{{nowrap|urinary system}}'''
| ur(o)-
| urin(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|uterine tubes}}'''
| salping(o)-
| salping(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|uterus}}'''
| hyster(o)-, metr(o)-
| uter(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|vagina}}'''
| colp(o)-
| vagin-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|vein}}'''
| phleb(o)-
| ven-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|vulva}}'''
| episi(o)-
| vulv-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|womb}}'''
| hyster(o)-, metr(o)-
| uter(o)-
| –
|-
! scope="row" |'''{{nowrap|wrist}}'''
| carp(o)-
| carp(o)-
| –
|}

===Roots of color===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Color
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[black]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|μέλας|melan-}}
| atr-, nigr-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[blue]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|κυανός|cyan-}}
| cerule-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[Gold (color)|gold]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|χρυσός|chrys-}}
| [[wikt:aurum#Latin|aur-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[gray]]}}''', '''{{nowrap|[[grey]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|πολιός|poli-}}
| can-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[green]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|χλωρός|chlor-}}
| vir-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|purple}}'''
| porphyr-
| purpur-, purpureo-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[red]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐρυθρός|erythr-}}, rhod-
| rub-, [[wikt:ruber#Latin|rubr-]], [[wikt:rufus#Latin|ruf-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|red-orange}}'''
| cirrh-
| –
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[Silver (color)|silver]]}}'''
| –
| [[wikt:argentum#Latin|argent-]]
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[white]]}}'''
| leuc-, leuk-
| alb-, cand-
| –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|[[yellow]]}}'''
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ξανθός|xanth-}}
| [[wikt:flavus#Latin|flav-]]
| [[wikt:jaune#French|jaun-]] ([[French language|French]])
|}

===Roots of description===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bad}}''', '''{{nowrap|incorrect}}'''
| cac-, dys- || mal- || mis-
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|bent}}''', '''{{nowrap|crooked}}'''
| ankyl- || prav- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|big}}'''
| mega-, megal(o)- || magn(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|biggest}}'''
| megist- || maxim- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|broad}}''', '''{{nowrap|wide}}'''
| eury- || lat(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|cold}}'''
| cry(o)- || frig(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|dead}}'''
| necr(o)- || mort- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|equal}}'''
| is(o)- || equ(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|false}}'''
| pseud(o)- || fals(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|fast}}'''
| tachy- || celer- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|female}}''', '''{{nowrap|feminine}}'''
| thely- || – || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|flat}}'''
| platy- || plan(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|good}}''', '''{{nowrap|well}}'''
| eu- || ben(e)-, bon(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|great}}'''
| mega-, megal(o)- || magn(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hard}}'''
| scler(o)- || dur(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|heavy}}'''
| bar(o)- || grav(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|hollow}}'''
| coel(o)- || cav(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|huge}}'''
| megal(o)- || magn(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|irregular}}'''
| poikil(o) || – || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|large; extremely large}}'''
| mega- || magn(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|largest}}'''
| megist- || maxim- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|long}}'''
| macr(o)- || long(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|male}}''', '''{{nowrap|masculine}}'''
| arseno- || vir- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|narrow}}'''
| sten(o)- || angust(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|new}}'''
| ne(o)- || nov(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|normal}}''', '''{{nowrap|correct}}'''
| orth(o)- || rect(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|old}}'''
| paleo- || veter- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|sharp}}'''
| oxy- || ac- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|short}}'''
| brachy- || brev(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|small}}'''
| micr(o)- || parv(i)- (rare) || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|smallest}}'''
| – || minim- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|slow}}'''
| brady- || tard(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|soft}}'''
| malac(o)- || moll(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|straight}}'''
| orth(o)- || rect(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|thick}}'''
| pachy- || crass(i)- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|varied}}''', '''{{nowrap|various}}'''
| poikilo- || vari- || –
|}

===Roots of position===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|around}}''', '''{{nowrap|surrounding}}'''
| [[wikt:peri-|peri-]] || [[wikt:circum-|circum-]] || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|internal}}''', '''{{nowrap|within}}'''
| [[wikt:endo-|endo-]] || [[wikt:intra-|intra-]] || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|left}}'''
| [[wikt:levo-|levo-]] || laev-, sinistr- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|middle}}'''
| [[wikt:meso-|meso-, mes-]] || medi- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|right}}'''
| dexi- || [[wikt:dextro-|dex-, dextr-, dextro-]] || –
|}

===Prefixes of quantity or amount===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Greek root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Latin root in English
! scope="col" style="width: 25%" scope="col" | Other root in English
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|double}}'''
| diplo- || dupli- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|equal}}'''
| iso- || equi- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|few}}'''
| oligo- || pauci- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|half}}'''
| hemi- || semi- || demi- (French)
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|many}}''', '''{{nowrap|much}}'''
| poly- || multi- || –
|-
! scope="row" | '''{{nowrap|twice}}'''
| dis- || bis- || –
|}

==See also==

* [[Glossary of medicine]]
* [[Classical compound]]
* [[International scientific vocabulary]]
* [[List of medical abbreviations]]
* [[Medical dictionary]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[List of commonly used taxonomic affixes]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.learnthat.org/pages/view/roots.html "Root Words & Prefixes: Quick Reference."] LearnThatWord. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 March 2013.

[[Category:Medical terminology|*roots]]
[[Category:Medical lists|Roots]]
[[Category:Word coinage]]

Hazel Brugger

2022-10-04T02:59:23Z

Killerkürbis: Undid revision 1113923478 by 2001:9E8:98:2B00:D924:E7F4:725C:B34E (talk)

{{Short description|Swiss author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hazel Brugger
| image = Hazel Brugger.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Allison Hazel Brugger
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|12|09}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Swiss, American
| spouse = [[Thomas Spitzer (author)|Thomas Spitzer]]
| relations =
| children = 1
| occupation = Slam poet, comedian, cabaret artist, television presenter
| website = {{URL|hazelbrugger.com}}
}}
'''Allison Hazel Brugger''' (born 9 December 1993) is a Swiss-American [[slam poet]], comedian, [[cabaret artist]] and television presenter.

== Life and career ==
Hazel Brugger's father is the Swiss [[neuropsychologist]] Peter Brugger;<ref>[https://tageswoche.ch/allgemein/versuchen-sie-mal-sich-selbst-zu-kitzeln/ "Versuchen Sie mal, sich selbst zu kitzeln"]. TagesWoche. From the original article on 22 May 2014.</ref> her mother is an English teacher who is originally from [[Cologne]].<ref>Grossrieder, Beat. [https://www.nzz.ch/gesellschaft/portraet-slam-poetin-hazel-brugger-ego-ld.123391 "Hazel Brugger ist unser fieses Alter Ego. Als Slam-Poetin macht sie alles und jeden nieder, und gerade darum lieben wir sie.]" NZZ. From the original on 22 October 2016.</ref> Since she was born in the United States, Hazel does not only have the Swiss, but also American citizenship.
She was raised in [[Dielsdorf]] near [[Zürich]] and has two older brothers. After having graduated in Bülach, she started studying philosophy and literature at the [[University of Zurich]], but she eventually gave up her studies.<ref name="Graber">Graber, Michael. [https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/leben/mit-humor-macht-man-sich-verletzlicher-ld.1090426 "Hazel Brugger: 'Mit Humor macht man sich verletzlicher']". Luzerner Zeitung. from the original on February 2019. Retrieved on 24 April 2019.</ref> When she was 17, she started her poetry slam career in [[Winterthur]].

Between 2014 and 2017, Brugger used to write a fortnightly column for ''Das Magazin'',<ref>"[https://www.dasmagazin.ch/author/hazle-brugger/ Hazel Brugger]". Website Das Magazin. Retrieved on 24 April 2019.</ref> a Swiss daily newspaper. From 2013 to 2014, she worked as a [[columnist]] for "Hochparterre"<ref>Brugger, Hazel. [https://www.hochparterre.ch/?id=169 "Out und Erbaut"]. Hochparterre. Retrieved on 22 November 2015.</ref> and the [[TagesWoche]].<ref>"[https://tageswoche.ch/author/hazel-brugger/ Hazel Brugger]". Website Tageswoche. Retrieved on 24 April 2019.</ref>
In 2015, she was the moderator of the live-talk "Hazel Brugger Show and Tell" in the [[Theater Neumarkt]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415063014/http://www.theaterneumarkt.ch/plattform-7/veranstaltungen/Hazel-Brugger-II.html Hazel Brugger Show and Tell]". Theater Naumarkt. Internet Archive. Retrieved on 22 November 2015.</ref> in [[Zürich]] which took place every two months.

On 9 October 2013, she won the Swiss champions' title of the fourth Poetry Slam Championships.<ref>"[https://www.saiten.ch/the-flying-stoll-und-eine-unschlagbare-brugger/ The Flying Stoll und eine unschlagbare Brugger]". Saiten-Ostschweizer Kulturmagazin. From the original on 20 October 2013.</ref> In November 2015, she started her first cabaret programme "Hazel Brugger passiert".<ref name="zas_2015_11_22">Stephan, Julia. "[https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/panorama/frech-ich-habe-eine-kindliche-seite-ld.92345 Ich habe eine kindliche Seite]". Zentralschweiz am Sonntag. From the original on 22 November 2015.</ref>
Since February 2019, she is on tour in Germany, Austria and Switzerland with her second solo programme "Tropical",<ref name="Graber" /> which appeared on Netflix beginning 2 December 2020.

In October 2020 Hazel Brugger announced that she is pregnant.<ref>"[https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/hazel-brugger-zdf-heute-show-reporterin-ist-schwanger-a-cb56f59e-041d-45a8-984b-5c6d6487240e]". Spiegel online. retrieved on the second of October 2020.</ref> The father of her child is German comedian and author [[Thomas Spitzer (author)|Thomas Spitzer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patreon.com/hazelundthomas/posts?filters[month]=2020-12&filters[media_types]=audio |title=''Good Vibes Only''}}{{self-published source|ABOUTSELF=y|date=December 2020}}</ref> They have been married since 2020.<ref>"[https://www.zeit.de/campus/2021-02/hazel-brugger-thomas-spitzer-heirat-ehe-podcast "Wir wollten nicht ironisch heiraten"]". Zeit Campus. Retrieved on 11 November 2021.</ref>

== Career ==
Since 2016 she has been a correspondent on the German political [[satire]] show ''[[heute-show]]'' on [[ZDF]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1441143/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm IMDb-entry of Heute Show.], Retrieved on 12 April 2016. {{unreliable?|date=September 2020}}</ref> On 26 April she had her first guest appearance in another ZDF satire-show called "Die Anstalt" – the insane asylum.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|year=|title="Die Gäste der ZDF Satiresendung 'Die Anstalt'". Kabarett News. Retrieved on April 20, 2016.|url=http://www.kabarett-news.de/News-vom-09.04.2016-gaeste-zdf-satire-die-anstalt-26ter-april.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512043840/http://www.kabarett-news.de/News-vom-09.04.2016-gaeste-zdf-satire-die-anstalt-26ter-april.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|access-date=|publisher=|pages=|language=|quote=|website=www.kabarett-news.de}}</ref> In 2017 she won the ''Salzburger Stier'', a prize for [[cabaret]] artists. She was the youngest person to ever win this award.{{fact|date=May 2021}}

In 2019 Hazel Brugger started the production of a [[YouTube]]-series which she hosts with co-producer and author [[Thomas Spitzer (author)]]. The show is called ''Deutschland Was Geht'', which translates to ''What's up, Germany?''. In the show Hazel and Thomas explore interesting and at times bizarre places together with various German [[comedians]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|year=|title="Hazel and Thomas". Youtube. Retrieved on February 19, 2020.|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/oswaldundfidelio/videos|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=|pages=|language=|format=|quote=}}</ref> In 2020 the show will be continued under the title ''What's up, Europe?''{{fact|date=May 2021}}

Hazel Brugger has been living in [[Cologne]] since 2016.<ref>Möller, Christian. "[https://viertausendhertz.de/ddg25/ Hazel Brugger Durch die Gegend]", Episode 25. From the original in 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|year=|title=Hugendick, David. "Komik als Kampftechnik". Die Zeit. From the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved on October 30, 2018.|url=https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2017-09/hazel-brugger-comedy-kabarett-heuteshow-schweiz|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|publisher=|pages=|language=|format=|quote=|periodical=Die Zeit}}</ref>

== Guest appearances ==
* ''Die Anstalt'': 26 April 2016, 4 April 2017 and 22 May 2018
* ''[[Neo Magazin Royale]]'': 1 September 2016
* ''[[Dittsche]]'': 13 May 2016.<ref>"[https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/dittsche/video-dittsche---hsv-abstieg---raeuber-hotzenplotz-und-die-mondlandung---gast-hazel-brugger---100.html Ditsche – HSV-Astieg – Räuber Hotzenplotz und die Mondlandung – Gast: Hazel Brugger]". Website WDR. Retrieved on 15 May 2018.</ref>
* ''[[Late Night Berlin]]'': 2 December

== Books ==
* ''Ich bin so hübsch'' (I'm so pretty). Kein & Aber, Zürich 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-0369-5936-8}}.
* Hazel Brugger, Thomas Spitzer (Authors), Jannes Weber (Illustrations): ''Deutschland Was Geht – Das Wimmelbuch''. Diogenes, Zürich 2021, {{ISBN|978-3-257-01294-1}}.

== Audiobooks ==
* ''Hazel Brugger passiert* : live im Café Kairo Bern.'' Audio-CD, Der gesunde Menschenversand, Luzern 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-03853-029-9}}.

== Awards ==
* 2013: ''«Swiss Master»'' of Poetry-Slam
* 2015: ''«Young Journalist of the Year»'' by the magazine ''Schweizer Journalist''
* 2016: ''«Swiss Columnist of the Year»'' voted by a survey conducted by ''Schweizer Journalist'' among 1400 journalists.<ref>"[https://www.persoenlich.com/medien/daniel-ryser-wird-journalist-des-jahres Daniel Ryser wird 'Journalist des Jahres]'". persoenlich.com. From the original on 29 November 2016.</ref>
* 2017: German prize for [[cabaret]] by the city of [[Mainz]]
* 2017: ''Salzburger Stier''<ref>"[https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/458015/Hosea-Ratschiller-erhaelt-Salzburger-Stier Hosea Ratschiller erhält Salzburger Stier]". orf.at. From the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.</ref>
* 2017: [[Bavaria]]n cabaret prize for emerging artist
* 2017: ''Swiss Comedy Award''
* 2017: ''German Comedy Award'' for emerging artist

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm6891281|Hazel Brugger}}
* [https://www.hazelbrugger.com/ Hazel Brugger's website]
* Christian Möller: [https://viertausendhertz.de/ddg25/ Hazel Brugger – ''Durch die Gegend'', Folge 25] (Interview-Podcast, 2017)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brugger, Hazel}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swiss poets in German]]
[[Category:21st-century Swiss poets]]
[[Category:Swiss comedians]]
[[Category:Swiss women comedians]]
[[Category:Swiss women poets]]
[[Category:Swiss television presenters]]
[[Category:Swiss women television presenters]]
[[Category:Swiss emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:ZDF people]]

Knives Out

2022-06-27T21:00:09Z

Killerkürbis: Undid revision 1095345885 by Killerkürbis (talk) sorry - my mistake - he was overdosed with morphine

{{short description|2019 American mystery film by Rian Johnson}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Knives Out
| image = Knives Out poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rian Johnson]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ram Bergman]]
* Rian Johnson
}}
| writer = Rian Johnson
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Daniel Craig]]
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
* [[Ana de Armas]]
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]]
* [[Michael Shannon]]
* [[Don Johnson]]
* [[Toni Collette]]
* [[Lakeith Stanfield]]
* [[Katherine Langford]]
* [[Jaeden Martell]]
* [[Christopher Plummer]]
}}
| music = [[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Steve Yedlin]]
| editing = [[Bob Ducsay]]
| studio = [[T-Street Productions|T-Street]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]
* [[MRC (company)|MRC]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2019|9|7|[[2019 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2019|11|27|United States}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knives Out |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/knives-out-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjgxmg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211014105014/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/knives-out-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjgxmg |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $40 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039 |title='Knives Out' Director Rian Johnson on Shifting From 'Star Wars' to Agatha Christie-Style Whodunnit |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 7, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053251/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039|archive-date=September 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = $311.4 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=8946378 |title=Knives Out |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516140051/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt8946378/ |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Knives Out''''' is a 2019 American [[mystery film]] written and directed by [[Rian Johnson]] and produced by Johnson and [[Ram Bergman]]. It follows a master detective investigating the death of the patriarch of a wealthy, dysfunctional family. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Daniel Craig]], [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], [[Michael Shannon]], [[Don Johnson]], [[Toni Collette]], [[Lakeith Stanfield]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Jaeden Martell]], and [[Christopher Plummer]].

Johnson came up with the basic concept for ''Knives Out'' in 2005 and decided to make the film after finishing ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'' in 2012. However, due to his involvement in ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'', he was not able to write the screenplay until 2017. The film was announced the year after, and it was sold to distributors during the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]]. Filming was completed in three months from October to December 2018.

''Knives Out'' had its world premiere at the [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 27 by [[Lionsgate Films]]. The film received critical acclaim, particularly for its screenplay, direction, and acting, and it grossed $311.4 million worldwide against a $40 million budget. At the [[77th Golden Globe Awards]], it received three nominations in the Musical or Comedy category while also receiving Best Original Screenplay nominations at the [[73rd British Academy Film Awards]] and [[92nd Academy Awards]]. It was selected by the [[American Film Institute]] and the [[National Board of Review]] as one of the top ten films of 2019.

In March 2021, [[Netflix]] paid $469 million for the rights to two sequels written and directed by Johnson, with Craig reprising his role as detective Benoit Blanc. The first sequel, ''[[Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery]]'', is scheduled to be released in late 2022.

==Plot==
The family of Harlan Thrombey, a wealthy [[Crime fiction|mystery novelist]], attends his 85th birthday party at his [[Massachusetts]] mansion. The next morning, Harlan's housekeeper, Fran, finds him dead with his throat slit. The police believe Harlan's death to be suicide, but [[private detective]] Benoit Blanc is anonymously paid to investigate. Blanc learns Harlan's relationships with his various family members were strained: On the day of his death, Harlan threatened to expose his son-in-law Richard for cheating on his daughter Linda, cut off his daughter-in-law Joni's allowance for stealing from him, fired his son Walt from his publishing company, and had an altercation with his grandson Ransom.

Unknown to Blanc, Harlan's nurse, Marta Cabrera, accidentally mixed up his medications, making her think she overdosed him with [[morphine]], and was unable to find the antidote, apparently leaving Harlan only minutes to live. Wanting to save Marta's family from scrutiny (her mother being an [[undocumented immigrant]]), Harlan gave her instructions to create a [[alibi#False alibi|false alibi]] and then slit his own throat. Harlan's elderly mother saw Marta carrying out his instructions but mistook her for Ransom. Marta cannot lie without vomiting, so she gives true but incomplete answers when questioned. She agrees to assist in Blanc's investigation, and she conceals evidence of her actions as they search the property. When Harlan's will is read, to everyone's shock, Marta is the sole beneficiary. Ransom helps her escape the family's wrath, but he manipulates her into confessing to him; he offers his help in exchange for a share of the inheritance. The other Thrombeys try to persuade Marta to renounce the inheritance; Walt threatens to expose her mother's immigration status.

Marta receives a blackmail note with a partial photocopy of Harlan's [[forensic toxicology|toxicology]] report. She and Ransom drive to the medical examiner's office, but it has burned down. Marta receives an email proposing a rendezvous with the blackmailer. Blanc and the police spot them, and after a brief [[car chase]], Ransom is arrested; Blanc explains that Harlan's mother saw Ransom climbing down from Harlan's room the night he died. At the rendezvous, Marta finds Fran, drugged. She performs [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] and calls an ambulance. She confesses to Blanc, though Ransom has already informed on her, and she decides to tell the family that she caused Harlan's death, which would invalidate the will under the [[slayer rule]]. At the house, she finds a copy of the full toxicology report in Fran's [[cannabis]] stash. She gives it to Blanc without reading it herself. Reading it, Blanc sees it showed little morphine in Harlan's system, and interrupts Marta before she can confess.

Blanc reveals his deductions: After Ransom learned Harlan was leaving everything to Marta, he swapped the contents of Harlan's medication vials and stole the antidote so that Marta would kill Harlan and thus become ineligible to claim the inheritance. But Marta actually gave Harlan the correct medication, subconsciously recognizing it by its viscosity, and she only thought she had poisoned him after reading the label. When the death was reported as a suicide, Ransom anonymously hired Blanc to expose Marta. Fran saw Ransom tampering with the crime scene and sent him the blackmail note. After he realized Marta was not responsible for Harlan's death, but Marta still thought she was, he forwarded the note to Marta and burned down the medical examiner's office to destroy evidence of her innocence. He overdosed Fran with morphine, intending for Marta to get caught with Fran's corpse.

Marta tricks Ransom into confessing by lying that Fran has survived and will implicate him; then she vomits on him, revealing the lie. Enraged, he attacks her with a knife from Harlan's collection, which turns out to be a retractable stage knife. With Ransom's murder confession recorded and having witnessed his attempted murder of Marta, the police arrest him. Blanc tells Marta he realized early on she played a part in Harlan's death, noting a small spot of blood on her shoe. Linda finds a note from Harlan about her husband's adultery. As Ransom is taken into custody, Marta watches from the balcony of her mansion.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Daniel Craig]] as Benoit Blanc, a private detective
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]] as Hugh Ransom Drysdale, Linda and Richard's son
* [[Ana de Armas]] as Marta Cabrera, Harlan's nurse
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] as Linda Drysdale, Harlan's eldest daughter
* [[Michael Shannon]] as Walt Thrombey, Harlan's youngest son
* [[Don Johnson]] as Richard Drysdale, Linda's husband
* [[Toni Collette]] as Joni Thrombey, the widow of Harlan's deceased son Neil
* [[Lakeith Stanfield]] as Detective Lieutenant Elliott
* [[Katherine Langford]] as Meg Thrombey, Joni's daughter
* [[Jaeden Martell]] as Jacob Thrombey, Walt's son
* [[Christopher Plummer]] as Harlan Thrombey, an 85-year old best-selling crime novelist
* [[Riki Lindhome]] as Donna Thrombey, Walt's wife
* [[Edi Patterson]] as Fran, Harlan's housekeeper
* [[Frank Oz]] as Alan Stevens, Harlan's counsel
* [[K Callan]] as Wanetta "Great Nana" Thrombey, Harlan's mother
* [[Noah Segan]] as Trooper Wagner, a police officer
* [[M. Emmet Walsh]] as Mr. Proofroc, a security guard
* [[Marlene Forte]] as Mrs. Cabrera, Marta's mother
* Shyrley Rodriguez as Alice Cabrera, Marta's sister
* Kerry Frances as Sally, Alan's assistant
* [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] as Detective Hardrock (voice cameo)
}}

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Assabet Woolen Mill - Maynard, Massachusetts - DSC04913.jpg|thumb|Several scenes are set in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]]. The car chase scene goes through the Assabet Woolen Mill (pictured), now known as Mill & Main.]]
After making the 2005 film ''[[Brick (film)|Brick]]'', writer and director [[Rian Johnson]] came up with the basic concept for ''Knives Out''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-knives-how-rian-johnson-assembled-a-star-studded-jigsaw-puzzle-1253787|title=Making of 'Knives Out': How Rian Johnson Assembled a Star-Studded "Jigsaw Puzzle"|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Natalie|last=Jarvey|date=November 18, 2019|access-date=November 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119040336/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-knives-how-rian-johnson-assembled-a-star-studded-jigsaw-puzzle-1253787|archive-date=November 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, he expressed interest in making an [[Agatha Christie]]-inspired murder mystery film. He told ''[[The Independent]]'' that he wanted to make the film after finishing ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rian-johnson-how-i-went-from-brick-to-brothers-bloom-1990568.html |title=Rian Johnson: How I went from Brick to Brothers Bloom |work=[[The Independent]] |last=Battersby |first=Matilda |date=June 3, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705230510/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rian-johnson-how-i-went-from-brick-to-brothers-bloom-1990568.html |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Johnson's next film project became ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017).<ref name="TLJ Backlash">{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/rian-johnson-star-wars-talks-knives-out-last-jedi-twitter-inspiration-1202775691/ |title=Rian Johnson Says He's Still In Talks For More 'Star Wars', And That Angry 'Last Jedi' Tweets Helped Inspire 'Knives Out' |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |last=Topel |first=Fred |date=November 2, 2019 |access-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102213057/https://deadline.com/2019/11/rian-johnson-star-wars-talks-knives-out-last-jedi-twitter-inspiration-1202775691/ |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Johnson spent seven months writing the script after finishing his press tour for ''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boucher|first=Geoff|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/knives-out-script-rian-johnson-movie-screenplay-read-it-1202816376/|title=''Knives Out'': Read Rian Johnson's Script For His Awards-Season Whodunit|date=December 24, 2019|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226110658/https://deadline.com/2019/12/knives-out-script-rian-johnson-movie-screenplay-read-it-1202816376/|archive-date=December 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In developing the film, Johnson cited several classic mystery thrillers and mystery comedies as influences, including ''[[The Last of Sheila]]'', ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''[[Something's Afoot]]'', ''[[Murder by Death]]'', ''[[Death on the Nile (1978 film)|Death on the Nile]]'', ''[[The Private Eyes (1980 film)|The Private Eyes]]'', ''[[The Mirror Crack'd]]'', ''[[Evil Under the Sun (1982 film)|Evil Under the Sun]]'', ''[[Deathtrap (film)|Deathtrap]]'', ''[[Clue (film)|Clue]]'', and ''[[Gosford Park]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet |title=Edit room posters: Knives Out edition... |user=rianjohnson |number=1090746718398820352 |first=Rian |last=Johnson |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> The 1972 version of ''[[Sleuth (1972 film)|Sleuth]],'' a favorite "whodunit adjacent" of Johnson's'','' was also an inspiration, particularly for the setting and set design, including the automaton, [[Jack Tar|Jolly Jack the Sailor]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Rian Johnson's Favorite Whodunits|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsJXuzjBc_Q|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230034628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsJXuzjBc_Q|archive-date=December 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|title=Finding the Perfect Murder-Mystery Home for Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out'|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|date=November 30, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208183334/https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|title=Rian Johnson Turned the Whodunit on Its Head|last=Sims|first=David|date=December 3, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205110702/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The title was taken from the 2001 [[Radiohead]] song "[[Knives Out (song)|Knives Out]]"; Johnson, a Radiohead fan, said: "Obviously, the movie has nothing to do with the song ... That turn of phrase has always stuck in my head. And it just seemed like a great title for a murder mystery."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-09-07/knives-out-radiohead-movie-rian-johnson|title=Is Radiohead's song 'Knives Out' in Rian Johnson's movie 'Knives Out'?|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155519/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-09-07/knives-out-radiohead-movie-rian-johnson|archive-date=December 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The name Harlan Thrombey is taken from a 1981 ''[[Choose Your Own Adventure]]'' whodunit, ''Who Killed Harlowe Thrombey?''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2019/11/21/arts/blade-runner-rian-johnson-discusses-knives-out/ |title=Blade runner: Rian Johnson discusses 'Knives Out' |work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125164315/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2019/11/21/arts/blade-runner-rian-johnson-discusses-knives-out/ |archive-date=November 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Knives Out'' was announced in September 2018, with [[Daniel Craig]] starring. It was sold to distributors during the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-james-bond-25-star-wars-the-last-jedi-toronto-film-festival-auction-1202456539/ |title=Toronto Kicks Off With Hot Package: Daniel Craig Stars, Rian Johnson Directs & Scripts Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |first1=Mike Jr. |last1=Fleming |date=September 4, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090442/https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-james-bond-25-star-wars-the-last-jedi-toronto-film-festival-auction-1202456539/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Lakeith Stanfield]], [[Michael Shannon]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Don Johnson]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], and [[Toni Collette]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/chris-evans-knives-out-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-captain-america-1202476235/ |title=Chris Evans To Join Daniel Craig In Rian Johnson's Red-Hot Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 4, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090425/https://deadline.com/2018/10/chris-evans-knives-out-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-captain-america-1202476235/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/lakeith-stanfield-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-movie-1202478255/ |title=Lakeith Stanfield Joins Daniel Craig & Chris Evans In Rian Johnson's Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 8, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090209/https://deadline.com/2018/10/lakeith-stanfield-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-movie-1202478255/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/michael-shannon-rian-johnsons-knives-out-exclusive-1202973052/ |title=Michael Shannon in Talks to Join Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=October 8, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114110647/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/michael-shannon-rian-johnsons-knives-out-exclusive-1202973052/|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/ana-de-armas-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-lakeith-stanfield-michael-shannon-1202485392/ |title='Blade Runner 2049' Star Ana De Armas Joins Daniel Craig & Chris Evans In 'Knives Out'; Shoot Begins Next Month |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 18, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090744/https://deadline.com/2018/10/ana-de-armas-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-lakeith-stanfield-michael-shannon-1202485392/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/don-johnson-knives-out-rian-johnson-daniel-craig-movie-1202485743/ |title=Don Johnson In Advanced Talks For Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 19, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091124/https://deadline.com/2018/10/don-johnson-knives-out-rian-johnson-daniel-craig-movie-1202485743/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/off-heals-of-halloween-success-jamie-lee-curtis-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1202994072/ |title=Jamie Lee Curtis Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=October 25, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301030458/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/off-heals-of-halloween-success-jamie-lee-curtis-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1202994072/|archive-date=March 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/toni-collette-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1203014601/ |title=Toni Collette Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=October 30, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005312/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/toni-collette-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1203014601/|archive-date=October 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2018, [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Jaeden Martell]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Riki Lindhome]], and [[Edi Patterson]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-plummer-joins-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-movie-knives-1156404 |title=Christopher Plummer in Talks to Join Rian Johnson's Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' (Exclusive) |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Borys |last=Kit |date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102214045/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-plummer-joins-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-movie-knives-1156404|archive-date=November 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/katherine-langford-joins-rian-johnsons-knives-1159889 |title=Katherine Langford Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (Exclusive) |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first1=Borys |last1=Kit |first2=Mia |last2=Galuppo |date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234619/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/katherine-langford-joins-rian-johnsons-knives-1159889|archive-date=November 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/riki-lindhome-edi-patterson-raul-castillo-rian-johnson-knives-out-1202497615/ |title='Knives Out': Riki Lindhome, Edi Patterson, Raúl Castillo Join Rian Johnson Movie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Andreas |last=Wiseman |date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040612/https://deadline.com/2018/11/riki-lindhome-edi-patterson-raul-castillo-rian-johnson-knives-out-1202497615/|archive-date=November 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Frequent Johnson collaborator [[Noah Segan]] was announced as being in the film in December.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/12/04/bombshell-exclusive-noah-segan-is-in-rian-johnsons-knives-out |title=Noah Segan Is In Rian Johnson's Knives Out |website=BirthMoviesDeath |first=Scott |last=Wampler |date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124534/https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/12/04/bombshell-exclusive-noah-segan-is-in-rian-johnsons-knives-out |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shannon">{{cite news |last=Giroux |first=Jack |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/michael-shannon-interview/ |title='State Like Sleep' Star Michael Shannon Discusses Christopher Walken, Working With Rian Johnson on 'Knives Out,' and the 2018 Movie Everyone Should See |work=[[/Film]] |date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111417/https://www.slashfilm.com/michael-shannon-interview/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, [[Frank Oz]], who previously worked with Johnson in ''The Last Jedi'', revealed that he would be appearing in a small role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/frank-oz-knives-out/ |title=Yoda Actor Frank Oz Reuniting with 'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Director Rian Johnson to Act in 'Knives Out' |last=Pearson |first=Ben |website=/Film |date=March 12, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085927/https://www.slashfilm.com/frank-oz-knives-out/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[M. Emmet Walsh]] was cast in the film to replace [[Ricky Jay]], who had died during production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/11/29/knives-out-easter-eggs/|title=Daniel Craig's 'Knives Out' character pays homage to 1972's 'Sleuth,' and more Easter eggs from the film|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|last1=Huff|first1=Lauren|date=November 29, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207034804/https://ew.com/movies/2019/11/29/knives-out-easter-eggs/|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography began on October 30, 2018, in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] and wrapped on December 20, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.backstage.com/resources/detail/productionlisting/knives-out-86801/ |title=Knives Out - Production Listing |website=Backstage.com|access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thegww.com/rian-johnson-reuniting-with-last-jedi-cinematographer-steve-yedlin-for-knives-out/ |title=Rian Johnson Reuniting With 'Last Jedi' Cinematographer Steve Yedlin For 'Knives Out' |first=Christopher |last=Marc |date=September 30, 2018 |website=GWW |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005235/https://thegww.com/rian-johnson-reuniting-with-last-jedi-cinematographer-steve-yedlin-for-knives-out/ |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collider.com/rian-johnson-knives-out-filming-details/ |title=Rian Johnson Reveals On-Set Image as Filming Starts on 'Knives Out' |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=October 30, 2018 |website=Collider |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414080526/http://collider.com/rian-johnson-knives-out-filming-details/ |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other filming locations in [[Massachusetts]] included [[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]], [[Easton, Massachusetts|Easton]], [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]], [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]], [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], and [[Medfield, Massachusetts|Medfield]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2019/11/29/knives-out-massachusetts-mansion|title=The story behind the Massachusetts mansion in 'Knives Out'|date=November 29, 2018|first=Kevin|last=Slane|website=[[Boston.com]]|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207221520/https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2019/11/29/knives-out-massachusetts-mansion|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.milforddailynews.com/news/20181129/actor-daniel-craig-films-scenes-for-knives-out-in-marlborough|title=Actor Daniel Craig films scenes for 'Knives Out' in Marlborough|date=November 29, 2018|first=Jeff|last=Malachowski|website=The Milford Daily News|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130213711/https://www.milforddailynews.com/news/20181129/actor-daniel-craig-films-scenes-for-knives-out-in-marlborough|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maynard.wickedlocal.com/news/20181029/close-to-start-of-production-film-still-remains-mystery-in-maynard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161218/http://maynard.wickedlocal.com/news/20181029/close-to-start-of-production-film-still-remains-mystery-in-maynard|title=Close to start of production, film still remains a mystery in Maynard|date=October 29, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-date=January 3, 2019|url-status=live|last=Camero|first=Holly}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theswellesleyreport.com/2018/12/knives-out-movie-being-shot-in-wellesley-now/|title=Knives Out movie being shot in Wellesley now|website=The Swellesley Report|date=December 7, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143455/https://theswellesleyreport.com/2018/12/knives-out-movie-being-shot-in-wellesley-now/|archive-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The exteriors of the house were filmed at a mansion located in Natick, about {{convert|17|mi}} west of Boston.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2019/11/knives-out-house-filming-location.html|title=Where was 'Knives Out' filmed? The house, the city and the filming locations of the movie|website=Atlas of Wonders|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228181521/https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2019/11/knives-out-house-filming-location.html|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Borderland State Park|Ames Mansion in Borderland State Park]], Massachusetts, was used for many interior shots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|title=Finding the Perfect Murder-Mystery Home for Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out'|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|date=November 30, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208183334/https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Music===
[[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]] composed the film score.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/ |title=Nathan Johnson to Reteam with Rian Johnson on 'Knives Out' |website=Film Music Reporter |date=March 13, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143559/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/|archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He previously worked with director Rian Johnson, who is his cousin, on ''Brick'', ''[[The Brothers Bloom]]'', and ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]''. The soundtrack was released on November 27, 2019, coinciding with the film's release, by Cut Narrative Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/11/knives-out-score-mondo-stream/|title=Mondo announces vinyl release of Knives Out score, shares exclusive track: Stream|date=November 21, 2019|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170324/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/11/knives-out-score-mondo-stream/ |website=Consequence Of Sound |archive-date=December 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
''Knives Out'' had its world premiere at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toronto-film-festival-joker-ford-v-ferrari-hustlers-lineup-1203275868/ |title=Toronto Film Festival: 'Joker,' 'Ford v Ferrari,' 'Hustlers' Among Big Premieres |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Brent |last=Lang |date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723140739/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toronto-film-festival-joker-ford-v-ferrari-hustlers-lineup-1203275868/ |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was theatrically released on November 27, 2019, by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/knives-out-release-date-lionsgate-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-jamie-lee-curtis-chris-evans-michael-shannon-katherine-langford-lakeith-stanfield-1202519144/ |title=Thanksgiving 2019: Lionsgate To Release MRC's Rian Johnson Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' With Daniel Craig & Killer Cast |first1=Mike Jr. |last1=Fleming |date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192836/https://deadline.com/2018/12/knives-out-release-date-lionsgate-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-jamie-lee-curtis-chris-evans-michael-shannon-katherine-langford-lakeith-stanfield-1202519144/ |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Director Rian Johnson released an "in-theater" audio commentary for those watching the film a second time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knivesout.movie/#commentary|title=Audio Commentary|access-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173921/https://www.knivesout.movie/#commentary|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Knives Out'' was released on [[digital copy|Digital HD]] on February 7, 2020, and on [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray]] and [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K]] on February 25.<ref>{{cite web|last=Squires|first=John|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3601608/rian-johnsons-knives-brings-murder-mystery-home-february/|title=Rian Johnson's ''Knives Out'' Brings Murder and Mystery into Your Home This February|date=January 21, 2020|website=Bloody Disgusting|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150659/https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3601608/rian-johnsons-knives-brings-murder-mystery-home-february/|archive-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It was made available on the [[Streaming television|streaming service]] [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on June 12, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crow|first=David|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/knives-out-goes-to-streaming-on-amazon-prime-in-june/|title=Knives Out Goes to Streaming on Amazon Prime in June|date=May 21, 2020|website=Den of Geek|access-date=June 10, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610174536/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/knives-out-goes-to-streaming-on-amazon-prime-in-june/|archive-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Knives Out'' grossed $165.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $146 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $311.4 million.<ref name="BOM"/> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' calculated the [[net income|net profit]] of the film to be $82{{nbsp}}million.<ref name=DeadlineProfit>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/knives-out-box-office-profit-2019-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-1202908275/|title='Knives Out' Carves Out No. 18 On Deadline's 2019 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 15, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416082657/https://deadline.com/2020/04/knives-out-box-office-profit-2019-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-1202908275/|archive-date=April 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside ''[[Queen & Slim]]'', and was initially projected to gross $22–25 million from 3,391 theaters over its five-day opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/knives-out-queen-slim-thanksgiving-box-office-opening-1202780082/ |title='Knives Out' Looks To Carve Out $22M-$25M Over 5-Day Thanksgiving Stretch |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107172021/https://deadline.com/2019/11/knives-out-queen-slim-thanksgiving-box-office-opening-1202780082/ |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film held advance screenings on November 22 and 23, making $2 million from 936 theaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-opening-weekend-box-office-tom-hanks-mister-rogers-movie-21-bridges-1202792831/ |title='Frozen 2' Thaws Frigid B.O. Marketplace With $130M+, Smashing November Animated Pic Opening Records |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 24, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123133518/https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-opening-weekend-box-office-tom-hanks-mister-rogers-movie-21-bridges-1202792831/ |archive-date=November 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It then made $8.5 million (including the $2 million from the screenings and $1.7 million from Tuesday night previews) and $6.8 million on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], increasing estimates to $44 million. It went on to gross $27.2 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $41.7 million), finishing second behind ''[[Frozen II]]''.<ref name=opening>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-box-office-tuesday-november-record-knives-out-previews-thanksgiving-1202796248/ |title='Frozen 2' Still Poised For Thanksgiving 5-Day Record Of $129M+, But Turkey Day Sales Fall -16% For All Films |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 1, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201082951/https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-box-office-tuesday-november-record-knives-out-previews-thanksgiving-1202796248/ |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In its second and third weekends the film made $14.2 million and $9.3 million, remaining in second then finishing third.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Frozen 2' Leads Dreary December Weekend With $34M+, 'Playmobil' Plunges To $670K – Sunday Update|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/frozen-2-already-past-300m-leading-dreary-december-weekend-with-40m-playmobil-coming-apart-1202802388/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 8, 2019|date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207140806/https://deadline.com/2019/12/frozen-2-already-past-300m-leading-dreary-december-weekend-with-40m-playmobil-coming-apart-1202802388/|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/jumanji-the-next-level-richard-jewell-black-christmas-opening-weekend-box-office-1202808689/ |title=How Sony Took 'Jumanji' To 'The Next Level' With A $60M+ Opening; 'Richard Jewell' & 'Black Christmas' Earn Lumps Of Coal |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 15, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214223910/https://deadline.com/2019/12/jumanji-the-next-level-richard-jewell-black-christmas-opening-weekend-box-office-1202808689/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film made $6.5 million in its fourth weekend and then $9.7 million in its fifth (and a total of $16.6 million over the five-day Christmas period).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-opening-weekend-box-office-cats-bombshell-1202814594/|title='Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Lowers Lightsaber To $179M+, But Still 3rd Best December Opening; 'Cats' Oh Drat $6.5M, 'Bombshell' $5.1M – Sunday AM Early Update|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 22, 2019|access-date=December 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165400/https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-opening-weekend-box-office-cats-bombshell-1202814594/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-little-women-uncut-gems-spies-in-disguise-post-christmas-box-office-1202817539/ |title='Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Chasing 'Last Jedi' With $76M 2nd Weekend; 'Little Women' Not So Tiny With $29M 5-Day |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 28, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229033102/https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-little-women-uncut-gems-spies-in-disguise-post-christmas-box-office-1202817539/ |archive-date=December 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical response===
On the review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The website's critics' consensus reads: "''Knives Out'' sharpens old murder-mystery tropes with a keenly assembled suspense outing that makes brilliant use of writer-director Rian Johnson's stellar ensemble."<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}}|type=m|title=Knives Out|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909230144/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knives_out|archive-date=September 9, 2019|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 82 out of 100, based on reviews from 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{Cite Metacritic|id=knives-out|type=movie|title=Knives Out|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909090941/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/knives-out|archive-date=September 9, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while those at [[PostTrak]] gave it an average 4.5 out of 5 stars, with 67% saying they would definitely recommend it.<ref name=opening/>

David Rooney, writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', described the film as an "ingeniously plotted, tremendously entertaining and deviously irreverent crowd-pleaser" and "a treat from start to finish," praising the film's script, the throwbacks to the murder mysteries of the 1970s, and the actors' performances.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825 |title='Knives Out': Film Review {{!}} TIFF 2019|last=Rooney|first=David|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909090941/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825|archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> [[Dana Stevens (critic)|Dana Stevens]] of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' wrote "''Knives Out'' knows exactly what kind of movie it is: a sendup of twisty murder mysteries with all-star ensemble casts that also loves and respects that silly tradition."<ref>{{cite web|last=Stevens|first=Dana |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/11/knives-out-movie-review-rian-johnson-trump-immigration.html|title=''Knives Out'' Reinvents the Whodunit for the Trump Era|date=November 14, 2019|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122161527/https://slate.com/culture/2019/11/knives-out-movie-review-rian-johnson-trump-immigration.html|archive-date=November 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', A. A. Dowd called the film "madly entertaining" and "an ingenious sleight-of-hand crowdpleaser".<ref>{{cite web|last=Dowd|first=A.A|url=https://film.avclub.com/rian-johnson-chases-star-wars-with-the-ingenious-madly-1837969103|title=Rian Johnson Chases ''Star Wars'' with the Ingenious, Madly Entertaining Murder Mystery ''Knives Out''|date=September 8, 2019|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121023946/https://film.avclub.com/rian-johnson-chases-star-wars-with-the-ingenious-madly-1837969103|archive-date=November 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> David Ehrlich of ''[[IndieWire]]'' gave the film an A−, writing "Johnson has devised a murder-mystery that's eager to defy your expectations, but unwilling to betray your trust. The film may be more smart than stylish, and it may opt for a reasonable outcome over an overwhelmingly shocking one, but ''Knives Out'' doesn't let the element of surprise ruin a good story."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrlich|first=David|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/knives-out-review-rian-johnson-1202171812/|title=''Knives Out'' Review: Rian Johnson's Hugely Entertaining Whodunnit Offers Sharp Takedown of White Entitlement|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[IndieWire]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205032630/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/knives-out-review-rian-johnson-1202171812/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> David Sims of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' wrote that Johnson "turned the whodunit on its head".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|title=Rian Johnson Turned the Whodunit on Its Head|last=Sims|first=David|date=December 3, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200313/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dani di Placido of ''[[Forbes]]'' wrote that Johnson "finds a way to revitalise the concept" and "makes murder mystery great again".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2019/11/28/knives-out-makes-murder-mystery-great-again/ |date=November 28, 2019 |title='Knives Out' Makes Murder Mystery Great Again|last=Placido|first=Dani Di|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205110659/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2019/11/28/knives-out-makes-murder-mystery-great-again/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Edgar Wright]] stated that ''Knives Out'' was his favorite film of the year and that it is "fiendishly plotted".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/edgar-wright-rian-johnson-knives-out-1203446304/|title=Edgar Wright Hails Rian Johnson's 'Fiendishly Plotted' 'Knives Out'|first=Edgar|last=Wright|date=December 19, 2019|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110132135/https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/edgar-wright-rian-johnson-knives-out-1203446304/|archive-date=January 10, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andrew Chow, writing for ''Time'', described the film as "one of the most unexpectedly subversive films of the year." Co-producer Ram Bergman said that the sociopolitical elements of the film were essential from its infancy. The film's lead actress, de Armas, saw it as a major studio release that stars a Latina and condemns entrenched aspects of American society.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Chow|first1=Andrew|url=https://time.com/5739679/knives-out-rian-johnson-making-of/|title=Inside the Creation of Knives Out, One of the Most Unexpectedly Subversive Films of the Year|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201130948/https://time.com/5739679/knives-out-rian-johnson-making-of/|archive-date=December 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Carlos Aguilar, writing for ''[[Remezcla]]'', took note of the Thrombey family's "racist worldview", which contrasted how the Latina lead "emerges as a heroine for all immigrants and their children whose most inalienable superpower comes from empathy, civility, resilience and the utmost value for human life."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aguilar|first1=Carlos|url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/knives-out-review-ana-de-armas/|title=REVIEW: Ana de Armas's Character in 'Knives Out' Is the Latina Heroine We Need in the Trump Era|date=November 22, 2019|website=Remezcla|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408033527/https://remezcla.com/features/film/knives-out-review-ana-de-armas/|archive-date=April 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was chosen by the [[American Film Institute]], the [[National Board of Review]], and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the top ten films of 2019 in each respective list.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5737103/best-movies-2019/|title=The 10 Best Movies of 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Stephanie|last=Zacharek|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125192431/https://time.com/5737103/best-movies-2019/|archive-date=November 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |title= National Board of Review 2019: 'The Irishman' Wins Best Film, Adam Sandler Named Best Actor |publisher= [[National Board of Review]] |date= December 3, 2019 |access-date= December 3, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194830/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |archive-date= December 3, 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row" | [[AACTA Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|title=International Awards|website=aacta.org|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324213059/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[9th AACTA International Awards|January 3, 2020]]
| [[AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best International Supporting Actress]]
| [[Toni Collette]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Academy Awards]]<ref name="Oscars">{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-winners-2020-updating-live-full-list-1275973/item/motion-picture-1275975 | title = Oscars: The Complete Winners List | date = February 9, 2020 | access-date = October 14, 2021 | work = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200212145218/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-winners-2020-updating-live-full-list-1275973/item/motion-picture-1275975 | archive-date = February 12, 2020 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| [[92nd Academy Awards|February 9, 2020]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Rian Johnson]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Actors and Actresses Union Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/los-repartos-de-dolor-y-gloria-y-estoy-vivo-triunfan-en-los-29o-premios-de-la-union-de-actores-y-actrices/|website=Audiovisual451|title=Los repartos de ‘Dolor y gloria’ y ‘Estoy vivo’ triunfan en los 29º Premios de la Unión de Actores y Actrices|date=10 March 2020|lang=es|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
| [[29th Actors and Actresses Union Awards|March 9, 2020]] || Best Actress in an International Production || Ana de Armas || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[American Cinema Editors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-cinema-editors-eddie-awards-nominations-2020-1259674|title='Ford v Ferrari,' 'The Irishman,' 'Joker' Among American Cinema Editors' Eddie Nominees|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=January 17, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Carolyn|last=Giardina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212062234/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-cinema-editors-eddie-awards-nominations-2020-1259674|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[American Cinema Editors Awards 2020|January 17, 2020]]
| [[American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical|Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical]]
| [[Bob Ducsay]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[American Film Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/news/afi-awards-2019-honorees-announced/|title=AFI AWARDS 2019 Honorees Announced|website=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210160159/https://www.afi.com/news/afi-awards-2019-honorees-announced/|archive-date=December 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|January 3, 2020
|Top Ten Films of the Year
| ''Knives Out''
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[ADG Excellence in Production Design Award|Art Directors Guild Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/art-directors-guild-winners-2020-complete-list-1273722/item/period-film-art-directors-guild-award-winners-2020-1273734 |title='Parasite,' 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Win Art Directors Guild Awards |website=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Carolyn |last=Giardina |date=February 1, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202063346/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/art-directors-guild-winners-2020-complete-list-1273722/item/period-film-art-directors-guild-award-winners-2020-1273734 |archive-date=February 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| February 1, 2020
| [[Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film|Best Contemporary Film]]
| David Crank
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[British Academy Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bafta-awards-2020-nominations-unveiled-1267114|title='Joker' Leads BAFTA 2020 Nominations|first=Alex|last=Ritman|date=January 6, 2020|access-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107092213/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bafta-awards-2020-nominations-unveiled-1267114|archive-date=January 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[73rd British Academy Film Awards|February 2, 2020]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Rian Johnson]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Casting Society of America]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/artios-casting-society-2020-film-nominations-complete-list-1265563/item/big-budget-drama-1265571|title=Artios Awards: 'Hustlers,' 'Knives Out,' 'Rocketman' Among Casting Society Film Nominees|last=Schaffstall|first=Katherine|date=January 2, 2020|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111095215/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/artios-casting-society-2020-film-nominations-complete-list-1265563/item/big-budget-drama-1265571|archive-date=January 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 30, 2020
| Feature Big Budget – Comedy
| Mary Vernieu, Angela Peri (Location Casting) and Brett Howe (Associate)
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Costume Designers Guild|Costume Designers Guild Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://costumedesignersguild.com/awards/awards-2019-2020/|title=Awards2020|publisher=[[Costume Designers Guild]]|access-date=February 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302071147/https://costumedesignersguild.com/awards/awards-2019-2020/|archive-date=March 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Costume Designers Guild Awards 2019|January 28, 2020]]
| [[Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Contemporary Film|Excellence in Contemporary Film]]
| Jenny Eagan
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[25th Critics' Choice Awards|January 12, 2020]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble|Best Acting Ensemble]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy|Best Comedy]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Georgia Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2019-awards.html|title=2019 Awards|website=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110194435/http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2019-awards.html|archive-date=January 10, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>
| January 10, 2020
| Best Original Screenplay
| Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Golden Globe Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-golden-globes-nominations-full-list-1259626/item/best-motion-picture-musical-comedy-1259661|title=Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy - Golden Globes: Full List of Nominations|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 9, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-golden-globes-nominations-full-list-1259626/item/best-motion-picture-musical-comedy-1259661|archive-date=December 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[77th Golden Globe Awards|January 5, 2020]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor – Musical or Comedy]]
| [[Daniel Craig]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress – Musical or Comedy]]
| [[Ana de Armas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-hollywood-critics-association-hca-nominations|title=The 2019 Hollywood Critics Association (HCA) Nominations|website=NextBestPicture.com|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170350/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-hollywood-critics-association-hca-nominations|archive-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| January 9, 2020
| Best Cast
| ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| rowspan=2|Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Huading Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/542076/%E8%8F%AF%E9%BC%8E%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E7%8D%8E%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83-%E6%92%83%E6%95%97-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%8F-%E5%A5%AA%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87|title=The list of Huading Award winners exposed "The Wandering Earth" defeated "Parasite" and won the best film|website=hk01|date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123150040/https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/542076/%E8%8F%AF%E9%BC%8E%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E7%8D%8E%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83-%E6%92%83%E6%95%97-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%8F-%E5%A5%AA%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87|archive-date=January 23, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| October 29, 2020
| Best Global Writing for a Motion Picture
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/|title=National Board of Review 2019: 'The Irishman' Wins Best Film, Adam Sandler Named Best Actor|website=Indiewire|date=December 3, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194830/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review Awards 2019|January 8, 2020]]
| [[National Board of Review: Top Ten Films|Top Ten Films]]
| rowspan="4" | ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast|Best Ensemble]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Producers Guild of America Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/pga-awards-winners-2020-1203471639/|title=PGA Awards Winners: Complete List|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Adam B.|last=Vary|date=January 18, 2020|access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014232203/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/pga-awards-winners-2020-1203471639/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Producers Guild of America Awards 2019|January 18, 2020]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture|Best Theatrical Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Satellite Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/|title=24th Satellite Awards nominations|publisher=[[International Press Academy]]|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203060704/https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| [[24th Satellite Awards|December 19, 2019]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Film|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture|Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
| Daniel Craig
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
| Ana de Armas
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture|Best Cast – Motion Picture]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Saturn Awards]]<ref name="SaturnAwards">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/|title=Saturn Awards Nominations: 'Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker', 'Tenet', 'Walking Dead', 'Outlander' Lead List|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215716/https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/|archive-date=March 7, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="7"| [[46th Saturn Awards|October 26, 2021]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film|Best Thriller Film]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Daniel Craig
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Ana de Armas
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Jamie Lee Curtis]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Bob Dusay
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
| [[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Writers Guild of America Awards]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners| title=2020 Writers Guild Awards Nominees| publisher=[[Writers Guild of America]]| date=January 6, 2020| access-date=January 6, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215220438/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners| archive-date=February 15, 2019| url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2019|February 1, 2020]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Rian Johnson
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==Sequels==
{{Main|Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery}}
Before the release of ''Knives Out'', Johnson said he would like to create sequels with Benoit Blanc investigating further mysteries, and already had an idea for a new film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knives Out: Director Rian Johnson Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjzC--yFrvI |website=youtube.com |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127011330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjzC--yFrvI |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2020, Johnson confirmed that he was writing a sequel, intended to focus on Blanc investigating a new mystery. Craig is expected to reprise his role, and acknowledged interest in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sinha-Roy |first1=Piya |last2=Keegan |first2=Rebecca |date=January 5, 2020 |title='Knives Out' Sequel in the Works, Story to Center on Daniel Craig's Detective Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-sequel-works-centered-daniel-craigs-detective-character-1266533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041343/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-sequel-works-centered-daniel-craigs-detective-character-1266533 |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> On February 6, 2020, Lionsgate announced that a sequel had been approved.<ref name="sequel">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=February 6, 2020 |title='Knives Out' Sequel Officially a Go as Lionsgate Hints at Franchise |url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/knives-out-sequel-official-rian-johnson-1202853566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207005458/https://deadline.com/2020/02/knives-out-sequel-official-rian-johnson-1202853566/ |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

On March 31, 2021, it was reported that [[Netflix]] bought the rights to two ''Knives Out'' sequels for $469{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/knives-out-sequels-the-whodunit-behind-netflixs-469-million-power-play-4161957/|title='Knives Out' Sequels: The Whodunit Behind Netflix's $469M Power Play|date=April 6, 2021|first=Borys|last=Kit|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183437/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/knives-out-sequels-the-whodunit-behind-netflixs-469-million-power-play-4161957/|archive-date=May 13, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> Filming began on June 28, 2021, in [[Greece]]. Despite Lionsgate's prior announcement that they had approved a sequel, reports indicate that Johnson and Bergman retained the sequel rights, which they shopped to other distributors without the involvement of Lionsgate or MRC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Donnelly |first2=Matt |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Netflix Buys 'Knives Out' Sequels for $450 Million |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-buys-knives-out-sequels-450-million-1234941995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331211454/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-buys-knives-out-sequels-450-million-1234941995/ |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=March 31, 2021 |title='Knives Out' Sequels Land at Netflix |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-out-sequel-lands-at-netflix |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331214742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-out-sequel-lands-at-netflix |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is set to be released on Netflix in December of 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Watch the new teaser for 'Knives Out' sequel: 'Glass Onion' |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/watch-new-teaser-glass-onion/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official}}
* {{IMDb title|8946378|Knives Out}}
* {{amg movie|718410}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|knives_out|Knives Out}}

{{Rian Johnson}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Knives Out''
|list =
{{Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Cast}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble}}
{{Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble}}
}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 crime films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:2010s crime comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:American crime comedy films]]
[[Category:American detective films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about writers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rian Johnson]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ram Bergman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nathan Johnson (musician)]]
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Films shot in Boston]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Rian Johnson]]
[[Category:Lionsgate films]]
[[Category:Murder mystery films]]

Knives Out

2022-06-27T20:44:38Z

Killerkürbis: /* Plot */She mixed up an ampoule with a sleep-inducing drug instead of morphine

{{short description|2019 American mystery film by Rian Johnson}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Knives Out
| image = Knives Out poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rian Johnson]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ram Bergman]]
* Rian Johnson
}}
| writer = Rian Johnson
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Daniel Craig]]
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
* [[Ana de Armas]]
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]]
* [[Michael Shannon]]
* [[Don Johnson]]
* [[Toni Collette]]
* [[Lakeith Stanfield]]
* [[Katherine Langford]]
* [[Jaeden Martell]]
* [[Christopher Plummer]]
}}
| music = [[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Steve Yedlin]]
| editing = [[Bob Ducsay]]
| studio = [[T-Street Productions|T-Street]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]
* [[MRC (company)|MRC]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2019|9|7|[[2019 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2019|11|27|United States}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knives Out |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/knives-out-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjgxmg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211014105014/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/knives-out-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjgxmg |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $40 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039 |title='Knives Out' Director Rian Johnson on Shifting From 'Star Wars' to Agatha Christie-Style Whodunnit |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 7, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053251/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039|archive-date=September 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = $311.4 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=8946378 |title=Knives Out |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516140051/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt8946378/ |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Knives Out''''' is a 2019 American [[mystery film]] written and directed by [[Rian Johnson]] and produced by Johnson and [[Ram Bergman]]. It follows a master detective investigating the death of the patriarch of a wealthy, dysfunctional family. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Daniel Craig]], [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], [[Michael Shannon]], [[Don Johnson]], [[Toni Collette]], [[Lakeith Stanfield]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Jaeden Martell]], and [[Christopher Plummer]].

Johnson came up with the basic concept for ''Knives Out'' in 2005 and decided to make the film after finishing ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'' in 2012. However, due to his involvement in ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'', he was not able to write the screenplay until 2017. The film was announced the year after, and it was sold to distributors during the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]]. Filming was completed in three months from October to December 2018.

''Knives Out'' had its world premiere at the [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 27 by [[Lionsgate Films]]. The film received critical acclaim, particularly for its screenplay, direction, and acting, and it grossed $311.4 million worldwide against a $40 million budget. At the [[77th Golden Globe Awards]], it received three nominations in the Musical or Comedy category while also receiving Best Original Screenplay nominations at the [[73rd British Academy Film Awards]] and [[92nd Academy Awards]]. It was selected by the [[American Film Institute]] and the [[National Board of Review]] as one of the top ten films of 2019.

In March 2021, [[Netflix]] paid $469 million for the rights to two sequels written and directed by Johnson, with Craig reprising his role as detective Benoit Blanc. The first sequel, ''[[Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery]]'', is scheduled to be released in late 2022.

==Plot==
The family of Harlan Thrombey, a wealthy [[Crime fiction|mystery novelist]], attends his 85th birthday party at his [[Massachusetts]] mansion. The next morning, Harlan's housekeeper, Fran, finds him dead with his throat slit. The police believe Harlan's death to be suicide, but [[private detective]] Benoit Blanc is anonymously paid to investigate. Blanc learns Harlan's relationships with his various family members were strained: On the day of his death, Harlan threatened to expose his son-in-law Richard for cheating on his daughter Linda, cut off his daughter-in-law Joni's allowance for stealing from him, fired his son Walt from his publishing company, and had an altercation with his grandson Ransom.

Unknown to Blanc, Harlan's nurse, Marta Cabrera, accidentally mixed up his medications, making her think she overdosed him with a sleep-inducing drug, and was unable to find the antidote, apparently leaving Harlan only minutes to live. Wanting to save Marta's family from scrutiny (her mother being an [[undocumented immigrant]]), Harlan gave her instructions to create a [[alibi#False alibi|false alibi]] and then slit his own throat. Harlan's elderly mother saw Marta carrying out his instructions but mistook her for Ransom. Marta cannot lie without vomiting, so she gives true but incomplete answers when questioned. She agrees to assist in Blanc's investigation, and she conceals evidence of her actions as they search the property. When Harlan's will is read, to everyone's shock, Marta is the sole beneficiary. Ransom helps her escape the family's wrath, but he manipulates her into confessing to him; he offers his help in exchange for a share of the inheritance. The other Thrombeys try to persuade Marta to renounce the inheritance; Walt threatens to expose her mother's immigration status.

Marta receives a blackmail note with a partial photocopy of Harlan's [[forensic toxicology|toxicology]] report. She and Ransom drive to the medical examiner's office, but it has burned down. Marta receives an email proposing a rendezvous with the blackmailer. Blanc and the police spot them, and after a brief [[car chase]], Ransom is arrested; Blanc explains that Harlan's mother saw Ransom climbing down from Harlan's room the night he died. At the rendezvous, Marta finds Fran, drugged. She performs [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] and calls an ambulance. She confesses to Blanc, though Ransom has already informed on her, and she decides to tell the family that she caused Harlan's death, which would invalidate the will under the [[slayer rule]]. At the house, she finds a copy of the full toxicology report in Fran's [[cannabis]] stash. She gives it to Blanc without reading it herself. Reading it, Blanc sees it showed little morphine in Harlan's system, and interrupts Marta before she can confess.

Blanc reveals his deductions: After Ransom learned Harlan was leaving everything to Marta, he swapped the contents of Harlan's medication vials and stole the antidote so that Marta would kill Harlan and thus become ineligible to claim the inheritance. But Marta actually gave Harlan the correct medication, subconsciously recognizing it by its viscosity, and she only thought she had poisoned him after reading the label. When the death was reported as a suicide, Ransom anonymously hired Blanc to expose Marta. Fran saw Ransom tampering with the crime scene and sent him the blackmail note. After he realized Marta was not responsible for Harlan's death, but Marta still thought she was, he forwarded the note to Marta and burned down the medical examiner's office to destroy evidence of her innocence. He overdosed Fran with morphine, intending for Marta to get caught with Fran's corpse.

Marta tricks Ransom into confessing by lying that Fran has survived and will implicate him; then she vomits on him, revealing the lie. Enraged, he attacks her with a knife from Harlan's collection, which turns out to be a retractable stage knife. With Ransom's murder confession recorded and having witnessed his attempted murder of Marta, the police arrest him. Blanc tells Marta he realized early on she played a part in Harlan's death, noting a small spot of blood on her shoe. Linda finds a note from Harlan about her husband's adultery. As Ransom is taken into custody, Marta watches from the balcony of her mansion.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Daniel Craig]] as Benoit Blanc, a private detective
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]] as Hugh Ransom Drysdale, Linda and Richard's son
* [[Ana de Armas]] as Marta Cabrera, Harlan's nurse
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] as Linda Drysdale, Harlan's eldest daughter
* [[Michael Shannon]] as Walt Thrombey, Harlan's youngest son
* [[Don Johnson]] as Richard Drysdale, Linda's husband
* [[Toni Collette]] as Joni Thrombey, the widow of Harlan's deceased son Neil
* [[Lakeith Stanfield]] as Detective Lieutenant Elliott
* [[Katherine Langford]] as Meg Thrombey, Joni's daughter
* [[Jaeden Martell]] as Jacob Thrombey, Walt's son
* [[Christopher Plummer]] as Harlan Thrombey, an 85-year old best-selling crime novelist
* [[Riki Lindhome]] as Donna Thrombey, Walt's wife
* [[Edi Patterson]] as Fran, Harlan's housekeeper
* [[Frank Oz]] as Alan Stevens, Harlan's counsel
* [[K Callan]] as Wanetta "Great Nana" Thrombey, Harlan's mother
* [[Noah Segan]] as Trooper Wagner, a police officer
* [[M. Emmet Walsh]] as Mr. Proofroc, a security guard
* [[Marlene Forte]] as Mrs. Cabrera, Marta's mother
* Shyrley Rodriguez as Alice Cabrera, Marta's sister
* Kerry Frances as Sally, Alan's assistant
* [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] as Detective Hardrock (voice cameo)
}}

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Assabet Woolen Mill - Maynard, Massachusetts - DSC04913.jpg|thumb|Several scenes are set in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]]. The car chase scene goes through the Assabet Woolen Mill (pictured), now known as Mill & Main.]]
After making the 2005 film ''[[Brick (film)|Brick]]'', writer and director [[Rian Johnson]] came up with the basic concept for ''Knives Out''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-knives-how-rian-johnson-assembled-a-star-studded-jigsaw-puzzle-1253787|title=Making of 'Knives Out': How Rian Johnson Assembled a Star-Studded "Jigsaw Puzzle"|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Natalie|last=Jarvey|date=November 18, 2019|access-date=November 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119040336/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-knives-how-rian-johnson-assembled-a-star-studded-jigsaw-puzzle-1253787|archive-date=November 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, he expressed interest in making an [[Agatha Christie]]-inspired murder mystery film. He told ''[[The Independent]]'' that he wanted to make the film after finishing ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rian-johnson-how-i-went-from-brick-to-brothers-bloom-1990568.html |title=Rian Johnson: How I went from Brick to Brothers Bloom |work=[[The Independent]] |last=Battersby |first=Matilda |date=June 3, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705230510/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rian-johnson-how-i-went-from-brick-to-brothers-bloom-1990568.html |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Johnson's next film project became ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' (2017).<ref name="TLJ Backlash">{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/rian-johnson-star-wars-talks-knives-out-last-jedi-twitter-inspiration-1202775691/ |title=Rian Johnson Says He's Still In Talks For More 'Star Wars', And That Angry 'Last Jedi' Tweets Helped Inspire 'Knives Out' |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |last=Topel |first=Fred |date=November 2, 2019 |access-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102213057/https://deadline.com/2019/11/rian-johnson-star-wars-talks-knives-out-last-jedi-twitter-inspiration-1202775691/ |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Johnson spent seven months writing the script after finishing his press tour for ''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boucher|first=Geoff|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/knives-out-script-rian-johnson-movie-screenplay-read-it-1202816376/|title=''Knives Out'': Read Rian Johnson's Script For His Awards-Season Whodunit|date=December 24, 2019|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226110658/https://deadline.com/2019/12/knives-out-script-rian-johnson-movie-screenplay-read-it-1202816376/|archive-date=December 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In developing the film, Johnson cited several classic mystery thrillers and mystery comedies as influences, including ''[[The Last of Sheila]]'', ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''[[Something's Afoot]]'', ''[[Murder by Death]]'', ''[[Death on the Nile (1978 film)|Death on the Nile]]'', ''[[The Private Eyes (1980 film)|The Private Eyes]]'', ''[[The Mirror Crack'd]]'', ''[[Evil Under the Sun (1982 film)|Evil Under the Sun]]'', ''[[Deathtrap (film)|Deathtrap]]'', ''[[Clue (film)|Clue]]'', and ''[[Gosford Park]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet |title=Edit room posters: Knives Out edition... |user=rianjohnson |number=1090746718398820352 |first=Rian |last=Johnson |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> The 1972 version of ''[[Sleuth (1972 film)|Sleuth]],'' a favorite "whodunit adjacent" of Johnson's'','' was also an inspiration, particularly for the setting and set design, including the automaton, [[Jack Tar|Jolly Jack the Sailor]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Rian Johnson's Favorite Whodunits|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsJXuzjBc_Q|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230034628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsJXuzjBc_Q|archive-date=December 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|title=Finding the Perfect Murder-Mystery Home for Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out'|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|date=November 30, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208183334/https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|title=Rian Johnson Turned the Whodunit on Its Head|last=Sims|first=David|date=December 3, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205110702/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The title was taken from the 2001 [[Radiohead]] song "[[Knives Out (song)|Knives Out]]"; Johnson, a Radiohead fan, said: "Obviously, the movie has nothing to do with the song ... That turn of phrase has always stuck in my head. And it just seemed like a great title for a murder mystery."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-09-07/knives-out-radiohead-movie-rian-johnson|title=Is Radiohead's song 'Knives Out' in Rian Johnson's movie 'Knives Out'?|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155519/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-09-07/knives-out-radiohead-movie-rian-johnson|archive-date=December 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The name Harlan Thrombey is taken from a 1981 ''[[Choose Your Own Adventure]]'' whodunit, ''Who Killed Harlowe Thrombey?''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2019/11/21/arts/blade-runner-rian-johnson-discusses-knives-out/ |title=Blade runner: Rian Johnson discusses 'Knives Out' |work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125164315/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2019/11/21/arts/blade-runner-rian-johnson-discusses-knives-out/ |archive-date=November 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Knives Out'' was announced in September 2018, with [[Daniel Craig]] starring. It was sold to distributors during the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-james-bond-25-star-wars-the-last-jedi-toronto-film-festival-auction-1202456539/ |title=Toronto Kicks Off With Hot Package: Daniel Craig Stars, Rian Johnson Directs & Scripts Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |first1=Mike Jr. |last1=Fleming |date=September 4, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090442/https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-james-bond-25-star-wars-the-last-jedi-toronto-film-festival-auction-1202456539/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Lakeith Stanfield]], [[Michael Shannon]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Don Johnson]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], and [[Toni Collette]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/chris-evans-knives-out-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-captain-america-1202476235/ |title=Chris Evans To Join Daniel Craig In Rian Johnson's Red-Hot Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 4, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090425/https://deadline.com/2018/10/chris-evans-knives-out-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-captain-america-1202476235/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/lakeith-stanfield-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-movie-1202478255/ |title=Lakeith Stanfield Joins Daniel Craig & Chris Evans In Rian Johnson's Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 8, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090209/https://deadline.com/2018/10/lakeith-stanfield-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-movie-1202478255/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/michael-shannon-rian-johnsons-knives-out-exclusive-1202973052/ |title=Michael Shannon in Talks to Join Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=October 8, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114110647/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/michael-shannon-rian-johnsons-knives-out-exclusive-1202973052/|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/ana-de-armas-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-lakeith-stanfield-michael-shannon-1202485392/ |title='Blade Runner 2049' Star Ana De Armas Joins Daniel Craig & Chris Evans In 'Knives Out'; Shoot Begins Next Month |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 18, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090744/https://deadline.com/2018/10/ana-de-armas-daniel-craig-chris-evans-knives-out-rian-johnson-lakeith-stanfield-michael-shannon-1202485392/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/don-johnson-knives-out-rian-johnson-daniel-craig-movie-1202485743/ |title=Don Johnson In Advanced Talks For Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 19, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091124/https://deadline.com/2018/10/don-johnson-knives-out-rian-johnson-daniel-craig-movie-1202485743/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/off-heals-of-halloween-success-jamie-lee-curtis-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1202994072/ |title=Jamie Lee Curtis Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=October 25, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301030458/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/off-heals-of-halloween-success-jamie-lee-curtis-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1202994072/|archive-date=March 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/toni-collette-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1203014601/ |title=Toni Collette Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=October 30, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005312/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/toni-collette-rian-johnsons-knives-out-1203014601/|archive-date=October 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2018, [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Jaeden Martell]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Riki Lindhome]], and [[Edi Patterson]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-plummer-joins-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-movie-knives-1156404 |title=Christopher Plummer in Talks to Join Rian Johnson's Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' (Exclusive) |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Borys |last=Kit |date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=November 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102214045/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-plummer-joins-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-movie-knives-1156404|archive-date=November 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/katherine-langford-joins-rian-johnsons-knives-1159889 |title=Katherine Langford Joins Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out' (Exclusive) |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first1=Borys |last1=Kit |first2=Mia |last2=Galuppo |date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234619/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/katherine-langford-joins-rian-johnsons-knives-1159889|archive-date=November 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/riki-lindhome-edi-patterson-raul-castillo-rian-johnson-knives-out-1202497615/ |title='Knives Out': Riki Lindhome, Edi Patterson, Raúl Castillo Join Rian Johnson Movie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Andreas |last=Wiseman |date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040612/https://deadline.com/2018/11/riki-lindhome-edi-patterson-raul-castillo-rian-johnson-knives-out-1202497615/|archive-date=November 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Frequent Johnson collaborator [[Noah Segan]] was announced as being in the film in December.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/12/04/bombshell-exclusive-noah-segan-is-in-rian-johnsons-knives-out |title=Noah Segan Is In Rian Johnson's Knives Out |website=BirthMoviesDeath |first=Scott |last=Wampler |date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124534/https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/12/04/bombshell-exclusive-noah-segan-is-in-rian-johnsons-knives-out |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shannon">{{cite news |last=Giroux |first=Jack |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/michael-shannon-interview/ |title='State Like Sleep' Star Michael Shannon Discusses Christopher Walken, Working With Rian Johnson on 'Knives Out,' and the 2018 Movie Everyone Should See |work=[[/Film]] |date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111417/https://www.slashfilm.com/michael-shannon-interview/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, [[Frank Oz]], who previously worked with Johnson in ''The Last Jedi'', revealed that he would be appearing in a small role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/frank-oz-knives-out/ |title=Yoda Actor Frank Oz Reuniting with 'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Director Rian Johnson to Act in 'Knives Out' |last=Pearson |first=Ben |website=/Film |date=March 12, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085927/https://www.slashfilm.com/frank-oz-knives-out/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[M. Emmet Walsh]] was cast in the film to replace [[Ricky Jay]], who had died during production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/11/29/knives-out-easter-eggs/|title=Daniel Craig's 'Knives Out' character pays homage to 1972's 'Sleuth,' and more Easter eggs from the film|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|last1=Huff|first1=Lauren|date=November 29, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207034804/https://ew.com/movies/2019/11/29/knives-out-easter-eggs/|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography began on October 30, 2018, in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] and wrapped on December 20, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.backstage.com/resources/detail/productionlisting/knives-out-86801/ |title=Knives Out - Production Listing |website=Backstage.com|access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thegww.com/rian-johnson-reuniting-with-last-jedi-cinematographer-steve-yedlin-for-knives-out/ |title=Rian Johnson Reuniting With 'Last Jedi' Cinematographer Steve Yedlin For 'Knives Out' |first=Christopher |last=Marc |date=September 30, 2018 |website=GWW |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005235/https://thegww.com/rian-johnson-reuniting-with-last-jedi-cinematographer-steve-yedlin-for-knives-out/ |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collider.com/rian-johnson-knives-out-filming-details/ |title=Rian Johnson Reveals On-Set Image as Filming Starts on 'Knives Out' |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=October 30, 2018 |website=Collider |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414080526/http://collider.com/rian-johnson-knives-out-filming-details/ |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other filming locations in [[Massachusetts]] included [[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]], [[Easton, Massachusetts|Easton]], [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]], [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]], [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], and [[Medfield, Massachusetts|Medfield]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2019/11/29/knives-out-massachusetts-mansion|title=The story behind the Massachusetts mansion in 'Knives Out'|date=November 29, 2018|first=Kevin|last=Slane|website=[[Boston.com]]|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207221520/https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2019/11/29/knives-out-massachusetts-mansion|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.milforddailynews.com/news/20181129/actor-daniel-craig-films-scenes-for-knives-out-in-marlborough|title=Actor Daniel Craig films scenes for 'Knives Out' in Marlborough|date=November 29, 2018|first=Jeff|last=Malachowski|website=The Milford Daily News|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130213711/https://www.milforddailynews.com/news/20181129/actor-daniel-craig-films-scenes-for-knives-out-in-marlborough|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maynard.wickedlocal.com/news/20181029/close-to-start-of-production-film-still-remains-mystery-in-maynard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161218/http://maynard.wickedlocal.com/news/20181029/close-to-start-of-production-film-still-remains-mystery-in-maynard|title=Close to start of production, film still remains a mystery in Maynard|date=October 29, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-date=January 3, 2019|url-status=live|last=Camero|first=Holly}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theswellesleyreport.com/2018/12/knives-out-movie-being-shot-in-wellesley-now/|title=Knives Out movie being shot in Wellesley now|website=The Swellesley Report|date=December 7, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143455/https://theswellesleyreport.com/2018/12/knives-out-movie-being-shot-in-wellesley-now/|archive-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The exteriors of the house were filmed at a mansion located in Natick, about {{convert|17|mi}} west of Boston.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2019/11/knives-out-house-filming-location.html|title=Where was 'Knives Out' filmed? The house, the city and the filming locations of the movie|website=Atlas of Wonders|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228181521/https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2019/11/knives-out-house-filming-location.html|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Borderland State Park|Ames Mansion in Borderland State Park]], Massachusetts, was used for many interior shots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|title=Finding the Perfect Murder-Mystery Home for Rian Johnson's 'Knives Out'|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|date=November 30, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208183334/https://variety.com/2019/artisans/features/knives-out-house-production-designer-interview-1203419982/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Music===
[[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]] composed the film score.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/ |title=Nathan Johnson to Reteam with Rian Johnson on 'Knives Out' |website=Film Music Reporter |date=March 13, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143559/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/|archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He previously worked with director Rian Johnson, who is his cousin, on ''Brick'', ''[[The Brothers Bloom]]'', and ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]''. The soundtrack was released on November 27, 2019, coinciding with the film's release, by Cut Narrative Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/11/knives-out-score-mondo-stream/|title=Mondo announces vinyl release of Knives Out score, shares exclusive track: Stream|date=November 21, 2019|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170324/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/11/knives-out-score-mondo-stream/ |website=Consequence Of Sound |archive-date=December 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
''Knives Out'' had its world premiere at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toronto-film-festival-joker-ford-v-ferrari-hustlers-lineup-1203275868/ |title=Toronto Film Festival: 'Joker,' 'Ford v Ferrari,' 'Hustlers' Among Big Premieres |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Brent |last=Lang |date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723140739/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/toronto-film-festival-joker-ford-v-ferrari-hustlers-lineup-1203275868/ |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was theatrically released on November 27, 2019, by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/knives-out-release-date-lionsgate-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-jamie-lee-curtis-chris-evans-michael-shannon-katherine-langford-lakeith-stanfield-1202519144/ |title=Thanksgiving 2019: Lionsgate To Release MRC's Rian Johnson Murder Mystery 'Knives Out' With Daniel Craig & Killer Cast |first1=Mike Jr. |last1=Fleming |date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192836/https://deadline.com/2018/12/knives-out-release-date-lionsgate-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-jamie-lee-curtis-chris-evans-michael-shannon-katherine-langford-lakeith-stanfield-1202519144/ |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Director Rian Johnson released an "in-theater" audio commentary for those watching the film a second time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knivesout.movie/#commentary|title=Audio Commentary|access-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173921/https://www.knivesout.movie/#commentary|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Knives Out'' was released on [[digital copy|Digital HD]] on February 7, 2020, and on [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray]] and [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K]] on February 25.<ref>{{cite web|last=Squires|first=John|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3601608/rian-johnsons-knives-brings-murder-mystery-home-february/|title=Rian Johnson's ''Knives Out'' Brings Murder and Mystery into Your Home This February|date=January 21, 2020|website=Bloody Disgusting|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150659/https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3601608/rian-johnsons-knives-brings-murder-mystery-home-february/|archive-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It was made available on the [[Streaming television|streaming service]] [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on June 12, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crow|first=David|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/knives-out-goes-to-streaming-on-amazon-prime-in-june/|title=Knives Out Goes to Streaming on Amazon Prime in June|date=May 21, 2020|website=Den of Geek|access-date=June 10, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610174536/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/knives-out-goes-to-streaming-on-amazon-prime-in-june/|archive-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Knives Out'' grossed $165.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $146 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $311.4 million.<ref name="BOM"/> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' calculated the [[net income|net profit]] of the film to be $82{{nbsp}}million.<ref name=DeadlineProfit>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/knives-out-box-office-profit-2019-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-1202908275/|title='Knives Out' Carves Out No. 18 On Deadline's 2019 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 15, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416082657/https://deadline.com/2020/04/knives-out-box-office-profit-2019-daniel-craig-rian-johnson-1202908275/|archive-date=April 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside ''[[Queen & Slim]]'', and was initially projected to gross $22–25 million from 3,391 theaters over its five-day opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/knives-out-queen-slim-thanksgiving-box-office-opening-1202780082/ |title='Knives Out' Looks To Carve Out $22M-$25M Over 5-Day Thanksgiving Stretch |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107172021/https://deadline.com/2019/11/knives-out-queen-slim-thanksgiving-box-office-opening-1202780082/ |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film held advance screenings on November 22 and 23, making $2 million from 936 theaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-opening-weekend-box-office-tom-hanks-mister-rogers-movie-21-bridges-1202792831/ |title='Frozen 2' Thaws Frigid B.O. Marketplace With $130M+, Smashing November Animated Pic Opening Records |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 24, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123133518/https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-opening-weekend-box-office-tom-hanks-mister-rogers-movie-21-bridges-1202792831/ |archive-date=November 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It then made $8.5 million (including the $2 million from the screenings and $1.7 million from Tuesday night previews) and $6.8 million on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], increasing estimates to $44 million. It went on to gross $27.2 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $41.7 million), finishing second behind ''[[Frozen II]]''.<ref name=opening>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-box-office-tuesday-november-record-knives-out-previews-thanksgiving-1202796248/ |title='Frozen 2' Still Poised For Thanksgiving 5-Day Record Of $129M+, But Turkey Day Sales Fall -16% For All Films |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 1, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201082951/https://deadline.com/2019/11/frozen-2-box-office-tuesday-november-record-knives-out-previews-thanksgiving-1202796248/ |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In its second and third weekends the film made $14.2 million and $9.3 million, remaining in second then finishing third.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Frozen 2' Leads Dreary December Weekend With $34M+, 'Playmobil' Plunges To $670K – Sunday Update|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/frozen-2-already-past-300m-leading-dreary-december-weekend-with-40m-playmobil-coming-apart-1202802388/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 8, 2019|date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207140806/https://deadline.com/2019/12/frozen-2-already-past-300m-leading-dreary-december-weekend-with-40m-playmobil-coming-apart-1202802388/|archive-date=December 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/jumanji-the-next-level-richard-jewell-black-christmas-opening-weekend-box-office-1202808689/ |title=How Sony Took 'Jumanji' To 'The Next Level' With A $60M+ Opening; 'Richard Jewell' & 'Black Christmas' Earn Lumps Of Coal |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 15, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214223910/https://deadline.com/2019/12/jumanji-the-next-level-richard-jewell-black-christmas-opening-weekend-box-office-1202808689/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film made $6.5 million in its fourth weekend and then $9.7 million in its fifth (and a total of $16.6 million over the five-day Christmas period).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-opening-weekend-box-office-cats-bombshell-1202814594/|title='Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Lowers Lightsaber To $179M+, But Still 3rd Best December Opening; 'Cats' Oh Drat $6.5M, 'Bombshell' $5.1M – Sunday AM Early Update|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 22, 2019|access-date=December 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165400/https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-opening-weekend-box-office-cats-bombshell-1202814594/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-little-women-uncut-gems-spies-in-disguise-post-christmas-box-office-1202817539/ |title='Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Chasing 'Last Jedi' With $76M 2nd Weekend; 'Little Women' Not So Tiny With $29M 5-Day |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 28, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229033102/https://deadline.com/2019/12/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-little-women-uncut-gems-spies-in-disguise-post-christmas-box-office-1202817539/ |archive-date=December 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical response===
On the review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The website's critics' consensus reads: "''Knives Out'' sharpens old murder-mystery tropes with a keenly assembled suspense outing that makes brilliant use of writer-director Rian Johnson's stellar ensemble."<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}}|type=m|title=Knives Out|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909230144/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knives_out|archive-date=September 9, 2019|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 82 out of 100, based on reviews from 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{Cite Metacritic|id=knives-out|type=movie|title=Knives Out|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909090941/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/knives-out|archive-date=September 9, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while those at [[PostTrak]] gave it an average 4.5 out of 5 stars, with 67% saying they would definitely recommend it.<ref name=opening/>

David Rooney, writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', described the film as an "ingeniously plotted, tremendously entertaining and deviously irreverent crowd-pleaser" and "a treat from start to finish," praising the film's script, the throwbacks to the murder mysteries of the 1970s, and the actors' performances.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825 |title='Knives Out': Film Review {{!}} TIFF 2019|last=Rooney|first=David|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909090941/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/knives-out-tiff-2019-1237825|archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> [[Dana Stevens (critic)|Dana Stevens]] of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' wrote "''Knives Out'' knows exactly what kind of movie it is: a sendup of twisty murder mysteries with all-star ensemble casts that also loves and respects that silly tradition."<ref>{{cite web|last=Stevens|first=Dana |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/11/knives-out-movie-review-rian-johnson-trump-immigration.html|title=''Knives Out'' Reinvents the Whodunit for the Trump Era|date=November 14, 2019|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122161527/https://slate.com/culture/2019/11/knives-out-movie-review-rian-johnson-trump-immigration.html|archive-date=November 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', A. A. Dowd called the film "madly entertaining" and "an ingenious sleight-of-hand crowdpleaser".<ref>{{cite web|last=Dowd|first=A.A|url=https://film.avclub.com/rian-johnson-chases-star-wars-with-the-ingenious-madly-1837969103|title=Rian Johnson Chases ''Star Wars'' with the Ingenious, Madly Entertaining Murder Mystery ''Knives Out''|date=September 8, 2019|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121023946/https://film.avclub.com/rian-johnson-chases-star-wars-with-the-ingenious-madly-1837969103|archive-date=November 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> David Ehrlich of ''[[IndieWire]]'' gave the film an A−, writing "Johnson has devised a murder-mystery that's eager to defy your expectations, but unwilling to betray your trust. The film may be more smart than stylish, and it may opt for a reasonable outcome over an overwhelmingly shocking one, but ''Knives Out'' doesn't let the element of surprise ruin a good story."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrlich|first=David|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/knives-out-review-rian-johnson-1202171812/|title=''Knives Out'' Review: Rian Johnson's Hugely Entertaining Whodunnit Offers Sharp Takedown of White Entitlement|date=September 7, 2019|website=[[IndieWire]]|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205032630/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/knives-out-review-rian-johnson-1202171812/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> David Sims of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' wrote that Johnson "turned the whodunit on its head".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|title=Rian Johnson Turned the Whodunit on Its Head|last=Sims|first=David|date=December 3, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200313/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/rian-johnson/602884/|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dani di Placido of ''[[Forbes]]'' wrote that Johnson "finds a way to revitalise the concept" and "makes murder mystery great again".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2019/11/28/knives-out-makes-murder-mystery-great-again/ |date=November 28, 2019 |title='Knives Out' Makes Murder Mystery Great Again|last=Placido|first=Dani Di|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205110659/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2019/11/28/knives-out-makes-murder-mystery-great-again/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Edgar Wright]] stated that ''Knives Out'' was his favorite film of the year and that it is "fiendishly plotted".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/edgar-wright-rian-johnson-knives-out-1203446304/|title=Edgar Wright Hails Rian Johnson's 'Fiendishly Plotted' 'Knives Out'|first=Edgar|last=Wright|date=December 19, 2019|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110132135/https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/edgar-wright-rian-johnson-knives-out-1203446304/|archive-date=January 10, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andrew Chow, writing for ''Time'', described the film as "one of the most unexpectedly subversive films of the year." Co-producer Ram Bergman said that the sociopolitical elements of the film were essential from its infancy. The film's lead actress, de Armas, saw it as a major studio release that stars a Latina and condemns entrenched aspects of American society.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Chow|first1=Andrew|url=https://time.com/5739679/knives-out-rian-johnson-making-of/|title=Inside the Creation of Knives Out, One of the Most Unexpectedly Subversive Films of the Year|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201130948/https://time.com/5739679/knives-out-rian-johnson-making-of/|archive-date=December 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Carlos Aguilar, writing for ''[[Remezcla]]'', took note of the Thrombey family's "racist worldview", which contrasted how the Latina lead "emerges as a heroine for all immigrants and their children whose most inalienable superpower comes from empathy, civility, resilience and the utmost value for human life."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aguilar|first1=Carlos|url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/knives-out-review-ana-de-armas/|title=REVIEW: Ana de Armas's Character in 'Knives Out' Is the Latina Heroine We Need in the Trump Era|date=November 22, 2019|website=Remezcla|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408033527/https://remezcla.com/features/film/knives-out-review-ana-de-armas/|archive-date=April 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was chosen by the [[American Film Institute]], the [[National Board of Review]], and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the top ten films of 2019 in each respective list.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5737103/best-movies-2019/|title=The 10 Best Movies of 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Stephanie|last=Zacharek|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125192431/https://time.com/5737103/best-movies-2019/|archive-date=November 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |title= National Board of Review 2019: 'The Irishman' Wins Best Film, Adam Sandler Named Best Actor |publisher= [[National Board of Review]] |date= December 3, 2019 |access-date= December 3, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194830/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |archive-date= December 3, 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row" | [[AACTA Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|title=International Awards|website=aacta.org|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324213059/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[9th AACTA International Awards|January 3, 2020]]
| [[AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best International Supporting Actress]]
| [[Toni Collette]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Academy Awards]]<ref name="Oscars">{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-winners-2020-updating-live-full-list-1275973/item/motion-picture-1275975 | title = Oscars: The Complete Winners List | date = February 9, 2020 | access-date = October 14, 2021 | work = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200212145218/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-winners-2020-updating-live-full-list-1275973/item/motion-picture-1275975 | archive-date = February 12, 2020 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| [[92nd Academy Awards|February 9, 2020]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Rian Johnson]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Actors and Actresses Union Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/los-repartos-de-dolor-y-gloria-y-estoy-vivo-triunfan-en-los-29o-premios-de-la-union-de-actores-y-actrices/|website=Audiovisual451|title=Los repartos de ‘Dolor y gloria’ y ‘Estoy vivo’ triunfan en los 29º Premios de la Unión de Actores y Actrices|date=10 March 2020|lang=es|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
| [[29th Actors and Actresses Union Awards|March 9, 2020]] || Best Actress in an International Production || Ana de Armas || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[American Cinema Editors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-cinema-editors-eddie-awards-nominations-2020-1259674|title='Ford v Ferrari,' 'The Irishman,' 'Joker' Among American Cinema Editors' Eddie Nominees|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=January 17, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Carolyn|last=Giardina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212062234/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-cinema-editors-eddie-awards-nominations-2020-1259674|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[American Cinema Editors Awards 2020|January 17, 2020]]
| [[American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical|Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical]]
| [[Bob Ducsay]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[American Film Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/news/afi-awards-2019-honorees-announced/|title=AFI AWARDS 2019 Honorees Announced|website=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210160159/https://www.afi.com/news/afi-awards-2019-honorees-announced/|archive-date=December 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|January 3, 2020
|Top Ten Films of the Year
| ''Knives Out''
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[ADG Excellence in Production Design Award|Art Directors Guild Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/art-directors-guild-winners-2020-complete-list-1273722/item/period-film-art-directors-guild-award-winners-2020-1273734 |title='Parasite,' 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Win Art Directors Guild Awards |website=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Carolyn |last=Giardina |date=February 1, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202063346/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/art-directors-guild-winners-2020-complete-list-1273722/item/period-film-art-directors-guild-award-winners-2020-1273734 |archive-date=February 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| February 1, 2020
| [[Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film|Best Contemporary Film]]
| David Crank
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[British Academy Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bafta-awards-2020-nominations-unveiled-1267114|title='Joker' Leads BAFTA 2020 Nominations|first=Alex|last=Ritman|date=January 6, 2020|access-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107092213/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bafta-awards-2020-nominations-unveiled-1267114|archive-date=January 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[73rd British Academy Film Awards|February 2, 2020]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Rian Johnson]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Casting Society of America]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/artios-casting-society-2020-film-nominations-complete-list-1265563/item/big-budget-drama-1265571|title=Artios Awards: 'Hustlers,' 'Knives Out,' 'Rocketman' Among Casting Society Film Nominees|last=Schaffstall|first=Katherine|date=January 2, 2020|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111095215/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/artios-casting-society-2020-film-nominations-complete-list-1265563/item/big-budget-drama-1265571|archive-date=January 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 30, 2020
| Feature Big Budget – Comedy
| Mary Vernieu, Angela Peri (Location Casting) and Brett Howe (Associate)
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Costume Designers Guild|Costume Designers Guild Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://costumedesignersguild.com/awards/awards-2019-2020/|title=Awards2020|publisher=[[Costume Designers Guild]]|access-date=February 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302071147/https://costumedesignersguild.com/awards/awards-2019-2020/|archive-date=March 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Costume Designers Guild Awards 2019|January 28, 2020]]
| [[Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Contemporary Film|Excellence in Contemporary Film]]
| Jenny Eagan
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[25th Critics' Choice Awards|January 12, 2020]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble|Best Acting Ensemble]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy|Best Comedy]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Georgia Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2019-awards.html|title=2019 Awards|website=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110194435/http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2019-awards.html|archive-date=January 10, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>
| January 10, 2020
| Best Original Screenplay
| Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Golden Globe Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-golden-globes-nominations-full-list-1259626/item/best-motion-picture-musical-comedy-1259661|title=Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy - Golden Globes: Full List of Nominations|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 9, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-golden-globes-nominations-full-list-1259626/item/best-motion-picture-musical-comedy-1259661|archive-date=December 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[77th Golden Globe Awards|January 5, 2020]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor – Musical or Comedy]]
| [[Daniel Craig]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress – Musical or Comedy]]
| [[Ana de Armas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-hollywood-critics-association-hca-nominations|title=The 2019 Hollywood Critics Association (HCA) Nominations|website=NextBestPicture.com|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170350/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-hollywood-critics-association-hca-nominations|archive-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| January 9, 2020
| Best Cast
| ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| rowspan=2|Rian Johnson
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Huading Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/542076/%E8%8F%AF%E9%BC%8E%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E7%8D%8E%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83-%E6%92%83%E6%95%97-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%8F-%E5%A5%AA%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87|title=The list of Huading Award winners exposed "The Wandering Earth" defeated "Parasite" and won the best film|website=hk01|date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123150040/https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/542076/%E8%8F%AF%E9%BC%8E%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E7%8D%8E%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83-%E6%92%83%E6%95%97-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%8F-%E5%A5%AA%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87|archive-date=January 23, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| October 29, 2020
| Best Global Writing for a Motion Picture
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/|title=National Board of Review 2019: 'The Irishman' Wins Best Film, Adam Sandler Named Best Actor|website=Indiewire|date=December 3, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194830/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review Awards 2019|January 8, 2020]]
| [[National Board of Review: Top Ten Films|Top Ten Films]]
| rowspan="4" | ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast|Best Ensemble]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Producers Guild of America Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/pga-awards-winners-2020-1203471639/|title=PGA Awards Winners: Complete List|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Adam B.|last=Vary|date=January 18, 2020|access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014232203/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/pga-awards-winners-2020-1203471639/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Producers Guild of America Awards 2019|January 18, 2020]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture|Best Theatrical Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Satellite Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/|title=24th Satellite Awards nominations|publisher=[[International Press Academy]]|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203060704/https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| [[24th Satellite Awards|December 19, 2019]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Film|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture|Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
| Daniel Craig
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]
| Ana de Armas
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture|Best Cast – Motion Picture]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Saturn Awards]]<ref name="SaturnAwards">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/|title=Saturn Awards Nominations: 'Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker', 'Tenet', 'Walking Dead', 'Outlander' Lead List|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215716/https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/|archive-date=March 7, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="7"| [[46th Saturn Awards|October 26, 2021]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film|Best Thriller Film]]
| ''Knives Out''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Daniel Craig
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Ana de Armas
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Jamie Lee Curtis]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Bob Dusay
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
| [[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Writers Guild of America Awards]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners| title=2020 Writers Guild Awards Nominees| publisher=[[Writers Guild of America]]| date=January 6, 2020| access-date=January 6, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215220438/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners| archive-date=February 15, 2019| url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2019|February 1, 2020]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Rian Johnson
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==Sequels==
{{Main|Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery}}
Before the release of ''Knives Out'', Johnson said he would like to create sequels with Benoit Blanc investigating further mysteries, and already had an idea for a new film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knives Out: Director Rian Johnson Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjzC--yFrvI |website=youtube.com |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127011330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjzC--yFrvI |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2020, Johnson confirmed that he was writing a sequel, intended to focus on Blanc investigating a new mystery. Craig is expected to reprise his role, and acknowledged interest in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sinha-Roy |first1=Piya |last2=Keegan |first2=Rebecca |date=January 5, 2020 |title='Knives Out' Sequel in the Works, Story to Center on Daniel Craig's Detective Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-sequel-works-centered-daniel-craigs-detective-character-1266533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106041343/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-sequel-works-centered-daniel-craigs-detective-character-1266533 |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> On February 6, 2020, Lionsgate announced that a sequel had been approved.<ref name="sequel">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=February 6, 2020 |title='Knives Out' Sequel Officially a Go as Lionsgate Hints at Franchise |url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/knives-out-sequel-official-rian-johnson-1202853566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207005458/https://deadline.com/2020/02/knives-out-sequel-official-rian-johnson-1202853566/ |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

On March 31, 2021, it was reported that [[Netflix]] bought the rights to two ''Knives Out'' sequels for $469{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/knives-out-sequels-the-whodunit-behind-netflixs-469-million-power-play-4161957/|title='Knives Out' Sequels: The Whodunit Behind Netflix's $469M Power Play|date=April 6, 2021|first=Borys|last=Kit|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183437/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/knives-out-sequels-the-whodunit-behind-netflixs-469-million-power-play-4161957/|archive-date=May 13, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> Filming began on June 28, 2021, in [[Greece]]. Despite Lionsgate's prior announcement that they had approved a sequel, reports indicate that Johnson and Bergman retained the sequel rights, which they shopped to other distributors without the involvement of Lionsgate or MRC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Donnelly |first2=Matt |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Netflix Buys 'Knives Out' Sequels for $450 Million |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-buys-knives-out-sequels-450-million-1234941995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331211454/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-buys-knives-out-sequels-450-million-1234941995/ |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=March 31, 2021 |title='Knives Out' Sequels Land at Netflix |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-out-sequel-lands-at-netflix |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331214742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-out-sequel-lands-at-netflix |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is set to be released on Netflix in December of 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Watch the new teaser for 'Knives Out' sequel: 'Glass Onion' |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/watch-new-teaser-glass-onion/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official}}
* {{IMDb title|8946378|Knives Out}}
* {{amg movie|718410}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|knives_out|Knives Out}}

{{Rian Johnson}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Knives Out''
|list =
{{Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Cast}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble}}
{{Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble}}
}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 crime films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:2010s crime comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:American crime comedy films]]
[[Category:American detective films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about writers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rian Johnson]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ram Bergman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nathan Johnson (musician)]]
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Films shot in Boston]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Rian Johnson]]
[[Category:Lionsgate films]]
[[Category:Murder mystery films]]

List of commonly used taxonomic affixes

2022-05-02T04:21:16Z

Killerkürbis: Example added (cyn-)

{{Short description|None}}
{{Expand list|date=December 2015}}
{{cleanup lang|date=May 2020}}
This is a list of common [[affix]]es used when [[scientific name|scientifically naming]] species, particularly extinct species for whom only their scientific names are used, along with their derivations.
{{alphanumeric TOC|j=|k=|q=|w=|y=|seealso=yes}}

*{{anchor|A}}'''a-''', '''an-''': ''Pronunciation'': /ə/, /a/, /ən/, /an/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀ-, ἀν-}} (''a, an-''). ''Meaning'': a prefix used to make words with a sense opposite to that of the root word; in this case, meaning "without" or "-less". This is usually used to describe organisms without a certain characteristic, as well as organisms in which that characteristic may not be immediately obvious.
*:Examples: ''[[Anurognathus]]'' ("tail-less jaw"); ''[[Apus (genus)|Apus]]'' ("without foot"); ''[[Kiwi (bird)|Apteryx]]'' ("wingless"); ''[[Pteranodon]]'' ("toothless wing")
*{{anchor|acanth}}'''-acanth''', '''acantho-, -cantho''': ''Pronunciation'': /eɪkænθ/, /eɪkænθoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἄκανθα}} (''ákantha''). ''Meaning'': spine.
*:Examples: ''[[Acanthodes]]'' ("spiny base"); ''[[Acanthostega]]'' ("spine roof"); [[coelacanth]] ("hollow spine"); ''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]'' ("high-spined lizard"); ''[[Acanthoderes]]'' ("spiny neck"); ''[[Acanthamoeba]]'' ("spiny amoeba")
* '''aeto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /aɛto/. Origin: {{lang-grc|ἀετός}} (''aetós''). ''Meaning'': eagle.
*:Examples: ''[[Aetonyx]]'' ("eagle claw"); ''[[Aetobatus]]'' ("eagle ray"); ''[[Aetosaur]]'' ("eagle lizard")
*'''amphi-''': ''Pronunciation'': /amfiː/, /amfɪ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀμφί}} (''amphí''). ''Meaning'': both.
*:Examples: [[Amphibian|Amphibia]] ("two types of life"); ''[[Amphicoelias]]'' ("hollow at both ends"); ''[[Amphicyon]]'' ("ambiguous dog")
*'''-anthus''', '''antho-''': ''Pronunciation'': /anθəs/, /anθoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἄνθος}} (''ánthos''). ''Meaning'': flower.
*:Examples: ''[[Helianthus]]'' ("sunflower"); [[Bee|Anthophila]] ("flower-loving"); ''[[Dianthus]]'' ("Zeus flower"/"godly flower")
*'''arch-''', '''archi-''', '''archo-''', '''-archus''': ''Pronunciation'': /ark/, /arkoʊ/, /arkɪ/, /arkəs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀρχός}} (''arkhós''), ''meaning'': ruler; ἀρχικός (''arkhikós''), ''meaning'': ruling. Used for exceptionally large or widespread animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Archelon]]'' ("ruling turtle"); ''[[Architeuthis]]'' ("ruling squid"); ''[[Thalattoarchon]]'' ("Sea Ruler"); ''[[Archosaur]]'' ("ruling lizard"); ''[[Andrewsarchus]]'' ("[[Roy Chapman Andrews|Andrews's]] ruler")
*'''archaeo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /arkiːɒ/, /arkiːoʊ/ . ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀρχαῖος}} (''arkhaîos''). ''Meaning'': ancient. Used for early versions of animals and plants.
*:Examples: ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' ("ancient wing"); ''[[Archaeoindris]]'' ("ancient [[Indri]]"); ''[[Archaeopteris]]'' ("ancient fern"); ''[[Archaeanthus]]'' ("ancient flower")
*'''-arctos''', '''arcto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /arktoʊz/, /arktoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἄρκτος}} (''árktos''). ''Meaning'': bear.
*:Examples: ''[[Koala|Phascolarctos]]'' ("bag bear"); ''[[Arctodus]]'' ("bear tooth"); ''[[Arctocyon]]'' ("bear dog")
*'''arthro-''': /arθroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἄρθρον}} (''árthron''). ''Meaning'': joint. Often used for animals with [[exoskeletons]].
*:Examples: ''[[Arthrospira]]'' ("jointed coil"); ''[[Arthropleura]]'' ("jointed rib"); [[arthropod]] ("jointed foot")
*'''aspido-, -aspis''': ''Pronunciation'': /əspɪdoʊ/, /əspɪs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀσπίς}} (''aspís''). ''Meaning'': shield. The suffix "-aspis" is used to describe [[armored fish]].
*:Examples: ''[[Aspidochelone]]'' ("shield turtle"); ''[[Cephalaspis]]'' ("head shield"); ''[[Sacabambaspis]]'' ("[[Sacabamba]] shield"); ''[[Brindabellaspis]]'' ("[[Brindabella Ranges|Brindabella]] shield")
*'''-avis''': ''Pronunciation'': /əvɪs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-la|avis}}. ''Meaning'': bird.
*:Examples: ''[[Protoavis]]'' ("first bird"); ''[[Argentavis]]'' ("Argentine bird"); ''[[Eoalulavis]]'' ("little-winged dawn bird")
*{{anchor|B}}'''-bates''': ''Pronunciation'': /bætiz/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|βαίνω}} ("baínō"). ''Meaning'': wanderer, one that treads.
*:Examples: ''[[Hylobates]]'' ("forest wanderer"); ''[[Dendrobates]]'' ("tree wanderer")
*'''brachi-''', '''brachy-''': ''pronunciation'': /brækɪ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|βραχύς, βραχίων}} (''brakhús, brakhíōn''). ''Meaning'': short, and the short part of the arm, or upper arm, respectively. Used in its original meaning, and also to mean "arm".
*:Examples: ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' ("short-crested lizard"); ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' ("arm lizard"); ''[[Brachyceratops]]'' ("short-horned face")
*'''bronto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /brɒntoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|βροντή}} (''brontḗ''). ''Meaning'': thunder. Used for large animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' ("thunder lizard"), ''[[Brontotherium]]'' ("thunder beast"), ''[[Brontoscorpio]]'' ("thunder scorpion") ''[[Brontochelys]]'' ("thunder turtle")
*{{anchor|C}}'''-canth''', '''cantho-''': see [[#acanth|'''-acanth, acantho-''']].
*'''carcharo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /kərkæro/. ''Origin'': {{Lang-grc|κάρχαρος}} (''kárkharos''). ''Meaning'': sharp, jagged; extended via {{Lang-grc|καρχαρίας}} (''karkharías'') to mean "shark".
*:Examples: ''[[Carcharodon]]'' ("jagged tooth"), ''[[Carcharocles]]'' ("glorious shark"), ''[[Carcharodontosaurus]]'' ("serrated tooth lizard")
*'''-cephalus''', '''cephalo-''', '''-cephale''', '''-cephalian''': ''Pronunciation'': /sɛfələs/, /sɛfəloʊ̯/, /sɛfəli:/ /sɛfeɪliːən/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κεφαλή}} (''kephalḗ''). ''Meaning'': head.
*:Examples: ''[[Sclerocephalus]]'' ("hard head"); ''[[Euoplocephalus]]'' ("well-protected head"), ''[[Pachycephalosaurus]]'' ("thick headed lizard"), ''[[Amtocephale]]'' ("[[Gobi Desert|Amtgai]] head"); ''[[Therocephalian]]'' ("beast-headed")
*'''-ceras''', '''cerat-, -ceratus''': ''Pronunciation'': /sɛrəs/, /sɛrət/, /sɛrətəs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κέρας}} (''kéras''). ''Meaning'': horn. Used for many horned animals, but most notably [[ceratopsians]].
*:Examples: ''[[Stegoceras]]'' ("roof horn"); ''[[Triceratops]]'' ("three-horned face"), ''[[Orthoceras]]'' ("straight horn") ''[[Megaloceras]]'' ("big horn") ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'' ("horned lizard"); ''[[Microceratus]]'' ("small horned"); [[rhinoceros]] ("nose horn"); ''[[Albertoceras]]'' ("[[Alberta]] horn")
*'''cetio-''', '''-cetus''': ''Pronunciation'': /sɛtɪoʊ/, /siːtəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek κῆτος (''kētos''). ''Meaning'': sea-monster. The suffix "-cetus" is used for whales or whale ancestors, while the prefix "cetio-" is used for whale-like or large animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Peregocetus]]'' ("Perego whale") ''[[Cetiosaurus]]'' ("whale lizard"); ''[[Ambulocetus]]'' ("walking whale"); ''[[Pakicetus]]'' ("[[Pakistan]] whale")
*'''-cheirus''': ''Pronunciation'': /kaɪrəs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|χείρ}} (''kheír''). ''Meaning'': hand.
*:Examples: ''[[Deinocheirus]]'' ("terrible hand"); ''[[Ornithocheirus]]'' ("bird hand"); ''[[Austrocheirus]]'' ("southern hand"); ''[[Haplocheirus]]'' ("simple hand")
*'''chloro-''': ''Pronunciation'': /kloroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|χλωρός}} (''khlōrós''). ''Meaning'': green.
*:Examples: [[Chlorophyta]] ("green plant") [[Chlorophyll]] ("green leaf")
*'''choer-''': ''Pronunciation'': /koɪroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|χοίρος}} (''koíros''). ''Meaning'': pig.
*:Examples: ''[[Choeroichthys]]'' ("pig-fish"); ''[[Choerophryne]]'' ("frog pig"); ''[[Choerodon]]'' ("pig tooth")
*'''coel-''': ''Pronunciation'': /siːl/ or /sɛl/ . ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κοῖλος}} (''koîlos''). ''Meaning'': hollow.
*:Examples: [[coelacanth]] ("hollow spine"); ''[[Coelodonta]]'' ("hollow tooth"); ''[[Coelophysis]]'' ("hollow form") ''[[Amphicoelias]]'' (¨hollow at both ends¨)
*'''cyan-''', '''cyano-''': ''Pronunciation'': /saɪæno/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κυάνεος}} (''kuáneos''). ''Meaning'': dark blue, blue, dark blue-green.
*:Examples: ''[[Cyanocitta]]'' ("blue jay"); [[Cyanobacteria]] ("blue bacteria"); ''[[Cyanocorax]]'' ("blue raven")
*'''cyclo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /saɪkloʊ/ (or /saɪklɒ/). ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κύκλος}} (''kúklos''). ''Meaning'': circle.
*:Examples: ''[[Cyclomedusa]]'' ("circle [[Medusa]]"); [[Cyclostomata]] ("circle mouth")
*'''cyn-''', '''-cyon''': ''Pronunciation'': /saɪn/, /saɪɒn/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|κύων}} (''kúon''). ''Meaning'': dog. Used for dogs or dog-like creatures.
*:Examples: [[Cynodont]] ("dog tooth"); ''[[Cynognathus]]'' ("dog jaw"); ''[[Cynopterus]]'' ("dog wing"); ''[[Arctocyon]]'' ("bear dog"); ''[[Procyonidae]]'' ("before the dog");
*{{anchor|D}}'''-dactyl''', '''-dactylus''': ''Pronunciation'': /dæktəl/, /dæktələs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δάκτυλος}} (''dáktulos''). ''Meaning'': finger, toe.
*:Examples: [[artiodactyl]] ("even toe"); ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' ("wing finger"); [[perissodactyl]] ("uneven toe")
* '''-deres''': ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δέρη}} (''dére''). ''Meaning'': neck, collar.
*:Examples: ''[[Acanthoderes]]'' ("spiny neck")
*'''-derm''': ''Pronunciation'': /dɜrm/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δέρμα}} (''dérma''). ''Meaning'': animal hide. Used for skin.
*:Examples: [[placoderm]] ("plated skin"); [[echinoderm]] ("hedgehog skin"); [[ostracoderm]] ("shell skin")
*'''-delphys, -delphis, delpho-''': ''Pronunciation'': /dɜlfɪs/, /dɜlfʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δελφύς}} ('' delphis''). ''Meaning'': womb. Used for [[theria]]n mammals.
*:Examples: ''[[Sinodelphys]]'' ("Chinese womb"); ''[[Didelphis]]'' ("two wombs"); ''[[Didelphodon]]'' ("two-womb [ie [[opossum]]] tooth"); ''[[Delphinus (genus)|Delphinius]]'' ("with a womb")
*'''dendro-''', '''-dendron''', '''-dendrum''': ''Pronunciation'': /dɛn.dɹoʊ/, /ˈdɛndɹən/, /dɛndɹəm/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δένδρον}} (''déndron''). ''Meaning'': tree.
*:Examples: ''[[Rhododendron]]'' ("rose tree"); ''[[Liriodendron]]'' ("lily tree"); ''[[Dendrocnide]]'' ("tree nettle"); ''[[Epidendrum]]'' ("above tree") ''[[Lepidodendron]]'' (¨scaled tree¨)
*'''di-''': ''Pronunciation'': /daɪ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δίς}} (''dís''). ''Meaning'': twice. Used to indicate two of something.
*:Examples: ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' ("twice crested lizard"); ''[[Nedoceratops|Diceratops]]'' ("two-horned face"); [[diapsid]] ("two arches")
*{{anchor|dino}}'''dino-''', '''deino-''': Pronunciation: /daɪnoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δεινός}} (''deinós''). ''Meaning'': "terrible", "formidable". Used for presumably fearfully large or dangerous animals or animal parts.
*:Examples: [[dinosaur]] ("terrible lizard"), ''[[Dinofelis]]'' ("terrible cat"), ''[[Dinornis]]'' ("terrible bird"); ''[[Deinonychus]]'' ("terrible claw"), ''[[Deinocheirus]]'' ("terrible hand"); ''[[Dinodocus]]'' ("terrible beam"); ''[[Deinosuchus]]'' ("terrible crocodile"), ''[[Dinohippus]]'' ("terrible horse"), ''[[Dinosorex]]'' ("terrible shrew") ''[[Deinococcus]]'' ("terrible grannule")
* '''diplo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /dɪploʊ/, /dɪplo/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|διπλόος, διπλοῦς}} (''diplóos'', ''diploûs''). ''Meaning'': double.
*:Examples: ''[[Diplodocus]]'' ("double beam"); [[Diplopoda]] ("double feet"); [[Diplomonad]] ("double unit"); ''[[Diplovertebron]]'' ("double vertebra")
*'''-don''', '''-{{not a typo|dont}}''''', '''-'''''<nowiki/>'''donto-''': see [[#odon|'''-odon''', '''-odont''', '''-odonto-''']].
*'''draco-''': ''Pronunciation'': /drakoʊs/ Origin: {{lang-grc|δράκος}} (''drákos''). Meaning: dragon.
*:Examples: ''[[Dracophyllum]]'' ("dragon race"); ''[[Dracocephalum]]'' ("dragon head"); ''[[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]'' ("female dragon")
*'''dromaeo-''', '''dromeo-''', '''-dromeus''': ''Pronunciation'': /droʊmɪoʊ/, /droʊmɪəs/ ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|δρομαῖος}} (''dromaîos''). Meaning: runner.
*:Examples: ''[[Dromaeosaurus]]'' ("runner lizard"); ''[[Kulindadromeus]]'' ("[[Kulinda]] runner"); ''[[Thalassodromeus]]'' ("sea runner"); ''[[Eodromaeus]]'' ("dawn runner")
*{{anchor|E}}'''eo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /iːoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἠώς}} (''ēṓs''). ''Meaning'': dawn. Used for very early appearances of animals in the fossil record.
*:Examples: ''[[Eohippus]]'' ("dawn horse"); ''[[Eomaia]]'' ("dawn Maia"); ''[[Eoraptor]]'' ("dawn seizer")
*'''-erpeton''': ''Pronunciation'': /ɜrpətɒn/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἑρπετόν}} (''herpetón''). ''Meaning'': reptile (literally, "creeping thing"); used for [[amphibians]].
*:Examples: ''[[Hynerpeton]]'' ("[[Hyner, Pennsylvania|Hyner]] creeper"); ''[[Greererpeton]]'' ("[[Greer, Virginia|Greer]] creeper"); ''[[Arizonerpeton]]'' ("[[Arizona]] creeper"); ''[[Albanerpeton]]'' ("La Grive Saint Alban creeper")
*'''eu-''': ''Pronunciation'': /iːu̟/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|εὖ}} (''eû''). ''Meaning'': "good", "well"; also extended via [[New Latin]] to mean "true". Used in a variety of ways, often to indicate well-preserved specimens, well-developed bones, "truer" examples of fossil forms, or simply admiration on the part of the discoverer.
*:Examples: ''[[Euparkeria]]'' ("[[W.K. Parker|Parker's]] good [animal]") ''[[Euhelopus]]'' ("good marsh foot") ''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' ("true ''[[Streptospondylus]]''"); ''[[Eucoelophysis]]'' ("True [[Coelophysis]]")
*{{anchor|F}}'''-felis''': ''Pronunciation'': /fiːlɪs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-la|felis, feles}}. ''Meaning'': cat. "''[[Felis]]''" alone is the genus name for the group that includes the [[domestic cat]].
*:Examples: ''[[Dinofelis]]'' ("terrible cat"); ''[[Eofelis]]'' ("dawn cat"); ''[[Pardofelis]]'' ("leopard cat")
*'''-form''', '''-formes''': ''Pronunciation'': /foʊrm/, /foʊrms/. ''Origin'': {{lang-la|forma}}. ''Meaning'': shape, form. Used for large groups of animals that share similar characteristics; also used in names of bird and fish orders.
*:Examples: [[Galliformes]] ("chicken form"); [[Anseriformes]] ("goose form"); [[Squaliformes]] ("shark form")
*{{anchor|G}}'''giga-''', '''giganto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /d͡ʒaɪgə/, /d͡ʒaɪgæntoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|γίγας, γῐ́γᾰντος}} (''gígas, gigantos''). ''Meaning'': giant, of a giant, respectively. Used for large species.
*:Examples: ''[[Giganotosaurus]]'' ("giant southern lizard"); ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'' ("giant ape"); ''[[Gigantoraptor]]'' ("giant seizer"); ''[[Gigantopterus]]'' ("giant fin")
*'''-gnath-''', '''gnatho-''', '''-gnathus''': ''Pronunciation'': /neɪθ/, /neɪθoʊ/, /neɪθəs/ (or /gneɪθəs/). ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|γνάθος}} (''gnáthos''). ''Meaning'': jaw.
*:Examples: ''[[Caenagnathasia]]'' ("recent Asian jaw"); ''[[Gnathostoma]]'' ("jaw mouth"); ''[[Cynognathus]]'' ("dog jaw"); ''[[Compsognathus]]'' ("elegant jaw"); ''[[Gnathosaurus]]'' ("jaw lizard")
*{{anchor|H}}'''hemi-''': ''Pronunciation'': /hɛmi/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἡμι-}} (''hēmi-''). ''Meaning:'' half.
*:Examples: ''[[Hemicyon]]'' ("half-dog"); [[hemichordate]] ("half-chordate"); [[Hemiptera]] ("half-wing")
*'''hespero-''': ''Pronunciation'': /hɛspəroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{Lang-grc|ἕσπερος}} (''hésperos''). ''Meaning'': western (originally, "evening").
*:Examples: ''[[Hesperornis]]'' ("western bird"); ''[[Hesperocyon]]'' ("western dog"); ''[[Hesperosaurus]]'' ("western lizard")
* '''hippus, hippo-''': Pronunciation: /hɪpəs/, /hɪpoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἵππος}} (''híppos''). ''Meaning'': horse.
*:Examples: ''[[Eohippus]]'' ("dawn horse"); ''[[Hippodraco]]'' ("horse dragon"); [[Hippopotamus]] ("river horse")
*'''hyl-''', '''hylo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /haɪl/, /haɪloʊ/ (or /haɪlɒ/). ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὕλη}} ("húlē"). ''Meaning:'' wood, forest.
*:Examples: ''[[Hylonomus]]'' ("forest dweller"); ''[[Hylobates]]'' ("forest walker"); ''[[Hylarana]]'' ("forest frog")
*{{anchor|I}}'''-ia''': ''Pronunciation'': /iːə/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|-ια, -εια}} (''-ia, -eia''). ''Meaning:'' an abstraction usually used as an honorific for a person or place.
*:Examples: ''[[Dickinsonia]]'' ("for Dickinson"); ''[[Cooksonia]]'' ("for [[Isabel Clifton Cookson|Cookson]]"); ''[[Coloradia]]'' ("for [[Colorado]]"); ''[[Edmontonia]]'' ("for [[Edmonton]]"); ''[[Thomashuxleya]]'' ("for [[Thomas Huxley]]")
*'''ichthyo-''', '''-ichthys''': ''Pronunciation'': /ɪkθioʊs/, /ɪkθis/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἰχθῦς}} (''ikhthûs''). ''Meaning'': fish. The suffix "-ichthys" is used for fish, while the prefix "ichthyo-", while used for fish, is also used for fish-like creatures.
*:Examples: ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'' ("fish lizard"); ''[[Leedsichthys]]'' ("Leeds's fish"); ''[[Haikouichthys]]'' ("[[Haikou]] fish"); ''[[Ichthyostega]]'' ("fish roof")
*{{anchor|L}}'''-lania''', ''Pronunciation'': /læniːə/, ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ἀλαίνειν}} (''alaínein''): ''Meaning'': to wander. Used for animals that are found in most places around continents.
*:Examples: ''[[Meiolania]]'' ("weak wanderer"); ''[[Megalania]]'' ("great wanderer")
*'''leo-''': Pronunciation: /lɛʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|λέων}} (''léon''): Meaning: lion.
*:Examples: ''[[Leopardus]]'' ("spotted lion"); ''[[Leontopodium]]'' ("lion foot"); ''[[Leontopithecus]]'' ("lion ape")
*'''-lepis''', '''lepido-''': ''Pronunciation'': /lɛpɪs/ /lɛpɪdoʊ/ (or /lɛpɪdɒ/). ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|λεπίς}} (''{{transl|el|lepis}}''). ''Meaning'': scale.
*:Examples: ''[[Mongolepis]]'' ("Mongol scale"); ''[[Stagonolepis]]'' ("ornamented scale"); ''[[Polymerolepis]]'' ("many part scale"); [[Lepidosauria]] ("scaled lizards"); ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' ("scaled wing"); ''[[Lepidodendron]]'' ("scaled tree")
*'''-lestes''': ''Pronunciation'': /lɛstiːz/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|λῃστής}} (''{{transl|grc|lēistḗs}})''. ''Meaning'': robber.
*:Examples: ''[[Carpolestes]]'' ("fruit robber"); ''[[Ornitholestes]]'' ("bird robber"); ''[[Sarcolestes]]'' ("flesh robber"); ''[[Necrolestes]]'' ("grave robber")
*'''long''': ''Pronunciation'': /lʊng/. ''Origin'': {{lang-zh|s=龙|t=龍}}. ''Meaning'': dragon. Used for dinosaur finds in [[China]].
*:Examples: ''[[Mei long]]'' ("sleeping dragon"); ''[[Bolong]]'' ("small dragon"); ''[[Zuolong]]'' ("[[Zuo Zongtang|Zuo's]] dragon"); ''[[Shaochilong]]'' ("shark toothed dragon")
*'''-lopho-''', '''-lophus''': ''Pronunciation'': /lɒfoʊ/, /ləfəs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|λόφος}} (''{{transl|grc|lóphos}}''). ''Meaning'': A bird's crest. Used for animals with crests on their heads.
*:Examples: ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' ("two-crested lizard"); ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' ("short-crested lizard"); ''[[Saurolophus]]'' ("lizard crest")
* '''lyco-''': ''Pronunciation'': /lɪkoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|λύκος}} (''{{transl|grc|lýkos}}''). ''Meaning'': wolf.
*:Examples: ''[[Lycopodium]]'' ("wolf foot"); ''[[Lycodon]]'' ("wolf tooth"); ''[[Lycoperdon]]'' ("wolf fart")
*{{anchor|M}}'''macro-''': ''Pronunciation'': /mækroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|μακρός}} (''makrós''). ''Meaning'': (correctly) long; (usually) large.
*:Examples: [[Macropodidae|macropod]] ("big foot"); ''[[Macrodontophion]]'' ("big tooth snake"); ''[[Macrogryphosaurus]]'' ("big enigmatic lizard")
*'''-maia''', '''maia-''': ''Pronunciation'': /meiə/ ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|Μαῖα}} (''Maîa''). ''Meaning'': Originally the [[Maia (mythology)|mother of Hermes]] in Greek mythology and the goddess of growth in Roman mythology, alternatively spelled Maja. Frequently used to indicate maternal roles, this word should not be construed as translating directly to "mother" (Latin māter; Ancient Greek μήτηρ ''mḗtēr''); aside from being a proper name, in Ancient Greek "maîa" can translate to "midwife" or "foster mother" and was used as an honorific address for older women, typically translated into English as "Good Mother".
*:Examples: ''[[Maiasaura]]'' ("Good Mother/Maia's lizard"); ''[[Eomaia]]'' ("dawn Maia"); ''[[Juramaia]]'' ([[Jurassic period|Jurassic]] Maia"); ''[[Maiacetus]]'' ("mother whale")
*'''mega-''', '''megalo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /mɛga/, /mɛgaloʊ̯/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|μέγας, μεγάλη}} (''mégas, megálē''). ''Meaning'': big.
*:Examples: ''[[Megarachne]]'' ("big spider"); ''[[Megalosaurus]]'' ("big lizard"); ''[[megalodon]]'' ("big tooth")
*'''micro-''': ''Pronunciation'': /maɪkroʊ̯/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|μικρός}} (''mikrós''). ''Meaning'': "small".
*:Examples: ''[[Microraptor]]'' ("small seizer") ''[[Microvenator]]'' ("small hunter"); ''[[Microceratops (disambiguation)|Microceratops]]'' ("small horned face")
*'''mimo-''', '''-mimus''': /maɪmoʊ̯/, /maɪməs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-la|mimus}}. ''Meaning'': actor. Used for creatures that resemble others.
*:Examples: ''[[Struthiomimus]]''; ("ostrich mimic"); ''[[Ornithomimus]]'' ("bird mimic"); ''[[Gallimimus]]'' ("chicken mimic"); [[ornithomimosaur]] ("bird mimic lizard")
* '''-monas, -monad''': ''Pronunciation'': /moʊnas/, /monas/, /moʊnad/, /monad/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|μονάς}} (''monás''). ''Meaning'': unit. Used for single-celled organisms.
*:Examples: ''[[Chlamydomonas]]'' ("cloak unit"); ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' ("false unit"); [[Metamonad]] ("encompassing unit")
*'''-morph''': ''Pronunciation'': /moʊrf/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|μορφή}} (''morphḗ''). ''Meaning'': form, shape. Used for large groups of animals which share a common genetic lineage
*:Examples: [[crocodylomorphs]] ("crocodile form"); [[sauropodomorphs]] ("[[sauropod]] form"); [[Muscomorpha]] ("[[fly (insect)|fly]] form") ''[[Dimorphodon]]'' ("two forms of teeth")
*{{anchor|N}}'''-nax, -anax-''': ''Pronunciation'': /nax/, /ænax/. ''Origin:'' {{lang-grc|ἄναξ}} (''ánax''). ''Meaning'': king.
*:Examples: ''[[Lythronax]]'' ("gore king") ''[[Saurophaganax]]'' ("king of the lizard-eaters")
*'''-noto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /notoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{Lang-grc|νότος}}. ''Meaning'': south, southern wind. Used for organisms found in the Southern Hemisphere.
*:Examples: ''[[Giganotosaurus]]'' ("giant southern lizard"); ''[[Notosuchus]]'' ("southern crocodile"); [[Notopalaeognathae]] ("southern old jaws")
*'''-nych''', '''nycho-, -nyx''': see [[#onych|'''-onych, onycho-, -onyx''']].
*{{anchor|O|odon}}'''-odon''', '''-odont''', '''-odonto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /oʊdɒn/, /oʊdɒnt/, /oʊdɒntoʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὀδούς}} (''odoús''). ''Meaning'': tooth.
*:Examples: ''[[Dimetrodon]]'' ("two-measures of teeth"), [[cynodont]] ("dog tooth") ''[[Carcharodontosaurus]]'' ("serrated tooth lizard")
*'''-oides''', '''-odes''': ''Pronunciation'': /oiːdiːz/, /oʊːdiːz/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|εἶδος}} (''eîdos''). ''Meaning'': likeness. Used for species that resemble other species.
*:Examples: ''[[Hypocnemoides]]'' ("like [[Hypocnemis]]"); ''[[Aetobarbakinoides]]'' ("like the [[long-legged buzzard]]"); ''[[Callianthemoides]]'' ("like ''[[Callianthemum]]''"); ''[[Argyrodes]]'' ("like silver")
*{{anchor|onych}}'''onycho-''', '''-onychus''', '''-onyx''': /ɒnikoʊ/, /ɒnikəs/ (or /ɒnaɪkoʊ/, ɒnaɪkəs/), /ɒniks/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὄνυξ}} (''ónux''). ''Meaning'': claw.
*:Examples: ''[[Deinonychus]]'' ("terrible claw"); ''[[Euronychodon]]'' ("European claw tooth"); ''[[Nothronychus]]'' ("sloth claw"), ''[[Baryonyx]]'' ("heavy claw")
*'''ophi-''': ''Pronunciation'': /ɒfɪs/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὄφις}} (''óphis''). ''Meaning'': snake. Used for [[Ophidia]] or snake-like animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Ophiacodon]]'' ("snake tooth"); ''[[Ophisaurus]]'' ("snake lizard"); ''[[Ophiopogon]]'' ("snake beard")
*'''-ops''': ''Pronunciation'': /ɒps/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὄψ}} (''óps''). ''Meaning'': face.
*:Examples: ''[[Triceratops]]'' ("three-horned face"); ''[[Lycaenops]]'' ("wolf face"); ''[[Moschops]]'' ("calf face"); ''[[Spinops]]'' ("spine face")
*'''-ornis''', '''ornith-''', '''ornitho-''': ''Pronunciation'': /oʊ̯rnɪs/, /oʊ̯rnɪθ/, /oʊ̯rnɪθoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος}} (''órnis, órnithos''). ''Meaning'': bird, of a bird respectively. "ornith-" and "ornitho-" are generally used for animals with birdlike characteristics; the suffix "-ornis" is generally applied to fossil bird species.
*:Examples: [[ornithischian]] ("bird-hipped"); ''[[Ornithocheirus]]'' ("bird-hand"); ''[[Eoconfuciusornis]]'' ("[[Confucius]]'s dawn bird")
*{{anchor|P}}'''pachy-''': ''Pronunciation'': /pæki/ ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|παχύς}} (''pakhús''). ''Meaning'': thick.
*:Examples: ''[[Pachycephalosaurus]]'' ("thick-headed lizard"); ''[[Pachylemur]]'' ("thick lemur"); ''[[Pachyuromys]]'' ("thick tailed mouse"); [[Pachydermata]] ("thick skin")
*'''para-''': ''Pronunciation'': /pærɑː/ ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|παρά}} (''pará''). ''Meaning'': near. Used for species that resemble previously named species.
*:Examples: ''[[Paranthodon]]'' ("near ''[[Anthodon (reptile)|Anthodon]]''"); ''[[Pararhabdodon]]'' ("near ''[[Rhabdodon]]''"); ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'' ("near ''[[Saurolophus]]'')"
* '''-pelta''': ''Pronunciation'': /[[Help:IPA/English|pɛltə]]:/ ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|πέλτη}} (''péltē''). ''Meaning'': shield. Frequently used for [[ankylosaurs]].
*:Examples: ''[[Sauropelta]]'' ("lizard shield"); ''[[Dracopelta]]'' ("dragon shield"); ''[[Cedarpelta]]'' ("[[Cedar Mountain Formation|Cedar]] shield")
*'''-philus''', '''-phila''', '''philo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /fiːləs/, /fiːlə/, /fiːloʊ/. ''Origin'': {{Lang-grc|φίλος}} (''phílos''). ''Meaning'': dear, beloved, loving. Used for organisms perceived as having a fondness for a particular thing.
*:Examples: ''[[Sarcophilus]]'' ("flesh-loving"); ''[[Drosophila]]'' ("dew-loving"); [[Bee|Anthophila]] ("flower-loving"); ''[[Philodendron]]'' ("loving trees")
*'''-phyton''', '''-phyta''', '''phyto-''', '''-phyte''': ''Pronunciation'': /faɪtən/, /faitə/, /faɪtoʊ/, /faɪt/. ''Origin'': {{Lang-grc|φυτόν}} (''phutón''). ''Meaning'': plant.
*:Examples: ''[[Spermatophyte|Spermatophyta]]'' ("seed plant"); [[Rhyniophyte]] ("[[Rhynie chert|Rhynie]] plant"); ''[[Phytophthora]]'' ("plant destroyer"); ''[[Phytolacca]]'' ("plant [[lac]]")
*'''-pithecus''', '''pitheco-''': ''Pronunciation'': /piθəkəs/, /piθəkoʊ/, //piθəkə/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|πίθηκος}} (''píthēkos''). ''Meaning'': ape, monkey.
*:Examples: ''[[Australopithecus]]'' ("southern ape"); ''[[Ardipithecus]]'' ("floor ape"); ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'' ("giant ape"); ''[[Pithecellobium]]'' ("monkey earring")
*'''platy-''': ''Pronunciation'': /ˈplætɪ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πλατύς (''platús''). ''Meaning'': flat. Used for creatures that are flat or have flat parts.
*:Examples: ''[[Flatworm|Platyhelminthes]]'' ("flat worm"); ''[[Platybelodon]]'' ("flat spear-tusk"); ''[[Platycodon]]'' ("flat bell"); [[platypus]] ("flat foot)
*'''plesio-''', '''plesi-''': ''Pronunciation'': /pliːziːoʊ/, /pliːz/ (or pliːʒ/). ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πλησίον (''plēsíon''). ''Meaning'': near. Used for species that bear similarities to other species.
*:Examples: ''[[Plesiosaurus]]'' ("near lizard"); ''[[Plesiorycteropus]]'' ("near [[aardvark]]"); ''[[Plesiobaena]]'' ("near ''Baena''"); ''[[Plesiadapis]]'' ("near ''[[Adapis]]''")
*{{anchor|pod}}'''-pod''', '''podo-''', '''-pus''': ''Pronunciation'': /pɒd/, /pɒdoʊ/, /pʊs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πούς, ποδός (''poús, podós''). ''Meaning'': foot, of the foot, respectively.
*:Examples: [[Ornithopod]] ("bird foot"); ''[[Brachypodosaurus]]'' ("short footed lizard"); ''[[Moropus]]'' ("slow foot")
*'''pro-''', '''protero-''': ''pronunciation:'' /proʊ̯/, /proʊ̯tεroʊ̯/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πρό, πρότερος (''pró, próteros''). Meaning: before. Usually used for ancestral forms.
*:Examples:''[[Proterosuchus]]'' ("before crocodile"); ''[[Procompsognathus]]'' ("before elegant jaw"); ''[[Prosaurolophus]]'' ("before lizard crest")
*'''proto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /proʊtoʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πρῶτος (''prōtos''). Meaning: first. Used for early appearances in the fossil record.
*:Examples: ''[[Protoceratops]]'' ("first horned face"); ''[[Protognathosaurus]]'' ("first jaw lizard"); ''[[Protohadros]]'' ("first [[hadrosaur]]")
*'''psittaco-''', '''-psitta''': ''Pronunciation'': /sitɑːkoʊ/, /psitə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ψιττακός (''psittakós''). ''Meaning'': parrot. "Psittaco-" is used for parrot-like creatures, while the suffix "psitta" is used for parrots.
*:Examples: ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'' ("parrot lizard"); ''[[Cyclopsitta]]'' ("[[Cyclops]] parrot"); ''[[Xenopsitta]]'' ("strange parrot").
*'''pter-''', '''ptero-''', '''-pterus''', '''pteryg-''', '''-ptera''', '''-pteryx'''. Pronunciation: /ter/, /teroʊ/, /pterəs/, /terɪg/, /pterɪx/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πτέρυξ, πτέρυγος (''pterux, ptérugos''). ''Meaning:'' wing, of a wing, respectively. Used for many winged creatures, but also expanded to mean "fin", and used for many undersea [[arthropods]]. The suffix "-ptera" is also used in orders of winged insects.
*:Examples: ''[[Pteranodon]]'' ("toothless wing"); ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' ("winged finger"); ''[[Eurypterus]]'' ("wide wing" or fin); ''[[Pterygotus]]'' ("winged" or finned); [[Coleoptera]] ("sheathed wing"); ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' ("ancient wing"); ''[[Stenopterygius]]'' ("narrow finned")
*'''-pus''': see [[#pod|'''-pod''', '''-podo-''', '''-pus''']].
*{{anchor|R}}'''-raptor''', '''raptor-''': ''Pronunciation'': /ræptər/. ''Origin'': Latin raptor. ''Meaning'': "robber, thief". Frequently used for [[dromeosaurid|dromaeosaurid]]s or similar animals. The term "raptor" by itself may also be used for a dromeosaurid, a ''[[Velociraptor]]'', or originally, a [[bird of prey]].
*:Examples: ''[[Velociraptor]]'' ("swift robber"); ''[[Utahraptor]]'' ("[[Utah]] robber"); ''[[Raptorex]]'' ("thief king")
*'''-rex''': Pronunciation: /rεks/. ''Origin'': Latin rex. ''Meaning'': king. Often used for large or impressive animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Raptorex]]'' ("thief king"); ''[[Dracorex]]'' ("dragon king"); ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' ("tyrant lizard king")
* '''-rhina''', '''rhino-, -rhinus''': ''Pronunciation'': /raɪnə/ /raɪnoʊ̯/, /raɪnəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥίς (''rhís''). ''Meaning'': nose.
*:Examples: ''[[Altirhinus]]'' ("high nose"); ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]'' ("thick-nosed lizard"); ''[[Lycorhinus]]'' ("wolf nose"); ''[[Arrhinoceratops]]'' ("noseless horned face"); ''[[Cretoxyrhina]]'' ("Cretaceous sharp nose"); [[rhinoceros]] ("nose horn")
* '''rhodo-''': ''Pronunciation'': /roʊdoʊ/, /rodoʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥόδον (''rhódon''). ''Meaning'': "rose". Used for red-colored or otherwise rose-like organisms.
*:Examples: ''[[Rhododendron]]'' ("rose tree"); ''[[Red algae|Rhodophyta]]'' ("rose plant"); ''[[Rhodomonas]]'' ("rose unit")
*'''rhynco-, -rhynchus''': ''Pronunciation'': /rɪnkoʊ/, /rɪnkəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥύγχος (''rhúgkhos''). ''Meaning'': "beak", "snout".
*:Examples: ''[[Rhamphorhynchus]]'' ("prow beak"); ''[[Aspidorhynchus]]'' ( "shield snout"); ''[[Ornithorhynchus]]'' ("bird beak"); ''[[rhynchosaur]]'' ("beaked lizard")
*{{anchor|S}}'''sarco-''': Pronunciation: /sɑːrkʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σάρξ (''sárx''). ''Meaning'': flesh. Used for flesh-eating animals or animals and plants with fleshy parts
*:Examples: ''[[Sarcophilus]]'' ("flesh-loving"); [[Sarcopterygii]] ("fleshy fin"); ''[[Sarcosuchus]]'' ("flesh crocodile")
*'''saur''', '''sauro-''', '''-saurus''': Pronunciation: /sɔər/, /sɔəroʊ/, /sɔərəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|σαῦρος}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|saûros}}''). ''Meaning'': lizard. Used for dinosaurs and other extinct reptiles.
*:Examples: [[Dinosaur]] ("terrible lizard") [[Mososaur|Mosasaur]] ("[[Meuse]] lizard"), ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' ("tyrant lizard"), ''[[Allosaurus]]'' ("different lizard"), ''[[Sauroposeidon]]'' ("[[Poseidon]] lizard")
*'''sino-''': ''Pronunciation''; /saɪnoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': {{lang-la|Sina}}. ''Meaning'': from China. Used for ancients and other civilizations.
*:Examples: ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]''; ("Chinese bird-lizard"); ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'' ("Chinese lizard wing"); ''[[Sinoceratops]]'' ("Chinese horned face")
*'''smilo-''', '''-smilus''': ''Pronunciation'': /smaɪloʊ/, /smaɪləs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σμίλη (''{{lang|grc-Latn|smílē}}''). ''Meaning'': a carving knife or chisel. Used for animals with sabre teeth.
*:Examples: ''[[Smilodon]]'' ("knife tooth"); ''[[Smilosuchus]]'' ("knife crocodile"); ''[[Thylacosmilus]]'' ("pouched knife"); ''[[Xenosmilus]]'' ("strange knife")
*'''-spondylus''': Pronunciation: /spɒndələs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σπόνδυλος (''{{lang|grc-Latn|spóndulos}}''). ''Meaning'': vertebra.
*:Examples: ''[[Streptospondylus]]'' ("backwards vertebra"); ''[[Massospondylus]]'' ("longer vertebra"); ''[[Bothriospondylus]]'' ("excavated vertebra")
*'''squali-''', '''squalo-''': Pronunciation: /skweɪlɪ/, /skweɪloʊ/ . ''Origin'': Latin squalus. ''Meaning'': a kind of sea fish. Used for shark like creatures.
*:Examples: ''[[Squalodon]]'' ("shark tooth") ''[[Squaliformes]]'' ("shark form"); ''[[Squalicorax]]'' ("shark raven") ''[[Squalomorphii]]'' ("shark shape")
*'''stego-''', '''-stega''': ''Pronunciation'': /stɛgoʊ/, /stɛgə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στέγη (''{{lang|grc-Latn|stégē}}''). ''Meaning'': roof. Used for armoured or plated animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' ("roofed lizard"); ''[[Ichthyostega]]'' ("roofed fish"); ''[[Acanthostega]]'' ("spine roof")
*'''strepto-''': ''Pronunciation'': /streptoʊ/, /strepto/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στρεπτός (''{{lang|grc-Latn|streptós}}''). ''Meaning'': twisted, bent.
*:Examples: [[Streptophyta]] ("bent plant"); ''[[Streptococcus]]'' ("twisted granule"); ''[[Streptospondylus]]'' ("twisted vertebra")
*'''-stoma''', '''-stome''', '''-stomus''': ''Pronunciation'': /stoʊma/, /stoʊm/, /stoʊməs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στόμα (''stóma''). ''Meaning'': mouth.
*:Examples: [[deuterostome]] (second mouth); ''[[Gnathostoma]]'' ("jaw mouth") ''[[Anastomus]]'' ("on mouth")
*'''sucho-''', '''-suchus''': ''Pronunciation'': /sjuːkoʊ/, /sjuːkəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σοῦχος (''soûkhos''). ''Meaning:'': Originally the Ancient Greek name for the [[Ancient Egyptian]] crocodile-headed god, [[Sobek]]. Used to denote [[crocodilians]] or crocodile-like animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Deinosuchus]]'' ("terrible crocodile") ''[[Anatosuchus]]'' ("duck crocodile"), ''[[Suchomimus]]'' ("crocodile mimic")
*{{anchor|T}}'''tauro-''': /taərəs/. Origin: {{lang-la|taurus}}. ''Meaning'': bull.
*:Examples: ''[[Taurotragus]]'' ("male goat-bull"); ''[[Taurovenator]]'' ("bull hunter"); ''[[Carnotaurus]]'' ("flesh bull")
*'''-teuthis''': ''Pronunciation'': /tjuːθɪs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τευθίς (''teuthís''). ''Meaning:'' squid. Used for [[squid]]s and similar [[cephalopod]]s.
*:Examples: ''[[Gonioteuthis]]'' ("narrow squid") ''[[Architeuthis]]'' ("ruling squid") ''[[Vampyroteuthis]]'' ("vampire squid"); ''[[Cylindroteuthis]]'' ("cylindrical squid")
*'''thero-''', '''-therium'''. ''Pronunciation'': /θɛroʊ/, /θiːrɪəm/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek θήρ (''thḗr''). ''Meaning'': beast. Used for supposedly monstrous animals. The suffix "-therium" is often used to denote extinct [[mammal]]s.
*:Examples: [[theropod]] ("beast foot"), ''[[Deinotherium]]'' ("terrible beast") ''[[Megatherium]]'' ("big beast") ''[[Brontotherium]]'' ("thunder beast"); ''[[Uintatherium]]'' ("beast of the Uinta mountains")
*'''thylac-''': ''Pronunciation'': /θaɪlæk/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek θύλακος (''thúlakos''). ''Meaning'': a sack. In the sense of "pouch", used for [[marsupials]].
*:Examples: [[Thylacine]] ("pouched one"); ''[[Thylacoleo]]'' ("pouched lion"); ''[[Thylacosmilus]]'' ("pouched knife")
*'''tri-''': ''Pronunciation'': /traɪ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τρία (''tría''). ''Meaning'': three.
*:Examples: ''[[Triceratops]]'' ("three-horned face"); ''[[Triconodon]]'' ("three coned teeth"); [[trilobite]] ("three lobes")
*'''titano-''', '''-titan''': ''Pronunciation'': /taɪtænoʊ/, /taɪtən/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek Τιτάν, Τιτᾶνος (''Titán'', ''Titânos''). ''Meaning'': [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]], of the Titan, respectively. Used for large animals.
*:Examples: ''[[Titanosaurus]]'' ("Titan lizard"); ''[[Giraffatitan]]'' ("giraffe Titan"); ''[[Anatotitan]]'' ("duck Titan"); ''[[Titanotherium]]'' ("Titan beast"); ''[[Titanoboa]]'' ("Titanic boa")
*'''tyranno-''', '''-tyrannus''': ''Pronunciation'': /taɪrænoʊ/, /taɪrænəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τύραννος (''túrannos''). ''Meaning'': tyrant. Used for animals similar to ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.
*:Examples: ''[[Zhuchengtyrannus]]'' ("Zhucheng tyrant"); ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' ("tyrant lizard"); ''[[Nanotyrannus]]'' ("dwarf tyrant"); ''[[Tyrannotitan]]'' ("Titanic tyrant"); ''[[Sinotyrannus]]'' ("Chinese tyrant"); ''[[Suskityrannus]]'' ("coyote tyrant")
*{{anchor|U}}'''-urus''', '''-uro-''': ''Pronunciation'': /uːrəs/, /uːroʊ/. ''Origin'': {{lang-grc|οὐρά}} (''ourá''). ''Meaning'': tail.
*:Examples: ''[[Quoll|Dasyurus]]'' ("hairy tail"); [[Coelurosauria]] ("hollow tail lizards"); ''[[Uromastyx]]'' ("tail scourge")
*{{anchor|V}}'''veloci-''': ''Pronunciation'': /vəlɑsɪ/. ''Origin'': Latin ''velox''. ''Meaning'': speed.
*:Example: ''[[Velociraptor]]'' ("quick thief"); ''[[Velocisaurus]]'' ("swift lizard")
*'''-venator''': ''Pronunciation'': /vɛnətər/. ''Origin'': Latin ''venator''. ''Meaning'': hunter.
*:Examples: ''[[Afrovenator]]'' ("African hunter"); ''[[Juravenator]]'' ("[[Jura Mountains|Jura]] hunter"); ''[[Scorpiovenator]]'' ("scorpion hunter"); ''[[Neovenator]]'' ("new hunter"); ''[[Concavenator]]'' ("[[Province of Cuenca|Cuenca]] hunter")
*{{anchor|X}}'''xeno-''': ''Pronunciation'': /zinoʊ/. Origin: Ancient Greek ξένος (''xénos''). ''Meaning'': strange, stranger. Used for organisms that exhibit unusual traits for their class.
*:Examples: ''[[Xenosmilus]]'' ("strange knife"); ''[[Xenotarsosaurus]]'' ("strange ankled lizard"); ''[[Xenopsitta]]'' ("strange parrot"); ''[[Xenocyon]]'' ("strange dog"); ''[[Xenokeryx]]'' ("strange horn"); ''[[Xenostega]]'' ("strange roof"); ''[[Xenohyla]]'' ("strange hynadae"); ''[[Xenozancla]]'' ("strange animal"); ''[[Xenodermus]]'' ("strange skin")
*{{anchor|Z}}'''-zoon''', '''-zoa''': ''Pronunciation'': /zoʊɑːn/, /zoʊə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ζῷον (''zōion''). ''Meaning'': animal. Used for broad categories of animals, or in certain names of animals.
*:Examples: [[Metazoa]] ("encompassing animals"); [[Parazoa]] ("near animals"); [[Ecdysozoa]] ("moulting animals"); ''[[Yunnanozoon]]'' ("animal from [[Yunnan]]"); ''[[Yuyuanozoon]]'' ("animal from Yu Yuan")

== See also ==
*[[List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names]]
*[[List of Greek and Latin roots in English]]
*[[List of Latin words with English derivatives]]
*[[List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes]]
*[[Latin names of cities]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taxonomic affixes}}
[[Category:Dinosaur-related lists|*]]
[[Category:Lists of prehistoric animal genera (alphabetic)]]
[[Category:Lists of words|Taxonomic affixes]]

You Only Live Twice (film)

2022-03-13T01:54:59Z

Killerkürbis: /* Cast */cursive font (unification with all items in this list)

{{short description|1967 James Bond film by Lewis Gilbert}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = You Only Live Twice
| image = You Only Live Twice - UK cinema poster.jpg
| border = yes
| alt = Cinema poster showing Sean Connery as James Bond sitting in a pool of water and being attended to by eight black-haired Japanese women
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Robert McGinnis]] and [[Frank McCarthy (artist)|Frank McCarthy]]
| starring = [[Sean Connery]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]''|[[Ian Fleming]]}}
| screenplay = [[Roald Dahl]] {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1=Additional story material by|data1={{Ubl|[[Harold Jack Bloom]]}}}}
| cinematography = [[Freddie Young]]
| director = [[Lewis Gilbert]]
| producer = [[Harry Saltzman]] [[Albert R. Broccoli]]
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| editing = [[Peter R. Hunt]]
| studio = [[Eon Productions]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1967|6|12|London, premiere|1967|6|13|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=You Only Live Twice |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |publisher=[[European Audiovisual Observatory]] |url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13608 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921061231/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13608 |url-status=live }}</ref> United States<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/23251 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202142653/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/23251 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| language = English Japanese Russian
| budget = $9.5 million<ref name="The 300-Year-Old Title: “You Only Live Twice”">{{cite web |title=The 300-Year-Old Title: "You Only Live Twice" |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/you-only-live-twice/ |website=Entertainment Time |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810002551/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/you-only-live-twice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = $111.6 million
}}

'''''You Only Live Twice''''' is a 1967 [[spy film]] and the fifth in the [[List of James Bond films|''James Bond'' series]] produced by [[Eon Productions]], starring [[Sean Connery]] as the fictional [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] agent [[James Bond filmography|James Bond]]. It is the first Bond film to be directed by [[Lewis Gilbert]], who later directed the 1977 film ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' and the 1979 film ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'', both starring [[Roger Moore]]. The screenplay of ''You Only Live Twice'' was written by [[Roald Dahl]], and loosely based on [[Ian Fleming]]'s 1964 novel of the [[You Only Live Twice (novel)|same name]]. It is the first James Bond film to discard most of Fleming's plot, using only a few characters and locations from the book as the background for an entirely new story.

In the film, Bond is dispatched to [[Japan]] after American and Soviet crewed spacecraft disappear mysteriously in orbit, each nation blaming the other amidst the [[Cold War]]. Bond travels secretly to a remote Japanese island to find the perpetrators, and comes face-to-face with [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the head of [[SPECTRE]]. The film reveals the appearance of Blofeld, who was previously a partially [[unseen character]]. SPECTRE is working for the government of an unnamed Asian power, implied to be the [[China|People's Republic of China]], to provoke war between the superpowers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |year=2005 |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novels to the Big Screen |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofjamesb0000blac/page/122 122] |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofjamesb0000blac/page/122}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/You-Only-Live-Twice |title=''You Only Live Twice'' |website=Britmovie.co.uk |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529131200/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/You-Only-Live-Twice/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the filming in Japan, it was announced that Sean Connery would retire from the role of Bond, but after one film's absence, he returned in 1971's ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' and later 1983's non-Eon Bond film ''[[Never Say Never Again]]''. ''You Only Live Twice'' received positive reviews and grossed over $111 million in worldwide box office. However, it was the first ''Bond'' film to see a decline in box-office revenue, owing to the oversaturation of the spy film genre from ''Bond'' imitators, including a competing ''Bond'' film, ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'', from [[Columbia Pictures]] (1967).

== Plot ==
American [[NASA]] [[spacecraft]] [[Project Gemini|Jupiter 16]] is hijacked from orbit by an unidentified spaceship. The United States suspects it to be the work of the [[Soviets]], but the British suspect Japanese involvement since the spacecraft, after having "swallowed" Jupiter 16, landed in the [[Sea of Japan]]. To investigate, [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] operative James Bond is sent to Tokyo, after faking his own death in Hong Kong and being [[buried at sea]] from {{HMS|Tenby|F65|6}}.

Bond attends a [[sumo]] match where he is approached by Japanese secret service agent [[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]], who takes him to meet local MI6 operative Dikko Henderson. Henderson claims to have critical evidence about the rogue craft, but is killed before he can elaborate. Bond chases and kills the assailant, taking the assailant's clothing as a disguise, and is driven in the getaway car to Osato Chemicals. Once there, Bond subdues the driver and breaks into the office safe of the company's president, Mr. Osato. After obtaining secret documents, Bond is pursued by armed security, but is rescued by Aki, who flees to a secluded subway station. Bond chases her, but falls down a trap door leading to the office of the head of the Japanese secret service, [[List of James Bond allies#Tiger Tanaka|Tiger Tanaka]]. The stolen documents are examined, and found to include a photograph of the cargo ship ''Ning-Po'', with a [[microdot]] message saying the tourist who took the photo was killed as a security precaution. While at Tanaka's spa, Bond meets with Aki again. The pair kiss and Bond carries Aki to his bed.

Bond goes back to Osato Chemicals to meet Osato, masquerading as a potential new buyer. Osato humours Bond, but after their meeting, he orders his secretary, Helga Brandt, to have him killed; both are [[SPECTRE]] agents. Outside the building, assassins open fire on Bond before Aki rescues him again. Bond and Aki drive to [[Kobe]], where the ''Ning-Po'' is docked. They investigate the company's dock facilities, and discover that the ship was delivering elements for [[rocket fuel]]. They are discovered, but Bond eludes the henchmen until Aki gets away; however, Bond is captured. He wakes, tied up in Brandt's cabin on the ''Ning-Po''. Brandt interrogates Bond, before seducing him. Brandt flies Bond to Tokyo the next day, but en route, she sets off a flare in the plane, seals Bond in his seat and bails out, assuming Bond will die in the crash. Bond manages to evade the trap, lands the plane and flees before it explodes.

After finding out where the ''Ning-Po'' unloaded, Bond flies over the area in a heavily armed [[autogyro]] created by [[Q (James Bond)|Q]], called 'Little Nellie'. Near a [[volcano]], Bond is attacked by and defeats four helicopters, confirming his suspicions that the enemy's base is nearby. A Soviet spacecraft is then captured in orbit by another unidentified craft, heightening tensions with the United States. The mysterious spaceship lands in an extensive base hidden inside the volcano. It soon turns out that the true mastermind behind this is [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the mysterious leader of SPECTRE who has been hired by a [[great power]] (strongly implied to be the [[People's Republic of China]]) to start a Soviet-American war, in order for them to destroy each other so that China can replace them as the world's new [[Superpower (geography)|superpower]]. Blofeld summons Osato and Brandt to his office to answer for not having killed Bond; Osato immediately blames his assistant, Brandt. Blofeld gives them a last chance, but as Brandt leaves, he activates a mechanism that drops her to her death into a pool filled with [[piranha]]s. Blofeld then orders Osato to kill Bond.

[[File:Château de Himeji02.jpg|thumb|The [[Himeji Castle]], location of the ninjas' training.]]

Bond then meets Tanaka and Aki in Kyoto where they plan to infiltrate the island by disguising Bond as a Japanese fisherman, alongside a wife amongst Tiger himself and 100 of his ninjas. Aki is told she cannot play the part of Bond's wife as she is not known on the island and while still in Kyoto she is killed by a SPECTRE agent during an attempt on Bond's life.

Following a second attempt on his life by another assassin, Bond is introduced to Tanaka's student, [[Kissy Suzuki]], who is to act as his wife. Acting on her lead, a funeral for an [[Ama (diving)|''ama'' girl]] who died recently, the pair reconnoitre a cave booby-trapped with poison, and the volcano above it. Establishing that the mouth of the volcano is a disguised hatch to the secret rocket base, Bond slips in, while Kissy goes to alert Tanaka. Bond locates and frees the captured American and Soviet astronauts and, with their help, steals a [[space suit]] in an attempt to infiltrate the SPECTRE spacecraft, "Bird One". However, Blofeld spots Bond mishandling his equipment, and he is detained while Bird One is launched with a backup astronaut. Bond is taken into the control room where he meets Blofeld face-to-face for the first time. Blofeld kills Osato to demonstrate the price of failure to kill Bond.

Bird One closes in on an American space capsule, and U.S. forces prepare to launch a nuclear attack on the USSR. Meanwhile, a team of Japanese ninjas trained by Tanaka approach the base's entrance, but are detected and fired upon. Bond manages to open the hatch, letting in the ninjas. During the ensuing battle, Tanaka saves Bond by throwing his [[shuriken]] at Blofeld, disarming him just as he was about to kill Bond. Bond then fights his way back to the control room, kills Blofeld's bodyguard Hans by tossing him into the piranha pool, and activates Bird One's [[self-destruct]] before it reaches the American craft. The Americans promptly stand down their forces.

Blofeld activates the base's self-destruct system, a bomb that triggers a volcanic eruption, and escapes. Bond, Kissy, Tanaka, and the surviving ninjas leave before the eruption destroys the base, and are picked up by the [[Japanese Navy|Japanese Maritime Forces]] and the British Secret Service.

== Cast ==
[[File:007volcanocrater blofeld.jpg|alt=Large, underground missile silo with a missile pointing out the hole toward the sky next to a support structure. Five characters stand in the foreground.|thumb|The sets of Blofeld's hideout at [[Pinewood Studios]]. From left, [[Lois Maxwell]], [[Akiko Wakabayashi]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Karin Dor]] and [[Mie Hama]] examine the set during a break in filming. Spacecraft ''Bird One'' is in the background.]]
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* [[Sean Connery]] as [[James Bond filmography|James Bond]], an MI6 agent
* [[Akiko Wakabayashi]] as [[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]], an agent with the Japanese SIS who assists Bond
* [[Mie Hama]] as [[Kissy Suzuki]], an [[Ama (diving)|''ama'' girl]] who marries Bond as an undercover ploy; she is never referred to by name
** [[Nikki van der Zyl]] ''(uncredited)'' as the voice of Kissy Suzuki
* [[Tetsurō Tamba]] as [[List of James Bond allies#Tiger Tanaka|Tiger Tanaka]], head of Japanese secret service (voice dubbed by Robert Rietty).
* [[Teru Shimada]] as Mr. Osato, a Japanese industrialist secretly affiliated to SPECTRE
* [[Karin Dor]] as Helga Brandt/No. 11, a SPECTRE assassin
* [[Francesca Tu]] ''(uncredited)'' as Mr. Osato's secretary
* [[Donald Pleasence]] as [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the megalomaniacal head of the terrorist syndicate known as [[SPECTRE]]
* [[Bernard Lee]] as [[M (James Bond)|M]], the head of MI6
* [[Lois Maxwell]] as [[Miss Moneypenny]], M's secretary
* [[Desmond Llewelyn]] as [[Q (James Bond)|Q]], head of MI6 technical department
* [[Charles Gray (actor)|Charles Gray]] as [[Dikko Henderson]], British contact living in Japan. Gray would later play Blofeld in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'', opposite Sean Connery.
* [[Tsai Chin (actress)|Tsai Chin]] as Chinese Girl (Hong Kong), Ling, undercover MI6 agent<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novels to the Big Screen |year=2005 |publisher=Bison Books |chapter=The Brosnan films |page=167}}</ref>
* [[Peter Maivia|Peter Fanene Maivia]] as Car Driver, one of Osato's henchmen, who fights Bond in Osato's office
* [[Burt Kwouk]] as Spectre Number 3, one of Blofeld's henchmen. Kwouk had previously played the Chinese agent Mr. Ling in ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''.
* [[Michael Chow (restaurateur)|Michael Chow]] as Spectre Number 4, one of Blofeld's henchmen and Mr Osato's secretary
* [[Ronald Rich]] as Blofeld's bodyguard, Hans
* [[David Toguri]] as Assassin (Bedroom), one of Osato's henchmen, who kills Aki
* [[John Stone (actor)|John Stone]] as Submarine Captain
* [[Norman Jones (actor)|Norman Jones]] as Astronaut – 1st American Spacecraft
* [[Paul Carson (actor)|Paul Carson]] as Astronaut – 1st American Spacecraft
* Laurence Herder as Cosmonaut – Soviet Spacecraft
* [[Richard Graydon]] as Cosmonaut – Soviet Spacecraft
* Bill Mitchell as Astronaut – 2nd American Spacecraft
* [[George Roubicek]] as Astronaut – 2nd American Spacecraft
* [[Alexander Knox]] as the US President
* [[Ed Bishop]] ''(uncredited)'' as NASA Hawaii technician, who warns 1st American spacecraft of approaching unidentified craft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062512/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1 |title=''You Only Live Twice (1967) - Full Cast and Crew'' |website=imdb.com |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140221/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062512/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishop would later play the also uncredited role of Klaus Hergersheimer in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''.
* [[Frazer Hines]] ''(uncredited)'' as Spectre Number 4 (Mr. Osato's Secretary) (voice)
* [[Shane Rimmer]] ''(uncredited)'' as NASA Hawaii technician. This was Rimmer's first contribution to the Bond franchise, as he would later appear as Tom in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' ''(uncredited)'', ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' (albeit as a voice and uncredited) and as Commander Carter in ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''.
* [[Richard Marner]] ''(uncredited)'' as Soviet Controller
* [[Anthony Ainley]] ''(uncredited)'' as Hong Kong Policeman
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
[[File:TOYOTA 2000GT Bond vehicles.jpg|alt=A roadster with headlights retracted and a smooth, moulded design.|thumb|[[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]]'s [[Toyota 2000GT]] Open-Top was ranked as the seventh best car in the ''James Bond'' series by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' in 2011.<ref name=complex>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111204205841/http://www.complex.com/rides/2011/11/the-complete-guide-to-james-bonds-cars-video/bond-7 7. The "Modern" Car — The Complete Guide To James Bond's Cars (Video) | Complex]</ref>]]

''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' was the intended next film after ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' (1965), but the producers decided to adapt ''You Only Live Twice'' instead because ''OHMSS'' would require searching for high and snowy locations.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> [[Lewis Gilbert]] originally declined the offer to direct, but accepted after producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]] called him saying: "You can't give up this job. It's the largest audience in the world." [[Peter R. Hunt]], who edited the first five Bond films, believed that Gilbert had been contracted by the producers for other work but they found they had to use him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://debrief.commanderbond.net/lofiversion/index.php/t14306.html |title=Peter Hunt Interview |publisher=Commanderbond.net |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031554/http://debrief.commanderbond.net/topic/14306-peter-hunt-interview/ |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> [[Ted Moore]], the director of photography on the first four films, was unavailable because he was filming ''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]'' and was replaced by [[Freddie Young]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Matthew|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930556527|title=Some kind of hero : 007 : the remarkable story of the James Bond films|date=2015|others=Ajay Chowdhury|isbn=978-0-7509-6421-0|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|oclc=930556527}}</ref>

Gilbert, Young, producers Broccoli and [[Harry Saltzman]], and production designer [[Ken Adam]] then went to Japan, spending three weeks searching for locations. [[SPECTRE]]'s shore fortress headquarters was changed to an extinct volcano after the team learned that the Japanese do not build castles by the sea. The group was due to return to the UK on a [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] [[Boeing 707]] flight ([[BOAC Flight 911]]) on 5 March 1966, but cancelled after being told they had a chance to watch a ''[[ninja]]'' demonstration.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> That flight crashed 25 minutes after takeoff, killing all on board.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2515000/2515321.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=1966: Passenger jet crashes into Mount Fuji |access-date=17 November 2007 |date=5 March 1966 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111015548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2515000/2515321.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In Tokyo, the crew also found Hunt, who decided to go on holiday after having his request to direct declined. Hunt was invited to direct the [[second unit]] for ''You Only Live Twice'' and accepted the job.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Peter R. Hunt]] |title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service [[audio commentary]] |location=''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' Ultimate Edition, Disc 1 |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref>

Unlike most James Bond films, which usually feature various locations around the world, almost the entire film is set in one country, and several minutes are devoted to an elaborate Japanese wedding. This is in keeping with Fleming's original novel, which also devoted a number of pages to the discussion of Japanese culture. [[Toho Studios]] provided soundstages, personnel, and the female Japanese stars to the producers.<ref>Kalat, David, ''A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series''. [[McFarland & Company]], 2007. p. 89</ref>

=== Writing ===
The first draft was written by [[Sydney Boehm]] based closely on the original novel.<ref name=":0" /> The producers had [[Harold Jack Bloom]] come to Japan with them to write a screenplay. His work was ultimately rejected, but since several of his ideas were used in the final script, he was given the credit of "Additional Story Material".<ref name=tcm/> Among these elements were the opening with Bond's fake death and burial at sea, and the ninja attack.<ref name=starlog>Soter, Tom. [http://www.tomsoter.com/?q=node/829 Roald Dahl] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043753/http://www.tomsoter.com/?q=node%2F829 |date=7 March 2016}}. ''[[Starlog]]'', August 1991. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</ref> As the screenwriter of the previous Bond films, [[Richard Maibaum]], was unavailable, [[Roald Dahl]] (a close friend of Ian Fleming) was chosen to write the adaptation, despite having no prior experience writing a screenplay except for the uncompleted ''[[The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling#1966 film|The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling]]''.<ref name="MGM documentary" />

Dahl said that the original novel was "Fleming's worst book, with no plot in it which would even make a movie",<ref name=starlog/> and compared it to a [[Travel literature|travelogue]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |last2=Scivally |first2=Bruce |year=2006 |title=James Bond: The Legacy 007 |publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams]] |isbn=978-0-8109-8252-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesbond0000cork/page/100 100] |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbond0000cork/page/100}}</ref> stating that he had to create a new plot though "I could retain only four or five of the original story's ideas."<ref>{{cite book |title=The complete James Bond movie encyclopedia |first=Steven Jay |last=Rubin |publisher=Contemporary Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-141246-9 |page=97}}</ref> On creating the plot, Dahl said he "did not know what the hell Bond was going to do" despite having to deliver the first draft in six weeks, and decided to do a basic plot similar to ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''.<ref name=starlog/> He was inspired by the story of a missing [[Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom|nuclear-armed]] [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] [[bomber]] over [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] and by the Soviet Union and the United States' recent first [[Extravehicular activity|spacewalks]] from [[Voskhod 2]] and [[Gemini 4]].<ref name=":0" /> Dahl was given a free rein on his script, except for the character of Bond and "the girl formula", involving three women for Bond to seduce – an ally and a henchwoman who both get killed, and the main Bond girl. While the third involved a character from the book, Kissy Suzuki, Dahl had to create Aki and Helga Brandt to fulfil the rest.<ref>{{cite journal |title=007's Oriental Playfuls |journal=[[Playboy]] |author=Dahl, Roald |pages=86–87 |issue=June 1967 |author-link=Roald Dahl}}</ref>

Gilbert was mostly collaborative with Dahl's work, as the writer declared: "He not only helped in script conferences, but had some good ideas and then left you alone, and when you produced the finished thing, he shot it. Other directors have such an ego that they want to rewrite it and put their own dialogue in, and it's usually disastrous. What I admired so much about Lewis Gilbert was that he just took the screenplay and shot it. That's the way to direct: You either trust your writer or you don't."<ref name=starlog/>
Charles Gray, who played Dikko Henderson, actually says the famous "shaken not stirred" line the other way round saying "that is stirred not shaken, that was right wasn't it?" Bond replies "Perfect."

=== Casting ===
[[File:Blofeld by Jan Werich.jpg|alt=Upper body shot of a middle aged man with short, greying hair, moustache and goatee, holding a cat in his arms.|thumb|[[Jan Werich]]'s screentest as Blofeld]]
When the time came to begin ''You Only Live Twice'', the producers were faced with the problem of a disenchanted star. Sean Connery had stated that he was tired of playing James Bond and all of the associated commitment (time spent filming and publicising each movie), together with finding it difficult to do other work, which would potentially lead to [[Typecasting (acting)|typecasting]].<ref name=tcm/><ref>[http://www.alternative007.co.uk/7.htm In Praise of George Lazenby] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325000000/http://www.alternative007.co.uk/7.htm |date=25 March 2015}} – Alternative 007</ref> Saltzman and Broccoli were able to persuade Connery by increasing his fee for the film, but geared up to look for a replacement.

[[Jan Werich]] was originally cast by producer [[Harry Saltzman]] to play Blofeld. Upon his arrival at the [[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood]] set, both producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]] and director [[Lewis Gilbert]] felt that he was a poor choice, resembling a "poor, benevolent [[Santa Claus|father Christmas]]". Nonetheless, in an attempt to make the casting work, Gilbert continued filming. After several days, both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that Werich was not menacing enough, and recast Blofeld with [[Donald Pleasence]] in the role.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> Pleasence's ideas for Blofeld's appearance included a [[Kyphosis|hump]], a limp, a beard, and a lame hand, before he settled on the scar.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Nathan |title=Unseen Bond |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=October 2008 |page=100}}</ref> He found it uncomfortable, though, because of the glue that attached it to his eye.<ref name="commentary" />

Many European models were tested for Helga Brandt, including German actress [[Eva Renzi]] who passed on the film,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lisanti |first1=Tom |last2=Paul |first2=Louis |title=Film Fatales: Women in Espionage Films and Television, 1962–1973 |page=252 |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-0786411948}}</ref> with German actress [[Karin Dor]] being cast. Dor performed the stunt of diving into a pool to depict Helga's demise, without the use of a double.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Karin Dor]] |title=You Only Live Twice Commentary track |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Dor was dubbed for the German release.<ref>[http://www.synchronkartei.de/index.php?action=show&type=film&id=2064 Deutsche Synchronkartei] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724042601/http://www.synchronkartei.de/index.php?action=show&type=film&id=2064 |date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

UA CEO Bud Ornstein met with [[Toshiro Mifune]] in the [[Canary Islands]] to try to convince him to play Tiger Tanaka, but he was already committed to appear in ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Gilbert had chosen [[Tetsurō Tamba]] after working with him in ''[[The 7th Dawn]]''. A number of martial arts experts were hired as the ninjas. The two Japanese female parts proved difficult to cast, due to most of the actresses tested having little English. [[Akiko Wakabayashi]] and [[Mie Hama]], both [[Toho|Toho Studios]] stars, were eventually chosen and started taking [[English language|English]] classes in the UK. Hama, initially cast in the role of Tanaka's assistant, had difficulty with the language. Initially the producers were going to fire her, but after Tamba suggested she would commit suicide if they did so instead switched her role with Wakabayashi, who had been cast as Kissy, a part with less dialogue. Wakabayashi only requested that her character name, "Suki", be changed to "Aki".<ref name="MGM documentary" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Little Nellie.jpg|alt=Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.|thumb|The ''Little Nellie'' [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|WA-116]] [[autogyro]] with its constructor and pilot, [[Ken Wallis]]]]
[[File:You Only Live Twice Flim Shooting at Akime.JPG|thumb|The scene of the Japanese fishing village]]
[[File:1998 shinmoe takachiho.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mount [[Shinmoedake]] in 1998 (the crater was filled by an eruption in 2011)]]
Filming of ''You Only Live Twice'' lasted from July 1966 to March 1967.<ref name=booklet>{{cite AV media notes |title=You Only Live Twice Ultimate Edition DVD |year=2006}}</ref>

The film was shot primarily in Japan, and most of the locations are identifiable.

In summary:

* Tokyo: After arriving in Japan at Akime, Bond goes to Tokyo. The initial scenes are set in and around the [[Ginza]] area. The [[Hotel New Otani Tokyo]] served as the outside for Osato Chemicals, and the hotel's gardens were used for scenes of the [[ninja]] training. A car chase using the [[Toyota 2000GT#2000GT Open-Top, the "Bond Model"|Toyota 2000GT]] and a [[Toyota Crown#S40|Toyota Crown]] was largely filmed in the area around the [[Olympic Stadium, Tokyo|Olympic Stadium]] used previously for the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. [[Tokyo Tower]] and the centre of Tokyo can be briefly seen in a sequence where the villain's car is dropped in Tokyo Bay. Tanaka's private subway station was filmed at the [[Tokyo Metro]]'s [[Nakano-shimbashi Station]]. A sumo wrestling match was filmed at Tokyo's sumo hall, the [[Kuramae Kokugikan]]; this has since been demolished.
* [[Port of Kobe|Kobe Docks]] appears in a sequence when Bond investigates the ship ''Ning-Po'', and is involved in a fight.
* Bond's wedding at a Shinto Shrine was filmed in [[Nachikatsuura|Nachi]].
* [[Himeji Castle]] in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] was depicted as Tanaka's ninja training camp.
* The village of [[Minamisatsuma|Bonotsucho Akime]] was where Bond and his Ama wife lived and where the Ama scenes were shot.
* The ryokan Shigetomi-so (now known as Shimazu Shigetomisoh Manor) was used as the exterior of Tanaka's house.
* [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] was the location for various scenes depicting Little Nellie (see below).
* Mount [[Shinmoedake|Shinmoe-dake]] in [[Kyushu|Kyūshū]] was used for the exteriors of SPECTRE's headquarters.<ref name="MGM documentary">{{cite AV media |title=Inside You Only Live Twice: An Original Documentary |medium=Television |people=Production Staff |publisher =MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="On Location With Ken Adam">{{cite AV media |title=On Location With Ken Adam |location=You Only Live Twice: Ultimate Edition DVD (Disc 2) |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="exotic">{{cite AV media |title=Exotic Locations |location=You Only Live Twice: Ultimate Edition DVD (Disc 2) |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref>

Most of the interiors were shot at Pinewood. The opening sequence in Hong Kong used some location footage of a street in [[Kowloon]]. Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour is also shown, but the at-sea burial of Bond and the retrieval of the corpse was filmed off Gibraltar and the Bahamas. The scenes with the light aircraft ferrying Bond to his supposed death were shot over very English-looking countryside in Buckinghamshire, whereas this was supposed to be Japan.

Large crowds were present in Japan to see the shooting. A Japanese fan began following Sean Connery with a camera, and police had to deal with fan incursions several times during shooting.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="commentary">{{cite AV media |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref>

The heavily armed [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|WA-116]] [[autogyro]] "Little Nellie" was included after Ken Adam heard a radio interview with its inventor, [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Wing Commander [[Ken Wallis]]. Little Nellie was named after music hall star [[Nellie Wallace]], who has a similar surname to its inventor. Wallis piloted his invention, which was equipped with various mock-up armaments by [[John Stears]]' special effects team, during production.<ref name=booklet/>

"Nellie"'s battle with helicopters proved to be difficult to film. The scenes were initially shot in [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]], first with takes of the gyrocopter, with more than 85 take-offs, five hours of flight and Wallis nearly crashing into the camera several times. A scene filming the helicopters from above created a major [[Vertical draft|downdraft]], and cameraman John Jordan's foot was severed by the craft's rotor. It was surgically reattached by surgeons visiting the country, and then amputated in London when the surgery was deemed to have been flawed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Roger |title=Story of the Scene: You Only Live Twice (1967) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/story-of-the-scene-you-only-live-twice-1967-1758895.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228205823/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/story-of-the-scene-you-only-live-twice-1967-1758895.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jordan would continue work for the Bond series with a prosthetic foot. The concluding shots involved explosions, which the Japanese government did not allow in a national park; hence, the crew moved to [[Torremolinos]], Spain, which was found to resemble the Japanese landscape.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> The shots of the volcano were filmed at [[Shinmoedake]] on [[Kyushu]] Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2011/01/27/2011-01-27_mount_shinmoedake_scene_of_sean_connery_you_only_live_twice_james_bond_movie_eru.html?r=news |title=Japan volcano Mount Shinmoedake, scene of Sean Connery 'You Only Live Twice' James Bond film, erupts |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=January 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-08-19 |archive-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404155257/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2011/01/27/2011-01-27_mount_shinmoedake_scene_of_sean_connery_you_only_live_twice_james_bond_movie_eru.html?r=news |url-status=live }},</ref>

The sets of SPECTRE's volcano base, including operative heliport and monorail, were constructed at a lot inside [[Pinewood Studios]], at a cost of $1 million.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="On Location With Ken Adam" /> The {{convert|45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall set could be seen from {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} away, and attracted many people from the region.<ref name="cork-livetwice">{{cite AV media |people=John Cork |title=You Only Live Twice Commentary track |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Locations outside Japan included using the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Tenby|F65|6}}, then in [[Gibraltar]], for the sea burial,<ref>[http://www.jeffmays.talktalk.net/007.htm HMS Tenby Association] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072907/http://www.jeffmays.talktalk.net/007.htm |date=4 March 2016}}. Jeffmays.talktalk.net. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</ref> Hong Kong for the scene where Bond fakes his death, and Norway for the Soviet radar station.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="exotic" /><ref name="cork-livetwice" />

Sean Connery's then-wife [[Diane Cilento]] performed the swimming scenes for at least five Japanese actresses, including Mie Hama.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> Martial arts expert [[Donn F. Draeger]] provided martial arts training, and also doubled for Connery.<ref name=MAT>{{cite book |last=Corcoran |first=John |title=Martial Arts: Traditions, History, People |publisher=W.H. Smith Publishers Inc. |year=1988 |isbn=0-8317-5805-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/martialartstradi00fark/page/320 320] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/martialartstradi00fark/page/320}}</ref> Lewis Gilbert's regular editor, [[Thelma Connell]], was originally hired to edit the film. However, after her initial, almost three-hour cut received a terrible response from test audiences, Peter R. Hunt was asked to re-edit the film. Hunt's cut proved a much greater success, and he was awarded the director's chair on the next film as a result.<ref name=tcm>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article/?cid=235281&rss=mrqe |title=You Only Live Twice |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{main|You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was the fourth of the series to be composed by [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]. He tried to incorporate the "elegance of the Oriental sound" with Japanese music-inspired tracks.<ref name="barry">{{cite AV media |people=[[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> The theme song, "[[You Only Live Twice (song)|You Only Live Twice]]", was composed by Barry and lyricist [[Leslie Bricusse]], and sung by [[Nancy Sinatra]] after her father [[Frank Sinatra]] passed on the opportunity.<ref name="James Bond 2014">Burlingame, Jon. ''The Music of James Bond''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2014. {{ISBN|978-0199358854}}</ref> Nancy Sinatra was reported to be very nervous while recording – first she wanted to leave the studio; then she claimed to sometimes "sound like [[Minnie Mouse]]".<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Nancy Sinatra]] |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Barry declared that the final song uses 25 different takes.

There are two versions of the song "You Only Live Twice", sung by Nancy Sinatra, one directly from the movie soundtrack, and a second one for record release arranged by [[Billy Strange]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The movie soundtrack song is widely recognised for its striking opening bars and oriental flavour, and was far more popular on radio. The record release reached No. 44 on the ''Billboard'' charts in the US, and No. 11 in the UK. Both versions of the title song are available on CD.

A different title song was originally recorded by [[Julie Rogers]], but eventually discarded.<ref name="James Bond 2014"/> Only two lines from that version were kept in the final lyrics, and the orchestral part was changed to fit Sinatra's vocal range. Rogers' version only appeared in a [[The Best of Bond... James Bond#30th Anniversary Collection Limited Edition|James Bond 30th Anniversary CD]], with no singer credit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_song_history |title=You Only Sing Twice |publisher=[[Mi6-HQ.com]] |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062752/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_song_history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/interview_julie_rogers.php3 |title=Julie Rogers Interview |publisher=Mi6-HQ.com |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062924/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/interview_julie_rogers.php3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tjbd.co.uk/content/james-bond-soundtracks/you-only-live-twice-soundtrack.htm |title=You Only Live Twice soundtrack |publisher=The James Bond Dossier |access-date=23 May 2010 |date=27 February 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531132212/http://www.tjbd.co.uk/content/james-bond-soundtracks/you-only-live-twice-soundtrack.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, an alternative example of a possible theme song (also called "You Only Live Twice" and sung by [[Lorraine Chandler]]) was discovered in the vaults of [[RCA Records]]. It became a very popular track with followers of the [[Northern soul]] scene (Chandler was well known for her high-quality soul output on RCA) and can be found on several RCA soul compilations.<ref>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p185122/biography |pure_url=yes}} |title=Biography – Lorraine Chandler |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>

== Promotion ==
To promote the film, [[United Artists Television]] produced a one-hour colour television programme titled ''Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond'', which first aired on 2 June 1967 in the United States on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shayon |first=Robert Lewis|title=TV and Radio |magazine=[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|Saturday Review]] |volume=50 |issue=25 |page=49 |date=24 June 1967}}</ref> Bond regulars Lois Maxwell and Desmond Llewelyn appeared, playing respectively Miss Moneypenny and Q. [[Kate O'Mara]] appears as Miss Moneypenny's assistant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.007magazine.co.uk/fleming/kentish08.htm |title=From Kent, With Love |publisher=007 Magazine |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828200253/http://www.007magazine.co.uk/fleming/kentish08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The programme shows clips from ''You Only Live Twice'' and the then four existing Bond films, and contained a storyline of Moneypenny trying to establish the identity of Bond's bride.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sean Connery Stars in 'Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond' |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Sentinel]] |date=2 June 1967 |page=8 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19670602&id=-WAqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7003,207639 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''You Only Live Twice'' premiered at the [[Odeon Leicester Square]] in London on 12 June 1967, with Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in attendance.<ref name=premiere>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_premiere |title=Premiere & Press |work=MI6-HQ.com |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102225/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_premiere |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened the following day in the United Kingdom and United States, set an opening day record at the Odeon Leicester Square, and went to number one in the United States with a weekend gross of $600,000.<ref name=premiere/> It grossed $7 million from 161 theaters in the United States in its first three weeks,<ref name=premiere/> and was number one for seven weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=4 |title=National Boxoffice Survey |date=August 9, 1967}}</ref> The film grossed $43 million in the United States and over $68 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0YOLT.php |title=You Only Live Twice |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Service |access-date=31 January 2008 |archive-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205102542/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0YOLT.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Contemporary reviews ===
[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' awarded the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, in which he criticised the focus on gadgets, declaring "the formula fails to work its magic. Like its predecessor ''Thunderball'', another below-par entry, this one is top-heavy with gadgets but weak on plotting and getting everything to work at the same time."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1967 |title=You Only Live Twice review |date=19 June 1967 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |author-link=Roger Ebert |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131709/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1967 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], reviewing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', felt "there's enough of the bright and bland bravado of the popular British super-sleuth mixed into this melee of rocket-launching to make it a bag of good Bond fun. And there's so much of that scientific clatter – so much warring of super-capsules out in space and fussing with electronic gadgets in a great secret underground launching pad – that this way out adventure picture should be the joy and delight of the youngsters and give pleasure to the reasonable adults who can find release in the majestically absurd."<ref>{{cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/14/archives/screen-sayonara-007connery-is-at-it-again-as-whatshisname.html |title=Screen: Sayonara, 007 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=40 |date=14 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925033405/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/14/archives/screen-sayonara-007connery-is-at-it-again-as-whatshisname.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' stated more positively that "As entertainment [''You Only Live Twice''] compares favorably in quality and is replete with as many fights, gadgets, and beauties as its predecessors".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1200421183/ |title=Film Reviews: You Only Live Twice |work=Variety |date=14 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715104151/https://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1200421183/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' was sharply critical of the film claiming the franchise had become "the victim of the same misfortune that once befell [[Frankenstein]]: there have been so many flamboyant imitations that the original looks like a copy." The reviewer later derided that "the effects are ineffective. The outer-space sequences would be more appropriate in a grade school educational short entitled Our Amazing Universe, and the volcanic climax is a series of clumsy process shots that no one took the trouble to fix. Even Connery seems uncomfortable and fatigued..."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837071,00.html |title=Cinema: 006-3/4 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |volume=89 |issue=26 |page=73 |url-access=subscription |date=30 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224001/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837071,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clifford Terry, reviewing for the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', remarked that "a large percentage of ''You Only Live Twice'' is disappointing, lacking the wit and zip, the pacing and punch, of its predecessors, especially the first three. Roald Dahl's script is larded with sex-slanted jokes that are either pathetically feeble or sophomorically coarse, Bond's patented puns are punier and even Connery's enthusiasm for his shrewd, suave, and sensual character seems to have waned."<ref>Terry, Clifford (18 June 1967). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63687258/clifford-terrys-review-of-you-only/ "Budget Goes Up in Bond Venture"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164651/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63687258/clifford-terrys-review-of-you-only/ |date=28 January 2021 }}. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 22. Retrieved 29 April 2020 – via [[Newspapers.com]]. {{Open access}}</ref>

=== Retrospective reviews ===
On the [[review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 49 reviews with an average rating of 6.53/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With exotic locales, impressive special effects, and a worthy central villain, ''You Only Live Twice'' overcomes a messy and implausible story to deliver another memorable early Bond flick."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_only_live_twice |title=You Only Live Twice (1967) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428023717/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_only_live_twice |url-status=live }}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] of ''ReelViews'' said that the first half was good, but "It's only during the second half, as the plot escalates beyond the bounds of preposterousness, that the film starts to fragment", criticising Blofeld's appearance and stating "rockets that swallow up spacecraft are a bit too extravagant."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/y/you_only.html |title=You Only Live Twice |last=Berardinelli |first=James |year=1996 |publisher=ReelViews |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425214914/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/y/you_only.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ali Barclay of ''BBC Films'' lightly criticized Dahl's script, writing that Dahl had "clearly helped thrust Bond into a whole new world of villainy and technology, maybe his concepts were slightly ahead of themselves, or maybe he just tried too hard."<ref>{{cite web |title=You Only Live Twice (1967) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/06/27/you_only_live_twice_1967_review.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-date=11 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211200537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/06/27/you_only_live_twice_1967_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Leo Goldsmith lauded the volcano base as "the most impressive of Ken Adam's sets for the franchise."<ref>{{cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Leo |title=You Only Live Twice |url=http://www.notcoming.com/reviews/youonlylivetwice/ |publisher=NotComming.com |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026024436/http://notcoming.com/reviews/youonlylivetwice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Danny Peary]] wrote that ''You Only Live Twice'' "should have been about twenty minutes shorter" and described it as "not a bad Bond film, but it doesn't compare to its predecessors – the formula had become a little stale."<ref>Danny Peary, ''Guide for the Film Fanatic'' ([[Simon & Schuster]], 1986) p.482</ref>

[[IGN]] ranked ''You Only Live Twice'' as the fourth-best ''Bond'' film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/746/746573p4.html |title=James Bond's Top 20 |publisher=IGN |date=17 November 2006 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111211155/http://movies.ign.com/articles/746/746573p4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' as the second-best, considering that it "pushes the series to the outer edge of coolness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1560072_21,00.html |title=Ranking the Bond Films |author=Benjamin Svetkey, Joshua Rich |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=31 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231044923/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1560072_21,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Norman Wilner of [[MSN]] chose it as the fifth-worst, criticising the plot, action scenes and lack of screentime for Blofeld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.sympatico.msn.ca/features/ArticleNormanWilner.aspx?cp-documentid=436189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119210839/http://movies.sympatico.msn.ca/features/ArticleNormanWilner.aspx?cp-documentid=436189 |archive-date=19 January 2008 |title=Rating the Spy Game |publisher=MSN |author=Norman Wilner |access-date=4 March 2008}}</ref> Literary critic Paul Simpson called the film one of the most colourful of the series and credited the prefecture of [[Kagoshima]] for adding "a good flavour" of Japanese influence on the film,<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Paul |title=The Rough Guide to James Bond |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-84353-142-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojame0000unse/page/266 266] |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojame0000unse/page/266}}</ref> but he panned the depiction of Blofeld as a "let-down", "small, bald and a whooping scar".<ref>Simpson 71</ref> Simon Winder said that the film is "perfect" for parodies of the series.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winder |first=Simon |edition=reprint |title=The Man Who Saved Britain: A Personal Journey into the Disturbing World of James Bond |year=2007 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-312-42666-8 |page=226}}</ref> [[John Brosnan]], in his book ''James Bond in the Cinema'', compared the film to an episode of ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' with a reliance on gadgetry, but admitted it had pace and spectacle. [[Christopher Null]] considered the film to be one of James Bond's most memorable adventures, but the plot "protracting and quite confusing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/You-Only-Live-Twice |title=You Only Live Twice |last=Null |first=Christopher |publisher=Filmcritic.com |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208095346/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/You-Only-Live-Twice |archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

The film is recognised by the [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
* 2003: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains]]:
** [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]] – Nominated Villain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees |date=2005 |access-date=25 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075814/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of James Bond]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)}}
* {{IMDb title| 0062512 }}
* {{Screenonline title| 741899 }}
* {{AllMovie title| 55917 }}
* {{Tcmdb title| 24266}}
* {{AFI film| 23251 }}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes| you_only_live_twice }}
* {{Mojo title| youonlylivetwice }}
* [http://www.mgm.com/#/our-titles/2347/You-Only-Live-Twice-(1967) MGM's site on the movie]

{{James Bond films}}
{{SPECTRE stories}}
{{Roald Dahl}}
{{Lewis Gilbert}}
{{Harry Saltzman|state=autocollapse}}
{{Portal bar|1960s|Film|United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:You Only Live Twice (film)| ]]
[[Category:1960s action films]]
[[Category:1960s spy films]]
[[Category:1960s thriller films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:British sequel films]]
[[Category:British spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Cold War spy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in Europe]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lewis Gilbert]]
[[Category:Films produced by Harry Saltzman]]
[[Category:Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Barry (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films set in Japan]]
[[Category:Films set on islands]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Virginia]]
[[Category:James Bond films]]
[[Category:Ninja films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Roald Dahl]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:Eon Productions films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Harold Jack Bloom]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]

You Only Live Twice (film)

2022-03-13T01:26:07Z

Killerkürbis: /* Cast */ see cast Imdb: [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0062512/fullcredits/cast/?ref_=tt_cl_sm]; also compare filmography Francesca Tu

{{short description|1967 James Bond film by Lewis Gilbert}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = You Only Live Twice
| image = You Only Live Twice - UK cinema poster.jpg
| border = yes
| alt = Cinema poster showing Sean Connery as James Bond sitting in a pool of water and being attended to by eight black-haired Japanese women
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Robert McGinnis]] and [[Frank McCarthy (artist)|Frank McCarthy]]
| starring = [[Sean Connery]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]''|[[Ian Fleming]]}}
| screenplay = [[Roald Dahl]] {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1=Additional story material by|data1={{Ubl|[[Harold Jack Bloom]]}}}}
| cinematography = [[Freddie Young]]
| director = [[Lewis Gilbert]]
| producer = [[Harry Saltzman]] [[Albert R. Broccoli]]
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| editing = [[Peter R. Hunt]]
| studio = [[Eon Productions]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1967|6|12|London, premiere|1967|6|13|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=You Only Live Twice |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |publisher=[[European Audiovisual Observatory]] |url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13608 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921061231/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13608 |url-status=live }}</ref> United States<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/23251 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202142653/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/23251 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| language = English Japanese Russian
| budget = $9.5 million<ref name="The 300-Year-Old Title: “You Only Live Twice”">{{cite web |title=The 300-Year-Old Title: "You Only Live Twice" |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/you-only-live-twice/ |website=Entertainment Time |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810002551/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/you-only-live-twice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = $111.6 million
}}

'''''You Only Live Twice''''' is a 1967 [[spy film]] and the fifth in the [[List of James Bond films|''James Bond'' series]] produced by [[Eon Productions]], starring [[Sean Connery]] as the fictional [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] agent [[James Bond filmography|James Bond]]. It is the first Bond film to be directed by [[Lewis Gilbert]], who later directed the 1977 film ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' and the 1979 film ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'', both starring [[Roger Moore]]. The screenplay of ''You Only Live Twice'' was written by [[Roald Dahl]], and loosely based on [[Ian Fleming]]'s 1964 novel of the [[You Only Live Twice (novel)|same name]]. It is the first James Bond film to discard most of Fleming's plot, using only a few characters and locations from the book as the background for an entirely new story.

In the film, Bond is dispatched to [[Japan]] after American and Soviet crewed spacecraft disappear mysteriously in orbit, each nation blaming the other amidst the [[Cold War]]. Bond travels secretly to a remote Japanese island to find the perpetrators, and comes face-to-face with [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the head of [[SPECTRE]]. The film reveals the appearance of Blofeld, who was previously a partially [[unseen character]]. SPECTRE is working for the government of an unnamed Asian power, implied to be the [[China|People's Republic of China]], to provoke war between the superpowers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |year=2005 |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novels to the Big Screen |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofjamesb0000blac/page/122 122] |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofjamesb0000blac/page/122}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/You-Only-Live-Twice |title=''You Only Live Twice'' |website=Britmovie.co.uk |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529131200/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/You-Only-Live-Twice/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the filming in Japan, it was announced that Sean Connery would retire from the role of Bond, but after one film's absence, he returned in 1971's ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' and later 1983's non-Eon Bond film ''[[Never Say Never Again]]''. ''You Only Live Twice'' received positive reviews and grossed over $111 million in worldwide box office. However, it was the first ''Bond'' film to see a decline in box-office revenue, owing to the oversaturation of the spy film genre from ''Bond'' imitators, including a competing ''Bond'' film, ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'', from [[Columbia Pictures]] (1967).

== Plot ==
American [[NASA]] [[spacecraft]] [[Project Gemini|Jupiter 16]] is hijacked from orbit by an unidentified spaceship. The United States suspects it to be the work of the [[Soviets]], but the British suspect Japanese involvement since the spacecraft, after having "swallowed" Jupiter 16, landed in the [[Sea of Japan]]. To investigate, [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] operative James Bond is sent to Tokyo, after faking his own death in Hong Kong and being [[buried at sea]] from {{HMS|Tenby|F65|6}}.

Bond attends a [[sumo]] match where he is approached by Japanese secret service agent [[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]], who takes him to meet local MI6 operative Dikko Henderson. Henderson claims to have critical evidence about the rogue craft, but is killed before he can elaborate. Bond chases and kills the assailant, taking the assailant's clothing as a disguise, and is driven in the getaway car to Osato Chemicals. Once there, Bond subdues the driver and breaks into the office safe of the company's president, Mr. Osato. After obtaining secret documents, Bond is pursued by armed security, but is rescued by Aki, who flees to a secluded subway station. Bond chases her, but falls down a trap door leading to the office of the head of the Japanese secret service, [[List of James Bond allies#Tiger Tanaka|Tiger Tanaka]]. The stolen documents are examined, and found to include a photograph of the cargo ship ''Ning-Po'', with a [[microdot]] message saying the tourist who took the photo was killed as a security precaution. While at Tanaka's spa, Bond meets with Aki again. The pair kiss and Bond carries Aki to his bed.

Bond goes back to Osato Chemicals to meet Osato, masquerading as a potential new buyer. Osato humours Bond, but after their meeting, he orders his secretary, Helga Brandt, to have him killed; both are [[SPECTRE]] agents. Outside the building, assassins open fire on Bond before Aki rescues him again. Bond and Aki drive to [[Kobe]], where the ''Ning-Po'' is docked. They investigate the company's dock facilities, and discover that the ship was delivering elements for [[rocket fuel]]. They are discovered, but Bond eludes the henchmen until Aki gets away; however, Bond is captured. He wakes, tied up in Brandt's cabin on the ''Ning-Po''. Brandt interrogates Bond, before seducing him. Brandt flies Bond to Tokyo the next day, but en route, she sets off a flare in the plane, seals Bond in his seat and bails out, assuming Bond will die in the crash. Bond manages to evade the trap, lands the plane and flees before it explodes.

After finding out where the ''Ning-Po'' unloaded, Bond flies over the area in a heavily armed [[autogyro]] created by [[Q (James Bond)|Q]], called 'Little Nellie'. Near a [[volcano]], Bond is attacked by and defeats four helicopters, confirming his suspicions that the enemy's base is nearby. A Soviet spacecraft is then captured in orbit by another unidentified craft, heightening tensions with the United States. The mysterious spaceship lands in an extensive base hidden inside the volcano. It soon turns out that the true mastermind behind this is [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the mysterious leader of SPECTRE who has been hired by a [[great power]] (strongly implied to be the [[People's Republic of China]]) to start a Soviet-American war, in order for them to destroy each other so that China can replace them as the world's new [[Superpower (geography)|superpower]]. Blofeld summons Osato and Brandt to his office to answer for not having killed Bond; Osato immediately blames his assistant, Brandt. Blofeld gives them a last chance, but as Brandt leaves, he activates a mechanism that drops her to her death into a pool filled with [[piranha]]s. Blofeld then orders Osato to kill Bond.

[[File:Château de Himeji02.jpg|thumb|The [[Himeji Castle]], location of the ninjas' training.]]

Bond then meets Tanaka and Aki in Kyoto where they plan to infiltrate the island by disguising Bond as a Japanese fisherman, alongside a wife amongst Tiger himself and 100 of his ninjas. Aki is told she cannot play the part of Bond's wife as she is not known on the island and while still in Kyoto she is killed by a SPECTRE agent during an attempt on Bond's life.

Following a second attempt on his life by another assassin, Bond is introduced to Tanaka's student, [[Kissy Suzuki]], who is to act as his wife. Acting on her lead, a funeral for an [[Ama (diving)|''ama'' girl]] who died recently, the pair reconnoitre a cave booby-trapped with poison, and the volcano above it. Establishing that the mouth of the volcano is a disguised hatch to the secret rocket base, Bond slips in, while Kissy goes to alert Tanaka. Bond locates and frees the captured American and Soviet astronauts and, with their help, steals a [[space suit]] in an attempt to infiltrate the SPECTRE spacecraft, "Bird One". However, Blofeld spots Bond mishandling his equipment, and he is detained while Bird One is launched with a backup astronaut. Bond is taken into the control room where he meets Blofeld face-to-face for the first time. Blofeld kills Osato to demonstrate the price of failure to kill Bond.

Bird One closes in on an American space capsule, and U.S. forces prepare to launch a nuclear attack on the USSR. Meanwhile, a team of Japanese ninjas trained by Tanaka approach the base's entrance, but are detected and fired upon. Bond manages to open the hatch, letting in the ninjas. During the ensuing battle, Tanaka saves Bond by throwing his [[shuriken]] at Blofeld, disarming him just as he was about to kill Bond. Bond then fights his way back to the control room, kills Blofeld's bodyguard Hans by tossing him into the piranha pool, and activates Bird One's [[self-destruct]] before it reaches the American craft. The Americans promptly stand down their forces.

Blofeld activates the base's self-destruct system, a bomb that triggers a volcanic eruption, and escapes. Bond, Kissy, Tanaka, and the surviving ninjas leave before the eruption destroys the base, and are picked up by the [[Japanese Navy|Japanese Maritime Forces]] and the British Secret Service.

== Cast ==
[[File:007volcanocrater blofeld.jpg|alt=Large, underground missile silo with a missile pointing out the hole toward the sky next to a support structure. Five characters stand in the foreground.|thumb|The sets of Blofeld's hideout at [[Pinewood Studios]]. From left, [[Lois Maxwell]], [[Akiko Wakabayashi]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Karin Dor]] and [[Mie Hama]] examine the set during a break in filming. Spacecraft ''Bird One'' is in the background.]]
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* [[Sean Connery]] as [[James Bond filmography|James Bond]], an MI6 agent
* [[Akiko Wakabayashi]] as [[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]], an agent with the Japanese SIS who assists Bond
* [[Mie Hama]] as [[Kissy Suzuki]], an [[Ama (diving)|''ama'' girl]] who marries Bond as an undercover ploy; she is never referred to by name
** [[Nikki van der Zyl]] ''(uncredited)'' as the voice of Kissy Suzuki
* [[Tetsurō Tamba]] as [[List of James Bond allies#Tiger Tanaka|Tiger Tanaka]], head of Japanese secret service (voice dubbed by Robert Rietty).
* [[Teru Shimada]] as Mr. Osato, a Japanese industrialist secretly affiliated to SPECTRE
* [[Karin Dor]] as Helga Brandt/No. 11, a SPECTRE assassin
* [[Francesca Tu]] (uncredited) as Mr. Osato's secretary
* [[Donald Pleasence]] as [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], the megalomaniacal head of the terrorist syndicate known as [[SPECTRE]]
* [[Bernard Lee]] as [[M (James Bond)|M]], the head of MI6
* [[Lois Maxwell]] as [[Miss Moneypenny]], M's secretary
* [[Desmond Llewelyn]] as [[Q (James Bond)|Q]], head of MI6 technical department
* [[Charles Gray (actor)|Charles Gray]] as [[Dikko Henderson]], British contact living in Japan. Gray would later play Blofeld in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'', opposite Sean Connery.
* [[Tsai Chin (actress)|Tsai Chin]] as Chinese Girl (Hong Kong), Ling, undercover MI6 agent<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novels to the Big Screen |year=2005 |publisher=Bison Books |chapter=The Brosnan films |page=167}}</ref>
* [[Peter Maivia|Peter Fanene Maivia]] as Car Driver, one of Osato's henchmen, who fights Bond in Osato's office
* [[Burt Kwouk]] as Spectre Number 3, one of Blofeld's henchmen. Kwouk had previously played the Chinese agent Mr. Ling in ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''.
* [[Michael Chow (restaurateur)|Michael Chow]] as Spectre Number 4, one of Blofeld's henchmen and Mr Osato's secretary
* [[Ronald Rich]] as Blofeld's bodyguard, Hans
* [[David Toguri]] as Assassin (Bedroom), one of Osato's henchmen, who kills Aki
* [[John Stone (actor)|John Stone]] as Submarine Captain
* [[Norman Jones (actor)|Norman Jones]] as Astronaut – 1st American Spacecraft
* [[Paul Carson (actor)|Paul Carson]] as Astronaut – 1st American Spacecraft
* Laurence Herder as Cosmonaut – Soviet Spacecraft
* [[Richard Graydon]] as Cosmonaut – Soviet Spacecraft
* Bill Mitchell as Astronaut – 2nd American Spacecraft
* [[George Roubicek]] as Astronaut – 2nd American Spacecraft
* [[Alexander Knox]] as the US President
* [[Ed Bishop]] (uncredited) as NASA Hawaii technician, who warns 1st American spacecraft of approaching unidentified craft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062512/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1 |title=''You Only Live Twice (1967) - Full Cast and Crew'' |website=imdb.com |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140221/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062512/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishop would later play the also uncredited role of Klaus Hergersheimer in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''.
* [[Frazer Hines]] (uncredited) as Spectre Number 4 (Mr. Osato's Secretary) (voice)
* [[Shane Rimmer]] (uncredited) as NASA Hawaii technician. This was Rimmer's first contribution to the Bond franchise, as he would later appear as Tom in ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' (uncredited), ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' (albeit as a voice and uncredited) and as Commander Carter in ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''.
* [[Richard Marner]] (uncredited) as Soviet Controller
* [[Anthony Ainley]] (uncredited) as Hong Kong Policeman
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
[[File:TOYOTA 2000GT Bond vehicles.jpg|alt=A roadster with headlights retracted and a smooth, moulded design.|thumb|[[Aki (James Bond)|Aki]]'s [[Toyota 2000GT]] Open-Top was ranked as the seventh best car in the ''James Bond'' series by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' in 2011.<ref name=complex>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111204205841/http://www.complex.com/rides/2011/11/the-complete-guide-to-james-bonds-cars-video/bond-7 7. The "Modern" Car — The Complete Guide To James Bond's Cars (Video) | Complex]</ref>]]

''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' was the intended next film after ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' (1965), but the producers decided to adapt ''You Only Live Twice'' instead because ''OHMSS'' would require searching for high and snowy locations.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> [[Lewis Gilbert]] originally declined the offer to direct, but accepted after producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]] called him saying: "You can't give up this job. It's the largest audience in the world." [[Peter R. Hunt]], who edited the first five Bond films, believed that Gilbert had been contracted by the producers for other work but they found they had to use him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://debrief.commanderbond.net/lofiversion/index.php/t14306.html |title=Peter Hunt Interview |publisher=Commanderbond.net |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031554/http://debrief.commanderbond.net/topic/14306-peter-hunt-interview/ |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> [[Ted Moore]], the director of photography on the first four films, was unavailable because he was filming ''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]'' and was replaced by [[Freddie Young]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Matthew|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930556527|title=Some kind of hero : 007 : the remarkable story of the James Bond films|date=2015|others=Ajay Chowdhury|isbn=978-0-7509-6421-0|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|oclc=930556527}}</ref>

Gilbert, Young, producers Broccoli and [[Harry Saltzman]], and production designer [[Ken Adam]] then went to Japan, spending three weeks searching for locations. [[SPECTRE]]'s shore fortress headquarters was changed to an extinct volcano after the team learned that the Japanese do not build castles by the sea. The group was due to return to the UK on a [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] [[Boeing 707]] flight ([[BOAC Flight 911]]) on 5 March 1966, but cancelled after being told they had a chance to watch a ''[[ninja]]'' demonstration.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> That flight crashed 25 minutes after takeoff, killing all on board.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2515000/2515321.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=1966: Passenger jet crashes into Mount Fuji |access-date=17 November 2007 |date=5 March 1966 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111015548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2515000/2515321.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In Tokyo, the crew also found Hunt, who decided to go on holiday after having his request to direct declined. Hunt was invited to direct the [[second unit]] for ''You Only Live Twice'' and accepted the job.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Peter R. Hunt]] |title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service [[audio commentary]] |location=''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' Ultimate Edition, Disc 1 |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref>

Unlike most James Bond films, which usually feature various locations around the world, almost the entire film is set in one country, and several minutes are devoted to an elaborate Japanese wedding. This is in keeping with Fleming's original novel, which also devoted a number of pages to the discussion of Japanese culture. [[Toho Studios]] provided soundstages, personnel, and the female Japanese stars to the producers.<ref>Kalat, David, ''A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series''. [[McFarland & Company]], 2007. p. 89</ref>

=== Writing ===
The first draft was written by [[Sydney Boehm]] based closely on the original novel.<ref name=":0" /> The producers had [[Harold Jack Bloom]] come to Japan with them to write a screenplay. His work was ultimately rejected, but since several of his ideas were used in the final script, he was given the credit of "Additional Story Material".<ref name=tcm/> Among these elements were the opening with Bond's fake death and burial at sea, and the ninja attack.<ref name=starlog>Soter, Tom. [http://www.tomsoter.com/?q=node/829 Roald Dahl] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043753/http://www.tomsoter.com/?q=node%2F829 |date=7 March 2016}}. ''[[Starlog]]'', August 1991. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</ref> As the screenwriter of the previous Bond films, [[Richard Maibaum]], was unavailable, [[Roald Dahl]] (a close friend of Ian Fleming) was chosen to write the adaptation, despite having no prior experience writing a screenplay except for the uncompleted ''[[The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling#1966 film|The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling]]''.<ref name="MGM documentary" />

Dahl said that the original novel was "Fleming's worst book, with no plot in it which would even make a movie",<ref name=starlog/> and compared it to a [[Travel literature|travelogue]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |last2=Scivally |first2=Bruce |year=2006 |title=James Bond: The Legacy 007 |publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams]] |isbn=978-0-8109-8252-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesbond0000cork/page/100 100] |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbond0000cork/page/100}}</ref> stating that he had to create a new plot though "I could retain only four or five of the original story's ideas."<ref>{{cite book |title=The complete James Bond movie encyclopedia |first=Steven Jay |last=Rubin |publisher=Contemporary Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-141246-9 |page=97}}</ref> On creating the plot, Dahl said he "did not know what the hell Bond was going to do" despite having to deliver the first draft in six weeks, and decided to do a basic plot similar to ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''.<ref name=starlog/> He was inspired by the story of a missing [[Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom|nuclear-armed]] [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] [[bomber]] over [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] and by the Soviet Union and the United States' recent first [[Extravehicular activity|spacewalks]] from [[Voskhod 2]] and [[Gemini 4]].<ref name=":0" /> Dahl was given a free rein on his script, except for the character of Bond and "the girl formula", involving three women for Bond to seduce – an ally and a henchwoman who both get killed, and the main Bond girl. While the third involved a character from the book, Kissy Suzuki, Dahl had to create Aki and Helga Brandt to fulfil the rest.<ref>{{cite journal |title=007's Oriental Playfuls |journal=[[Playboy]] |author=Dahl, Roald |pages=86–87 |issue=June 1967 |author-link=Roald Dahl}}</ref>

Gilbert was mostly collaborative with Dahl's work, as the writer declared: "He not only helped in script conferences, but had some good ideas and then left you alone, and when you produced the finished thing, he shot it. Other directors have such an ego that they want to rewrite it and put their own dialogue in, and it's usually disastrous. What I admired so much about Lewis Gilbert was that he just took the screenplay and shot it. That's the way to direct: You either trust your writer or you don't."<ref name=starlog/>
Charles Gray, who played Dikko Henderson, actually says the famous "shaken not stirred" line the other way round saying "that is stirred not shaken, that was right wasn't it?" Bond replies "Perfect."

=== Casting ===
[[File:Blofeld by Jan Werich.jpg|alt=Upper body shot of a middle aged man with short, greying hair, moustache and goatee, holding a cat in his arms.|thumb|[[Jan Werich]]'s screentest as Blofeld]]
When the time came to begin ''You Only Live Twice'', the producers were faced with the problem of a disenchanted star. Sean Connery had stated that he was tired of playing James Bond and all of the associated commitment (time spent filming and publicising each movie), together with finding it difficult to do other work, which would potentially lead to [[Typecasting (acting)|typecasting]].<ref name=tcm/><ref>[http://www.alternative007.co.uk/7.htm In Praise of George Lazenby] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325000000/http://www.alternative007.co.uk/7.htm |date=25 March 2015}} – Alternative 007</ref> Saltzman and Broccoli were able to persuade Connery by increasing his fee for the film, but geared up to look for a replacement.

[[Jan Werich]] was originally cast by producer [[Harry Saltzman]] to play Blofeld. Upon his arrival at the [[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood]] set, both producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]] and director [[Lewis Gilbert]] felt that he was a poor choice, resembling a "poor, benevolent [[Santa Claus|father Christmas]]". Nonetheless, in an attempt to make the casting work, Gilbert continued filming. After several days, both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that Werich was not menacing enough, and recast Blofeld with [[Donald Pleasence]] in the role.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> Pleasence's ideas for Blofeld's appearance included a [[Kyphosis|hump]], a limp, a beard, and a lame hand, before he settled on the scar.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Nathan |title=Unseen Bond |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=October 2008 |page=100}}</ref> He found it uncomfortable, though, because of the glue that attached it to his eye.<ref name="commentary" />

Many European models were tested for Helga Brandt, including German actress [[Eva Renzi]] who passed on the film,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lisanti |first1=Tom |last2=Paul |first2=Louis |title=Film Fatales: Women in Espionage Films and Television, 1962–1973 |page=252 |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-0786411948}}</ref> with German actress [[Karin Dor]] being cast. Dor performed the stunt of diving into a pool to depict Helga's demise, without the use of a double.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Karin Dor]] |title=You Only Live Twice Commentary track |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Dor was dubbed for the German release.<ref>[http://www.synchronkartei.de/index.php?action=show&type=film&id=2064 Deutsche Synchronkartei] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724042601/http://www.synchronkartei.de/index.php?action=show&type=film&id=2064 |date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

UA CEO Bud Ornstein met with [[Toshiro Mifune]] in the [[Canary Islands]] to try to convince him to play Tiger Tanaka, but he was already committed to appear in ''[[Grand Prix (1966 film)|Grand Prix]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Gilbert had chosen [[Tetsurō Tamba]] after working with him in ''[[The 7th Dawn]]''. A number of martial arts experts were hired as the ninjas. The two Japanese female parts proved difficult to cast, due to most of the actresses tested having little English. [[Akiko Wakabayashi]] and [[Mie Hama]], both [[Toho|Toho Studios]] stars, were eventually chosen and started taking [[English language|English]] classes in the UK. Hama, initially cast in the role of Tanaka's assistant, had difficulty with the language. Initially the producers were going to fire her, but after Tamba suggested she would commit suicide if they did so instead switched her role with Wakabayashi, who had been cast as Kissy, a part with less dialogue. Wakabayashi only requested that her character name, "Suki", be changed to "Aki".<ref name="MGM documentary" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Little Nellie.jpg|alt=Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.|thumb|The ''Little Nellie'' [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|WA-116]] [[autogyro]] with its constructor and pilot, [[Ken Wallis]]]]
[[File:You Only Live Twice Flim Shooting at Akime.JPG|thumb|The scene of the Japanese fishing village]]
[[File:1998 shinmoe takachiho.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mount [[Shinmoedake]] in 1998 (the crater was filled by an eruption in 2011)]]
Filming of ''You Only Live Twice'' lasted from July 1966 to March 1967.<ref name=booklet>{{cite AV media notes |title=You Only Live Twice Ultimate Edition DVD |year=2006}}</ref>

The film was shot primarily in Japan, and most of the locations are identifiable.

In summary:

* Tokyo: After arriving in Japan at Akime, Bond goes to Tokyo. The initial scenes are set in and around the [[Ginza]] area. The [[Hotel New Otani Tokyo]] served as the outside for Osato Chemicals, and the hotel's gardens were used for scenes of the [[ninja]] training. A car chase using the [[Toyota 2000GT#2000GT Open-Top, the "Bond Model"|Toyota 2000GT]] and a [[Toyota Crown#S40|Toyota Crown]] was largely filmed in the area around the [[Olympic Stadium, Tokyo|Olympic Stadium]] used previously for the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. [[Tokyo Tower]] and the centre of Tokyo can be briefly seen in a sequence where the villain's car is dropped in Tokyo Bay. Tanaka's private subway station was filmed at the [[Tokyo Metro]]'s [[Nakano-shimbashi Station]]. A sumo wrestling match was filmed at Tokyo's sumo hall, the [[Kuramae Kokugikan]]; this has since been demolished.
* [[Port of Kobe|Kobe Docks]] appears in a sequence when Bond investigates the ship ''Ning-Po'', and is involved in a fight.
* Bond's wedding at a Shinto Shrine was filmed in [[Nachikatsuura|Nachi]].
* [[Himeji Castle]] in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] was depicted as Tanaka's ninja training camp.
* The village of [[Minamisatsuma|Bonotsucho Akime]] was where Bond and his Ama wife lived and where the Ama scenes were shot.
* The ryokan Shigetomi-so (now known as Shimazu Shigetomisoh Manor) was used as the exterior of Tanaka's house.
* [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] was the location for various scenes depicting Little Nellie (see below).
* Mount [[Shinmoedake|Shinmoe-dake]] in [[Kyushu|Kyūshū]] was used for the exteriors of SPECTRE's headquarters.<ref name="MGM documentary">{{cite AV media |title=Inside You Only Live Twice: An Original Documentary |medium=Television |people=Production Staff |publisher =MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="On Location With Ken Adam">{{cite AV media |title=On Location With Ken Adam |location=You Only Live Twice: Ultimate Edition DVD (Disc 2) |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="exotic">{{cite AV media |title=Exotic Locations |location=You Only Live Twice: Ultimate Edition DVD (Disc 2) |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref>

Most of the interiors were shot at Pinewood. The opening sequence in Hong Kong used some location footage of a street in [[Kowloon]]. Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour is also shown, but the at-sea burial of Bond and the retrieval of the corpse was filmed off Gibraltar and the Bahamas. The scenes with the light aircraft ferrying Bond to his supposed death were shot over very English-looking countryside in Buckinghamshire, whereas this was supposed to be Japan.

Large crowds were present in Japan to see the shooting. A Japanese fan began following Sean Connery with a camera, and police had to deal with fan incursions several times during shooting.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="commentary">{{cite AV media |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref>

The heavily armed [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|WA-116]] [[autogyro]] "Little Nellie" was included after Ken Adam heard a radio interview with its inventor, [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Wing Commander [[Ken Wallis]]. Little Nellie was named after music hall star [[Nellie Wallace]], who has a similar surname to its inventor. Wallis piloted his invention, which was equipped with various mock-up armaments by [[John Stears]]' special effects team, during production.<ref name=booklet/>

"Nellie"'s battle with helicopters proved to be difficult to film. The scenes were initially shot in [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]], first with takes of the gyrocopter, with more than 85 take-offs, five hours of flight and Wallis nearly crashing into the camera several times. A scene filming the helicopters from above created a major [[Vertical draft|downdraft]], and cameraman John Jordan's foot was severed by the craft's rotor. It was surgically reattached by surgeons visiting the country, and then amputated in London when the surgery was deemed to have been flawed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Roger |title=Story of the Scene: You Only Live Twice (1967) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/story-of-the-scene-you-only-live-twice-1967-1758895.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228205823/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/story-of-the-scene-you-only-live-twice-1967-1758895.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jordan would continue work for the Bond series with a prosthetic foot. The concluding shots involved explosions, which the Japanese government did not allow in a national park; hence, the crew moved to [[Torremolinos]], Spain, which was found to resemble the Japanese landscape.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> The shots of the volcano were filmed at [[Shinmoedake]] on [[Kyushu]] Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2011/01/27/2011-01-27_mount_shinmoedake_scene_of_sean_connery_you_only_live_twice_james_bond_movie_eru.html?r=news |title=Japan volcano Mount Shinmoedake, scene of Sean Connery 'You Only Live Twice' James Bond film, erupts |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=January 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-08-19 |archive-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404155257/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2011/01/27/2011-01-27_mount_shinmoedake_scene_of_sean_connery_you_only_live_twice_james_bond_movie_eru.html?r=news |url-status=live }},</ref>

The sets of SPECTRE's volcano base, including operative heliport and monorail, were constructed at a lot inside [[Pinewood Studios]], at a cost of $1 million.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="On Location With Ken Adam" /> The {{convert|45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall set could be seen from {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} away, and attracted many people from the region.<ref name="cork-livetwice">{{cite AV media |people=John Cork |title=You Only Live Twice Commentary track |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Locations outside Japan included using the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Tenby|F65|6}}, then in [[Gibraltar]], for the sea burial,<ref>[http://www.jeffmays.talktalk.net/007.htm HMS Tenby Association] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072907/http://www.jeffmays.talktalk.net/007.htm |date=4 March 2016}}. Jeffmays.talktalk.net. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</ref> Hong Kong for the scene where Bond fakes his death, and Norway for the Soviet radar station.<ref name="MGM documentary" /><ref name="exotic" /><ref name="cork-livetwice" />

Sean Connery's then-wife [[Diane Cilento]] performed the swimming scenes for at least five Japanese actresses, including Mie Hama.<ref name="MGM documentary" /> Martial arts expert [[Donn F. Draeger]] provided martial arts training, and also doubled for Connery.<ref name=MAT>{{cite book |last=Corcoran |first=John |title=Martial Arts: Traditions, History, People |publisher=W.H. Smith Publishers Inc. |year=1988 |isbn=0-8317-5805-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/martialartstradi00fark/page/320 320] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/martialartstradi00fark/page/320}}</ref> Lewis Gilbert's regular editor, [[Thelma Connell]], was originally hired to edit the film. However, after her initial, almost three-hour cut received a terrible response from test audiences, Peter R. Hunt was asked to re-edit the film. Hunt's cut proved a much greater success, and he was awarded the director's chair on the next film as a result.<ref name=tcm>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article/?cid=235281&rss=mrqe |title=You Only Live Twice |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{main|You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was the fourth of the series to be composed by [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]. He tried to incorporate the "elegance of the Oriental sound" with Japanese music-inspired tracks.<ref name="barry">{{cite AV media |people=[[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> The theme song, "[[You Only Live Twice (song)|You Only Live Twice]]", was composed by Barry and lyricist [[Leslie Bricusse]], and sung by [[Nancy Sinatra]] after her father [[Frank Sinatra]] passed on the opportunity.<ref name="James Bond 2014">Burlingame, Jon. ''The Music of James Bond''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2014. {{ISBN|978-0199358854}}</ref> Nancy Sinatra was reported to be very nervous while recording – first she wanted to leave the studio; then she claimed to sometimes "sound like [[Minnie Mouse]]".<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Nancy Sinatra]] |title=You Only Live Twice [[audio commentary|Commentary track]] |medium=DVD |publisher=MGM Home Entertainment Inc |year=2000}}</ref> Barry declared that the final song uses 25 different takes.

There are two versions of the song "You Only Live Twice", sung by Nancy Sinatra, one directly from the movie soundtrack, and a second one for record release arranged by [[Billy Strange]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The movie soundtrack song is widely recognised for its striking opening bars and oriental flavour, and was far more popular on radio. The record release reached No. 44 on the ''Billboard'' charts in the US, and No. 11 in the UK. Both versions of the title song are available on CD.

A different title song was originally recorded by [[Julie Rogers]], but eventually discarded.<ref name="James Bond 2014"/> Only two lines from that version were kept in the final lyrics, and the orchestral part was changed to fit Sinatra's vocal range. Rogers' version only appeared in a [[The Best of Bond... James Bond#30th Anniversary Collection Limited Edition|James Bond 30th Anniversary CD]], with no singer credit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_song_history |title=You Only Sing Twice |publisher=[[Mi6-HQ.com]] |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062752/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_song_history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/interview_julie_rogers.php3 |title=Julie Rogers Interview |publisher=Mi6-HQ.com |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062924/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/interview_julie_rogers.php3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tjbd.co.uk/content/james-bond-soundtracks/you-only-live-twice-soundtrack.htm |title=You Only Live Twice soundtrack |publisher=The James Bond Dossier |access-date=23 May 2010 |date=27 February 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531132212/http://www.tjbd.co.uk/content/james-bond-soundtracks/you-only-live-twice-soundtrack.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, an alternative example of a possible theme song (also called "You Only Live Twice" and sung by [[Lorraine Chandler]]) was discovered in the vaults of [[RCA Records]]. It became a very popular track with followers of the [[Northern soul]] scene (Chandler was well known for her high-quality soul output on RCA) and can be found on several RCA soul compilations.<ref>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p185122/biography |pure_url=yes}} |title=Biography – Lorraine Chandler |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>

== Promotion ==
To promote the film, [[United Artists Television]] produced a one-hour colour television programme titled ''Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond'', which first aired on 2 June 1967 in the United States on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shayon |first=Robert Lewis|title=TV and Radio |magazine=[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|Saturday Review]] |volume=50 |issue=25 |page=49 |date=24 June 1967}}</ref> Bond regulars Lois Maxwell and Desmond Llewelyn appeared, playing respectively Miss Moneypenny and Q. [[Kate O'Mara]] appears as Miss Moneypenny's assistant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.007magazine.co.uk/fleming/kentish08.htm |title=From Kent, With Love |publisher=007 Magazine |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828200253/http://www.007magazine.co.uk/fleming/kentish08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The programme shows clips from ''You Only Live Twice'' and the then four existing Bond films, and contained a storyline of Moneypenny trying to establish the identity of Bond's bride.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sean Connery Stars in 'Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond' |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Sentinel]] |date=2 June 1967 |page=8 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19670602&id=-WAqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7003,207639 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''You Only Live Twice'' premiered at the [[Odeon Leicester Square]] in London on 12 June 1967, with Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in attendance.<ref name=premiere>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_premiere |title=Premiere & Press |work=MI6-HQ.com |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102225/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/yolt_premiere |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened the following day in the United Kingdom and United States, set an opening day record at the Odeon Leicester Square, and went to number one in the United States with a weekend gross of $600,000.<ref name=premiere/> It grossed $7 million from 161 theaters in the United States in its first three weeks,<ref name=premiere/> and was number one for seven weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=4 |title=National Boxoffice Survey |date=August 9, 1967}}</ref> The film grossed $43 million in the United States and over $68 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0YOLT.php |title=You Only Live Twice |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Service |access-date=31 January 2008 |archive-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205102542/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0YOLT.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Contemporary reviews ===
[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' awarded the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, in which he criticised the focus on gadgets, declaring "the formula fails to work its magic. Like its predecessor ''Thunderball'', another below-par entry, this one is top-heavy with gadgets but weak on plotting and getting everything to work at the same time."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1967 |title=You Only Live Twice review |date=19 June 1967 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |author-link=Roger Ebert |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131709/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1967 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], reviewing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', felt "there's enough of the bright and bland bravado of the popular British super-sleuth mixed into this melee of rocket-launching to make it a bag of good Bond fun. And there's so much of that scientific clatter – so much warring of super-capsules out in space and fussing with electronic gadgets in a great secret underground launching pad – that this way out adventure picture should be the joy and delight of the youngsters and give pleasure to the reasonable adults who can find release in the majestically absurd."<ref>{{cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/14/archives/screen-sayonara-007connery-is-at-it-again-as-whatshisname.html |title=Screen: Sayonara, 007 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=40 |date=14 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925033405/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/14/archives/screen-sayonara-007connery-is-at-it-again-as-whatshisname.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' stated more positively that "As entertainment [''You Only Live Twice''] compares favorably in quality and is replete with as many fights, gadgets, and beauties as its predecessors".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1200421183/ |title=Film Reviews: You Only Live Twice |work=Variety |date=14 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715104151/https://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/you-only-live-twice-1200421183/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' was sharply critical of the film claiming the franchise had become "the victim of the same misfortune that once befell [[Frankenstein]]: there have been so many flamboyant imitations that the original looks like a copy." The reviewer later derided that "the effects are ineffective. The outer-space sequences would be more appropriate in a grade school educational short entitled Our Amazing Universe, and the volcanic climax is a series of clumsy process shots that no one took the trouble to fix. Even Connery seems uncomfortable and fatigued..."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837071,00.html |title=Cinema: 006-3/4 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |volume=89 |issue=26 |page=73 |url-access=subscription |date=30 June 1967 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224001/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837071,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clifford Terry, reviewing for the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', remarked that "a large percentage of ''You Only Live Twice'' is disappointing, lacking the wit and zip, the pacing and punch, of its predecessors, especially the first three. Roald Dahl's script is larded with sex-slanted jokes that are either pathetically feeble or sophomorically coarse, Bond's patented puns are punier and even Connery's enthusiasm for his shrewd, suave, and sensual character seems to have waned."<ref>Terry, Clifford (18 June 1967). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63687258/clifford-terrys-review-of-you-only/ "Budget Goes Up in Bond Venture"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164651/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63687258/clifford-terrys-review-of-you-only/ |date=28 January 2021 }}. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 22. Retrieved 29 April 2020 – via [[Newspapers.com]]. {{Open access}}</ref>

=== Retrospective reviews ===
On the [[review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 49 reviews with an average rating of 6.53/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With exotic locales, impressive special effects, and a worthy central villain, ''You Only Live Twice'' overcomes a messy and implausible story to deliver another memorable early Bond flick."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_only_live_twice |title=You Only Live Twice (1967) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428023717/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_only_live_twice |url-status=live }}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] of ''ReelViews'' said that the first half was good, but "It's only during the second half, as the plot escalates beyond the bounds of preposterousness, that the film starts to fragment", criticising Blofeld's appearance and stating "rockets that swallow up spacecraft are a bit too extravagant."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/y/you_only.html |title=You Only Live Twice |last=Berardinelli |first=James |year=1996 |publisher=ReelViews |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425214914/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/y/you_only.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ali Barclay of ''BBC Films'' lightly criticized Dahl's script, writing that Dahl had "clearly helped thrust Bond into a whole new world of villainy and technology, maybe his concepts were slightly ahead of themselves, or maybe he just tried too hard."<ref>{{cite web |title=You Only Live Twice (1967) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/06/27/you_only_live_twice_1967_review.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-date=11 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211200537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/06/27/you_only_live_twice_1967_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Leo Goldsmith lauded the volcano base as "the most impressive of Ken Adam's sets for the franchise."<ref>{{cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Leo |title=You Only Live Twice |url=http://www.notcoming.com/reviews/youonlylivetwice/ |publisher=NotComming.com |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026024436/http://notcoming.com/reviews/youonlylivetwice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Danny Peary]] wrote that ''You Only Live Twice'' "should have been about twenty minutes shorter" and described it as "not a bad Bond film, but it doesn't compare to its predecessors – the formula had become a little stale."<ref>Danny Peary, ''Guide for the Film Fanatic'' ([[Simon & Schuster]], 1986) p.482</ref>

[[IGN]] ranked ''You Only Live Twice'' as the fourth-best ''Bond'' film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/746/746573p4.html |title=James Bond's Top 20 |publisher=IGN |date=17 November 2006 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111211155/http://movies.ign.com/articles/746/746573p4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' as the second-best, considering that it "pushes the series to the outer edge of coolness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1560072_21,00.html |title=Ranking the Bond Films |author=Benjamin Svetkey, Joshua Rich |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=31 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231044923/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1560072_21,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Norman Wilner of [[MSN]] chose it as the fifth-worst, criticising the plot, action scenes and lack of screentime for Blofeld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.sympatico.msn.ca/features/ArticleNormanWilner.aspx?cp-documentid=436189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119210839/http://movies.sympatico.msn.ca/features/ArticleNormanWilner.aspx?cp-documentid=436189 |archive-date=19 January 2008 |title=Rating the Spy Game |publisher=MSN |author=Norman Wilner |access-date=4 March 2008}}</ref> Literary critic Paul Simpson called the film one of the most colourful of the series and credited the prefecture of [[Kagoshima]] for adding "a good flavour" of Japanese influence on the film,<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Paul |title=The Rough Guide to James Bond |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-84353-142-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojame0000unse/page/266 266] |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojame0000unse/page/266}}</ref> but he panned the depiction of Blofeld as a "let-down", "small, bald and a whooping scar".<ref>Simpson 71</ref> Simon Winder said that the film is "perfect" for parodies of the series.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winder |first=Simon |edition=reprint |title=The Man Who Saved Britain: A Personal Journey into the Disturbing World of James Bond |year=2007 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-312-42666-8 |page=226}}</ref> [[John Brosnan]], in his book ''James Bond in the Cinema'', compared the film to an episode of ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' with a reliance on gadgetry, but admitted it had pace and spectacle. [[Christopher Null]] considered the film to be one of James Bond's most memorable adventures, but the plot "protracting and quite confusing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/You-Only-Live-Twice |title=You Only Live Twice |last=Null |first=Christopher |publisher=Filmcritic.com |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208095346/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/You-Only-Live-Twice |archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

The film is recognised by the [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
* 2003: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains]]:
** [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]] – Nominated Villain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees |date=2005 |access-date=25 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075814/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of James Bond]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)}}
* {{IMDb title| 0062512 }}
* {{Screenonline title| 741899 }}
* {{AllMovie title| 55917 }}
* {{Tcmdb title| 24266}}
* {{AFI film| 23251 }}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes| you_only_live_twice }}
* {{Mojo title| youonlylivetwice }}
* [http://www.mgm.com/#/our-titles/2347/You-Only-Live-Twice-(1967) MGM's site on the movie]

{{James Bond films}}
{{SPECTRE stories}}
{{Roald Dahl}}
{{Lewis Gilbert}}
{{Harry Saltzman|state=autocollapse}}
{{Portal bar|1960s|Film|United Kingdom}}
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{{Good article}}

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Kerstin Ott

2022-02-18T04:30:38Z

Killerkürbis: link added

{{Infobox person
| name = Kerstin Ott
| image = File:2018-07-01 ZDF Fernsehgarten Kerstin Ott-0336.jpg
| caption = Ott in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[West Berlin]], [[West Germany]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, guitarist and DJ
| years_active =
| nationality = German
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Kerstin Ott''' (born 17 January 1982 in [[West Berlin]]) is a German singer, songwriter, guitarist and [[Disc jockey|DJ]]. She became known through the song "Die immer lacht" (English: She who always laughs), which was re-mixed by the German DJ and producer team [[Stereoact]]. In January 2016, the song was at the top of the German and Austrian singles charts, and also reached the Swiss charts.

== Career ==
Kerstin Ott recorded the song as a hobby musician around 2005. According to her own account, she had written "Die immer lacht" in only five minutes at the kitchen table for a friend who was ill at the time. The song is about a woman who always laughs outwardly. The narrator takes her by the hand and teaches her to show her true feelings to others.<ref name=":0" />

Ott, who also works as a DJ, then gave away some self-burned CDs of the song, which was set by one of the receiver on YouTube and years later discovered by Stereoact and was published on Kontor Records as a remix. "Die immer lacht" was officially declared the most successful work of 2016 by the market research company GfK Entertainment in March 2017 and was awarded the German Music Authors' Prize. ''Die immer lacht'' climbed to second place in Germany (Official German Charts) and Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) and remained in the Top 10 for several months. So far, "Die immer lacht" has produced more than 125 million YouTube Views and received for more than one million copies sold diamond in Germany and platinum in Austria. It is one of the best-selling singles in Germany since 1975. In addition, the piece was raised by the Berlin football club [[Hertha BSC]] to the new club anthem. In the official video for the song, shot in [[Mallorca]], Ott plays a photographer, who photographs a constantly smiling model (Greta Hirsch).

== Personal life ==
Kerstin Ott has lived in [[Heide]], [[Holstein]] since she was a child. She participated in talent competitions in her childhood, and sang in the choir of [[Rolf Zuckowski]].
She also appeared as a DJ. Ott trained and worked as a painter until the breakthrough of ''Die immer lacht''. At the beginning of 2016, she went on tours the [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking countries]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.shz.de/regionales/schleswig-holstein/kultur/kalkberg-open-air/die-immer-lacht-saengerin-ist-auch-dabei-kerstin-ott-kommt-nach-bad-segeberg-id12821801.html|title=Kalkberg Open Air 2016: „Die immer lacht“-Sängerin ist auch dabei: Kerstin Ott kommt nach Bad Segeberg {{!}} shz.de|last=Käfer|first=Christoph|work=shz|access-date=2018-05-12|language=de-DE}}</ref>

Ott came out as lesbian at the age of 17. In August 2017 she entered into a registered partnership with her longtime girlfriend [[Karolina Köppen]], which was rewritten as a marriage in October 2017. Köppen and her two children adopted Ott's surname.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vip.de/cms/kerstin-ott-verheiratet-ohne-trauschein-4123979.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831214412/https://www.vip.de/cms/kerstin-ott-verheiratet-ohne-trauschein-4123979.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-31|title=Kerstin Ott: Verheiratet ohne Trauschein|date=2017-08-31|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.schlagerplanet.com/news/schlager-news/echo-2018-mit-wem-kerstin-ott-ein-selfie-wollte-11702.html|title=„Echo“ 2018: Mit wem Kerstin Ott ein Selfie wollte|work=Schlagerplanet|access-date=2018-05-12|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.promiflash.de/news/2018/05/02/seltener-foto-moment-kerstin-ott-postet-selfie-mit-ehefrau.html|title=Seltener Foto-Moment: Kerstin Ott postet Selfie mit Ehefrau!|date=2018-05-02|work=Promiflash.de|access-date=2018-05-12|language=de-DE}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Albums===
*2016: ''Herzbewohner''
*2018: ''Mut zur Katastrophe''
*2019: ''Ich muss dir was sagen''
*2021: ''Nachts sind alle Katzen grau''

===Singles===
*2016: "Scheissmelodie"
*2018: "Regenbogenfarben"
*2018: "Regenbogenfarben" (with [[Helene Fischer]])

===Featured in===
*2015: "Die immer lacht" (Stereoact feat. Kerstin Ott)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{CC-notice|cc=bysa3|url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstin_Ott }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ott, Kerstin}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century German male singers]]
[[Category:Lesbian musicians]]
[[Category:LGBT singers from Germany]]
[[Category:People from Berlin]]
[[Category:20th-century LGBT people]]
[[Category:21st-century LGBT people]]

Shape-memory polymer

2022-01-28T12:57:44Z

Killerkürbis: /* See also */added item

{{Short description|Materials that can retain several shapes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
''' Shape-memory polymers (SMPs)''' are polymeric [[smart material]]s that have the ability to return from a deformed state (temporary shape) to their original (permanent) shape when induced by an external stimulus (trigger), such as temperature change.<ref name=lendlein>{{cite journal|author=Lendlein, A., Kelch, S.|doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2034::AID-ANIE2034>3.0.CO;2-M|title=Shape-memory polymers|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=41|issue=12|pages=2034–2057|year=2002|pmid=19746597}}</ref>
{{Quote box
|title =[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] definition
|quote = Polymer that, after heating and being subjected to a plastic deformation, resumes its original shape
when heated above its glass-transition or melting temperature<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horie |first1=K. |last2=Barón |first2=Máximo |last3=Fox |first3=R. B. |last4=He |first4=J. |last5=Hess |first5=M. |last6=Kahovec |first6=J. |last7=Kitayama |first7=T. |last8=Kubisa |first8=P. |last9=Maréchal |first9=E. |last10=Mormann |first10=W. |last11=Stepto |first11=R. F. T. |last12=Tabak |first12=D. |last13=Vohlídal |first13=J. |last14=Wilks |first14=E. S. |last15=Work |first15=W. J. |title=Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |date=1 January 2004 |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=889–906 |doi=10.1351/pac200476040889}}</ref>

''Note:''
* Crystalline trans-polyisoprene is an example of a shape-memory polymer.
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

==Properties of shape-memory polymers==
SMPs can retain two or sometimes three shapes, and the transition between those is induced by temperature. In addition to temperature change, the shape change of SMPs can also be triggered by an electric or [[magnetic field]],<ref name=mag>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0600079103|pmc=1383650|pmid= 16537442| title = Initiation of shape-memory effect by inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles in thermoplastic polymers| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 103| issue = 10| pages = 3540–5| year = 2006| last1 = Mohr | first1 = R.| last2 = Kratz | first2 = K.| last3 = Weigel | first3 = T.| last4 = Lucka-Gabor | first4 = M.| last5 = Moneke | first5 = M.| last6 = Lendlein | first6 = A.|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.3540M|doi-access=free}}</ref> light<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature03496| pmid = 15829960| title = Light-induced shape-memory polymers| journal = Nature| volume = 434| issue = 7035| pages = 879–82| year = 2005| last1 = Lendlein | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiang | first2 = H. | last3 = Jünger | first3 = O. | last4 = Langer | first4 = R. | bibcode = 2005Natur.434..879L| s2cid = 4391911}}</ref> or solution.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.2936288| title = Comment on "Water-driven programable [sic] polyurethane shape memory polymer: Demonstration and mechanism" [Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 114105 (2005)]| journal = Applied Physics Letters| volume = 92| issue = 20| pages = 206105| year = 2008| last1 = Leng | first1 = J. | last2 = Lv | first2 = H. | last3 = Liu | first3 = Y. | last4 = Du | first4 = S. }}</ref> As well as polymers in general, SMPs also cover a wide property-range from stable to [[Synthetic biodegradable polymer|biodegradable]], from soft to hard, and from elastic to rigid, depending on the structural units that constitute the SMP. SMPs include [[thermoplastic]] and [[thermoset]] (covalently cross-linked) polymeric materials. SMPs are known to be able to store up to three different shapes in memory.<ref name="toen"/> SMPs have demonstrated recoverable strains of above 800%.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/adfm.200901409| title = High-Strain Shape-Memory Polymers| journal = Advanced Functional Materials| volume = 20| pages = 162–171| year = 2010| last1 = Voit | first1 = W. | last2 = Ware | first2 = T. | last3 = Dasari | first3 = R. R. | last4 = Smith | first4 = P. | last5 = Danz | first5 = L. | last6 = Simon | first6 = D. | last7 = Barlow | first7 = S. | last8 = Marder | first8 = S. R. | last9 = Gall | first9 = K.
}}</ref>

Two important quantities that are used to describe shape-memory effects are the strain recovery rate (''R''r) and strain fixity rate (''R''f). The strain recovery rate describes the ability of the material to memorize its permanent shape, while the strain fixity rate describes the ability of switching segments to fix the mechanical deformation.

[[File:wiki thermomechanical test.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Result of the cyclic thermomechanical test]]

:<math>R_r(N) = \frac{\varepsilon_m - \varepsilon_p(N)}{\varepsilon_m - \varepsilon_p(N-1)}</math>

:<math>R_f(N) = \frac{\varepsilon_u(N)}{\varepsilon_m}</math>

where <math>N</math> is the cycle number, <math>\varepsilon_m</math> is the maximum strain imposed on the material, and <math>\varepsilon_p(N)</math> and <math>\varepsilon_p(N-1)</math> are the strains of the sample in two successive cycles in the stress-free state before yield stress is applied.

Shape-memory effect can be described briefly as the following mathematical model:<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kim B.K. |author2=Lee S.Y. |author3=Xu M. |journal=Polymer|year=1996|volume=37|issue=26 |page=5781|title=Polyurethanes having shape memory effects|doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00442-9}}</ref>

:<math>R_f(N) = 1 - \frac{E_f}{E_g}</math>

:<math>R_r(N) = 1 - \frac{f_{IR}}{f_\alpha (1 - E_f/E_g)}</math>

where <math>E_g</math> is the glassy modulus, <math>E_r</math> is the rubbery modulus, <math>f_{IR}</math> is viscous flow strain and <math>f_{\alpha}</math> is strain for <math>t >> t_r</math>.

===Triple-shape memory===
While most traditional shape-memory polymers can only hold a permanent and temporary shape, recent technological advances have allowed the introduction of triple-shape-memory materials. Much as a traditional double-shape-memory polymer will change from a temporary shape back to a permanent shape at a particular temperature, triple-shape-memory polymers will switch from one temporary shape to another at the first transition temperature, and then back to the permanent shape at another, higher activation temperature. This is usually achieved by combining two double-shape-memory polymers with different glass transition temperatures<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0608586103|pmc=1838703|pmid=17116879| title = Polymeric triple-shape materials| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 103| issue = 48| pages = 18043–7| year = 2006| last1 = Bellin | first1 = I.| last2 = Kelch | first2 = S.| last3 = Langer | first3 = R.| last4 = Lendlein | first4 = A.|bibcode=2006PNAS..10318043B|doi-access=free}}</ref> or when heating a programmed shape-memory polymer first above the glass transition temperature and then above the melting transition temperature of the switching segment.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pretsch, T. |title= Triple-shape properties of a thermoresponsive poly(ester urethane)|journal=Smart Materials and Structures|volume= 19|pages=015006|year=2010|doi=10.1088/0964-1726/19/1/015006|issue=1|bibcode= 2010SMaS...19a5006P}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bothe, M., Mya, K. Y., Lin, E. M. J., Yeo, C. C., Lu, X., He, C., Pretsch, T. |title= Triple-shape properties of star-shaped POSS-polycaprolactone polyurethane networks|journal=Soft Matter|volume= 8|pages=965–972|year=2012|doi=10.1039/C1SM06474F|issue=4|bibcode= 2012SMat....8..965B}}</ref>

==Description of the thermally induced shape-memory effect==
[[File:SMProcess.jpg|thumb|400px|A schematic representation of the shape-memory effect|right]]
Polymers exhibiting a shape-memory effect have both a visible, current (temporary) form and a stored (permanent) form. Once the latter has been manufactured by conventional methods, the material is changed into another, temporary form by processing through heating, deformation, and finally, cooling. The polymer maintains this temporary shape until the shape change into the permanent form is activated by a predetermined external stimulus. The secret behind these materials lies in their molecular network structure, which contains at least two separate phases. The phase showing the highest thermal transition, ''Tperm'', is the temperature that must be exceeded to establish the physical crosslinks responsible for the permanent shape. The switching segments, on the other hand, are the segments with the ability to soften past a certain transition temperature (''Ttrans'') and are responsible for the temporary shape. In some cases this is the [[glass transition temperature]] (''Tg'') and others the melting temperature (''Tm''). Exceeding ''Ttrans'' (while remaining below ''Tperm'') activates the switching by softening these switching segments and thereby allowing the material to resume its original (permanent) form. Below ''Ttrans'', flexibility of the segments is at least partly limited. If ''Tm'' is chosen for programming the SMP, strain-induced crystallization of the switching segment can be initiated when it is stretched above ''Tm'' and subsequently cooled below ''Tm''. These crystallites form covalent netpoints which prevent the polymer from reforming its usual coiled structure. The hard to soft segment ratio is often between 5/95 and 95/5, but ideally this ratio is between 20/80 and 80/20.<ref name=shan>{{cite journal|author=Shanmugasundaram, O.L.|title=Shape Memory Polymers & their applications|journal=The Indian Textile Journal|year=2009|url=http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?id=776}}</ref> The shape-memory polymers are effectively viscoelastic and many models and analysis methods exist.

===Thermodynamics of the shape-memory effect===
In the amorphous state, polymer chains assume a completely random distribution within the matrix. W represents the probability of a strongly coiled conformation, which is the conformation with maximum entropy, and is the most likely state for an amorphous linear polymer chain. This relationship is represented mathematically by [[Boltzmann's entropy formula]] ''S'' = ''k'' ln ''W'', where ''S'' is the [[entropy]] and ''k'' is Boltzmann's constant.

In the transition from the glassy state to a rubber-elastic state by thermal activation, the rotations around segment bonds become increasingly unimpeded. This allows chains to assume other possibly, energetically equivalent conformations with a small amount of disentangling. As a result, the majority of SMPs will form compact, random coils because this conformation is entropically favored over a stretched conformation.<ref name=lendlein/>

Polymers in this elastic state with [[number average molecular weight]] greater than 20,000 stretch in the direction of an applied external force. If the force is applied for a short time, the entanglement of polymer chains with their neighbors will prevent large movement of the chain and the sample recovers its original conformation upon removal of the force. If the force is applied for a longer period of time, however, a relaxation process takes place whereby a plastic, irreversible deformation of the sample takes place due to the slipping and disentangling of the polymer chains.<ref name=lendlein/>

To prevent the slipping and flow of polymer chains, cross-linking can be used, both chemical and physical.

===Physically crosslinked SMPs===

====Linear block copolymers====
Representative shape-memory polymers in this category are [[polyurethane]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=B. Q. Y.|last2=Liow|first2=S. S.|last3=Loh|first3=X. J.|title=Organic–inorganic shape memory thermoplastic polyurethane based on polycaprolactone and polydimethylsiloxane|journal=RSC Adv.|date=2016|volume=6|issue=41|pages=34946–34954|doi=10.1039/C6RA04041A}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=B. Q. Y.|last2=Heng|first2=S. J. W.|last3=Liow|first3=S. S.|last4=Zhang|first4=K.|last5=Loh|first5=X. J.|title=Dual-responsive hybrid thermoplastic shape memory polyurethane|journal=Mater. Chem. Front.|date=2017|volume=1|issue=4|pages=767–779|doi=10.1039/C6QM00243A}}</ref> polyurethanes with ionic or mesogenic components made by [[prepolymer]] method. Other [[block copolymer]]s also show the shape-memory effect, such as, block copolymer of [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET) and [[Polyethylene glycol|polyethyleneoxide]] (PEO), block copolymers containing [[polystyrene]] and poly(1,4-butadiene), and an ABA triblock copolymer made from poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and [[polytetrahydrofuran]].

====Other thermoplastic polymers====
A linear, amorphous [[Norbornene#Polynorbornenes|polynorbornene]] (Norsorex, developed by CdF Chemie/Nippon Zeon) or organic-inorganic hybrid polymers consisting of polynorbornene units that are partially substituted by polyhedral oligo[[silsesquioxane]] (POSS) also have shape-memory effect.

[[File:wiki norbornene.jpg|700px]]

Another example reported in the literature is a copolymer consisting of polycyclooctene (PCOE) and {{chem name|poly(5-norbornene-exo,exo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride}}) (PNBEDCA), which was synthesized through [[ring-opening metathesis polymerization]] (ROMP). Then the obtained copolymer {{chem name|P(COE-co-NBEDCA)}} was readily modified by grafting reaction of NBEDCA units with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) to afford a functionalized copolymer {{chem name|P(COE-co-NBEDCA-g-POSS)}}. It exhibits shape-memory effect.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dan Yanga, Danyi Gaoa, Chi Zenga, Jisen Jiangb, Meiran Xie|year=2011|title=POSS-enhanced shape-memory copolymer of polynorbornene derivate and polycyclooctene through ring-opening metathesis polymerization|journal=[[Reactive and Functional Polymers]] |volume=71|issue=11|pages=1096–1101|doi=10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.08.009}}</ref>

===Chemically crosslinked SMPs===
The main limitation of physically crosslinked polymers for the shape-memory application is irreversible deformation during memory programming due to the [[creep (deformation)|creep]]. The [[network polymer]] can be synthesized by either polymerization with multifunctional (3 or more) [[crosslinker]] or by subsequent crosslinking of a linear or branched polymer. They form insoluble materials which swell in certain solvents.<ref name=lendlein/>

====Crosslinked polyurethane====
This material can be made by using excess diisocyanate or by using a crosslinker such as [[glycerin]], [[trimethylol propane]]. Introduction of covalent crosslinking improves in creep, increase in recovery temperature and recovery window.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Buckley CP. |author2=Prisacariu C. |author3=Caraculacu A. |journal=Polymer|year=2007|volume=48|issue=5 |page=1388|title=Novel triol-crosslinked polyurethanes and their thermorheological characterization as shape-memory materials|doi=10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.051}}</ref>

====PEO based crosslinked SMPs====
The PEO-PET block [[copolymer]]s can be crosslinked by using [[maleic anhydride]], glycerin or dimethyl 5-isophthalates as a crosslinking agent. The addition of 1.5 wt% maleic anhydride increased in shape recovery from 35% to 65% and tensile strength from 3 to 5 MPa.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/app.20903| title = Shape memory effect of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer cross-linked with glycerol and sulfoisophthalate group and its application to impact-absorbing composite material| journal = Journal of Applied Polymer Science| volume = 94| pages = 308–316| year = 2004| last1 = Park | first1 = C. | last2 = Yul Lee | first2 = J. | last3 = Chul Chun | first3 = B. | last4 = Chung | first4 = Y. C. | last5 = Whan Cho | first5 = J. | last6 = Gyoo Cho | first6 = B. }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Hard phase!!Crosslinker!!''T''r (°C)!!''R''f(5)(%)!!''R''f(5)(%)
|-
|PET||Glycerol/dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate||11–30||90–95||60–70
|-
|PET||Maleic anhydride||8–13||91–93||60
|-
|AA/MAA copolymer||N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide||90|| ||99
|-
|MAA/N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone||Ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate||90|| ||99
|-
|PMMA/N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone||Ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate||45, 100|| ||99
|}

====Thermoplastic shape-memory====
While shape-memory effects are traditionally limited to [[thermosetting plastic]]s, some [[thermoplastic]] polymers, most notably [[PEEK]], can be used as well.<ref name="Anonymous">{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|title=Surgical Technologies; MedShape Solutions, Inc. Announces First FDA-cleared Shape Memory PEEK Device; Closing of $10M Equity Offering|journal=Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/medshape-solutions-inc-announces-first-fda-cleared-shape-memory-peek-device-closing-of-10m-equity-offering-60652462.html}}</ref>

==Light-induced SMPs==
[[File:lightinduced.jpg|thumb|350px|A schematic representation of reversible LASMP crosslinking|right]]Light-activated shape-memory polymers (LASMP) use processes of photo-crosslinking and photo-cleaving to change ''Tg''. Photo-crosslinking is achieved by using one wavelength of light, while a second wavelength of light reversibly cleaves the photo-crosslinked bonds. The effect achieved is that the material may be reversibly switched between an [[elastomer]] and a rigid polymer. Light does not change the temperature, only the cross-linking density within the material.<ref name=light>{{Cite journal|title=Light-activated shape memory polymers and associated applications|journal=Proc. SPIE|volume= 5762|year=2005|doi=10.1117/12.606109|last1=Havens|first1=E.|last2=Snyder |first2=E.A. |last3=Tong |first3=T.H.|editor1-first=Edward V|editor1-last=White|page=48|series=Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies|bibcode=2005SPIE.5762...48H|s2cid=136939515}}</ref> For example, it has been reported that polymers containing cinnamic groups can be fixed into predetermined shapes by [[UV light]] illumination (> 260 nm) and then recover their original shape when exposed to UV light of a different wavelength (< 260 nm).<ref name=light/> Examples of photoresponsive switches include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[cinnamylidene acetic acid]].

==Electro-active SMPs==
The use of electricity to activate the shape-memory effect of polymers is desirable for applications where it would not be possible to use heat and is another active area of research. Some current efforts use conducting SMP composites with [[carbon nanotubes]],<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.016| title = Review of electro-active shape-memory polymer composite| journal = Composites Science and Technology| volume = 69| issue = 13| pages = 2064| year = 2009| last1 = Liu | first1 = Y. | last2 = Lv | first2 = H. | last3 = Lan | first3 = X. | last4 = Leng | first4 = J. | last5 = Du | first5 = S. }}</ref> short carbon fibers (SCFs),<ref name=lu1>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.2790497| title = Electroactivate shape-memory polymer filled with nanocarbon particles and short carbon fibers| journal = Applied Physics Letters| volume = 91| issue = 14| pages = 144105| year = 2007| last1 = Leng | first1 = J. | last2 = Lv | first2 = H. | last3 = Liu | first3 = Y. | last4 = Du | first4 = S. | bibcode = 2007ApPhL..91n4105L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.3026724| title = Synergic effect of carbon black and short carbon fiber on shape memory polymer actuation by electricity| journal = Journal of Applied Physics| volume = 104| issue = 10| pages = 104917–104917–4| year = 2008| last1 = Leng | first1 = J. | last2 = Lv | first2 = H. | last3 = Liu | first3 = Y. | last4 = Du | first4 = S. | bibcode = 2008JAP...104j4917L}}</ref> carbon black,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kai|first1=D.|last2=Tan|first2=M. J.|last3=Prabhakaran|first3=M. P.|last4=Chan|first4=B. Q. Y.|last5=Liow|first5=S. S.|last6=Ramakrishna|first6=S.|last7=Loh|first7=X. J.|date=2016-12-01|title=Biocompatible electrically conductive nanofibers from inorganic-organic shape memory polymers|journal=Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces|volume=148|pages=557–565|doi=10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.035|pmid=27690245}}</ref> or metallic Ni powder. These conducting SMPs are produced by chemically surface-modifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in a mixed solvent of [[nitric acid]] and [[sulfuric acid]], with the purpose of improving the interfacial bonding between the polymers and the conductive fillers. The shape-memory effect in these types of SMPs have been shown to be dependent on the filler content and the degree of surface modification of the MWNTs, with the surface modified versions exhibiting good energy conversion efficiency and improved mechanical properties.

Another technique being investigated involves the use of surface-modified super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. When introduced into the polymer matrix, remote actuation of shape transitions is possible. An example of this involves the use of {{chem name|oligo (e-caprolactone)dimethacrylate/butyl acrylate}} composite with between 2 and 12% [[magnetite]] [[nanoparticles]]. [[Nickel]] and hybrid fibers have also been used with some degree of success.<ref name=lu1/>

==Shape-memory polymers vs. shape-memory alloys==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin:5px;"
|+ A summary of the major differences between SMPs and SMAs<ref name=SMA/>
! !!SMPs!!SMAs
|-
!Density (g/cm3)
|0.9–1.2||6–8
|-
!Extent of deformation
|up to 800%|| <8%
|-
!Required stress for deformation (MPa)
|1–3||50–200
|-
!Stress generated upon recovery (MPa)
|1–3||150–300
|-
!Transition temperatures (°C)
| −10..100|| −10..100
|-
!Recovery speed
|1s – minutes|| <1s
|-
!Processing conditions
| <200 °C low pressure|| >1000 °C high pressure
|-
!Costs
| <$10/lb|| ~$250/lb
|}

Shape-memory polymers differ from [[shape memory alloys]] (SMAs) <ref>Czichos H. (1989) "Adolf Martens and the Research on Martensite", pp. 3–14 in ''The Martensitic Transformation in Science and Technology'' E. Hornbogen and N. Jost (eds. ). Informationsgesellschaft. {{ISBN|3883551538}}.</ref> by their glass transition or melting transition from a hard to a soft phase which is responsible for the shape-memory effect. In shape-memory alloys [[martensite|martensitic]]/[[Austenite|austenitic]] transitions are responsible for the shape-memory effect.
There are numerous advantages that make SMPs more attractive than [[shape memory alloys]]. They have a high capacity for elastic deformation (up to 200% in most cases), much lower cost, lower density, a broad range of application temperatures which can be tailored, easy processing, potential biocompatibility and biodegradability,<ref name=SMA>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1039/b615954k| title = Review of progress in shape-memory polymers| journal = Journal of Materials Chemistry| volume = 17| issue = 16| pages = 1543| year = 2007| last1 = Liu | first1 = C.| last2 = Qin | first2 = H.| last3 = Mather | first3 = P. T.| citeseerx = 10.1.1.662.758}}</ref> and probably exhibit superior mechanical properties than SMAs.<ref name=JMJ>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jani | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Leary | first2 = M. | last3 = Subic | first3 = A. | last4 = Gibson | first4 = M. A. | title = A Review of Shape Memory Alloy Research, Applications and Opportunities | doi = 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.084 | journal = Materials & Design | volume = 56 | pages = 1078–1113 | year = 2013 }}</ref>

==Applications==

===Industrial applications===
One of the first conceived industrial applications was in robotics where shape-memory (SM) foams were used to provide initial soft pretension in gripping.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brennan, Mairin|title=Suite of shape-memory polymers|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|year=2001|issue=6|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/7906/7906notw1.html|volume=79|page=5|doi=10.1021/cen-v079n006.p005}}</ref> These SM foams could be subsequently hardened by cooling, making a shape adaptive grip. Since this time, the materials have seen widespread usage in, for example, the building industry (foam which expands with warmth to seal window frames), sports wear (helmets, judo and karate suits) and in some cases with [[thermochromism|thermochromic]] additives for ease of thermal profile observation.<ref>Monkman. G.J. and Taylor, P.M. (June 1991) "Memory Foams for Robot Grippers Robots in Unstructured Environments", pp. 339–342 in ''Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. on Advanced Robotics'', Pisa.</ref> Polyurethane SMPs are also applied as an autochoke element for engines.<ref name="tobushi"/>

===Application in photonics===
One field in which SMPs are having a significant impact is photonics. Due to the shape changing capability, SMPs enable the production of functional and responsive photonic gratings.<ref name="espinha14">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/adom.201300532| title = Thermoresponsive shape-memory photonic nanostructures | journal = Advanced Optical Materials| volume = 2| issue = 6| pages = 516| year = 2014| last1 = Espinha | first1 = A. | last2 = Serrano | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Blanco | first3 = A. | last4 = López | first4 = C. }}</ref> By using modern soft lithography techniques such as replica molding, it is possible to imprint periodic nanostructures, with sizes of the order of magnitude of visible light, onto the surface of shape memory polymeric blocks. As a result of the refractive index periodicity, these systems diffract light. By taking advantage of the polymer's shape memory effect, it is possible to reprogram the lattice parameter of the structure and consequently tune its diffractive behavior. Another application of SMPs in photonics is shape changing random lasers.<ref name="espinha15">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/adom.201500128| title = Random lasing in novel dye-doped white paints with shape memory | journal = Advanced Optical Materials| volume = 3| issue = 8| pages = 1080| year = 2015| last1 = Espinha | first1 = A. | last2 = Serrano | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Blanco | first3 = A. | last4 = López | first4 = C. }}</ref> By doping SMPs with highly scattering particles such as titania it is possible to tune the light transport properties of the composite. Additionally, optical gain may be introduced by adding a molecular dye to the material. By configuring both the amount of scatters and of the organic dye, a light amplification regime may be observed when the composites are optically pumped. Shape memory polymers have also been used in conjunction with [[nanocellulose]] to fabricate composites exhibiting both chiroptical properties and thermo-activated shape memory effect.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Espinha|first1=André|last2=Guidetti|first2=Giulia|last3=Serrano|first3=María C|last4=Frka-Petesic|first4=Bruno|last5=Dumanli|first5=Ahu Gümrah|last6=Hamad|first6=Wadood Y|last7=Blanco|first7=Álvaro|last8=López|first8=Cefe|last9=Vignolini|first9=Silvia|title=Shape memory cellulose-based photonic reflectors|journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces|date=8 November 2016|volume=8|issue=46|pages=31935–31940|doi=10.1021/acsami.6b10611|pmid=27786436|pmc=5495156}}</ref>

===Medical applications===
Most medical applications of SMP have yet to be developed, but devices with SMP are now beginning to hit the market. Recently, this technology has expanded to applications in [[orthopedic surgery]].<ref name="Anonymous"/>
Additionally, SMPs are now being used in various ophthalmic devices including punctal plugs, glaucoma shunts and intraocular lenses.

===Potential medical applications===
SMPs are [[smart material]]s with potential applications as, e.g., intravenous cannula,<ref name="tobushi">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/015009| pmid = 27877946| title = Shape recovery and irrecoverable strain control in polyurethane shape-memory polymer|pmc=5099815| journal = Science and Technology of Advanced Materials| volume = 9| issue = 1| pages = 015009| year = 2008| last1 = Tobushi | first1 = H. | last2 = Hayashi | first2 = S. | last3 = Hoshio | first3 = K. | last4 = Ejiri | first4 = Y. | bibcode = 2008STAdM...9a5009T}}</ref> self-adjusting orthodontic wires and selectively pliable tools for small scale surgical procedures where currently metal-based shape-memory alloys such as Nitinol are widely used. Another application of SMP in the medical field could be its use in implants: for example minimally invasive, through small incisions or natural orifices, implantation of a device in its small temporary shape. Shape-memory technologies have shown great promise for cardiovascular stents, since they allow a small stent to be inserted along a vein or artery and then expanded to prop it open.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.030|pmid=17296222|pmc=2700024| title = Unconstrained recovery characterization of shape-memory polymer networks for cardiovascular applications| journal = Biomaterials| volume = 28| issue = 14| pages = 2255–63| year = 2007| last1 = Yakacki | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Shandas | first2 = R. | last3 = Lanning | first3 = C. | last4 = Rech | first4 = B. | last5 = Eckstein | first5 = A. | last6 = Gall | first6 = K. }}</ref> After activating the shape memory by temperature increase or mechanical stress, it would assume its permanent shape. Certain classes of shape-memory polymers possess an additional property: [[biodegradability]]. This offers the option to develop temporary implants. In the case of biodegradable polymers, after the implant has fulfilled its intended use, e.g. healing/tissue regeneration has occurred, the material degrades into substances which can be eliminated by the body. Thus full functionality would be restored without the necessity for a second surgery to remove the implant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=B. Q. Y.|last2=Low|first2=Z. W. K.|last3=Heng|first3=S. J. W.|last4=Chan|first4=S. Y.|last5=Owh|first5=C.|last6=Loh|first6=X. J.|title=Recent Advances in Shape Memory Soft Materials for Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces|date=27 April 2016|volume=8|issue=16|pages=10070–10087|doi=10.1021/acsami.6b01295|pmid=27018814}}</ref> Examples of this development are vascular [[stent]]s and [[surgical suture]]s. When used in surgical sutures, the shape-memory property of SMPs enables wound closure with self-adjusting optimal tension, which avoids tissue damage due to overtightened sutures and does support healing and regeneration.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lendlein, A., Langer, R.|title= Biodegradable, Elastic Shape Memory Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications|journal=Science|volume= 296|pages=1673–1675|year=2002|doi=10.1126/science.1066102|pmid=11976407|issue=5573|bibcode= 2002Sci...296.1673L|s2cid= 21801034}}</ref> SMPs have also potential for use as [[compression garment]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tonndorf|first1=R.|last2=Aibibu|first2=D.|last3=Cherif|first3=C.|title=Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Fibers for Compression Garments|journal=Polymers|volume=12|issue=12|year=2020|pages=2989|issn=2073-4360|doi=10.3390/polym12122989|pmid=33333755|pmc=7765188|doi-access=free}}</ref> and hands-free door openers, whereby the latter can be produced via so-called 4D printing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chalissery|first=Dilip|last2=Schönfeld|first2=Dennis|last3=Walter|first3=Mario|last4=Shklyar|first4=Inga|last5=Andrae|first5=Heiko|last6=Schwörer|first6=Christoph|last7=Amann|first7=Tobias|last8=Weisheit|first8=Linda|last9=Pretsch|first9=Thorsten|title=Highly Shrinkable Objects as Obtained from 4D Printing|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mame.202100619|journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering|language=en|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|pages=2100619|doi=10.1002/mame.202100619|issn=1439-2054}}</ref>

===Potential industrial applications===
Further potential applications include self-repairing structural components, such as e.g. automobile fenders in which dents are repaired by application of temperature.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Monkman. G.J. |doi=10.1016/S0957-4158(99)00068-9|title= Advances in Shape Memory Polymer Actuation |journal= Mechatronics |volume= 10|issue= 4/5|pages= 489–498 |date= June–August 2000}}</ref> After an undesired deformation, such as a dent in the fender, these materials "remember" their original shape. Heating them activates their "memory". In the example of the dent, the fender could be repaired with a heat source, such as a hair-dryer. The impact results in a temporary form, which changes back to the original form upon heating—in effect, the plastic repairs itself. SMPs may also be useful in the production of aircraft which would morph during flight. Currently, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [[DARPA]] is testing wings which would change shape by 150%.<ref name=toen>Toensmeier, P.A. (2 April 2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170301081343/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-130130851.html "Shape memory polymers reshape product design"], Plastics Engineering.</ref>

The realization of a better control over the switching behavior of polymers is seen as key factor to implement new technical concepts. For instance, an accurate setting of the onset temperature of shape recovering can be exploited to tune the release temperature of information stored in a shape memory polymer. This may pave the way for the monitoring of temperature abuses of food or pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fritzsche, N., Pretsch, T. |title= Programming of Temperature-Memory Onsets in a Semicrystalline Polyurethane Elastomer|journal=Macromolecules|volume= 47|pages=5952–5959|year=2014|doi=10.1021/ma501171p|issue=17|bibcode= 2014MaMol..47.5952F}}</ref>

Recently, a new manufacturing process, mnemosynation, was developed at [[Georgia Tech]] to enable mass production of crosslinked SMP devices, which would otherwise be cost-prohibitive using traditional thermoset polymerization techniques.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.049| title = Radiation crosslinked shape-memory polymers| journal = Polymer| volume = 51| issue = 15| pages = 3551| year = 2010| last1 = Voit | first1 = W. | last2 = Ware | first2 = T. | last3 = Gall | first3 = K. }}</ref> Mnemosynation was named for the Greek goddess of memory, [[Mnemosyne]], and is the controlled imparting of memory on an amorphous thermoplastic materials utilizing radiation-induced covalent crosslinking, much like [[vulcanization]] imparts recoverable elastomeric behavior on rubbers using sulfur crosslinks. Mnemosynation combines advances in [[ionizing radiation]] and tuning the mechanical properties of SMPs to enable traditional plastics processing ([[extrusion]], [[blow molding]], [[injection molding]], [[resin transfer molding]], etc.) and allows thermoset SMPs in complex geometries. The customizable mechanical properties of traditional SMPs are achievable with high throughput plastics processing techniques to enable mass producible plastic products with thermosetting shape-memory properties: low residual strains, tunable recoverable force and adjustable glass transition temperatures.

===Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting===
Shape memory polymers may serve as technology platform for a safe way of information storage and release.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pretsch, T., Ecker, M., Schildhauer, M., Maskos, M. |title= Switchable information carriers based on shape memory polymer|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry|volume= 22|pages=1673–1675|year=2012|doi=10.1039/C2JM16204K|issue=16}}</ref> Overt anti-counterfeiting labels have been constructed that display a visual symbol or code when exposed to specific chemicals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leverant|first1=Calen J.|last2=Leo|first2=Sin-Yen|last3=Cordoba|first3=Maria A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Yifan|last5=Charpota|first5=Nilesh|last6=Taylor|first6=Curtis|last7=Jiang|first7=Peng|date=2019-01-11|title=Reconfigurable Anticounterfeiting Coatings Enabled by Macroporous Shape Memory Polymers|journal=ACS Applied Polymer Materials|volume=1|issue=1|pages=36–46|doi=10.1021/acsapm.8b00021}}</ref> Multifunctional labels may even make counterfeiting increasingly difficult.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ecker, M., Pretsch, T. |title= Multifunctional poly(ester urethane) laminates with encoded information|journal=RSC Advances|volume= 4|pages=286–292|year=2014|doi=10.1039/C3RA45651J|issue=1|bibcode= 2014RSCAd...4..286E}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ecker, M., Pretsch, T. |title= Novel design approaches for multifunctional information carriers|journal=RSC Advances|volume= 4|pages=46680–46688|year=2014|doi=10.1039/C4RA08977D|issue=87|bibcode= 2014RSCAd...446680E|doi-access=free}}</ref> Shape memory polymers have already been made into shape memory film by extruder machine, with covert and overt 3D embossed pattern internally, and 3D pattern will be released to be embossed or disappeared in just seconds irreversibly as soon as it is heated; Shape memory film can be used as label substrates or face stock for anti-counterfeiting, [[brand protection]], tamper-evident seals, anti-pilferage seals, etc.

===Multifunctional composites===
Using shape memory polymers as matrices, multifunctional [[composite material]]s can be produced. Such composites can have temperature dependant shape morphing (i.e. shape memory) charcteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Benjamin Qi Yu|last2=Chong|first2=Yi Ting|last3=Wang|first3=Shengqin|last4=Lee|first4=Coryl Jing Jun|last5=Owh|first5=Cally|last6=Wang|first6=Fei|last7=Wang|first7=FuKe|date=February 2022|title=Synergistic combination of 4D printing and electroless metallic plating for the fabrication of a highly conductive electrical device|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1385894721040912|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|language=en|volume=430|pages=132513|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2021.132513}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yijin|last2=Sun|first2=Jian|last3=Liu|first3=Yanju|last4=Leng|first4=Jinsong|date=2012-09-01|title=Variable stiffness property study on shape memory polymer composite tube|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/21/9/094021|journal=Smart Materials and Structures|volume=21|issue=9|pages=094021|doi=10.1088/0964-1726/21/9/094021|issn=0964-1726}}</ref> This phenomenon allows these composites to be potentially used to create deployable structures<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arzberger|first=Steven C.|last2=Tupper|first2=Michael L.|last3=Lake|first3=Mark S.|last4=Barrett|first4=Rory|last5=Mallick|first5=Kaushik|last6=Hazelton|first6=Craig|last7=Francis|first7=William|last8=Keller|first8=Phillip N.|last9=Campbell|first9=Douglas|last10=Feucht|first10=Sara|last11=Codell|first11=Dana|date=2005-05-05|title=Elastic memory composites (EMC) for deployable industrial and commercial applications|url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5762/0000/Elastic-memory-composites-EMC-for-deployable-industrial-and-commercial-applications/10.1117/12.600583.full|journal=Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies|publisher=SPIE|volume=5762|pages=35–47|doi=10.1117/12.600583}}</ref> such as booms,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Puig|first=L.|last2=Barton|first2=A.|last3=Rando|first3=N.|date=2010-07-01|title=A review on large deployable structures for astrophysics missions|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576510000743|journal=Acta Astronautica|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=12–26|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.02.021|issn=0094-5765}}</ref> hinges,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lan|first=Xin|last2=Liu|first2=Yanju|last3=Lv|first3=Haibao|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaohua|last5=Leng|first5=Jinsong|last6=Du|first6=Shanyi|date=2009-01-20|title=Fiber reinforced shape-memory polymer composite and its application in a deployable hinge|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/024002|journal=Smart Materials and Structures|language=en|volume=18|issue=2|pages=024002|doi=10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/024002|issn=0964-1726}}</ref> wings<ref>{{Citation|last=Rodriguez|first=Armando|title=Morphing Aircraft Technology Survey|date=2007-01-08|url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2007-1258|work=45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit|series=Aerospace Sciences Meetings|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.2007-1258|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Kai|last2=Sun|first2=Shouhua|last3=Liu|first3=Liwu|last4=Zhang|first4=Zhen|last5=Liu|first5=Yanju|last6=Leng|first6=Jinsong|date=2009-10-20|title=Novel deployable morphing wing based on SMP composite|url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7493/74932J/Novel-deployable-morphing-wing-based-on-SMP-composite/10.1117/12.845408.full|journal=Second International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering|publisher=SPIE|volume=7493|pages=708–714|doi=10.1117/12.845408}}</ref> etc. While using SMPs can help produce one-way shape morphing structures, it has been reported that using SMPs in combination with [[Shape-memory alloy|shape memory alloys]] allows creation of more complex shape memory composites that is capable of two-way shape memory deformation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tobushi|first=Hisaaki|last2=Hayashi|first2=Shunichi|last3=Sugimoto|first3=Y.|last4=Date|first4=K.|date=January 2010|title=Fabrication and Two-Way Deformation of Shape Memory Composite with SMA and SMP|url=https://www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.2189|journal=Materials Science Forum|volume=638-642|pages=2189–2194|doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.2189|issn=1662-9752}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Memory foam]]
*[[Smart material]]
*[[Shape-memory alloy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Polymers]]
[[Category:Smart materials]]

The captain goes down with the ship

2021-11-19T13:33:31Z

Killerkürbis: /* See also */Item added

{{short description|Maritime tradition}}
[[File:EJ Smith.jpg|thumb|right|Captain [[Edward Smith (sea captain)|Edward J. Smith]] died during the [[sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of ''Titanic'']]]]
"'''The captain goes down with the ship'''" is a [[Maritime transport|maritime]] [[tradition]] that a [[sea captain]] holds ultimate responsibility for both their [[ship]] and everyone embarked on it, and in an emergency will either save those on board or die trying. Although often connected to the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912 and its captain, [[Edward Smith (sea captain)|Edward J. Smith]], the tradition precedes ''Titanic'' by at least 11 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Alix |title=The Night-hawk: A Romance of the '60s|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DrUXAAAAYAAJ |date=1901 |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DrUXAAAAYAAJ/page/n258 249] |quote=...for, if anything goes wrong a woman may be saved where a captain goes down with his ship.}}</ref> In most instances, the captain forgoes their own rapid departure of a ship in distress, and concentrates instead on saving other people. It often results in either the death or belated rescue of the captain as the last person on board.

==History==
{{unsourced section|date=November 2019}}
The tradition is related to another protocol from the nineteenth century, "[[women and children first]]". Both reflect the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] ideal of [[chivalry]], in which the upper classes were expected to adhere to a morality tied to sacred honour, service, and respect for the disadvantaged. This in turn stemmed from the ancient rule that women and children were to be protected by the tribe. The actions of the captain and men during the sinking of {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}} in 1852 prompted praise from many due to the sacrifice of the men who saved the women and children by evacuating them first. [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poem "Soldier an' Sailor Too" and [[Samuel Smiles]]' ''[[Self-Help (book)|Self-Help]]'' both highlighted the valour of the men who stood at attention and played in the band as their ship was sinking.

==Social and legal responsibility==
The tradition says that a captain will be the last person to leave a ship alive before its sinking or utter destruction, and if unable to evacuate the crew and passengers, the captain will not save himself even if he can.<ref name=bbc2012>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16611371 |title=Must a captain be the one-off a sinking ship? |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> In a social context, especially as a [[sailor|mariner]], the captain will feel compelled to take this responsibility as a [[Norm (social)|social norm]].

In [[maritime law]], the ship's master's responsibility for their vessel is paramount no matter what its condition, so abandoning a ship has legal consequences, including the nature of [[salvage rights]]. Therefore, even if a captain abandons their ship in distress, they are generally responsible for it in their absence and would be compelled to return to the ship until the danger to the vessel has relented. If a naval captain evacuates a vessel in wartime, it may be considered a serious crime similar to [[desertion]], unless the captain subsequently returns to the ship at the first opportunity to prevent its capture and rescue the crew.{{fact|date=September 2019}}

Abandoning a ship in distress may be considered a crime that can lead to imprisonment.<ref name=bbc2012 /> Captain [[Francesco Schettino]], who left his ship in the midst of the [[Costa Concordia disaster|''Costa Concordia'' disaster]], was not only widely reviled for his actions, but lost his final appeal against his 16-year Italian prison sentence, including one year for abandoning his passengers, five years for causing the shipwreck, and ten years for the manslaughter of its victims. Abandoning ship has been recorded as a [[maritime crime]] for centuries in Spain, Greece, and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/17/travel/cruise-ship-passenger-safety/index.html?_s=PM:TRAVEL |title=In a cruise ship crisis, what should happen? |first=Katia |last=Hetter |work=CNN |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> South Korean law may also require captains to rescue themselves last.<ref name=drewmouawad>{{cite news |title=Breaking Proud Tradition, Captains Flee and Let Others Go Down With Ship |first1=Christopher |last1=Drew |first2=Jad |last2=Mouawad |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 19, 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/world/asia/in-sad-twist-on-proud-tradition-captains-let-others-go-down-with-ship.html?_r=0 |access-date=April 20, 2014}}</ref> In Finland the Maritime Law (''Merilaki'') states that the captain must do everything in their power to save everyone on board the ship in distress and that unless the captain's life is in immediate danger, they shall not leave the vessel as long as there is reasonable hope that it can be saved.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1994/19940674 |title=Merilaki 6 Luku 12 §. 15.7.1994/674 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö |work=FINLEX, database of Finnish Acts and Decrees |year=2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |language=fi}}</ref> In the United States, abandoning the ship is not explicitly illegal, but the captain could be charged with other crimes, such as [[manslaughter]], which encompass [[common law]] precedent passed down through centuries. It is not illegal under [[international maritime law]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Longstreth |first=Andrew |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-ship-maritimelaw-idUSTRE80J1R020120120 |title=Cowardice at sea is no crime – at least in the U.S. |publisher=Reuters |access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref>

==Notable examples==
[[File:Bounty Sinking 2012.jpg|thumb| {{ship||Bounty|1960_ship|2}} sank off the coast of North Carolina during [[Hurricane Sandy]] on October 29, 2012. Two people died, including Captain Walbridge, after the ship lost generator power and flooded.]]
* September 27, 1854: James F. Luce was in command of the [[Collins Line]] steamer {{SS|Arctic}} when it [[SS Arctic disaster|collided]] with {{SS|Vesta}} off the coast of Newfoundland. Captain Luce was able to escape the wreck and swim to the surface after initially going down with the ship. He was rescued two days later drifting on wreckage of the same paddle-wheel box that killed his youngest son Willie.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=David |title=The Sea Shall Embrace Them|url=http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-Sea-Shall-Embrace-Them/David-W-Shaw/9780743235037|date=2002|publisher=Simon & Schuster, Inc.|location=New York |pages=256}}</ref>
* September 12, 1857: [[William Lewis Herndon]] was in command of the commercial mail steamer {{SS|Central America||2}} when it encountered a hurricane. Two ships came to the rescue, but could save only a fraction of the passengers, so Captain Herndon chose to remain with the rest.
* March 27, 1904: Commander [[Takeo Hirose]], in command of the [[blockship]] ''Fukui Maru'' at the [[Battle of Port Arthur]], went down with the ship while searching for survivors, after the ship sustained a direct strike from Russian coastal artillery, causing it to explode.
* April 13, 1904: Vice Admiral [[Stepan Makarov]] of the Imperial Russian Navy went down with his ship, {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1894|2}}, after his ship hit a Japanese [[naval mine]] during the early phase of the [[Siege of Port Arthur]].
* April 15, 1912: Captain [[Edward Smith (sea captain)|Edward Smith]], in command of {{RMS|Titanic}} when it [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sank in the North Atlantic Ocean]] after striking an iceberg, was seen returning to the bridge just before the ship began its final plunge.<ref name="titanicinquiry.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq09Brown01.php |title=Day 9 - Testimony of Edward Brown (First Class Steward, SS Titanic) |work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry |date=16 May 1912 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> There are conflicting accounts of Smith's death. Initially, there were rumours that Smith was the officer who committed suicide by shooting himself in the last minutes of the sinking, an incident that was reported by several survivors.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/capt-smith-ended-life-when-titanic-began-founder.html |title=Capt. Smith Ended Life When ''Titanic'' Began To Founder (''Washington Times'') |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Titanica |date=19 April 1912 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Others suggest that Smith may have died on the bridge when it was engulfed by the sea.{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=224}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Spignesi|first=Stephen|title=The Titanic for Dummies|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqO__ScTpnMC&pg=PA207|access-date=November 6, 2012|page=207|isbn=9781118206508}}</ref> Others<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq14Bride01.php |title=Day 14 - Testimony of Harold S. Bride, recalled |work=United States Senate Inquiry |date=4 May 1912 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> suggest that he jumped overboard from the bridge as the ship sank, and subsequently perished in the water, possibly near Collapsible B.<ref name="seaofglass">''On a Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the RMS Titanic'' by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. pp 335</ref>
* August 26, 1914: Captain Zimro Moore was in command of the [[SS Admiral Sampson]], a U. S. cargo and passenger steamship, when it was rammed by the steamship, Princess Victoria, in a fog near Seattle, Washington. He refused to leave the ship and with other crew managed to help most passengers to safety on the Princess Victoria. He went down with the ship.
* May 30, 1918: When the Italian [[Steamship|steamer]] ''Pietro Maroncelli'' was torpedoed by the German submarine {{SMU|UB-49||2}} and started to sink, Italian Rear Admiral Giovanni Viglione, who was on board as the convoy commodore, ordered all the survivors into the lifeboats, then chose to stay aboard and to go down with the ship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4800.html|title=Steamer Pietro Maroncelli - Ships hit by U-boats - German and Austrian U-boats of World War One - Kaiserliche Marine - uboat.net|website=uboat.net}}</ref>
* October 25, 1927. Captain Simone Gulì went down with his ship [[SS Principessa Mafalda]] off the coast of Brazil, five hours after a propeller shaft fractured and damaged the hull; there were 314 fatalities out of the 1,252 passengers and crew on board the ship.
* November 23, 1939. {{HMS|Rawalpindi}}, a British [[armed merchant cruiser]] (a converted passenger ship) encountered the German battleships {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} north of the [[Faroe Islands]]. Her captain, [[Edward Coverley Kennedy]], despite being hopelessly outgunned, ordered an attack. He went down with his ship.
* June 27, 1940. When {{ship|Italian submarine|Console Generale Liuzzi}} was forced to surface by British destroyers in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Lorenzo Bezzi, ordered his crew to abandon ship and then scuttled the submarine, going down with it.
* October 21, 1940. During the [[Attack on convoy BN 7|Action off Harmil Island]], Italian destroyer ''[[Italian destroyer Francesco Nullo (1925)|Francesco Nullo]]'' was disabled by {{HMS|Kimberley|F50|6}} and later finished off by [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) [[Blenheim bomber|Blenheim bombers]]. Her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander [[Costantino Borsini]], chose to go down with his ship; seaman Vincenzo Ciaravolo, his attendant, chose to follow him.
* November 5, 1940. German pocket battleship {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} encountered Allied [[Convoy HX 84]] in the North Atlantic. The convoy consisted of 38 merchant ships escorted by {{HMS|Jervis Bay}}, an ocean liner newly armed with guns of 1890s design. Her captain, [[Edward Fegen]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], signalled the convoy to scatter, and attacked the enemy. ''Jervis Bay'' was hopelessly outranged and outgunned, and was sunk; her captain and many of her crew went down with her. The sacrifice bought enough time for 31 of the convoy to make it to safety.
* May 24, 1941: During the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]], {{HMS|Hood||6}} suffered a direct hit and magazine explosion, which sank the ship in three minutes. Only three people survived the disaster. One of the survivors, [[Ted Briggs]], said in interviews after the sinking that [[Lancelot Holland|Vice Admiral Holland]] was last seen sitting in his chair, in utter dejection, making no attempt to escape from the sinking ship.
* May 27, 1941: Captain [[Ernst Lindemann]] of the {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}} was said to be with his combat messenger, a leading seaman, and apparently trying to persuade his messenger to save himself. In this account, his messenger took Lindemann's hand and the two walked to the forward flagmast. As the ship turned over, the two stood briefly to attention, then Lindemann and his messenger saluted. As the ship rolled to port, the messenger fell into the water. Lindemann continued his salute while clinging to the flagmast, going down with the ship.<ref>Grützner 2010, p. 202.</ref><ref>McGowen 1999, pp. 58–59.</ref>
* December 10, 1941: Admiral [[Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Tom Phillips]] and Captain [[John Leach (Royal Navy officer)|John Leach]] both went down with {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} during [[sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|its sinking along with ''Repulse'']] by Japanese warplanes off the coast of [[Pahang]], [[British Malaya]].
* February 28, 1942: Rear Admiral [[Karel Doorman]] was killed in action when his flagship {{HNLMS|De Ruyter|1935|6}} was torpedoed in the [[Battle of the Java Sea]]. Part of the crew was rescued before the sinking, but the Dutch admiral chose to go down with the ship. Captain Lieutenant [[Eugène Lacomblé]] also died in the sinking.
* June 5, 1942: Rear Admiral [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], on board the aircraft carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryu||2}}, insisted on staying with the stricken ship during the [[Battle of Midway]]. The ship's commander, Captain Kaku, followed his example. Yamaguchi refused to allow his staff officers to stay with them. Yamaguchi and Kaku were last seen on the bridge of the stricken carrier waving to the crew who were abandoning ship.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lord|1967|pp=249-251}}</ref> In addition, Captain [[Ryusaku Yanagimoto]] chose to remain with his ship {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Sōryū||2}} when it was scuttled after being destroyed in the same battle.
* February 7, 1943: Commander [[Howard W. Gilmore]], captain of the American submarine {{USS|Growler|SS-215|6}}, gave the order for crew to "clear the bridge" and leave the exposed deck of the submarine, as his crew was being attacked by a Japanese gunboat. Two men had been shot dead; Gilmore and two others were wounded. After all others had entered the sub and Gilmore found that time was critically short, he gave his [[last words|last order]]: "Take her down." The executive officer, hearing his order, closed the hatch and submerged the crippled boat, saving the rest of the crew from the attack of the Japanese convoy escort. Commander Gilmore, who was never seen again, received the [[Medal of Honor]] posthumously for his "distinguished gallantry", making him the second submariner to receive this award.
* November 19,1943: Captain [[John P. Cromwell]] went down on the sinking sub {{USS|Sculpin|SS-191|6}}.
* October 24, 1944: Rear Admiral [[Toshihira Inoguchi]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=308 |title=Toshihira Inoguchi |work=World War II Database |year=2015 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> chose to go down with the {{ship|Japanese battleship|Musashi}}, during the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], even though he could have escaped. Over half of the ship's crew, 1,376 of 2,399, were rescued.
* November 29, 1944: Captain Toshio Abe went down with the {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano}} after she was torpedoed by [[USS Archerfish (SS-311)|USS ''Archerfish'']].
* December 24, 1944: Captain Charles Limbor went down with the [[SS Léopoldville (1928)|''Léopoldville'']] after it was torpedoed and sank by [[German submarine U-486|''U-486'']] 5 miles from [[Cherbourg]].
* April 7, 1945: Vice Admiral [[Seiichi Ito]], the fleet admiral, and Captain [[Kosaku Aruga]] went down with the {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato}} during [[Operation Ten-Go]].
* December 30, 1950: [[Luis González de Ubieta]] (born 1899), [[exile]]d Admiral of the [[Spanish Republican Navy]], went down with his ship. He refused to be rescued when ''Chiriqui'', a merchant vessel under his command, sank in the [[Caribbean Sea]] not far from [[Barranquilla]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Javier (coord.) |last=García Fernández |title=25 militares de la República; "El Ejército Popular de la República y sus mandos profesionales |publisher=Ministerio de Defensa |location=Madrid |year=2011 }}</ref>
*January 10, 1952: After his ship was struck by a pair of rogue waves, Captain [[Kurt Carlsen]] of the [[SS Flying Enterprise|SS ''Flying Enterprise'']] remained aboard his ship once her passengers and crew had been evacuated in order to oversee attempts to tow the crippled vessel into port. He was eventually joined by Ken Dancy, a member of the salvage tug's crew. When the time came to abandon ship, Carlsen said to Dancy that they would jump together; Dancy refused, saying he should go first so that Carlsen could be the last to leave the ship. The ''Flying Enterprise'' sank 48 minutes later.
*July 26, 1956: [[Piero Calamai]], the captain of the Italian liner [[SS Andrea Doria|''Andrea Doria'']], after satisfying himself that all 1,660 passengers and crew had been safely evacuated following a collision with the {{MS|Stockholm|1948|6}} had determined to go down with the ship to atone for his errors leading to the disaster, which killed 46 people. During his supervision of the rescue operation, one of the largest in maritime history, Calamai turned to one of his officers and said softly, "If you are saved, maybe you can reach [[Genoa, Italy|Genoa]] and see my family. ... Tell them I did everything I could." His officers finally convinced him to reluctantly board a lifeboat by refusing to leave him behind; nevertheless, Calamai made certain he was the last person off his doomed ship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/the-sinking-of-andrea-doria|title=The Sinking of Andrea Doria|first=Evan|last=Andrews|website=HISTORY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/18/opinion/pecota-cruise-captain/index.html|title=In Andrea Doria wreck, a captain who shone|first=Samuel |last=Pecota|website=CNN}}</ref> Captain Calamai, who never commanded another vessel, reportedly asked repeatedly on his deathbed in 1972, "Are the passengers safe? Are the passengers off?".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/bs-md-backstory-maritime-disasters-20120226-story.html|title=Some captains show bravery, others cowardice in face of maritime disasters|first=By Frederick N. Rasmussen, The Baltimore|last=Sun|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref>
* December 9, 1971: [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]], {{small|[[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]}}, the captain of the Indian frigate {{INS|Khukri|1958|6}}, went down with the ship after it was attacked by a submarine in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. At least 194 members of the crew died in the sinking, which reportedly took two minutes.
* September 28, 1994: Captain Arvo Andresson sank with [[MS Estonia|MS ''Estonia'']] off the coasts of [[Estonia]] and [[Finland]]. Of the 989 people on board, 137 were rescued and 95 were later found dead in freezing waters or rafts.
*October 29, 2012: Captain Robin Walbridge of the ''[[Bounty (1960 ship)|Bounty]]'', a replica of {{HMS|Bounty}}, stayed on the ship until it [[capsized]] during [[Hurricane Sandy]]. Walbridge and one crew member died, while the fourteen crew members who made it to liferafts survived.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/696424-witness-recounts-claudene-christian%E2%80%99s-last-minutes-on-bounty |title=Witness recounts Claudene Christian's last minutes on ''Bounty'' |first=Beverley |last=Ware |work=[[The Chronicle Herald]] |location=[[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] |date=15 February 2013 |accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2012/10/29/ns-hms-bounty-hurricane-sandy.html |title=Bounty crew member's body found, captain still missing |date=29 October 2012 |access-date=2012-10-29}}</ref> Captain Walbridge was never found.<ref>{{cite press release
|url = http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1593871/Coast-Guard-suspends-search-for-missing-captain-of-HMS-Bounty
|title = Coast Guard suspends search for missing captain of HMS Bounty
|date = 1 November 2012
|publisher = [[United States Coast Guard]]
|access-date = 2012-11-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103034103/http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1593871/Coast-Guard-suspends-search-for-missing-captain-of-HMS-Bounty
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* October 2, 2015: Captain Michael Davidson, master of the cargo ship {{SS|El Faro||2}} was recorded on the Voyage Data Recorder encouraging the ship's helmsman, not moving due to fear and exhaustion, to join him in abandoning the vessel, before the recording ended with both still on the bridge of the sinking ship.

==Counter-examples==

In some cases the captain may choose to [[Scuttling|scuttle]] the ship and escape danger rather than die as it sinks. This choice is usually only available if the damage does not immediately imperil a vast portion of the ship's company and occupants. If a [[distress call]] was successful and the crew and occupants, the ship's cargo, and other items of interest are rescued, then the vessel may not be worth anything as [[marine salvage]] and allowed to sink. In other cases a military organization or [[navy]] might wish to destroy a ship to prevent it being taken as a [[prize (law)|prize]] or captured for [[espionage]], such as occurred in the {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}} incident. Commodities and war [[materiel]] carried as [[cargo]] might also need to be destroyed to prevent capture by the opposing side.

In other cases a captain may decide to save themselves to the detriment of their crew, the vessel, or its mission. A decision that shirks the responsibilities of the command of a vessel will usually bring upon the captain a legal, criminal, or social penalty, with military commanders often facing dishonor.

* July 17, 1880: The captain and crew of {{SS|Jeddah}} abandoned the ship and their passengers in a storm expecting it would sink, but the ship was found with all passengers alive three days later. A key part of [[Joseph Conrad]]'s 1899–1900 novel ''[[Lord Jim]]'' is based on this incident; Conrad had been a captain in the merchant marine before turning to writing.
* August 4, 1906: Captain Giuseppe Piccone abandoned {{SS|Sirio}} at the first opportunity. Between 150 and 400 people died when the ship sank.
* November 12, 1965: When a fire broke out aboard {{SS|Yarmouth Castle}}, Captain Byron Voustinas was on the first lifeboat, which had only crew and no passengers aboard. 90 people died.
* April 7, 1990: Having been erroneously informed the ship was evacuated, Captain Hugo Larsen abandoned {{MS|Scandinavian Star}} after arson caused the ship to burn. 158 people died.
* August 3–4, 1991: Captain [[Yiannis Avranas]] of the cruise ship {{ship|MTS|Oceanos}} abandoned ship without informing passengers that the ship was sinking. All 571 people on the ship survived. A Greek board of inquiry found Avranas and four officers negligent in their handling of the disaster.
* January 13, 2012: Captain [[Francesco Schettino]] personally abandoned his ship before hundreds of passengers had been evacuated during the [[Costa Concordia disaster|''Costa Concordia'' disaster]]. 32 people died in the accident. Schettino was sentenced to 16 years in prison for his role in the disaster.
* April 16, 2014: Captain Lee Joon-seok abandoned the South Korean ferry [[Sinking of MV Sewol|MV ''Sewol'']]. The captain and much of the crew were saved, while hundreds of students from [[Danwon High School]] embarked for their trip remained in their cabins, according to instructions provided by the crew.<ref>{{cite news |title=참사 2주째 승무원도 제대로 파악 안돼 |trans-title=Exact Number of Crew still not known 2 weeks after the ferry disaster |url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/634984.html |access-date=3 May 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hankyoreh]] |date=20 April 2014 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=drewmouawad/> Many passengers apparently remained on the sinking vessel and died. Following this incident, the captain was arrested and put on trial beginning in early June 2014, when video footage filmed by some survivors and news broadcasters showed him being rescued by a coast guard vessel. Orders to abandon ship never came, and the vessel sank with all [[life raft]]s still in their stowage position. The captain was subsequently sentenced to 36 years in prison for his role in the deaths of the passengers, and was also given a life sentence, after being found guilty of murder of the 304 passengers that did not survive.
* June 1, 2015: The Chinese captain of the river cruise ship {{ship||Dong Fang Zhi Xing}} left the ship before most passengers were rescued. In the end, 442 deaths were confirmed with 12 rescued among 454 on board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yangtze River Ship Captain Faces Questions on Sinking |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 2, 2015 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yangtze-river-ferry-captain-faces-questions-on-sinking-1433237962}}</ref>

==Extended or metaphorical use==
When used metaphorically, the "captain" may be simply the leader of a group of people, "the ship" may refer to some other place that is threatened by catastrophe, and "going down" with it may refer to a situation that implies a severe penalty or death. It is common for references to be made in the case of the military and when leadership during the situation is clear. So when a raging fire threatens to destroy a mine, the mine's supervisor, the "captain", may perish in the fire trying to rescue their workers trapped inside, and acquaintances might say that they went down with their ship or that they "died trying".

===In aviation===
[[File:561016PanAmDitches-5.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pan Am Flight 6]] successfully ditches in the Pacific Ocean with Captain Ogg on the second of two life rafts. The airplane sank a few minutes after this photo was taken.]]
The concept has been explicitly extended in law to the [[pilot in command]] of an aircraft, in the form of laws stating that they "[have] final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?rgn=div8&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1 |title=Title 14 Chapter I Subchapter A Part 1 §1.1 |work=[[Code of Federal Regulations]] |year=2015 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> [[Jurisprudence]] has explicitly interpreted this by analogy with the captain of a sea vessel.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

This is particularly relevant when an aircraft is forced to [[ditching|ditch]] in the ocean and becomes a floating vessel that will almost certainly sink. For example, following the crash of [[US Airways Flight 1549]] into the [[Hudson River]] in 2009, [[Pilot in command]] [[Chesley Sullenberger]] was the last person to exit the partially submerged aircraft, and performed a final check for any others on board before doing so. All 155 passengers and crew survived. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sturcke |first1=James |title=Chesley 'Sully' Sullenberger: US Airways crash pilot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/17/hudson-plane-crash-pilot-sullenberger |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |author-link=Robert D. McFadden |title=Pilot Is Hailed After Jetliner’s Icy Plunge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/nyregion/16crash.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Russell |title=US Airways Hero Pilot Searched Plane Twice Before Leaving |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=6658493 |website=[[ABC News]] |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en |date=15 January 2009}}</ref>

Similarly, on October 16, 1956, [[Pan Am Flight 6]] was a [[Boeing 377 Stratocruiser]] (en route from Honolulu to San Francisco) that was forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean due to multiple engine failures. The airliner broke apart when one of its wings collided with a wave swell. Airline Captain Richard N. Ogg was the last to exit the airplane during the successful mid-ocean ditching and rescue of all 31 on board by the US Coast Guard cutter {{USCGC|Pontchartrain|WHEC-70|6}}.<ref name=cutter>[https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/16-october-1956/ This Day in Aviation, 16 October 1956], 2016, Bryan R. Swopes</ref> The airplane fuselage sank with no one on board a few minutes later.<ref name=cutter />

Kohei Asoh, the captain of a [[Douglas DC-8]] conducting [[Japan Airlines Flight 2]], gained notoriety for his honest assessment of his mistake ([[Japan_Airlines_Flight_2#The_"Asoh_defense"|the "Asoh defense"]]) in the 1988 book ''[[The Abilene Paradox]]''. Asoh was the pilot in command during the 1968 accidental ditching in [[San Francisco Bay]] a few miles short of the runway.<ref name=Silagi>{{cite web|url=http://www.myabx.com/flightweb/abx%20air%20history/abx_air/dc8_bay.htm|title=The DC-8 that was too young to die|last=Silagi|first=Richard|publisher=Airliners.net|date=March 9, 2001|access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref> With the plane resting on the shallow bottom of the bay, he was the last one of the 107 occupants to exit the airplane; all survived with no injuries.<ref name=Blade-681122>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MPdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qAEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6556%2C1452567 |title=107 On Board Uninjured As Jetliner Lands In Bay |author= |agency=AP |date=22 November 1968 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

===In academia===
After a [[Baylor University sexual assault scandal|major sexual assault scandal]] at [[Baylor University]], the university fired President [[Kenneth Starr]] and appointed him chancellor. A week later, Starr resigned as chancellor and "willingly accepted responsibility" for the actions of Baylor that "clearly fell short". He stated that his resignation for the scandal was "a matter of conscience", and said, "The captain goes down with the ship."<ref name=espn>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/15875833/kenneth-starr-resign-chancellor-baylor-continue-teach|title=Starr won't be Baylor chancellor, will teach|date=June 1, 2016|website=ESPN.com}}</ref> He indicated that his resignation was necessary even though he "didn't know what was happening".

==See also==
{{portal|Oceans}}
*[[Barratry (admiralty law)]]
*[[Desertion]]
*[[Don't Give Up the Ship (disambiguation)]]
*[[Last words]]
*[[Man overboard]]
*[[Mutiny]]
*[[Women and children first]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:captain goes down with the ship}}
[[Category:Captains who went down with the ship|*]]
[[Category:Maritime culture]]
[[Category:Etiquette]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Maritime disasters]]
[[Category:English-language idioms]]
[[Category:1900s neologisms]]
[[Category:Quotations]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]

Big Bad Wolves

2021-07-31T00:07:39Z

Killerkürbis: /* Plot */corr. (after vis. inspection of the film)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Big Bad Wolves
| image = Big Bad Wolves US Theatrical Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = US release poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aharon Keshales]]
* [[Navot Papushado]]}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Tami Leon
* Hillick Michaeli
* Avraham Pirchi
* Moshe Edery
* Leon Edery}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Aharon Keshales
* Navot Papushado}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lior Ashkenazi]]
* Tzahi Grad
* Rotem Keinan
* Doval'e Glickman}}
| music = [[Frank Ilfman|Haim Frank Ilfman]]
| cinematography = Giora Bejach
| editing = Asaf Corman
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* United Channel Movies
* United King Studios}}
| distributor = [[Magnet Releasing]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|04|21|[[Tribeca Film Festival|Tribeca]]|2013|08|15|Israel}}
| runtime = 110 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/big-bad-wolves-film | title=''BIG BAD WOLVES'' (18) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=14 November 2014 | accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>
| country = Israel
| language = Hebrew
| budget =
| gross = $291,239<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=bigbadwolves.htm | title=Big Bad Wolves (2014) - International Box Office Results | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
'''''Big Bad Wolves''''' ({{lang-he|מי מפחד מהזאב הרע}}, ''Mi mefakhed mehaze'ev hara'', direct translation: "Who's afraid of the bad wolf") is a 2013 Israeli [[black comedy]] [[Horror film|horror]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller film]] written and directed by [[Aharon Keshales]] and [[Navot Papushado]], produced by Tami Leon and by Moshe and Leon Edry through their United King Films banner. The film focuses on the story of three Israeli adults who abduct a young school teacher in order to torture and interrogate him about the murder and rape case of a young girl in the woods.

The film was the official selection of [[Tribeca Film Festival]] and premiered in the festival on April 21, 2013.<ref>[http://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/513a82f9c07f5d471300010b-big-bad-wolves Big Bad Wolves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920064941/http://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/513a82f9c07f5d471300010b-big-bad-wolves |date=20 September 2013 }} in Tribeca Film Festival Official Website</ref><ref>[http://www.fantasiafestival.com/2013/en/films-schedule/7/big-bad-wolves Big Bad Wolves] in [[Fantasia Festival]] Official Website</ref> The film was released on August 15, 2013 in Israel and received overwhelmingly positive reviews across Israel, USA and other countries worldwide and was screened in various other film festivals, mainly for its humor, screenwriting, direction, torture scenes, acting and originality. Filmmaker [[Quentin Tarantino]] praised the film and called it 2013's best film, with his praise being labeled on the film's US poster.

==Plot==
Somewhere in Israel, three children play hide-and-seek in the woods. One of the girls hides in the closet in an abandoned house, from where she is abducted by an unknown perpetrator. Dror, a school teacher, is suspected of the crime and is arrested by the police. He is subjected to torture by a police team led by Micki to reveal the location of the missing girl. This whole episode is shot on his phone by a kid who happens to be playing in the vicinity and is subsequently uploaded onto [[YouTube]].

An unnamed caller leads the police to the location of the girl's body in a field. She has been sexually assaulted and her head is missing. According to Jewish law, a Jew is to be buried as he was born - complete with all his limbs and organs. Micki is subsequently fired from the police force, but he plans to kidnap Dror to extract a confession and thus clear his name. The case is handed over to another police officer, Rami. The girl's father, Gidi, himself a retired military man, also suspects Dror of his involvement and plans to kidnap him.

Dror is first kidnapped by Micki but later both of them are kidnapped by Gidi and taken to an abandoned house in the middle of an area surrounded by Arab villages. Here, both Micki and Gidi take turns torturing Dror, until he convinces Micki that he might after all be innocent. Gidi, a hardened veteran, doesn't fall for the trick and manages to disarm and shackle Micki in his basement. Upon hearing the fabricated story that he might be ill, Gidi's father comes to visit him with some hot soup and accidentally encounters the two captives in the basement. Gidi's father, an Army veteran, decides to help his son in tracing his granddaughter's missing head.

Micki—who has in his possession a rusty nail—asks Dror to lie about the location of the girl's head to buy them some time to escape. Gidi then leaves the house to locate his daughter's missing head and Micki also escapes and goes out to look for help. He makes a phone call to the police department, where he learns that his daughter is missing. It then strikes him that Dror referred to his daughter in a conversation while he had no way of knowing that Micki had a daughter. Gidi searches the described location for his daughter's head but upon not finding anything comes back and starts cutting off Dror's head with a [[rip saw]]. Micki also reaches the house and tries to ask Dror for the location of his daughter but Dror dies before he can reply.

In the final scene, police officer Rami, who is investigating the case, is shown inspecting Dror's house for any clues. He does not find anything and leaves the house. Micki's daughter is shown unconscious behind a fake wall.

==Cast==
* [[Lior Ashkenazi]] as Micki
* {{ill|Tzahi Grad|he|צחי גראד}} as Gidi
* {{ill|Rotem Keinan|he|רותם קינן}} as Dror, a school teacher
* [[Dov Glickman]] as Yoram, Gidi's father
* Guy Adler as Eli, a cop
* [[Dvir Benedek]] as Tsvika, the police commissioner
* {{ill|Gur Bentwich|he|גור בנטביץ'}} as Shauli, a cop
* {{ill|Nati Kluger|he|נתי קלוגר}} as Eti, a real estate agent
* [[Kais Nashef]] as a Man on horse
* {{ill|Menashe Noy|he|מנשה נוי}} as Rami, Miki's boss
* [[Rivka Michaeli]] as Yoram's wife

==Release==
The film was released in [[Israel]] on 15 August 2013 and opened in other theatres at the dates given below.

{| border=1 align=left cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ccccff; border: 1px #8888cc solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- style=background:#ccccff
! Region
! Release date
! Festival or Distributor
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[United States|U.S.A]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |21 April 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Tribeca Film Festival]]
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[United States|U.S.A]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |4 May 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Stanley Film Festival]]
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[Canada]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |26 July 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Fantasia International Film Festival]]
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[Israel]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |15 August 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[UK]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |26 August 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[London FrightFest Film Festival|Film4 Frightfest]]
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[Germany]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |27 August 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Fantasy Filmfest]]
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[United States|USA]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |11 October 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Chicago International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/films_and_schedule/movie.php?show=big_bad_wolves |title=Chicago Film Festival |access-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020015902/http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/films_and_schedule/movie.php?show=big_bad_wolves |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #ccccff;" |[[Spain]]
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |20 October 2013
| style="background: #f7f8ff; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Sitges Film Festival]]<ref>[http://sitgesfilmfestival.com/eng/film/?id=10002810 Sitges Film Festival]</ref>
|-
|}
{{-}}

===Critical reception===
The film has received mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/festival-central/Fantasia+Wolves+shows+lighter+side/8707151/story.html |title=Big Bad Wolves shows the lighter side of vengeance – Israeli film tempers darkness with absurdism |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103050540/http://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment/festival-central/Fantasia+Wolves+shows+lighter+side/8707151/story.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 7.13/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With just enough black humor to lighten the disturbing subject matter, ''Big Bad Wolves'' is as rewarding as it is challenging."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big_bad_wolves_2013|title=Big Bad Wolves (2014)|publisher=|accessdate=21 May 2020|via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] score of 64 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/big-bad-wolves|title=Big Bad Wolves|publisher=|accessdate=21 May 2020|via=www.metacritic.com}}</ref>

[[Quentin Tarantino]] called it the best film of 2013.<ref>[http://www.slashfilm.com/quentin-tarantino-calls-israeli-thriller-big-bad-wolves-the-best-film-of-the-year/ Quentin Tarantino Calls Israeli Thriller ‘Big Bad Wolves’ the "Best Film of the Year"]</ref>

===Accolades===
* [[Tribeca Film Festival]]: Official Selection
* [[Stanley Film Festival]]: Official Selection
* [[40th Saturn Awards|Saturn Awards]]: '''Won''' – [[Saturn Award for Best International Film|Best International Film]]

==Soundtrack==
The music for ''Big Bad Wolves'' was written by Israeli-born composer [[Frank Ilfman]], who had previously worked together with the directors on ''Rabies''. The music was recorded at Air Lyndhurst Studios on 23 December 2012 with the London Metropolitan Orchestra conducted by orchestrator Matthew Slater. The score has been released digitally and on CD by MovieScore Media and Kronos Records.

{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Frank Ilfman]]
| headline = ''Big Bad Wolves: Original Soundtrack''
| total_length = 53:56
| title1 = Big Bad Wolves: Main Theme
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Hide and Seek: Opening Titles
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = The March
| length3 = 2:00
| title4 = Scream for Me
| length4 = 3:16
| title5 = The Chair of Horror
| length5 = 2:41
| title6 = The Phone Call
| length6 = 1:46
| title7 = The Chase
| length7 = 3:15
| title8 = Help Me
| length8 = 2:38
| title9 = Saved by the Bell
| length9 = 2:45
| title10 = A Story About a Little Girl
| length10 = 4:16
| title11 = Hammer and Bones
| length11 = 1:55
| title12 = Man Rides a Horse
| length12 = 1:35
| title13 = The Truth Will Set You Free
| length13 = 2:42
| title14 = The Green House
| length14 = 3:53
| title15 = Now Talk
| length15 = 2:00
| title16 = Bike vs Car
| length16 = 2:37
| title17 = The Last Breath
| length17 = 3:48
| title18 = The Missing Girl and Epilogue
| length18 = 4:48
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
Ido Rosen. "National Fears in Israeli Horror Films." ''Jewish Film & New Media'' 8.1 (2020): 77-103.

Ido Rosen. National Fears in Israeli Horror Films. MA Thesis. Tel Aviv University, 2017.

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.magnetreleasing.com/bigbadwolves}}
* {{IMDb title|2309224|Big Bad Wolves}}
* {{mojo title|bigbadwolves|Big Bad Wolves}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|big_bad_wolves_2013|Big Bad Wolves}}
* {{metacritic film|big-bad-wolves|Big Bad Wolves}}

{{Saturn Award for Best International Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Bad Wolves}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 horror films]]
[[Category:2010s crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Israeli films]]
[[Category:Israeli horror films]]
[[Category:Hebrew-language films]]
[[Category:Arabic-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Israel]]
[[Category:Films shot in Israel]]

Over the Top (1987 film)

2021-07-08T22:37:21Z

Killerkürbis: Undid revision 1032661499 by 2A00:23C5:DB01:DA00:4DD2:1616:3EE2:6C05 (talk)- unexplained rev./vandalism

{{short description|1987 film}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Over the Top
| image = overthetop.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Menahem Golan]]
| story = {{plainlist|
* [[Gary Conway]]
* David Engelbach
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Stirling Silliphant]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
}}
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Sylvester Stallone
* [[Robert Loggia]]
* [[Susan Blakely]]
* [[David Mendenhall]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Giorgio Moroder]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Menahem Golan]]
* [[Yoram Globus]]
}}
| studio = [[The Cannon Group, Inc.]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| cinematography = [[David Gurfinkel]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
* James Symons
* [[Don Zimmerman (film editor)|Don Zimmerman]]
}}
| color_process = [[Metrocolor]]
| released = {{Film date|1987|02|12|New York and Los Angeles}}<ref name="opening" />
| runtime = 93 minutes
| language = English
| country = United States
| budget = $25 million<ref>{{cite book|title=Sidney J. Furie: Life and Films|last=Kremer|first=Daniel|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8131-6597-4|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfzGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT288}}</ref>
| gross = $16 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=overthetop.htm |title=Over the Top (1987) – Box Office Mojo |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=2011-07-24}}</ref>
}}
'''''Over the Top''''' is a 1987 American [[sports film|sports]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] starring [[Sylvester Stallone]]. It was produced and directed by [[Menahem Golan]], and its screenplay was written by [[Stirling Silliphant]] and Stallone. The original music score was composed by [[Giorgio Moroder]]. The main character, Lincoln Hawk, played by Stallone, is a long-haul truck driver who tries to win back his alienated son, Michael, while becoming a champion [[arm wrestling|arm wrestler]].

==Plot==
Lincoln Hawk is a struggling trucker who arm wrestles on the side to make extra cash while trying to rebuild his life. Hawk's estranged wife Christina, who is suffering from heart disease, asks that Hawk pick up their young son Michael from [[military academy|military school]] so that the two of them can get to know each other; Hawk had left them ten years earlier. Michael's [[Helicopter parent|controlling]] grandfather Jason Cutler, a wealthy man who hates Hawk and disapproved of his daughter's relationship with him, believes that Hawk has no right to be in his grandson's life. Michael is very distrusting and bitter towards Hawk initially and treats him with contempt at every turn.

Over the course of a trip from [[Colorado]] to [[California]], Michael comes to trust Hawk, especially after Hawk rescues him from kidnappers (who were actually goons hired by Cutler to retrieve Mike). Hawk and Mike also bond when Hawk teaches him to arm wrestle and drive the truck. However, when they arrive at the hospital, Hawk is despondent to learn that Christina died from complications during surgery. Feeling he would have been there with her if not for Hawk, Michael leaves for his grandfather's estate. An attempt to retrieve Michael ends with Hawk being arrested for trespassing when he resorts to [[ramraiding]] after being turned away from Cutler's gated mansion. Michael visits his father in jail and forgives him, but tells Hawk that he feels more secure living with his grandfather. As a condition of his release and to avoid prosecution, Hawk is forced to sign over custody of Michael to Cutler and leave the state for good.

Hawk leaves to compete in the [[World Armwrestling Championship]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]. His hope is to win the grand prize of $100,000 and a brand new, larger $250,000 semi-truck and thus start his own trucking company. Hawk is a clear underdog, having a size disadvantage versus just about every other participant, including his old rival Bull Hurley, who is the odds-on favorite out of the other 500 competitors. When he arrives, he sells his truck for $7,000 and uses the money to place a bet on himself (as a 20–1 long shot) to win the tournament. Meanwhile, Michael finds all the letters that Hawk had sent over the years and realizes that his grandfather has been hiding the truth about his father from him. Cutler did everything possible to drive his parents apart and had been intercepting and hiding the regular letters Hawk had written to him. Stunned by his grandfather's deceptions, Michael steals one of his grandfather's many vehicles (a pickup truck) to go to Las Vegas and find Hawk.

Hawk advances to the final eight competitors in the double-elimination tournament before suffering his first loss against John Grizzly, injuring his arm in the process. Afterwards, Cutler summons Hawk to his presidential suite and tells him that he has always been a loser, but offers Hawk a way out and a chance for a fresh start: $500,000 and a top of the line semi (even better than the tournament's grand prize) on the condition that he stay out of their lives for good, but Hawk refuses, vowing to retrieve Michael after the tournament. He returns to the tournament with a much tighter focus and advances to the final match against Bull Hurley, who has remained the undefeated world champion for five years. Michael then finds Hawk and apologizes for misjudging him, which gives Hawk the emotional support he needs to compete. After a titanic struggle, Hawk manages to conquer his old rival, earn his respect, and win the tournament. As Hawk and Michael celebrate, Cutler (who had followed Michael to the competition) looks on in silence and admiration for all that Hawk sacrificed to get Michael back. A triumphant Hawk and Michael take their new truck and winnings and drive off to start a new life together.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sylvester Stallone]] as Lincoln Hawk
* [[Robert Loggia]] as Jason Cutler
* [[Susan Blakely]] as Christina Hawk
* [[Rick Zumwalt]] as Bob "Bull" Hurley
* [[David Mendenhall]] as Michael Cutler
* Chris McCarty as Tim Salanger
* [[Terry Funk]] as Ruker
* Bruce Way as John Grizzly
* [[Jimmy Keegan]] as Richie
* Greg "Magic" Schwartz as Smasher
* [[Allan Graf]] as Collins
* John Braden as Col. Davis
* [[Reggie Bennett]] as Female Arm Wrestler
}}

Multi-time world arm wrestling champion and future professional wrestler [[Scott Norton]] also makes an appearance along with other professional arm wrestlers such as Allen Fisher, John Vreeland, Cleve Dean and Andrew "Cobra" Rhodes (as the final match referee).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/s/scott-norton.html|title=Online World of Wrestling|publisher=Online World of Wrestling|access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref> Professional arm wrestler [[John Brzenk]] also makes an appearance.

==Production==
===Development and writing===
In May 1984, it was reported Stallone would appear in the film for a fee of $12 million.<ref>HOT GOSSIP
Stewart, Susan. Philadelphia Daily News; Philadelphia, Pa. [Philadelphia, Pa]17 May 1984: 36.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Natale |first=Richard |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Menahem Golan, Who Headed Cannon Films, Dies at 85 |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/menachem-golan-who-headed-cannon-films-dies-at-85-1201278731/ |work=Variety |access-date=June 28, 2015}}</ref> Cannon Films presold the movie over the next few years during which time Stallone appeared in ''Rhinestone'', ''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' and ''Rocky IV''.

Cannon hired Stirling Silliphant to write the script. "It's an action love story with the emphasis on action," Silliphant says. "It's the story of a man trying to win back the love of his son and win the world arm-wrestling championship in Las Vegas." Although Stallone was a writer and had final cut on the film, Sillphant said " "I don't anticipate any problem whatsoever. I'm a very difficult person to abuse...He doesn't have to do anything at this point. He has been very smart about what he can do. He has to protect that."<ref>DR PEPPER BUBBLES UP TO GODZILLA: [Home Edition]
Mathews, Jack. Los Angeles Times2 Aug 1985: 1.</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot for about 9 weeks from June 9 to August 15, 1986.<ref>Weekly Variety Magazine; May 28, 1986; Page 93</ref><ref>Daily Variety Magazine; August 19, 1986; Page 3</ref> The military academy scenes, portrayed as being in Colorado, were filmed at [[Pomona College]] in [[Claremont, California]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pomona.edu/timeline/1980s/1986|title=Pomonona College Timeline, 1980–1989|work=[[Pomona College]]|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> The Kirkeby mansion at 750 Bel Air Road, Los Angeles (also the home of the Clampett family on the [[CBS]] comedy ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'') was used to portray the Cutler estate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-10/realestate/re-2442_1_equestrian-estate|title=Mayor of Nice to Build in Canyon Area|last=Ryon|first=Ruth|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1986-08-10|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> Parts of the film were also shot in [[Monument Valley, Utah]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=D'Arc|first1=James V.|title=When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah|date=2010|publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah|isbn=978-1-4236-0587-4|edition=1st}}</ref> [[Olive View–UCLA Medical Center]] was also used as the hospital.

==Music==
In late 1986, producer / director of the film [[Menahem Golan]] chose prestigious Italian composer and record producer [[Giorgio Moroder]] as [[music supervisor]] of the soundtrack. Moroder was in charge of creating a [[concept album]] with a compilation of new songs in different genres and diverse artists, writing most tracks on the album himself in collaboration with [[Tom Whitlock]].<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/over-the-top-mw0000191330 Allmusic review]</ref>

The [[soundtrack]] [[album]] was released on February 13, 1987 under [[CBS Records International|CBS]] to coincide with the release of the movie. It contains music from [[Frank Stallone]], [[Kenny Loggins]] (who performs the film's central theme, "[[Meet Me Half Way]]"), [[Eddie Money]], and [[Sammy Hagar]]. [[John Wetton]], lead singer of the rock group [[Asia (band)|Asia]], sang "[[Winner Takes It All (Sammy Hagar song)|Winner Takes It All]]" for the movie, but after performing the song, it was felt that his voice wasn't "mean" enough, so the song was offered to Hagar, whose version, featuring a bass guitar solo from Hagar's then-[[Van Halen|bandmate]] [[Edward Van Halen]], ended up being the one on the soundtrack. Asia is credited for the track "Gypsy Soul", but Wetton is the only Asia member who actually contributed to the song.

The track listing is:
# "[[Winner Takes It All (Sammy Hagar song)|Winner Takes It All]]" – Sammy Hagar
# "In This Country" – [[Robin Zander]] (International versions of the film had [[Eddie Money]] singing instead)
# "Take It Higher" – Larry Greene
# "All I Need Is You" – [[Big Trouble (band)|Big Trouble]]
# "Bad Nite" – Frank Stallone
# "[[Meet Me Half Way]]" – [[Kenny Loggins]]
# "Gypsy Soul" – Asia
# "The Fight (Instrumental)" – [[Giorgio Moroder]]
# "Mind Over Matter" – Larry Greene
# "I Will Be Strong" – Eddie Money

Stallone appears in the video for "Winner Takes It All," wrestling Hagar at the end of the video. Hagar says in his video commentary on the DVD ''The Long Road to Cabo'' that he was unenthusiastic about the song. Hagar says that Stallone gave him his black cap at the end of the shoot, both signed it, and the cap went to charity, fetching around $10,000.

==Reception==
===Box office===
[[File:Over the Top - Renato Casaro (1987 Film).jpg|thumb|Theatrical international release poster by [[Renato Casaro]]]]
''Over the Top'' was released by [[Warner Bros.]] on Thursday, February 12, 1987 in New York and Los Angeles before expanding to 1,758 theaters on the Friday, grossing $5.1 million over the [[President's Day]] weekend, finishing in fourth place.<ref name="opening">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 18, 1987|page=3|title='Platoon' Pumps Up February B.O.; Brisk Biz At Top}}</ref> In total, the film earned $11.5 million in the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stallone Loses A Box-office Arm-wrestle|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-02-19/entertainment/ca-4353_1_box-office|access-date=2012-06-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has an approval rating of 33% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/over_the_top/ |title=Over the Top (1987)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=2021-05-13 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] it has a score of 40% based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title=Over the Top |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/over-the-top |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=2020-08-08 }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= CinemaScore |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073531/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= February 6, 2018 }}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called it "routinely made in every respect".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1986/film/reviews/over-the-top-1200427162/|title=Review: 'Over the Top'|author=|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|year=1987|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "muddled" and criticized the number of [[product placement]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DEEDD1F38F931A25751C0A961948260|title=Over the Top (1986)|last=Maslin|first=Janet|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1987-02-12|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that the film does not live up to Stallone's ''[[Rocky (film series)|Rocky]]'' films and is "virtually a feature-length video" because of all the rock songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/overthetoppgkempley_a0cabf.htm|title='Over the Top' (PG)|last=Kempley|first=Rita|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1987-02-20|access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref>

Movie historian [[Leonard Maltin]] seemed to agree: "Title merely begins to describe this heavy-handed variation on ''[[The Champ (1931 film)|The Champ]]''...In trying to underplay, Stallone speaks so quietly that you often can't make out what he's saying."<ref>''Maltin's Movie & Video Guide''</ref>

The film received three nominations at the [[8th Golden Raspberry Awards]] in 1988. [[David Mendenhall]] won two for both Worst Supporting Actor and Worst New Star, and [[Sylvester Stallone]] was nominated for Worst Actor, which he lost to [[Bill Cosby]] for ''[[Leonard Part 6]]''.

Stallone later said of the film, "I would have made it less glossy and set it more in an urban environment, for one. Next, I would've not used a never-ending stream of rock songs, but scored music instead, and most likely would've made the event in Vegas more ominous – not so carnival-like."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/30932 |title=Stallone answers December 9th & 10th Questions in a double round - plus Harry's Seen ROCKY BALBOA at BNAT!!! |date=December 16, 2006 |publisher=Ain't It Cool News |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0093692|title=Over the Top}}
* {{AllRovi movie|36935|Over the Top}}
* {{AFI film|id=57776|title=Over the Top}}
* {{mojo title|0093692}}

{{Kenny Loggins}}
{{Menahem Golan}}
{{Sylvester Stallone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Over The Top (Film)}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1980s chase films]]
[[Category:1980s drama road movies]]
[[Category:1980s sports drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American drama road movies]]
[[Category:American sports drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Arm wrestling]]
[[Category:American chase films]]
[[Category:Trucker films]]
[[Category:Golan-Globus films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Giorgio Moroder]]
[[Category:Films directed by Menahem Golan]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arizona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Utah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nevada]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sylvester Stallone]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Stirling Silliphant]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]

Over the Top (1987 film)

2021-07-05T19:50:07Z

Killerkürbis: /* Cast */Wrong surname - see IMDb: https://imdb.com/title/tt0093692/fullcredits/cast/?ref_=tt_cl_sm

American Psycho (film)

2021-07-03T06:36:52Z

Killerkürbis: /* Plot */He wasn't a private investigator but an employee of a police dpt

{{Short description|2000 film directed by Mary Harron}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = American Psycho
| image = American Psycho.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mary Harron]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edward R. Pressman]]
* [[Chris Hanley]]
* Christian Halsey Solomon
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Mary Harron
* [[Guinevere Turner]]
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[American Psycho]]''|[[Bret Easton Ellis]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Christian Bale]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]]
* [[Jared Leto]]
* [[Josh Lucas]]
* [[Samantha Mathis]]
* [[Matt Ross (actor)|Matt Ross]]
* [[Bill Sage]]
* [[Chloë Sevigny]]
* [[Cara Seymour]]
* [[Justin Theroux]]
* Guinevere Turner
* [[Reese Witherspoon]]
}}
| music = [[John Cale]]
| cinematography = [[Andrzej Sekuła]]
| editing = Andrew Marcus
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edward R. Pressman|Edward R. Pressman Productions]]
* [[Muse Entertainment|Muse Productions]]
}}
| distributor = [[Lionsgate Films|Lions Gate Films]] (United States) [[Columbia Pictures]] (International; through [[Sony Pictures Releasing|Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International]])
| released = {{Film date|2000|01|21|[[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2000|04|14|United States}}
| runtime = 101 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title= American Psycho |url= http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/american-psycho-0 |publisher= [[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date= October 20, 2012 }}</ref>
| country = Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/67271|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|website=catalog.afi.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b80720bbc|title=BFI{{!}}|website=bfi.org |access-date= 2018-10-28 }}</ref>
| language = English
| budget = $7 million<ref name="BOM" />
| gross = $34.3 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web | title= American Psycho (2000) | url= https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=americanpsycho.htm | website= [[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date= September 18, 2009 }}</ref>
}}

'''''American Psycho''''' is a 2000 American [[satirical]] [[horror film]] co-written and directed by [[Mary Harron]], based on [[Bret Easton Ellis]]'s [[American Psycho|1991 novel of the same name]].<ref>{{citation |title=American Psycho (2000) |work=[[Allmovie]] |url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v184482 |access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> It stars [[Christian Bale]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Jared Leto]], [[Josh Lucas]], [[Chloë Sevigny]], [[Samantha Mathis]], [[Cara Seymour]], [[Justin Theroux]], [[Guinevere Turner]], [[Reg E. Cathey]] and [[Reese Witherspoon]].

Set in the 1980s, the film focuses on the actions of [[Patrick Bateman]], the self-proclaimed "American psycho" of the title. While at first glance Bateman is a [[yuppie]] New York City investment banker, he is gradually revealed to be living a gruesome second life as a serial killer preying on prostitutes, work colleagues, and finally random members of the public.

Producer [[Edward R. Pressman]] purchased the film rights to the novel in 1992. After discussions with [[David Cronenberg]] fell through, Harron was brought on to direct and cast Bale in the lead role. Lionsgate acquired worldwide distribution in 1997 and temporarily replaced Harron and Bale with [[Oliver Stone]] as director and [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] portraying Patrick Bateman. DiCaprio left in favor of ''[[The Beach (film)|The Beach]]'' and Harron and Bale were brought back.

''American Psycho'' debuted at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on January 21, 2000, and was released theatrically on April 14, 2000. The film was a financial success and received generally positive reviews, with particular praise for both Bale's performance and the screenplay. It has since developed a [[cult following]]. A direct-to-video sequel, ''[[American Psycho 2]]'', was released in 2002, albeit with almost no relation to the original.

==Plot==
In 1987, wealthy New York investment banker [[Patrick Bateman]]'s life revolves around dining at trendy restaurants while keeping up appearances for his fiancée Evelyn and his circle of wealthy and shallow associates, most of whom he hates. Bateman describes the material accoutrements of his lifestyle, including his morning exercise, beautification routine, designer wardrobe and expensive furniture. He also discusses his music collection by mimicking phrases he's seen in music reviews.

At a business meeting, Bateman and his associates flaunt their [[business card]]s in a display of superficial vanity. Enraged by the superiority of his co-worker Paul Allen's card, Bateman murders a homeless man and his dog. At a Christmas party, Bateman makes plans to have dinner with Allen, who mistakes Bateman for another coworker. Bateman gets Allen drunk and lures him back to his apartment. While playing "[[Hip to Be Square]]", Bateman lectures Allen about the artistic merits of the song, before proceeding to murder him with a mirror-polished axe. After disposing of the body, Bateman breaks into Allen's apartment and leaves a phony message on his answering machine, saying that Allen has gone on a business trip to London. Bateman is later interviewed about Allen's disappearance by [[detective]] Donald Kimball.

Bateman takes two prostitutes, whom he names Christie and Sabrina, to his apartment and expounds on his opinions of the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]. After they have sex, Bateman brings out instruments he uses for bodily harm. They later leave his apartment evidently bloodied and mistreated.

Bateman's colleague Luis Carruthers reveals a new business card, reminding Bateman of Allen's card. Bateman tries to strangle Luis in the restroom of an expensive restaurant, but Luis mistakes the attempt for a sexual advance and declares his love for Bateman, who flees in a panic. After murdering a model, Bateman invites his secretary Jean to dinner, suggesting that she meet him at his apartment for drinks. When Jean arrives, unbeknownst to her, Bateman holds a [[nail gun]] to the back of her head while they chat. When he receives a message from Evelyn on his answering machine, he asks Jean to leave.

Kimball meets Bateman for lunch and tells him he is not under suspicion in Allen's disappearance. Detective Kimball interviews Bateman again and, while Kimball harbors his own doubts of Bateman, he reveals that a colleague of Bateman's claims to have spotted Paul Allen in London, calling into question the entire investigation. Bateman is initially relieved by the news, but is perturbed and begins to doubt himself.

Bateman invites Christie and his acquaintance Elizabeth to Allen's apartment for sex, and kills Elizabeth during the act. Christie runs, discovering multiple female corpses as she searches for an exit. A naked Bateman chases her and drops a chainsaw on her as she flees down a staircase, killing her.

Bateman breaks off his engagement with Evelyn. That night, as he uses an [[automated teller machine|ATM]], he sees a cat and the ATM displays the text "feed me a stray cat". When he prepares to shoot the cat, a woman confronts him, so he shoots her. A police chase ensues, but Bateman shoots and kills the cops and blows up a police car. Fleeing to his office, Bateman enters the wrong building, where he murders a security guard and a janitor. In an office he believes is his, a police helicopter shines a light on Bateman. He hides and calls his lawyer Harold Carnes and frantically leaves a confession regarding the many murders on Carnes's answering machine.

The following morning, Bateman visits Allen's apartment, expecting to clean up Allen's remains, but it is vacant and for sale. He pretends to be a potential buyer, but the [[Real estate broker|realtor]] tricks Bateman into revealing that he is not there to buy the apartment. She then cryptically tells him that the apartment does not belong to Paul Allen, before ordering him to leave.

Detective Kimball meets with Bateman for a third time. Although Bateman is terrified he will be found out, Kimball assures him that several witnesses saw Allen in London, and Kimball tells Bateman that Allen probably just skipped town on vacation for a few weeks. While Bateman goes to meet with his colleagues for lunch, a horrified Jean finds detailed drawings of murder and mutilation in Bateman's office journal.

Bateman sees his lawyer Carnes at the restaurant and mentions the phone message he left the prior evening. Carnes mistakes Bateman for another colleague and laughs off the phone confession as a joke. Bateman desperately explains who he is and again confesses the murders, but Carnes rebukes it as impossible, as he recently had dinner with Allen in London. A confused and exhausted Bateman returns to his friends, where they briefly muse on whether [[Ronald Reagan]] is a harmless old man or a hidden psychopath, before discussing their dinner reservations yet again. Left with the possibility that his crimes will never be discovered, or that they were all imaginary, Bateman's voiceover narration reveals his realization that he will escape the punishment he secretly desires, and that there has been no [[catharsis]]: "This confession has meant nothing".

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Christian Bale]] as [[Patrick Bateman]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as Detective Donald Kimball
* [[Jared Leto]] as Paul Allen
* [[Josh Lucas]] as Craig McDermott
* [[Samantha Mathis]] as Courtney Rawlinson
* [[Matt Ross (actor)|Matt Ross]] as Luis Carruthers
* [[Bill Sage]] as David Van Patten
* [[Chloë Sevigny]] as Jean
* [[Cara Seymour]] as Christie
* [[Justin Theroux]] as Timothy Bryce
* [[Guinevere Turner]] as Elizabeth
* [[Reese Witherspoon]] as Evelyn Williams
* [[Krista Sutton]] as Sabrina
* Stephen Bogaert as Harold Carnes
* [[Reg E. Cathey]] as Al
}}

==Production==
Producer Edward R. Pressman bought the [[film rights]] to [[Bret Easton Ellis]]'s novel ''American Psycho'' in 1992, with [[Johnny Depp]] expressing an interest in the lead role.<ref name=Norton/> After discussions with [[Stuart Gordon]] to direct fell through, [[David Cronenberg]] became attached and brought Ellis to adapt the novel into a screenplay. The process was difficult for Ellis, due to Cronenberg's scene constraints and not wanting to use any of Ellis's restaurant or nightclub material from the novel. The script ended with an elaborate musical sequence to [[Barry Manilow]]'s "[[Daybreak (Barry Manilow song)|Daybreak]]" atop the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]. "I'm glad it wasn't shot, but that kind of shows you where I was when I was writing the script," Ellis reflected. "I was bored with the material."<ref name=Movieline>{{cite news|first=Kyle|last=Buchanan|title=Bret Easton Ellis on American Psycho, Christian Bale, and His Problem with Women Directors|url=http://movieline.com/2010/05/18/bret-easton-ellis-on-american-psycho-christian-bale-and-his-problem-with-women-directors/|work=Movieline.com|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 18, 2010|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Cronenberg was still listed as being attached to direct in March 1994, but with a new script by [[Norman Snider]].<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Rooney |url= https://variety.com/1994/film/news/disney-wins-houston-and-washington-teaming-119623/|title=Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming …|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=March 2, 1994|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

Pressman appeared at the [[1996 Cannes Film Festival]] to pre-sell distribution rights, but to no avail.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Bart|url=https://variety.com/1997/voices/columns/fast-talkers-can-t-hold-a-candle-to-pressman-1117859584/|title=Fast-talkers can't hold a candle to Pressman|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 12, 1997|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> [[Mary Harron]] replaced Cronenberg as director while writing a new script with [[Guinevere Turner]];<ref name="VarietyEdgy" /> their approach to the material and Bateman's character was influenced by [[Mario Bava]]'s ''[[giallo]]'' film ''[[Hatchet for the Honeymoon]]'', with Bava historian [[Tim Lucas]] noting that both films depict their respective protagonists as being motivated by a desire for [[self-discovery]] in their killings.<ref name=Lucas>{{cite book |last=Lucas |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Lucas|title=Mario Bava: All the Colors of the Dark |publisher=Video Watchdog |year=2007 |pages=793 |isbn=978-0-9633756-1-2}}</ref> Harron cast [[Christian Bale]] in a deal on good faith,<ref name="VarietyEdgy">{{cite news|first=Steven|last=Gaydos|url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/edgy-producer-chris-hanley-knows-how-to-work-biz-angles-1116676450/|title='Edgy' producer Chris Hanley knows how to work biz angles|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=July 24, 1997|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> and attached [[Willem Dafoe]] and [[Jared Leto]] in supporting roles. Development was looking to move forward following six years of rejection by Hollywood studios<ref name="lions">{{cite news|first=Benedict|last=Carver |url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/lion-s-gate-to-fund-psycho-1117470459/|title=Lion's Gate to fund 'Psycho'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 5, 1998|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> when independent Canadian distributor [[Lionsgate Films]] acquired worldwide distribution in April 1997.<ref name="lions"/> After having waited for a year, Bale and Harron were aiming to begin filming in August 1998 on a $6–10 million budget,<ref name="lions"/><ref name=castingleo>{{cite news |first=Dan|last=Cox|url=https://variety.com/1998/more/news/casting-leo-has-harron-hesitant-1117471132/|title=Casting Leo has Harron hesitant|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 21, 1998|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> but Lionsgate instead pursued [[Edward Norton]] and [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] for the lead role, arguing Bale was not famous enough.<ref name=Norton/> Lionsgate was still hoping to finalize a deal with Harron,<ref name=castingleo/> while Bale's handshake deal without a pay or play contract was let go. Harron refused to meet with DiCaprio, displeased as she specifically chose Bale and believed DiCaprio's screen presence would have been too boyish for Patrick Bateman. She also believed the actor's reputation as a teen idol following ''[[Romeo + Juliet]]'' and ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' would distract from ''American Psycho''{{'}}s production and tone.<ref name=Norton/>

Lionsgate was planning to increase the production budget to $40 million in the hopes of securing DiCaprio's $21 million asking price.<ref name=payday>{{cite news|first1=Dan|last1=Cox|first2=Benedict|last2=Carver|url=https://variety.com/1998/more/news/di-caprio-in-21-mil-payday-1117470905/|title=Di Caprio in $21 mil payday|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 17, 1998|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> At the [[1997 Cannes Film Festival]], a press release was issued that DiCaprio had taken the offer,<ref name=castingleo/> which was quickly rebutted by DiCaprio's manager, Rick Yorn, who claimed the actor had simply expressed interest in the part. Yorn also wanted to make clear that DiCaprio had no knowledge of the development history under Harron and Bale.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dan|last=Cox|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/leo-denies-lions-share-1117471309/|title=Leo denies Lions' share|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|location=Los Angeles, California|date=May 28, 1998|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> DiCaprio drafted a shortlist of replacement directors, including [[Oliver Stone]], [[Danny Boyle]], and [[Martin Scorsese]]. Working from a new script written by Matthew Markwalder, Stone was brought aboard, whom Harron called "probably the single worst single person to do it". The director wanted to eliminate the satire from Harron's script, emphasizing the psychological character traits of Patrick Bateman. However, Stone could not agree on the film's direction with DiCaprio, who decided to star in ''[[The Beach (film)|The Beach]]'' instead.<ref name=Norton/>

Bale remained committed, turning down other movie roles and auditions for nine months, confident DiCaprio would depart.<ref name=Norton/> Lionsgate made an offer to [[Ewan McGregor]], who turned it down after Bale personally urged him to do so.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Heaf|url = http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2011-04/26/gq-film-christian-bale-interview|title=Christian Bale: behind the mask|work=[[GQ]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=April 26, 2011|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Harron and Bale were eventually brought back under the agreement that the budget would not exceed $10 million.<ref name=Norton>{{cite news|first=Nina|last=Gopalan |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/mar/24/fiction.breteastonellis| title=American Psycho: the story behind the film|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|location=London, England|date=March 23, 2000|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Bale spent several months working out by himself, and then three hours a day with a trainer during pre-production, to achieve the proper physique for the [[narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] Bateman.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/apr/06/artsfeatures| title = The method in my madness|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|location=London, England|date=April 6, 2000|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Harron claimed Bale struggled with the role until he noticed [[Tom Cruise]] in an interview on ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', being struck by Cruise's energy and "intense friendliness with nothing behind the eyes".<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart|last=Heritage | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/oct/23/tom-cruise-christian-bale-american-psycho|title=Who other than Tom Cruise has inspired Christian Bale? |work =[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|location=London, England|date=October 23, 2009|access-date = February 24, 2015}}</ref> Cruise's only interview on ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'' before the film began production was on August 10th, 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epguides.com/LateNightwithDavidLetterman/|title=Late Night with David Letterman, A Guest Stars & Air Dates Guide|publisher=epguides|access-date = May 5, 2021}}</ref>

Bale also used [[Nicolas Cage]]'s performance in ''[[Vampire's Kiss]]'' as inspiration for this role.<ref>{{cite book |first=Harrison |last=Cheung| title=Christian Bale: The Inside Story of the Darkest Batman |year=2012 |publisher=BenBella Books |location=Dallas, Texas| isbn=978-1936661640 |page=166}}</ref> Filming took place between 28 February 1999 and 23 April 1999 in Toronto, Canada and New York, US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where were the filming locations for American Psycho? {{!}} MovieLocate|url=https://movielocate.com/title/american-psycho-2000/1359/movie|access-date=2021-05-17|website=movielocate.com}}</ref>

==Marketing==
As promotion, one could register to receive e-mails "from" Patrick Bateman, supposedly to his [[Therapy|therapist]].<ref name="Howell">{{cite news |first= Peter| last= Howell | title=''American Psycho''s Web Promo Sickens Star | work=[[Toronto Star]] | location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=March 8, 2000 }}</ref> The e-mails, written by a writer attached to the film and approved by the book's author Bret Easton Ellis, follow Bateman's life since the events of the film. He discusses such developments as his marriage to (and impending divorce settlement with) his former secretary, Jean, his complete adoration of his son, Patrick Jr., and his efforts to triumph over his business rivals. The e-mails also describe or mention interactions with other characters from the novel, including Timothy Price (Bryce in the film version), Evelyn, Luis, Courtney, David, Detective Kimball, and Marcus. However, the film's star, Christian Bale, was not happy with this kind of marketing: "My main objection is that some people think it will be me returning those e-mails. I don't like that ... I think the movie stands on its own merits and should attract an audience that can appreciate intelligent satire. It's not a slasher flick, but it's also not ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]''. The marketing should reflect that."<ref name="Howell"/>

Lionsgate spent $50,000 on an online stock market game, ''Make a Killing with American Psycho'', which invited players to invest in films, actors, or musicians using fake Hollywood money. This marketing ploy did little to help the film's box office but the studio's co-president [[Tom Ortenberg]] still claimed that it was a success: "The aim was to gain exposure and awareness for the picture, and we did that," he said. "Lionsgate will make a tidy profit on the picture."<ref name="guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/may/05/news1 | title=Greed appeal fails to lift ''American Psycho'' | work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian Media Group|location=London, England| date=5 May 2000 | access-date=7 July 2007}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack for the film]] was [[Film score|scored]] by [[John Cale]], with artists such as [[David Bowie]], [[The Cure]], and [[New Order (band)|New Order]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Psycho|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0144084/soundtrack|website=IMDb}}</ref> The [[Huey Lewis and the News]] song "[[Hip to Be Square]]" appears in the film and was initially intended to be on the soundtrack album, but was removed from the album due to lack of publishing rights.<ref name=guardian2>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/apr/13/news |title=''American Psycho'' soundtrack in hot water |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=Guardian Media Group| location=London, England| date=13 April 2000 |access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref> As a result, [[Entertainment One Music|Koch Records]] was forced to recall approximately 100,000 copies of the album which were destroyed. Koch Records president Bob Frank said, "As a result of the violent nature of the film, Huey Lewis's management decided not to give the soundtrack clearance."<ref name="guardian2" /> Lewis's manager Bob Brown claimed that the musician had not seen the film and that "we knew nothing about a soundtrack album. They just went ahead and put the cut on there. I think what they're trying to do is drum up publicity for themselves."<ref name="guardian2" /> In a 2013 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Lewis stated that the violence in the movie played no part in the decision not to allow the song to be included on the soundtrack. He reiterated Bob Brown's earlier denial stating "It was in the ''USA Today'' and everywhere else. It said, 'Huey Lewis saw the movie and it was so violent that he pulled his tune from the soundtrack.' It was completely made up."<ref>{{cite news|first=Andy|last=Greene|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/huey-lewis-on-30-years-of-sports-our-15-minutes-were-a-real-15-minutes-20130517|title=Huey Lewis on 30 Years of 'Sports': 'Our 15 Minutes Were a Real 15 Minutes'|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=Wenner Media LLC|location=San Francisco, California|date=May 17, 2013|access-date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> The same year, Lewis appeared in a [[YouTube]] video from [[Funny or Die]], where he spoofed a scene from the film together with [[Weird Al Yankovic]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk15H6PjBis</ref> In addition, prior to the start of principal photography, [[Whitney Houston]] refused to allow the use of her performance of the song "[[The Greatest Love of All]]" in the film; her version was replaced by an easy-listening orchestrated version.<ref name="guardian2" />

[[AllMusic]] rated the soundtrack album three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web |first=Derrick |last=Mathis |title=Original Soundtrack: ''American Psycho'' |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/american-psycho-mw0000608295 |website=AllMusic |access-date=January 1, 2018 }}</ref>

'''''American Psycho: Music from the Controversial Motion Picture'''''

# "[[You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)#Dope version|You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)]]" – [[Dope (band)|Dope]] ([[Dead or Alive (band)|Dead or Alive]] cover)
# "Monologue 1" – [[John Cale]]
# "Something in the Air" (American Psycho Remix) – [[David Bowie]]
# "Watching Me Fall" (Underdog Remix) – [[The Cure]]
# "[[True Faith (song)|True Faith]]" – [[New Order (band)|New Order]]
# "Monologue 2" – [[John Cale]]
# "Trouble" – [[Daniel Ash]]
# "[[Paid in Full (Eric B. & Rakim song)|Paid in Full]]" ([[Coldcut]] Remix) – [[Eric B. & Rakim]]
# "Who Feelin' It" (Philip's Psycho Mix) – [[Tom Tom Club]]
# "Monologue 3" – M. J. Mynarski
# "[[What's on Your Mind (Pure Energy)|What's on Your Mind]]" (Pure Energy Mix) – [[Information Society (band)|Information Society]]
# "[[Pump Up the Volume (song)|Pump Up the Volume]]" – [[MARRS|M/A/R/R/S]]
# "Paid in Full" (Remix) – The Racket
# "Monologue 4" ([[hidden track]])

'''Other songs that appear in the film but not on the album'''
# "[[Walking on Sunshine (Katrina and the Waves song)|Walking on Sunshine]]" – [[Katrina and the Waves]]
# "[[I Touch Roses]]" – [[Book of Love (band)|Book of Love]]
# "[[Hip to Be Square]]" – [[Huey Lewis and the News]]
# "[[The Lady in Red (Chris de Burgh song)|The Lady in Red]]" – [[Chris de Burgh]]
# "[[If You Don't Know Me by Now#Simple Red version|If You Don't Know Me by Now]]" – [[Simply Red]]
# "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" – [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
# "[[Sussudio]]" – [[Phil Collins]]
# "Secreit Nicht" – [[Mediæval Bæbes]]
# "Red Lights" – [[Curiosity Killed the Cat]]
# "[[Simply Irresistible (song)|Simply Irresistible]]" – [[Robert Palmer (singer)|Robert Palmer]]
# "[[The Greatest Love of All|Greatest Love of All]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] (Instrumental Version)
# "Al Mirar Tu Cara" – Santiago Jimenez Jr.
# "[[Enjoy the Silence]]" – [[Depeche Mode]]

==Release==
''American Psycho'' premiered at the 2000 [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref name=guardian3>{{cite news |title=''American Psycho'' hits Sundance |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2000-01-26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/jan/26/sundancefilmfestival2000.festivals |access-date=2010-07-27 | location=London}}</ref> The [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA) initially gave the film an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|NC-17]] rating for a scene featuring Bateman having a [[threesome]] with two prostitutes. The producers excised approximately 18 seconds of footage to obtain an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|R-rated]] version of the film.<ref name=guardian4>{{cite news |title=''American Psycho'' cut to appease censors|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2000-02-29 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/29/news |access-date=2010-07-27 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsgate-ent.com/press/28feb00.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815102845/http://www.lionsgate-ent.com/press/28feb00.shtml|title=American Psycho" Achieves "R" Rating From MPAA|archive-date=August 15, 2000|date=February 28, 2000|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==
''American Psycho'' debuted at the [[Sundance Film Festival]], where it polarized audiences and critics; some showered the film with praise for its writing and performance from Christian Bale, others with criticism for its violent nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/movies/film-the-risky-territory-of-american-psycho.html|title=The Risky Territory of American Psycho|website=NY Times}}</ref> Upon its theatrical release, the film received positive reviews in crucial publications, including ''[[The New York Times]]'' which called it a "mean and lean horror comedy classic".<ref name="holden">{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/041400psycho-film-review.html|title=Murderer! Fiend! Cad! (But Well-Dressed)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 14, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has an approval rating of 70% based on 151 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If it falls short of the deadly satire of Bret Easton Ellis's novel, ''American Psycho'' still finds its own blend of horror and humor, thanks in part to a fittingly creepy performance by Christian Bale."<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|american_psycho|American Psycho}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a [[weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]], assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/american-psycho |title=American Psycho reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= Cinemascore |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= 2018-12-20 }}</ref> It was called the “next ''Fight Club''”, which Leto also appeared in, by the Guardian.

[[Roger Ebert]] gave the film three out of four stars and regarded Christian Bale as being "heroic in the way he allows the character to leap joyfully into despicability; there is no instinct for self-preservation here, and that is one mark of a good actor".<ref name="ebert">{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000414/REVIEWS/4140303/1023|title=''American Psycho''|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=April 14, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref> In his review for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Kenneth Turan wrote, "The difficult truth is that the more viewers can model themselves after protagonist Bateman, the more they can distance themselves from the human reality of the slick violence that fills the screen and take it all as some kind of a cool joke, the more they are likely to enjoy this stillborn, pointless piece of work".<ref name="turan">{{cite news |date= April 14, 2000 |last= Turan |first= Kenneth |author-link= Kenneth Turan |title= ''American Psycho'' |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie000413-73,0,639071.story |access-date= 2019-10-15 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine's [[David Ansen]] wrote, "But after an hour of dissecting the '80s culture of materialism, [[narcissism]] and greed, the movie begins to repeat itself. It becomes more grisly and surreal, but not more interesting."<ref name="ansen">{{cite news|last=Ansen|first=David|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/83755|title=What A Total Psychopath|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=April 17, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08 }}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Village Voice]]'', [[J. Hoberman]] wrote, "If anything, Bale is too knowing. He eagerly works within the constraints of the quotation marks Harron puts around his performance".<ref name="hoberman">{{cite news|last=Hoberman|first=J|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-04-11/film/atrocity-exhibitions/1|title=Atrocity Exhibitions|work=[[Village Voice]]|date=April 11, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref>

''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s [[Peter Travers]] wrote, "whenever Harron digs beneath the glitzy surface in search of feelings that haven't been desensitized, the horrific and hilarious ''American Psycho'' can still strike a raw nerve".<ref name="travers">{{cite news|last=Travers|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Travers|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947999/review/5948000/american_psycho|title=''American Psycho''|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 8, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329095830/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947999/review/5948000/american_psycho| archive-date=March 29, 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> In a somewhat positive review for [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']] magazine, [[David Edelstein]] noted the toned-down brutality and sexual content in comparison to the novel and wrote that the moment where Bateman spares his secretary is when "this one-dimensional film blossoms like a flower".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2000/04/dressed_to_kill.html|title=Dressed to Kill|website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> [[Owen Gleiberman]] gave the film an "A−" rating, writing for ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'': "By treating the book as raw material for an exuberantly perverse exercise in '[[80s Nostalgia]], [[Harron]] recasts the go-go years as a template for the casually brainwashing-consumer/fashion/image culture that emerged from them. She has made a movie that is really a parable of today."<ref name="gleiberman">{{cite news|last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |author-link= Owen Gleiberman |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,275891,00.html |title=''American Psycho'' |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=April 14, 2000 |access-date=2009-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328224921/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C275891%2C00.html |archive-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, "Harron and co-screenwriter [[Guinevere Turner]] do understand the book, and they want their film to be understood as a period [[comedy of manners]]".<ref name="corliss">{{cite news|last=Corliss|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Corliss|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,996639,00.html|title=A Yuppie's Killer Instinct|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=April 17, 2000|access-date=2009-04-08 }}</ref>

[[Bloody Disgusting]] ranked the film at No. 19 in its list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article praising "Christian Bale's disturbing/darkly hilarious turn as serial killer/Manhattan businessman Patrick Bateman, a role that in hindsight couldn't have been played by any other actor. ... At its best, the film reflects our own narcissism, and the shallow American culture it was spawned from, with piercing effectiveness. Much of the credit for this can go to director Mary Harron, whose off-kilter tendencies are a good complement to Ellis's unique style."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/18403|title=00's Retrospect: Bloody Disgusting's Top 20 Films of the Decade...Part 4|publisher=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|access-date=2010-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208164216/http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/18403|archive-date=February 8, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Original author Ellis said, "''American Psycho'' was a book I didn't think needed to be turned into a movie", as "the medium of film demands answers", which would make the book "infinitely less interesting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clatl.com/culturesurfing/archives/2010/06/19/1534716-bret-easton-ellis-talks-film-adaptations-at-scad |title=Bret Easton Ellis talks film adaptations at SCAD |publisher=[[Creative Loafing]] |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624060251/http://clatl.com/culturesurfing/archives/2010/06/19/1534716-bret-easton-ellis-talks-film-adaptations-at-scad |archive-date=June 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also said that while the book attempted to add ambiguity to the events and to Bateman's reliability as a narrator, the film appeared to make them completely literal before confusing the issue at the very end.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buchanan|first=Kyle|url=http://movieline.com/2010/05/18/bret-easton-ellis-on-american-psycho-christian-bale-and-his-problem-with-women-directors/|title=Bret Easton Ellis on American Psycho, Christian Bale, and His Problem with Women Directors|publisher=Movieline|date=2010-05-18|access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref> On a 2014 appearance on the ''[[WTF with Marc Maron]]'' podcast, Ellis indicated that his feelings towards the film were more mixed than negative; he reiterated his opinion that his conception of Bateman as an unreliable narrator did not make an entirely successful transition from page to screen, adding that Bateman's narration was so unreliable that even ''he'', as the author of the book, didn't know if Bateman was honestly describing events that actually happened or if he was lying or even hallucinating. However, Ellis appreciated that the film clarified the humor for audiences who mistook the novel's violence for blatant misogyny as opposed to the deliberately exaggerated satire he'd intended, and liked that it gave his novel "a second life" in introducing it to new readers. Ultimately, Ellis said "the movie was okay, the movie was fine. I just didn't think it needed to be made."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episodes/episode_552_-_bret_easton_ellis|title=WTF with Marc Maron Podcast - Episode 552 - Bret Easton Ellis|work=wtfpod.com}}</ref>

In recent years the film has attracted a sizeable [[cult following]] on various [[social media]] platforms.<ref>https://hnmag.ca/opinion/what-makes-american-psycho-a-cult-classic/</ref>

==Home media==
A special-edition [[DVD]] was released on July 21, 2005.<ref>http://www.ign.com/movies/american-psycho/dvd-758290</ref> In the U.S., two versions of the film have been released: an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|R-rated]] and unrated version. For the edited version and R-rated cinematic release in the U.S., the producers excised about 18 seconds of footage from a scene featuring Bateman having a [[threesome]] with two [[prostitutes]]. Some dialogue was also edited: Bateman orders a prostitute, Christie, to bend over so that another, Sabrina, can "see your asshole", which was edited to "see your ass". The unedited version also shows Bateman receiving [[oral sex]] from Christie. The uncut version was released on [[Blu-ray]] on February 6, 2007.<ref>http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/American-Psycho-Blu-ray/135/</ref> A 4K Blu-ray was released with the Uncut Version on September 25, 2018 in US<ref>https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/American-Psycho-4K-Blu-ray/208828/</ref> and October 15, 2018 in United Kingdom.<ref>https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/American-Psycho-4K-Blu-ray/215103/</ref> [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] also released the film on Blu-ray around Australia, Spain, South Africa and Portugal in December 2008.

==Trivia==

=== Themes and analysis ===

The film has generated various academic works that examine the film as a form of social critique.<ref>{{cite news | first=David | last=Robinson | title=The unattainable narrative: identity, consumerism and the slasher film in Mary Harron's ''American Psycho'' | url=http://michael-miller.wiki.uml.edu/file/view/the+unattainable+narrative-american+psycho.pdf | work=CineAction | year=2006 | access-date=September 7, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402073824/http://michael-miller.wiki.uml.edu/file/view/the+unattainable+narrative-american+psycho.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title="I saw Bateman as kind of a buffoon" – Mary Harron on American Psycho at 20|url=https://lwlies.com/articles/mary-harron-the-making-of-american-psycho/|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Little White Lies|language=en}}</ref> In a 2020 interview with [[Little White Lies (magazine)|''Little White Lies'']], Harron stated she "saw Bateman as a kind of buffoon ... The one thing you couldn’t do was think Bateman was in any way cool." Harron herself had shown interest in the work of [[Valerie Solanas]] prior to filming, recounting the radical feminist's life in her debut piece, [[I Shot Andy Warhol]]. Furthermore, on reading Ellis's novel Harron was struck by its extreme violence, wanting her adaption to highlight the book's dark humor instead. Nonetheless, the film generated significant controversy for the scenes of violence that remained.
===Sequel===
A [[direct-to-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[American Psycho 2]]'', directed by [[Morgan J. Freeman]] and starring [[Mila Kunis]], was released in 2002. The sequel's only connection with the original is the death of Patrick Bateman (played by Michael Kremko wearing a face mask), briefly shown in a flashback. The film was denounced by ''American Psycho'' author [[Bret Easton Ellis]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://movies.ign.com/articles/304/304429p1.html| title=Bret Easton Ellis Speaks Out | publisher=IGN | date=August 21, 2001 |access-date = August 22, 2010 }}</ref> In 2005, star Mila Kunis expressed embarrassment over the film, and spoke out against the idea of a sequel. "Please somebody stop this," she said. "Write a petition. When I did the second one, I didn't know it would be ''American Psycho II''. It was supposed to be a different project, and it was re-edited, but, ooh ... I don't know. Bad."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1501371/mila-kunis-career-thrives-despite-psycho-in-her-past/|title=Mila Kunis' Career Thrives Despite 'Psycho' In Her Past|date=May 6, 2005|access-date=February 10, 2016|publisher=MTV |last=Harris |first= Chris}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
Independent musician [[Miles Fisher]] covered "[[This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)]]" on his self-titled 2009 EP, ''Miles Fisher''. The music video is an homage to ''American Psycho'', with Fisher imitating Christian Bale's performance as Patrick Bateman.

The film's influence can be seen in [[Kanye West]]'s music video "[[Love Lockdown]]"<ref>{{cite news|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=October 7, 2008|title=Kanye West Says 'Love Lockdown' Video Was Inspired By ''American Psycho''|work=[[MTV]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596504/20081007/west_kanye.jhtml|url-status=live|access-date=2009-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301142619/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596504/20081007/west_kanye.jhtml|archive-date=March 1, 2009}}</ref> and [[Maroon 5]]'s music video "[[Animals (Maroon 5 song)|Animals]]".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Atkinson|first=Katie|date=September 29, 2014|title=Watch Adam Levine Become an American Psycho in Maroon 5's 'Animals' Video|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6266652/maroon-5-animals-video-adam-levine-behati-prinsloo|access-date=November 28, 2019|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>

On September 10, 2013, it was announced that [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] and [[Lions Gate Entertainment|Lionsgate]] were developing an ''American Psycho'' television series that would serve as a sequel to the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/fx-developing-american-psycho-followup-tv-series-1200606754/|title=FX Developing 'American Psycho' Followup TV Series|author=AJ Marechal|work=Variety}}</ref> It would be set in the present, with Patrick Bateman in his 50s, grooming an apprentice (Andrew Low) to be just like him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://downriversundaytimes.com/2013/10/06/celebrity-extra-219|title=Celebrity Extra|last=Elavsky|first=Cindy|publisher=[[King Features]]|date=6 October 2013|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> In April 2015, it was stated the show was still in development but as of 2019 it is presumed to have been cancelled or in [[development hell]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wickedhorror.com/horror-news/american-psycho-tv-series-still-in-the-works-at-fx/ |title=American Psycho TV Series Still in the Works at FX|last=Doupé|first=Tyler|publisher=Wicked Horror|date=22 April 2015|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

The character Bateman mistakenly attributes a quote by [[Edmund Kemper]] to [[Ed Gein]], which has led to it being mistaken as such by others; Bateman says: "You know what Ed Gein said about women? ... He said 'When I see a pretty girl walking down the street, I think two things. One part of me wants to take her out, talk to her, be real nice and sweet and treat her right ... [the other part wonders] what her head would look like on a stick'."<ref name="nypost">{{cite news|last=Schram|first=Jamie|date=February 10, 2016|title=Serial Killer quoted in American Psycho doesn't want to leave jail|newspaper=[[The New York Post]]|url=https://nypost.com/2016/02/10/serial-killer-quoted-in-american-psycho-doesnt-want-to-leave-jail/|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

[[Funny or Die]] recreated the "Hip to be Square" scene with [[Huey Lewis]] in the Bateman role and [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] in the Allen role. In the scene, Lewis discusses the artistic merits of the film ''American Psycho'' and shows the actual scene. It ends with Lewis killing Yankovic saying "Try parodying one of my songs now, you stupid bastard!" The video then plays ''[[I Want a New Duck]]'', a parody of the [[Huey Lewis and the News]] song ''[[I Want a New Drug]]''.<ref>[https://www.slashfilm.com/votd-huey-lewis-gets-bloody-revenge-in-american-psycho-parody/]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=yes|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|s=no|v=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|0144084|American Psycho}}
* {{allrovi movie|184482|American Psycho}}
* {{mojo title|americanpsycho|American Psycho}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|american_psycho|American Psycho}}
* {{metacritic film|american-psycho|American Psycho}}
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220212803/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800353972/info|date=December 20, 2008|title=Yahoo! Movies: ''American Psycho'' (2000)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623000551/http://www.briankotek.com/psycho/movie/am2000.cfm ''Am.Psycho2000'' e-mails]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624060251/http://clatl.com/culturesurfing/archives/2010/06/19/1534716-bret-easton-ellis-talks-film-adaptations-at-scad Bret Easton Ellis talks film adaptations at SCAD]

{{AmericanPsycho}}
{{Mary Harron}}
{{BretEastonEllis}}
{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:American Psycho (film)}}
[[Category:2000 horror films]]
[[Category:2000s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American business films]]
[[Category:American crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American horror thriller films]]
[[Category:American serial killer films]]
[[Category:2000 comedy films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000s black comedy films]]
[[Category:American Psycho]]
[[Category:2000s serial killer films]]
[[Category:BDSM in films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about narcissism]]
[[Category:Films about psychopaths]]
[[Category:Films based on American horror novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bret Easton Ellis]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mary Harron]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Cale]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films set in 1987]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Lionsgate films]]
[[Category:Wall Street films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:2000 drama films]]

[[ja:アメリカン・サイコ#映画]]

Philadelphia (film)

2021-06-15T09:00:33Z

Killerkürbis: Undid revision 1028645999 by 42.110.205.80 (talk) This is an artike of a Movie, described by a short summary in the plot

{{Short description|1993 US legal drama film by Jonathan Demme}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Philadelphia
| image = Philadelphia_imp.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jonathan Demme]]
| producer = Jonathan Demme [[Edward Saxon]]
| writer = [[Ron Nyswaner]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tom Hanks]]
* [[Denzel Washington]]
* [[Jason Robards]]
* [[Mary Steenburgen]]
* [[Antonio Banderas]]
* [[Joanne Woodward]]}}
| music = [[Howard Shore]]
| cinematography = [[Tak Fujimoto]]
| editing = [[Craig McKay (film editor)|Craig McKay]]
| studio = Clinica Estetico
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1993|12|14|Los Angeles|1993|12|22|United States}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $26 million
| gross = $206.7 million<ref name=mojo/>
}}
'''''Philadelphia''''' is a 1993 American [[legal drama]] film written by [[Ron Nyswaner]], directed by [[Jonathan Demme]] and starring [[Tom Hanks]] and [[Denzel Washington]].<ref name="Philadelphia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18893/Philadelphia/|title=Philadelphia|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|access-date=March 29, 2016|archive-date=March 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180402/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18893/Philadelphia/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge [[HIV/AIDS]], [[homosexuality]], and [[homophobia]].

For his role as Andrew Beckett, Hanks won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] at the [[66th Academy Awards]], while the song "[[Streets of Philadelphia]]" by [[Bruce Springsteen]] won the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]. Nyswaner was also nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]], but lost to [[Jane Campion]] for ''[[The Piano]]''.

==Plot==

Andrew Beckett is a senior [[Associate attorney|associate]] at the largest corporate law firm in [[Philadelphia]], Wyant, Wheeler, Hellerman, Tetlow and Brown. He hides his homosexuality and his status as an [[AIDS]] patient from the other members of the firm. A partner in the firm notices a lesion on Beckett's forehead. Although Beckett attributes the lesion to a racquetball injury, it indicates [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], an AIDS-defining condition.

Shortly thereafter, Beckett stays home from work for several days to try to find a way to hide his lesions. While at home, he finishes the paperwork for a case he has been assigned and then brings it to his office, leaving instructions for his assistants to file the paperwork the following day, which marks the end of the statute of limitations for the case. Later that morning, he receives a call asking for the paperwork, as the paper copy cannot be found and there are no copies on the computer's hard drive. The paperwork is finally discovered in an alternate location and is filed with the court at the last possible moment. The following day, Beckett is dismissed by the firm's partners.

Beckett believes that someone deliberately hid his paperwork to give the firm an excuse to fire him, and that the dismissal is actually a result of his [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS|diagnosis with AIDS]] as well as his sexuality. He asks ten attorneys to take his case, including African-American personal injury lawyer Joe Miller. Miller appears to be worried that he could contract Beckett's illness. After declining to take the case, Miller immediately visits his doctor to find out if he could have contracted the disease. The doctor explains that the [[AIDS#Transmission|routes of HIV infection]] do not include casual contact.

Unable to find a lawyer willing to represent him, Beckett is compelled to [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|act as his own attorney]]. While researching a case at a law library, Miller sees Beckett at a nearby table. A librarian approaches Beckett and announces that he has found a case on AIDS discrimination for him. As others in the library begin to first stare uneasily, the librarian suggests Beckett go to a private room. Feeling discouraged by the other people's behavior and seeing the parallels in how he himself has faced [[Discrimination in the United States#Racism|discrimination due to his race]], Miller approaches Beckett, reviews the material he has gathered, and takes the case.

As the case goes before the court, the partners of the firm take the stand, each claiming that Beckett was incompetent and that he had deliberately tried to hide his condition. The defense repeatedly suggests that Beckett brought AIDS upon himself by [[AIDS#Sexual|having gay sex]], and is therefore not a victim. In the course of testimony, it is revealed that the partner who had noticed Beckett's lesion, Walter Kenton, had previously worked with a woman who had contracted AIDS [[AIDS#Body fluids|after a blood transfusion]] and so should have recognized the lesion as relating to AIDS. According to Kenton, the woman was an innocent victim, unlike Beckett, and further testified that he did not recognize Beckett's lesions. To prove that the lesions would have been visible, Miller asks Beckett to unbutton his shirt while on the witness stand, revealing that his lesions are indeed visible and recognizable as such. Over the course of the trial, Miller's homophobia slowly disappears as he and Beckett bond from working together.

Beckett eventually collapses during the trial and is hospitalized. After this, another partner, Bob Seidman, who had also noticed Beckett's lesions, confesses that he suspected Beckett had AIDS but never told anyone and never gave him the opportunity to explain himself, which he regrets very much. During his hospitalization, the jury votes in Beckett's favor, awarding him back pay, damages for pain and suffering and [[Punitive damages#United States|punitive damages]], totaling over $5 million. Miller visits the visibly failing Beckett in the hospital after the verdict and overcomes his fear enough to touch Beckett's face. After the family leaves the room, Beckett tells his partner Miguel Alvarez that he is "ready". At the Miller home later that night, Miller and his wife are awakened by a phone call from Alvarez, who tells them that Beckett has died peacefully. A memorial is held at Beckett's family home following the funeral, where many mourners, including Miller and his family, view home movies of Beckett as a happy child.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tom Hanks]] as Andrew ("Andy") Beckett
* [[Denzel Washington]] as Joe Miller
* [[Jason Robards]] as Charles Wheeler
* [[Mary Steenburgen]] as Belinda Conine
* [[Antonio Banderas]] as Miguel Álvarez
* [[Joanne Woodward]] as Sarah Beckett
* [[Robert W. Castle]] as Bud Beckett
* [[Ann Dowd]] as Jill Beckett
* [[Adam LeFevre]] as Jill's husband
* [[John Bedford Lloyd]] as Matt Beckett
* Dan Olmstead as Randy Beckett
* Lisa Summerour as Lisa Miller
* [[Charles Napier (actor)|Charles Napier]] as Judge Lucas Garnett
* [[Roberta Maxwell]] as Judge Tate
* [[Roger Corman]] as Mr. Roger Laird
* [[David Drake (actor)|David Drake]] as Bruno
* [[Harry Northup]] as The Jury
* [[Bill Rowe]] as Dr. Armbruster
* [[Chandra Wilson]] as Chandra
* [[Daniel von Bargen]] as Jury Foreman
* [[Karen Finley]] as Dr. Gillman
* [[Robert Ridgely]] as Walter Kenton
* [[Bradley Whitford]] as Jamey Collins
* [[Ron Vawter]] as Bob Seidman
* [[Anna Deavere Smith]] as Anthea Burton
* [[Obba Babatundé]] as Jerome Green
* Charles Glenn as Kenneth Killcoyne
* [[Tracey Walter]] as the Librarian
* Andre B. Blake as Young Man in Pharmacy (as André B. Blake)
* Daniel Chapman as Clinic Storyteller
* Peter Jacobs as Peter / Mona Lisa
* Paul Lazar as Dr. Klenstein
* Warren Miller as Mr. Finley
* Joey Perillo as Filko
* Lauren Roselli as Iris
* Lisa Talerico as Shelby
* Kathryn Witt as Melissa Benedict
* [[Julius Erving]] as Julius Erving
* Mayor of Philadelphia [[Ed Rendell]] as himself
{{div col end}}

==Inspiration==
The events in the film are similar to the events in the lives of attorneys [[Geoffrey Bowers]] and Clarence Cain. Bowers was an attorney who, in 1987, sued the law firm [[Baker McKenzie]] for [[wrongful dismissal]] in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases. Cain was an attorney for [[Hyatt Legal Services]] who was fired after his employer found out he had AIDS. He sued Hyatt in 1990, and won just before his death.<ref name=WAPO_ghost>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/01/25/the-ghost-of-philadelphia/fbaf12f4-0580-4e97-bc04-4af2ccbcda10/</ref>

===Controversies===
Bowers' family sued the writers and producers of the film. A year after Bowers' death in 1987, a producer, [[Scott Rudin]] had interviewed the Bowers family and their lawyers and, according to the family, promised compensation for the use of Bowers' story as a basis for a film. Family members asserted that 54 scenes in the movie were so similar to events in Bowers's life that some of them could only have come from their interviews. However, the defense said that Rudin had abandoned the project after hiring a writer and did not share any information the family had provided.<ref name=pristin>{{cite news|last=Pristin|first=Terry|title=Philadelphia Screenplay Suit to Reach Court|date=March 11, 1996|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/11/business/philadelphia-screenplay-suit-to-reach-court.html|access-date=February 25, 2008|archive-date=November 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105041347/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/11/business/philadelphia-screenplay-suit-to-reach-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled after five days of testimony. Although terms of the agreement were not released, the defendants did admit that "the film 'was inspired in part'" by Bowers' story.<ref name=settlesuit>{{cite news|title=Philadelphia Makers Settle Suit|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 20, 1996|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/20/nyregion/philadelphia-makers-settle-suit.html|access-date=February 25, 2008|archive-date=March 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317024330/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E6D91739F933A15750C0A960958260|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical release===
''Philadelphia'' premiered in [[Los Angeles]] on December 14, 1993 and opened in limited release in four theaters on December 22, before expanding into [[wide release]] on January 14, 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://catalog.afi.com/Film/59629-PHILADELPHIA?sid=cb9f745b-dc43-424e-8f47-ac72f583f69b&sr=31.32105&cp=1&pos=0|website = AFI Catalog|publisher = [[American Film Institute]]|title = Philadelphia|access-date = November 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kenneth |last=Turan |author-link=Kenneth Turan |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-22-ca-4314-story.html |title=Movie Review: Bittersweet 'Philadelphia': Actors Deliver Strong Performances in Socially Conscious Film |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 22, 1993 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824050617/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-22-ca-4314-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The LA premiere was a benefit for [[AIDS Project Los Angeles]], which netted $250,000 APLA Chair Steve Tisch told the LA Times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-16-vw-2539-story.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185234/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-16-vw-2539-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was the first Hollywood big-budget, big-star film to tackle the issue of [[AIDS]] in the U.S. (following the TV movie ''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]'') and signaled a shift in Hollywood films toward more realistic depictions of people in the LGBT community. Extras cast in this film included 53 people who were AIDS-infected as of the time of shooting the film. By the end of 1994, 43 out of those 53 people had died - demonstrating the close linkage between fiction and fact.<ref name=Quinn>{{cite book| last1=Quinn |first1=Edward| title= A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms| publisher=Checkmark Books| date=1999 | page=10}}</ref><ref name=Rothman>{{cite web | last1=Rothman | first1=Clifford | title=FILM; 'Philadelphia': Oscar Gives Way to Elegy | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/movies/film-philadelphia-oscar-gives-way-to-elegy.html | work=[[New York Times]] | date=January 1, 1995 | access-date=February 9, 2020 | page=9 | archive-date=July 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154606/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/movies/film-philadelphia-oscar-gives-way-to-elegy.html | url-status=live }}</ref> According to a Tom Hanks interview for the 1995 documentary ''[[The Celluloid Closet]]'', scenes showing more affection between him and Banderas were cut, including one with him and Banderas in bed together. The [[DVD]] edition, produced by [[Automat Pictures]], includes this scene.<ref>''Philadelphia''. Dir. Jonathan Demme. Perf. Tom Hanks, Denzel Washington. TriStar Pictures, 1993.</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Philadelphia'' was released on VHS on June 29, 1994<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOcyAAAAIBAJ&q=the+pelican+brief+video+june+15&pg=PA34|title=The Free Lance-Star|publisher=The Free Lance-Star|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2021|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206032841/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOcyAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=the+pelican+brief+video+june+15&article_id=3509%2C2414351&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja8IzX3ajuAhUBac0KHeDrDMQQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=the%20pelican%20brief%20video%20june%2015&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and on DVD on September 10, 1997.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/1760/Philadelphia.html|title=Philadelphia DVD Release Date|website=DVDs Release Dates|access-date=November 13, 2018|archive-date=November 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010719/https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/1760/Philadelphia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Philadelphia'' was later released on Blu-Ray on May 14, 2013.<ref name="auto"/> To celebrate ''Philadelphia'''s 25th anniversary, the film was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 27, 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Philadelphia 4K Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Philadelphia-4K-Blu-ray/211292/|access-date=November 13, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210913/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Philadelphia-4K-Blu-ray/211292/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The screenplay was also republished in a [[novelization]] by writer [[Christopher Davis (writer)|Christopher Davis]] in 1994.<ref name="nelson">Emmanuel S. Nelson, ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary LGBTQ Literature of the United States''. [[Greenwood Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-313-34859-4}}. p. 169-171.</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Philadelphia'' was originally released on December 22, 1993, in a limited opening of only four theaters, and had a weekend gross of $143,433 with an average of $35,858 per theater. The film expanded its release on January 14, 1994, to 1,245 theaters and went to [[List of 1993 box office number-one films in the United States|number one at the US box office]], grossing $13.8 million over the 4-day [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] weekend, averaging $11,098 per theater. The film stayed at number 1 the following weekend, earning another $8.8 million.

In its 14th weekend, the weekend after the Oscars, the film expanded to 888 theaters, and saw its gross increase by 70 percent, making $1.9 million and jumping from number 15 the previous weekend (when it made $1.1 million from 673 theaters), to returning to the top ten ranking at number 8 that weekend.

''Philadelphia'' eventually grossed $77.4 million in North America and $129.2 million overseas for a total of $206.7 million worldwide against a budget of $26{{nbsp}}million, making it a significant box office success, and becoming the 12th highest-grossing film in the U.S. of 1993.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=philadelphia.htm|title=Philadelphia (1993) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=February 19, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714094338/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=philadelphia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.75/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "''Philadelphia'' indulges in some unfortunate clichés in its quest to impart a meaningful message, but its stellar cast and sensitive direction are more than enough to compensate."<ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/philadelphia/ Philadelphia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316214443/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/philadelphia |date=March 16, 2020 }}. ''Rotten Tomatoes''. [[Fandango Media|Fandango]]. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web|title=Philadelphia reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/philadelphia|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 12, 2019|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721115432/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/philadelphia|url-status=live}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com|title=Find CinemaScore|format=Type "Philadelphia" in the search box|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]|access-date=August 12, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102130540/https://www.cinemascore.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a contemporary review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film three and a half out of four stars and said that it is "quite a good film, on its own terms. And for moviegoers with an antipathy to AIDS but an enthusiasm for stars like Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington, it may help to broaden understanding of the disease. It's a ground-breaker like ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' (1967), the first major film about an interracial romance; it uses the chemistry of popular stars in a reliable genre to sidestep what looks like controversy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=January 14, 1994|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/philadelphia-1994|title=Philadelphia Movie Review & Film Summary (1994)|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=July 6, 2014|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206032924/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/philadelphia-1994|url-status=live}}</ref>

Christopher Matthews from the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' wrote "Jonathan Demme's long-awaited Philadelphia is so expertly acted, well-meaning and gutsy that you find yourself constantly pulling for it to be the definitive AIDS movie."<ref name="Ryll 2015">{{cite web |url=http://gay-themed-films.com/watch-philadelphia/ |title=Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Philadelphia |first=Alexander |last=Ryll |publisher=Gay Essential |access-date=February 5, 2015 |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206110809/http://gay-themed-films.com/watch-philadelphia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] from ReelViews wrote "The story is timely and powerful, and the performances of Hanks and Washington assure that the characters will not immediately vanish into obscurity."<ref name="Ryll 2015"/> Rita Kempley from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote "It's less like a film by Demme than the best of Frank Capra. It is not just canny, corny and blatantly patriotic, but compassionate, compelling and emotionally devastating."<ref name="Ryll 2015"/>

== Year-end lists ==
* 8th – Dan Craft, ''[[The Pantagraph]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Craft|first=Dan|date=December 30, 1994 |title=Success, Failure and a Lot of In-between; Movies '94|newspaper=[[The Pantagraph]]|page=B1}}</ref>
* 8th – Joan Vadeboncoeur, ''[[Syracuse Herald American]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Vadeboncoeur|first=Joan|date=January 8, 1995|title=Critically Acclaimed Best Movies of '94 Include Works from Tarantino, Burton, Demme, Redford, Disney and Speilberg|newspaper=Syracuse Herald American|page=16|edition=Final}}</ref>
* Honorable mention – Dennis King, ''[[Tulsa World]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=King|first=Dennis|date=December 25, 1994|title=SCREEN SAVERS In a Year of Faulty Epics, The Oddest Little Movies Made The Biggest Impact|newspaper=[[Tulsa World]]|page=E1|edition=Final Home}}</ref>
* Honorable mention – Bob Carlton, ''[[The Birmingham News]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Carlton|first=Bob|date=December 29, 1994|title=It Was a Good Year at Movies|work=[[The Birmingham News]]|page=12-01}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{more citations needed|section|date = January 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Academy Awards]]
|[[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Tom Hanks]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]
|Carl Fullerton and Alan D'Angerio
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Cante | first=Richard C. | title=Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture | chapter=Afterthoughts from Philadelphia...and Somewhere Else | publisher=Ashgate Publishing | location=London | isbn=978-0-7546-7230-2 | date=March 2009}}</ref>
|[[Ron Nyswaner]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
|[[Neil Young]] ("Philadelphia")
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bruce Springsteen]] ("[[Streets of Philadelphia]]")
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers#Awards|ASCAP Awards]]
|Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures
|{{won}}
|-
|Top Box Office Films
|[[Howard Shore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]]
|[[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
|[[Golden Bear|Golden Berlin Bear]]
|[[Jonathan Demme]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Silver Berlin Bear for Best Actor<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/03_preistr_ger_1994/03_Preistraeger_1994.html |title=Berlinale: 1994 Prize Winners |access-date=December 29, 2011 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=May 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501142008/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/03_preistr_ger_1994/03_Preistraeger_1994.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Casting Society of America]]
|Artios for Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama
|Howard Feuer
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chicago Film Critics Association#Chicago Film Critics Awards|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]]
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Jonathan Demme
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|rowspan=2|Tom Hanks
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]] Awards
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{CFinalist|3rd place}}
|-
|[[GLAAD Media Award]]
|[[GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release|Outstanding Film – Wide Release]]
|Jonathan Demme and [[Edward Saxon]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Golden Globe Award]]s
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]]
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
|Bruce Springsteen ("Streets of Philadelphia")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Goldene Leinwand|Goldene Leinwand Awards]] (Golden Screen)
|Goldene Leinwand
|[[TriStar Pictures]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Grammy Award]] ([[37th Annual Grammy Awards|37th annual]])
|[[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]
| rowspan="5" |Bruce Springsteen ("Streets of Philadelphia")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Rock Song|Best Rock Song]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance|Best Male Rock Vocal Performance]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[MTV Movie Awards]]
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie|Best Song from a Movie]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]]
|Jonathan Demme and Edward Saxon
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Male Performance]]
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Duo]]
|Tom Hanks and [[Denzel Washington]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Award]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lists
!Organization
!List
!Rank
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[American Film Institute]]
|[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains]] (Top 50 Heroes)
|#49
|-
|[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers|AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers: ''America's Most Inspiring Movies'']]
|#20
|-
|[[National Board of Review Awards]]
|Top Ten Films ([[National Board of Review Awards 1993|1993]])
|#7
|}

==Soundtrack==
A soundtrack album was released in January 1994, by [[TriStar Pictures|TriStar]] Music containing the main music featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soundtrackinfo.com/OST/philadelphia/|title=SoundtrackINFO: Philadelphia Soundtrack|website=www.soundtrackinfo.com|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=June 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628180526/http://www.soundtrackinfo.com/OST/philadelphia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| writing_credits =
| title1 = [[Streets of Philadelphia]]
| extra1 = [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| writer1 =
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Lovetown
| extra2 = [[Peter Gabriel]]
| writer2 =
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = It's in Your Eyes
| extra3 = Pauletta Washington
| writer3 =
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Ibo Lele (Dreams Come True)
| extra4 = [[RAM (band)|RAM]]
| writer4 =
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = [[Please Send Me Someone to Love]]
| extra5 = [[Sade (band)|Sade]]
| writer5 =
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = [[Have You Ever Seen the Rain?]]
| extra6 = [[Spin Doctors]]
| writer6 =
| length6 = 2:41
| title7 = I Don't Wanna Talk About It
| extra7 = [[Indigo Girls]]
| writer7 =
| length7 = 3:41
| title8 = [[La mamma morta]]
| note8 = From the Opera ''[[Andrea Chénier]]''
| extra8 = [[Maria Callas]]
| writer8 =
| length8 = 4:53
| title9 = Philadelphia
| extra9 = [[Neil Young]]
| writer9 =
| length9 = 4:06
| title10 = Precedent
| extra10 = [[Howard Shore]]
| writer10 =
| length10 = 4:03
}}

The album was re-released in 2008 in France only as a CD/DVD combo pack with the film itself, containing the same track listing (catalogue number 88697 322052 under both Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Sony Classical labels).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The director deliberately asked [[Bruce Springsteen]] to make the feature song for this film in an effort to draw in those who may not know much about AIDS, so as to make their viewing of the film more comfortable, and to raise awareness overall.<ref name="Ryll 2015"/> However, Springsteen's first contribution, "[[Tunnel of Love (Bruce Springsteen song)|Tunnel of Love]]," was rejected by Demme.

===Certifications and sales===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Austria|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|access-date=January 4, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Belgium|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Platinum|certyear=2002|relyear=1993|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Canada|artist=Various Artists|title=Philadelphia - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=France|artist=B.O.F.|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|number=2|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Germany|artist=O.S.T. - Various|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|type=album|title=Philadelphia (B.S.O. De La Pelicula)|artist=Varios Interpretes|award=Platinum|relyear=1993|certyear=1994|certref=<ref>{{cite book|first=Fernando|last=Salaverri|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st|date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2|page=937}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry| type=album |region=Switzerland |artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia |award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United Kingdom|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|id=5089-1140-2|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|salesamount=1,160,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1452207/got-charts-beans-bleek-beatles-synch-up-soundtracks/|publisher=Mtv|title=Got Charts?|first=David|last=Basham|date=February 7, 2002|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121154649/http://www.mtv.com/news/1452207/got-charts-beans-bleek-beatles-synch-up-soundtracks/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Summary}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Europe|type=album|title=Philadelphia|artist=Ost|award=Platinum|certyear=1996|access-date=2 February 2020}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|LGBT|Philadelphia|Film|United States|1990s}}
* [[List of American films of 1993]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0107818|Philadelphia}}
* {{tcmdb title|18893|Philadelphia}}
* {{Allmovie title|119903|Philadelphia}}
* {{mojo title|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* {{metacritic film|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/film.php?filmid=12 Movie stills]

{{Jonathan Demme}}
{{GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philadelphia}}
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:American courtroom films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American legal drama films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jonathan Demme]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Howard Shore]]
[[Category:Films set in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Films set in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films shot in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films about anti-LGBT sentiment]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in film]]
[[Category:Homophobia in fiction]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Termination of employment in popular culture]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]

The Bucket List

2021-06-02T19:52:29Z

Killerkürbis: Led to an unexpected (wrong) linktarget; see: Wp:LinkDD

{{about|the 2007 American film|the Indian film|Bucket List (2018 film)}}
{{short description|2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Rob Reiner}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Bucket List
| image = Bucket list poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rob Reiner]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Craig Zadan]]|[[Neil Meron]]|Alan Greisman|Rob Reiner}}
| writer = [[Justin Zackham]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jack Nicholson]]
* [[Morgan Freeman]]
*[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]
*[[Rob Morrow]]
}}
| music = [[Marc Shaiman]]
| cinematography = [[John Schwartzman]]
| editing = [[Robert Leighton (film editor)|Robert Leighton]]
| studio = [[Castle Rock Entertainment]] (uncredited){{ref|1}}
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|12|15|[[Hollywood]]|2007|12|25|United States}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $45 million<ref name="boxofficemojo" />
| gross = $175.4 million<ref name="boxofficemojo" />
}}
'''''The Bucket List''''' is a 2007 [[United States|American]] [[buddy film|buddy]] [[comedy-drama]] [[film]] directed and produced by [[Rob Reiner]], written by [[Justin Zackham]], and starring [[Jack Nicholson]] and [[Morgan Freeman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/658339/Bucket-List-The/full-credits.html|title=The Bucket List|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref> The main plot follows two [[terminal illness|terminally ill]] men on their [[road trip]] with a [[wish list]] of things to do before they "[[kick the bucket]]".

The film premiered on December 15, 2007 in [[Hollywood]] and opened in [[limited release]] in the United States on December 25, 2007, by [[Warner Bros.]] The film then had a wide release on January 11, 2008. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film was chosen by [[National Board of Review]] as one of the [[National Board of Review Awards 2007#Top 10 Films|top ten films of 2007]] and was a box office success, opening at #1 in the United States, and grossing $175.4 million worldwide.

==Plot==
Two elderly men, [[blue-collar]] automotive mechanic Carter Chambers and billionaire Edward Cole meet for the first time after both men are diagnosed with terminal [[lung cancer]]. Given that he owns the hospital, Cole demands a private room but his no exceptions policy regarding double occupancy prevents this.

Carter is a gifted [[gentleman amateur|amateur]] historian and family man who wanted to become a history professor in his youth but he chose to start a family instead. Cole is a four-time divorced healthcare tycoon and cultured loner who enjoys tormenting his personal [[valet]] Thomas — who later reveals his name is actually Matthew. Cole enjoys drinking [[kopi luwak]], one of the most expensive coffees in the world.

During their time in the hospital, Carter and Cole manage to find common ground. For fun, Carter started writing a list of activities to do before he "[[kick the bucket|kicks the bucket]]." After hearing he has less than a year to live, Carter dejectedly discards his list. Cole finds it the next morning and urges Carter to do everything on the list, adds his own items to it, and offers to finance all expenses. Carter agrees and, despite the protests of his wife, Virginia, the two patients begin their globetrotting last vacation. They go [[skydiving]], drive a vintage [[Shelby Mustang]] and [[Dodge Challenger]] around [[Auto Club Speedway|California Speedway]], fly over the [[North Pole]], eat dinner at [[Chevre d'or]], visit the [[Taj Mahal]], ride motorcycles on the [[Great Wall of China]], attend a lion [[safari]] in [[Tanzania]], and visit [[Mount Everest]].

Atop the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], they confide mutually about faith and family. Carter reveals that he has long been feeling less in love with his wife and feels some regret for the life he chose. Cole discloses that he is deeply hurt by his estrangement from his only daughter, who disowned him after he drove away her [[domestic violence|abusive]] husband. Later, while in [[Hong Kong]], Cole hires a [[prostitute]] to approach Carter, who has never been with any woman but his wife. Carter declines and realizes Cole was behind the woman's attention, whereupon he insists they stop the bucket list and go home.

During the return journey, Carter tries to reunite Cole with his estranged daughter. Considering this a breach of trust, Cole angrily storms off. Carter returns home to his family while Cole, feeling alone though amid the company of [[escort agency|escorts]], breaks down weeping in his luxury high-rise suite. Carter's family reunion turns out to be short-lived as while readying for marital romance, he collapses and is rushed to the hospital. The cancer has spread to his brain.

Cole, who is now in a remarkable [[Remission (medicine)|remission]], visits him and they share a few moments. Carter, always a ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' fan knowledgeable about trivia, reveals how Cole's kopi luwak coffee is fed to and defecated by a [[Asian palm civet|jungle cat]] before being harvested. Cole was unaware of this and he and Carter share a hysteric laugh. Carter implores Cole to finish the list without him. Carter undergoes surgery but dies on the operating table.

As news of Carter's death is given to his wife and family, Cole attempts to reconcile with his own daughter. She accepts him back into her life and introduces him to the granddaughter he never knew he had. After greeting the little girl with a kiss on the cheek, Edward thoughtfully crosses "kiss the most beautiful girl in the world" off the bucket list. Soon after, Cole delivers a [[eulogy]] at Carter's funeral, during which he explains that the last three months of Carter's life were, thanks to Carter, the best three months of his own life.

An [[epilogue]] reveals that Cole lived to age 81, and his ashes were then taken to a peak in the [[Himalayas]] by Matthew. As Matthew places a [[Chock full o'Nuts]] coffee can alongside another can, he crosses off the last item on the bucket list, "witness something truly majestic", and tucks the completed list between the cans.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
*[[Jack Nicholson]] as Edward Cole
*[[Morgan Freeman]] as Carter Chambers
*[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]] as Thomas/Matthew
*[[Beverly Todd]] as Virginia Chambers
*[[Rob Morrow]] as Dr. Hollins
*Alfonso Freeman as Roger Chambers
*[[Rowena King]] as Angelica
*Jennifer DeFrancisco as Emily Cole
*[[Serena Reeder]] as Rachel
*Annton Berry Jr as Kai
*Verda Bridges as Chandra
*Destiny Brownridge as Maya
*[[Brian Copeland]] as Lee
*[[Ian Anthony Dale]] as instructor
*[[Noel Guglielmi]] as mechanic
*Jonathan Hernandez as Manny
*Andrea J. Johnson as Elizabeth
*[[Jordan Lund]] as tattoo artist
*[[Jonathan Mangum]] as Richard
*Christopher Stapleton as Kyle
*[[Alex Trebek]] as himself
*Taylor Ann Thompson as Edward's granddaughter
*[[Karen Maruyama]] as Nurse Shing
{{div col end}}

==Reception==
''The Bucket List'' received mixed reviews from critics. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has a rating of 41%, based on 174 reviews, with an average rating of 5.15/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Not even the earnest performances of the two leads can rescue ''The Bucket List'' from its schmaltzy script".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bucket_list/ |title=The Bucket List – Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=2008-05-04 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the film a score of 42 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/bucketlist |title=Bucket List, The (2007): Reviews |access-date=2008-01-19 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> Snehil Sharma of Humari Baat MSME gave 4 stars for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-25|title=Bucket List – A Marathi Film made with Distinction {{!}} Humari Baat|url=https://humaribaat.in/news/entertainment/bucket-list-a-marathi-film-made-with-distinction/|access-date=2020-06-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

''Chicago Sun-Times'' film critic [[Roger Ebert]], who was diagnosed with [[thyroid cancer]] in 2002 and whose lower jaw was removed in 2006, criticized the film's portrayal of cancer sufferers, writing in his one-star review that ''The Bucket List'' "...thinks dying of cancer is a laff riot followed by a dime-store [[Epiphany (feeling)|epiphany]]."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080110/REVIEWS/801100301/1023 | work=Chicago Sun-Times | title=The Bucket List}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film opened in wide release in the United States and Canada on January 11, 2008 and grossed $19,392,416 from 3,200 screens at 2,911 theaters, averaging $6,662 per theater ($6,060 per screen) and ranking #1 at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=bucketlist.htm |title=The Bucket List (2007) – Weekend Box Office Results |access-date=2008-01-28 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> The film closed on June 5, 2008, never having a weekend-to-weekend decline of more than 40%, and ended up with a final gross of $93,466,502 in the United States and Canada and another $81,906,000 overseas, for a total gross of $175,372,502 worldwide, easily recouping the film's considerable $45 million budget and turning a sizable profit for [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]].<ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=bucketlist.htm | title=The Bucket List (2007) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=2008-03-18}}</ref>

===Accolades===
Named one of the Top Ten Films of the Year by the [[National Board of Review]]. {{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Soundtrack==
A [[film score|score]] album from [[Varèse Sarabande]] was released on January 15, 2008, featuring composer [[Marc Shaiman]]'s original score for the film as well as a selection of newly recorded themes from Shaiman's previous scoring projects, including ''[[City Slickers]]'', ''[[Simon Birch]]'', ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'', ''[[Mother (1996 film)|Mother]]'', ''[[North (1994 film)|North]]'', ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]'', ''[[South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut]]'', ''[[Mr. Saturday Night]]'', and ''[[Stuart Saves His Family]]''. It also features a rearranged version of the [[James Bond]] theme "[[Goldfinger (song)|Goldfinger]]" (titled "Printmaster"), with Shaiman's own voice and lyrics in which he spoofs the industry's habit of tracking music in scenes where they don't belong.

The full list of 23 tracks is as follows:

#Hospital Hallway (from the movie)
#Like Smoke through a Keyhole (from the movie)
#Best in L.A. (from the movie)
#Really Bad News (from the movie)
#Milord – Édith Piaf (from the movie)
#Hotel Source (from the movie)
#Did You Hear It? (from the movie)
#Flying Home (from the movie)
#Homecomings (from the movie)
#Life and Death (from the movie)
#The Mountain (from the movie)
#End Credits (from the movie)
#Theme from ''[[The American President]]'' ("A Seed of Grain")
#Theme from ''City Slickers''
#Theme from ''Simon Birch''
#Theme from ''The Addams Family''
#Theme from ''Mother''
#Theme from ''North''
#''Sleepless in Seattle'' / A Wink and a Smile"
#''South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut''/"[[Blame Canada]]"
#Theme from ''Mr. Saturday Night''
#"Printmaster" (After [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]'s "Goldfinger")
#Theme from ''Stuart Saves His Family'' ("What Makes a Family")

The theme song, [[John Mayer]]'s "[[Say (song)|Say]]," is not included on the Bucket List soundtrack, but included on the re-release of Mayer's third album ''[[Continuum (John Mayer album)|Continuum]]''.

==Home media==
The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] June 10, 2008.

==See also==
{{Portal|Film}}
*''[[Hawks (film)|Hawks]]'', a 1988 film with a similar plot
*''[[Knockin' on Heaven's Door (1997 film)|Knockin' on Heaven's Door]]'', a 1997 film with a similar plot
*[[Bucket List (2018 film)]], Indian [[Marathi language]] [[comedy-drama]]

==Footnote==
{{refbegin}}
#{{note|1}} The screenplay, written by Justin Zackham, coined the expression “Bucket List,” after Zackham wrote his own “List of Things to do Before I Kick the Bucket”, and shortened it to “Justin’s Bucket List.” The first item on his list was to “get a film made at a major studio.” Ironically, this list gave him the idea for the screenplay, and “The Bucket List” became his first studio film.<ref> https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-origins-of-bucket-list-1432909572 </ref>
#{{note|2}} The "[[Castle Rock Entertainment]]" logo does not appear in this film's opening.
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.warnerbros.com/bucket-list}}
*{{IMDb title|0825232}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|bucket_list}}
*{{metacritic film|bucketlist}}
*{{mojo title|bucketlist}}
* {{AllMovie title}}

{{Rob Reiner}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bucket List, The}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2000s adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2000s buddy films]]
[[Category:2000s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American buddy films]]
[[Category:American adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Buddy drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cancer]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films about old age]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rob Reiner]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films set in Egypt]]
[[Category:Films set in France]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in Tanzania]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Castle Rock Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Marc Shaiman]]
[[Category:Films set in Nepal]]
[[Category:2007 comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays selected in The Black List]]

Ten 'til Noon

2021-06-02T19:39:25Z

Killerkürbis: led to unexpected (wrong) linktarget: see wp:linkdd

{{More citations needed|date=February 2007}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ten 'til Noon
| image = Ten til noon.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Scott Storm]]
| writer = [[Paul Osborne (screenwriter)|Paul Osborne]]
| starring = [[Alfonso Freeman (actor)|Alfonso Freeman]] [[Rick D. Wasserman]] [[Rayne Guest]] [[Jenya Lano]] [[Thomas Kopache]]
| music = [[Joe Kraemer (composer)|Joe Kraemer]]
| cinematography = [[Alice Brooks]]
| editing = [[Kalman Alexander]] [[Scott Storm]]
| studio = Shut Up & Shoot Pictures
| distributor = [[Radio London Films]]
| released = '''San Francisco Independent Film Festival''' February 3, 2006
| runtime = 88 minutes
| budget = $750,000
| language = English
| country = United States
}}
'''''Ten 'Til Noon''''' is a 2006 crime [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] directed by [[Scott Storm]] and starring [[Alfonso Freeman (actor)|Alfonso Freeman]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Rechtshaffen|first=Michael|title=Ten 'Til Noon|date=3 April 2007|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/ten-til-noon-159311|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> [[Rick D. Wasserman]], [[Rayne Guest]], [[Jenya Lano]], and [[Thomas Kopache]]. It was produced by Michael Creighton Rogers, Michael Mannheim, Gavin Franks, and Brian Osborne.<ref>{{cite web|last=Debruge|first=Peter|title=Ten 'Til Noon|date=29 March 2007|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/ten-til-noon-1200509289/|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref>

The film depicts the same ten minutes between 11:50am and 12 noon, during which time a crime is committed, from the perspective of ten different characters.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070918205316/http://www.riversidefilmfest.org/06RIFF.htm]</ref> It was filmed on a shoestring budget over the course of several months.

After a premiere screening in [[Los Angeles]], [[Jon Voight]]'s company, Crystal Sky, bought foreign and domestic distribution rights to the film, and it opened theatrically in Los Angeles on March 30, 2007. The film won awards at the [[San Francisco Independent Film Festival]], [[San Diego Film Festival]], and [[Newport Beach Film Festival]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0438486}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:2006 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joe Kraemer]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]

{{crime-thriller-film-stub}}

The Dark (2005 film)

2021-05-28T03:17:35Z

Killerkürbis: Correct accent (see ref. IMDb )

{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Dark
| image = Thedark.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[John Fawcett (director)|John Fawcett]]
| producer = [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] [[Jeremy Bolt]] Steve Christian [[Robert Kulzer]]
| screenplay = [[Stephen Massicotte]]
| based_on = ''[[Sheep (novel)|Sheep]]'' by [[Simon Maginn]]
| starring = [[Sean Bean]] [[Maria Bello]] Richard Elfyn [[Maurice Roëves]] Abigail Stone [[Sophie Stuckey]] Caspar Harvey
| music = Edmund Butt
| cinematography = [[Christian Sebaldt]]
| editing = Chris Gill
| studio = [[Constantin Film]]
| distributor = [[Miramax Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|05}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = [[Germany]] [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| budget =
| awards =
}}
'''''The Dark''''' is a 2005 British-German [[folk horror]] film starring [[Sean Bean]] and [[Maria Bello]] and directed by [[John Fawcett (director)|John Fawcett]]. It is based on the 1994 novel ''[[Sheep (novel)|Sheep]]'' by [[Simon Maginn]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130811102233/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/444059/The-Dark/overview The New York Times]</ref> The film was shot on the [[Isle of Man]].

== Plot ==
While in [[Wales]] visiting her husband James ([[Sean Bean]]), Adèlle ([[Maria Bello]]) tries to fix her relationship with her daughter Sarah ([[Sophie Stuckey]]). By the side of a cliff, they see a strange memorial with evidence of a plate missing and with the name "[[Annwyn]]" marked on it. A local man Dafydd ([[Maurice Roëves]]) explains that, according to traditional [[Welsh mythology]], Annwyn is a sort of afterlife.

Later, Sarah vanishes on the beach, and another similar looking girl, named Ebrill (Welsh for "April"), appears in her place. Ebrill is the long-dead daughter of a local shepherd who also served as the town's pastor fifty years prior. When Ebrill, who was a sickly child, died, her father gave her to the ocean, sending her to Annwyn. He then convinced his followers to throw themselves into the ocean, claiming that it was the way to Paradise, while he privately hoped that their sacrifice would return Ebrill to him from Annwyn. Ebrill did come back, but, something came back with her. Her father tried to draw the evil out of her, through [[trepanning]] and locking her in her room. Dafydd was one of the followers who did not throw himself off the cliff, though both his parents did. Ebrill's father took him in, and when Dafydd could no longer bear witnessing the shepherd hurting Ebrill, he set her free, which in turn allowed the evil within her to lash out and shove her father over the cliff.

Adèlle makes the connection that Ebrill is back once more because she has found a living substitute in Sarah. In an attempt to rescue her daughter, Adèlle throws both herself and Ebrill over the cliffs, despite James' protests, and sends them both to Annwyn, a [[Sepia (color)|sepia]]-toned, misty version of reality. While in Annwyn, the film reveals that (prior to the events of the film) Sarah attempted suicide following an argument with her mother, resulting in their trip to Wales. Adèlle begs for a second chance with her daughter. Ebrill informs her that the dead don't get second chances. Ebrill and her father perform trepannation on Adèlle, to draw out the evil within her. Adèlle eventually escapes her bonds and rushes to find Sarah, who is locked behind a door. Adèlle finds a key and tearfully apologizes for being so selfish. In unlocking the door, Adèlle is able to rescue Sarah from Annwyn, though, in doing so, Adèlle sacrificed herself, only to realize too late that the Sarah she brought back was tainted by the same evil that had tainted Ebrill all those years ago.

== Cast ==
* [[Sean Bean]] — James
* [[Maria Bello]] — Adèlle
* Richard Elfyn — Rowan
* [[Maurice Roëves]] — Dafydd
* Abigail Stone — Ebrill
* [[Sophie Stuckey]] — Sarah
* Caspar Harvey — Young Dafydd

==Critical reception==
{{expand section|date=September 2015}}
Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] rates the movie as "rotten", with a score of 33% based on 9 reviews.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1158609-dark/ Rotten Tomatoes]</ref>

== DVD ==
The DVD was released on 11 April 2007. The soundtrack features a song by [[Stream of Passion]] sung by [[Marcela Bovio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0411267}}
* {{Amg movie|294198|The Dark}}

{{John Fawcett}}
{{Paul W. S. Anderson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark, The}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 horror films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:British horror films]]
[[Category:German films]]
[[Category:German horror films]]
[[Category:Welsh films]]
[[Category:English-language German films]]
[[Category:Folk horror films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Fawcett]]
[[Category:Films produced by Paul W. S. Anderson]]
[[Category:British ghost films]]
[[Category:British supernatural horror films]]

The Dark (2005 film)

2021-05-28T02:59:53Z

Killerkürbis: /* Cast */Wrong accent (diacritic) - see: ref. IMDb

{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Dark
| image = Thedark.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[John Fawcett (director)|John Fawcett]]
| producer = [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] [[Jeremy Bolt]] Steve Christian [[Robert Kulzer]]
| screenplay = [[Stephen Massicotte]]
| based_on = ''[[Sheep (novel)|Sheep]]'' by [[Simon Maginn]]
| starring = [[Sean Bean]] [[Maria Bello]] Richard Elfyn [[Maurice Roëves]] Abigail Stone [[Sophie Stuckey]] Caspar Harvey
| music = Edmund Butt
| cinematography = [[Christian Sebaldt]]
| editing = Chris Gill
| studio = [[Constantin Film]]
| distributor = [[Miramax Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|05}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = [[Germany]] [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| budget =
| awards =
}}
'''''The Dark''''' is a 2005 British-German [[folk horror]] film starring [[Sean Bean]] and [[Maria Bello]] and directed by [[John Fawcett (director)|John Fawcett]]. It is based on the 1994 novel ''[[Sheep (novel)|Sheep]]'' by [[Simon Maginn]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130811102233/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/444059/The-Dark/overview The New York Times]</ref> The film was shot on the [[Isle of Man]].

== Plot ==
While in [[Wales]] visiting her husband James ([[Sean Bean]]), Adélle ([[Maria Bello]]) tries to fix her relationship with her daughter Sarah ([[Sophie Stuckey]]). By the side of a cliff, they see a strange memorial with evidence of a plate missing and with the name "[[Annwyn]]" marked on it. A local man Dafydd ([[Maurice Roëves]]) explains that, according to traditional [[Welsh mythology]], Annwyn is a sort of afterlife.

Later, Sarah vanishes on the beach, and another similar looking girl, named Ebrill (Welsh for "April"), appears in her place. Ebrill is the long-dead daughter of a local shepherd who also served as the town's pastor fifty years prior. When Ebrill, who was a sickly child, died, her father gave her to the ocean, sending her to Annwyn. He then convinced his followers to throw themselves into the ocean, claiming that it was the way to Paradise, while he privately hoped that their sacrifice would return Ebrill to him from Annwyn. Ebrill did come back, but, something came back with her. Her father tried to draw the evil out of her, through [[trepanning]] and locking her in her room. Dafydd was one of the followers who did not throw himself off the cliff, though both his parents did. Ebrill's father took him in, and when Dafydd could no longer bear witnessing the shepherd hurting Ebrill, he set her free, which in turn allowed the evil within her to lash out and shove her father over the cliff.

Adélle makes the connection that Ebrill is back once more because she has found a living substitute in Sarah. In an attempt to rescue her daughter, Adélle throws both herself and Ebrill over the cliffs, despite James' protests, and sends them both to Annwyn, a [[Sepia (color)|sepia]]-toned, misty version of reality. While in Annwyn, the film reveals that (prior to the events of the film) Sarah attempted suicide following an argument with her mother, resulting in their trip to Wales. Adélle begs for a second chance with her daughter. Ebrill informs her that the dead don't get second chances. Ebrill and her father perform trepannation on Adélle, to draw out the evil within her. Adélle eventually escapes her bonds and rushes to find Sarah, who is locked behind a door. Adélle finds a key and tearfully apologizes for being so selfish. In unlocking the door, Adélle is able to rescue Sarah from Annwyn, though, in doing so, Adélle sacrificed herself, only to realize too late that the Sarah she brought back was tainted by the same evil that had tainted Ebrill all those years ago.

== Cast ==
* [[Sean Bean]] — James
* [[Maria Bello]] — Adèlle
* Richard Elfyn — Rowan
* [[Maurice Roëves]] — Dafydd
* Abigail Stone — Ebrill
* [[Sophie Stuckey]] — Sarah
* Caspar Harvey — Young Dafydd

==Critical reception==
{{expand section|date=September 2015}}
Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] rates the movie as "rotten", with a score of 33% based on 9 reviews.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1158609-dark/ Rotten Tomatoes]</ref>

== DVD ==
The DVD was released on 11 April 2007. The soundtrack features a song by [[Stream of Passion]] sung by [[Marcela Bovio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0411267}}
* {{Amg movie|294198|The Dark}}

{{John Fawcett}}
{{Paul W. S. Anderson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark, The}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 horror films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:British horror films]]
[[Category:German films]]
[[Category:German horror films]]
[[Category:Welsh films]]
[[Category:English-language German films]]
[[Category:Folk horror films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Fawcett]]
[[Category:Films produced by Paul W. S. Anderson]]
[[Category:British ghost films]]
[[Category:British supernatural horror films]]

User talk:RFD

2021-02-22T16:38:52Z

Killerkürbis: /* Tank you */ new section

{{user health inactive}}
{{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveThis
|archiveprefix=User talk:RFD/Archive/
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}}'''Welcome!'''
Hello {{PAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out [[Wikipedia:Where to ask a question]] or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! 
[[User:The Literate Engineer|The Literate Engineer]] 17:25, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

== December 2020 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Before adding a category to an article, as you did to [[:Timothy L. Pflueger]], please make sure that the subject of the article really belongs in the category that you specified according to Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categorization guidelines]]. The category being added must already exist, and must be supported by the article's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] content. Categories may be removed if they are deemed incorrect for the subject matter. Thank you.  [[User:Binksternet|Binksternet]] ([[User talk:Binksternet|talk]]) 17:35, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

== Precious anniversary ==
{{User QAIbox/auto|years=Two}} --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 16:47, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for help with the [[Jerome Kohl]] article, [[User talk:Jerome Kohl|remembered]] [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#DYK for Jerome Kohl|in friendship]] --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 13:28, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

== [[Socrates Nelson]] citation ==

Hey, RFD. I happened upon the article you created, [[Socrates Nelson]]. I wanted to know if you remembered which volume of the Minnesota Historical Society Collections this information was in. Essentially, as best I can gather, this 2010 book was a reprint of a volume of collections; there were over a dozen volumes written from the late 1800s to the early 1900s.

I did find a mention of him in one of the collections (the original book, not a reprint). I'll let you have a look at it and see if it's the same one you cited. I assume it is, but I could be mistaken.

* {{cite book|title=Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society: Minnesota Biographies 1655–1912|date=June 1912|page=543–544|url=https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofmin14minn#page/542/mode/2up|volume=XIV|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|location=St. Paul, MN|access-date=December 21, 2020}}

[[User:TheTechnician27|TheTechnician27]] [[User talk:TheTechnician27|(Talk page)]] 07:59, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Disambiguation link notification for December 23==

An automated process has detected that when you recently edited [[Socrates Nelson]], you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page [[Saint Louis]].

([[User:DPL bot|Opt-out instructions]].) --[[User:DPL bot|DPL bot]] ([[User talk:DPL bot|talk]]) 06:19, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yo Ho Ho==
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[[User:Donner60|Donner60]] ([[User talk:Donner60|talk]]) is wishing a foaming mug of [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|Seasons Greetings]]! Whether you celebrate your hemisphere's [[Solstice]] or [[Christmas]], [[Diwali]], [[Hogmanay]], [[Hanukkah]], [[Lenaia]], [[Festivus]] or even the [[Saturnalia]], this is a special time of year for almost everyone! 

Spread the holiday cheer by adding {{[[WP:SUBST|subst]]:[[User:WereSpielChequers/Dec20]]}} to your friends' talk pages.
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== A New Year With Women in Red! ==

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'''Online events:'''
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==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Category:People by state in Georgia (U.S. state)]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Category:People by state in Georgia (U.S. state)]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#C1|section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a [[:Category:Disambiguation categories|disambiguation category]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia soft redirected categories|category redirect]], a [[:Category:Wikipedia featured topics categories|featured topics category]], under discussion at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion|Categories for discussion]], or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Category:People by state in Georgia (U.S. state)|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 16:34, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Socrates Nelson==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2021/January#7 January 2021|7 January 2021]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Socrates Nelson]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that '''[[Socrates Nelson]]''' sold a block of land to the city of [[Stillwater, Minnesota]], for $5 in 1867 for the building of a new county courthouse?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Socrates Nelson]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2020-12-28&end=2021-01-17&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Socrates_Nelson Socrates Nelson]), and if they received a combined total of at least 416.7 views per hour (ie, 5,000 views in 12 hours or 10,000 in 24), the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]]. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Maile66|— Maile ]] ([[User talk:Maile66|talk]]) 12:02, 7 January 2021 (UTC)
== Nomination of [[:Kraft, Kentucky]] for deletion ==
<div class="afd-notice">
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[:Kraft, Kentucky]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kraft, Kentucky]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.
</div> [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] [[User talk:Hog Farm|Bacon]] 21:02, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

== February 2021 at Women in Red ==

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== Tank you ==

Hello [[User:RFD|RFD]] 
I' m very glad about your frindly welcome, and I am delighted in a fruitful cooperation. Many regards to you. --[[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 16:38, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

User talk:Centpacrr

2021-02-21T23:41:20Z

Killerkürbis: /* Write error */ new section

<center>[[File:Centpacrr_Wikipedia_Userpage_logo.jpeg]]</center>
{{User wikipedia/Anti-Administrator}}{{Userbox | border-c = #999 | border-s = 1 | id-c = grey | id-s = 8 | id-fc = white | info-c = #EEE | info-s = 8 | info-fc = black | id = POST NO AWARDS | info = Please post no "Barnstars" or other forms of WP merit badges as these are not why I contribute to Wikipedia. | float = right }}
<center>NOTE: Before raising any issue(s) of WP policy or guidelines in here, please consult [[Wikipedia:How_many_Wikipedians_does_it_take_to_screw_in_a_lightbulb%3F|'''this''']] first.</center>
<center>March 24, 2018Last Archived: ''Threads inactive for three or more days may have been archived''</center>
<center>'''* * *'''</center>

== Irrelevance of the day of the week 30 years after something happened ==

Re [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelle_Lindbergh&oldid=prev&diff=820709389 your edit summary here]:

"Tha accident happened after a team party following a Saturday night game with Boston in the early morning hours of Sunday."

Can you explain to me how this is different from, say,

"The accident happened after a team party following a Friday night game with Boston in the early morning hours of Saturday."

or

"The accident happened after a team party following a Thursday night game with Boston in the early morning hours of Friday."

All I see as relevant (and I am old enough to remember when this happened) is that he died in the early morning hours after a game the previous evening. I do not see why the day of the week is, over 30 years after this happened, so essential we have to use it in the text. Using the actual dates is enough for the reader to know and distinguish between the two days. There is nothing about his death that requires knowing which day of the week it happened on to understand.

I would point out that neither [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales]] nor [[Pearl Harbor attack]] give the day of the week those events occurred in their ledes. And those events were of much more moment than the death of Pelle Lindbergh. (Also, none of our biographical articles give days of the week for their subjects' birth and death dates). [[User:Daniel Case|Daniel Case]] ([[User talk:Daniel Case|talk]]) 05:52, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
:It puzzles me why you are making such a big deal about two words of relevant, accurate information which has been in this entry for more than two years. It certainly does not in any way violate any guidelines or policies of the Wikipedia Project. I was in fact with Pelle, who was a good friend of mine, until just a few hours before his accident. He did not play in the game on that Saturday night against Boston in which he served as the backup to Bob Froese. The reason that the team had the party at the practice facility after the game that night was because a) it was a Saturday (as opposed to a weekday) night, and b) that the Flyers had an unusual six day break before the next game and so would not practice or play the next day (Sunday). Had one or the other of these not been the case, the team would not have had a late night/early morning team party that Saturday night and Pelle would not have been involved in the accident that killed him. Thus the day of the week and time of day (i.e. "early Sunday morning) was a significant element in why the accident happened. [[User:Centpacrr|Centpacrr]] ([[User talk:Centpacrr#top|talk]]) 07:12, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
::OK, responding after about two and a half months, I see your point (and I am sorry if I came across as brusque; I was unaware that you had known him and I apologize for any hurt feelings).It would be helpful if we got some of this context in the article—I remember when this happened the unusual in-season near-week off was cited as a reason why the Flyers would have a party that Saturday, something not otherwise done by NHL teams during the regular season. Perhaps, if the sources cited have that information (or if not, we can find them), we can begin that section on his death by giving that context (which the article doesn't really have as written). I would be happy to draft some text for that for your approval before putting it in the article. [[User:Daniel Case|Daniel Case]] ([[User talk:Daniel Case|talk]]) 23:29, 24 March 2018 (UTC)
:::I have added the following sentence to the lede: "Lindbergh died at age 26 as the result of a single vehicle auto accident following a late Saturday night in season team party." [[User:Centpacrr|Centpacrr]] ([[User talk:Centpacrr#top|talk]]) 23:54, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

==Commons post==
I dropped a post on [[:c:User talk:Centpacrr#Retouching question|your commons talk page]] earlier this month, but maybe you have not been opening it recently. What do you think? Just ping me either place. Thanks [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 09:49, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

== Suggested reading ==

I wrote [[Gregg Pilling|this new article]], and I thought you might be interested. Cheers! [[User:Flibirigit|Flibirigit]] ([[User talk:Flibirigit|talk]]) 19:55, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

{{DYK talk|3 May|2018|entry= ... that [[ice hockey]] coach '''[[Gregg Pilling]]''' attempted to serve a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] himself, instead of putting a player in the [[penalty box]]?|nompage=Template:Did you know nominations/Gregg Pilling}} Cheers, [[User:Flibirigit|Flibirigit]] ([[User talk:Flibirigit|talk]]) 14:14, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
==Image copyright problem with File:Palace Hotel Pied Piper Mural.jpg==
[[Image:Copyright-problem.svg|64px|left|alt=Image Copyright problem|link=]]
Thank you for uploading [[:File:Palace Hotel Pied Piper Mural.jpg]].

This image is a [[derivative work]], containing an "image within an image". Examples of such images would include a photograph of a sculpture, a scan of a magazine cover, or a screenshot of a computer game or movie. In each of these cases, the rights of the creator of the original image must be considered, as well as those of the creator of the derivative work.

While the image description page states the source and copyright status of the derivative work, it only names the creator of the original work without specifying the status of their copyright over the work.

Wikipedia takes [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright]] very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the '''license''' and the '''source''' of the original image. If you know this information, then you can add a '''[[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|copyright tag]]''' to the [[Help:Image page|image description page]].

If you have uploaded other derivative works, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user=Centpacrr}} your upload log].

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. {{You can request undeletion}} Thanks again for your cooperation. [[User:Kelly|'''Kelly''']] [[User talk:Kelly|hi!]] 08:55, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

== [Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India)] Discussion on selection criteria ==

Greetings, '''Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India)''' is proposed workshop funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, to equip users from the Indian community with the skills to illustrate using Inkscape and similar tools. This is basically the first of its kind workshop. So we've opened up an open discussion on Meta-Wiki about the selection criteria for participants. As you've a quite decent experience in this area, your opinion will be very helpful. Please given your comments at '''[[:m:Talk:Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018_India)#Ideal participation]]'''. The discussion will be open until the end of 25 May 2018. Regards, [[User:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga|Krishna Chaitanya Velaga]] ([[User_talk:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga|talk]] • [[Special:EmailUser/Krishna_Chaitanya_Velaga|mail]]) 11:41, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
==[[:File:Caroline Agnes Brady.jpg]]==
[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=]]Hi, I'm RonBot, a script that checks new non-free file uploads. I have found that the subject image that you recently uploaded was more than 5% in excess of the Non-free content guideline size of 100,000 pixels. I have tagged the image for a standard reduction, which (for jpg/gif/png/svg files) normally happens within a day. Please check the reduced image, and make sure that the image is not excessively corrupted. Other files will be added to [[:Category:Wikipedia non-free file size reduction requests for manual processing]]. There is a full seven-day period before the original oversized image will be hidden; during that time you might want to consider editing the original image yourself (perhaps an initial crop to allow a smaller reduction or none at all). A formula for calculation the desired size can be found at [[WP:Image resolution]], along with instructions on how to tag the image in the rare cases that it requires an oversized image (typically about 0.2% of non-free uploads are tagged as necessarily oversized). Please contact the [[User talk:Ronhjones|bot owner]] if you have any questions, or you can ask them at [[Wikipedia talk:Non-free content]]. [[User:RonBot|RonBot]] ([[User talk:RonBot|talk]]) 17:07, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
:Hey there {{u|Centpacrr}}, any chance you still have the original file of this that you uploaded? I have a copy of the version that you cleaned, but not of the end result; it would be nice to have a copy of the full resolution image as well. Thanks, --[[User:Usernameunique|Usernameunique]] ([[User talk:Usernameunique|talk]]) 19:52, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
::All I have is this. http://centpacrr.com/Caroline_Agnes_Brady.jpg [[User:Centpacrr|Centpacrr]] ([[User talk:Centpacrr#top|talk]]) 20:49, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

== Techwriter2B has been using a certain IP range since 2014 ==

Hello, Centpacrr. I was reading the LTA pages when I came across the Techwriter2B entry. I've noticed he's been using a certain IP address range since 2014: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/32.218.0.0/16&offset=&limit=500&target=32.218.0.0%2F16 - this is the address range. The edit summaries, tone, topics of interest, their form of incivility, all match with this LTA. [[User:Lolifan|Lolifan]] ([[User talk:Lolifan|talk]]) 20:48, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

:Thanks for the heads up. This guy is a real trouble maker. [[User:Centpacrr|Centpacrr]] ([[User talk:Centpacrr#top|talk]]) 21:03, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

== Lady gaga ==

Hi, do you think you could have a look at our request [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Illustration_workshop#Lady_Gaga_image here] ? Best. [[User:ArturSik|ArturSik]] ([[User talk:ArturSik|talk]]) 10:39, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

== ArbCom 2018 election voter message ==

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==Xmas==
:[[File:2018 XMAS.pdf|thumb|left|150px]] [[User:Bzuk|FWiW Bzuk]] ([[User talk:Bzuk|talk]]) 00:57, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
== File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg listed for discussion ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]] A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2019 July 1#File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you.  [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 19:56, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
== [[:File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg]] listed for discussion ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]] A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2019 July 1#File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. 
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== [[:File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg]] listed for discussion ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]] A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2019 August 20#File:"WE" Author's Autograph Page.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. 
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== [[Vajont Dam]] ==
Please, if there isn't copyright, someone can upload here the photographies from these Italian sites about the most important protagonist about that disaster on commons: [https://giovanigeologiallosbaraglio.com/2018/05/17/premio-giorgio-dal-piaz-geologia-e-paleontologia-scadenza-31-maggio/ 1], [http://www.istitutoveneto.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1012 2], [https://archivioivsla.archiui.it/oggetti/35-archivio-dal-piaz/ 3], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284162016_Geology_of_the_Alps_From_Giorgio_to_Giorgio_Vittorio_Dal_Piaz 4], [http://www.pisatoday.it/cronaca/mostra-vajont-foto-edoardo-semenza-pisa.html 5], [http://www.unife.it/news/2013/ottobre/50-anni-dalla-tragedia-del-vajont-il-prof-franco-mantovani-ricorda-edoardo-semenza-docente-unife-e-figlio-del-progettista-e-costruttore-della-diga 6], [http://www.today.it/cronaca/anniversario-vajont-mostra-foto-edoardo-semenza.html 7], [http://www.federicoferrero.it/?p=159 8],
[https://graceunderpressure1.blogspot.com/2012/06/vite-straordinarie-ingegner-carlo.html 9], [https://www.progettodighe.it/gallery/displayimage.php?pid=12157 10], [https://cafebabel.com/it/article/1963-2013-cinquantanni-dal-vajont-5ae008bbf723b35a145e4091/ 11], [https://www.progettodighe.it/gallery/displayimage.php?album=12&pid=21230#top_display_media 12], [https://www.facebook.com/pg/ingegnercarlosemenza/photos/?ref=page_internal 13], [http://www.setificio.gov.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/archivio_materiali/biennio_archivio/vajont/68-97.html 14], [http://racconta.gelocal.it/corrierealpi/vajont/index.php?page=scheda&id=1543 15], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320115881_Francesco_Penta_a_1899_boy 16], [http://legacy.ingv.it/comunicati-stampa/ANNO_2007/comunicati%20stampa/italia%202007/210207_caloi.html 17], [http://www.giorgiotemporelli.it/sites/default/files/articoli/63_vajontealtridisastri_2.pdf 18]. Thank you very much. --[[Special:Contributions/87.4.70.228|87.4.70.228]] 09:20, 1 October 2019 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/87.4.70.228|87.4.70.228]] ([[User talk:87.4.70.228#top|talk]]) 

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==Season's Greetings==
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== Write error ==

Hello [[User:Centpacrr|Centpacrr]] 
Found a Typo here: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walther_P38_1943_Whermacht.jpg# – It should spelled "We'''h'''rmacht" instead of ''Whermacht'' in the headline and also file history (several times). Greetings +have a nice day --[[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 23:41, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

Angel Heart

2021-02-19T04:12:46Z

Killerkürbis: /* Plot */She wasn't raped - she had ecstatic (incestuous) sex with Angel previously

{{Other uses}}
{{short description|1987 film}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Angel Heart
| image = Angel Heart.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Alan Parker]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alan Marshall (producer)|Alan Marshall]]
* [[Elliott Kastner]]}}
| screenplay = Alan Parker
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Falling Angel]]''|[[William Hjortsberg]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mickey Rourke]]
* [[Robert De Niro]]
* [[Lisa Bonet]]
* [[Charlotte Rampling]]}}
| music = [[Trevor Jones (composer)|Trevor Jones]]
| cinematography = [[Michael Seresin]]
| editing = [[Gerry Hambling]]
| studio = [[Carolco Pictures]]
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures|Tri-Star Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1987|3|6}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $18 million<ref name="Censoring" /><ref name="WaitContinues" />
| gross = $17.2 million (domestic)
}}

'''''Angel Heart''''' is a 1987 American [[neo-noir]] [[psychological horror]] film and an [[film adaptation|adaptation]] of [[William Hjortsberg]]'s 1978 novel ''[[Falling Angel]]''. The film was written and directed by [[Alan Parker]], and stars [[Mickey Rourke]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Lisa Bonet]] and [[Charlotte Rampling]]. Harry Angel (Rourke), a [[New York City]] private investigator, is hired to solve the disappearance of a man known as Johnny Favorite. His investigation takes him to [[New Orleans]], where he becomes embroiled in a series of brutal murders.

Following publication of the novel, Hjortsberg began developing the screenplay for a film adaptation, but found that no major studio was willing to produce his script. The project resurfaced in 1985, when producer [[Elliott Kastner]] brought the book to Parker's attention. Parker began work on a new script and in doing so made several changes from Hjortsberg's novel. He also met with [[Mario Kassar]] and [[Andrew G. Vajna]], who agreed to finance the $18 million production through their [[independent film]] studio [[Carolco Pictures]]. Filming took place on location in [[New York City|New York]] and New Orleans, with [[principal photography]] lasting from March 1986 to June of that year.

Weeks before its theatrical release, ''Angel Heart'' faced censorship issues from the [[Motion Picture Association|Motion Picture Association of America]] for one scene of sexual content. Parker was forced to remove ten seconds of footage to avoid an [[X rating]] and secure the [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|R rating]] that the film's distributor [[TriStar Pictures|Tri-Star Pictures]] wanted. An unrated version featuring the removed footage was later released on home video. ''Angel Heart'' received mixed reviews{{strip categories|{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}} and underperformed at the North American box office, grossing $17.2 million during its theatrical run. It has since been regarded as underappreciated and influential.

==Plot==
In 1955, Harry Angel, a [[New York City]] [[private investigator]], is contracted by a man named Louis Cyphre to track down John Liebling, a [[crooner]] known professionally as Johnny Favorite who suffered severe [[Major trauma|neurological trauma]] resulting from injuries he received in [[World War II]]. Favorite's incapacity disrupted a contract with Cyphre regarding unspecified collateral, and Cyphre believes that a private upstate hospital where Favorite was receiving radical psychiatric treatment for [[shell shock]] has falsified records. Harry goes to the hospital and discovers that the records showing Favorite's transfer were indeed falsified by a physician named Albert Fowler. After Harry breaks into his home, Fowler admits that years ago he was bribed by a man and woman so that the two could abscond with the disfigured Favorite. Believing that Fowler is still withholding information, Harry locks him in his bedroom, forcing him to suffer withdrawal from a morphine addiction. The next morning, he finds that the doctor has apparently committed suicide.

Harry tries to break his contract with Cyphre but agrees to continue the search when Cyphre offers him a large sum of money. He soon discovers that Favorite had a wealthy fiancée named Margaret Krusemark but had also begun a secret love affair with a woman named Evangeline Proudfoot. Harry travels to [[New Orleans]] and meets with Margaret, who divulges little information, telling him that Favorite is dead, or at least dead to her. Harry then discovers that Evangeline died several years previously, but is survived by her 17-year-old daughter, Epiphany Proudfoot, who was conceived during her mother's love affair with Favorite. When Epiphany is reluctant to speak, Harry tracks down Toots Sweet, a [[blues]] guitarist and former Favorite bandmate. After Harry uses force to try to extract details of Favorite's last known whereabouts, Toots refers him back to Margaret. The following morning, police detectives inform Harry that Toots has been murdered. Harry returns to Margaret's home, where he finds her murdered, her heart removed with a ceremonial knife. He is later attacked by enforcers of Ethan Krusemark—a powerful Louisiana patriarch and Margaret's father—who tell him to leave town.

Harry returns to his hotel and finds Epiphany on his doorstep. He invites her into his room, where they have aggressive sex during which Harry has visions of blood dripping from the ceiling and splashing around the room. He later confronts Krusemark in a [[gumbo]] hut, where the latter reveals that he and Margaret were the ones who took Favorite from the hospital. He also explains that Favorite was actually a powerful magician who [[Deal with the Devil|sold his soul to Satan]] in exchange for stardom. He got his stardom but then sought to renege on the bargain. To do so, Favorite kidnapped a young soldier from [[Times Square]] and performed a [[Satanism|Satanic ritual]] on the boy, murdering him and eating his still-beating heart in order to steal his soul. Favorite planned to assume the identity of the murdered soldier but was drafted and then injured overseas. Suffering severe facial trauma and amnesia, Favorite was sent to the hospital for treatment. After Krusemark and his daughter took him from the hospital, they left him at [[Times Square]] on New Year's Eve 1943 (the date on the falsified hospital records). While hearing Krusemark's story, Harry runs into the bathroom, vomits and continually asks the identity of the soldier. He returns to find Krusemark drowned in a cauldron of boiling gumbo.

Harry goes to Margaret's home, where he finds a vase containing the soldier's [[dog tag]]—stamped with the name of Harold Angel. Harry cries out as he realizes that he and Johnny Favorite are, in fact, the same person. Cyphre then appears, and Harry deduces that "Louis Cyphre" is a [[homophone]] for [[Lucifer]]. Cyphre reveals himself to be Satan himself and, as his eyes glow, he proclaims that he can at long last claim what is his: Favorite's immortal soul. Harry insists that he knows who he is and has never killed anyone, but as he looks at his reflection in a mirror, his repressed memories showing him killing Fowler, Toots, the Krusemarks, and Epiphany come flooding back.

A frantic Harry returns to his hotel room, where the police have found Epiphany brutally murdered. Harry's dog tags are on her body. A police officer enters the room carrying Epiphany's young son, who Harry realizes is his grandchild. The police detective tells Harry that he will "burn" for what he has done to Epiphany, to which Harry replies, "I know. In [[Hell]]." Harry sees the child's eyes glow, just as Cyphre's had at their last meeting. During the [[end credits]], Harry is seen standing inside an iron [[Otis Elevator Company|Otis elevator]] that is interminably descending, presumably to Hell. As the screen fades to black, Cyphre can be heard whispering, "Harry" and "Johnny", claiming his dominion over both their souls.

==Cast==
{{div col|content=
* [[Mickey Rourke]] as Harry Angel
* [[Robert De Niro]] as Louis Cyphre
* [[Lisa Bonet]] as Epiphany Proudfoot
* [[Charlotte Rampling]] as Margaret Krusemark
* [[Stocker Fontelieu]] as Ethan Krusemark
* [[Brownie McGhee]] as Toots Sweet
* [[Michael Higgins (actor)|Michael Higgins]] as Dr. Albert Fowler
* [[Elizabeth Whitcraft]] as Connie
* [[Charles Gordone]] as Spider Simpson
* [[Dann Florek]] as Herman Winesap
* [[Kathleen Wilhoite]] as Nurse
* [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]] as Detective [[Deimos (deity)|Deimos]]
}}

==Production==

===Development===
{{quote box|quote="The original attraction was the fusion of two genres—the detective film and the
supernatural."|source=—Alan Parker, writer and director.<ref name="Parker" /><ref>{{cite video| people = Parker, Alan|title = Audio commentary for ''Angel Heart'' |medium=[[Blu-ray]]|publisher=[[Lionsgate]], [[StudioCanal]]|date = November 24, 2009 }}</ref>|width=35%|}}
Following publication of his 1978 novel ''[[Falling Angel]]'', [[William Hjortsberg]] began work on a [[film adaptation]]. His friend, [[production designer]] [[Richard Sylbert]], took the book's [[manuscript]] to producer [[Robert Evans (producer)|Robert Evans]].<ref name="Hjortsberg">{{cite web|title=Angel Heart - by William Hjortsberg|url=http://www.williamhjortsberg.com/angelheart.html|publisher=WilliamHjortsberg.com|author=Hjortsberg, William|author-link=William Hjortsberg|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The [[film rights]] to the novel had been [[Option (filmmaking)|optioned]] by [[Paramount Pictures]], with Evans slated to produce the film, [[John Frankenheimer]] hired to direct, and Hjortsberg acting as screenwriter.<ref name="AFI">{{cite web|title=AFI Catalog - Angel Heart|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68360-ANGEL-HEART?cxt=filmography|work=[[American Film Institute]] (AFI)|publisher=AFI|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> Frankenheimer was later replaced by [[Dick Richards]], and [[Dustin Hoffman]] was being considered for the lead role.<ref name="AFI" /> After Paramount's option expired, Hjortsberg discussed the project with [[Robert Redford]] and wrote two drafts. Hjortsberg, however, felt that no [[film studio]] was willing to produce his script. He reflected, "Even with [Redford] behind the script, studio executives weren't interested. 'Why can't it have a happy ending?' every bigshot demanded."<ref name="Hjortsberg" />

In 1985, producer [[Elliott Kastner]] met with [[Alan Parker]] at [[Pinewood Studios]] to discuss a film adaptation of the novel. Parker, who had read the book following its publication, agreed to write the screenplay. He met with Hjortsberg in London<ref name="Hjortsberg" /> before moving to [[New York City|New York]], where he wrote most of the script.<ref name="Parker">{{cite book | author1=David F. Gonthier, Jr.|author2=Timothy L. O'Brien | title = The Films of Alan Parker, 1976-2003 | date = May 2015 | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]]|location = United States | chapter = 8. ''Angel Heart'', 1987 | pages = 138–161| isbn = 978-0786497256}}</ref><ref name="Essay">{{cite web|title=Angel Heart - Alan Parker - Director, Writer, Producer - Official Website|url=http://alanparker.com/film/angel-heart/making/|work=AlanParker.com|publisher=AlanParker.com|author=Parker, Alan|author-link=Alan Parker|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> After completing the first draft in September 1985, Parker traveled to Rome, Italy, where he brought the script to [[Mario Kassar]] and [[Andrew G. Vajna]]. The two producers agreed to finance the film through their [[independent film]] studio, [[Carolco Pictures]],<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" /> and Parker was given [[artistic control|creative control]].<ref name="Upheld">{{cite web|title=X RATING FOR 'ANGEL HEART' IS UPHELD|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/14/movies/x-rating-for-angel-heart-is-upheld.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|last=Harmetz|first=Aljean|date=February 14, 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> [[Pre-production]] work on ''Angel Heart'' began in January 1986 in New York, where Parker selected the creative team, reuniting with several of his past collaborators, including producer [[Alan Marshall (producer)|Alan Marshall]], [[cinematographer|director of photography]] [[Michael Seresin]], [[camera operator]] Michael Roberts, production designer [[Brian Morris (art director)|Brian Morris]] and [[film editing|editor]] [[Gerry Hambling]].<ref name="Essay" />

===Writing===
Parker made several changes from the novel. He titled his script ''Angel Heart'' as he wanted to distance his film adaptation from the source material.<ref name="Essay" /> While ''Falling Angel'' is set entirely in New York City, Parker had the second half of his script take place in New Orleans, based on the novel's perpetual allusions to [[Louisiana Voodoo|voodoo]] and the occult.<ref name="Parker" /> He discussed the story-setting change to Hjortsberg, who approved of the decision; the author revealed to Parker that he had also thought of setting his novel in New Orleans.<ref name="Essay" /> ''Angel Heart'' is set in the year 1955, whereas in the book the events take place in 1959. He explained, "The book is set in 1959 and I moved it to 1955 for a small but selfish reason. 1959 was on the way to the 1960s with its changing attitudes as well as environments. 1955 for me still belonged to the 1940s—and, because of the historical pause button of [[World War II]], conceivably the 1930s—so quite simply, setting it in this year allowed me to give an older look to the film."<ref name="Essay" />

Other script changes from the novel involved characterization and dialogue. Parker sought to make Harry Angel a character that evoked sympathy. He said, "In the tradition of the down-at-heel gumshoe, his phlegmatic surface disguised an intelligence capable of unraveling a complicated, larger-than-life story with a degree of belief and conciseness. Also he had to be attractive to audiences while enlightening them, little by little, along the way."<ref name="Essay" /> Parker also established Angel as being born on February 14—[[Valentine's Day]]—the same date as his own birthday. He explained that it was "for no particular reason other than Valentine’s Day might be easy to remember in a labyrinthine script and the heart reference seemed to have some resonance".<ref name="Essay" /> Parker also wanted to create a realistic depiction of Louis Cyphre, as opposed to the character's "larger-than-life" personality in the novel.<ref name="Essay" /> Another script change involved the ending and the identity of the killer. While Angel is framed for the murders (presumably by Cyphre) in the novel, Parker established the character as the killer for the film's ending.<ref name="Parker" />

===Casting===
[[File:Mickey Rourke Tribeca 2009 Shankbone.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mickey Rourke, who stars in the film]]
Parker originally wanted [[Robert De Niro]] to play the role of Harry Angel, but the actor expressed interest in making a [[cameo appearance]] as mysterious benefactor [[Lucifer|Louis Cyphre]]. De Niro, however, did not fully commit to the role until after frequent discussions with Parker. The director reflected, "I had been courting [De Niro] to play [Cyphre] in ''Angel Heart'' for some months and we had met a few times—and he had continued to bombard me with questions examining every dot and comma of my script. I had walked him through the locations we had found, read through the screenplay sitting on the floor of a dank, disused church in Harlem and finally he said ‘yes’."<ref name="Essay" />

[[Jack Nicholson]] and [[Mickey Rourke]] were also considered for the role of Angel. Parker met with Nicholson in Los Angeles to discuss the project. Nicholson ultimately passed on the role. Parker said, "I did my [[pitch (filmmaking)|pitch]] and he was most gracious, although, to be honest, he was quite distracted at the time... my movie and the possibility of him taking part seemed to slip from his immediate area of concentration and interest."<ref name="Essay" /> Parker then met with Rourke, who expressed a strong interest in playing Angel and secured the leading role after a meeting with Parker in New York.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" />

Various actresses auditioned for the role of Epiphany Proudfoot before [[Lisa Bonet]] secured the part. Bonet was then known for her role on the family-oriented sitcom ''[[The Cosby Show]]'', and her casting in ''Angel Heart'' sparked significant controversy.<ref name="Heartache">{{cite web|title=Bonet's 'Angel' Heartache|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1987-02-26/entertainment/ca-5858_1_angel-heart|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=Los Angeles Times|last=Valle|first=Victor|date=February 26, 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Before securing the role, Bonet discussed it with [[Bill Cosby]], who encouraged her decision to appear in the film.<ref name="Heartache" /> Parker cast Bonet based on the strength of her audition<ref name="Essay" /> and was unaware of her role on ''The Cosby Show''.<ref name="Parker" /> "I didn't hire [Bonet] because of ''The Cosby Show''," he said. "I have never even seen the show. I hired her because she was right for the role."<ref>{{cite news|first=Victor|last=Valle|date=March 2, 1987|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19870302&id=VcMhAAAAIBAJ&pg=4221,3126124&hl=en| title=Actress Lisa Bonet transcends to the 'Angel Heart' controversy|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]| location=[[Reading, Pennsylvania]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> On preparing for the role, Bonet said, "I did a lot of meditation and a lot of self-inquiry. I did some research on voodoo. My earnest endeavor was really to let go of all my inhibitions. It was really necessary for me to be able to let go of Lisa and let Epiphany take over."<ref name="NewsOK">{{cite web|title=Cosby Kid' Not Concerned About Her Image |url=http://www.newsok.com/article/2179004|work=[[The Oklahoman|News OK]]|publisher=News OK|last=Frazier|first=Tony|date=March 13, 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

Parker had difficulty finding an actress for the role of Margaret Krusemark. "Although it’s a small part in the film, the character is omnipresent in the dialogue and [the actress] had to have the right balance of class and eccentricity," he said. "I read many actresses for the part without much success." Rourke then suggested English actress [[Charlotte Rampling]], who secured the role after Parker contacted her to discuss the part.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" />

In January 1986, Parker held an open [[Casting (performing arts)|casting call]] at a New York nightclub known as The Kamikaze, with more than 1,400 people auditioning for various roles. "I managed to read a short scene with 600 of them as they were filtered through to me," he said.<ref name="Essay" /> Actress [[Elizabeth Whitcraft]], who had a small role in Parker's previous film ''[[Birdy (film)|Birdy]]'' was cast as Connie, a journalist who aids Angel in his investigation.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" /> Parker held another casting call in New Orleans, where he requested that local musicians audition for possible roles in the film. [[Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown]] and [[Deacon John Moore]] were among the many musicians who auditioned for roles. Moore was cast as Toots Sweet's bandmate.<ref name="Essay" /> Parker then returned to New York, where he auditioned other musicians, including [[Bo Diddley]] and [[Dizzy Gillespie]]. [[Blues]] guitarist [[Brownie McGhee]], who plays Toots Sweet, was cast during the film's [[principal photography]].<ref name="Essay" />

===Filming===
[[File:Alan Parker (Director), London, 2012.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alan Parker in 2012]]
During the casting process, Parker and producer Alan Marshall began [[location scouting|scouting locations]] in [[New York City]]. The director looked at [[Harlem]], believing that the neighborhood was "as un-photographed as other parts of New York are over-used."<ref name="Essay" /> On January 20, 1986, he travelled to [[New Orleans]], where he continued writing the script. Parker looked at unused buildings located on [[Royal Street, New Orleans|Royal Street]] that would act as a hotel and an abandoned house on [[Magazine Street]] that would serve as the home of Margaret Krusemark (Rampling).<ref name="Essay" /> He returned to [[New York City|New York]], where he looked at [[Staten Island]] and [[Coney Island]].<ref name="Essay" /> Parker's script for ''Angel Heart'' required that a total of 78 locations be used for filming between New York and New Orleans.<ref name="Essay" />

[[Principal photography]] for ''Angel Heart'' began on March 31, 1986, and concluded on June 20, 1986,<ref name="Essay" /> on a budget of $18 million.<ref name="Censoring">{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-06-26/features/8702240529_1_angel-heart-film-voodoo|title=Parker Avenges 'Angel Heart' Censoring|author=United Press International|date=August 3, 1987|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|publisher=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="WaitContinues">{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1987-02-23/entertainment/ca-3260_1_ratings-board|title=Parker Avenges 'Angel Heart' Censoring|last=Matthews|first=Jack|date=February 23, 1987|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Filming began in Eldridge Street, [[Manhattan]], New York City, which acted as Harry Angel's neighbourhood. Production designer Brian Morris and the set-decorating team spent two months designing the set prior to filming, hoping to recreate 1950s New York. Because of the warm weather conditions, ice trucks were used to create fake snow.<ref name="Essay" /> Filming then moved to [[Alphabet City, Manhattan|Alphabet City]] in Manhattan, where several bar scenes and Angel's intimate bedroom scene with Connie (Whitcraft) were filmed.<ref name="Essay" />

The ''Angel Heart'' production team then moved to Harlem to film a chase scene set during a [[procession]] before moving to Coney Island, where the cast and crew underwent severely cold weather conditions. The location was used to film a scene in which Angel questions a man, Izzy (George Buck), about the whereabouts of Johnny Favorite while Izzy's wife Bo (Judith Drake) stands waist deep in the ocean. The original actress who was cast as Bo was injured when she was knocked off her feet by a wave while delivering her first line. The actress refused to reshoot the scene, which led to her being replaced by her stand-in, Drake, whom Parker found to be a better actress for the role.<ref name="Essay" />

Production returned to Manhattan to film the [[opening credits]] sequence.<ref name="Essay" /> Filming then moved to Harlem, New York, where a [[hospice]] was used to film a scene involving the character Spider Simpson ([[Charles Gordone]]), and many of the hospice's elderly residents acted as extras for the scene.<ref name="Essay" /> On April 17, 1986, the production team moved to Staten Island to film exterior and interior scenes involving the character Dr. Fowler (Michael Higgins). Filming then moved to [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], which doubled for a scene set in a New Orleans train station. From April 28 to April 29, 1986, the ''Angel Heart'' production team returned to Harlem, where Parker filmed Rourke and De Niro's scene in a Harlem [[Mission (Christianity)|mission]]. The two actors next filmed a scene at Lanza's, an Italian restaurant located on the [[Lower East Side]].<ref name="Essay" />

By May 3, 1986, production had moved to New Orleans.<ref name="Essay" /> In the town of [[Thibodaux, Louisiana]], Parker and his crew discovered an entire plantation workers' village that would serve as a graveyard. He said, "We had the good fortune to find an entire plantation workers’ village almost intact and, with careful dressing, this became Epiphany's world. The graveyard was a dressed set, but much of what we filmed was already there."<ref name="Essay" /> An unused Louisiana field was used to create a racetrack where Angel meets the wealthy patriarch Ethan Krusemark (Fontelieu).<ref name="Essay" /> On May 13, the crew encountered some difficulty filming a chase scene involving Angel, as they had to deal with shying horses, trained dogs, gunshots, two hundred chickens, and a horse specially trained to fall on top of Rourke’s stuntman.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" />

Production then moved to Magazine Street, where production designer Brian Morris and the art department attempted to recreate 1950s New Orleans. Parker said of the set, "As in New York, we had dressed and clad every single storefront as far as the eye could see in order to be authentic to the period, and drained everything of all primary colours for our monochromatic look."<ref name="Essay" /> Filming then moved to [[Jackson Square (New Orleans)|Jackson Square]] where the crew filmed one of the final scenes, in which Angel runs from Margaret's home. The production then filmed a voodoo ceremony scene choreographed by [[Louis Falco]]. Falco, who had previously choreographed Parker's 1980 film ''[[Fame (1980 film)|Fame]]'', based the scene on an actual Haitian ceremony.<ref name="Essay" />

The [[sex scene]] involving Rourke and Bonet was filmed in one of the unused buildings located on Royal Street and took four hours to shoot. Parker limited the crew to himself, cinematographer Michael Seresin, camera operator Michael Roberts, and the camera assistant. To make the actors more comfortable, Parker played music during the shoot.<ref name="Essay" /> Production then moved to a corner of New Orleans, which doubled for flashback sequences set in 1943 [[Times Square]], New York. The crew then discovered an unused bus depot, which was used to film scenes set in Ethan Krusemark's [[gumbo]] hut.<ref name="Essay" /> Filming then moved to the [[St. Alphonsus Church, New Orleans|St. Alphonsus Church]], where the crew filmed a dialogue scene between Angel and Cyphre.<ref name="Essay" /> Production returned to Royal Street in the [[French Quarter]], where the final confrontation between Angel and Cyphre and the film's ending were shot.<ref name="Essay" />

===Editing and censorship===
{{quote box|quote="[The MPAA] can't ban a movie but this is, in a way, blackmail. I think I'm a responsible film maker. I had complete [[Artistic control|creative freedom]], so if there's anything offensive about ''Angel Heart'', I'm responsible for it."|source=—Parker on the MPAA's decision to give ''Angel Heart'' an X rating.<ref name="Upheld" />|width=35%|}}

After filming concluded in June 1986, Parker spent four months editing the film in Europe, with 400,000 feet of [[film stock|film]] and 1,100 different shots.<ref name="Essay" /> The [[Motion Picture Association|Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA) gave the original cut of ''Angel Heart'' an [[X rating]], which is widely associated with [[pornographic film]]s.<ref name="Upheld" /> The board, composed of industry executives and theater owners,<ref name="Upheld" /> expressed concerns over several seconds of the [[sex scene]] involving Rourke and Bonet in which Rourke's buttocks are seen thrusting in a sexual motion.<ref name="Parker" /><ref name="Essay" /> Parker appealed the rating but did not receive the two-thirds vote required to reclassify the film to an [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|R rating]].<ref name="Upheld" />

The film's distributor [[TriStar Pictures|Tri-Star Pictures]] refused to release it with an X rating, as the film would have fewer theaters willing to book it and fewer venues for advertising;<ref name="Upheld" /> Steve Randall, executive vice-president of marketing for Tri-Star, stated that it was the studio's "firm policy not to release an X-rated film."<ref name="Upheld" /> With only a few weeks before the film's release, the studio was desperate for the less-restrictive R rating, but Parker was reluctant to alter the film.<ref name="Parker" /> He filed another appeal,<ref name="Upheld" /> on which the board voted 8 to 6 in favor of the X rating.<ref>{{cite web|title=Appeals Board Upholds 'Angel Heart' X Rating|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/21/movies/appeals-board-upholds-angel-heart-x-rating.html|work=The New York Times|date=February 21, 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Parker then removed ten seconds of [[sexual content]] from the scene.<ref>{{cite news|first=Aljean|last=Harmetz|date=March 7, 1987|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19870307&id=w29eAAAAIBAJ&pg=2772,1010398&hl|title='Angel Heart' refuels ratings controversy|newspaper=[[Observer–Reporter]]|location=[[Washington, Pennsylvania]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> "That scene was very complex, very intricate, and the cutting quite rapid, involving 60 to 80 cuts in the space of about two minutes," he said. "Eventually, I cut only 10 seconds from the scene, or about 14 feet of film."<ref name="Censoring"/> On February 24, 1987, the film was granted an R rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-02-26/features/8701120786_1_million-box-office-black-widow|title='Angel Heart' Gets Its R|date=February 26, 1987|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|publisher=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Parker later stated that the MPAA's concerns led to "a wasteful, pointless and expensive exercise".<ref name="Essay" />

===Music===
The [[film score|score]] was produced and composed by [[Trevor Jones (composer)|Trevor Jones]], with [[saxophone]] solos by British [[jazz]] musician [[Courtney Pine]].<ref name="Essay" /><ref name="Soundtrack">{{Cite AV media notes|title=Angel Heart (Original Soundtrack Album)|medium=[[LP record]] cover|id=5014474287091|page=Back of album cover|author=Parker, Alan|publisher = [[Antilles Records]], [[Island Records]]|location=United Kingdom }}</ref><ref name="CDUniverse">{{cite web|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1056817/a/angel+heart.htm|title=Angel Heart Soundtrack CD Album|work=CD Universe|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Parker hired Jones based on his work for the 1986 film ''[[Runaway Train (film)|Runaway Train]]''.<ref name="Soundtrack" /> After meeting with the director, Jones viewed a [[rough cut]] version of the film. He stated, "When I sat in the screening room all by myself and began to see those images, I was shaking like a puppy when the movie ended and when I got out of the room I told [Parker] that it was a great picture, but that I didn’t understand what exactly he wanted from me. He told me that he expected me to deliver something special to the picture and...to approach the movie from whenever I chose."<ref name="Jones">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsospirit.com/entrevistas/tjones_e.php|title=Two Days with Trevor Jones at the Phone (First Day)|work=BSO Spirit|first=Sergio|last=Benitez|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

For the score, Jones wanted to explore the concept of evil, explaining, "Evil is the greatest of human fears...I tried to give that feeling to the score using daily ordinary music that would bridge the world of [Harry Angel] to that which he’s getting into, the black magic, his search. It was like a psychological journey for me always trying to relate to the fears and emotions of the audience."<ref name="Jones" /> He composed the score [[electronic music|electronically]] on a [[Synclavier]].<ref name="CinemascoreMusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.runmovies.eu/?p=25|title=An Interview with Trevor Jones by Randall D. Larson|last=Larson|first=Randall D.|date=June 12, 2013|work=The CinemaScore & Soundtrack Archives|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]|access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref> Parker chose [[Glen Gray]]'s 1937 song "Girl of My Dreams" as a recurring song performed by the [[unseen character]] Johnny Favorite. He wanted the song to act as a [[Motif (narrative)|motif]] that would haunt viewers as it had haunted Harry Angel. Jones incorporated elements of the song into his score.<ref name="Soundtrack" />

In addition to Jones's compositions, the soundtrack features a number of [[blues]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] performances, including "Honeyman Blues" by [[Bessie Smith]], and "Soul on Fire" by [[LaVern Baker]]. Brownie McGhee performed the songs "The Right Key, but the Wrong Keyhole" and "Rainy Rainy Day" for the film, with Lilian Boutte acting as a vocalist.<ref name="CDUniverse" /> Jones stated, "...the main bulk of the score was worked on with a Synclavier. Basically there were two types of music, one was the electronic stuff from the Synclavier that [Parker] wanted, and the real jazz musicians. The two work very well together in view of the film's intent."<ref name="CinemascoreMusic" />

During [[post-production]], Jones [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] the music tracks at Angel Recording Studios, a recording studio built in an abandoned church in [[Islington]], [[North London]], with final mixing taking place at Warner Hollywood Studios in Los Angeles.<ref name="Soundtrack" /> Parker said, "One of the great advantages of working with contemporary recording techniques is that we can mix onto film in a recording studio with all of the various components and options of modern, [[Multitrack recording|multi-track recordings]]. I’ve always been very mistrustful of conventional scoring, whereby a hundred musicians sit in front of the projected film and the conductor strikes up the orchestra."<ref name="Essay" /> A motion picture soundtrack album was released by the recording labels [[Antilles Records]] and [[Island Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/angel-heart-original-soundtrack-music-mr0002674754|title=Angel Heart (Original Soundtrack Music) - Trevor Jones|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundtrackinfo.com/tracks/angelheart/|title=SoundtrackINFO: Angel Heart Soundtrack (complete album tracklisting)|work=SoundtrackINFO|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

==Release==

===Box office===
In North America, ''Angel Heart'' opened in [[wide release]] on March 6, 1987, distributed by Tri-Star Pictures.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|title=Angel Heart|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=angelheart.htm|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The film debuted at number four at the weekend [[box office]], garnering ticket sales of $3,688,721 from 815 screens, with an average of $4,526 per theatre. The film's overall domestic gross was $17.2 million,<ref name="BOM" /> against a production budget of $18 million.<ref name="Censoring" /><ref name="WaitContinues" />

===Critical response===
The review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gave ''Angel Heart'' a score of 79% based on a sample of 28 reviews, with an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average]] score of 7.16/10.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://rottentomatoes.com/m/1000959-angel_heart/ |title=Angel Heart|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher= [[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=November 5, 2019}}</ref> William Hjortsberg, author of ''Falling Angel'', voiced his support of the film adaptation, stating, "[Alan] Parker wrote an excellent script and went on to make a memorable film. Casting Robert De Niro as Cyphre was a brilliant touch."<ref name="Hjortsberg" /> Although initially supportive of Bonet's decision to appear in the film, [[Bill Cosby]] dismissed ''Angel Heart'' as "a movie made by white America that cast a black girl, gave her voodoo things to do and have sex".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themuse.jezebel.com/lisa-bonet-the-cosby-show-kid-who-got-away-1677783623|title=Lisa Bonet: The Cosby Show Kid Who Got Away|last=Coker|first=Hillary Crosley|work=The Muse|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref>

Initial reactions among film critics were mixed. [[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the cinematography and production design, but criticized Rourke's performance as being "suitably intense, but to such little effect".<ref name="Canby">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE5D71F31F935A35750C0A961948260|title=Movie Review - Angel Heart - FILM: MICKEY ROURKE STARS IN 'ANGEL HEART'|author=Canby, Vincent|author-link=Vincent Canby|date= March 6, 1987 |work= The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that ''Angel Heart'' "is over-stylized, and we're over-stimulated when the soundtrack goes berserk, from a few thumpity-thumps to a visceral, ventricles a-pumping score".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/angelheartrkempley_a0caba.htm|title=Angel Heart|last=Kempley|first=Rita|date= March 6, 1987 |work=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Graham Holdings Company|The Washington Post Company]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' criticized Parker's direction: "There's no way to separate the occult from the incomprehensible... Parker simply doesn't have the gift of making evil seductive, and he edits like a flasher."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/paulinekaelreviews/a4.html|title=Kael Reviews: Angel Heart|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Kael also criticized De Niro's cameo appearance, writing, "It’s the sort of guest appearance that lazy big actors delight in—they can show up the local talent."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Secret Life of Robert De Niro|url=https://vanityfair.com/news/1987/10/robert-de-niro-life-story|first=Patricia|last=Bosworth|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=October 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

On the syndicated television program ''[[Siskel & Ebert & the Movies]]'', [[Gene Siskel]] gave ''Angel Heart'' a "thumbs down", while his colleague [[Roger Ebert]] praised the film and gave it a "thumbs up".<ref>{{cite video|people=Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert|title=[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|Siskel and Ebert and the Movies]]|date= February 28, 1987}}</ref> In his review for the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', Siskel wrote that "Parker seems more concerned with style and with hiding the film`s big mystery than with pacing."<ref name="Siskel">{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-06/entertainment/8701180397_1_star-mickey-rourke-rating-board |title=Flick Of Week: 'Angel Heart' Beating At A Sluggish Pace - tribunedigital-chicagotribune|author=Siskel, Gene|author-link=Gene Siskel|date= March 6, 1987 |work= [[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Siskel also criticized the film's controversial sex scene for not being "as shocking as the rating board would have you believe."<ref name="Siskel" />

Ebert, writing for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', gave the film three and a half stars out of four, writing that "''Angel Heart'' is a thriller and a horror movie, but most of all it's an exuberant exercise in style, in which Parker and his actors have fun taking it to the limit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19870306/REVIEWS/703060301/1023 |title=Angel Heart |author=Ebert, Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert |date= March 6, 1987 |work= [[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Ian Nathan of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' called the film "A diabolical treat with Rourke and De Niro in top form."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://empireonline.com/movies/angel-heart/review/|title=Angel Heart Review|last=Nathan|first=Ian|date= January 1, 2000|work= [[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]|publisher=Empire|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Almar Haflidason of the [[BBC]] wrote, "The movie maintains intrigue at every turn and Rourke is spellbinding. Robert De Niro, Charlotte Rampling, and the assembled cast are all excellent. But this is Mickey Rourke's movie, and he puts in a mesmerising performance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/01/25/angel_heart_1987_review.shtml|title=BBC - Films - review - Angel Heart|last=Haflidason|first=Almar|date= January 25, 2001|work= [[BBC]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Richard Luck, writing for [[Film4]], concluded in his review, "The book's so good it deserves a better movie, but Rourke's performance is such that ''Angel Heart'' stands out from the necromancy movie crowd."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.film4.com/reviews/1987/angel-heart|title=Angel Heart - Film4|last=Luck|first=Richard|work= [[Film4]]|publisher=[[Channel Four Television Corporation]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

===Cultural impact===
Filmmaker [[Christopher Nolan]] stated the film was a major influence on his 2000 film ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'': "In terms of ''Memento'', Alan Parker films such as ''Angel Heart'' and ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|The Wall]]'', which use very interesting editing techniques such as a [[nonlinear narrative|fractured narrative]], were a big influence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyointerview/399/tokyointerviewinc.htm|title=Metropolis - In Person|work=[[Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis]]|publisher=Metropolis|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> Video game developer [[Ken Levine (game developer)|Ken Levine]] stated that ''Angel Heart'' was one of several films that inspired the [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[BioShock Infinite]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2013/10/08/ken-levine-ama-talks-bioshock-infinite-burial-at-sea-dlc-release-date-the-future-ps4xbox-one-elizabeth-porn-weapon-wheel-returning-much-more/|title=Ken Levine AMA Talks BioShock Infinite, Burial at Sea DLC & Release Date, The Future, PS4/Xbox One, Elizabeth Porn, Weapon Wheel Returning, Much More|last=Dunning|first=Jason|date=October 8, 2013|work=PlayStation Lifestyle|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref> Game designer [[Jane Jensen]] credits the film as one of the inspirations for ''[[Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/tla3z/i_am_jane_jensen_creator_of_gabriel_knight_gray/c4nl8ew |title=DetectiveMosley comments on "I am Jane Jensen, creator of Gabriel Knight, Gray Matter and Pinkerton Road game studio. Ask me anything." |access-date=2013-10-20 |work=www.reddit.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121092619/http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/tla3z/i_am_jane_jensen_creator_of_gabriel_knight_gray/c4nl8ew |archive-date=2014-01-21 }}</ref>

In 2010, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine ranked the film at number 22 on their list of "The 25 Best Horror Films of All Time",<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/10/25-best-horror-films/#slide-22|title=The 25 Best Horror Films of All Time (NSFW)|last=Snyder|first=Jon|date=October 28, 2010|journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Wired|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> and in 2012, Mark Hughes, writing for ''[[Forbes]]'', ranked ''Angel Heart'' at number nine on his list of the "Top 10 Best Cult Classic Horror Movies of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markhughes/2012/10/17/top-10-best-cult-classic-horror-movies-of-all-time/|title=Top 10 Best Cult Classic Horror Movies Of All Time|last=Hughes|first=Mark|work=[[Forbes]]|publisher=Forbes|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> ''Den of Geek'' writer Ryan Lambie ranked the film at number six on his list of "The Top 20 Underappreciated Films of 1987", writing that "Parker brings a wonderfully shadowy quality to his noir thriller, which takes in New York and New Orleans. Some viewers may be able to predict where this twisty, murky thriller's going to take them, but the ride remains one worth taking thanks to the quality of the acting and direction."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.us/movies/underappreciated-movies/246242/the-top-20-underappreciated-films-of-1987|title=The top 20 underappreciated films of 1987|last=Lambie|first=Ryan|work=Den of Geek|date=May 14, 2015|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Film critic Tim Dirks of the film-review website [[Filmsite.org]] added the film to his list of films featuring the "Greatest Film Plot Twists, Film Spoilers and Surprise Endings", based on two of the film's major [[plot twist]]s—Harry Angel being revealed as Johnny Favorite, and Louis Cyphre revealing himself as Lucifer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/greattwists2.html|title=Greatest Movie Plot Twists, Spoilers and Surprise Endings|last=Dirks|first=Tim|work=[[Filmsite.org]]|publisher=[[AMC (TV channel)|American Movie Classics Company, Inc.]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> ''Screen Rant'' writer Tim Butters rated Robert De Niro's performance "One of the 10 Best Movie Depictions of the Devil".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/best-movie-depictions-devil-satan/?view=all|title=10 Best Movie Depictions of the Devil|last=Butters|first=Tim|date=November 7, 2015|work=Screen Rant|publisher=Screen Rant|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

===Accolades===
''Angel Heart'' received several awards and nominations following its release. At the [[Jupiter Award (film award)|10th Jupiter Awards]], Mickey Rourke won a [[Jupiter Award (film award)|Jupiter Award]] for Best International Actor for his performances in both ''Angel Heart'' and ''[[A Prayer for the Dying]]'' (1987).<ref name="Jupiter">{{cite web|author=Jupiter Awards|title=Alle JUPITER AWARD-Gewinner 1978-2014|url=http://www.jupiter-award.de/stars/historie/alle-jupiter-award-gewinner-1978-2014,5053013,ApplicationArticle.html?ajax=1|work=Jupiter Awards|access-date=March 27, 2016|author-link=Jupiter Award (film award)}}</ref> At the [[9th Youth in Film Awards]], Lisa Bonet won the [[Young Artist Award]] for Best Young Female Superstar in Motion Pictures.<ref name="YoungArtist">{{cite web|title=9th Annual Awards|url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms9.htm|work=[[Young Artist Award]]s|access-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref> At the [[15th Saturn Awards]], ''Angel Heart'' received three [[Saturn Award]] nominations, though it failed to win any.<ref name="SaturnAwards">{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|title='Robocop' Leads In Nominations for Saturn Awards|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/-Robocop-Leads-In-Nominations-For-Saturn-Awards/id-257c16842e0d9a9995b32b7fa52b0058|work=Associated Press|publisher=The Associated Press, Inc.|date=April 7, 1988|access-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="99%"
|-
|+List of awards and nominations received
! Award !! Category !! Recipient(s) and nominee(s) !! Result
|-
|rowspan=3|[[15th Saturn Awards]]<ref name="SaturnAwards" />
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Robert De Niro]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Lisa Bonet]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writing]]
| [[Alan Parker]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Jupiter Award (film award)|10th Jupiter Awards]]<ref name="Jupiter" />
| Best International Actor
| [[Mickey Rourke]]
| {{won}}{{efn|Rourke won the award for his performances in both ''Angel Heart'' and ''[[A Prayer for the Dying]]''.}}
|-
| [[9th Youth in Film Awards]]<ref name="YoungArtist" />
| Best Young Female Superstar in Motion Pictures
| Lisa Bonet
| {{won}}
|}

===Home video===
''Angel Heart'' was released on [[VHS]] on September 24, 1987, by [[Artisan Entertainment|International Video Entertainment]] (IVE).<ref name="Uncut">{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-06-26/features/8702240529_1_angel-heart-film-voodoo|title='Angel Heart' Video To Be Uncut - tribunedigital-sunsentinel|author=Entertainment News Service|date=June 26, 1987|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|publisher=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The releases included the R-rated theatrical cut and an uncut version which restored the ten seconds of sexual content that was removed to satisfy the MPAA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video of 'Angel Heart' Restores Edited Scene|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/23/movies/video-of-angel-heart-restores-edited-scene.html|first=Aljean|last=Harmetz|work=The New York Times|date=July 23, 1987|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Ralph King, senior vice president of IVE, said, "The scene cut from ''Angel Heart'' is both provocative and shocking, but it is by no means pornographic. We`re pleased to give the public the opportunity to see the film as Alan Parker originally meant the film to be viewed."<ref name="Uncut" />

The film was first released on [[DVD]] on June 23, 1998, by [[Artisan Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Seth|last=Goldsetein|date=May 2, 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Angel+Heart+June+23%2C+1998&pg=PA69| title=Catalog Duplication Process Threatened; Paramount Presence in DVG Possible|newspaper=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Special features on the DVD included a [[Trailer (promotion)|theatrical trailer]], production notes, a [[making-of]] featurette, and information on the cast and crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekoliniol.com/dvdcollection/index.php?mediaid=012236045700&action=show|title=Angel Heart|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The DVD release received criticism for its poor video transfer and shortage of special features.<ref name="DVDTalk">{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/10935/angel-heart-special-edition/|title=Angel Heart (Special Edition) : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video|work=DVD Talk.com|date=May 30, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> Artisan later released the film on [[laserdisc]] on August 18, 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/20469/LD60457-WS/Angel-Heart|title=LaserDisc Database - Angel Heart [LD60457-WS]|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> [[Lionsgate Home Entertainment]] re-released ''Angel Heart'' with a "Special Edition" DVD on May 18, 2004.<ref name="DVDTalk" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/dvd/Angel-Heart-DVD/8878/|title=Angel Heart DVD: Special Edition|work=Blu-ray.com|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The Special Edition features additional material, including an introduction and audio commentary by Parker, a scene-specific commentary by Rourke, a video interview with the actor, and the theatrical trailer.<ref name="DVDTalk" /> Lionsgate released the film on [[Blu-ray]] on November 24, 2009. The Blu-ray presents the film in [[1080p]] [[High-definition video|high definition]] and contains all the additional materials found on the Special Edition DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Angel-Heart-Blu-ray/6864/#Review|title=Angel Heart Blu-ray|work=Blu-ray.com|access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

==Remake==
In 2008, it was announced that producers [[Michael De Luca]], Alison Rosenzweig and Michael Gaeta were developing a planned remake of ''Angel Heart'' that would be produced by De Luca's production banner, Michael De Luca Productions.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/trio-developing-angel-heart-remake-1117993145/|title=Trio developing 'Angel Heart' remake|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 30, 2008|access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref> The producers had [[Option (filmmaking)|optioned]] the rights to both the film and the novel ''Falling Angel''.<ref name="Variety" /> De Luca expressed that he was a fan of the novel, stating, "It’s a great blend of genres with a great [[Faust]]ian bargain, compelling, universal themes and a rare combination of literary and commercial appeal."<ref name="Variety" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* ''[http://alanparker.com/film/angel-heart/ Angel Heart]'' at [http://alanparker.com AlanParker.com]
* {{IMDb title|id=0092563|title=Angel Heart}}
* {{Allmovie title|2360|Angel Heart}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|1000959-angel_heart|Angel Heart}}
* {{mojo title|id=angelheart|title=Angel Heart}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{Alan Parker}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 horror films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about Voodoo]]
[[Category:Louisiana Voodoo in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]
[[Category:American psychological horror films]]
[[Category:American mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American erotic horror films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American detective films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:American neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Southern Gothic films]]
[[Category:American supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alan Parker]]
[[Category:Films scored by Trevor Jones]]
[[Category:Films set in 1955]]
[[Category:Films set in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Occult detective fiction]]
[[Category:Incest in film]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:Carolco Pictures films]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]
[[Category:StudioCanal films]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Works based on the Faust legend]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Alan Parker]]
[[Category:1980s supernatural films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Elliott Kastner]]
[[Category:Cockfighting in film]]

Philadelphia (film)

2020-12-15T01:18:25Z

Killerkürbis: /* Plot */Name of the law firm added (mentioned in the Movie several times) see also: Law firms in fiction

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{short description|1993 film by Jonathan Demme}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Philadelphia
| image = Philadelphia_imp.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jonathan Demme]]
| producer = Jonathan Demme [[Edward Saxon]]
| writer = [[Ron Nyswaner]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tom Hanks]]
* [[Denzel Washington]]
* [[Jason Robards]]
* [[Mary Steenburgen]]
* [[Antonio Banderas]]}}
| music = [[Howard Shore]]
| cinematography = [[Tak Fujimoto]]
| editing = [[Craig McKay (film editor)|Craig McKay]]
| studio = Clinica Estetico
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1993|12|14|Los Angeles|1993|12|22|United States}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $26 million
| gross = $206.7 million<ref name=mojo/>
}}
'''''Philadelphia''''' is a 1993 American [[legal drama]] film written by [[Ron Nyswaner]], directed by [[Jonathan Demme]] and starring [[Tom Hanks]] and [[Denzel Washington]].<ref name="Philadelphia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18893/Philadelphia/|title=Philadelphia|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> It was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge [[HIV/AIDS]], [[homosexuality]], and [[homophobia]].

For his role as Andrew Beckett, Hanks won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] at the [[66th Academy Awards]], while the song "[[Streets of Philadelphia]]" by [[Bruce Springsteen]] won the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]. Nyswaner was also nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]], but lost to [[Jane Campion]] for ''[[The Piano]]''.

==Plot==

Andrew Beckett is a senior [[Associate attorney|associate]] at the largest corporate law firm in [[Philadelphia]], named ''Wyant, Wheeler, Hellerman, Tetlow and Brown''. He hides his homosexuality and his status as an [[AIDS]] patient from the other members of the firm. A partner in the firm notices a lesion on Beckett's forehead. Although Beckett attributes the lesion to a racquetball injury, it indicates [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], an AIDS-defining condition.

Shortly thereafter, Beckett stays home from work for several days to try to find a way to hide his lesions. While at home, he finishes the paperwork for a case he has been assigned and then brings it to his office, leaving instructions for his assistants to file the paperwork the following day, which marks the end of the statute of limitations for the case. Later that morning, he receives a call asking for the paperwork, as the paper copy cannot be found and there are no copies on the computer's hard drive. The paperwork is finally discovered in an alternate location and is filed with the court at the last possible moment. The following day, Beckett is dismissed by the firm's partners.

Beckett believes that someone deliberately hid his paperwork to give the firm an excuse to fire him, and that the dismissal is actually as a result of his [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS|diagnosis with AIDS]] as well as his sexuality. He asks ten attorneys to take his case, including African-American personal injury lawyer Joe Miller. The homophobic Miller appears to be worried that he could contract Beckett's illness. After declining to take the case, Miller immediately visits his doctor to find out if he could have contracted the disease. The doctor explains that the [[AIDS#Transmission|routes of HIV infection]] do not include casual contact.

Unable to find a lawyer willing to represent him, Beckett is compelled to [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|act as his own attorney]]. While researching a case at a law library, Miller sees Beckett at a nearby table. A librarian approaches Beckett and announces that he has found a book on AIDS discrimination for him. As others in the library begin to first stare uneasily, the librarian suggests Beckett go to a private room. Feeling discouraged by the other people's behavior and seeing the parallels in how he himself has faced [[Discrimination in the United States#Racism|discrimination due to his race]], Miller approaches Beckett, reviews the material he has gathered, and takes the case.

As the case goes before the court, the partners of the firm take the stand, each claiming that Beckett was incompetent and that he had deliberately tried to hide his condition. The defense repeatedly suggests that Beckett brought AIDS upon himself by [[AIDS#Sexual|having gay sex]], and is therefore not a victim. In the course of testimony, it is revealed that the partner who had noticed Beckett's lesion, Walter Kenton, had previously worked with a woman who had contracted AIDS [[AIDS#Body fluids|after a blood transfusion]] and so should have recognized the lesion as relating to AIDS. According to Kenton, the woman was an innocent victim, unlike Beckett, and further testified that he did not recognize Beckett's lesions. To prove that the lesions would have been visible, Miller asks Beckett to unbutton his shirt while on the witness stand, revealing that his lesions are indeed visible and recognizable as such. Over the course of the trial, Miller's homophobia slowly disappears as he and Beckett bond from working together.

Beckett eventually collapses during the trial and is hospitalized. After this, another partner, Bob Seidman, who had also noticed Beckett's lesions, confesses that he suspected Beckett had AIDS but never told anyone and never gave him the opportunity to explain himself, which he regrets very much. During his hospitalization, the jury votes in Beckett's favor, awarding him back pay, damages for pain and suffering and [[Punitive damages#United States|punitive damages]], totaling over $5 million. Miller visits the visibly failing Beckett in the hospital after the verdict and overcomes his fear enough to touch Beckett's face. After the family leaves the room, Beckett tells his partner Miguel Alvarez that he is ’ready’. At the Miller home later that night, Miller and his wife are awakened by a phone call from Alvarez, who tells them that Beckett has died peacefully. A memorial is held at Beckett's family home following the funeral, where many mourners, including Miller and his family, view home movies of Beckett as a happy child.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tom Hanks]] as Andrew ("Andy") Beckett
* [[Denzel Washington]] as Joe Miller
* [[Jason Robards]] as Charles Wheeler
* [[Mary Steenburgen]] as Belinda Conine
* [[Antonio Banderas]] as Miguel Álvarez
* [[Joanne Woodward]] as Sarah Beckett
* [[Robert W. Castle]] as Bud Beckett
* [[Ann Dowd]] as Jill Beckett
* Lisa Summerour as Lisa Miller
* [[Charles Napier (actor)|Charles Napier]] as Judge Lucas Garnett
* [[Roberta Maxwell]] as Judge Tate
* [[Chandra Wilson]] as Chandra
* [[Daniel von Bargen]] as Jury Foreman
* [[Karen Finley]] as Dr. Gillman
* [[Robert Ridgely]] as Walter Kenton
* [[Bradley Whitford]] as Jamey Collins
* [[Ron Vawter]] as Bob Seidman
* [[Anna Deavere Smith]] as Anthea Burton
* Charles Glenn as Kenneth Killcoyne
* [[Tracey Walter]] as the Librarian
* Mayor of Philadelphia [[Ed Rendell]] as himself
{{div col end}}

==Inspiration==
The events in the film are similar to the events in the lives of attorneys [[Geoffrey Bowers]] and Clarence Cain. Bowers was an attorney who, in 1987, sued the law firm [[Baker McKenzie]] for [[wrongful dismissal]] in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases. Cain was an attorney for [[Hyatt Legal Services]] who was fired after his employer found out he had AIDS. He sued Hyatt in 1990, and won just before his death.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/13/us/law-bar-lawyer-with-aids-wins-legal-victory-gives-his-employer-some-unwelcome.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=David | last=Margolick | title=Law: At The Bar; A Lawyer With AIDS Wins a Legal Victory, and Gives His Employer Some Unwelcome Publicity | date=April 13, 1990}}</ref>

===Controversies===
Bowers' family sued the writers and producers of the film. A year after Bowers' death in 1987, a producer, [[Scott Rudin]] had interviewed the Bowers family and their lawyers and, according to the family, promised compensation for the use of Bowers' story as a basis for a film. Family members asserted that 54 scenes in the movie were so similar to events in Bowers's life that some of them could only have come from their interviews. However, the defense said that Rudin had abandoned the project after hiring a writer and did not share any information the family had provided.<ref name=pristin>{{cite news|last=Pristin|first=Terry|title=Philadelphia Screenplay Suit to Reach Court|date=March 11, 1996|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/11/business/philadelphia-screenplay-suit-to-reach-court.html|accessdate=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled after five days of testimony. Although terms of the agreement were not released, the defendants did admit that "the film 'was inspired in part'" by Bowers' story.<ref name=settlesuit>{{cite news|title=Philadelphia Makers Settle Suit|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 20, 1996|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/20/nyregion/philadelphia-makers-settle-suit.html|accessdate=February 25, 2008}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical release===
''Philadelphia'' premiered in [[Los Angeles]] on December 14, 1993 and opened in limited release in four theaters on December 22, before expanding into [[wide release]] on January 14, 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://catalog.afi.com/Film/59629-PHILADELPHIA?sid=cb9f745b-dc43-424e-8f47-ac72f583f69b&sr=31.32105&cp=1&pos=0|website = AFI Catalog|publisher = [[American Film Institute]]|title = Philadelphia|accessdate = November 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Kenneth |last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-22-ca-4314-story.html |title=Movie Review: Bittersweet 'Philadelphia': Actors Deliver Strong Performances in Socially Conscious Film |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 22, 1993 |accessdate=November 7, 2016}}</ref> The LA premiere was a benefit for [[AIDS Project Los Angeles]], which netted $250,000 APLA Chair Steve Tisch told the LA Times.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-16-vw-2539-story.html</ref>

The film was the first Hollywood big-budget, big-star film to tackle the issue of [[AIDS]] in the U.S. (following the TV movie ''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]'') and signaled a shift in Hollywood films toward more realistic depictions of people in the LGBT community. Extras cast in this film included 53 people who were AIDS-infected as of the time of shooting the film. By the end of 1994, 43 out of those 53 people had died - demonstrating the close linkage between fiction and fact.<ref name=Quinn>{{cite book| last1=Quinn |first1=Edward| title= A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms| publisher=Checkmark Books| date=1999 | page=10}}</ref><ref name=Rothman>{{cite web| last1=Rothman |first1=Clifford | title= FILM; ‘Philadelphia’: Oscar Gives Way to Elegy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/movies/film-philadelphia-oscar-gives-way-to-elegy.html| work= [[New York Times]]| date=January 1, 1995 |accessdate=February 9, 2020| page=9}}</ref> According to a Tom Hanks interview for the 1995 documentary ''[[The Celluloid Closet]]'', scenes showing more affection between him and Banderas were cut, including one with him and Banderas in bed together. The [[DVD]] edition, produced by [[Automat Pictures]], includes this scene.<ref>''Philadelphia''. Dir. Jonathan Demme. Perf. Tom Hanks, Denzel Washington. TriStar Pictures, 1993.</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Philadelphia'' was released on DVD on September 10, 1997.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/1760/Philadelphia.html|title=Philadelphia DVD Release Date|website=DVDs Release Dates|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> ''Philadelphia'' was later released on Blu-Ray on May 14, 2013.<ref name="auto"/> To celebrate ''Philadelphia'''s 25th anniversary, the film was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 27, 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Philadelphia 4K Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Philadelphia-4K-Blu-ray/211292/|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref>

The screenplay was also republished in a [[novelization]] by writer [[Christopher Davis (writer)|Christopher Davis]] in 1994.<ref name="nelson">Emmanuel S. Nelson, ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary LGBTQ Literature of the United States''. [[Greenwood Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-313-34859-4}}. p. 169-171.</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Philadelphia'' was originally released on December 22, 1993, in a limited opening of only four theaters, and had a weekend gross of $143,433 with an average of $35,858 per theater. The film expanded its release on January 14, 1994, to 1,245 theaters and opened at number 1, grossing $13.8 million over the 4-day Martin Luther King Jr. weekend, averaging $11,098 per theater. The film stayed at number 1 the following weekend, earning another $8.8 million.

In its 14th weekend, the weekend after the Oscars, the film expanded to 888 theaters, and saw its gross increase by 70 percent, making $1.9 million and jumping from number 15 the previous weekend (when it made $1.1 million from 673 theaters), to returning to the top ten ranking at number 8 that weekend.

''Philadelphia'' eventually grossed $77.4 million in North America and $129.2 million overseas for a total of $206.7 million worldwide against a budget of $26{{nbsp}}million, making it a significant box office success, and becoming the 12th highest-grossing film in the U.S. of 1993.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=philadelphia.htm|title=Philadelphia (1993) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.75/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "''Philadelphia'' indulges in some unfortunate clichés in its quest to impart a meaningful message, but its stellar cast and sensitive direction are more than enough to compensate."<ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/philadelphia/ Philadelphia]. ''Rotten Tomatoes''. [[Fandango]]. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web|title=Philadelphia reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/philadelphia|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com|title=Find CinemaScore|format=Type "Philadelphia" in the search box|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]|accessdate=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

In a contemporary review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film three and a half out of four stars and said that it is "quite a good film, on its own terms. And for moviegoers with an antipathy to AIDS but an enthusiasm for stars like Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington, it may help to broaden understanding of the disease. It's a ground-breaker like ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' (1967), the first major film about an interracial romance; it uses the chemistry of popular stars in a reliable genre to sidestep what looks like controversy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=January 14, 1994|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/philadelphia-1994|title=Philadelphia Movie Review & Film Summary (1994)|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>

Christopher Matthews from the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' wrote "Jonathan Demme's long-awaited Philadelphia is so expertly acted, well-meaning and gutsy that you find yourself constantly pulling for it to be the definitive AIDS movie."<ref name="Ryll 2015">{{cite web |url=http://gay-themed-films.com/watch-philadelphia/ |title=Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Philadelphia |author=Alexander Ryll | publisher=Gay Essential |accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] from ReelViews wrote "The story is timely and powerful, and the performances of Hanks and Washington assure that the characters will not immediately vanish into obscurity."<ref name="Ryll 2015"/> Rita Kempley from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote "It's less like a film by Demme than the best of Frank Capra. It is not just canny, corny and blatantly patriotic, but compassionate, compelling and emotionally devastating."<ref name="Ryll 2015"/>

== Year-end lists ==
* 8th – Dan Craft, ''[[The Pantagraph]]''<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Craft|first=Dan|date=December 30, 1994 |title=Success, Failure and a Lot of In-between; Movies '94|newspaper=[[The Pantagraph]]|page=B1}}</ref>
* 8th – Joan Vadeboncoeur, ''[[Syracuse Herald American]]''<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Vadeboncoeur|first=Joan|date=January 8, 1995|title=Critically Acclaimed Best Movies of '94 Include Works from Tarantino, Burton, Demme, Redford, Disney and Speilberg|newspaper=Syracuse Herald American|page=16|edition=Final}}</ref>
* Honorable mention – Dennis King, ''[[Tulsa World]]''<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=King|first=Dennis|date=December 25, 1994|title=SCREEN SAVERS In a Year of Faulty Epics, The Oddest Little Movies Made The Biggest Impact|newspaper=[[Tulsa World]]|p=E1|edition=Final Home}}</ref>
* Honorable mention – Bob Carlton, ''[[The Birmingham News]]''<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Carlton|first=Bob|date=December 29, 1994|title=It Was a Good Year at Movies|work=[[The Birmingham News]]|page=12-01}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{more citations needed|section|date = January 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Academy Awards]]
|[[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Tom Hanks]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]
|Carl Fullerton and Alan D'Angerio
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Cante | first=Richard C. | title=Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture | chapter=Afterthoughts from Philadelphia...and Somewhere Else | publisher=Ashgate Publishing | location=London | isbn=978-0-7546-7230-2 | date=March 2009}}</ref>
|[[Ron Nyswaner]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
|[[Neil Young]] ("Philadelphia")
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bruce Springsteen]] ("[[Streets of Philadelphia]]")
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers#Awards|ASCAP Awards]]
|Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures
|{{won}}
|-
|Top Box Office Films
|[[Howard Shore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]]
|[[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
|[[Golden Bear|Golden Berlin Bear]]
|[[Jonathan Demme]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Silver Berlin Bear for Best Actor<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/03_preistr_ger_1994/03_Preistraeger_1994.html |title=Berlinale: 1994 Prize Winners |accessdate=December 29, 2011 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Casting Society of America]]
|Artios for Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama
|Howard Feuer
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chicago Film Critics Association#Chicago Film Critics Awards|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]]
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Jonathan Demme
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|rowspan=2|Tom Hanks
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]] Awards
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{CFinalist|3rd place}}
|-
|[[GLAAD Media Award]]
|[[GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release|Outstanding Film – Wide Release]]
|Jonathan Demme and [[Edward Saxon]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Golden Globe Award]]s
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]]
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
|Bruce Springsteen ("Streets of Philadelphia")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Goldene Leinwand|Goldene Leinwand Awards]] (Golden Screen)
|Goldene Leinwand
|[[TriStar Pictures]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Grammy Award]] ([[37th Annual Grammy Awards|37th annual]])
|[[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]
| rowspan="5" |Bruce Springsteen ("Streets of Philadelphia")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Rock Song|Best Rock Song]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance|Best Male Rock Vocal Performance]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[MTV Movie Awards]]
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie|Best Song from a Movie]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]]
|Jonathan Demme and Edward Saxon
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Male Performance]]
|Tom Hanks
|{{won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Duo]]
|Tom Hanks and [[Denzel Washington]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Award]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|Ron Nyswaner
|{{nom}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lists
!Organization
!List
!Rank
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[American Film Institute]]
|[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains]] (Top 50 Heroes)
|#49
|-
|[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers|AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers: ''America's Most Inspiring Movies'']]
|#20
|-
|[[National Board of Review Awards]]
|Top Ten Films ([[National Board of Review Awards 1993|1993]])
|#7
|}

==Soundtrack==
A soundtrack album was released in January 1994, by [[TriStar Pictures|TriStar]] Music containing the main music featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soundtrackinfo.com/OST/philadelphia/|title=SoundtrackINFO: Philadelphia Soundtrack|website=www.soundtrackinfo.com|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| writing_credits =
| title1 = [[Streets of Philadelphia]]
| extra1 = [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| writer1 =
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Lovetown
| extra2 = [[Peter Gabriel]]
| writer2 =
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = It's in Your Eyes
| extra3 = Pauletta Washington
| writer3 =
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Ibo Lele (Dreams Come True)
| extra4 = [[RAM (band)|RAM]]
| writer4 =
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = [[Please Send Me Someone to Love]]
| extra5 = [[Sade (band)|Sade]]
| writer5 =
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = [[Have You Ever Seen the Rain?]]
| extra6 = [[Spin Doctors]]
| writer6 =
| length6 = 2:41
| title7 = I Don't Wanna Talk About It
| extra7 = [[Indigo Girls]]
| writer7 =
| length7 = 3:41
| title8 = [[La mamma morta]]
| note8 = From the Opera ''[[Andrea Chénier]]''
| extra8 = [[Maria Callas]]
| writer8 =
| length8 = 4:53
| title9 = Philadelphia
| extra9 = [[Neil Young]]
| writer9 =
| length9 = 4:06
| title10 = Precedent
| extra10 = [[Howard Shore]]
| writer10 =
| length10 = 4:03
}}

The album was re-released in 2008 in France only as a CD/DVD combo pack with the film itself, containing the same track listing (catalogue number 88697 322052 under both Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Sony Classical labels).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The director deliberately asked [[Bruce Springsteen]] to make the feature song for this film in an effort to draw in those who may not know much about AIDS, so as to make their viewing of the film more comfortable, and to raise awareness overall.<ref name="Ryll 2015"/> However, Springsteen's first contribution, "[[Tunnel of Love (Bruce Springsteen song)|Tunnel of Love]]," was rejected by Demme.

===Certifications and sales===
{{certification Table Top}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Belgium|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Platinum|certyear=2002|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Canada|artist=Various Artists|title=Philadelphia - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=France|artist=B.O.F.|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|number=2|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Germany|artist=O.S.T. - Various|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry |region=Spain|title=Philadelphia (B.S.O. De la pelicula)|artist=Varios Interpretes|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=1993|certyear=1994| certref={{Citation needed|reason=ref was given as (ref name="spain" /), no full ref provided|date=December 2018}}|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry| type=album |region=Switzerland |artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia |award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United Kingdom|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Gold|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|accessdate=October 26, 2018}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Soundtrack|title=Philadelphia|award=Platinum|certyear=1994|relyear=1993|salesamount=1,160,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1452207/got-charts-beans-bleek-beatles-synch-up-soundtracks/|publisher=Mtv|title=Got Charts?|first=David|last=Basham|date=February 7, 2002|accessdate=July 9, 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Summary}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Europe|type=album|title=Philadelphia|artist=Ost|award=Platinum|certyear=1996|accessdate=2 February 2020}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|LGBT|Philadelphia|Film|United States|1990s}}
* [[List of American films of 1993]]
* [[Cultural depictions of Philadelphia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0107818|Philadelphia}}
* {{tcmdb title|18893|Philadelphia}}
* {{Allmovie title|119903|Philadelphia}}
* {{mojo title|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* {{metacritic film|philadelphia|Philadelphia}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/film.php?filmid=12 Movie stills]

{{Jonathan Demme}}
{{GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philadelphia}}
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:American courtroom films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American legal drama films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jonathan Demme]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Howard Shore]]
[[Category:Films set in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Films set in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films shot in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania]]
[[category:Films about anti-LGBT sentiment]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in film]]
[[Category:Homophobia in fiction]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Termination of employment in popular culture]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]

Tony Curran

2020-12-02T23:24:58Z

Killerkürbis: /* Film */ filmography +1 see IMDb : tt3815430

{{short description|Scottish actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tony Curran
| image = Tony Curran - Defiance Panel (cropped).jpg
| caption = Curran at the Defiance Panel at the 2013 SDCC
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1985–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Mai Nguyen|2012}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Tony Curran''' is a Scottish actor who has appeared in ''[[Underworld: Evolution]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Roots (2016 miniseries)|Roots]]'', and the Netflix historical epic ''[[Outlaw King]]''.

==Personal life==
Curran was born in [[Glasgow]], and is a graduate of the [[Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]]. In 2012 he married Mai Nguyen; they had a daughter in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14791089.From_Red_Road_to_Hollywood_Boulevard__Scottish_actor_Tony_Curran_on_living_a_good_life_as_a_bad_guy/|title=From Red Road to Hollywood Boulevard: Scottish actor Tony Curran on making a good life as a bad guy|last=Didcock|first=Barry|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|location=Glasgow|accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Curran appeared in the [[BBC]] television series ''[[This Life (1996 TV series)|This Life]]''. Since then, he has appeared in a number of major film and television roles, including Rodney Skinner (''[[The Invisible Man]]''), an [[original character]] in ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]''. To portray the Invisible Man, he donned a special suit that turned him into a walking [[Chroma key|bluescreen]]. (According to his commentary on the [[DVD]], he looked like a "[[smurf]] on [[Acid (drug)|acid]]".) He also played vampire roles in [[Guillermo del Toro]]'s ''[[Blade II]]'' as Priest and ''[[Underworld: Evolution]]'' as Markus. In 2006 he appeared in the unrated film ''[[Red Road (film)|Red Road]]''.<ref name="FutureMovies">{{cite web|url=http://www.futuremovies.co.uk/filmmaking/making-it-in-hollywood/jay-richardson|title=Making it in Hollywood|website=Future Movies}}</ref>

Curran participates in marathons to raise money for charity. He is a frequent and popular participant in the annual Dressed to Kilt event in [[New York City]], run by Friends of Scotland in celebration of [[Tartan Week]]. He is also a keen fan of [[Celtic F.C.]] Curran played the role of Datak Tarr on the [[Syfy]] series [[Defiance (TV series)|''Defiance'']] and in 2014, he costarred with [[Diana Vickers]] in the thriller film ''Awaiting''.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/86677/awaiting-premiere-artwork-takes-aim/
|title=Awaiting Tony Curran and Diana Vickers
|website=bullz-eye.com
|accessdate=2 September 2010
}}</ref> In 2016 Curran signed to play 'Callum' in the new [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]]/[[Netflix]] original series [[Crazyhead (TV series)|''Crazyhead'']].

Curran portrayed [[Vincent van Gogh]] in the science fiction television series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. [[Vincent and the Doctor|The episode]], written by [[Richard Curtis]], was rated by [[Screen Rant]] as the best of [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]]'s time as [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|the Doctor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/doctor-who-each-doctors-best-episode/|title=Doctor Who: Each Doctor's Best Episode|date=2017-04-15|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> A scene where Curran plays van Gogh, taken into the future to see his work in a modern museum, has been described as one of the most emotional in the entire series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doctorwhotv.co.uk/the-10-most-emotional-episodes-of-new-who-part-1-73483.htm|title=The 10 Most Emotional Episodes of New Who (Part 1)|last=DWTV|date=2015-05-06|website=Doctor Who TV|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/cult/a841565/doctor-who-sad-david-tennant-billie-piper-catherine-tate-matt-smith/|title=8 of Doctor Who's saddest moments EVER|last=McEwan|first=Cameron K.|date=2018-02-10|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> Curran also made a cameo appearance in the ''Doctor Who'' episode "[[The Pandorica Opens]]".

Curran played Sgt. Pete Twamley in the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] series ''[[Ultimate Force]]'', which was broadcast in over 100 countries.

==Video games==
*''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]'' (2011) — "Baseplate"
*''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]'' (2012) — SAS soldier voices

==Awards==
* Evening News National Award — for the role of [[Devil]] in the theatre production ''The Soldier's Tale''
* Best Actor at the 2006 [[British Independent Film Awards 2006|British Independent Film Awards]] for his role in [[Andrea Arnold]]'s ''[[Red Road (film)|Red Road]]''.
*[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts#Scotland and Wales|BAFTA Scotland]] 2006 — Best Actor

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!awaiting
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Being Human (1994 film)|Being Human]]''
| Raider
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Shallow Grave]]''
| Travel Agent
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Captives]]''
| Spider
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Go Now (film)|Go Now]]''
| Chris Cameron
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns]]''
| Sean Devine
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The 13th Warrior]]''
| Weath the Musician
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
| Assassin No. 1
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''
| Ian
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Blade II]]''
| Priest
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]''
| Rodney Skinner ([[The Invisible Man]])
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)|Flight of the Phoenix]]''
| Rodney
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Beowulf & Grendel]]''
| Hondscioh
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Underworld: Evolution]]''
| [[Underworld (film series)#Marcus Corvinus|Markus Corvinus]]
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Red Road (film)|Red Road]]''
| Clyde Henderson
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Miami Vice (film)|Miami Vice]]''
| Aryan Brother
| As Anthony Curran
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Good German]]''
| Danny
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Trust Me (2007 film)|Trust Me]]''
| Miles Loncrain
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Shuttle (film)|Shuttle]]''
| Driver
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Midnight Meat Train]]''
| The Driver
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Lazarus Project]]''
| William Reeds
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[A Day in the Life (film)|A Day in the Life]]''
| Dr. Reynolds
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ondine (film)|Ondine]]''
| Alex
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Corrado (film)|Corrado]]''
| Officer Tony
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Presence (film)|The Presence]]''
| The Man in Black
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Golf in the Kingdom]]''
| Adam Green
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn]]''
| Lt. Delcourt
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son]]''
| Chirkoff
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Cat Run]]''
| Sean Moody
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[The Veteran (2011 film)|The Veteran]]''
| Chris Turner
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Two-Legged Rat Bastards''
| Desoto
| Short
|-
| 2011
| ''Crossmaglen''
| Dermot McGarvey
|
|-
| 2011
| ''The Last Best Place''
| Fletcher
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''
| Man in Black Agent
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[In the Dark Half]]''
| Filthy
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)|Mary Queen of Scots]]''
| [[John Knox|Knox]]
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
| [[Bor (comics)|Bor]]
| Uncredited
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Postman Pat: The Movie]]''
| Paparazzi 2 (voice)
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Seventeenth Kind]]''
| James
| Short
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Awaiting''
| Morris
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Race (2016 film)|Race]]''
| [[Lawson Robertson]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Calibre (film)|Calibre]]''
| Logan
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Outlaw King]]''
| [[Aonghus Óg of Islay|Angus Macdonald]]
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1986–1987
|''[[Dramarama (TV series)|Dramarama]]''
|Archie Campbell / Jason
|2 episodes
|-
|1992
|''[[Strathblair]]''
|Ian
|Episode #2.6
|-
|1994
|''[[The Tales of Para Handy]]''
|Sailor in Pub / Donald
|2 episodes
|-
|1994
|''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]''
|Young Policeman
|Episode: "Mother"
|-
|1995
|''[[Soldier Soldier]]''
|Sgt Ian Kelly
|Episode: "Leaving"
|-
|1995
|''[[Screen Two]]''
|David
|Episode: "Nervous Energy"
|-
|1996
|''[[Grange Hill]]''
|Police Officer #2
|Episode #19.16
|-
|1996
|''[[Atletico Partick]]''
|Dr. Maitland
|3 episodes
|-
|1997
|''[[Taggart]]''
|Ian Jardine
|Episode: "Apocalypse Part One"
|-
|1997
|''[[The Bill]]''
|D.C. Dave McGovern
|Episode: "Professional Opinion"
|-
|1997
|''[[A Touch of Frost]]''
|Craig Hudson
|Episode: "Penny for the Guy"
|-
|1997
|''[[This Life (1996 TV series)|This Life]]''
|Lenny
|7 episodes
|-
|1998
|''[[Touching Evil]]''
|Emerson
|Episodes: "Scalping Part 1 & 2"
|-
|1998
|''[[Undercover Heart]]''
|Jimmy Hatcher
|5 episodes
|-
|1999
|''[[Great Expectations (1999 film)|Great Expectations]]''
|Orlick
|Television film
|-
|1999
|''Split Second''
|Ronnie Baxter
|Television film
|-
|1999
|''[[The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns]]''
|Sean Devine
|2 episodes
|-
|2000
|''[[Perfect World (TV series)|Perfect World]]''
|Spencer
|Episode: "Charity"
|-
|2001
|''[[The Mists of Avalon (miniseries)|The Mists of Avalon]]''
|Uther's Captain
|2 episodes
|-
|2002
|''Menace''
|Det. Sgt. Skinner
|2 episodes
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Ultimate Force]]''
|Sergeant Pete Twamley
|11 episodes
|-
|2005
|''[[Night Stalker (TV series)|Night Stalker]]''
|Damon Caylor
|Episode: "The Five People You Meet in Hell"
|-
|2007
|''[[A.M.P.E.D.]]''
|Mark Jacocks
|Television film
|-
|2008
|''[[Gemini Division]]''
|Walken
|5 episodes
|-
|2008
|''[[Numbers (TV series)|Numb3rs]]''
|Victor Tooner
|Episode: "Frienemies"
|-
|2009
|''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]''
|Lucas Harvey
|Episodes: "The Devil Inside Part 1 & 2"
|-
|2009
|''[[Primeval (TV series)|Primeval]]''
|Sir William de Mornay
|Episode #3.7
|-
|2010
|''[[24 (TV series)|24]]''
|Lugo Elson
|3 episodes
|-
|2010
|''[[The Mentalist]]''
|C.D.C.A Agent Dean Harken
|Episode: "Code Red"
|-
|2010
|''[[Doctor Who]]''
|[[Vincent van Gogh]]
|Episodes: "[[Vincent and the Doctor]]," "[[The Pandorica Opens]]"
|-
|2010
|''[[The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)|Pillars of the Earth]]''
|[[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]
|8 episodes
|-
|2011
|''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
|Dr. Tyrell Neth
|Episode: "Unleashed"
|-
|2011
|''[[The Hunt for Tony Blair]]''
|[[Robin Cook]]
|Television film
|-
|2011
|''[[Boardwalk Empire]]''
|Eaominn Rohan
|Episode: "Peg of Old"
|-
|2011
|''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]''
|John O'Toole
|Episode: "Ike Maka"
|-
|2011
|''[[Covert Affairs]]''
|MI6 "Janitor" Kenneth Martin
|Episode: "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"
|-
|2011
|''[[Luck (TV series)|Luck]]''
|Steward's Assistant
|Episode: "Pilot"
|-
|2011
|''[[Young James Herriot]]''
|Prof. Donald Richie
|3 episodes
|-
|2012
|''[[Labyrinth (miniseries)|Labyrinth]]''
|Guy d'Évreux
|2 episodes
|-
|2013–2015
|''[[Defiance (TV series)|Defiance]]''
|Datak Tarr Datak Tarr's father
|36 episodes
|-
|2014
|''[[Sons of Anarchy]]''
|Gaines
|3 episodes
|-
|2014
|''[[Marvellous]]''
|[[Lou Macari]]
|Television film
|-
|2016
|''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]''
|Finn Cooley
|Episode: "Penny and Dime"
|-
|2016
|''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]''
|Joshua Vikner
|2 episodes
|-
|2016
|''[[Roots (2016 miniseries)|Roots]]''
|Connelly
|2 episodes
|-
|2016
|''[[Crazyhead (TV series)|Crazyhead]]''
|Callum
|6 episodes
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]''
|Commander Throk / various (voice)
|5 episodes
|-
|2018
|''[[The Looming Tower (miniseries)|The Looming Tower]]''
|Inspector Barry James
|2 episodes
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Ray Donovan]]''
|Michael "Red" Radulovic
|7 episodes
|-
|2019
|''[[SEAL Team (TV series)|SEAL Team]]''
|Brett "Swanny" Swann
|5 episodes
|-
|2019
|''[[Deadwood: The Movie]]''
|James Smith
|Television film
|-
|TBA
|''[[Your Honor (miniseries)|Your Honor]]''
|Frankie
|Upcoming miniseries
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|192889|Tony Curran}}

{{BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curran, Tony}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish male film actors]]
[[Category:Scottish male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chris Ellis (actor)

2020-11-14T08:20:39Z

Killerkürbis: /* Film */Filmography +1

{{short description|American film and television actor}}
{{BLP unsourced section|date=March 2007}}
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
| name = Chris Ellis
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas, Texas]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1979–present
}}

'''Christopher Ellis''' (born April 14, 1956) is an American character actor.

==Early life==
Ellis was born in [[Dallas, Texas]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He grew up in Frayser, a suburb of Memphis, in a middle class/working class area.<ref name="industrycentral">[https://www.industrycentral.net/features/working_actors/chris_ellis Profile article at Industry Central]</ref> He always wanted to be an actor because of what he saw on television.

It took him seven years to finish college however, because "I have always been shiftless". During those years Chris became involved in community theatre in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], where "I did and do still think the quality of the work has always been quite good". By the time he moved to New York, he had worked with many excellent actors in about two dozen plays, classical and contemporary. "I cannot imagine what might have supplanted that background for a newcomer in New York."<ref name="industrycentral"/>

== Career ==
His first part in either television or film came in 1979, where he played a truck driver in the television movie ''The Suicide's Wife'', which starred [[Angie Dickinson]]. The role resulted in little further work.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} After working in regional theater for a year or so, Ellis did not work for about ten years. During that time he lived in "bone-grinding poverty"<ref name="industrycentral"/> in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen. In one nine-month period of 1987, Ellis accepted 102 dinner invitations. "I don't know why they kept arriving, nor why I counted them, though I do know why I accepted them."{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

In 1990, a break came when he got a part in ''[[Days of Thunder]]''. This seemed to jump-start Ellis's career{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} as parts in ''[[My Cousin Vinny]]'', ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' and ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'' as former [[NASA]] [[Mercury Seven]] [[astronaut]] [[Deke Slayton]]. He began picking up credits on well-known television series including ''[[Melrose Place]]'', ''[[NYPD Blue]]'' and ''[[The X-Files]]''.

After working with Hanks on ''Apollo 13'', the two worked together on ''[[That Thing You Do]]'', the television miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (TV miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' and ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]''. Ellis played fictional NASA [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|Mission Control]] when he played a flight director in [[1998 in film|1998]]'s ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]''.

Additional Ellis appearances include ''[[Bean: The Movie]]'', ''[[Home Fries]]'', ''[[Jessabelle]]'', ''[[Gospel Hill]]'', ''[[October Sky]]'', ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'', Tim Burton's ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' and ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''. His television credits also include ''[[The West Wing]]'', ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]'', ''[[Chicago Hope]]'', ''[[The Pretender (TV series)|The Pretender]]'', ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'', ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'', ''[[CSI: NY]]'', ''[[Burn Notice]]'', ''[[Cold Case]]'', ''[[Veronica Mars]]'' and ''[[Political Animals (miniseries)|Political Animals]]''.

He appeared in three season one episodes of ''[[Millennium (TV series)|Millennium]]'' as group member Jim Panseayres. He established a reputation for portraying Southern lawmakers or serious military or police-type characters. He played a priest in ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012).

He appeared in ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' as Sheriff Jimmy Rhodes. He had two guest appearances in ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' as Gunnery Sergeant John Deluca. Ellis's appearance in the season 1 episode "The Curse" was uncredited while his second and final appearance in the season 2 episode "The Bone Yard" was credited.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Days of Thunder]]''
| Harlem Hoogerhyde
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[My Cousin Vinny]]''
| J.T.
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Ghost in the Machine (film)|Ghost in the Machine]]''
| Lieutenant
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]''
| [[Deke Slayton]]
|
|-
| 1996
| ''Sticks & Stones''
| Coach Osterman
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[That Thing You Do!]]''
| Phil Horace
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Con Air]]''
| BOP Official Grant
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Bean (film)|Bean]]''
| Detective Butler
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Sparkler''
| Buddy #1
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Wag the Dog]]''
| Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1998
| [[Max Q (film)|Max Q]]
| Bob Matthews
|
|-
| ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]''
| General Hunter Anderson
|
|-
| ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]''
| Flight Director Clark
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[October Sky]]''
| Principal Turner
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Daddy and Them]]''
| Dewey
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Love Liza]]''
| Patriot Model Aeronautics Clerk
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can (2002 film)|Catch Me If You Can]]''
| Special Agent Witkins
|
|-
| 2003
| ''The Bus Stops Here''
| Self-Centered Man at Bus Stop
| Short film
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Island (2005 film)|The Island]]''
| Aces & Spades Bartender
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Devil's Rejects]]''
| Coggs
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)|Fun with Dick and Jane]]''
| Grand Cayman Bank Vice President
|
|-
| 2006
| ''The Darkroom''
| Jackson
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Believe in Me (2006 film)|Believe in Me]]''
| Jim Stovall
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''
| Admiral Brigham
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]''
| Scalvino
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Crazy (2007 film)|Crazy]]''
| Glen the Carousel Manager
| Uncredited
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gospel Hill]]''
| L. Donn Murray
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[G-Force (film)|G-Force]]''
| FBI Director
| Credited as '''Chris Ellis, Jr.'''
|-
| 2012
| ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]''
| Father Reilly
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Grace Unplugged]]''
| Pastor Tim Bryant
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Guest (2014 American film)|The Guest]]''
| Hendricks
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jessabelle]]''
| Sheriff Pruitt
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[McFarland, USA]]''
| Coach Jenks
| Credited as '''Chris Ellis, Jr.'''
|-
| 2016
| ''Trigger''
| Patrick
| Short film
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Show (2017 film)|The Show]]''
| Keller
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Pitching Tents''
| Principal Don Bishop
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Amelia 2.0''
| Senator Thafdeus
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[What Still Remains]]''
| Harvey
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Oath (2018 film)|The Oath]]''
| Hank Creason
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Silo''
| Mr. Adler
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 1979
| ''[[The Suicide's Wife]]''
| Truck Driver
| Television movie
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn]]''
| Clown
| Television movie
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Chiefs (miniseries)|Chiefs]]''
| Bobby Patrick
| Episode: "Part 3" Television miniseries
|-
| 1993
| ''[[NYPD Blue]]''
| Marshal
| Episodes: "Brown Appetit" and "Emission Accomplished"
|-
| 1994
| ''In the Line of Duty: The Price of Vengeance''
| News Vendor
| Television movie
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Murder One (TV series)|Murder One]]''
| Mr. Switzer
| Episode: "Chapter Eleven"
|-
| 1996
| ''Innocent Victims''
| Alan Hallis
| Television movie
|-
| 1996
| ''[[The X-Files]]''
| Sheriff Lance Hindt
| Episode: "Quagmire"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Space: Above and Beyond]]''
| Admiral Stenner
| Episode: "... Tell Our Moms We Done Our Best"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[If These Walls Could Talk]]''
| Crowd Leader
| Segment: "1996" Television movie
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Her Costly Affair]]''
| Wes
| Television movie
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Millennium (TV series)|Millennium]]''
| Jim Penseyres
| 3 episodes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Pretender (TV series)|The Pretender]]''
| Daniel Crockett
| Episode: "Mirage"
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Chicago Hope]]''
| Secret Service Agent Bill Erskine
| Episode: "The Day of the Rope"
|-
| 1998
| ''[[The Pentagon Wars]]''
| General Keane
| Television movie
|-
| 1998
| ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]''
| Bob Parker
| Television miniseries Episode: "Le voyage dans la lune"
|-
| 2002
| ''[[First Monday]]''
| Mr. Patton
| Episode: "Strip Search"
|-
| 2002
| ''[[The Practice]]''
| Mr. Blain - Zoning Board Chairman
| Episode: "Neighboring Species"
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''
| Agent Chapman
| Episode: "The Counteragent"
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Lucky (American TV series)|Lucky]]''
|
| Episode: "The Tell"
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
| Gunnery Sergeant John Deluca
| Episodes: "The Curse" and "The Bone Yard"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]''
| Detective Kush
| Episode: "Good Intentions"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Line of Fire (2003 TV series)|Line of Fire]]''
| Vigs
| Episode: "The Senator"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Helter Skelter (2004 film)|Helter Skelter]]''
| Sergeant Whiteley
| Television movie
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Tiger Cruise]]''
| Captain Anderson
| Television movie
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: NY]]''
| Vincent Williams
| Episode: "Dancing with the Fishes"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Criminal Minds]]''
| Sheriff Rhodes
| Episode: "The Tribe"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The West Wing]]''
| Congressman Fields
| Episode: "Requiem"
|-
| 2006-2007
| ''[[The Unit]]''
| Congressman Bruce Gelber
| Episodes: "Report by Exception" and "Pandemonium: Part 1"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]''
| Captain Ken Nilsen
| Episodes: "Free Fall" and "The One"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vanished (TV series)|Vanished]]''
| Shelton
| Episode: "The Velocity of Sara"
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Veronica Mars]]''
| Reverend Ted Capistrano
| Episode: "There's Got to Be a Morning After Pill"
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Burn Notice]]''
| Virgil Watkins
| Episodes: "Unpaid Debts" and "Rough Seas"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles]]''
| Hayes
| Episodes: "Today Is the Day: Part 1" and "Today Is the Day: Part 2"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]''
| Chris O'Keefe
| Episode: "[[Shareholder Meeting]]"
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Zeke and Luther]]''
| Buzz
| Episode: "Rocket Men"
|-
| 2011
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Warden Clinton Malton
| Episode: "The List"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Warehouse 13]]''
| Colonel Arnold Cassell
| Episode: "What Matters Most"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Murder in the First (TV series)|Murder in the First]]''
| Judge Mitchell Ellis
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[K.C. Undercover]]''
| Christos
| Episodes: "Runaway Robot: Parts 1 & 2"
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Hand of God (TV series)|Hand of God]]''
| Principal Matt Wasser
| Episode: "Telling Me Your Dreams"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Young Sheldon]]''
| Marty Steinbecker
| Episode: "Family Dynamics and a Red Fiero"
|-
| 2020
| ''[[9-1-1: Lone Star]]''
| Derek Poole
| Episode: "Studs"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0254760}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellis, Chris}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dallas]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]

Maria Bello

2020-11-13T23:00:45Z

Killerkürbis: /* Filmography */Filmography + 1

{{short description|Actress, humanitarian}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maria Bello
| image = Maria Bello (31621213980).jpg
| caption = Bello in 2016
| birthname = Maria Elena Bello
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|4|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer|writer}}
| years_active = 1992–present
| children = 1
| partner = [[Dominique Crenn]] (engaged 2019)<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/B8Z7-gAlpF1/</ref>

}}
'''Maria Elena Bello''' (born April 18, 1967) is an American actress and writer. Her film roles include ''[[Permanent Midnight]]'' (1998), ''[[Payback (1999 film)|Payback]]'' (1999), ''[[Coyote Ugly (film)|Coyote Ugly]]'' (2000), ''[[The Cooler]]'' (2003), ''[[A History of Violence (film)|A History of Violence]]'' (2005), ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]'' (2008), ''[[Prisoners (2013 film)|Prisoners]]'' (2013), and ''[[Lights Out (2016 film)|Lights Out]]'' (2016). On television, Bello appeared as [[Anna Del Amico|Dr. Anna Del Amico]] on the medical drama ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' (1997–1998), with other starring roles including as Lucy Robbins on the series ''[[Touch (TV series)|Touch]]'' in 2013, as Michelle McBride on the first season of the series ''[[Goliath (TV series)|Goliath]]'' in 2016, and since 2017 as Special Agent Jacqueline "Jack" Sloane on the series ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''.

''[[The Guardian]]'' named her one of the best actors never to have received an [[Academy Award]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Singer|first=Leigh|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/feb/19/best-actors-never-nominated-for-oscars|title=Oscars: the best actors never to have been nominated|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=February 19, 2009|accessdate=June 17, 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bello was born in [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]], to Kathy, a school nurse and teacher, and Joe Bello, a contractor.<ref name="filmref">{{cite web | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/63/Maria-Bello.html | title = Maria Bello Biography (1967-) | publisher= FilmReference.com | accessdate= December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ematrimony.org/priestscorner/20060127_belloquote_rickey.htm |title=Supporting, Encouraging and Challenging the WWME Community |publisher=eMatrimony |accessdate=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926195102/http://www.ematrimony.org/priestscorner/20060127_belloquote_rickey.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Her father is [[Italian American]], with roots in [[Montella]], [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/07/01/news/all_attrice_maria_bello_l_ischia_humanitarian_award-38334552/ |title=All'attrice Maria Bello l'Ischia Humanitarian Award / Actress Maria Bello: Ischia Humanitarian Award|publisher=Napoli.repubblica.it |date= |accessdate=December 2, 2013 | quote = Il nonni paterni di Maria Bello, 45 anni, erano originari di Montella, in provincia di Avellino / The paternal grandparents of Maria Bello, 45, were from Montella, Avellino}} (in Italian)</ref> and her mother is [[Polish American]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/10/AR2006081000437.html |title=Maria Bello, 'Getting Better and Better' |work=Washingtonpost.com |date=August 11, 2006 |accessdate=December 2, 2013}}</ref> She grew up in a working-class [[Roman Catholic]] family and graduated from Archbishop John Carroll High School in [[Radnor, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019251/bio|title=Maria Bello|work=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/actress_250/258_maria_bello.html|title=Maria Bello|work=[[AskMen.com]]|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> She majored in [[political science]] at [[Villanova University]]. Following graduation, Bello honed her acting skills in a number of New York theater productions.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/263285/Maria-Bello/biography "Maria Bello"], NYTimes.com</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Maria Bello 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Bello at the Independent Spirit Awards in Los Angeles on March 5, 2010]]
Bello's early TV appearances include episodes of ''[[The Commish]]'' (1991), ''[[Due South]]'' (1994), ''[[Nowhere Man (TV series)|Nowhere Man]]'' (1995), ''[[Misery Loves Company (TV series)|Misery Loves Company]]'' (1995), and ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' (1997–98). Her breakthrough came when she was cast as Mrs. Smith in the TV series spy show ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (TV series)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'', though the show was cancelled after 8 weeks. She then appeared in the final three episodes of the third season of ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' as pediatrician Dr. Anna Del Amico and was a regular cast member during the medical drama's fourth season.

Bello moved on to films, landing a role in ''Coyote Ugly'' (2000). She was nominated for the [[Golden Globe]] award twice: for Best Supporting Actress in ''[[The Cooler]]'' (2003) and for Best Actress in ''[[A History of Violence (film)|A History of Violence]]'' (2005). She starred in ''The Jane Austen Book Club'' (2007) as Jocelyn and as Dr. Alex Sabian in the 2005 film ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (2005 film)|Assault on Precinct 13]]'' a remake of [[Assault on Precinct 13 (1976 film)|the original 1976 movie]] made by [[John Carpenter]]. In 2008, she starred in ''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' as [[List of characters in The Mummy series#Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan O'Connell|Evelyn O'Connell]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Maria Bello Interview | work=futuremovies.co.uk| date=April 1, 2001 | url= https://www.futuremovies.co.uk/filmmaking/maria-bello-on-the-mummy/adam-tanswell}}</ref> In December 2008, Bello began developing a drama for [[HBO]]. Besides starring in the new series, Bello was planned to also serve as an [[executive producer]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Schneider|first=Michael| title=HBO seals deal with Maria Bello| work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| date=December 21, 2008| accessdate=December 30, 2008| url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997700.html}}</ref> She starred in the 2009 drama film ''[[The Yellow Handkerchief (2010 film)|The Yellow Handkerchief]]'', which was released in theatres on February 26, 2010 by [[Samuel Goldwyn Films]].

In 2010, Bello guest-starred in two episodes of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Maria-Bello-SVU-1020700.aspx| title=Exclusive: Maria Bello Signs On to SVU| publisher=TVGuide.com}}</ref> The following year, she starred in the TV series ''[[Prime Suspect (U.S. TV series)|Prime Suspect]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2011/02/maria-bello-to-star-in-nbcs-prime-suspect-107054/|title=Maria Bello To Star In NBC's 'Prime Suspect'|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2011-02-17|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en-US}}</ref> which was cancelled after 13 episodes. In 2011, she became a founding board member of the CQ Matrix Company, a company created by her then-partner, Clare Munn, to help clients achieve "transformative living and the power of intelligent exchange" by enhancing their [[communication quotient]].<ref>{{cite web| title=CQ| url=http://claremunn.com/cq/| publisher=ClareMunn.com| accessdate=December 4, 2013| quote=... board members including founding board member Maria Bello...| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423071807/http://claremunn.com/cq/| archive-date=April 23, 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, she starred alongside [[Frank Grillo]] in the [[James Wan]]-produced thriller ''[[Demonic (film)|Demonic]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/84123/international-demonic-trailer-begins-haunting/|title=International Demonic Trailer Begins Haunting - Dread Central|date=January 5, 2015|publisher=|accessdate=October 27, 2017}}</ref>

==Humanitarian efforts==
In the aftermath of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]], Bello founded WE ADVANCE with Aleda Frishman, Alison Thompson, and Barbara Guillaume. It is an organization that encourages [[Haiti]]an women to collaborate in making healthcare a priority, and putting an end to [[domestic violence]] within their communities. Currently, the organization is based in a health clinic and a community outreach center in [[Cité Soleil]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Bello| first=Maria|title=How to ADVANCE Our Money in Haiti| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/maria-bello/how-to-advance-our-money-_b_808004.html| work=The Huffington Post| accessdate=May 10, 2011}}</ref> Bello is also a board member of Darfur Women Action Group, an [[NGO]] that undertakes activism on behalf of [[genocide]] victims of the [[Darfur conflict]].<ref>http://www.darfurwomenaction.org/about/board/maria-bello-darfur-women-action-group-board-member{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Bello has a son with her former boyfriend Dan McDermott.<ref name=usweekly120213/> In November 2013, she wrote about having a [[same-sex relationship]] with her then-partner, Clare Munn.<ref name=usweekly120213>{{cite news| url = http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/maria-bello-shares-modern-family-picture-with-girlfriend-clare-munn-and-ex-boyfriend-dan-mcdermott-after-coming-out-as-gay-2013212 | title= Maria Bello Shares 'Modern Family' Picture With Girlfriend Clare Munn and Ex-Boyfriend Dan McDermott After Coming Out as Gay | date= December 2, 2013 | accessdate= December 2, 2013 | first= Nicole | last = Eggenberger | work = [[Us Weekly]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/01/fashion/coming-out-as-a-modern-family-modern-love.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=Coming Out as a Modern Family - NYTimes.com |first= Maria|last=Bello |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 29, 2013 |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=December 2, 2013}}</ref> She published a book, ''Whatever...Love Is Love: Questioning the Labels We Give Ourselves'' (Dey Street Books, April 28, 2015).{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

In February 2020, while attending the [[92nd Academy Awards]] in their first public appearance as a couple, Bello announced she and chef [[Dominique Crenn]] had gotten engaged on December 29, 2019 while vacationing in Paris, France.<ref>https://people.com/movies/maria-bello-reveals-shes-engaged-to-chef-girlfriend-dominique-crenn-ive-finally-grown-up/</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Film
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1992
|Maintenance
|Eddie
|
|-
|1994
|Morphosis
|Boss
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Permanent Midnight]]''
| Kitty
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Payback (1999 film)|Payback]]''
| Rosie
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Coyote Ugly (film)|Coyote Ugly]]''
| [[Lil Lovell]]
|
|-
| ''[[Duets (film)|Duets]]''
| Suzi Loomis
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[China: The Panda Adventure]]''
| Ruth Harkness
|
|-
| ''[[Sam the Man]]''
| Anastasia Powell
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Auto Focus]]''
| Patricia Olson / Patricia Crane / Sigrid Valdis
|
|-
| ''[[100 Mile Rule]]''
| Monica
|
|-
| 2003
| ''{{sortname|The|Cooler}}''
| Natalie Belisario
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Silver City (2004 film)|Silver City]]''
| Nora Allardyce
|
|-
| ''[[Secret Window]]''
| Amy Rainey
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (2005 film)|Assault on Precinct 13]]''
| Alex Sabian
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|A|History of Violence}}''
| Edie Stall
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Dark|The Dark (film)}}''
| Adélle
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006
| ''[[Thank You for Smoking (film)|Thank You for Smoking]]''
| Polly Bailey
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Sisters|The Sisters (2005 film)}}''
| Marcia Prior Glass
|
|-
| ''[[Flicka (film)|Flicka]]''
| Nell McLaughlin
|
|-
| ''[[World Trade Center (film)|World Trade Center]]''
| Donna McLoughlin
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
| ''{{sortname|The|Jane Austen Book Club|The Jane Austen Book Club (film)}}''
| Jocelyn
|
|-
| ''[[Towelhead (film)|Towelhead]]''
| Gail Monahan
|
|-
| ''[[Butterfly on a Wheel]]''
| Abby Randall
| AKA ''Shattered''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''{{sortname|The|Yellow Handkerchief|The Yellow Handkerchief (2010 film)}}''
| May
|
|-
| ''[[Downloading Nancy]]''
| Nancy Stockwell
|
|-
| ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]''
| [[List of characters in The Mummy series#Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan O'Connell|Evelyn O'Connell]]
| Replacing [[Rachel Weisz]]
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Private Lives of Pippa Lee}}''
| Suky
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
| ''{{sortname|The|Company Men}}''
| Sally Wilcox
|
|-
| ''[[Grown Ups (film)|Grown Ups]]''
| Sally Lamonsoff
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[Beautiful Boy (2010 film)|Beautiful Boy]]''
| Kate Carroll
|
|-
| ''[[Abduction (2011 film)|Abduction]]''
| Mara Harper
|
|-
| ''Carjacked''
| Lorraine
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Grown Ups 2]]''
| Sally Lamonsoff
|
|-
| ''[[Prisoners (2013 film)|Prisoners]]''
| Grace Dover
|
|-
| ''[[Third Person (film)|Third Person]]''
| Theresa
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Big Driver (film)|Big Driver]]''
| Tess Thorne
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[McFarland, USA]]''
| Cheryl White
|
|-
| ''[[Demonic (film)|Demonic]]''
| Dr. Elizabeth Klein
|
|-
| ''[[Bravetown]]''
| Martha
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2016
| ''[[The 5th Wave (film)|The 5th Wave]]''
| Sergeant Reznik
|
|-
| ''[[The Confirmation]]''
| Bonnie
|
|-
| ''[[Lights Out (2016 film)|Lights Out]]''
| Sophie
|
|-
| ''[[The Late Bloomer]]''
| Brenda Newmans
|
|-
| ''[[Max Steel (film)|Max Steel]]''
| Molly McGrath
|
|-
| ''[[Wait Till Helen Comes (film)|Wait Till Helen Comes]]''
| Jean
| AKA '' Little Girl's Secret''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[In Search of Fellini]]''
| Claire
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[Every Day (2018 film)|Every Day]]''
| Lindsey
|
|-
| ''[[Better Start Running]]''
| Agent McFadden
|
|-
| ''[[Giant Little Ones]]''
| Carly Winter
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[The Water Man (film)|The Water Man]]''
|
| Post-production
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Television
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1995
| ''[[Nowhere Man (American TV series)|Nowhere Man]]''
|Emily Noonan
|1 episode
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (TV series)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]''
| Mrs. Smith
| 13 episodes
|-
| 1997–1998
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| [[Anna Del Amico|Dr. Anna Del Amico]]
| Season 4
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Vivian Arliss
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Prime Suspect (U.S. TV series)|Prime Suspect]]''
| Jane Timoney
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Touch (TV series)|Touch]]''
| Lucy Robbins
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Goliath (TV series)|Goliath]]''
| Michelle McBride
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2017–present
| ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
| Jacqueline "Jack" Sloane
| Main Role
|-
| 2017
| ''XQ Super School Live''
| Herself
| 1 episode
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 1997
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series]]
| <center>''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''</center>
| {{won}}
|-
| 2000
| [[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]]
| [[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|Favorite Supporting Actress – Comedy/Romance]]
| <center>''[[Coyote Ugly (film)|Coyote Ugly]]''</center>
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=5| 2003
| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
| rowspan=5|<center>''[[The Cooler]]''</center>
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=10| 2005
| [[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award]]
| [[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan=10| <center>''[[A History of Violence]]''</center>
| {{nom}}
|-
| Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award
| Best Supporting Performance
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama|Best Actress Motion Picture – Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| [[London Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005|Actress of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Village Voice Film Poll|Village Voice Film Poll Award]]
| [[Village Voice Film Poll|Best Supporting Performance]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2006
| [[RiverRun International Film Festival|RiverRun International Film Festival's Jury Prize]]
| [[RiverRun International Film Festival|Best Actress]]
| rowspan=2| <center>''[[The Sisters (2005 film)|The Sisters]]''</center>
| {{won}}
|-
| Dixie Film Festival Prize
| Outstanding Actress in a Film
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2009
| [[Independent Spirit Award]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead|Best Female Lead]]
| <center>''[[Downloading Nancy]]''</center>
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2013
| [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review Award ]]
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast|Best Cast]]
| <center>''[[Prisoners (2013 film)|Prisoners]]''</center>
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4742|Maria Bello}}
*{{Allmovie name|263285}}
* [https://twitter.com/maria_bello Maria Bello] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://instagram.com/officialmariabello Maria Bello] on [[Instagram]]
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Maria Bello
|list =
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Satellite Award Best Supporting Actress Motion Picture}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAwards EnsembleTVDrama 1994–1999}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Maria}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:LGBT actresses]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States]]
[[Category:People from Norristown, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Villanova University alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Archbishop John Carroll High School alumni]]

Talk:Gentoo penguin

2020-11-13T22:03:20Z

Killerkürbis: /* No Predators on land? */Corr

{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Birds|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Antarctica|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Australia|class=C|importance=Low|biota=y|biota-importance=low}}
{{WP1.0|class=C|importance=Low|WPCD=yes}}
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{{GLAMARKive}}

==Untitled==
There should be a way to navigate to this page from the [[penguin]] page. --[[User:Zandperl|zandperl]] 20:22, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
: Look under the classification section:
Family Spheniscidae
* King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus
* Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri
* Gentoo Penguin, Pygoscelis papua
[[User:Stan Shebs|Stan]] 20:53, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
:My bad, I completely missed that! :-P --[[User:Zandperl|zandperl]] 01:41, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

== Etymology ==

''The name gentoo comes from the French language, being a corruption of the word ghetto meaning "Poor" or "Senial". During the 18th century, the name was also applied to members of the Hindu faith.''

This sounds wrong to me. The word ghetto is not of French origin (rather Italian, see
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghetto ) and does not mean "poor" or even "senial" (which does not seem to be a word at all).
Furthermore, as someone else has indicated, this assertion is somewhat undocumented.
I googled quickly ('gentoo'+'hindu') and found the following, amongst others:
http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/penguins/page6.phtml
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/NoDefinitionofHinduism.htm

What we can clearly establish is that "gentoo" was/is a derogatory term used to refer to Hindus (and others) by both British (possibly a corruption of "Hindu"?) and Portugese (from 'gentile').

I'll remove the reference to French, at least.

[[User:129.132.45.42|129.132.45.42]] 17:42, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

== Contradictions in the diet ==

One sentence tells us: ''Gentoo penguins are opportunistic feeders, and'' [...] ''take roughly equal proportions of fish, crustaceans and squid'', and the next says ''Gentoos live mainly on crustaceans,'' [...] ''with fish making up only about 15% of the diet''. Well, which is it?

== Life Cycles of Gentoos ==

== How long do they live for? ==

I've search many sites and not one gives a live span of the Gentoo. Book report due Thurs. Help

:http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gentoo%20penguins%22%20life%20span ¦ [[User:Reisio|Reisio]] 05:16, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

== 500,000 g Eggs ?!? ==

I'm sure there is something wrong with this. How could a 7 kg creature lay an egg of 500 kg ? I changed it to 500 g, but I'm not sure of the actual weight of their eggs. (~[[user:Drysh|Drysh]])

:Simple vandalism. It's a real shame that almost nobody ever seems to get the idea to check the history when they see something extraordinary/incredible but unexplained or plain illogical in an article. Had you done that, you'd have noticed that the original figure given was ''130'' g. After seven years, the vandalism was still basically uncorrected. --[[User:Florian Blaschke|Florian Blaschke]] ([[User talk:Florian Blaschke|talk]]) 00:43, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

== Eggs ==

"Two eggs are laid, both weighing around 500 g." Is that each, or in total? [[User:GrahamBould|GrahamBould]] 12:55, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

== Pronunciation ==

dʒɛntu?? shouldn't it be something like jĕn`tŌ´ (from thefreedictionary.com) is there some wikipedia sanctioned pronunciation scheme that I missed?

:No, it is correct as is. Look at [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]. /ˈdʒɛntu/ as the English pronunciation spelling would be exactly like [jen-too] ([http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=gentoo Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)]). [[User:97.86.248.2|97.86.248.2]] 21:29, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

== Creches ==

"The chicks remain in the nests for about 30 days before forming creches." The "Creche" link redirects to "Crèche", which is a stub, saying it can mean "Day care centre" or "Nativity scene". So, wtf? Do the 30 day old chicks build themselves a little fort out of snow or clay? Or is there a third sense of the word, referring to some type of plumage? More info? Citation? --[[User:Infinoid|Infinoid]] 16:04, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

== Original Research ==

"The Gentoo are the most timid species of penguin."

I believe that the above is original reseach and that it should have a citation or be deleted. [[User:Teak the Kiwi|Teak the Kiwi]] 17:11, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

:Probably taken from another source, but should have a cite in any case. Feel free to whack in the meantime, it could also be vandalism (vandals like the penguin articles for some reason). [[User:Stan Shebs|Stan]] 17:52, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

== @@^$tv9g ==

ghtbgtyht [v0_I(V_(b} I(V_B}P[m](O — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.81.94.185|67.81.94.185]] ([[User talk:67.81.94.185|talk]]) 13:01, 30 March 2016 (UTC) 

I plan on adding this section on some gentoo physiology to the page for one of my classes. My sandbox is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcb1011/sandbox [[User:Mcb1011|Mcb1011]] ([[User talk:Mcb1011|talk]]) 23:01, 28 April 2016 (UTC)
==Physiology==
Because Gentoos live in the frozen Antarctic, there is not much fresh water available to them. Much of the Gentoos' diets are high in salt so to counteract this, they eat organisms that have relatively the same salinity as sea water. This can still lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body, especially for Gentoo chicks. To combat this, Gentoos, as well as many other marine bird species, have a highly developed salt gland located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline-concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak.<ref>Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1960). The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds. Circulation, 21(5), 955-967. doi:10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955</ref>

Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as the Adelie penguin, their closest relative, because Gentoos require less energy investment when hunting. The net gain of energy after hunting is greater in Gentoos than Adelies, so Gentoos do not need large energy stores as adults.<ref>D’Amico, V. L., Coria, N., Palacios, M. G., Barbosa, A., & Bertellotti, M. (2014). Physiological differences between two overlapped breeding Antarctic penguins in a global change perspective. Polar Biol Polar Biology, 39(1), 57-64. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1604-9</ref> As embryos, Gentoos require a lot of energy in order to develop. Oxygen consumption is high for a developing Gentoo embryo. As the embryo grows and requires more oxygen, the amount of consumption increasing exponentially until the Gentoo chick hatches. By then, the chick is consuming around 1800 mL O2 per day.<ref>Actams, N. J. (1992). Embryonic metabolism, energy budgets and cost of production of king Aptenodytes patagonicus and gentoo Pygoscelis papua penguin eggs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 101(3), 497-503. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90501-g</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Gentoo penguin]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=805080167 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://archive.is/20060316081704/http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/gentoopenguin to http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/gentoopenguin
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.planetavivo.org/French/drupal/ArdleyIsland1

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Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 22:52, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

== Add section explaining how Gentoo penguin inspired the name for Gentoo Linux ==

The [[Linux]] distribution [[Gentoo Linux]] is named after the Gentoo penguin.<ref name="Negus2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher Negus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gqXiuPySGg8C&pg=PA389|title=Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions|date=5 May 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-28706-4|pages=389–}}</ref>{{rp|383}} Should a part of this article mention this?

== No Predators on land? ==

What's about the [[Striated caracara]]? (Mentioned in the introduction there)
--[[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 06:10, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Talk:Gentoo penguin

2020-11-13T06:10:54Z

Killerkürbis: /* No Predators on land? */ new section

{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Birds|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Antarctica|class=C|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Australia|class=C|importance=Low|biota=y|biota-importance=low}}
{{WP1.0|class=C|importance=Low|WPCD=yes}}
}}
{{GLAMARKive}}

==Untitled==
There should be a way to navigate to this page from the [[penguin]] page. --[[User:Zandperl|zandperl]] 20:22, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
: Look under the classification section:
Family Spheniscidae
* King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus
* Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri
* Gentoo Penguin, Pygoscelis papua
[[User:Stan Shebs|Stan]] 20:53, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
:My bad, I completely missed that! :-P --[[User:Zandperl|zandperl]] 01:41, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

== Etymology ==

''The name gentoo comes from the French language, being a corruption of the word ghetto meaning "Poor" or "Senial". During the 18th century, the name was also applied to members of the Hindu faith.''

This sounds wrong to me. The word ghetto is not of French origin (rather Italian, see
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghetto ) and does not mean "poor" or even "senial" (which does not seem to be a word at all).
Furthermore, as someone else has indicated, this assertion is somewhat undocumented.
I googled quickly ('gentoo'+'hindu') and found the following, amongst others:
http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/penguins/page6.phtml
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/NoDefinitionofHinduism.htm

What we can clearly establish is that "gentoo" was/is a derogatory term used to refer to Hindus (and others) by both British (possibly a corruption of "Hindu"?) and Portugese (from 'gentile').

I'll remove the reference to French, at least.

[[User:129.132.45.42|129.132.45.42]] 17:42, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

== Contradictions in the diet ==

One sentence tells us: ''Gentoo penguins are opportunistic feeders, and'' [...] ''take roughly equal proportions of fish, crustaceans and squid'', and the next says ''Gentoos live mainly on crustaceans,'' [...] ''with fish making up only about 15% of the diet''. Well, which is it?

== Life Cycles of Gentoos ==

== How long do they live for? ==

I've search many sites and not one gives a live span of the Gentoo. Book report due Thurs. Help

:http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gentoo%20penguins%22%20life%20span ¦ [[User:Reisio|Reisio]] 05:16, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

== 500,000 g Eggs ?!? ==

I'm sure there is something wrong with this. How could a 7 kg creature lay an egg of 500 kg ? I changed it to 500 g, but I'm not sure of the actual weight of their eggs. (~[[user:Drysh|Drysh]])

:Simple vandalism. It's a real shame that almost nobody ever seems to get the idea to check the history when they see something extraordinary/incredible but unexplained or plain illogical in an article. Had you done that, you'd have noticed that the original figure given was ''130'' g. After seven years, the vandalism was still basically uncorrected. --[[User:Florian Blaschke|Florian Blaschke]] ([[User talk:Florian Blaschke|talk]]) 00:43, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

== Eggs ==

"Two eggs are laid, both weighing around 500 g." Is that each, or in total? [[User:GrahamBould|GrahamBould]] 12:55, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

== Pronunciation ==

dʒɛntu?? shouldn't it be something like jĕn`tŌ´ (from thefreedictionary.com) is there some wikipedia sanctioned pronunciation scheme that I missed?

:No, it is correct as is. Look at [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]. /ˈdʒɛntu/ as the English pronunciation spelling would be exactly like [jen-too] ([http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=gentoo Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)]). [[User:97.86.248.2|97.86.248.2]] 21:29, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

== Creches ==

"The chicks remain in the nests for about 30 days before forming creches." The "Creche" link redirects to "Crèche", which is a stub, saying it can mean "Day care centre" or "Nativity scene". So, wtf? Do the 30 day old chicks build themselves a little fort out of snow or clay? Or is there a third sense of the word, referring to some type of plumage? More info? Citation? --[[User:Infinoid|Infinoid]] 16:04, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

== Original Research ==

"The Gentoo are the most timid species of penguin."

I believe that the above is original reseach and that it should have a citation or be deleted. [[User:Teak the Kiwi|Teak the Kiwi]] 17:11, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

:Probably taken from another source, but should have a cite in any case. Feel free to whack in the meantime, it could also be vandalism (vandals like the penguin articles for some reason). [[User:Stan Shebs|Stan]] 17:52, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

== @@^$tv9g ==

ghtbgtyht [v0_I(V_(b} I(V_B}P[m](O — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.81.94.185|67.81.94.185]] ([[User talk:67.81.94.185|talk]]) 13:01, 30 March 2016 (UTC) 

I plan on adding this section on some gentoo physiology to the page for one of my classes. My sandbox is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcb1011/sandbox [[User:Mcb1011|Mcb1011]] ([[User talk:Mcb1011|talk]]) 23:01, 28 April 2016 (UTC)
==Physiology==
Because Gentoos live in the frozen Antarctic, there is not much fresh water available to them. Much of the Gentoos' diets are high in salt so to counteract this, they eat organisms that have relatively the same salinity as sea water. This can still lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body, especially for Gentoo chicks. To combat this, Gentoos, as well as many other marine bird species, have a highly developed salt gland located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline-concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak.<ref>Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1960). The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds. Circulation, 21(5), 955-967. doi:10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955</ref>

Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as the Adelie penguin, their closest relative, because Gentoos require less energy investment when hunting. The net gain of energy after hunting is greater in Gentoos than Adelies, so Gentoos do not need large energy stores as adults.<ref>D’Amico, V. L., Coria, N., Palacios, M. G., Barbosa, A., & Bertellotti, M. (2014). Physiological differences between two overlapped breeding Antarctic penguins in a global change perspective. Polar Biol Polar Biology, 39(1), 57-64. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1604-9</ref> As embryos, Gentoos require a lot of energy in order to develop. Oxygen consumption is high for a developing Gentoo embryo. As the embryo grows and requires more oxygen, the amount of consumption increasing exponentially until the Gentoo chick hatches. By then, the chick is consuming around 1800 mL O2 per day.<ref>Actams, N. J. (1992). Embryonic metabolism, energy budgets and cost of production of king Aptenodytes patagonicus and gentoo Pygoscelis papua penguin eggs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 101(3), 497-503. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90501-g</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Gentoo penguin]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=805080167 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://archive.is/20060316081704/http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/gentoopenguin to http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/gentoopenguin
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.planetavivo.org/French/drupal/ArdleyIsland1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 22:52, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

== Add section explaining how Gentoo penguin inspired the name for Gentoo Linux ==

The [[Linux]] distribution [[Gentoo Linux]] is named after the Gentoo penguin.<ref name="Negus2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher Negus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gqXiuPySGg8C&pg=PA389|title=Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions|date=5 May 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-28706-4|pages=389–}}</ref>{{rp|383}} Should a part of this article mention this?

== No Predators on land? ==

What's about the [[Striated caracara]]? (Mentioned in the introduction)
--[[User:Killerkürbis|Killerkürbis]] ([[User talk:Killerkürbis|talk]]) 06:10, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Kyle Gass

2020-10-08T17:18:16Z

Killerkürbis: /* Film */2nd title added (see:IMDb )

{{short description|American musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kyle Gass
| image = File:Kyle Gass Band (ZMF 2017) jm33936.jpg
| caption = Gass performing in 2017
| image_size = 220px
| birth_name = Kyle Richard Gass
| alias = KG, Kage, Rage Kage, Rage
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Walnut Creek, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Guitarist
* singer
* songwriter
* actor
}}
| years_active = 1988–present
| background = solo anal
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Guitar
* vocals
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Comedy rock]]
* [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
* [[hard rock]]
* [[acoustic rock]]}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Epic Records|Epic]]
* [[Sony BMG]]
* [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
* SPV/Steamhammer}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Tenacious D]]
* [[Kyle Gass Band]]/The Kyle Gass Company
* [[Trainwreck (band)|Trainwreck]]}}
| website = [http://kylegass.com]
}}
[[File:Kyle Gass Band (ZMF 2017) jm34114.jpg|thumb|Kyle Gass at the [[Zelt-Musik-Festival]] 2017 in [[Freiburg]], [[Germany]] ]]
'''Kyle Richard Gass''' (born July 14, 1960)<ref name=NNDB>{{cite web| url= http://www.nndb.com/people/791/000025716/ | title=Kyle Gass AKA Kyle Richard Gass |publisher= [[NNDB]] | accessdate=June 5, 2016|archivedate=April 2, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402143046/http://www.nndb.com/people/791/000025716/ | url-status =live}}</ref> is an American musician and actor best known for being a member of [[Tenacious D]], winner of a [[Grammy Award]] for Best Metal Performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/grammy-awards-2015-the-complete-winners-list-20150208|title=Grammy Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=February 8, 2015}}</ref> alongside longtime friend [[Jack Black]]. He also co-formed, and performs with, the bands [[Trainwreck (band)|Trainwreck]] and [[Kyle Gass Band]]''.'' Outside of music, Gass makes sporadic appearances as an actor; his appearances include the films ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]'' and ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'', TV shows such as ''[[Friends]]'' and ''[[Seinfeld]]'' and various music videos for bands such as [[Good Charlotte]] and [[I Prevail]]. He hosted a YouTube channel from 2009 to 2012 called ''Guitarings'' alongside fellow Tenacious D guitarist [[John Konesky]].

==Early life==
Kyle Gass was born in [[Walnut Creek, California]], and has two brothers.<ref name=NNDB /> He attended [[Las Lomas High School]], where he played flute in the marching band, and preceded G. Williams, graduating in 1978.<ref name=NNDB /> He has suffered from male pattern baldness since he was a young man. He studied acting at [[UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television]], where he met [[Tim Robbins]]. In 1982, he joined Robbins' [[The Actors' Gang]] and in the early 1990s met and befriended Jack Black in the group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theactorsgang.com/production-history/|title=Production History - The Actors' Gang|work=The Actors' Gang|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
===Acting career===
Gass made his first on-screen appearance in 1988 in a 7-Up Gold commercial, and made his film debut two years later in ''[[Brain Dead (1990 film)|Brain Dead]]''. He lost as a contestant on the October 5, 1988 episode of the U.S. game show ''[[Sale of the Century]].''

He was featured in several episodes of the television show ''[[Fear of a Punk Planet (film)|Fear of a Punk Planet]]'', which has since been released on DVD. He has also made an appearance as a lawyer in the [[Good Charlotte]] video for [[Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (Good Charlotte song)|"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous"]]. Along with Black, Gass made a comedic appearance as a hapless airplane mechanic in the [[Foo Fighters]]' 1999 video "[[Learn to Fly]]."

Gass acted in the feature film ''[[Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)|Jacob's Ladder]]'', which stars Tim Robbins. He also appeared as the "couch potato" in the film ''[[The Cable Guy]]''. He made a cameo appearance in the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' episode "[[The Abstinence]]". Gass appeared in the comedy ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]'' as an inept author of children's books. He has played small roles in many of Black's films (''[[Year One (film)|Year One]]'', ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]'', ''[[Saving Silverman]]'', ''[[The Cable Guy]]'', etc.). Gass appeared in season 9 of ''[[Friends]]'' as a mugger, as the porn director in the 2008 teen film ''[[Extreme Movie]]'', Walrus Boy in ''[[Wieners (film)|Wieners]]'', and as the dirty trucker in the men's room in the 2008 film ''[[Sex Drive (film)|Sex Drive]]''. He starred in the movie ''[[Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny]]'' alongside Black. Gass had a cameo role as a singing [[karaoke]] cowboy in the 2007 movie ''[[Wild Hogs]]''. In October 2008, Gass appeared as the character Decatur Doublewide in the film ''[[Lower Learning]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/profiles/people/main/50971/Kyle+Gass.html?dataSet=1&query=kyle+gass |title=Kyle Gass – Actor, producer|publisher=Variety |accessdate=2009-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012134456/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/main/50971/Kyle%2BGass.html?dataSet=1 |archivedate=October 12, 2008 }}</ref>

He auditioned for a role as a [[demon]] in the pilot episode of ''[[Reaper (TV series)|Reaper]],'' directed by [[Kevin Smith]], but he was not hired, to Smith's disappointment.<ref>[http://www.quickstopentertainment.com/smodcast/ ''SModcast'' #8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422104423/http://quickstopentertainment.com/smodcast/ |date=April 22, 2007 }}</ref> He also appeared in the 22nd episode of the 2nd season of ''[[2 Broke Girls]]'' as the special effects guy (also known as "Cookie Guy").

===Music career===
{{See|Tenacious D|Kyle Gass Band|Trainwreck (band)}}
In Tenacious D, Gass plays lead guitar and sings backing vocals, and also plays the role of Black's comic [[foil (literature)|foil]] in most of their comedy routines.

While appearing on ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' on November 15, 2006,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://imdb.com/title/tt0904695/|publisher=The Internet Movie Database|title=Episode 15 November 2006 of ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''|accessdate=2007-03-24}}</ref> Gass claimed to have been the youngest graduate of the [[Juilliard School of Music]] with a [[academic degree|degree]] in classical guitar studies at the age of 13. Juilliard did not have a guitar program in 1973, but began its graduate level guitar program in 1989 under Sharon Isbin, and its undergraduate program in 2007. Earlier, in an article in the ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|Sunday Times]]'' on October 29, 2006, Black stated that Gass was the youngest graduate of Juilliard.<ref>{{cite news | first= Jasper |last= Rees | title=Dude, where's my guitar? | work=The Sunday Times | url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dude-wheres-my-guitar-09bfd83nzhm | date=August 29, 2006 | accessdate=February 29, 2020 | location=London}}</ref> On May 13, 2008, Gass was a phone-in guest on the ''[[The Adam Carolla Show (terrestrial radio)|Adam Carolla Show]]''. When [[Adam Carolla]] asked him "... And did you go to Juilliard?" Kyle replied "I didn't. I—you know, I made that up as a joke," he continued, "and I thought it would be hilarious, and then I've been hearing about it ever since. Apologies to Juilliard."<ref>{{cite web | publisher=97.1 FreeFM | title=Podcast of interview with Kyle Gass | work=The Adam Carolla Show | url=http://www.971freefm.com/episode_download.php?contentType=36&contentId=2166183 | date=May 13, 2008 | accessdate=2008-05-14 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Gass is featured as a minor character in the 2009 video game ''[[Brütal Legend]]'' (in which Black plays the lead role), where he portrays Kage the Kannonier, a self-pitying giant in charge of a mortar cannon.

Gass starred in a web show, ''Guitarings'', with [[John Konesky]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

== Personal life ==
Gass is the godfather of [[Jack Black]]’s son.<ref name="Sunday-herald">{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/tenacious-and-talented/story-e6frf9hf-1111112810865?sv=a7d6ef8c17b517081eba207992d4496f|title=Tenacious and talented|last=Johnston|first=Neala|date=January 11, 2007|work=[[Herald Sun]]|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref><ref name="metro 2">{{cite news|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=23585&in_page_id=7&in_a_source=|title=Profile: Jack Black|last=|first=|date=November 2, 2006|work=|publisher=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]|author2=|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Trainwreck===

==== Studio albums ====

*''[[Trainwreck Live]]'' (2004)
*''[[The Wreckoning (Trainwreck album)|The Wreckoning]]'' (2009)

==== EPs ====

* ''2 Tracks'' (2003)
* ''The EP'' (2006)

===Kyle Gass Band===

*''[[Kyle Gass Band (album)|Kyle Gass Band]]'' (2013)
*''Thundering Herd'' (2016)

===Tenacious D===

====Studio albums====
*''[[Tenacious D (album)|Tenacious D]]'' (2001)
*''[[The Pick of Destiny]]'' (2006)
*''[[Rize of the Fenix]]'' (2012)
*''[[Post-Apocalypto]]'' (2018)

====EPs====
*''[[D Fun Pak]]'' (2002)
*''[[Jazz_(Tenacious_D_EP)|Jazz]]'' (2012)

====Live albums====
*''[[Tenacious D Live]]'' (2015)

===== Video albums =====

* ''[[The Complete Master Works]]'' (2003)
* ''[[The Complete Master Works 2]]'' (2008)

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Brain Dead (1990 film)|Brain Dead]]''
| Anaesthetist
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)|Jacob's Ladder]]''
| Tony
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Mike the Detective''
| Phil
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[The Barefoot Executive]]''
| Joe
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Bio-Dome]]''
| KG
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[The Cable Guy]]''
| Couch Potato
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Bongwater (film)|Bongwater]]''
| Guitarist
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Idle Hands]]''
| Burger Jungle Guy
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Cradle Will Rock]]''
| Larry
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Almost Famous]]''
| Quince Allen
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Saving Silverman]]''
| Bar Dude
|
|-
| 2001
| ''The Zeros''
| Reed / David
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Evolution (2001 film)|Evolution]]''
| Officer Drake
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
| Artie
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[The New Guy]]''
| Mr. Luberoff
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]''
| Eugene
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny]]''
| KG
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Wild Hogs]]''
| Lead Singer
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Monkeys''
| Uncredited
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]''
| KG Shaw (voice)
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Wieners (film)|Wieners]]''
| Walrus Boy
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dead and Gone]]''
| Reverend Grass
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Lower Learning]]''
| Decatur Doublewide
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Sex Drive (film)|Sex Drive]]''
| Trucker
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Extreme Movie]]''
| Director
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Year One (film)|Year One]]''
| Zaftig the Eunuch
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Barry Munday]]''
| Jerry Sherman
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[High Road (film)|High Road]]''
| Winter Weirdo
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva La Fiesta!]]''
| Lester
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Book of Fire''
| Sal
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Circus''
| Circus
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Gnaw (Apartment 212)''
| Terry
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Seinfeld]]''
| Smoker
| Episode: "The Abstinence"
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Tenacious D (TV series)|Tenacious D]]''
| Himself
| All
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Fear of a Punk Planet]]''
| Fire Marshal
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Manhattan, AZ]]''
| Merv
| Episode: "Lt. Colonel's Boy"
|-
| 2001-2002
| ''[[Undeclared]]''
| Eugene
| Episodes: "Eric Visits Again" "Eric's POV"
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Sweet for Brak"
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Fillmore!]]''
| Mr. Collingwood (voice)
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Friends]]''
| Lowell
| Episode: "The One with the Mugging "
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Player$]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Tenacious D a la Mode"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Cracking Up (TV series)|Cracking Up]]''
| Naked Man
| Episode: "Panic House"
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Tom Goes to the Mayor]]''
| Trapper Kyle
| Episode: "Beat Traps"
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Living with Fran]]''
| Rocker Dude
| Episode: "The Concerts"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Jake Effect]]''
| Ceissner
| Recurring
|-
| 2007
| ''[[The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Break Up"
|-
| 2011
| ''FCU: Fact Checkers Unit''
| Himself
| Episode: "Excessive Gass "
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Femme Fatales (TV series)|Femme Fatales]]''
| Willoughby Flagler
| Episode: "Gun Twisted"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[2 Broke Girls]]''
| Buzz
| Episode: "And the Extra Work"
|-
| 2013
| ''Ghost Ghirls''
| Hawk Olsen
| Episode: "Spirits of '76: Part 1 & 2"
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Birthday Boys]]''
| John Allison
| Episode: "Freshy's"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Drunk History]]''
| [[Fred Eaton]]
| Episode: "Los Angeles"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Brooklyn Nine Nine]]''
| [[Dario Moretti]]
| Episode: "Jake & Amy"
|-
|2018
|''[[Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto]]''
| KG
| All Episodes
|-
| 2018-2019
|''[[Speechless (TV series)|Speechless]]''
| Carl
| 2 episode
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Video
! Role
! Label
|-
| 1999
| Foo Fighters - Learn to Fly
| Flight attendant
| Roswell/RCA
|-
| 2001
| Good Charlotte - Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous
| Lawyer
| [[Epic Records]]
|-
| 2017
| I Prevail - Already Dead
| Man on computer
| [[Fearless Records]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0309307|name=Kyle Gass}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000614009}}

{{Tenacious D}}
{{Trainwreck}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gass, Kyle}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American comedy musicians]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:Comedy rock]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Songwriters from California]]
[[Category:Tenacious D members]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:American recorder players]]
[[Category:People from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:Guitarists from California]]
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Trainwreck (band) members]]
[[Category:Kyle Gass Band members]]

Sally Kirkland

2020-10-08T01:05:55Z

Killerkürbis: /* Film */Orig. title added (see:IMDb )

{{for|Sally Kirkland the ''Vogue'' & ''Life'' editor|Sally Kirkland (editor)}}
{{short description|Actress, activist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sally Kirkland
| image = File:Sally Kirkland 2014 by Photo Brian To.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sally Kirkland (2014)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|10|31}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1960–present
}}

'''Sally Kirkland''' (born October 31, 1941) is an American film, television and stage actress.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Sally Kirkland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/537262/Sally-Kirkland/biography}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/12/movies/archaeology-of-a-woman-starring-sally-kirkland.html?_r=0|title=A Weakness for Cops, a Crime to Solve 'Archaeology of a Woman,' Starring Sally Kirkland|author=Catsoulis, Jeannette|date=September 11, 2014}}</ref> She received [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] and [[Independent Spirit Awards]], and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]], for her performance in ''[[Anna (1987 film)|Anna]]'' (1987). Kirkland was the lead actress in ''[[Cold Feet (1989 film)|Cold Feet]]'' (1989), and was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her work in ''[[The Haunted (1991 film)|The Haunted]]'' (1991).

==Early life==
Kirkland was born in New York City. She was named after her mother, [[Sally Kirkland (editor)|Sally Kirkland]] (born Sarah Phinney), who was a fashion editor at ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' and ''[[Life magazine|LIFE]]'' magazines, and was raised in [[Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://www.moxiemag.com/moxie/articles/identity/sally.html Straight to the Heart of Hollywood Moxie: A Candid Interview with Sally Kirkland] Moxie Magazine. 2000.</ref> Her father, Frederic McMichael Kirkland, worked in the [[scrap metal]] business.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/67/Sally-Kirkland.html Sally Kirkland Film Reference biography]</ref>

==Career==
Kirkland began acting [[Off-Broadway]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Love Nest|url=http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/3816|website=lortel.org|publisher=Lucille Lortel Foundation|accessdate=October 22, 2016}}</ref> After a few uncredited and bit parts in film and television, she appeared in the [[underground film]] ''[[Coming Apart (film)|Coming Apart]]'' (1969).

In the 1970s, she had small roles in popular films such as ''[[The Sting]]'', ''[[The Way We Were]]'', ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' and ''[[Private Benjamin (1980 film)|Private Benjamin]]''. She was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Anna (1987 film)|Anna]]'' (1987),<ref name=THP>{{cite web|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/xaque-gruber/25-years-after-anna-sally_b_1292534.html|first=Xaque|last=Gruber|title=25 Years After Anna, Sally Kirkland Reflects on the Oscar Race for Best Actress|date=February 22, 2012}}</ref> and she won a [[Golden Globe Award]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama|url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/best-performance-actress-motion-picture-drama/all-years#year-1988|website=goldenglobes.com|accessdate=October 22, 2016}}</ref> and an [[Independent Spirit Award]] for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture.<ref name=THP/><ref>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE4DF123DF931A35753C1A961948260&gwh=C39D43049D49B939EE1C5F6C2D87F0F4|authorlink=Janet Maslin|author=Maslin, Janet|title=Anna (1987)|date=October 2, 1987}}</ref> Her performance received widespread critical praise, in a performance that Rita Kempley, writing for the ''[[Washington Post]]'', deemed "superb".<ref>{{cite web|first=Rita|last=Kempley|title=Anna|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/anna.htm|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=February 26, 1987|accessdate=March 28, 2017}}</ref>

Kirkland hosts a weekly program on the syndicated HealthyLife Radio Network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sally Kirkland Show|url=http://healthylife.net/RadioShow/archiveSKS.htm|website=healthylife.net|accessdate=October 22, 2016}}</ref> Kirkland has had frequent television roles, including ''[[Three's Company]]'', ''[[The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]'', ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'', ''[[High Tide (TV series)|High Tide]]'', ''[[Roseanne]]'', and the soap operas ''[[Valley of the Dolls (TV series)|Valley of the Dolls]]'' and ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''. Films in which she has appeared include ''[[EDtv]]'', ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]'', ''[[Adam & Steve]]'' and ''[[Coffee Date]]''.

==Affiliations==
Kirkland is also a health activist including advocating for women harmed by breast implants. She founded the Kirkland Institute for Implant Survival Syndrome in August 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sallykirkland.com/K.I.I.S.html|title=K.I.I.S.S KIRKLAND INSTITUTE OF IMPLANT SURVIVAL SYNDROME|work=Sallykirkland.com}}</ref>

Kirkland is an ordained minister in the [[Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Ya Gonna Call? / Sally Kirkland vs. ghosts in "fact'-based "The Haunted'|first=John|last=Stanley|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|location=San Francisco, California|date=May 5, 1991|page=48}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1968
|''[[Blue (1968 film)|Blue]]''
|Sara Lambert
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Coming Apart (film)|Coming Apart]]''
|Joann
|
|-
|1969
|''Futz''
|Merry Lee
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Going Home (1971 film)|Going Home]]''
|Ann Graham
|
|-
|1973
|''{{sortname|The|Way We Were}}''
|Pony Dunbar
|
|-
|1973
|''{{sortname|The|Sting}}''
|Crystal
|
|-
|1975
|''{{sortname|The|Noah}}''
|Friday Anne (voice)
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Bite the Bullet (film)|Bite the Bullet]]''
|Honey
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Crazy Mama]]''
|Ella Mae
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Breakheart Pass (film)|Breakheart Pass]]''
|Jane Marie
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Pipe Dreams (1976 film)|Pipe Dreams]]''
|Two Street Betty
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Flush (film)|Flush]]''
|Janet
|
|-
|1979
|''Hometown U.S.A.''
|Gwen
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Private Benjamin (1980 film)|Private Benjamin]]''
|Helga
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Human Highway]]''
|Kathryn
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Love Letters (1984 film)|Love Letters]]''
|Sally
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Fatal Games]]''
|Diane Paine
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Anna (1987 film)|Anna]]''
|Anna
|
|-
|1989
|''White Hot''
|Harriet
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Paint It Black (1989 film)|Paint It Black]]''
|Maria Easton
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Cold Feet (1989 film)|Cold Feet]]''
|Maureen
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Best of the Best (1989 film)|Best of the Best]]''
|Kathryn Wade
|
|-
|1989
|''[[High Stakes (1989 film)|High Stakes]]''
|Bambi / Melanie Rose
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Two Evil Eyes]]''
|Eleonora
|Segment: "[[Two Evil Eyes#"The Black Cat"|The Black Cat]]"
|-
|1990
|''[[Revenge (1990 film)|Revenge]]''
|The Rock Star
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Bullseye! (1990 film)|Bullseye!]]''
|Willie
|
|-
|1991
|''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]''
|Rose Cheramie
|
|-
|1992
|''[[In the Heat of Passion]]''
|Lee Adams
|
|-
|1992
|''{{sortname|The|Player|The Player (1992 film)}}''
|Sally Kirkland
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Forever (1992 film)|Forever]]''
|Angelica
|
|-
|1992
|''Hit the Dutchman''
|Emma Flegenheimer
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Primary Motive]]''
|Helen Poulas
|
|-
|1992
|''Double Threat''
|Monica Martel
|
|-
|1992
|''Stringer''
|Joan
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Paper Hearts (film)|Paper Hearts]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
|1993
|''Eye of the Stranger''
|Lori
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Gunmen (1994 film)|Gunmen]]''
|Bennett
|
|-
|1995
|''Guns and Lipstick''
|Danielle Roberts
|
|-
|1997
|''Amnesia''
|Charlene Hunt
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Excess Baggage (1997 film)|Excess Baggage]]''
|Louise Doucette
|
|-
|1998
|''Wilbur Falls''
|Roberta Devereaux
|
|-
|1998
|''Paranoia''
|Dr. Kurtzwell
|
|-
|1998
|''{{sortname|The|Island|nolink=1}}''
|[[Marilyn Monroe]]
|
|-
|1999
|''[[EDtv]]''
|Jeanette
|
|-
|1999
|''Starry Night''
|Det. Brook Murphy
|
|-
|2001
|''Thank You, Good Night''
|Doreen
|
|-
|2001
|''Out of the Black''
|Elizabeth Malby
|
|-
|2001
|''{{sortname|A|Month of Sundays|A Month of Sundays (2001 film)}}''
|Katherine St. Croix
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Wish You Were Dead]]''
|Penelope Wilson
|
|-
|2002
|''{{sortname|The|Rose Technique}}''
|Helen
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Bruce Almighty]]''
|Anita Mann
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Mango Kiss]]''
|Emilia
|
|-
|2004
|''Bloodlines''
|Joyce
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Neo Ned]]''
|Shelly Nelson
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Adam & Steve]]''
|Mary
|
|-
|2005
|''[[What's Up, Scarlet?]]''
|Ruth Zabrinski
|
|-
|2005
|''Chandler Hall''
|Sally
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Off the Black]]''
|Marianne Reynolds
|
|-
|2006
|''[[A-List (film)|A-List]]''
|Olga
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Fingerprints (film)|Fingerprints]]''
|Mary
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Coffee Date]]''
|Mrs. Muller
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Big Stan]]''
|Jury Madam Foreman
|
|-
|2007
|''Resurrection Mary''
|Lois
|
|-
|2007
|''Blind Spot''
|Penelope Denmore
|Short
|-
|2008
|''[[Richard III (2008 film)|Richard III]]''
|Queen Margaret
|
|-
|2008
|''Oak Hill''
|Elizabeth St. James
|
|-
|2008
|''Bald''
|Mrs. Elise Stern
|
|-
|2010
|''House Under Siege''
|Pat Mazur
|
|-
|2010
|''Lights Out''
|Rose
|
|-
|2011
|''{{sortname|The|Last Gamble|nolink=1}}''
|Sally
|
|-
|2011
|''{{sortname|The|Wayshower|nolink=1}}''
|Jeena
|
|-
|2011
|''{{sortname|The|Wishmakers|nolink=1}}''
|Mary
|
|-
|2011
|''Division III: Football's Finest''
|Crystal Vice
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Archaeology of a Woman]]''
|Margaret
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Broken Roads]]''
|Mrs. Wallace
|
|-
|2012
|''Posey''
|Posey
|Short
|-
|2013
|''[[Awakened (2013 film)|Awakened]]''
|Harriet Bendi
|
|-
|2013
|''{{sortname|The|Visitor from Planet Omicron|nolink=1}}''
|Jen
|
|-
|2014
|''Ron and Laura Take Back America''
|Sally
|
|-
|2014
|''{{sortname|The|Bride From Vegas}}''
|Suzy 'The Salt Shaker'
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Suburban Gothic (film)|Suburban Gothic]]''
|Virginia
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Tom in America]]''
|Betty
|Short
|-
|2015
|''[[Buddy Hutchins]]''
|Bertha
|
|-
|2016
|''{{sortname|The|Code of Cain|nolink=1}}''
|Elisabeth
|
|-
|2016
|''Courting Des Moines''
|Maxine Jackson
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Trash Fire]]''
|Florence
|
|-
|2016
|''Buddy Solitaire''
|Hanna
|
|-
|2017
|''Making a Killing''
|Dolores
|
|-
|2017
|''{{sortname|The|Most Hated Woman in America}}''
|Lena Christina
|
|-
|2017
|''Price for Freedom''
|Francine Wayne
|
|-
|2017
|''Gnaw (Apartment 212)''
|Claudette
|
|-
|2018
|''Get Married or Die''
|Margaret
|
|-
|2018
|''{{sortname|The|Second Coming of Christ|nolink=1}}''
|Stella
|Completed
|-
|2018
|''Los Angeles Overnight''
|Mrs. Chantilly
|Completed
|-
|2019
|''[[Cuck (film)|Cuck]]''
|Mother
|
|-
|20??
|''Mollie & Friends''
|Elizabeth St. James
|Completed
|-
|20??
|''Sarah Q''
|Helena
|Filming
|-
|20??
|''Wally Got Wasted''
|Marilyn Tuttlebaum
|Filming
|-
|20??
|''When It Rings''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/sally-kirkland-mel-novak-thriller-when-it-rings-1202508291/ |title=Sally Kirkland, Mel Novak Starring in Thriller ‘When It Rings’ (EXCLUSIVE) |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=July 27, 2017 |website=Variety |publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC |access-date=July 28, 2017 |quote=}}</ref>
|Lesley Judd
|Post-production
|-
|20??
|''Paint It Red''
|Adele
|Post-production
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1965
|''[[New York Television Theatre]]''
|Barbara Fiers
|"The Drapes Come"
|-
|1973
|''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]''
|Betty Rowan
|"Murder Is a Taxing Affair"
|-
|1974
|''[[Toma (TV series)|Toma]]''
|Rita
|"The Big Dealers"
|-
|1974
|''[[Kojak]]''
|Gloria
|"Cop in a Cage"
|-
|1975
|''{{sortname|The|Kansas City Massacre}}''
|Wilma Floyd
|TV film
|-
|1975
|''[[Death Scream]]''
|Mary
|TV film
|-
|1975
|''[[Bronk (TV series)|Bronk]]''
|Policewoman Haley / Billie
|"Open Contract", "The Fifth Victim"
|-
|1975
|''[[Petrocelli]]''
|Joan Arnold
|"Too Many Alibis"
|-
|1976
|''[[Baretta]]''
|Rita
|"The Left Hand of the Devil"
|-
|1976
|''{{sortname|The|Rookies}}''
|Carol Brenner
|"From Out of the Darkness"
|-
|1976
|''[[Griffin and Phoenix (1976 film)|Griffin and Phoenix]]''
|Jody
|TV film
|-
|1976
|''Captains and Kings''
|Aggie
|"Chapter VIII"
|-
|1977
|''[[Stonestreet: Who Killed the Centerfold Model?]]''
|Della Bianco
|TV film
|-
|1977
|''[[Three's Company]]''
|Sally
|"Jack Looks for a Job"
|-
|1978
|''[[Kojak]]''
|Shirley
|"May the Horse Be with You"
|-
|1978
|''[[Starsky & Hutch]]''
|Greta Wren / Dora Pruitt
|"Photo Finish"
|-
|1978
|''{{sortname|The|Incredible Hulk|The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)}}''
|Margaret Hollinger
|"A Child in Need"
|-
|1978
|''[[Lou Grant (TV series)|Lou Grant]]''
|Dr. Eilene Peterson
|"Slaughter"
|-
|1979
|''[[Visions (TV series)|Visions]]''
|Yvette
|"Ladies in Waiting"
|-
|1979
|''[[Supertrain]]''
|Katherine Sully
|"A Very Formal Heist"
|-
|1979
|''[[Charlie's Angels]]''
|Lonnie
|"Caged Angel"
|-
|1980
|''Willow B: Women in Prison''
|Kate Stewart
|TV film
|-
|1980
|''{{sortname|The|Georgia Peaches}}''
|Vivian Stark
|TV film
|-
|1981
|''[[Charlie's Angels]]''
|Laurie Archer
|"Taxi Angels"
|-
|1982
|''[[Lou Grant (TV series)|Lou Grant]]''
|Vicky Doppler
|"Law"
|-
|1982
|''[[Insight (TV series)|Insight]]''
|Ruth
|"So Little Time"
|-
|1983
|''[[Falcon Crest]]''
|Ella
|"Solitary Confinements", "The Betrayal"
|-
|1989
|''Trying Times''
|Agripina Gravanescu-Smith
|"Death and Taxes"
|-
|1990
|''[[Heat Wave (1990 film)|Heat Wave]]''
|Mrs. Canfield
|TV film
|-
|1990
|''Steel Magnolias''
|Truvy Jones
|TV film
|-
|1990
|''Largo Desolato''
|Suzana
|TV film
|-
|1991
|''{{sortname|The|Haunted|The Haunted (1991 film)}}''
|Janet Smurl
|TV film
|-
|1992
|''{{sortname|The|Ray Bradbury Theater}}''
|Mary Morris
|"Zero Hour"
|-
|1992
|''[[Raven (U.S. TV series)|Raven]]''
|Flori
|"Flori and Dori"
|-
|1992
|''[[Double Jeopardy (1992 film)|Double Jeopardy]]''
|Det. Phyllis Camden
|TV film
|-
|1992–93
|''[[Roseanne]]''
|Barbara Healy
|"It's No Place Like Home for the Holidays", "It's a Boy"
|-
|1993
|''{{sortname|The|Woman Who Loved Elvis}}''
|Sandee Sloop
|TV film
|-
|1993
|''[[Jack's Place (TV series)|Jack's Place]]''
|Peg
|"Play It Again, Jack"
|-
|1993
|''Double Deception''
|Anita Cortez
|TV film
|-
|1994
|''[[Valley of the Dolls (TV series)|Valley of the Dolls]]''
|[[Helen Lawson]]
|Main role
|-
|1994
|''[[Picture Windows]]''
|Blossom
|"Song of Songs"
|-
|1995
|''[[Murder, She Wrote]]''
|Evelyn Colby
|"The Scent of Murder"
|-
|1996
|''[[High Tide (TV series)|High Tide]]''
|Matilda
|"The Curse of the High Tide"
|-
|1996
|''[[Goode Behavior (1996 TV series)|Goode Behavior]]''
|Molly
|"Goode Golly, Miss Molly"
|-
|1997
|''[[Women: Stories of Passion]]''
|Annie
|"Hotel Magic"
|-
|1997
|''{{sortname|The|Hunger|The Hunger (TV series)}}''
|Mrs. Garington
|"Bridal Suite"
|-
|1997
|''[[Get a Clue (1997 film)|Get a Clue]]''
|Sydelle Pulaski
|TV film
|-
|1998
|''[[Brave New World (1998 film)|Brave New World]]''
|Linda
|TV film
|-
|1999
|''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
|Tracey Simpson
|Supporting role (22 episodes)
|-
|1999
|''[[Chicken Soup for the Soul]]''
|Wanda
|"Simple Wooden Boxes"
|-
|1999
|''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
|Prof. Annie Sherman
|Guest role (season 2)
|-
|2000
|''[[Another Woman's Husband]]''
|Roxie
|TV film
|-
|2001
|''[[Strong Medicine]]''
|Stella Riggs
|"Donors"
|-
|2001
|''[[Resurrection Blvd.]]''
|Mrs. De La Vega
|"El Que Necesita"
|-
|2002
|''Night of the Wolf''
|Rose Handy
|TV film
|-
|2002
|''Another Pretty Face''
|Sylvie Tucker
|TV film
|-
|2005
|''[[Wanted (2005 TV series)|Wanted]]''
|Sheila Beckwith
|"The Promise of Darkness"
|-
|2007
|''The Simple Life: Goes to Camp''
|Herself
|-
|2010
|''{{sortname|The|Agency|nolink=1}}''
|Max
|TV series
|-
|2010
|''[[Criminal Minds]]''
|May Walden
|"Reflection of Desire"
|-
|2011
|''Paul Cruz: Latin Actor (A Mockuseries)''
|Sally Kirkland
|"Arrested No Development", "The Brother's Grim", "The Stereotype"
|-
|2013
|''Bennington Gothique''
|Grand Wentworth (voice)
|TV series
|-
|2014
|''Theatre Fantastique''
|Louisa Mae
|"The Happy Home of the Murderous Mahones"
|-
|2014
|''All I Want for Christmas''
|Gwen
|TV film
|-
|2015
|''40's and Failing''
|Flora
|TV series
|-
|2017
|''[[Conversations in L.A.]]''
|Evelyn James
|"First Step"
|-
|2017
|''Good Samaritans''
|Olivia De Mills
|"What Do You Say We Get You a Puppy?"
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
|1987
|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]
|Best Actress {{small|(tied with [[Holly Hunter]] for ''Broadcast News'')}}
|''Anna''
|{{won}}
|-
|1988
|[[Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|''Anna''
|{{nom}}
|-
|1988
|[[Golden Globe Award]]
|Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama
|''Anna''
|{{won}}
|-
|1988
|[[Independent Spirit Awards]]
|Best Female Lead
|''Anna''
|{{won}}
|-
|1992
|[[Golden Globe Award]]
|Best Performance by an Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
|''The Haunted''
|{{nom}}
|-
|1997
|California Independent Film Festival
|Best Actress
|''Blind Spot''
|{{won}}
|-
|1999
|Online Film & Television Association
|Best Supporting Actress in a Daytime Serial
|''Days of Our Lives''
|{{won}}
|-
|2003
|[[DVD Exclusive Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|''Wish You Were Dead''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2005
|La Femme International Film Festival
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|Fort Myers Beach Film Festival
|Best Actress
|''Posey''
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|Studio City Film Festival
|Best Actress: Short Film
|''Posey''
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|Wild Rose Independent Film Festival
|Best Actress – Short Film
|''Posey''
|{{won}}
|-
|2015
|Madrid International LGBT Film Festival
|Special Mention {{small|(shared with [[Burt Young]])}}
|''Tom in America''
|{{won}}
|-
|2015
|[[Long Island International Film Expo]]
|Best Actress
|''Tom in America''
|{{won}}
|-
|2015
|[[Maverick Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress: Short
|''Tom in America''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2016
|Queens World Film Festival
|Best Actress in a Short
|''Tom in America''
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.sallykirkland.com/}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name}}
* {{tcmdb name|id=102811|name=Sally Kirkland}}
* {{Amg name|38510}}
* [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives&cc=wiarchives&idno=uw-whs-tape00339a&type=simple&rgn=Entire+Finding+Aid&q1=Sally+Kirkland&Submit=Search Sally Kirkland] at the [[University of Wisconsin]]'s [https://web.archive.org/web/20140502211533/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-tape00339a Actors Studio audio collection]

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Sally Kirkland
|list =
{{GoldenGlobeBestActressMotionPictureDrama 1981-2000}}
{{IndependentSpiritBestFemaleLead 1985–1999}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress 1981-2000}}
}}
{{Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirkland, Sally}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American health activists]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:Actresses from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness]]

Penelope Mitchell

2020-10-08T00:20:23Z

Killerkürbis: /* Filmography */Orig. title added (see:IMDb )

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Penelope Mitchell
| image = Penelope_Mitchell_2013.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mitchell at [[WonderCon]] 2013.
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|7|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne, Victoria]]
| home_town = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''Penelope Mitchell''' (born 24 July 1991<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Penelope Mitchell |user=pfhmitchell |number=624713278447419392 |date=24 July 2015 |title=Thanks for all the Bday ❤ yesterday friends! As much as I love stealing @paulwesley 's thunder, it's really today. ox |access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref>) is an Australian actress best known for playing the roles of Letha Godfrey in the American horror television series ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]'', and Liv Parker in ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]''.

==Early life==
Born in [[Melbourne, Victoria]] to a French-born artist mother and Australian entrepreneur father, Mitchell spent most of her childhood in Australia with her two older brothers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/templates/slideshow_consumption_view.php?id=66.1&KeepThis=true#consumption_66.2|title=Slideshow - Penelope Mitchell Shares 10 of Her Favorite Things|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] magazine |date= }}</ref> She studied [[ballet]] from age 4 to 16.<ref>{{cite news |first=Luaine |last=Lee |date=6 July 2013 |title=In ‘Hemlock Grove,’ actress Penelope Mitchell finds peace |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-06/entertainment/40405511_1_drama-school-hemlock-grove-private-school |accessdate=12 August 2013 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Mitchell finished in the top 1% of her graduating year, with an International Baccalaureate diploma.<ref>{{cite news |first=Luaine |last=Lee |date=6 July 2013 |title=In ‘Hemlock Grove,’ actress Penelope Mitchell finds peace |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-06/entertainment/40405511_1_drama-school-hemlock-grove-private-school |accessdate=12 August 2013 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She attended [[Melbourne University]], with the intention of becoming a lawyer. Mitchell completed her undergraduate degree in Arts: Media Communication, before moving to Los Angeles to pursue acting.

Penelope is the granddaughter of Lester Mitchell, MBE, and Heather Mitchell, OBE, prominent agriculturalists and political activists. Heather Mitchell was the first female president of the National Farmers Federation, and the co-founder of Landcare Australia, with former Victorian Premier, Joan Kirner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/joan-kirner-united-farmers-and-conservationists-to-care-for-the-land-42746|title=Joan Kirner united farmers and conservationists to care for the land|first=Andrew|last=Campbell|website=The Conversation}}</ref>

She is a cousin of actress [[Radha Mitchell]].<ref name="jared1">"Penelope Mitchell: 'Hemlock Grove' Exclusive Interview!", ''[[Just Jared]]'', 27 March 2013.</ref><ref name="popsugar1">[http://www.popsugar.com/Interview-Hemlock-Grove-Cast-Members-Videos-30157399 "Hemlock Grove's Freya Tingley and Penelope Mitchell on Their "Intense" New Netflix Series"], ''PopSugar'', 1 May 2013.</ref>

==Career ==
She began acting a few years before she landed her role on ''Hemlock Grove'', appearing on shows including ''[[Toon Time (TV series)|Toon Time]]'', an Australian kids show, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC (Australia)]] show ''Next Stop Hollywood'', which followed six Australian actors (including Penelope) who move to Hollywood to audition for pilots, and an episode of Australian police drama ''[[Rush (2008 TV series)|Rush]]''.

In the United States, Mitchell is known for her roles on the television series ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]''<ref>{{cite news |first=Philiana|last=Ng |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/vampire-diaries-season-6-preview-735837 |title='Vampire Diaries' Boss Tackles 10 Season 6 Mysteries |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=30 September 2014 |accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nellie|last=Andreeva |url=https://deadline.com/2012/04/series-hemlock-grove-pilots-malibu-country-louis-ckferesten-add-to-casts-252708/ |title=Series 'Hemlock Grove', Pilots 'Malibu Country' & Louis CK/Feresten Add To Casts |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref> She was also recently cast in the films ''The Fear of Darkness'' and ''[[Zipper (film)|Zipper]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2014/02/hemlock-groves-penelope-mitchell-cast-in-two-films-joanna-cassidy-joins-visions-leslie-hope-added-to-crimson-peak-682916/ |title=‘Hemlock Grove’s Penelope Mitchell Cast In Two Films; Joanna Cassidy Joins ‘Visions’; Leslie Hope Added To ‘Crimson Peak’ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=13 February 2014 |accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''The Fat Lady Swings''
| Sherry
| Short film
|-
| 2011
| ''Nightshift of the Vampire''
| Sofia
| Short film
|-
| 2011
| ''The Grace of Others''
| Grace
| Short film
|-
| 2011
| ''Meth to Madness''
| Zoe
| Short film
|-
| 2012
| ''The Wishful''
| Lula Doe / Princess Lula
| Short film
|-
| 2012
| ''6 Plots''
| Jules Freeman
| also known as ''Six Graves''
|-
| 2012
| ''Green Eyed''
| Sarah
| Short film
|-
| 2013
| ''The Joe Manifesto''
| Sue
|
|-
| 2014
| ''The Fear of Darkness''
| Skye Williams
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Zipper (film)|Zipper]]''
| Laci/Jennifer
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Curse of Downers Grove]]''
| Tracy
|
|-
| 2015
|''The Waiting Game''
| Erica
| Short film
|-
| 2015
|''[[Curve (film)|Curve]]''
| Ella Rutledge
|
|-
| 2017
|''Gnaw (Apartment 212)''
| Jennifer
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''The Midwife’s Deception''
|Jina
|
|-
|''[[Between Worlds (film)|Between Worlds]]''
|Billi
|
|-
| 2018
|''[[Look Away (film)|Look Away]]''
| Lily
| originally titled ''Behind the Glass''
|-
| 2019
|''[[Hellboy (2019 film)|Hellboy]]''
| Ganeida the Witch
|
|-
| 2020
|''Becoming''
| Lisa Corrigan
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Rush (2008 TV series)|Rush]]''
| Sarah
| 1 episode
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Offspring (TV series)|Offspring]]''
| Chrissy
| 1 episode
|-
|2013
| ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]''
| Letha Godfrey
| Series regular; 13 episodes
|-
|2014–15
| ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]''
| Olivia 'Liv' Parker
| Recurring role; 20 episodes
|-
|2018
| ''The Time Capsule''
| Lauren
| Hallmark Original Movie
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Music video roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015
| "[[Lonely Town (Brandon Flowers song)|Lonely Town]]"
| [[Brandon Flowers]]
|

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3241414}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, Penelope}}
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:Australian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Australian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Melbourne]]

Andrew Baldwin (disambiguation)

2020-08-02T21:25:00Z

Killerkürbis: Name added

'''[[Andrew Baldwin]]''' (born 1977) is an American naval officer and reality TV personality.

'''Andrew Baldwin''' may also refer to:

*[[Andrew Baldwin (baseball)]] (born 1982), baseball pitcher
*Andrew Baldwin, character in ''[[The 13th Man]]''
*Andrew Baldwin, musician in [[Goatboy]]
*Andrew Baldwin, writer, see: [[Bastille Day (2016 film)]]

{{hndis|Baldwin, Andrew}}