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2016-03-11T18:02:12Z

Kuitan: ←Created page with '{{retired}}'

Dunblane massacre

2016-03-11T16:05:34Z

Kuitan: /* Memorials */ Added reference for 'Flame of Dunblane', and why that location was chosen.

{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Dunblane massacre
| image = File:Dunblane Standing Stone.jpg
| alt = a cuboid-shaped standing stone with words engraved on its sides and on the floor where it stands.
| image_size = 175
| caption = Memorial to the victims of the massacre inside [[Dunblane Cathedral]].
| location = [[Dunblane]], Scotland
| coordinates = {{coord|56.1890|-3.9743|format=dms|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| target = Pupils and staff at [[Dunblane Primary School]]
| date = {{Start date|1996|03|13|df=y}}
| time = [[circa|c.]] 9:35 a.m.–9:40 a.m.
| timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| type = [[School shooting]], [[mass murder]], [[murder–suicide]]
| fatalities = 18 (including the perpetrator)
| injuries = 15
| perp = Thomas Hamilton
| weapons =
* [[9mm]] [[Browning Hi-Power|Browning HP]] pistol (x2)
* [[Smith & Wesson Model 19|Smith & Wesson M19]] [[.357 Magnum]] revolver (x2)
| motive =
}}

The '''Dunblane school massacre''' was one of the deadliest mass murders in UK history, when gunman Thomas Hamilton killed sixteen children and one teacher at [[Dunblane Primary School]] near Stirling, Scotland on 13 March 1996, before killing himself.

Public debate about the killings centred on gun control laws, including [[Snowdrop Campaign|public petitions]] calling for a ban on private ownership of handguns and an official enquiry, the [[Cullen Report]]. In response to this debate, two new Firearms Acts were passed, which effectively made private ownership of handguns illegal in Great Britain.

== Shooting ==

{| style="float:right; clear:right; margin:1em; width:18em; border:1px solid #a0a0a0; padding:4px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left; font-size:85%"
|-
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:medium;"
|'''Deaths'''<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane" />
|-
| {{Plainlist|1=
* Victoria Elizabeth Clydesdale (age 5)
* Emma Elizabeth Crozier (age 5)
* Melissa Helen Currie (age 5)
* Charlotte Louise Dunn (age 5)
* Kevin Allan Hasell (age 5)
* Ross William Irvine (age 5)
* David Charles Kerr (age 5)
* Mhairi Isabel MacBeath (age 5)
* Brett McKinnon (age 6)
* Abigail Joanne McLennan (age 5)
* Gwen Mayor (age 45)
*: —Primary School Teacher
* Emily Morton (age 5)
* Sophie Jane Lockwood North (age 5)
* John Petrie (age 5)
* Joanna Caroline Ross (age 5)
* Hannah Louise Scott (age 5)
* Megan Turner (age 5)
}}
|}

At approximately 8:15 am on Wednesday 13 March 1996, Thomas Hamilton, aged 43, was seen scraping ice off his van outside his home at Kent Road in [[Stirling]].<ref name="Cullen_Report">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/276631/3386.pdf The Public Inquiry into the Shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996], 16 October 1996. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> He left soon afterwards and drove about {{convert|5|mi|km}} north<ref name="Distance_Stirling_Dunblane">[http://www.distance.to/Stirling/Dunblane Distance between Stirling and Dunblane], ''distance.to''. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> to [[Dunblane]] in his white van. He arrived on the grounds of [[Dunblane Primary School]] at around 9:30 am and parked his van near to a [[utility pole|telegraph pole]] in the car park of the school. Hamilton cut the cables at the bottom of the telegraph pole, which served nearby houses, with a set of [[pliers]] before making his way across the car park towards the school buildings.<ref name="Cullen_Report" />

Hamilton headed towards the north-west side of the school to a door near toilets and the school [[gym]]nasium. After entering, he made his way to the gymnasium armed with four legally held handguns;<ref name="Washington_Post">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/23/AR2007042301794.html Britain's Gun Laws Seen As Curbing Attacks], ''washingtonpost.com''. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</ref> two [[9mm]] [[Browning Hi-Power|Browning HP]] pistols and two [[Smith & Wesson Model 19|Smith & Wesson M19]] [[.357 Magnum]] revolvers.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> He was also carrying 743 [[cartridge (weaponry)|cartridges]] of ammunition.<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/plain/A11103580 The Dunblane Massacre], ''bbc.co.uk''. [[h2g2]]. 15 May 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</ref> In the gym was a class of twenty-eight [[Primary education#Scotland|Primary 1]] pupils preparing for a [[Physical education|PE]] lesson in the presence of three adult members of staff.<ref name="Transcript_Public_Enquiry">[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2001/01/7951/File-1 Transcripts of Proceedings at the Public Enquiry into Incident at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996], ''scotland.gov.uk''. 18 October 2006 Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> Before entering the gymnasium, it is believed Hamilton fired two shots into the stage of the assembly hall and the girls' toilet.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> Upon entering the gymnasium, as he was about to be confronted by Eileen Harrild, the PE teacher in charge of the lesson, he started shooting rapidly and randomly. He shot Harrild, who was injured in her arms and chest as she attempted to protect herself, and continued shooting into the gymnasium.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /><ref name="Transcript_Public_Enquiry" /> Harrild stumbled into the open-plan store cupboard at the side of the gym along with several injured children. Gwen Mayor, the teacher of the Primary 1 class, was shot and killed instantly.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> The other adult present, Mary Blake, a supervisory assistant, was shot in the head and both legs but also managed to make her way to the store cupboard with several of the children in front of her.<ref name="Cullen_Report" />

From entering the gymnasium and walking a few steps, Hamilton had fired 29 shots with one of the pistols, killed one child, and injured several others. Four injured children had taken shelter in the store cupboard along with the injured Harrild and Blake.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> Hamilton then moved up the east side of the gym, firing six shots as he walked, and then fired eight shots towards the opposite end of the gym. He then went towards the centre of the gym, firing 16 shots at [[point-blank range]] at a group of children who had been incapacitated by his earlier shots.<ref name="Cullen_Report" />

A Primary 7 pupil who was walking along the west side of the gym building at the time heard loud bangs and screams and looked inside the gym. Hamilton shot in his direction and the pupil was injured by flying glass before running away.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> From this position, Hamilton fired 24 shots in various directions. He fired shots towards a window next to the fire exit at the south-east end of the gym, possibly at an adult who was walking across the playground, and then fired four more shots in the same direction after opening the fire exit door.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> Hamilton then exited the gym briefly through the fire exit, firing another four shots towards the cloakroom of the library, striking and injuring Grace Tweddle, another member of staff at the school.<ref name="Cullen_Report" />

In the [[mobile classroom]] closest to the fire exit where Hamilton was standing, Catherine Gordon saw him firing shots and instructed her Primary 7 class to get down onto the floor before Hamilton fired nine bullets into the classroom, striking books and equipment. One bullet passed through a chair where a child had been sitting seconds before.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> Hamilton then reentered the gym, dropped the pistol he was using, and took out one of the two revolvers. He put the barrel of the gun in his mouth, pointed it upwards, and pulled the trigger, killing himself.<ref name="Cullen_Report" /> A total of 32 people sustained gunshot wounds inflicted by Hamilton over a 3–4 minute period, 16 of whom were fatally wounded in the gymnasium, which included Gwen Mayor and 15 of her pupils. One other child died later en route to hospital.<ref name="Cullen_Report" />

=== Emergency response ===

The first call to the police was made at 9:41 a.m.<ref name="Transcript_Public_Enquiry" /> by the headmaster of the school, Ronald Taylor, who had been alerted by assistant headmistress Agnes Awlson to the possibility of a gunman on the school premises. Awlson had told Taylor that she had heard screaming inside the gymnasium and had seen what she thought to be cartridges on the ground, and Taylor had been aware of loud noises which he assumed to have been from builders on site that he had not been informed of. As he was on his way to the gym, the shooting ended and when he saw what had happened ran back to his office and told deputy headmistress Fiona Eadington to call for ambulances, a call which was made at 9:43 a.m.

The first ambulance arrived on the scene at 9:57 a.m. in response to the call made at 9:43 a.m. Another medical team from Dunblane Health Centre arrived at 10:04 a.m. which included doctors and a nurse, who were involved in the initial resuscitation of the injured. Medical teams from the health centres in [[Doune]] and [[Callander]] arrived shortly after. The accident and emergency department at Stirling Royal Infirmary had also been informed of a major incident involving multiple casualties at 9:48 a.m. and the first of several medical teams from the hospital arrived at 10:15 am. Another medical team from the Falkirk and District Royal Infirmary arrived at 10:35 a.m.

By approximately 11:10 a.m., all of the injured had been taken to Stirling Royal Infirmary for medical treatment; one person died en route to the hospital.<ref name="Transcript_Public_Enquiry" /> Upon examination, several of the patients were transferred to Falkirk and District Royal Infirmary in [[Falkirk]] and some to the [[Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow|Royal Hospital for Sick Children]] in Glasgow.<ref name="Guardian_archive_Dunblane">[http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/mar/14/dunblane-massacre-scotland-killing From the archive, 14 March 1996: Sixteen children killed in Dunblane massacre], ''theguardian.com''. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref>

Along with the 1987 [[Hungerford massacre]], and the 2010 [[Cumbria shootings]], it remains one of the deadliest criminal acts involving firearms in the history of the United Kingdom.

== Perpetrator ==

{{Infobox mass murderer
| name = Thomas Watt Hamilton
| image_name = Thamilton.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|3|13|1952|05|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dunblane]]
| occupation = Former shopkeeper
| marital_status =
| parents = Thomas Watt Hamilton, Sr. (father) Agnes Graham Hamilton (mother)
| children =
| conviction_status = Deceased
}}

There had been several complaints to police regarding Hamilton's behaviour towards the young boys who attended the youth clubs he directed. Claims had been made of his having taken photographs of semi-naked boys without parental consent.<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 4, paras. 12-15</ref>

Hamilton had briefly been a Scout leader – initially, in July 1973, he was appointed assistant leader with the 4th/6th Stirling of [[the Scout Association]]. Later that year, he was seconded as leader to the 24th Stirlingshire troop, which was being revived. Several complaints were made about his leadership, including two occasions when Scouts were forced to sleep with Hamilton in his van during hill-walking expeditions. Within months, on 13 May 1974, Hamilton's Scout Warrant was withdrawn, with the County Commissioner stating that he was "suspicious of his moral intentions towards boys". He was blacklisted by the Association and thwarted in a later attempt he made to become a Scout leader in Clackmannanshire.<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 4</ref>

He claimed in letters that rumours about him led to the failure of his shop business in 1993, and in the last months of his life he complained again that his attempts to organise a boys' club were subject to persecution by local police and the scout movement. Among those he complained to were [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] and the local Member of Parliament, [[Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean|Michael Forsyth]]. In the 1980s, another MP, [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], who lived in Dunblane, had complained to Forsyth about Hamilton's local boys' club, which his son had attended. On the day following the massacre, Robertson spoke of having argued with Hamilton "in my own home".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo960314/debtext/60314-05.htm
|title=Hansard|date=14 March 1996|accessdate=16 April 2007}}</ref>

On 19 March 1996, six days after the massacre, the body of Thomas Hamilton was cremated "far away from Dunblane", according to the police spokesman.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Five small coffins laid to rest in Dunblane |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/five-small-coffins-laid-to-rest-in-dunblane-1342948.html |work=The Independent |location=London |publisher=Newspaper Publishing PLC |date=20 March 1996 |accessdate=6 March 2016|quote=Thomas Hamilton was cremated in secret yesterday far away from the city where he committed mass murder. }}</ref>

== Political impact ==

=== Gun control ===

The Cullen Inquiry into the massacre recommended that the government introduce tighter controls on handgun ownership<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 8, paras. 9–119</ref> and consider whether an outright ban on private ownership would be in the public interest in the alternative (though club ownership would be maintained).<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 9, para. 113</ref> The report also recommended changes in school security<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 10, para. 19,26</ref> and vetting of people working with children under 18.<ref>Cullen Report 1996, Chapter 11, paras. 21, 29–39 and 47</ref> The [[Home Affairs Select Committee]] agreed with the need for restrictions on gun ownership but stated that a handgun ban was not appropriate.

A small group, known as the Gun Control Network, was founded in the aftermath of the shootings and was supported by some parents of victims at Dunblane and of the [[Hungerford Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gun Control Network, 'About Us'|url=http://www.gun-control-network.org/GCN03.htm|accessdate=6 March 2012}}</ref> Bereaved families and their friends also initiated a campaign to ban private gun ownership, named the [[Snowdrop Petition]] (because March is [[snowdrop]] time in Scotland), which gained 705,000 signatures in support and was supported by some newspapers, including the ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'', a Scottish tabloid newspaper whose petition to ban handguns had raised 428,279 signatures within five weeks of the massacre.

In response to this public debate, the then-current [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[John Major]] introduced the [[Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997]], which banned all cartridge ammunition handguns with the exception of .22 calibre single-shot weapons in England, Scotland and Wales. Following the [[United Kingdom general election, 1997|1997 General Election]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government of [[Tony Blair]] introduced the [[Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997]], banning the remaining .22 cartridge handguns in England, Scotland and Wales, and leaving only muzzle-loading and historic handguns legal, as well as certain sporting handguns (e.g. "Long-Arms") that fall outside the Home Office Definition of a "handgun" because of their dimensions. The ban does not affect [[Northern Ireland]].

Security in schools, particularly primary schools, was improved in response to the Dunblane massacre and two other violent incidents in England around the same time: the [[murder of Philip Lawrence]], a head teacher in London, and the wounding of six children and [[Lisa Potts]], a nursery teacher, at a [[Wolverhampton]] nursery school. Many schools put up high perimeter fences and door entry systems which exist to this day.

=== Criticism of the judiciary ===

Evidence of previous police interaction with Hamilton was presented to the Cullen Inquiry but later sealed under a closure order to prevent publication for 100 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Call to lift secrecy on Dunblane murderer |first=Tom |last=Peterkin |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1421581/Call-to-lift-secrecy-on-Dunblane-murderer.html |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |date=10 February 2003 |accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref> The official reason for sealing the documents was to protect the identities of children, but this led to accusations of a coverup intended to protect the reputations of officials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Call to lift veil of secrecy over Dunblane |first=Gerard |last=Seenan |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/feb/14/ukguns.scotland |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian News and Media]] |date=14 February 2003 |accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref> Following a review of the closure order by the [[Lord Advocate]], [[Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby|Colin Boyd]], edited versions of some of the documents were released to the public in October 2005. Four files containing post mortems, medical records and profiles on the victims, as well as Thomas Hamilton's autopsy, remained sealed under the 100 year order to avoid distressing the relatives and survivors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Order lifted on Dunblane papers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4290938.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 September 2005 |accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref>

The released documents revealed that in 1991, following Hamilton's [[Loch Lomond]] summer camp, complaints were made to Central Scotland Police and were investigated by the Child Protection Unit. Hamilton was reported to the [[Procurator Fiscal]] for consideration of ten charges, including assault, obstructing police and contravention of the [[Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937|Children and Young Persons Act 1937]]. No action was taken.<ref name="UNBURIED">Uttley (2006), p. 209</ref>

== Media coverage ==

=== Books ===

Two books – ''Dunblane: Our Year of Tears'' by Peter Samson and Alan Crow (Mainstream, 1996) and ''Dunblane: Never Forget'' by Mick North (Mainstream, 2000) – both give accounts of the massacre from the perspective of those most directly affected. Another book, ''Dunblane Unburied'' by Sandra Uttley (Book Publishing World 2006), whose publication was funded by a shooters' organisation, the [[Sportsman's Association]],<ref name="D-UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.gunculture.net/index.php/weblog/dunblane_unburied/|title=Dunblane Unburied|accessdate=23 February 2007|date=14 March 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927213657/http://www.gunculture.net/index.php/weblog/dunblane_unburied/  |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}</ref> examines Hamilton's relationship with members of [[Central Scotland Police]]. Uttley alleges a cover-up and calls for a new Public Inquiry. Uttley questions how Thomas Hamilton managed to tyrannize and intimidate so many boys at his clubs and summer camps for years without being stopped even though many parents complained to the police and councils and why Central Scotland Police were allowed to carry out the investigation when they were implicated. On 1 March 2006 Creation Books released ''Predicate: The Dunblane Massacre — Ten Years After'' by [[Peter Sotos]].<ref name="PREDICATE">{{Cite book|title=Predicate: The Dunblane Massacre — Ten Years After |last=Sotos |first=Peter |year=2006 |publisher=Creation Books |isbn=1-84068-136-5 |page=192 |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1840681365 }}</ref>

=== Television ===

On the Sunday following the shootings the morning service from Dunblane Cathedral, conducted by Rev. Colin MacIntosh, was broadcast live by the BBC. The BBC also had live transmission of the Memorial Service on 9 October 1996, also held at Dunblane Cathedral.

A documentary "Crimes That Shook Britain" featured the massacre.

A documentary ''Dunblane: Remembering our Children'' (produced by Chameleon Television), which featured many of the parents of the children who had been killed, was broadcast by STV and ITV at the time of the first anniversary.

At the time of the tenth anniversary in March 2006 two documentaries were broadcast. Channel 5 screened ''Dunblane — a decade on'' (made by Hanrahan Media) and BBC Scotland showed ''Remembering Dunblane''.

BBC commissioned a documentary in 2016 from STV called ''Dunblane: Our Story.''

=== Newspapers ===

In 2009, the ''[[Sunday Express]]'' came under some criticism for its coverage of the survivors of the massacre (see [[Sunday Express Dunblane controversy]]).

== Memorials ==

Two days after the shooting, a vigil and prayer session was held at [[Dunblane Cathedral]] which was attended by people of all faiths.<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane" /> On Mothering Sunday, on 17 March, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and her daughter [[Anne, Princess Royal]] attended a memorial service at Dunblane Cathedral.<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane" />
[[File:Dunblane Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Side view of the nave of a cathedral from outside. Tall arched glass windows run along half the length of the nave from the right. Adjacent to the nave, and to the left of the scene is a cuboid-shaped tower with a conical spire. The foreground is scattered with headstones of a graveyard on green grass.|Numerous memorial services have been held at [[Dunblane Cathedral]].]]
Seven months after the massacre in October 1996, the families of the victims organised their own memorial service at Dunblane Cathedral in which more than 600 people attended, including [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] who was representing the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]].<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane" /> The service was broadcast live on [[BBC1]] and conducted by [[James A. Whyte|James Whyte]], a former [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]].<ref name="Herald_service">[http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dunblane-victims-to-be-honoured-prince-will-attend-memorial-service-1.432608 Dunblane victims to be honoured Prince will attend memorial service], ''heraldscotland.com''. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. 7 October 1996. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</ref> Television presenter [[Lorraine Kelly]], who had befriended some of the victims' families whilst reporting on the massacre for [[GMTV]], was a guest speaker at the service.<ref name="h2g2_Dunblane" />

In August 1997, two varieties of [[rose]] were unveiled and planted as the centrepiece for a roundabout in Dunblane.<ref name="Roses_Independent">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/roses-named-for-dunblane-dead-1246309.html Roses named for Dunblane dead], ''independent.co.uk''. ''[[The Independent]]''. 20 August 1997. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> The two roses were developed by Cockers Roses of [[Aberdeen]];<ref name="Roses_DailyRecord">[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Flower+power+for+Dunblane+tribute.-a061003202 Flower power for Dunblane tribute], ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]''. 20 August 1997. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> the 'Gwen Mayor'<ref name="GMayor_Rose_Cockers">[http://www.roses.uk.com/rose.cfm?roseid=125 Gandy's Hybrid Tea Roses - Gwen Mayor], ''roses.co.uk''. Cockers Roses of Aberdeen. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> rose and 'Innocence'<ref name="Innocence_Rose_Cockers">[http://www.roses.uk.com/rose.cfm?roseid=141 Low Growing Patio Roses - Innocence], ''roses.co.uk''. Cockers Roses of Aberdeen. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</ref> rose, in memory of the children killed. A [[snowdrop]] originally found in a Dunblane garden in the 1970s was renamed 'Sophie North' in memory of one of the victims of the massacre.<ref name="Herald_snowdrop">[http://www.heraldscotland.com/life-style/real-lives/scotland-s-snowdrop-fans-1.1010222 Scotland’s Snowdrop fans], ''heraldscotland.com''. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</ref><ref name="rare_plants">[http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?strParents=&CAT_ID=99&P_ID=2970 Galanthus Sophie North], ''rareplants.co.uk''. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</ref>

The gymnasium at the school was demolished on 11 April 1996 and replaced by a memorial garden.<ref name="Independent_garden">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/dunblane-school-gym-reduced-to-rubble-1304404.html Dunblane school gym reduced to rubble], ''independent.co.uk''. ''[[The Independent]]''. 12 April 1996. Retrieved 19 March 2014.</ref> Two years after the massacre on 14 March 1998, a memorial garden was opened at Dunblane Cemetery, where Gwen Mayor and twelve of the children who were killed are buried.<ref name="BBC_garden">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/65519.stm Dunblane victims remembered], ''news.bbc.co.uk''. [[BBC News]]. 14 March 1998. Retrieved 19 March 2014.</ref> The garden features a fountain with a plaque of the names of those killed.<ref name="BBC_garden" /> Stained glass windows in memory of the victims were placed in three local churches, St Blane's and the Church of the Holy Family in Dunblane and the nearby [[Lecropt]] Kirk as well as at the Dunblane Youth and Community Centre.

The National Association of Primary Education commissioned a sculpture, "Flame for Dunblane", created by Walter Bailey from a single yew tree, which was placed in the [[National Forest, England#Attractions within The National Forest|National Forest]], near the village of [[Moira, Leicestershire]].[http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/2171/] The site was chosen after consultation with the victims' families, and with the school because it was central, and more accessible to people.[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12286153.Dunblane_forest_memorial/]

== Commemoration stone ==

[[File:Dunblane Standing Stone.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The Dunblane Commemoration standing stone.]] In the nave of [[Dunblane Cathedral]] is a [[standing stone]] by the monumental sculptor Richard Kindersley. It was commissioned by the Kirk Session as the Cathedral's commemoration and dedicated at a service on 12 March 2000. It is a Clashach stone two metres high on a Caithness flagstone base. The quotations on the stone are by [[E. V. Rieu]] (''"He called a little child to him..."''), [[Richard Henry Stoddard]] (''"...the spirit of a little child"''), [[Bayard Taylor]] (''"But still I dream that somewhere there must be The spirit of a child that waits for me"'') and [[W. H. Auden]] (''"We are linked as children in a circle dancing"'').

== Musical tributes ==

With the consent of [[Bob Dylan]], the musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "[[Knockin' on Heaven's Door]]" in memory of the Dunblane school children and their teacher. The recording of the revised version of the song, which included brothers and sisters of the victims singing the chorus and [[Mark Knopfler]] on guitar, was released on 9 December 1996 in the UK, and reached number 1. The proceeds went to charities for children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edlis.org/twice/threads/dunblane_reuters.html |title=Dunblane children record Dylan song for Christmas (Reuters) |publisher=Edlis.org |date=20 November 1996 |accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref>
Pipe Sergeant Charlie Glendinning of the City of Washington Pipe Band (US) composed "Dunblane," a tune for bagpipes, which Bonnie Rideout arranged for two violins and viola. It was recorded on "Rant," an album produced by Maggie's Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Bonnie+Rideout/_/Dunblane|title=Bonnie Rideout — Dunblane — Listen and discover music at Last.fm|publisher=|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref> Pipe Major Robert Mathieson of the Shotts and Dykehead Pipe Band composed a pipe tune in tribute, "The Bells of Dunblane."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornemusique.free.fr/ukbellsofdunblane.php|title=Bells of Dunblane - Highland Bagpipes traditional tunes' stories by Stephane Beguinot|publisher=|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Scotland|1990s|Criminal justice|Death|Schools}}
* [[List of attacks related to primary schools]]
* [[List of massacres in the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of school massacres]]
* [[List of rampage killers]]
{{clear}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|author=The Hon Lord Cullen|authorlink=William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk|title=The Public Inquiry into the Shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996 |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205101310/http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/scottish/dunblane/dunblane.htm |accessdate=29 August 2014 |date=30 September 1996|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|location=London|isbn=0-10-133862-7|oclc=60187397}}
* Mick North, ''Dunblane: never forget'', (Mainstream, 2000) ISBN 1-84018-300-4
* Pam Rhodes, ''Coming through: true stories of hope and courage'', (Pan, 2002) ISBN 0-330-48691-8
* Peter Samson and Alan Crow, ''Dunblane: our year of tears'', (Mainstream, 1997) ISBN 1-85158-975-9
* Peter Squires, ''Gun culture or gun control?: firearms, violence and society'', (Routledge, 2000) ISBN 0-415-17086-9
* Sandra Uttley, ''Dunblane Unburied'', (BookPublishingWorld, 2006) ISBN 1-905553-05-6.
* P. Whitbread, "Media Liaison: The Lessons from Dunblane" in Shirley Harrison (ed.), ''Disasters and the media: managing crisis communications'', (Macmillan, 1999) ISBN 0-333-71785-6
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.gov.scot/library3/justice/dunblane/dunblane-00.asp The transcript of the 1996 Cullen Inquiry into the Dunblane Massacre]
* {{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1997/5|title=Firearms (Amendment) Act, 1997|type=ukpga}} Prohibition of weapons and ammunition and control of small-calibre pistols
* {{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1997/64|title=Firearms (Amendment) (No 2) Act, 1997|type=ukpga}} Prohibition of small calibre pistols
* [http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/2001-mick-north.pdf After Dunblane Gun Control in the UK 1996–2001 (PDF)]
* [http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/051004.asp Dunblane papers released]
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205124316/http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/scottish/dunblane/dun03a.htm A Timeline of the Massacre]
* [http://century.guardian.co.uk/1990-1999/Story/0,,112749,00.html Dunblane Massacre] – A description on the incident by the Guardian

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunblane Massacre}}

[[Category:1996 crimes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1996 in Scotland]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1996]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Scotland]]
[[Category:Gun politics in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Murder–suicides in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Murder in Scotland]]
[[Category:History of Stirling (council area)]]
[[Category:Murdered Scottish children]]
[[Category:School massacres]]

[[Category:Massacres in Scotland]]
[[Category:Public inquiries in Scotland]]
[[Category:Dunblane]]
[[Category:Mass murder in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mass shootings]]
[[Category:Murder in 1996]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in the United Kingdom]]

Haruka Ayase

2016-03-09T13:16:27Z

Kuitan: /* Dramas */

{{BLP sources|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haruka Ayase
| image = Haruka Ayase Cannes 2015.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Haruka Ayase at the [[Cannes Film Festival]], May 2015
| native_name = 綾瀬はるか
| native_name_lang = ja
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|03|24}}
| birth_place = [[Hiroshima]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture]], Japan
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Actress]]
* [[singer]]}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| height = {{height|m=1.65}}
| credits =
| website = 
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Haruka Ayase'''|綾瀬はるか|Ayase Haruka}}, real name {{nihongo|'''Aya Tademaru'''|蓼丸綾|Tademaru Aya}}, born March 24, 1985 in [[Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima|Asaminami]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture]] is a Japanese [[actress]] and [[singer]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/person.aspx?person_id=169666 | script-title=ja:綾瀬はるか | access-date = 2015-06-21 | publisher = Kinema-Junposha.Co.Ltd | language = Japanese }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 绫濑遥
| language = Chinese
| work =
| publisher = Yoka fashion
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://www.yoka.com/dna/star/d-2297.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref> She has blood type B.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 綾瀬はるか
| language = Japanese
| work =
| publisher = HORIPRO
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://www.horipro.co.jp/ayaseharuka/
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref> In 2000, she won the 25th HORIPRO Talent Scout Caravan Grand Prix where she was given her stage name.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 绫濑遥
| language = Chinese
| work =
| publisher = Tencent, Inc.
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://datalib.ent.qq.com/star/2749/starinfo.shtml
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref>

==Biography==
===Career===
On March 24, 2006 she released her first single, titled {{Nihongo|"Period"|ピリオド|Piriodo}}.

She has also released two photo books: ''Birth'' in 2001 and ''Heroine'' in 2004.

==Filmography==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=December 2012}}

===Dramas===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Drama
!Role
!Broadcasting company
|-
|2001
|''Kindaichi Shonen no Jikembo II SP''
|Tomoko Ninomiya
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2001
|{{Nihongo|''Cosmo Angel''|コスモ・エンジェル}}
|Haruka
|[[Tokai TV]]
|-
|2002
|''Kaze no Bon kara''
|Aki Sugimura
|[[NHK]]
|-
|2003
|''Hontō ni Atta Kowai Hanashi''
|Misaki Onose
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Boku no Ikiru Michi]]''
|Megumi Sugita
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|''Blackjack ni Yoroshiku''
|Risako Tsubaki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2003
|{{Nihongo|''Otoko Yu''|男湯}}
|Mina Matsuura
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|{{Nihongo|''Taikoki''|太閤記}}
|Shino
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Kōfuku no Ōji''
|Mayu Mitsuishi
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2004
|''Hontō ni Atta Kowai Hanashi''
|Chisato Nakamura
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Kyokugensuiri Colosseum''
|Ami Shinozaki
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Fuyuzora ni Tsuki wa Kagayaku]]''
|Hanako Imamiya
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Sore wa, Totsuzen, Arashi no yō ni...''
|Saho Makino
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Socrates in Love]]''
|Aki Hirose
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2004
|''Ai kurushii''
|Michiru Majiba
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2005
|''Akai Unmei''
|Naoko Shimazaki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Satomi Hakkenden''
|Hamaji
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Byakuyakō'' [''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]'']
|Yukiho Karasawa
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Hero SP''
|Ririko Izumitani
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Tatta Hitotsu no Koi]]''
|Nao Tsukioka
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Hotaru no Hikari (manga)|Hotaru no Hikari]]''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2008
|''Shikaotoko Aoniyoshi''
|Michiko Fujiwara
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2008
|''Rookies''
|Kyoko Mikoshiba
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Kurobe no Taiyō]]''
|Sachie Takiyama
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''Mr. Brain''
|Kazune Yuri
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin]]''
|Saki Tachibana
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2010
|''Hotaru no Hikari 2''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin 2]]''
|Saki Tachibana
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Nankyoku Tairiku|Nankyoku Tairiku: Kami no Ryōiki ni Idomunda Otoko to Inu no Monogatari]]''
|Miyuki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Yae no Sakura]]''
|[[Niijima Yae]]
|[[NHK]] [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/01/04/tv/nhk-spotlights-gunslinging-daughter-of-the-north-in-yearlong-sunday-drama/]
|-
|2014
|''[[Kyō wa Kaisha Yasumimasu.]]''
|Hanae Aonishi
|NTV
|-
|2016
|''[[Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit]]''
|Balsa
|NHK
|-
|2016
|''[[Never Let Me Go (novel)|Never Let Me Go]]''
|Kyoko Hoshina
|TBS
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2002
|''[[Justice (short film)|Justice]]''
|Hoshi
|-
|2004
|''Amemasu no Kawa''
|Sayuri Takakura
|-
|2005
|''The Incredibles''
|Violet Parr (Japanese dub)
|-
|2005
|''New Horizon''
|Sayako
|-
|2005
|''Sengoku Jieitai 1549''
|Nohime
|-
|2006
|''Taberuki shinai''
|Nao
|-
|2007
|''Hero''
|Ririko Izumitani
|-
|2008
|''[[Cyborg She]]'' (also "My Girlfriend is A Cyborg")
|The Girlfriend
|-
|2008
|''[[Ichi (2008 film)|Ichi]]''
|Ichi [http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/none/asskicking-japanese-film-heroines-past-decade-779454/]
|-
|2008
|''[[The Magic Hour (2008 film)|The Magic Hour]]''
|Natsuko Shikama
|-
|2008
|''[[Happy Flight]]''<ref name="Schillinghalf">Schilling, Mark. "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20081114a4.html Airplane flick tells only half the story]." ''[[The Japan Times]]''. Friday November 14, 2008. Retrieved on February 19, 2010.</ref>
|Etsuko Saitō
|-
|2009
|''[[Oppai Volleyball]]''
|Mikako Terashima
|-
|2009
|''[[Rookies]]''
|Kyoko Mikoshiba
|-
|2009
|''[[Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror]]''
|Haruka (Voice)
|-
|2010
|''[[The Incite Mill]]''
|Shoko Suwana
|-
|2011
|''[[Princess Toyotomi]]''
|Tadako Torii
|-
|2012
|''[[Hotaru no Hikari]]''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|-
|2012
|''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]''
|Akko
|-
|2012
|''[[Anata e]]''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Riaru: Kanzen Naru Kubinagaryū no Hi]]''
|Atsumi
|-
|2014
|''[[All-Round Appraiser Q: The Eyes of Mona Lisa]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Our Little Sister]]''
|Sachi Kōda [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-filmfestival-cannes-umimachi-diary-idUKKBN0NZ1X920150514]
|-
|2015
|''[[Galaxy Turnpike]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''Kōdai-ke no Hitobito''
|Kie Hirano
|-
|2016
|''[[A Man Called Pirate]]''
|Yuki
|-
|}

==Discography==

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Single
!Chart position
!Album
!Total sales
|-
|2006
|{{Nihongo|"Period"|ピリオド|Piriodo}}
|8
| 
|28,224
|-
|2006
|{{Nihongo|"Kōsaten Days"|交差点days}}
|8
| 
|18,688
|-
|2007
|{{Nihongo|"Hikōkigumo"|飛行機雲}}
|23
| 
|10,352
|-
|2010
|{{Nihongo|"Māgaretto"|マーガレット}}
|?
| 
|?
|}

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2004
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Socrates in Love]]''
| Nikkan Sports Drama Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won|place=2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/ns/entertainment/drama_gp/2004/dgp_kekka041016.html|title=04年度 7～9月期 6部門受賞者発表|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2004/10/27/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302055302/http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2004/10/27/|script-title=ja:ザテレビジョンドラマアカデミー賞|archivedate=2009-03-02|accessdate=2015-12-05|work=The Television|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]''
| Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2006/05/02/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302055333/http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2006/05/02/|script-title=ja:ザテレビジョンドラマアカデミー賞|archivedate=2009-03-02|accessdate=2015-12-05|work=The Television|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
| -
| [[Elan d'or Awards]]: Newcomer of the Year
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.producer.or.jp/elandor-list.html|title=エランドール賞歴代受賞者一覧|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=All Nippon Producers Association}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hotaru no Hikari]]''
| Nikkan Sports Drama Awards: Best Actress for Summer
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/dramagp/dgp-result_summer.html|title=日刊スポーツ・ドラマグランプリ|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Cyborg She]]'', ''[[Ichi (2008 film)|Ichi]]'', ''[[Happy Flight]]''
| [[Nikkan Sports Film Award]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61618/full/|script-title=ja:『第21回日刊スポーツ映画大賞』主演男優賞をSMAP・中居正広、主演女優賞を綾瀬はるかが受賞|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2009
| ''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin]]''
| The 18th Hashida Award: Best Newcomer
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/76088/full/|script-title=ja:ドラマ『JIN-仁-』が『橋田賞』受賞共演の大沢＆綾瀬も個人賞に輝く|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|''Oppai Volleyball''
| The 52nd [[Blue Ribbon Awards]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/73417/full/|script-title=ja:「酒の飲みすぎで痛風になった」鶴瓶、三國連太郎から「2時間毎日歩きなさい」|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| The 33rd [[Japan Academy Prize (film award)|Japan Academy Prize]]: Best Actress
| {{nominated}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=33#title05|script-title=ja:第33回日本アカデミー賞優秀作品|trans_title=The 33rd Japan Academy Prize|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Japan Acadmy Prize Association|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Kyō wa Kaisha Yasumimasu.]]''
| [[Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1471252.html|title=綾瀬はるか「取ったどぉ～」ドラマGP主演女優賞|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Our Little Sister]]''
| The 37th [[Yokohama Film Festival]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1575404.html|script-title=ja:「海街diary」が5冠、「お盆の弟」が4冠|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| The 58th Blue Ribbon Awards: Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| The [[39th Japan Academy Prize]]: Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| The [[10th Asian Film Awards]]: Best Actress
| {{pending}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.horipro.co.jp/talent/PF061/ Talent Agency Official Website] {{ja icon}}
* [http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/ayaseharuka Victor Entertainment Official Website] {{ja icon}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1480573|name=Haruka Ayase}}
* {{jmdb person|1011620}}

{{Blue Ribbon Award for Best Actress}}
{{Mainichi Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix Best Actress}}
{{Yokohama Film Festival Best Actress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayase, Haruka}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hiroshima]]
[[Category:Japanese actresses]]
[[Category:Japanese female pop singers]]
[[Category:Japanese idols]]
[[Category:Musicians from Hiroshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Taiga drama lead actors or actresses]]

Haruka Ayase

2016-03-09T13:04:54Z

Kuitan: /* Films */ Added to two reliable links

{{BLP sources|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haruka Ayase
| image = Haruka Ayase Cannes 2015.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Haruka Ayase at the [[Cannes Film Festival]], May 2015
| native_name = 綾瀬はるか
| native_name_lang = ja
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|03|24}}
| birth_place = [[Hiroshima]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture]], Japan
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Actress]]
* [[singer]]}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| height = {{height|m=1.65}}
| credits =
| website = 
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Haruka Ayase'''|綾瀬はるか|Ayase Haruka}}, real name {{nihongo|'''Aya Tademaru'''|蓼丸綾|Tademaru Aya}}, born March 24, 1985 in [[Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima|Asaminami]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture]] is a Japanese [[actress]] and [[singer]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/person.aspx?person_id=169666 | script-title=ja:綾瀬はるか | access-date = 2015-06-21 | publisher = Kinema-Junposha.Co.Ltd | language = Japanese }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 绫濑遥
| language = Chinese
| work =
| publisher = Yoka fashion
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://www.yoka.com/dna/star/d-2297.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref> She has blood type B.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 綾瀬はるか
| language = Japanese
| work =
| publisher = HORIPRO
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://www.horipro.co.jp/ayaseharuka/
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref> In 2000, she won the 25th HORIPRO Talent Scout Caravan Grand Prix where she was given her stage name.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = 绫濑遥
| language = Chinese
| work =
| publisher = Tencent, Inc.
| date = 2016-01-17
| url = http://datalib.ent.qq.com/star/2749/starinfo.shtml
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-01-17 }}</ref>

==Biography==
===Career===
On March 24, 2006 she released her first single, titled {{Nihongo|"Period"|ピリオド|Piriodo}}.

She has also released two photo books: ''Birth'' in 2001 and ''Heroine'' in 2004.

==Filmography==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=December 2012}}

===Dramas===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Drama
!Role
!Broadcasting company
|-
|2001
|''Kindaichi Shonen no Jikembo II SP''
|Tomoko Ninomiya
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2001
|{{Nihongo|''Cosmo Angel''|コスモ・エンジェル}}
|Haruka
|[[Tokai TV]]
|-
|2002
|''Kaze no Bon kara''
|Aki Sugimura
|[[NHK]]
|-
|2003
|''Hontō ni Atta Kowai Hanashi''
|Misaki Onose
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Boku no Ikiru Michi]]''
|Megumi Sugita
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|''Blackjack ni Yoroshiku''
|Risako Tsubaki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2003
|{{Nihongo|''Otoko Yu''|男湯}}
|Mina Matsuura
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2003
|{{Nihongo|''Taikoki''|太閤記}}
|Shino
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Kōfuku no Ōji''
|Mayu Mitsuishi
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2004
|''Hontō ni Atta Kowai Hanashi''
|Chisato Nakamura
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Kyokugensuiri Colosseum''
|Ami Shinozaki
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Fuyuzora ni Tsuki wa Kagayaku]]''
|Hanako Imamiya
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2004
|''Sore wa, Totsuzen, Arashi no yō ni...''
|Saho Makino
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Socrates in Love]]''
|Aki Hirose
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2004
|''Ai kurushii''
|Michiru Majiba
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2005
|''Akai Unmei''
|Naoko Shimazaki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Satomi Hakkenden''
|Hamaji
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Byakuyakō'' [''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]'']
|Yukiho Karasawa
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2006
|''Hero SP''
|Ririko Izumitani
|[[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Tatta Hitotsu no Koi]]''
|Nao Tsukioka
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Hotaru no Hikari (manga)|Hotaru no Hikari]]''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2008
|''Shikaotoko Aoniyoshi''
|Michiko Fujiwara
|[[Fuji TV]]
|-
|2008
|''Rookies''
|Kyoko Mikoshiba
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Kurobe no Taiyō]]''
|Sachie Takiyama
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''Mr. Brain''
|Kazune Yuri
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin]]''
|Saki Tachibana
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2010
|''Hotaru no Hikari 2''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|[[Nippon Television|NTV]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin 2]]''
|Saki Tachibana
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Nankyoku Tairiku|Nankyoku Tairiku: Kami no Ryōiki ni Idomunda Otoko to Inu no Monogatari]]''
|Miyuki
|[[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Yae no Sakura]]''
|[[Niijima Yae]]
|[[NHK]]
|-
|2014
|''[[Kyō wa Kaisha Yasumimasu.]]''
|Hanae Aonishi
|NTV
|-
|2016
|''[[Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit]]''
|Balsa
|NHK
|-
|2016
|''[[Never Let Me Go (novel)|Never Let Me Go]]''
|Kyoko Hoshina
|TBS
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2002
|''[[Justice (short film)|Justice]]''
|Hoshi
|-
|2004
|''Amemasu no Kawa''
|Sayuri Takakura
|-
|2005
|''The Incredibles''
|Violet Parr (Japanese dub)
|-
|2005
|''New Horizon''
|Sayako
|-
|2005
|''Sengoku Jieitai 1549''
|Nohime
|-
|2006
|''Taberuki shinai''
|Nao
|-
|2007
|''Hero''
|Ririko Izumitani
|-
|2008
|''[[Cyborg She]]'' (also "My Girlfriend is A Cyborg")
|The Girlfriend
|-
|2008
|''[[Ichi (2008 film)|Ichi]]''
|Ichi [http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/none/asskicking-japanese-film-heroines-past-decade-779454/]
|-
|2008
|''[[The Magic Hour (2008 film)|The Magic Hour]]''
|Natsuko Shikama
|-
|2008
|''[[Happy Flight]]''<ref name="Schillinghalf">Schilling, Mark. "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20081114a4.html Airplane flick tells only half the story]." ''[[The Japan Times]]''. Friday November 14, 2008. Retrieved on February 19, 2010.</ref>
|Etsuko Saitō
|-
|2009
|''[[Oppai Volleyball]]''
|Mikako Terashima
|-
|2009
|''[[Rookies]]''
|Kyoko Mikoshiba
|-
|2009
|''[[Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror]]''
|Haruka (Voice)
|-
|2010
|''[[The Incite Mill]]''
|Shoko Suwana
|-
|2011
|''[[Princess Toyotomi]]''
|Tadako Torii
|-
|2012
|''[[Hotaru no Hikari]]''
|Hotaru Amemiya
|-
|2012
|''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]''
|Akko
|-
|2012
|''[[Anata e]]''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Riaru: Kanzen Naru Kubinagaryū no Hi]]''
|Atsumi
|-
|2014
|''[[All-Round Appraiser Q: The Eyes of Mona Lisa]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Our Little Sister]]''
|Sachi Kōda [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-filmfestival-cannes-umimachi-diary-idUKKBN0NZ1X920150514]
|-
|2015
|''[[Galaxy Turnpike]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''Kōdai-ke no Hitobito''
|Kie Hirano
|-
|2016
|''[[A Man Called Pirate]]''
|Yuki
|-
|}

==Discography==

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Single
!Chart position
!Album
!Total sales
|-
|2006
|{{Nihongo|"Period"|ピリオド|Piriodo}}
|8
| 
|28,224
|-
|2006
|{{Nihongo|"Kōsaten Days"|交差点days}}
|8
| 
|18,688
|-
|2007
|{{Nihongo|"Hikōkigumo"|飛行機雲}}
|23
| 
|10,352
|-
|2010
|{{Nihongo|"Māgaretto"|マーガレット}}
|?
| 
|?
|}

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2004
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Socrates in Love]]''
| Nikkan Sports Drama Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won|place=2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/ns/entertainment/drama_gp/2004/dgp_kekka041016.html|title=04年度 7～9月期 6部門受賞者発表|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2004/10/27/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302055302/http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2004/10/27/|script-title=ja:ザテレビジョンドラマアカデミー賞|archivedate=2009-03-02|accessdate=2015-12-05|work=The Television|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]''
| Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2006/05/02/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302055333/http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2006/05/02/|script-title=ja:ザテレビジョンドラマアカデミー賞|archivedate=2009-03-02|accessdate=2015-12-05|work=The Television|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
| -
| [[Elan d'or Awards]]: Newcomer of the Year
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.producer.or.jp/elandor-list.html|title=エランドール賞歴代受賞者一覧|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=All Nippon Producers Association}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hotaru no Hikari]]''
| Nikkan Sports Drama Awards: Best Actress for Summer
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/dramagp/dgp-result_summer.html|title=日刊スポーツ・ドラマグランプリ|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Cyborg She]]'', ''[[Ichi (2008 film)|Ichi]]'', ''[[Happy Flight]]''
| [[Nikkan Sports Film Award]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61618/full/|script-title=ja:『第21回日刊スポーツ映画大賞』主演男優賞をSMAP・中居正広、主演女優賞を綾瀬はるかが受賞|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2009
| ''[[Jin (TV series)|Jin]]''
| The 18th Hashida Award: Best Newcomer
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/76088/full/|script-title=ja:ドラマ『JIN-仁-』が『橋田賞』受賞共演の大沢＆綾瀬も個人賞に輝く|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|''Oppai Volleyball''
| The 52nd [[Blue Ribbon Awards]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/73417/full/|script-title=ja:「酒の飲みすぎで痛風になった」鶴瓶、三國連太郎から「2時間毎日歩きなさい」|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=oricon ME inc.|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| The 33rd [[Japan Academy Prize (film award)|Japan Academy Prize]]: Best Actress
| {{nominated}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=33#title05|script-title=ja:第33回日本アカデミー賞優秀作品|trans_title=The 33rd Japan Academy Prize|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Japan Acadmy Prize Association|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Kyō wa Kaisha Yasumimasu.]]''
| [[Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1471252.html|title=綾瀬はるか「取ったどぉ～」ドラマGP主演女優賞|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Our Little Sister]]''
| The 37th [[Yokohama Film Festival]]: Best Actress
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1575404.html|script-title=ja:「海街diary」が5冠、「お盆の弟」が4冠|accessdate=2015-12-05|publisher=Nikkan Sports News|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| The 58th Blue Ribbon Awards: Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| The [[39th Japan Academy Prize]]: Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| The [[10th Asian Film Awards]]: Best Actress
| {{pending}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.horipro.co.jp/talent/PF061/ Talent Agency Official Website] {{ja icon}}
* [http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/ayaseharuka Victor Entertainment Official Website] {{ja icon}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1480573|name=Haruka Ayase}}
* {{jmdb person|1011620}}

{{Blue Ribbon Award for Best Actress}}
{{Mainichi Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix Best Actress}}
{{Yokohama Film Festival Best Actress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayase, Haruka}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hiroshima]]
[[Category:Japanese actresses]]
[[Category:Japanese female pop singers]]
[[Category:Japanese idols]]
[[Category:Musicians from Hiroshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Taiga drama lead actors or actresses]]

Lupanar

2016-03-05T19:07:22Z

Kuitan: /* Graffiti */

[[Image:Pompeya lupanar.jpg|thumb|The Lupanar at VII, 12, 18–20. Vico del Lupanare is on the right. Vico del Balcone is to the left.]]

The '''Lupanar of Pompeii''' is the most famous [[brothel]] in the ruined [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city of [[Pompeii]]. It is of particular interest for the [[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum#Brothels|erotic paintings]] on its walls. ''Lupanar'' is [[Latin]] for "brothel". The Pompeii lupanar is also known as ''Lupanare Grande''.

==Location==
The Lupanar (VII, 12, 18–20) is located approximately two blocks east of the forum at the intersection of Vico del Lupanare and Vico del Balcone Pensile.<ref name="Seeing the Past">{{Cite web|url=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/345 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171335/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/345 |archivedate=20 November 2012 |title=Seeing the Past: Sex, Sight, and ''Societas'' in the Lupanar, Pompeii |accessdate=2007-05-11 |format= |work=}}</ref>

==Brothels==
[[Image:Pompeya interior del lupanar.jpg|thumb|left|One of the roughly carved stone beds in the ''lupanar'']]

The Roman word for brothel was ''lupanar'', meaning a wolf den, and a prostitute was called a ''lupa''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazzoni|first=Cristina|title=She-wolf : the story of a Roman icon|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=978-0-521-19456-3|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McGinn|first=Thomas A. J.|title=The economy of prostitution in the Roman world : a study of social history & the brothel|year=2004|publisher=Univ. of Michigan Press [u.a.]|location=Ann Arbor, MI|isbn=9780472113620|edition=[Reprinted].|pages=7–8}}</ref>

Early Pompeian excavators, guided by the strict modesty of the time period, quickly classified any building containing erotic paintings as [[brothel]]s. Using this metric, Pompeii had 35 lupanares. Given a population of ten thousand in Pompeii during the first century CE, this leaves one brothel per 286 people or 71 adult males. Using a stricter standard for identifying brothels{{clarify|date=November 2013}} brings the number to a more realistic figure including nine single room establishments and the Lupanar at VII, 12, 18–20.
<ref>{{Cite book|author=John R. Clarke |title=Looking at lovemaking: constructions of sexuality in Roman art, 100 B. C.-A. D. 250 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-520-20024-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>

Brothels during this period were typically small with only a few rooms. The Lupanar was the largest of the brothels found in [[Pompeii]] with 10 rooms. Like other brothels, rooms in the Lupanar were plainly furnished. A mattress on a brick platform served as a bed.
<ref>Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002ff. BNP 2, 790–791</ref>

==Graffiti==
[[Image:Inscripción dentro de un lupanar de Pompeya.jpg|thumb|Graffiti inside the Lupanar]]
[[File:Pompeii - Lupanar - Erotic Scene - MAN.jpg|thumb|Sexual scene from a wall painting at the Lupanar; the woman wears the ancient equivalent of a bra]]
There have been 134 graffiti transcribed from the Lupanar at Pompeii. The presence of this graffiti served as one of the criteria for identifying the building as a brothel.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sandra R. Joshel, Lauren Hackworth Petersen|title=The Material LIfe of Roman Slaves|date=30 Sep 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521191645|page=1|edition=Hardback}}</ref>

Examples of graffiti from the Lupanar include:
*''Hic ego puellas multas futui'' ("Here I fucked many girls").<ref>"[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]'' IV. 2175".</ref>
*''Felix bene futuis'' ("Lucky guy, you fuck well," a prostitute's blandishment to her client,<ref>''CIL'' IV. 2175; observation by J.N. Adams, ''The Latin Sexual Vocabulary'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, 1990), p. 120 [http://books.google.com/books?id=GDP9VHGbF1AC&pg=PA120&dq=%22Felix+bene+futuis%22&hl=en&ei=LAeITI2hFI6gnQe_-tCPDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Felix%20bene%20futuis%22&f=false online.]</ref> or "Lucky guy, you get a good fuck"<ref>Thomas A McGinn, ''The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World'' (University of Michigan Press, 2004), p. 162.</ref>).

Other examples can be traced to other locations in Pompeii. Given that persons of wealth generally did not visit brothels because of the availability of mistresses or slave [[concubine]]s, the names cannot be connected to known historical figures. The graffiti do tell stories, however. Various authors respond to each other's carvings in a sort of dialogue.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Games and a Lupanar: Prosopography of a Neighborhood in Ancient Pompeii|journal=The Classical Journal|date=1984|first=James L.|last=Franklin|volume=81|issue=4|pages=319–328|id= |format=|accessdate=2007-05-18|jstor=3297215}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Lupanar (Pompeii)}}
* [[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum]]
* [[Prostitution in ancient Rome]]
*[[Roman graffiti]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM6SEkgMAm8 Sex in the Ancient World Pompeii History Channel Documentary]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Archaeological site of Pompeii}}

{{coord|40.7503|N|14.4868|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Pompeii (ancient city)]]
[[Category:Brothels]]
[[Category:Prostitution in ancient Rome]]

Talk:Lupanar

2016-03-05T14:57:08Z

Kuitan: /* Number of brothels in Pompeii */

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Sexuality|class=Start|importance=|sex-workers=yes|sex-workers-importance=}}
{{WikiProject Women's History|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Todo==
# Modify the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pompeya._Plano.jpg Map of Pompeii] to indicate the location of the Lupanar and include it directly in this page. (I'll do this if I have time.)
I am contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 21:52, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

# If possible when describing Lupanar, include anecdotes or a description of any of the more famous men who may have frequented the establishment.
#* Famous corolates with wealth and the wealthy had slaves, thus they generally skipped the brothels. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 22:55, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
# Also add a mention of how it was run, or who ran it.
# If you can find it, add the date of establishment of the brothel.
#* Did not find an owner or date of establishment [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
I am also contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. User: Sbatra86 21:34, 13 May 2007

== comment for roman civ ==

The layout looks really good. The only really areas of possible improvement to me are expanding on the status of brothels or those who use them and more of an explanation of the paintings found (as in do they represent what happened there or is there a deity associated with this place).
* Brothels were common. Patrons were poor. Paintings like these were common in Pompeii. There was no particular deity, but there were some generic ones (safe passage, etc). I'm not entirely sure how to incorporate all of this into a short Encyclopedic article. I have linked to related articles that talk more about this. I have already included far more than, say, the French or Italian articles on this topic.[[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

-Jaimee —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Jlsromanciv|Jlsromanciv]] ([[User talk:Jlsromanciv|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jlsromanciv|contribs]]) 20:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

== Number of brothels in Pompeii ==

In 2013, Dr Joanne Berry, of Swansea University, and author of "The Complete Pompeii" said that there was plenty of evidence for prostitution in Pompeii. However, on the actual numbers, she seemed to be very non-committal and said that the identification of establishments as brothels was difficult. Scholars have argued for the existence of between nine and 35 brothels in Pompeii, however, only ONE, known as the Lupinar was purpose built as one. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/pompeii/9848658/Pompeii-exhibition-50-shades-of-Pompeii.html]

The current section dealing with numbers is very messy. In light of this from Dr Berry, it certainly needs to be reworked. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 15:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

In The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: A Study of Social History and the Brothel by Thomas A. J. McGinn (2004), Chapter 7 (pp 182-219) deals with the issue of brothel-identification. McGill argues that the critical waters have been muddied by charges of “Victorianism,” which allegedly amounts to an overeagerness to identify a location as a brothel... It will take a bit of looking at. However, it does add weight to the view that the second paragraph of the @Brothel' Section, needs serious review. Chapter 7 can be found [https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113623-ch7.pdf here].[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 14:56, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

== 'misogynistic' ==

Somebody keeps deleting the word 'misogynistic' to describe the connotations of ''lupa''. This does ''not'' violate neutrality; it is an informative statement about the usage of a Latin word. The Romans had many words for prostitute; some might be as innocuous or euphemistic as our "tart" or "call girl," but ''lupa'' is not. The cited source (McGinn) specifically identifies this terminology as misogynistic. Deleting the word requires that you provide sourcing to outweigh McGinn's authority that states explicitly that the term was not misogynistic or that it's a positive, neutral, or humorous. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 13:56, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

:Regarding the use of the word "misogynistic":

:McGinn does use the word "misogyny", however it is not stated that the Romans understood the term to be a misogynistic one, only that the word conveyed that sense to the author . The point of the passage was not to argue that "Lupa" was misogynistic. The point was that the word provided no useful way of defining brothel in a technical sense.
:Additionally, the passage in question does not represent any original research by McGinn, it is taken from:
:Adams, J .N. The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Baltimore, 1982. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58.
:This is cited in McGinn's bibliography. Adams mentions that "lupa" is derived from the latin word for "wolf", that it is indeed intended to stress the predatory character of prostitutes, and that it was generally used to refer to a "low" prostitute. Misogyny is not mentioned.
:I am deleting the word "misogynistic" from the article. A clearer impression of what the word was intended to communicate is given by simply saying that "lupa" was used as slang for "whore" in a predatory sense.
:Here are links to McGinn and Adams, for anyone who cares to read them over:
:[http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=17679 Thomas A McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World (University of Michigan Press, 2004)]
:[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/126/Adams.pdf Adams, J .N. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58]

::Adams wasn't cited. McGinn was. McGinn has written two book-length treatments of Roman prostitution and sexuality, as well as co-authoring ''A Casebook on Roman Law.'' McGinn is actually a better source than Adams on the status of Roman women, particularly prostitutes. Although Adams doesn't label ''lupa'' "misogynistic," the harsh connotation he places on the word doesn't contradict McGinn's characterization: Adams certainly doesn't say it was a positive or neutral word. Roman-era literature presents a range of attitudes toward women (including women of varying social status), and as a whole I think the Romans have high regard for women (within their own cultural context, which was patriarchal in the meaningful sense of the word; see ''[[paterfamilias]]''). Social inequality is not misogyny, and to say that a single word was misogynistic is not to characterize the Romans as a whole as misogynists. I don't think they were. I don't object to the precision of saying that ''lupa'' was slang for "whore" in a predatory sense. But the Romans knew bloody well that they were being pejorative in using the word, because it wasn't something you'd want somebody calling your sister. And we have an impeccable RS that says the word expresses misogyny, while you have no source to support your view that the word ''lupa'' was not misogynistic. So you're still just deleting it because you don't want the word 'misogyny' used, and not based on what the cited source says. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 07:07, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

== Graffiti ==

I cannot understand why a better source is needed for the claim of 134 Graffiti in the Lupanar. The source given is a paper by [https://classics.washington.edu/people/sarah-levin-richardson Sara Levin Richardson] which has been archived at Stanford University. There is a link to a Word file which gives a complete list of the graffiti. It was a paper presented at the 2005 Stanford Archaeology Center Graduate Student Conference "Seeing the Past: Building Knowledge of the Past and Present through Acts of Seeing" on February 5th of that year.
[https://classics.washington.edu/sites/classics/files/cv/slr_cv_march_2015.pdf]. The paper itself, is available [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/projects/SeeingThePast/admin/download.html?attachid=120841. here] as a Word File. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 16:33, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
:Rechecking the article, I see that it is not necessarily the source that is the problem, it is the way in which it has been added to the article. I have found a book (The Material Life of Roman Slaves by Sandra R. Joshel, Lauren Hackworth Petersen) which gives the same information. In describing the Lupinar, in Chapter 1, Introduction, it says "Some 134 separate graffiti name sexual activities, the male customers, and the women themselves." (p.1) See the article for the precise citation. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kuitan|contribs]]) 11:04, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Lupanar

2016-03-05T11:04:39Z

Kuitan: /* Graffiti */

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Sexuality|class=Start|importance=|sex-workers=yes|sex-workers-importance=}}
{{WikiProject Women's History|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Todo==
# Modify the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pompeya._Plano.jpg Map of Pompeii] to indicate the location of the Lupanar and include it directly in this page. (I'll do this if I have time.)
I am contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 21:52, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

# If possible when describing Lupanar, include anecdotes or a description of any of the more famous men who may have frequented the establishment.
#* Famous corolates with wealth and the wealthy had slaves, thus they generally skipped the brothels. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 22:55, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
# Also add a mention of how it was run, or who ran it.
# If you can find it, add the date of establishment of the brothel.
#* Did not find an owner or date of establishment [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
I am also contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. User: Sbatra86 21:34, 13 May 2007

== comment for roman civ ==

The layout looks really good. The only really areas of possible improvement to me are expanding on the status of brothels or those who use them and more of an explanation of the paintings found (as in do they represent what happened there or is there a deity associated with this place).
* Brothels were common. Patrons were poor. Paintings like these were common in Pompeii. There was no particular deity, but there were some generic ones (safe passage, etc). I'm not entirely sure how to incorporate all of this into a short Encyclopedic article. I have linked to related articles that talk more about this. I have already included far more than, say, the French or Italian articles on this topic.[[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

-Jaimee —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Jlsromanciv|Jlsromanciv]] ([[User talk:Jlsromanciv|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jlsromanciv|contribs]]) 20:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

== Number of brothels in Pompeii ==

In 2013, Dr Joanne Berry, of Swansea University, and author of "The Complete Pompeii" said that there was plenty of evidence for prostitution in Pompeii. However, on the actual numbers, she seemed to be very non-committal and said that the identification of establishments as brothels was difficult. Scholars have argued for the existence of between nine and 35 brothels in Pompeii, however, only ONE, known as the Lupinar was purpose built as one. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/pompeii/9848658/Pompeii-exhibition-50-shades-of-Pompeii.html]

The current section dealing with numbers is very messy. In light of this from Dr Berry, it certainly needs to be reworked. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 15:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

== 'misogynistic' ==

Somebody keeps deleting the word 'misogynistic' to describe the connotations of ''lupa''. This does ''not'' violate neutrality; it is an informative statement about the usage of a Latin word. The Romans had many words for prostitute; some might be as innocuous or euphemistic as our "tart" or "call girl," but ''lupa'' is not. The cited source (McGinn) specifically identifies this terminology as misogynistic. Deleting the word requires that you provide sourcing to outweigh McGinn's authority that states explicitly that the term was not misogynistic or that it's a positive, neutral, or humorous. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 13:56, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

:Regarding the use of the word "misogynistic":

:McGinn does use the word "misogyny", however it is not stated that the Romans understood the term to be a misogynistic one, only that the word conveyed that sense to the author . The point of the passage was not to argue that "Lupa" was misogynistic. The point was that the word provided no useful way of defining brothel in a technical sense.
:Additionally, the passage in question does not represent any original research by McGinn, it is taken from:
:Adams, J .N. The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Baltimore, 1982. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58.
:This is cited in McGinn's bibliography. Adams mentions that "lupa" is derived from the latin word for "wolf", that it is indeed intended to stress the predatory character of prostitutes, and that it was generally used to refer to a "low" prostitute. Misogyny is not mentioned.
:I am deleting the word "misogynistic" from the article. A clearer impression of what the word was intended to communicate is given by simply saying that "lupa" was used as slang for "whore" in a predatory sense.
:Here are links to McGinn and Adams, for anyone who cares to read them over:
:[http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=17679 Thomas A McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World (University of Michigan Press, 2004)]
:[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/126/Adams.pdf Adams, J .N. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58]

::Adams wasn't cited. McGinn was. McGinn has written two book-length treatments of Roman prostitution and sexuality, as well as co-authoring ''A Casebook on Roman Law.'' McGinn is actually a better source than Adams on the status of Roman women, particularly prostitutes. Although Adams doesn't label ''lupa'' "misogynistic," the harsh connotation he places on the word doesn't contradict McGinn's characterization: Adams certainly doesn't say it was a positive or neutral word. Roman-era literature presents a range of attitudes toward women (including women of varying social status), and as a whole I think the Romans have high regard for women (within their own cultural context, which was patriarchal in the meaningful sense of the word; see ''[[paterfamilias]]''). Social inequality is not misogyny, and to say that a single word was misogynistic is not to characterize the Romans as a whole as misogynists. I don't think they were. I don't object to the precision of saying that ''lupa'' was slang for "whore" in a predatory sense. But the Romans knew bloody well that they were being pejorative in using the word, because it wasn't something you'd want somebody calling your sister. And we have an impeccable RS that says the word expresses misogyny, while you have no source to support your view that the word ''lupa'' was not misogynistic. So you're still just deleting it because you don't want the word 'misogyny' used, and not based on what the cited source says. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 07:07, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

== Graffiti ==

I cannot understand why a better source is needed for the claim of 134 Graffiti in the Lupanar. The source given is a paper by [https://classics.washington.edu/people/sarah-levin-richardson Sara Levin Richardson] which has been archived at Stanford University. There is a link to a Word file which gives a complete list of the graffiti. It was a paper presented at the 2005 Stanford Archaeology Center Graduate Student Conference "Seeing the Past: Building Knowledge of the Past and Present through Acts of Seeing" on February 5th of that year.
[https://classics.washington.edu/sites/classics/files/cv/slr_cv_march_2015.pdf]. The paper itself, is available [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/projects/SeeingThePast/admin/download.html?attachid=120841. here] as a Word File. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 16:33, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
:Rechecking the article, I see that it is not necessarily the source that is the problem, it is the way in which it has been added to the article. I have found a book (The Material Life of Roman Slaves by Sandra R. Joshel, Lauren Hackworth Petersen) which gives the same information. In describing the Lupinar, in Chapter 1, Introduction, it says "Some 134 separate graffiti name sexual activities, the male customers, and the women themselves." (p.1) See the article for the precise citation.

Lupanar

2016-03-05T10:56:37Z

Kuitan: /* Graffiti */

[[Image:Pompeya lupanar.jpg|thumb|The Lupanar at VII, 12, 18–20. Vico del Lupanare is on the right. Vico del Balcone is to the left.]]

The '''Lupanar of Pompeii''' is the most famous [[brothel]] in the ruined [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city of [[Pompeii]]. It is of particular interest for the [[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum#Brothels|erotic paintings]] on its walls. ''Lupanar'' is [[Latin]] for "brothel". The Pompeii lupanar is also known as ''Lupanare Grande''.

==Location==
The Lupanar (VII, 12, 18–20) is located approximately two blocks east of the forum at the intersection of Vico del Lupanare and Vico del Balcone Pensile.<ref name="Seeing the Past">{{Cite web|url=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/345 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171335/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/345 |archivedate=20 November 2012 |title=Seeing the Past: Sex, Sight, and ''Societas'' in the Lupanar, Pompeii |accessdate=2007-05-11 |format= |work=}}</ref>

==Brothels==
[[Image:Pompeya interior del lupanar.jpg|thumb|left|One of the roughly carved stone beds in the ''lupanar'']]

The Roman word for brothel was ''lupanar'', meaning a wolf den, and a prostitute was called a ''lupa''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazzoni|first=Cristina|title=She-wolf : the story of a Roman icon|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=978-0-521-19456-3|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McGinn|first=Thomas A. J.|title=The economy of prostitution in the Roman world : a study of social history & the brothel|year=2004|publisher=Univ. of Michigan Press [u.a.]|location=Ann Arbor, MI|isbn=9780472113620|edition=[Reprinted].|pages=7–8}}</ref>

Early Pompeian excavators, guided by the strict modesty of the time period, quickly classified any building containing erotic paintings as [[brothel]]s. Using this metric, Pompeii had 35 lupanares. Given a population of ten thousand in Pompeii during the first century CE, this leaves one brothel per 286 people or 71 adult males. Using a stricter standard for identifying brothels{{clarify|date=November 2013}} brings the number to a more realistic figure including nine single room establishments and the Lupanar at VII, 12, 18–20.
<ref>{{Cite book|author=John R. Clarke |title=Looking at lovemaking: constructions of sexuality in Roman art, 100 B. C.-A. D. 250 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-520-20024-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>

Brothels during this period were typically small with only a few rooms. The Lupanar was the largest of the brothels found in [[Pompeii]] with 10 rooms. Like other brothels, rooms in the Lupanar were plainly furnished. A mattress on a brick platform served as a bed.
<ref>Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002ff. BNP 2, 790–791</ref>

==Graffiti==
[[Image:Inscripción dentro de un lupanar de Pompeya.jpg|thumb|Graffiti inside the Lupanar]]
[[File:Pompeii - Lupanar - Erotic Scene - MAN.jpg|thumb|Sexual scene from a wall painting at the Lupanar; the woman wears the ancient equivalent of a bra]]
There have been 134 graffiti transcribed from the Lupanar at Pompeii. The presence of this graffiti served as one of the criteria for identifying the building as a brothel.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sandra R. Joshel, Lauren Hackworth Petersen|title=The Material LIfe of Roman Slaves|date=30 Sep 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521191645|page=1|edition=Hardback}}</ref>

Examples of graffiti from the Lupanar include:
*''Hic ego puellas multas futui'' ("Here I fucked many girls").<ref>"[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]'' IV. 2175".</ref>
*''Felix bene futuis'' ("Lucky guy, you fuck well," a prostitute's blandishment to her client,<ref>''CIL'' IV. 2175; observation by J.N. Adams, ''The Latin Sexual Vocabulary'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, 1990), p. 120 [http://books.google.com/books?id=GDP9VHGbF1AC&pg=PA120&dq=%22Felix+bene+futuis%22&hl=en&ei=LAeITI2hFI6gnQe_-tCPDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Felix%20bene%20futuis%22&f=false online.]</ref> or "Lucky guy, you get a good fuck"<ref>Thomas A McGinn, ''The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World'' (University of Michigan Press, 2004), p. 162.</ref>).

Other examples can be traced to other locations in Pompeii. Given that persons of wealth generally did not visit brothels because of the availability of mistresses or slave [[concubine]]s, the names cannot be connected to known historical figures. The graffiti do tell stories, however. Various authors respond to each other's carvings in a sort of dialogue.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Games and a Lupanar: Prosopography of a Neighborhood in Ancient Pompeii|journal=The Classical Journal|date=1986-04-|first=James L.|last=Franklin|volume=81|issue=4|pages=319–328|id= |format=|accessdate=2007-05-18|jstor=3297215}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Lupanar (Pompeii)}}
* [[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum]]
* [[Prostitution in ancient Rome]]
*[[Roman graffiti]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM6SEkgMAm8 Sex in the Ancient World Pompeii History Channel Documentary]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Archaeological site of Pompeii}}

{{coord|40.7503|N|14.4868|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Pompeii (ancient city)]]
[[Category:Brothels]]
[[Category:Prostitution in ancient Rome]]

Talk:Lupanar

2016-03-04T16:33:39Z

Kuitan: /* Graffiti */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Sexuality|class=Start|importance=|sex-workers=yes|sex-workers-importance=}}
{{WikiProject Women's History|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Todo==
# Modify the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pompeya._Plano.jpg Map of Pompeii] to indicate the location of the Lupanar and include it directly in this page. (I'll do this if I have time.)
I am contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 21:52, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

# If possible when describing Lupanar, include anecdotes or a description of any of the more famous men who may have frequented the establishment.
#* Famous corolates with wealth and the wealthy had slaves, thus they generally skipped the brothels. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 22:55, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
# Also add a mention of how it was run, or who ran it.
# If you can find it, add the date of establishment of the brothel.
#* Did not find an owner or date of establishment [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
I am also contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. User: Sbatra86 21:34, 13 May 2007

== comment for roman civ ==

The layout looks really good. The only really areas of possible improvement to me are expanding on the status of brothels or those who use them and more of an explanation of the paintings found (as in do they represent what happened there or is there a deity associated with this place).
* Brothels were common. Patrons were poor. Paintings like these were common in Pompeii. There was no particular deity, but there were some generic ones (safe passage, etc). I'm not entirely sure how to incorporate all of this into a short Encyclopedic article. I have linked to related articles that talk more about this. I have already included far more than, say, the French or Italian articles on this topic.[[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

-Jaimee —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Jlsromanciv|Jlsromanciv]] ([[User talk:Jlsromanciv|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jlsromanciv|contribs]]) 20:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

== Number of brothels in Pompeii ==

In 2013, Dr Joanne Berry, of Swansea University, and author of "The Complete Pompeii" said that there was plenty of evidence for prostitution in Pompeii. However, on the actual numbers, she seemed to be very non-committal and said that the identification of establishments as brothels was difficult. Scholars have argued for the existence of between nine and 35 brothels in Pompeii, however, only ONE, known as the Lupinar was purpose built as one. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/pompeii/9848658/Pompeii-exhibition-50-shades-of-Pompeii.html]

The current section dealing with numbers is very messy. In light of this from Dr Berry, it certainly needs to be reworked. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 15:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

== 'misogynistic' ==

Somebody keeps deleting the word 'misogynistic' to describe the connotations of ''lupa''. This does ''not'' violate neutrality; it is an informative statement about the usage of a Latin word. The Romans had many words for prostitute; some might be as innocuous or euphemistic as our "tart" or "call girl," but ''lupa'' is not. The cited source (McGinn) specifically identifies this terminology as misogynistic. Deleting the word requires that you provide sourcing to outweigh McGinn's authority that states explicitly that the term was not misogynistic or that it's a positive, neutral, or humorous. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 13:56, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

:Regarding the use of the word "misogynistic":

:McGinn does use the word "misogyny", however it is not stated that the Romans understood the term to be a misogynistic one, only that the word conveyed that sense to the author . The point of the passage was not to argue that "Lupa" was misogynistic. The point was that the word provided no useful way of defining brothel in a technical sense.
:Additionally, the passage in question does not represent any original research by McGinn, it is taken from:
:Adams, J .N. The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Baltimore, 1982. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58.
:This is cited in McGinn's bibliography. Adams mentions that "lupa" is derived from the latin word for "wolf", that it is indeed intended to stress the predatory character of prostitutes, and that it was generally used to refer to a "low" prostitute. Misogyny is not mentioned.
:I am deleting the word "misogynistic" from the article. A clearer impression of what the word was intended to communicate is given by simply saying that "lupa" was used as slang for "whore" in a predatory sense.
:Here are links to McGinn and Adams, for anyone who cares to read them over:
:[http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=17679 Thomas A McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World (University of Michigan Press, 2004)]
:[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/126/Adams.pdf Adams, J .N. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58]

::Adams wasn't cited. McGinn was. McGinn has written two book-length treatments of Roman prostitution and sexuality, as well as co-authoring ''A Casebook on Roman Law.'' McGinn is actually a better source than Adams on the status of Roman women, particularly prostitutes. Although Adams doesn't label ''lupa'' "misogynistic," the harsh connotation he places on the word doesn't contradict McGinn's characterization: Adams certainly doesn't say it was a positive or neutral word. Roman-era literature presents a range of attitudes toward women (including women of varying social status), and as a whole I think the Romans have high regard for women (within their own cultural context, which was patriarchal in the meaningful sense of the word; see ''[[paterfamilias]]''). Social inequality is not misogyny, and to say that a single word was misogynistic is not to characterize the Romans as a whole as misogynists. I don't think they were. I don't object to the precision of saying that ''lupa'' was slang for "whore" in a predatory sense. But the Romans knew bloody well that they were being pejorative in using the word, because it wasn't something you'd want somebody calling your sister. And we have an impeccable RS that says the word expresses misogyny, while you have no source to support your view that the word ''lupa'' was not misogynistic. So you're still just deleting it because you don't want the word 'misogyny' used, and not based on what the cited source says. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 07:07, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

== Graffiti ==

I cannot understand why a better source is needed for the claim of 134 Graffiti in the Lupanar. The source given is a paper by [https://classics.washington.edu/people/sarah-levin-richardson Sara Levin Richardson] which has been archived at Stanford University. There is a link to a Word file which gives a complete list of the graffiti. It was a paper presented at the 2005 Stanford Archaeology Center Graduate Student Conference "Seeing the Past: Building Knowledge of the Past and Present through Acts of Seeing" on February 5th of that year.
[https://classics.washington.edu/sites/classics/files/cv/slr_cv_march_2015.pdf]. The paper itself, is available [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/projects/SeeingThePast/admin/download.html?attachid=120841. here] as a Word File. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 16:33, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Lupanar

2016-03-04T15:35:36Z

Kuitan:

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Sexuality|class=Start|importance=|sex-workers=yes|sex-workers-importance=}}
{{WikiProject Women's History|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome|class=start|importance=low}}
}}

==Todo==
# Modify the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pompeya._Plano.jpg Map of Pompeii] to indicate the location of the Lupanar and include it directly in this page. (I'll do this if I have time.)
I am contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 21:52, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

# If possible when describing Lupanar, include anecdotes or a description of any of the more famous men who may have frequented the establishment.
#* Famous corolates with wealth and the wealthy had slaves, thus they generally skipped the brothels. [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 22:55, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
# Also add a mention of how it was run, or who ran it.
# If you can find it, add the date of establishment of the brothel.
#* Did not find an owner or date of establishment [[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
I am also contributing to this article because of my enrollment in Roman Civilization (Classics 212-0) at [[Northwestern University]]. User: Sbatra86 21:34, 13 May 2007

== comment for roman civ ==

The layout looks really good. The only really areas of possible improvement to me are expanding on the status of brothels or those who use them and more of an explanation of the paintings found (as in do they represent what happened there or is there a deity associated with this place).
* Brothels were common. Patrons were poor. Paintings like these were common in Pompeii. There was no particular deity, but there were some generic ones (safe passage, etc). I'm not entirely sure how to incorporate all of this into a short Encyclopedic article. I have linked to related articles that talk more about this. I have already included far more than, say, the French or Italian articles on this topic.[[User:Jbruins|JNB]] 19:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

-Jaimee —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Jlsromanciv|Jlsromanciv]] ([[User talk:Jlsromanciv|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jlsromanciv|contribs]]) 20:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

== Number of brothels in Pompeii ==

In 2013, Dr Joanne Berry, of Swansea University, and author of "The Complete Pompeii" said that there was plenty of evidence for prostitution in Pompeii. However, on the actual numbers, she seemed to be very non-committal and said that the identification of establishments as brothels was difficult. Scholars have argued for the existence of between nine and 35 brothels in Pompeii, however, only ONE, known as the Lupinar was purpose built as one. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/pompeii/9848658/Pompeii-exhibition-50-shades-of-Pompeii.html]

The current section dealing with numbers is very messy. In light of this from Dr Berry, it certainly needs to be reworked. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 15:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

== 'misogynistic' ==

Somebody keeps deleting the word 'misogynistic' to describe the connotations of ''lupa''. This does ''not'' violate neutrality; it is an informative statement about the usage of a Latin word. The Romans had many words for prostitute; some might be as innocuous or euphemistic as our "tart" or "call girl," but ''lupa'' is not. The cited source (McGinn) specifically identifies this terminology as misogynistic. Deleting the word requires that you provide sourcing to outweigh McGinn's authority that states explicitly that the term was not misogynistic or that it's a positive, neutral, or humorous. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 13:56, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

:Regarding the use of the word "misogynistic":

:McGinn does use the word "misogyny", however it is not stated that the Romans understood the term to be a misogynistic one, only that the word conveyed that sense to the author . The point of the passage was not to argue that "Lupa" was misogynistic. The point was that the word provided no useful way of defining brothel in a technical sense.
:Additionally, the passage in question does not represent any original research by McGinn, it is taken from:
:Adams, J .N. The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Baltimore, 1982. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58.
:This is cited in McGinn's bibliography. Adams mentions that "lupa" is derived from the latin word for "wolf", that it is indeed intended to stress the predatory character of prostitutes, and that it was generally used to refer to a "low" prostitute. Misogyny is not mentioned.
:I am deleting the word "misogynistic" from the article. A clearer impression of what the word was intended to communicate is given by simply saying that "lupa" was used as slang for "whore" in a predatory sense.
:Here are links to McGinn and Adams, for anyone who cares to read them over:
:[http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=17679 Thomas A McGinn, The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World (University of Michigan Press, 2004)]
:[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/126/Adams.pdf Adams, J .N. “Words for ‘Prostitute’ in Latin.” RhM 126 (1983): 321–58]

::Adams wasn't cited. McGinn was. McGinn has written two book-length treatments of Roman prostitution and sexuality, as well as co-authoring ''A Casebook on Roman Law.'' McGinn is actually a better source than Adams on the status of Roman women, particularly prostitutes. Although Adams doesn't label ''lupa'' "misogynistic," the harsh connotation he places on the word doesn't contradict McGinn's characterization: Adams certainly doesn't say it was a positive or neutral word. Roman-era literature presents a range of attitudes toward women (including women of varying social status), and as a whole I think the Romans have high regard for women (within their own cultural context, which was patriarchal in the meaningful sense of the word; see ''[[paterfamilias]]''). Social inequality is not misogyny, and to say that a single word was misogynistic is not to characterize the Romans as a whole as misogynists. I don't think they were. I don't object to the precision of saying that ''lupa'' was slang for "whore" in a predatory sense. But the Romans knew bloody well that they were being pejorative in using the word, because it wasn't something you'd want somebody calling your sister. And we have an impeccable RS that says the word expresses misogyny, while you have no source to support your view that the word ''lupa'' was not misogynistic. So you're still just deleting it because you don't want the word 'misogyny' used, and not based on what the cited source says. [[User:Cynwolfe|Cynwolfe]] ([[User talk:Cynwolfe|talk]]) 07:07, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Robert Davidson (inventor)

2016-02-24T15:29:11Z

Kuitan:

{{Other people|Robert Davidson}}
'''Robert Davidson''' (1804–1894) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] inventor who built the first known [[electric locomotive]] in 1837.
He was a lifelong resident of [[Aberdeen]], northeast Scotland, where he was a prosperous chemist and dyer, amongst other ventures. Davidson was educated at [[Marischal College]], where he studied second and third year classes of Marischal College from 1819-1821[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf], including lectures from Professor [[Patrick Copland]]. He got this education in return for being a lab assistant.

In the 1820s he set up in business close to the Aberdeen-Inverurie Canal, at first supplying yeast, before becoming involved in the manufacture and supply of chemicals.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf]

He became interested in the new electrical technologies of the day. From 1837, he made small electric motors on his own principles, though William H. Taylor in the US made similar motors from 1838. Both men worked independently without knowledge of the other's work.

==Exhibitions==
Davidson staged an exhibition of electrical machinery at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland in 1840, [[Edinburgh]], one year later -- where it was visited by the young [[James Clerk Maxwell]] and later at the [[Egyptian Hall]] in [[Piccadilly]] in London, where he hoped to attract sponsorship for his work.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf] Amongst the machines shown were electrically operated lathes and printing presses.

==Electric locomotives==
Davidson made a model electric locomotive in 1837. His ''Galvani'' of 1842 was a four-wheeled machine, powered by [[Primary cell|zinc-acid batteries]]. It was tested on the [[Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway|Edinburgh-Glasgow]] line in September 1842 and, although found capable of carrying itself at 4 mph, it did not haul any passengers or goods.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=William|title=Our Home Railways|publisher=Frederick Warne and Co|location=London|year=1910|volume=2|page=156|chapter=The Underground Electric}}</ref>

===Economics===
In a later report it was calculated that consuming [[zinc]] in a battery was forty times more expensive than burning coal in a [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] and later experiments in America proved these figures correct. Battery powered locomotives were not economically viable, a point lost on some steam mechanics who smashed the 'Galvani' in its shed, fearing the potential competition to their new trade.

Financially viable electric traction was developed from the 1860s when the [[dynamo]] was invented and perfected. Davidson lived to see these developments: his reaction to the opening of the [[City and South London Railway|City & South London Tube]] was to commission a new set of business cards, that read 'Robert Davidson : Father of the Electric Locomotive'.

===Davidson's legacy===
He has been described as a forgotten hero and electrical visionary.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr John S. Reid|title=Scottish Scientific Heroes from the East Coast|url=https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/article/ase2000.pdf|website=University of Aberdeen|publisher=Natural Philosophy Museum, University of Aberdeen|accessdate=24 February 2016|page=8|date=2007}}</ref> He could not interest the rail companies; the technology he employed was too expensive<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr John S. Reid|title=Robert Davidson – pioneer electrician|url=https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf|website=University of Aberdeen|publisher=Natural Philosophy Museum, University of Aberdeen|accessdate=24 February 2016|page=2}}</ref>. In 1840, the 'Aberdeen Banner' had predicted that the type of machinery he was producing "will in no distant date supplant steam"; however, it was only when electric locomotives were introduced in the 1890s that the media came to recognise what he had done. He was described as the "oldest living electrician" and 'The Electrician' magazine reported “ Robert Davidson was undoubtedly the first to demonstrate the possibility of electrical traction in a practical way”.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr John S. Reid|title=Scottish Scientific Heroes from the East Coast|url=https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/article/ase2000.pdf|website=University of Aberdeen|publisher=Natural Philosophy Museum, University of Aberdeen|accessdate=24 February 2016|page=9|date=2007}}</ref>

==Business==
After 1843, at home in Aberdeen, he settled down to family life and, for the next fifty years, the running of his business at Canal Road. His earlier invention of a method for large-scale production yeast, one of the staples of his chemical business,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Lance|last2=McNeil|first2=Ian|title=Biographical dictionary of the history of technology|year=1966|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-06042-4|chapter=Davidson, Robert}}</ref> and the manufacture of perfumes were so remunerative that it allowed him to indulge his many interests of astronomy, collecting of fine china, valuable pictures and a large collection of violins.

==See also==
* [[Neale (electric car)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==


==Sources==
*''The Practical Mechanic'' Vol II, November 1842 pp 48–51.
*'A Note on Electro-Magnetic Engines' J.H.R Body, ''Newcomen Society Transactions'' Vol 14 pp103–107.
*'Electro-Magnetism and Motive Power:Robert Davidson's "Galvani" of 1842' Robert C.Post ''Railroad History'' 1974 pp5–23.
*'An Ingenious Aberdonian' A.C Davidson ''Scots Magazine'' January 1976
*article by A.F Anderson '''New Scientist'', 11 June 1981 pp 712–713.
*John R. Stevens, Editor; Electric Railroader's Association, Publisher;1989–90; ''Pioneers of Electric Railroading: Their Story in Words and Pictures''; Chapter 1; pp. 1 – 6.
*Mentioned in Appendix to Sir John Aspinall's Presidential Address to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1909 and includes extract from Railway Times of 10 December 1842.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davidson, Robert}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish inventors]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Pioneers of rail transport]]
[[Category:British people in rail transport]]
[[Category:British railway pioneers]]

Talk:Robert Davidson (inventor)

2016-02-24T15:02:48Z

Kuitan: /* Photo */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Stub
|listas=Davidson, Robert
|s&a-work-group=yes
}}
{{WikiProject Trains|auto=yes|class=stub|importance=}}

== Photo ==

The photo may be from the collection of Robert Davidson but it is not a portrait of him. [[User:Biscuittin|Biscuittin]] ([[User talk:Biscuittin|talk]]) 00:39, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
:There is a drawing of him on page 8 [https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/article/ase2000.pdf here].

Robert Davidson (inventor)

2016-02-24T14:49:24Z

Kuitan: corrected a spelling mistake.

{{Other people|Robert Davidson}}
'''Robert Davidson''' (1804–1894) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] inventor who built the first known [[electric locomotive]] in 1837.
He was a lifelong resident of [[Aberdeen]], northeast Scotland, where he was a prosperous chemist and dyer, amongst other ventures. Davidson was educated at [[Marischal College]], where he studied second and third year classes of Marischal College from 1819-1821[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf], including lectures from Professor [[Patrick Copland]]. He got this education in return for being a lab assistant.

In the 1820s he set up in business close to the Aberdeen-Inverurie Canal, at first supplying yeast, before becoming involved in the manufacture and supply of chemicals.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf]

He became interested in the new electrical technologies of the day. From 1837, he made small electric motors on his own principles, though William H. Taylor in the US made similar motors from 1838. Both men worked independently without knowledge of the other's work.

==Exhibitions==
Davidson staged an exhibition of electrical machinery at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland in 1840, [[Edinburgh]], one year later -- where it was visited by the young [[James Clerk Maxwell]] and later at the [[Egyptian Hall]] in [[Piccadilly]] in London, where he hoped to attract sponsorship for his work.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf] Amongst the machines shown were electrically operated lathes and printing presses.

==Electric locomotives==
Davidson made a model electric locomotive in 1837. His ''Galvani'' of 1842 was a four-wheeled machine, powered by [[Primary cell|zinc-acid batteries]]. It was tested on the [[Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway|Edinburgh-Glasgow]] line in September 1842 and, although found capable of carrying itself at 4 mph, it did not haul any passengers or goods.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=William|title=Our Home Railways|publisher=Frederick Warne and Co|location=London|year=1910|volume=2|page=156|chapter=The Underground Electric}}</ref>

===Economics===
In a later report it was calculated that consuming [[zinc]] in a battery was forty times more expensive than burning coal in a [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] and later experiments in America proved these figures correct. Battery powered locomotives were not economically viable, a point lost on some steam mechanics who smashed the 'Galvani' in its shed, fearing the potential competition to their new trade.

Financially viable electric traction was developed from the 1860s when the [[dynamo]] was invented and perfected. Davidson lived to see these developments: his reaction to the opening of the [[City and South London Railway|City & South London Tube]] was to commission a new set of business cards, that read 'Robert Davidson : Father of the Electric Locomotive'.

===Davidson's legacy===
Davidson's experiments with battery locomotives were not a great success because he used [[Primary cell|primary batteries]]. Later battery locomotives had [[rechargeable batteries]] and these did find use for [[Switcher|shunting]].<ref>http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={8CEFDE54-CA35-9E87-4036-4322E8C40CE8}&s=S1&SearchString=1997-7059_HOR_F_2297&source=Search&viewby=images&cntRead=0&cntDebate=0&cntDCBooks=0&cntDCImages=1&</ref>

==Business==
After 1843, at home in Aberdeen, he settled down to family life and, for the next fifty years, the running of his business at Canal Road. His earlier invention of a method for large-scale production yeast, one of the staples of his chemical business,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Lance|last2=McNeil|first2=Ian|title=Biographical dictionary of the history of technology|year=1966|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-06042-4|chapter=Davidson, Robert}}</ref> and the manufacture of perfumes were so remunerative that it allowed him to indulge his many interests of astronomy, collecting of fine china, valuable pictures and a large collection of violins.

==See also==
* [[Neale (electric car)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==


==Sources==
*''The Practical Mechanic'' Vol II, November 1842 pp 48–51.
*'A Note on Electro-Magnetic Engines' J.H.R Body, ''Newcomen Society Transactions'' Vol 14 pp103–107.
*'Electro-Magnetism and Motive Power:Robert Davidson's "Galvani" of 1842' Robert C.Post ''Railroad History'' 1974 pp5–23.
*'An Ingenious Aberdonian' A.C Davidson ''Scots Magazine'' January 1976
*article by A.F Anderson '''New Scientist'', 11 June 1981 pp 712–713.
*John R. Stevens, Editor; Electric Railroader's Association, Publisher;1989–90; ''Pioneers of Electric Railroading: Their Story in Words and Pictures''; Chapter 1; pp. 1 – 6.
*Mentioned in Appendix to Sir John Aspinall's Presidential Address to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1909 and includes extract from Railway Times of 10 December 1842.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davidson, Robert}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish inventors]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Pioneers of rail transport]]
[[Category:British people in rail transport]]
[[Category:British railway pioneers]]

Daft Punk

2016-02-23T11:56:37Z

Kuitan: /* Appearances in media and tributes */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Daft Punk
| image = Daftpunklapremiere2010.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Daft Punk at the premiere of ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' in 2010. From left: [[Thomas Bangalter]], [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]]
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Paris]], France
| genre = [[House music|House]]<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=Electro Music Ambassador's French Touch|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/arts/27iht-pedrowinter27.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
| years_active = {{Start date|1993}}–present<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/artist/daft-punk/id5468295 |title=iTunes – Music – Daft Punk |publisher=iTunes Store |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>
| label = {{hlist|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]|[[Soma Quality Recordings|Soma]]|[[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Darlin' (French band)|Darlin']]|[[Stardust (band)|Stardust]]|[[Together (French band)|Together]]|[[Crydamoure|Le Knight Club]]}}
| website = {{url|daftpunk.com}}
| current_members = {{hlist|[[Thomas Bangalter]] [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]]}}
| past_members =
}}'''Daft Punk''' are an [[electronic music]] duo consisting of French musicians [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]] and [[Thomas Bangalter]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Daft Punk Bio, Music, News & Shows|url=http://djz.com/featured_djs/daft-punk/|publisher=DJZ.com|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=HouseSynthpop/><ref name=Allmusic>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/daft-punk-p168791|title=Daft Punk|author=Sean Cooper|work=AllMusic}}</ref><ref name="MusiqueVol.1" /> The duo achieved significant popularity in the late 1990s as part of the [[French house]] movement and were met with continued success in the years following, combining elements of [[house music]] with [[funk]], [[techno]], [[disco]], [[rock music|rock]], and [[synthpop]].<ref name="rollingstone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/daft-punk/biography|title=Daft Punk|work=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref name=HouseSynthpop>{{cite news| url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3669339/Daft-Punk-Behind-the-robot-masks.html | title= Daft Punk: Behind the robot masks| first= Bernadette | last= McNulty | work=The Telegraph |date=17 November 2007 | accessdate= 14 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=Allmusic/><ref name="Mixmag 2006" /> The group was managed from 1996 to 2008 by [[Pedro Winter]] (Busy P), the head of [[Ed Banger Records]].<ref name="Pedro" />

Bangalter and de Homem-Christo were originally in a rock band called [[Darlin' (French band)|Darlin']] together, which disbanded after a short period of time, leaving the two to experiment musically with drum machines and synthesizers. The duo became Daft Punk, releasing their debut album ''[[Homework (Daft Punk album)|Homework]]'' on [[Virgin Records]] in 1997 to highly-positive reviews. The 2001 release of ''[[Discovery (Daft Punk album)|Discovery]]'' was even more successful, driven by the club singles "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]", "[[Digital Love]]", and "[[Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger]]". In March 2005, the duo released the album ''[[Human After All]]'' to mixed reviews. However, the singles "[[Robot Rock (song)|Robot Rock]]" and "[[Technologic]]" achieved success in the United Kingdom.

Daft Punk [[Alive 2006/2007|toured throughout 2006 and 2007]] and released the live album ''[[Alive 2007]]'', which won a [[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album]]. The duo composed the score of the film ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' in 2010 and released [[Tron: Legacy (soundtrack)|its soundtrack album]]. In January 2013, Daft Punk left Virgin Records for [[Sony Music Entertainment]]'s subsidiary label [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], and released ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' in 2013 to worldwide critical acclaim. The album's lead single "[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)|Get Lucky]]" became an international success, peaking in the top 10 in 32 countries. ''Random Access Memories'' led to five Grammy wins in 2014, including [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] as well as [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] for "Get Lucky".

The group is known for emphasizing visual and story components associated for their musical productions, and for wearing disguises while in public including during performances; specifically, they have worn ornate helmets and gloves to assume [[robot]] personas in most of their public appearances since 2001. The duo rarely grant interviews or appear on television.

==History==

===1987–93: Early years===
[[Thomas Bangalter]] and [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]] met in 1987 while attending the [[Lycée Carnot]], a secondary school in Paris.<ref name="MusiqueVol.1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060410194554/http://www.daft-musique.com/ Daft Punk Musique Vol. 1 Official Website]. [[Web archiving|Archived]] from 10 April 2006.</ref><ref name="RFI Musique">{{cite web|title=Daft Punk |url=http://sites.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/em/electronlibre/index.php?id=60730 |date=3 December 2007 |publisher=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI Musique]] |language=French |accessdate=6 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090729041050/http://sites.radiofrance.fr:80/franceinter/em/electronlibre/index.php?id=60730 |archivedate=29 July 2009 }}</ref> The two became good friends and later recorded demo tracks with others from the school. This eventually led to the formation of the guitar-based group called [[Darlin' (French band)|Darlin']] with [[Laurent Brancowitz]] in 1992.<ref name="DarlinBio" /> Bangalter and de Homem-Christo played bass and guitar, respectively, while Brancowitz performed on drums.<ref name="FrenchConn">James, Martin. ''French Connections: From Discotheque to Discovery''. London, United Kingdom: Sanctuary Publishing Ltd., 2003. pgs 265; 267; 268. (ISBN 1-86074-449-4)</ref> The trio had branded themselves after [[The Beach Boys]] [[Darlin' (The Beach Boys song)|song of the same name]], which they [[cover version|covered]] along with an original composition.<ref name="Shimmies">{{cite web |title= Shimmies in Super 8 |url=http://www.discogs.com/release/306155|publisher=[[discogs]] |accessdate=17 July 2007}}</ref> [[Stereolab]] released both tracks on a multi-artist [[Duophonic Records]] EP and invited the band to open for stage shows in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Shimmies" /><ref name="ROBOPOP" /> Bangalter felt that "The rock n' roll thing we did was pretty average, I think. It was so brief, maybe six months, four songs and two gigs and that was it."<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997" /> A negative review in ''[[Melody Maker]]'' by Dave Jennings<ref>{{cite web| title=Blog post by Ned Raggett |url=http://nedraggett.tumblr.com/post/50466658963/and-why-you-ask-am-i-showing-you-this-photo-of-a |last1=Raggett |first1=Ned |date= 14 May 2013 |work= [[Ned Raggett]]'s Blog |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> subsequently dubbed the music "a [[wiktionary:daft|daft]] [[punk rock|punky]] thrash."<ref>"Review of Shimmies in Super 8." Melody Maker Apr.-May 1993: n. pag. Web. 6 April 2013.</ref> Instead of dismissing the review, they found it amusing.<ref name="RFI Musique" /> As de Homem-Christo stated, "We struggled so long to find [the name] Darlin', and this happened so quickly."<ref name="DaftPulse">Alan Di Perna, "We Are The Robots" ''Pulse!'', April 2001, pp. 65–69.</ref> Darlin' soon disbanded, leaving Brancowitz to pursue other efforts with [[Phoenix (band)|Phoenix]].<ref name="DarlinBio" /> Bangalter and de Homem-Christo formed Daft Punk and experimented with [[drum machine]]s and synthesizers.

===1993–99: ''Homework''===
[[File:Muzik (magazine).jpg|thumb|rights|''[[Muzik]]'' magazine cover feature in February 1997]]
In September 1993, Daft Punk attended a [[rave]] at [[Disneyland Resort Paris|EuroDisney]], where they met Stuart Macmillan of [[Slam (band)|Slam]], co-founder of the label [[Soma Quality Recordings]].<ref name="RFI Musique" /> The demo tape given to Macmillan at the rave formed the basis for Daft Punk's debut single, "[[The New Wave (song)|The New Wave]]", a limited release in 1994.<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997" /> The single also contained the final mix of "The New Wave" called "Alive", which was to be featured on Daft Punk's first album.

Daft Punk returned to the studio in May 1995 to record "[[Da Funk]]". It became the duo's first commercially successful single the same year. After the success of "Da Funk", Daft Punk looked to find a manager. The duo eventually settled on [[Pedro Winter]], who regularly promoted it and other artists at his Hype night clubs.<ref name="FrenchConn"/> The band signed with [[Virgin Records]] in September 1996 and made a deal through which the duo licensed its tracks to the major label through its production company, Daft Trax.<ref name="MusiqueVol.1" /><ref name="FrenchConn"/> Bangalter spoke of the duo's decision to sign with Virgin:

{{quote|Many record companies offered us deals. They came from everywhere, but we decided to wait—partly because we didn't want to lose control of what we had created. We turned down many record companies. We weren't interested in the money, so we turned down labels that were looking for more control than we were willing to give up. In reality, we're more like partners with Virgin.<ref name="Yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/interview/12052857|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809052134/http://music.yahoo.com/read/interview/12052857|archivedate=9 August 2007 |title=Yahoo! Music – Interviews|publisher=Yahoo! Music |date=30 December 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>}}

With regard to the artistic control and freedom, Bangalter stated:

{{Quote|We've got much more control than money. You can't get everything. We live in a society where money is what people want, so they can't get the control. We chose. Control is freedom. People say we're control freaks, but control is controlling your destiny without controlling other people. We're not trying to manipulate other people, just controlling what we do ourselves. Controlling what we do is being free. People should stop thinking that an artist that controls what he does is a bad thing. A lot of artists today are just victims, not having control, and they're not free. And that's pathetic. If you start being dependent on money, then money has to reach a point to fit your expenses.<ref name="Yahoo"/>}}

"Da Funk" and "Alive" were later included on Daft Punk's [[1997 in music|1997 debut album]] ''[[Homework (Daft Punk album)|Homework]]''. In February of that year, the UK dance magazine ''[[Muzik]]'' published a Daft Punk cover feature and described ''Homework'' as "one of the most hyped debut albums in a long long time."<ref>Bush, C. (1997), Frog Rock, ''[[Muzik]]'', IPC Magazines Ltd, London, Issue No.21 February 1997.</ref> According to ''[[The Village Voice]]'', the album revived house music and departed from the [[Eurodance]] formula.<ref name="vv">Woods, Scott (5 October 1999). [http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-10-05/music/underground-disco/ "Underground Disco?"]. ''[[The Village Voice]]''. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</ref> As noted by critic Alex Rayner, ''Homework'' brought together established club styles and the "burgeoning eclecticism" of [[big beat]].<ref name="1001albums">Rayner, Alex (2006). ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''. p. 812. New York, NY: [[Universe Publishing]]. 2006. ISBN 0-7893-1371-5. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</ref> The most successful single from ''Homework'' was "[[Around the World (Daft Punk song)|Around the World]]", which is known for the repeating chant of the song's title. "Da Funk" was also included on ''[[The Saint (film)|The Saint]]'' film soundtrack. Daft Punk produced a series of music videos for ''Homework'' directed by [[Spike Jonze]], [[Michel Gondry]], [[Roman Coppola]] and Seb Janiak. The collection of videos was released in 1999 and titled ''[[D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes]]''.

===1999–2004: ''Discovery''===
By 1999, the duo was well into the recording sessions for its second album, which had begun a year earlier.<ref name=PitchforkOuttakes>{{cite web|last=Dombal|first=Ryan|title=Daft Punk: Cover Story Outtakes|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/50746-daft-punk-cover-story-outtakes/|work=[[Pitchfork Media]]|accessdate=15 May 2013|date=15 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="MTVeInterview" /> The 2001 release of ''[[Discovery (Daft Punk album)|Discovery]]'' took on a slicker and distinctly [[synthpop]]-oriented style, initially stunning fans of Daft Punk's previous material in ''Homework''. The group states that the album was conceived as an attempt to reconnect with a playful, open-minded attitude associated with the discovery phase of childhood.<ref name="ROBOPOP">Chris Gill, [http://remixmag.com/mag/remix_robopop/ "ROBOPOP"] (May 2001) ''Remix Magazine Online''. Retrieved 6 March 2007.</ref> This accounts for the heavy use of themes and samples from the late '70s to early '80s era on the album. The album reached No. 2 in the United Kingdom, and its single, "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]", was a major club and mainstream hit that nearly topped the UK Singles Chart. The song is well known for being heavily [[Auto-Tune|autotune]]d and [[Dynamic range compression|compressed]].<ref name="ROBOPOP" /> The song and album created a new generation of fans mainly familiar with the second Daft Punk release. The singles "[[Digital Love]]" and "[[Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger]]" were also very successful in the UK and on the United States dance chart. "Digital Love" was subsequently covered by the bands Kodaline and Hellogoodbye. The song "[[Face to Face (Daft Punk song)|Face to Face]]" hit No. 1 on the USA club play charts despite a limited single release.<ref>{{cite web |title= Face to Face (Rare Remixes!)|url=http://www.discogs.com/release/260250|work= biography|publisher=[[discogs]]|accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref> A 45-minute excerpt from a ''Daftendirektour'' performance recorded at Birmingham, UK in 1997 was also released in 2001, titled ''[[Alive 1997]]''.
The year 2003 saw the release of the feature-length animated film, ''[[Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem]]''. Daft Punk produced the film under the supervision of [[Leiji Matsumoto]], who is their childhood hero.<ref name="5555Insert">''[[Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem]]'' companion leaflet (2003)</ref> The album ''[[Daft Club]]'' was also released to promote the film. It features a collection of remixes previously made available through an online membership service of the same name.

===2004–08: ''Human After All'' ===
[[File:Daft Punk 2007.jpg|thumb|Daft Punk performing in [[Berkeley, California]] on 27 July 2007]]
Starting on 13 September and ending on 9 November 2004, Daft Punk devoted six weeks to the creation of new material.<ref>''Human After All'' liner notes (2005). Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref> The duo later released the resulting album ''[[Human After All]]'' in March 2005. Reviews were mixed, mostly citing its overly repetitive nature and seemingly rushed recording. The singles taken from this album were "[[Robot Rock (song)|Robot Rock]]", "[[Technologic]]", "[[Human After All (song)|Human After All]]", and "[[The Prime Time of Your Life]]". The earliest official statement from Daft Punk concerning the album was "we believe that ''Human After All'' speaks for itself."

A Daft Punk anthology CD/DVD titled ''[[Musique Vol. 1 1993–2005]]'' was released on 4 April 2006. It contains music videos for "Robot Rock (Maximum Overdrive)" and "The Prime Time of Your Life" directed by Daft Punk and [[Tony Gardner (designer)|Tony Gardner]], respectively. Daft Punk also released a [[remix album]] of ''Human After All'' called ''[[Human After All: Remixes]]''. A limited edition included two [[kubrick (toy)|kubricks]] of Daft Punk as robots.

On 21 May 2006, Daft Punk premiered its first directed film, ''[[Daft Punk's Electroma]]'', at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] sidebar Director's Fortnight.<ref name="ElectromaReview">[http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=features2006&content=jump&jump=review&dept=cannes&nav=RCannes&articleid=VE1117930614&cs=1 ''Daft Punk's Electroma'' review] ''Variety''. Retrieved 26 February 2007.</ref> The film does not include Daft Punk's own music, which is a first for the duo considering its previous DVD and film releases (''D.A.F.T.'' for ''Homework'' and ''Interstella 5555'' for ''Discovery''). Midnight screenings of the film were shown in Paris theaters starting from the end of March 2007.<ref name="DaftAllocine">[http://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18400301.html ''Daft Punk's Electroma'' Screenings Info] {{fr icon}} allocine.fr. Retrieved 11 April 2007.</ref> Initial public comments have since been positive.<ref name="ElectromaNews">[http://web.archive.org/web/20070928041619/http://www.thedaftclub.com/news.php?item.15.5 ''Daft Punk's Electroma'' news] thedaftclub.com. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</ref>

Daft Punk released its second live album titled ''[[Alive 2007]]'' on 19 November 2007. It contains the duo's performance in Paris from its ''Alive 2007'' tour.<ref name="Spin.com">[http://www.spin.com/articles/exclusive-daft-punk-unveil-live-album-details-midlake-release-ep Exclusive: Daft Punk Unveil Live Album Details; Midlake to Release EP] ''Spin''. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> The live version of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" from ''Alive 2007'' was released as a single.<ref name="Billboard" /> Olivier Gondry directed a music video for the single that features footage shot by 250 audience members at Daft Punk's [[Brooklyn]] appearance at KeySpan Park, [[Coney Island]].<ref name="Sideline">[http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=25543_0_2_0_C Daft Punk Announce Live Album] side-line.com. Retrieved 31 August 2007.</ref>

===2008–11: ''Tron: Legacy''===
[[File:Djhero1.jpg|left|thumb|Daft Punk in ''[[DJ Hero]]'']]
Following the ''Alive 2007'' tour, the duo focused on other projects. A 2008 interview with Pedro Winter revealed that Daft Punk returned to its Paris studio to work on new material. Winter also stepped down from managing the duo to focus attention on his [[Ed Banger Records]] label and his work as Busy P.<ref name="Studio">[http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/38001/ITM_EXCLUSIVE_Daft_Punk_are_back_in_the_studio Daft Punk Are Back in the Studio] inthemix.com. Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> He stated in a later interview that Daft Punk is working with an unspecified management company in Los Angeles.<ref name="Pedro">[http://bennylabamba.com/interview-daft-punk Interview: Pedro Winter/Ed Banger] [[Pitchfork Media]]. Retrieved 26 July 2007.</ref> The duo held its Daft Arts production office at the [[The Jim Henson Company|Jim Henson Studios]] complex in Hollywood.<ref>[http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/135516-tron-legacys-orchestral-score-reveals-a-new-side-of-daft-punk/ Tron: Legacy's' orchestral score reveals a new side of Daft Punk]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref> In 2008, Daft Punk placed 38th in a worldwide official poll of ''[[DJ Magazine]]'' after debuting at position 71 in the year before.<ref>[http://djmag.com/index.php?op=top_100&story=home DJmag.com: Top 100 DJs – Results & History] djmag.com. Retrieved 31 August 2007.</ref> On 8 February 2009, Daft Punk won [[Grammy Award]]s for ''Alive 2007'' and its single "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger".

Daft Punk provided eleven new mixes featuring its music for the video game ''[[DJ Hero]]''. The duo also appears in the game as a pair of playable characters, along with a unique venue. The duo appears wearing its ''Discovery''-era helmets and ''Human After All''-era leather attire. Daft Punk's playable likenesses are absent from the sequel ''[[DJ Hero 2]]'', which includes a remixed version of the song "Human After All".

At the 2009 [[San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con]], it was announced that the duo composed 24 tracks for the film ''[[Tron: Legacy]]''.<ref name="ComicCon">{{cite web | title=SDCC: Comic-Con: Disney 3D Hits Hall H! | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=57418 | date=23 June 2009 | accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref> Daft Punk's score was arranged and orchestrated by [[Joseph Trapanese]].<ref>[http://culturemob.com/blog/soundtrack-review-daft-punks-classical-meets-cyberpunk-approach-to-tron-legacy Daft Punk’s Classical Meets Cyberpunk Approach to "Tron: Legacy"] culturemob.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</ref> The band collaborated with him for two years on the score, from pre-production to completion. The score features an 85-piece orchestra, recorded at AIR Lyndhurst Studios in London.<ref name="TronDisneyStudio">{{cite web|url=http://www.waltdisneystudiosawards.com/tronlegacy/music.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104035555/http://www.waltdisneystudiosawards.com/tronlegacy/music.php|archivedate=4 November 2010|title=Disney Awards 2010: Tron Legacy|publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]]|accessdate=16 June 2013}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> [[Joseph Kosinski]], director of the film, referred to the score as being a mixture of orchestral and electronic elements.<ref name="MTV">{{cite web |title='Tron Legacy' Panel Report, Fresh From San Diego Comic-Con |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/07/23/tron-legacy-panel-report-fresh-from-san-diego-comic-con |publisher=MTV |date=23 July 2009 |accessdate=29 July 2009}}</ref> The members of Daft Punk also make a cameo appearance as disc jockey programs wearing their trademark robot helmets within the film's virtual world. ''Tron: Legacy'' co-star [[Olivia Wilde]] stated that the duo may be involved with future promotional events related to the film.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title=Daft Punk to make appearance in 'Tron Legacy' film| url = http://www.nme.com/news/daft-punk/47693 | work=[[NME]] | date=6 October 2009 | accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=43652_0_2_0_C |title=Daft Punk go Disney in 'Tron Legacy' film |publisher=Side-line.com |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref> A teaser trailer features Daft Punk and their track "[[Derezzed]]" from ''Tron: Legacy''.<ref name=DerezzedDaftPunk>{{cite web|title=Teaser trailer with "Derezzed" by Daft Punk |author=alexonx |date=26 October 2010 |publisher=filmissimo.it |url=http://www.filmissimo.it/blog/la-colonna-sonora-di-tron-legacy-trailer-con-derezzed-dei-daft-punk.html |accessdate=26 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20101031214219/http://www.filmissimo.it:80/blog/la-colonna-sonora-di-tron-legacy-trailer-con-derezzed-dei-daft-punk.html |archivedate=31 October 2010 }}</ref> The [[Tron: Legacy (soundtrack)|soundtrack album of the film]] was released on 6 December 2010.<ref name="TronSoundtrack">[http://tronsoundtrack.com/ Official website of Tron Legacy's soundtrack]. Retrieved 27 September 2010.</ref> A deluxe 2-disc edition of the album was also released that includes a poster of the duo from the film. Additional bonus tracks are also available through various online vendors. An official music video for "Derezzed", with a running time of less than two minutes, also premiered on the MTV Networks on the same day the album was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/603795/review-of-daft-punks-derezzed-music-video.jhtml#id=1653651 |title=Review of Daft Punk's 'Derezzed' Music Video|publisher=MTV |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref> The video, which features Olivia Wilde as Quorra in specially shot footage, along with images of Daft Punk in Flynn's Arcade, was later made available for purchase from the [[iTunes Store]] and included in the DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film. [[Walt Disney Records]] released a remix album of the score titled ''[[Tron: Legacy Reconfigured]]'' on 5 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/disney/48611/|title=Disney TRON: LEGACY Hits The Grid - Tuesday, April 5th|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010 Daft Punk were admitted into the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]], an order of merit of France. Bangalter and de Homem-Christo were individually awarded the rank of ''Chevalier'' (knight).<ref name=FR2>[http://culture.france2.fr/musique/actu/daft-punk-chevaliers-des-arts-et-des-lettres--64520655.html "Daft Punk chevaliers des Arts et des Lettres !"] by Laure Narlian, ''[[France 2]]'' (24 August 2010). Retrieved 7 November 2010. (French)</ref>

===2011–present: ''Random Access Memories''===
[[Soma Quality Recordings|Soma Records]] released a previously unpublished Daft Punk track called "Drive" that was made while the duo was still with Soma Records and recording "Rollin' and Scratchin'" and "Da Funk". The track was included in a twentieth anniversary multi-artist compilation of the Soma label.<ref>[http://www.somarecords.com/news/ Soma Records announce... Soma20 – Daft Punk – Drive Unreleased 1994] somarecords.com. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</ref> In October 2011, Daft Punk placed 28th in a "top-100 DJs of 2011" list by ''[[DJ Magazine]]'' after appearing at position 44 in the year before.<ref>[http://www.djmag.com/top100?page=3&year=2011 DJ Mag Top 100 DJs of 2011] djmag.com. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> On 19 January 2012, Daft Punk ranked No. 2 on Mixmag's Greatest Dance Acts of All Time, with [[The Prodigy]] at No. 1 by just a few points.<ref>[http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed Mixmag | Mixmag'S Greatest Dance Act of All Time Revealed]</ref>

[[File:Daft Punk, Nile Rodgers and Pharrell.jpg|thumb|Daft Punk filming a music video with [[Pharrell Williams]] and [[Nile Rodgers]] in February 2013]]
Daft Punk worked on their fourth studio album, ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' in collaboration with musician [[Paul Williams (songwriter)|Paul Williams]] and [[Chic (band)|Chic]] frontman [[Nile Rodgers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/44021-listen-lost-daft-punk-track-drive/|title=Listen: Lost Daft Punk Track "Drive"|work=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiGTc_KdJlc|title=Paul Williams on Hit Records Nightlife Video hosted by Eddie Muentes|date=14 July 2010|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.culturemap.com/newsdetail/02-06-12-disco-legend-talks-about-cancer-broadway-and-possible-plans-to-record-daft-punks-next-album/|title=Disco legend Nile Rodgers talks about cancer, Broadway & his Daft P... - CultureMap Houston|author=Eric Sandler|work=CultureMap Houston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=sarahanne |url=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/features/31745/Chic |title=Chic on |publisher=Fasterlouder.com.au |date=3 March 2012 |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> In May 2012 it was also announced that Italian musician [[Giorgio Moroder]] had collaborated with the duo, recording a monologue about his life in a vocal booth containing microphones ranging from 1960 to present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urb.com/2012/05/25/breaking-giorgio-moroder-recorded-with-daft-punk/ |title=BREAKING :: Giorgio Moroder Recorded With Daft Punk |publisher=URB |date=25 May 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> [[Chilly Gonzales]] stated in an interview that he had performed material for the duo's project in a one-day session: "I played for hours and they’re gonna grab what they grab and turn it into whatever." He also said that the album would be released "next spring".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fielddayfestivals.com/field-day-festival-radio/ |title=Field Day Radio | Field Day Festival |publisher=Fielddayfestivals.com |date=2 June 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130128161950/http://www.fielddayfestivals.com:80/field-day-festival-radio/ |archivedate=28 January 2013 }}</ref> [[Fourplay]] member [[Nathan East]] later mentioned that he had contributed to the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wood|first=James|title=Interview: Bassist Nathan East Discusses Fourplay's New Album and His Days with Eric Clapton|url=http://www.guitarworld.com/interview-bassist-nathan-east-discusses-fourplays-new-album-and-his-days-eric-clapton|work=Guitar World|publisher=GuitarWorld.com|accessdate=21 December 2012|date=29 November 2012}}</ref>

In October 2012, Daft Punk provided a fifteen-minute mix of songs by blues musician [[Junior Kimbrough]] for [[Hedi Slimane]]'s [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Yves Saint Laurent]] fashion show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/daft-punk/66580 |title=Daft Punk unveil new blues mix listen |work=NME |date=11 October 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The duo also placed 44th in ''[[DJ Magazine]]'s'' annual Top 100 DJs list.<ref>[http://www.djmag.com/top100?page=5&year=2012 DJ Mag Top 100 DJs of 2012] djmag.com. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref>

In January 2013, de Homem-Christo revealed that Daft Punk was in the process of signing with [[Sony Music Entertainment]] through the [[Columbia Records]] label, and that the album would have a spring release.<ref name="LeParisien">[http://zik-zag.blog.leparisien.fr/archive/2013/01/26/daft-punk-arrive-chez-sony.html Daft Punk arrive chez Sony] zik-zag.blog.leparisien.fr. Retrieved 26 January 2013.</ref> A gradual promotional rollout was later launched featuring billboards and television spots,<ref name="WSJ">{{cite web|last=Buerger|first=Megan|title=Daft Punk's Stealth Start for a Summer Hit|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324744104578471414206589292.html|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=10 May 2013|date=9 May 2013}}</ref> leading to the reveal of the album title and the release date of 21 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Random Access Memories Daft Punk View More By This Artist|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/random-access-memories/id617154241|work=iTunes Preview|publisher=Apple Inc|accessdate=13 May 2013|author=Daft Life Limited|year=2013}}</ref> On 3 April, the official ''Random Access Memories'' website launched ''The Collaborators'', a series of documentary videos about the album.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Vision Behind the Lens: An Exclusive Interview with Cinematographer Ed Lachman|url=http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/the-vision-behind-the-lens-an-exclusive-interview-with-cinematographer-ed-lachman|work=The Creators Project|publisher=Vice Media Inc|accessdate=13 May 2013|author=Jordan Kinley and Kathleen Flood|date=3 April 2013}}</ref> Later that month, a video preview for the song "[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)|Get Lucky]]" featuring Rodgers and [[Pharrell Williams]] was played at the 2013 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Daft Punk Confirm Julian Casablancas, Panda Bear, Pharrell, More Collaborations With Coachella Video|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/50293-daft-punk-confirm-julian-casablancas-panda-bear-pharrell-more-collaborations-with-coachella-video/|work=[[Pitchfork Media]]|accessdate=13 April 2013|date=12 April 2013}}</ref> The [[radio edit]] of the song was released as a [[Music download|digital download]] single one week later on 19 April 2013.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705910/daft-punk-get-lucky-release.jhtml Daft Punk's 'Get Lucky' Gets Very Specific Release Date]. [[MTV News]]. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2013/04/18/pharrell-and-daft-punks-get-lucky-officially-debuts-friday/ |title=Pharrell And Daft Punk's 'Get Lucky' Officially Debuts Friday |publisher=MTV |date=18 April 2013 |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> "Get Lucky" became Daft Punk's first UK No. 1 single on 28 April 2013 remaining at number one for 4 weeks<ref>{{cite web|title=Daft Punk score first UK number one single|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22331311|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref> (as of 24 May) and the [[Spotify]] music streaming website reported that the song is the most-streamed new song in the service's history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disco 2.0: Following Daft Punk's 'Get Lucky', we've all caught Saturday Night Fever again|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/disco-20-following-daft-punks-get-lucky-weve-all-caught-saturday-night-fever-again-8613018.html|accessdate=13 May 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 May 2013|author=Samuel Muston}}</ref> At the ''[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards]]'', Daft Punk debuted a trailer for their single "[[Lose Yourself to Dance]]," and presented the award for "Best Female Video" alongside Rodgers and Pharrell.<ref name="DaftVMAs">{{cite web|title=Video Music Awards – Daft Punk VMA Appearance: The Robots Finally Emerge|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1713021/daft-punk-vma-2013-performance.jhtml|publisher=MTV|accessdate=26 August 2013|author=Brenna Ehrlich|date=25 August 2013}}</ref> 

For the [[56th Annual Grammy Awards]], ''Random Access Memories'' was awarded the Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronica Album|Best Dance/Electronica Album]], [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical]], while "Get Lucky" received the Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance|Best Pop Duo/Group Performance]] and the [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]]. Daft Punk also performed a medley at the ceremony with Rodgers, Pharrell, and [[Stevie Wonder]] of "Get Lucky", "[[Le Freak]]", "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", "[[Another Star]]", "Lose Yourself to Dance", and "Around the World".<ref name="Grammys2014"/> Pharrell later released his second studio album ''[[Girl (Pharrell Williams album)|G I R L]]'', in which Daft Punk performed additional vocals for the song "Gust of Wind".<ref>Pharrell Williams, ''G I R L'' liner notes (2014).</ref>

On 10 March 2014, an unreleased Daft Punk song called "Computerized" surfaced on the Internet. The song features [[Jay Z]] and appears to contain elements of "The Son of Flynn" from the ''Tron: Legacy'' soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indieshuffle.com/daft-punk-computerized-ft-jay-z/ |title=Daft Punk – Computerized (Ft. Jay Z) |publisher=indieshuffle|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

In April 2015, Daft Punk appeared in a short tribute to Nile Rodgers as part of a documentary on Rodgers' life titled "Nile Rodgers: From Disco to Daft Punk". In the short clip, the two send a "transmission" to Rodgers with the message, "''Dear Nile, We are sending you this transmission to thank you for all your amazing songs. Your music continues to inspire the world... With love, Daft Punk''".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Camp|first1=Zoe|title=Daft Punk Make Tribute Video for Nile Rodgers|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/58497-daft-punk-make-tribute-video-for-nile-rodgers/|website=Pitchfork.com|publisher=Pitchfork Media Inc.|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref>

Later in 2015, a documentary on Daft Punk titled ''Daft Punk Unchained'' was released. The film covers Daft Punk's music career from the 1990s up to and including their 2014 Grammy appearance. The documentary features interviews with Nile Rodgers, Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, and others who have interacted with the duo in their projects.

==Influences==
Bangalter and de Homem-Christo have credited many sources that influenced their musical style. Years before producing [[electronic music]] as a duo, they shared tastes for [[Elton John]], [[MC5]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Beach Boys]] and [[The Stooges]].<ref name="DarlinBio">{{cite web |title=Darlin' |url= http://www.discogs.com/artist/Darlin'|publisher= [[discogs]] |accessdate=20 February 2007}}</ref><ref>''[[Les Inrockuptibles]]'' (March 2005).</ref> Bangalter recalled that the records motivated him to learn English as a second language, since he wanted to understand the lyrics.<ref name="lesinrocks2013">''[[Les Inrockuptibles]]'' No. 910 (May 2013).</ref> The duo's mutual admiration for rock bands led to the founding of their own indie group called [[Darlin' (French band)|Darlin']]. Bangalter explained: "It was still maybe more a teenage thing at that time. It's like, you know, everybody wants to be in a band."<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997">Matthew Collin, [http://www.techno.de/mixmag/97.08/DaftPunk.a.html "Do You Think You Can Hide From Stardom?"] (August 1997) ''[[Mixmag]]''. Retrieved 6 March 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.techno.de/mixmag/97.08/DaftPunk.a.html |date=20141106141054 |df=y }}</ref> They also drew inspiration from the rock and [[acid house]] in the United Kingdom during the early 1990s. De Homem-Christo referred to ''[[Screamadelica]]'' by [[Primal Scream]] as the record that "put everything together" in terms of genre".<ref name="Mixmag 2006" />

The liner notes of ''Homework'' pay tribute to a large number of musical artists and contain a quote from [[Brian Wilson]]. Bangalter stated: "In Brian Wilson's music you could really feel the beauty—it was very spiritual. Like [[Bob Marley]], too."<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997" /> When questioned on the success of Daft Punk's debut album and the rising popularity of their associated musical genre, Bangalter responded, "before us you had [[Frankie Knuckles]] or [[Juan Atkins]] and so on. The least you can do is pay respect to those who are not known and who have influenced people."<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997" /> The Daft Punk track "Teachers", from ''Homework'', refers to several influences, such as [[Romanthony]] and [[Todd Edwards]]. De Homem-Christo stated: "Their music had a big effect on us. The sound of their productions—the compression, the sound of the kick drum and Romanthony's voice, the emotion and soul—is part of how we sound today."<ref name="ROBOPOP" /> A 2011 Bodytonic podcast featured tracks from all of the artists named in "Teachers", the Brian Wilson speech quoted in the liner notes of ''Homework'', and a Kraftwerk-like 1983 track produced by [[Daniel Vangarde]], father of Bangalter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/ck303/theprequel96 |title=Daft Punk 'Teachers' mix Vol II, 88 tracks (1977–1997) that inspired 'Homework' by CK303 on SoundCloud – Hear the world's sounds |publisher=Soundcloud.com |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>

Romanthony and Edwards later collaborated with Daft Punk on tracks for ''Discovery''. For the album, Daft Punk focused on new styles of electronic music. A major inspiration was the [[Aphex Twin]] single "[[Windowlicker]]", which was "neither a purely club track nor a very chilled-out, down-tempo relaxation track", according to Bangalter.<ref name="MTVeInterview">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060327234551/http://www.mtve.com/article.php?ArticleId=40 "Daft Punk Embark On A Voyage of Discovery"] MTVe.com. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</ref> The duo also utilized vintage equipment to recreate the sound of an artist from a previous era. As stated by de Homem-Christo, "On 'Digital Love' you get this [[Supertramp]] vibe on the bridge," which was generated through an in-studio [[Wurlitzer electric piano|Wurlitzer piano]].<ref name="mixonlineinterview">Bryan Reesman, [http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_daft_punk/ Daft Punk interview] ''Mix (magazine)''. Retrieved 6 March 2007.</ref> During a later interview, de Homem-Christo clarified that "we didn't make a list of artists we like and copy their songs."<ref name="MiamiHerald">Michael Hamersly, [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/entertainment/weekend/15967428.htm "Ask the DJ"] (10 November 2006) ''[[The Miami Herald]]''. Retrieved 6 March 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/entertainment/weekend/15967428.htm |date=20140423172410 |df=y }}</ref> Daft Punk would collaborate with Edwards again on the song "Fragments of Time", featured on the 2013 album ''Random Access Memories''.

During a 2009 interview, Bangalter named [[Andy Warhol]] as one of Daft Punk's early artistic influences.<ref name="09interview">{{cite journal|last=Indrisek|first=Scott|date=Summer 2009|title=Daft Punk: One half of Daft Punk, Thomas Bangalter, dishes on mixing high and low-brow culture with performance art.|journal=Whitewall Magazine|issue=14|pages=91–99|url=http://www.myvirtualpaper.com/doc/WhiteWall/WW-SU09-COMB/2009052001/}}</ref> For the ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' soundtrack, the duo drew inspiration from [[Wendy Carlos]], the composer of the original ''[[Tron]]'' film, as well as [[Max Steiner]], [[Bernard Herrmann]], [[John Carpenter]], [[Vangelis]], [[Philip Glass]] and [[Maurice Jarre]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/12/daft-punks-legacy-act.html |title=Daft Punk's â€˜Legacy' act | Pop & Hiss |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Factmag">{{cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2010/11/18/daft-punk-tell-all-about-tron-legacy/|title=Daft Punk tell all about Tron: Legacy|work=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.}}</ref> Daft Punk later sought a "west coast vibe" during the production of ''Random Access Memories'', referencing such bands as [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[The Doobie Brothers]] and the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite web|title=The Collaborators: Todd Edwards|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yf2bu0P_4Vo|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=13 May 2013|author=TheCreatorsProject|format=Video upload|date=8 April 2013}}</ref> They also highlighted the influence of [[Jean Michel Jarre]] in an interview following the album's release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guest DJ: Daft Punk On The Music That Inspired 'Random Access Memories'|url=http://www.wwno.org/post/guest-dj-daft-punk-music-inspired-random-access-memories|work=89.9 WWNO|publisher=WWNO|accessdate=10 August 2013|author=Sam Yenguin|date=18 June 2013}}</ref>

==Visual components and image==
[[File:ThomasBangalter028.jpg|thumb|Thomas Bangalter performing in [[Miami, Florida]] in 2007]]
[[File:Guy-Manuel028.jpg|thumb|Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo performing in [[Turin, Italy]] in 2007]]
Daft Punk are noted for their use of visual components associated with their musical productions. The music videos for their singles from ''Homework'' featured distinctive characters and placed emphasis on storytelling instead of musical performance.<ref name="Canoe"/> The album ''Discovery'' subsequently became the soundtrack to ''Interstella 5555''.

Their outward personas have also changed over time. In one of the duo's earliest magazine appearances, de Homem-Christo stated in a ''[[Jockey Slut]]'' interview that, "We don't want to be photographed. [...] We don't especially want to be in magazines. We have a responsibility." Although they allowed a camera crew to film them for a French television arts program at the time, Daft Punk did not wish to speak on screen "because it is dangerous."<ref name="Jockey">''[[Jockey Slut]]'' Vol. 2, No. 1 (April/May 1996). page 55.</ref> During their ''Homework'' years, the duo would usually wear masks to hide their appearance.<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997"/> When not wearing disguises, they occasionally preferred to be replaced by animation (as they appeared in ''[[The Work of Director Michel Gondry]]'' DVD) or have their faces digitally obscured for press kits. Few official photos of the duo's faces exist, including a blurry one found in the ''Homework'' liner notes.

In their more visible ''Discovery'' years, they appeared wearing robotic headgear and metallic gloves for publicity photo shoots, interviews, live shows and music videos. The helmets were produced by Paul Hahn of Daft Arts and the French directors [[Alex and Martin]], the duo who also designed them.<ref name="DailySwarm">Diehl, Matt. [http://www.thedailyswarm.com/swarm/human-after-all-indeed-best-daft-punk-interview-you-never-read/ ''Human After All'', Indeed: The Best Daft Punk Interview You Never Read]. thedailyswarm.com. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</ref> With engineering by [[Tony Gardner (designer)|Tony Gardner]] and [[Alterian, Inc.]], they are capable of various [[light-emitting diode|LED]] effects.<ref name="Disc liner">Liner notes of the ''Discovery'' album—"Bionics Engineering by Tony Gardner & Alterian"</ref> Wigs were originally attached to both helmets, but the duo removed them just before the outfits were publicly unveiled in 2001.<ref name=PitchforkInterview>{{cite web|last=Weiner|first=Jonah|title=Daft Punk: All Hail Our Robot Overlords|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/daft-punk-all-hail-our-robot-overlords-20130521|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=21 May 2013|date=21 May 2013}}</ref> Daft Punk introduced the costumes to many U.S. television viewers in an advertisement during a special presentation of the music videos from the ''Discovery'' album during [[Cartoon Network]]'s [[Toonami]] block.<ref name="ToonamiDaft">[http://www.toonamiarsenal.com/download/toonami.php Toonami: Digital Arsenal] toonamiarsenal.com. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</ref> Thomas Bangalter once stated, "''We did not choose to become robots. There was an accident in our studio. We were working on our sampler, and at exactly 9:09 am on September 9, 1999, it exploded. When we regained consciousness, we discovered that we had become robots''."<ref name="ROBOPOP"/>

Daft Punk have said that they donned their robot outfits to easily merge the characteristics of humans and machines.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZeRqcTO_do Daft Punk interview in Japan (1/2)]. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> However, Bangalter later stated that the costumes were initially the result of shyness. "But then it became exciting from the audience's point of view. It's the idea of being an average guy with some kind of superpower."<ref name="Mixmag 2006">Suzanne Ely, "Return of the Cybermen" ''Mixmag'', July 2006, pp. 94–98.</ref> When asked whether the duo expressed themselves differently within the robotic suits, Bangalter stated "No, we don't need to. It's not about having inhibitions. It's more like an advanced version of [[glam rock|glam]], where it's definitely not you."<ref name="Mixmag 2006" /> With the release of ''Human After All'', the musical duo's outfits became slightly less complicated by consisting of black leather jacket and pants and simplified versions of the ''Discovery'' headgear. The attire was designed by [[Hedi Slimane]].<ref name="Mixmag 2006" /> Bangalter stated that, "We never like to do the same thing twice. It's more fun and entertaining for us to do something different, whether it's wearing masks or developing a persona that merges fiction and reality. We're happy to give back to the masses".<ref name="ROBOPOP" />

According to Bangalter, the duo has a "general rule about not appearing in videos." Although Daft Punk rarely grants interviews, Bangalter is cited as being the more talkative and opinionated one of the duo. With regard to fame and stardom, he said:

{{Cquote|We don't believe in the [[celebrity|star system]]. We want the focus to be on the music. If we have to create an image, it must be an artificial image. That combination hides our physicality and also shows our view of the star system. It is not a compromise.<ref name="Canoe">[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/D/Daft_Punk/1997/04/12/744419.html CANOE – JAM! Music – Artists – Daft Punk: Who are those masked men?] canoe.ca. Retrieved March 6, 2007.</ref>

We're trying to separate the private side and the public side. It's just that we're a little bit embarrassed by the whole thing. We don't want to play this star system thing. We don't want to get recognised in the streets. Yes. Everyone has accepted us using masks in photos so far, which makes us happy. Maybe sometimes people are a little bit disappointed but that's the only way we want to do it. We think the music is the most personal thing we can give. The rest is just about people taking themselves seriously, which is all very boring sometimes.<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997"/>}}

In the same interview, he was also asked a question if stardom can be avoided.

{{Cquote|Yes. I think people understand what we are doing. I know many people who maybe like the way we are handling things. People understand that you don't need to be on the covers of magazines with your face to make good music. Painters or other artists, you don't know them but you know what they are doing. We are very happy that the concept in itself is becoming famous. In France, you speak of Daft Punk and I'm sure millions of people have heard it, but less than a few thousand people know our face—which is the thing we're into. We control it, but it's not us physically, our persons. We don't want to run into people who are the same age as us, shaking our hand and saying, 'Can I have your autograph?' because we think we're exactly like them. Even girls, they can fall in love with your music, but not with you. You don't always have to compromise yourself to be successful. The playing with masks is just to make it funnier. Pictures can be boring. We don't want all the [[rock and roll|rock n' roll]] poses and attitudes—they are completely stupid and ridiculous today.<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997"/>}}

[[File:Daftpunkkastljos.jpg|thumb|Daft Punk during an interview in the television show Kastljós on [[Sjónvarpið]]]]

During the filming and promotion of ''Daft Punk's Electroma'', the duo went to great lengths to avoid showing their faces. While on the set of the film, the duo chose to be interviewed with their backs turned. As reported on October 2006, the band went as far as to wear black cloth over their heads during a televised interview.<ref>[http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/007781.html Daft Punk Talk Electroma. While Wearing Bags On Their Heads.] twitchfilm.net. Retrieved 6 March 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/007781.html |date=20121017052121 |df=y }}</ref> During this interview they noted that the use of cloth bags in particular had been a spontaneous decision, reflecting their willingness to experiment with their perceived image in the media.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eEanxKIYXM Daft Punk Icelandic ELECTROMA Interview 2006] YouTube. Retrieved 11 February 2014.</ref>

It is believed that the mystery of their identity and the elaborate nature of their disguises have added to their popularity.<ref name="Mixmag 2006" /> The iconic status of the robotic costumes has been compared to the makeup of [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] and the leather jacket worn by [[Iggy Pop]].<ref name="Paper"/>

Bangalter has noted, "The mask gets very hot, but after wearing it as long as I have, I am used to it."<ref name="Paper">[http://www.papermag.com/?section=article&parid=2297&page=4 Daft Punk and the Rise of the Parisian Nightlife] ''Paper Magazine''. Retrieved 4 November 2007.</ref> He later stated that the helmets in their current iteration are fitted with ventilators to prevent overheating.<ref name="lesinrocks2013"/>

==Live performances==
[[File:Daft punk at coachella.jpg|right|thumb|Daft Punk performing at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|2006 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]]]]
In the mid-to-late nineties, Daft Punk [[Live PA|performed live]] without costumes in many places including the United States. In 1996, the duo were featured at an Even Furthur event in [[Wisconsin]], their first public performance in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.driftglass.org/music/articles/2008/03/15/daft-punk-live-at-even-furthur-1996 Daft Punk, live at Even Furthur 1996] driftglass.org. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</ref> In addition to live original performances, they performed a number of times in various clubs using vinyl records from their collection. They were known for incorporating various styles of music into their DJ sets at that time.<ref>Lisa Verrico, "Masked Groove-Riders", ''Blah Blah Blah'' (February 1997).</ref>

In 1997 they did their ''[[Daftendirektour]]'' to promote ''Homework'' in several cities throughout the world. For this tour Daft Punk opted to utilize their home studio equipment for the live stage.<ref name="Interview at Mixmag 1997"/> As Bangalter stated, "Everything was synched up—the drum machines, the bass lines. The sequencer was just sending out the tempos and controlling the beats and bars. On top of this structure we built all these layers of samples and various parts that we could bring in whenever we wanted to."<ref name="ROBOPOP" /> 25 May 1997 saw them perform at the [[Tribal Gathering]] festival at [[Luton Hoo]], England, headlining with [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]] and [[Kraftwerk]].<ref>[http://www.physicsroom.org.nz/2cents/kraftwerk.htm 2 Cents: Kraftwerk, Tribal Gathering] (25 May 1997). Retrieved 7 February 2007.</ref> Also of note is the performance of 8 November in Birmingham, UK, from which came the recording of ''Alive 1997''.<ref>''[[Alive 1997]]'' ([[liner notes]]). Daft Punk. [[Virgin Records]], a division of [[Universal Music Group]]. 2001.</ref>

The [[Alive 2006/2007]] tour began with a sole United States performance at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella Festival]] in [[Indio, California]] in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/59839/billboard-bits-daft-punk-van-morrison-elf-power |title=Bits: Daft Punk, Van Morrison, Elf Power |work=Billboard |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Several festival appearances in Europe followed throughout the summer. Two consecutive performances also took place at the [[Summer Sonic Festival]] in Japan, held in [[Osaka]] and [[Chiba City]] respectively. Daft Punk's final performance of the year occurred in the autumn, when they visited South America and played their second U.S. performance at the Bang! Music Festival in [[Miami|Miami, Florida]].

In June 2007, the duo resumed touring, beginning with an appearance at the [[RockNess]] music festival in the United Kingdom. After further shows and festival performances in Europe, the act returned to North America for a full-fledged eight date tour. This reached many markets for the first time on the trek and included a headline festival slot at [[Lollapalooza]] in Chicago. A second leg of shows in October followed, consisting of an appearance at the [[Vegoose]] music festival in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] and three shows in Mexico. In December 2007, the duo returned to Japan to play a trio of dates. This was followed by a series of special shows in Australia, dubbed "Never Ever Land". The dates featured regular tour stalwarts [[SebastiAn]] and [[Kavinsky]] and were ultimately the fastest selling Daft Punk-related events to date.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/zan/cohost/busyp.asx Zan Rowe Interviews Busy P on Triple j] triplej.net.au. Retrieved 30 September 2007.</ref> The tour eventually culminated in Sydney at the [[Sydney Showground (Homebush Bay)|Showground Main Arena]].

Daft Punk mixed and composed much of the music for the [[Louis Vuitton]] Spring/Summer 2008 Womenswear Full Show on 7 October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbcicecream.com/blog/2007/10/07/louis-vuitton-fashion-show/|title=Louis Vuitton Fashion Show|accessdate=9 October 2007}}</ref> The duo later stated in an [[EMI]]-sponsored live [[web chat|webchat]] that there would be no tour performances for 2008, and that they would instead focus on new projects.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080221104737/http://www.thedaftclub.com/news.php?item.49 "Technology cannot be trusted"] thedaftclub.com. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</ref>
[[File:DaftPunk NeverEverLand Sydney 2007.JPG|thumb|Closing scene of Daft Punk performing at Sydney in 2007]]

Daft Punk made a surprise appearance at the [[50th Grammy Awards]] on 10 February 2008. The duo appeared with [[Kanye West]] to perform a reworked version of "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" on stage at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.<ref name="DaftGrammy">[http://www.nme.com/news/daft-punk/34231 Daft Punk Make Surprise Grammy Appearance with Kanye West] ''[[NME]]''. Retrieved 10 February 2008.</ref> For the appearance, Daft Punk utilized four JazzMutant [[Lemur Input Device|Lemur]] controllers.<ref name="Lemur">[http://www.jazzmutant.com/news.php#daft Daft Punk rock the Grammy Awards with 4 Lemurs] jazzmutant.com. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</ref> A press release specified that this was the first televised live performance by the duo in their career.<ref name="DaftGrammy"/> Bangalter's wife [[Élodie Bouchez]] also attended the event.<ref>[http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=PhotoGalleryAlbum&galleryid=946&order=14 Élodie Bouchez Arrives to the 50th Annual Grammy Awards] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 12 February 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=PhotoGalleryAlbum&galleryid=946&order=14 |date=20130921053416 |df=y }}</ref>

In February 2009, a website stated that a "hidden" tour had been set for 2009. An event for 13 February 2009 in Shanghai, China was mentioned in the website. It was later revealed to be a hoax unaffiliated with Daft Punk and a scam to sell tickets for a nonexistent event.<ref>[http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/149053-daft-punk-not-playing-in-china-this-weekend Daft Punk ''Not'' Playing in China This Weekend] [[Pitchfork Media]]. Retrieved 12 February 2009. {{wayback|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/149053-daft-punk-not-playing-in-china-this-weekend |date=20150109090407 |df=y }}</ref><ref>[http://www.shanghaidaily.com/sp/article/2009/200902/20090211/article_390644.htm Music Fans Punked by Faux Show Scam] [[Shanghai Daily]]. Retrieved 12 February 2009. {{wayback|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/sp/article/2009/200902/20090211/article_390644.htm |date=20130921053235 |df=y }}</ref> Representatives of the band announced that Daft Punk had no tour plans for 2009, but stated that the duo was looking forward to performing in China during their next world tour "in 2010 or 2011".<ref name="DaftAlive">[http://www.daftalive.com/ Official ''Alive 2007'' website] "News" section. Retrieved 12 February 2009.</ref> The announcement also stated that all of Daft Punk's shows are and would be posted on their official MySpace page, and that the page can therefore be used to verify validity.<ref name="DaftAlive"/> In September 2010, ''The Daily Swarm'' reported that the duo would perform live sets in major cities to promote the film ''[[Tron: Legacy]]''.<ref name="DaftTronTour">{{cite web|last=Borges |first=Christine |url=http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/crossfade/2010/09/daft_punk_to_tour_in_20112012.php |title=Daft Punk to Tour in 2011/2012; Will Make Several In-Person Appearances for Tron |publisher=Blogs.miaminewtimes.com |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>

Daft Punk made a surprise guest appearance during the encore of [[Phoenix (band)|Phoenix]]'s show of 20 October 2010 at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City. They played a medley of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" and "Around the World" before the song segued into Phoenix's song "1901". The duo also included elements of their tracks "Rock'n Roll", "Human After All", as well as one of Bangalter's side projects, "Together".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2010/10/daft_punk_playe.html |title=Daft Punk played w/ Phoenix @ Madison Square Garden (pics) |publisher=Brooklynvegan.com |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>

Daft Punk performed at the [[56th Grammy Awards]] ceremony on 26 January 2014. The duo's performance featured [[Stevie Wonder]], Nile Rodgers, Pharrell Williams as well as ''Random Access Memories'' session musicians [[Nathan East]], [[Omar Hakim]], [[Paul Jackson, Jr.]] and Chris Caswell. The ensemble performed the Grammy-winning "Get Lucky" before moving into a medley consisting of Chic's "[[Le Freak]]" and Stevie Wonder's "[[Another Star]]" as well as elements of Daft Punk's "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", "Lose Yourself to Dance", and "Around the World".<ref name=Grammys2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/daft-punk-and-stevie-wonder-lead-funky-disco-smash-up-at-grammys-20140126|title=Daft Punk and Stevie Wonder Lead Funky Disco Smash-Up at Grammys|work=Rolling Stone |date= 26 January 2014}}</ref> The stage backdrop used for the performance was designed by Daft Arts to resemble a recording studio, incorporating a functioning mixing console operated by Daft Punk.<ref>[http://jim-logiudice.tumblr.com/post/74699945669/heres-the-set-we-built-for-daft-punks-Grammy Jim Logiudice, film/props/special fx]. [[Tumblr]]. Retrieved 27 January 2013.</ref>

==Appearances in media and tributes==
[[File:Daftpunkanimated.jpg|left|thumb|Daft Punk's cameo appearance in ''[[Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem|Interstella 5555]]'']]


Daft Punk's popularity has been partially attributed to their appearances in mainstream media.<ref name="Mixmag 2006" /> The duo appeared with [[Juliette Lewis]] in an advertisement for [[Gap (clothing retailer)|The Gap]], featuring the single "[[Digital Love]]", and were contractually obliged to appear only in Gap clothing. In the summer of 2001, Daft Punk appeared in an advertisement on Cartoon Network's Toonami timeslot, promoting the official Toonami website and the duo's animated music videos for their album ''[[Discovery (Daft Punk album)|Discovery]]''.<ref name="ToonamiDaft"/> The music videos later appeared as scenes in the feature-length film ''[[Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem]]'', in which Daft Punk make a [[cameo appearance]] as their robot alter-egos. The duo later appeared in a television advertisement wearing their ''Discovery''-era headgear to promote [[Sony Ericsson]]'s Premini mobile phone. Their robotic costumes also make an appearance in the "Masterclass" section on [[Chilly Gonzales]]' 2006 DVD release ''From Major to Minor''. In 2010, Daft Punk appeared in [[Adidas]] advertisements promoting a ''[[Star Wars]]''-themed clothing line.

The duo has also been acknowledged in works by other artists. "[[Losing My Edge]]", the first single by [[LCD Soundsystem]], bragged about being the first to "play Daft Punk to the rock kids." LCD Soundsystem also recorded the song "[[Daft Punk Is Playing at My House]]", which reached No. 29 in the UK and was nominated for the 2006 [[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording]]. The [[Soulwax]] remix of the song also contains samples of many Daft Punk tracks as well as tracks by Thomas Bangalter. The song "Number 1 Girl" by the Dutch music project Le Le mentions the names Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo among other producers and artists. In the ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]]'' episode "[[Sally (Flight of the Conchords)|Sally]]", a music video for the [[Flight of the Conchords]] song "Robots" is shot with homemade robot costumes fashioned by the band's manager, Murray. Jemaine comments, "It doesn't look like Daft Punk. We wanted ones like Daft Punk."

A number of Daft Punk tracks have been sampled or covered by other artists. "[[Technologic]]" was sampled by [[Swizz Beatz]] for the [[Busta Rhymes]] song "[[Touch It (Busta Rhymes song)|Touch It]]". In a later remix of "Touch It" the line ''"touch it, bring it, pay it, watch it, turn it, leave it, start, format it"'' from "Technologic" was sung by R&B and rap artist [[Missy Elliott]]. [[Kanye West]]'s 2007 song "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" from the album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' features a vocal sample of Daft Punk's "[[Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger]]". Daft Punk's robotic costumes make an appearance in the music video for "Stronger".<ref name="Billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049888/exclusive-live-album-to-chronicle-daft-punk-tour Live Album To Chronicle Daft Punk Tour] ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 17 August 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049888/exclusive-live-album-to-chronicle-daft-punk-tour |date=20150821150125 |df=y }}</ref> The track "Daftendirekt" from Daft Punk's album ''[[Homework (Daft Punk album)|Homework]]'' was sampled for the [[Janet Jackson]] song "So Much Betta" from her 2008 album ''[[Discipline (Janet Jackson album)|Discipline]]''.<ref name="Janet">[http://www.stereogum.com/b-sides/janet-jackson-samples-daft-pun-008177.html Janet Jackson Samples Daft Punk]{{dead link|date=January 2014}} [[Stereogum]]. Retrieved 7 March 2008. {{Wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.stereogum.com/b-sides/janet-jackson-samples-daft-pun-008177.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225143553/http://stereogum.com/b-sides/janet-jackson-samples-daft-pun-008177.html|archivedate=25 February 2008|date =20080225143553|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> The track "[[Aerodynamic (instrumental)|Aerodynamic]]" was sampled for [[Wiley (rapper)|Wiley]]'s 2008 single "Summertime".<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/grime-music-cleans-up-in-the-charts-887952.html Grime Music Cleans Up in the Charts] ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 21 August 2008.</ref> "Veridis Quo" from the album ''Discovery'' was sampled for the [[Jazmine Sullivan]] song "Dream Big" from her 2008 album ''[[Fearless (Jazmine Sullivan album)|Fearless]]''.<ref>[http://www.kansascity.com/414/story/856594.html Music News – Wire]{{dead link|date=December 2008}} [[The Kansas City Star|kansascity.com]]. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</ref> DJs [[Marc Mysterio]] and Téo Moss released a cover version of "[[One More Time (Daft Punk song)|One More Time]]" featuring the vocals of Yardi Don.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.releasewire.org/arts-entertainment/music/superstar-djs-marc-mysterio-teo-moss-start-2009-with-a-cover-of-daft-punk-classic-one-more-time/ |title=Superstar Djs Marc Mysterio & Teo Moss Start 2009 with a Cover of Daft Punk Classic – One More Time |publisher=Prlog.org |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=3 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110305174539/http://www.releasewire.org:80/arts-entertainment/music/superstar-djs-marc-mysterio-teo-moss-start-2009-with-a-cover-of-daft-punk-classic-one-more-time |archivedate=5 March 2011 }}</ref> Daft Punk's "[[Around the World (Daft Punk song)|Around the World]]" was sampled for [[JoJo (singer)|JoJo]]'s 2009 song "You Take Me (Around the World)". The song "Cowboy George" by [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] contains a clip of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listenbeforeyoubuy.net/reviews/review-the-fall-our-future-your-clutter-2010/ |title=[Review/Listen] – The Fall – Your Future Our Clutter (2010) |publisher=ListenBeforeYouBuy |accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref>

Daft Punk has also produced music for other artists. They produced the [[Teriyaki Boyz]]'s debut single "[[HeartBreaker]]" on the album ''[[Beef or Chicken?]]''. The song contains a sample of "Human After All". Daft Punk later produced [[N.E.R.D]]'s song "Hypnotize U".<ref>{{cite web |title=Daft Punk Produce New N.E.R.D. Track|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/40227-daft-punk-produce-new-nerd-track/ |work=[[Pitchfork Media]] |date=9 September 2010|accessdate=4 October 2010}}</ref> Daft Punk are featured on the cover of the December 2010 issue of British publication ''[[Dazed & Confused (magazine)|Dazed & Confused]]'' to promote the film ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'', for which the duo composed the score. They also made a cameo appearance within the film as masked DJs at the "End of Line" nightclub.

In 2011, [[Coca-Cola]] distributed limited edition bottles designed by Daft Punk, called Daft Coke. They were only sold in France. A newer version of these themed bottles now exist as collectors items, some parts of the bottles such as the cap and Coke logo being plated in gold. In a December 2012 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "[[The Day the Earth Stood Cool]]", recurring character [[Disco Stu]] wears an outfit which is very similar in design to Bangalter's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i134.photobucket.com/albums/q98/Untravaersil/discostu.png |title=discostu.png |accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref> The online role-playing game [[World of Warcraft]] references the musicians with [[non-player character]]s Guyo Crystalgear<ref>{{cite web|title=Guyo Crystalgear|url=http://www.wowhead.com/npc=64924|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> and Tivilix Bangalter,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tivilix Bangalter|url=http://www.wowhead.com/npc=64925|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> which wear distinctive diving suits and helmets based on the duo's signature appearance. Daft Punk, along with [[Courtney Love]] were photographed for the "Music Project" of fashion house [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Yves Saint Laurent]]. The duo appear in their new sequined suits custom made by [[Hedi Slimane]], holding and playing their new instruments with bodies made of [[lucite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ysl.com/en_US/corporate/saintlaurent-musicproject/daft-punk/ |title= Saint Laurent Music Project- Daft Punk}}</ref> In 2013, Bandai Tamashii released a SHF ([[Chogokin]]) action figure for Daft Punk coinciding with the release of ''Random Access Memories'' in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamashii.jp/special/daftpunk/|title=魂ウェブ Daft Punk 魂ウェブ商店にて予約受注生産！！|accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> Following a series a teaser trailers, Daft Punk made a rare public appearance at the [[2013 Monaco Grand Prix]] in May on behalf of the [[Lotus F1 Team]], who supported the duo by racing in specially-branded cars emblazoned with the band's logo.<ref>{{cite web|last=Drewett|first=Meg|title=Daft Punk join up with Lotus F1 Team at Monaco Grand Prix|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/celebrity/news/a484803/daft-punk-join-up-with-lotus-f1-team-at-monaco-grand-prix-pictures.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 May 2013|quote=Lotus – who announced a partnership deal with Daft Punk's record label Columbia in March – raced in specially-branded cars emblazoned with the band's logo.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Daft Punk Attend Grand Prix To Support The Lotus F1 Team, Who Do Not Get Lucky in the Race|url=http://idolator.com/7460451/daft-punk-grand-prix-get-lucky-lotus-f1|publisher=Buzz Media|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=28 May 2013|quote=Daft Punk members Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel De Homem-Christo made a rare public appearance on Sunday (May 26) to support British Formula One team Lotus F1 at the Grand Prix in Monaco.}}</ref> Daft Punk were scheduled to appear on the episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' on 6 August to promote ''Random Access Memories'', but were unable to do so because of contractual obligations regarding the duo's later appearance at the ''[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards]]''. According to [[Stephen Colbert]], Daft Punk were unaware of any exclusivity agreement and were halted by MTV executives the morning prior to the taping.<ref name="ColbertVMA">{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/51801-daft-punk-cancel-colbert-report-appearance-due-to-contractual-agreement-with-mtv-vmas/|title=Daft Punk Cancel "Colbert Report" Appearance Due to Contractual Agreement With MTV VMAs|work=Pitchfork}}</ref>

In the 2014 animated film ''[[My Little Pony: Equestria Girls - Rainbow Rocks]]'', the character [[Rarity (unicorn)|Rarity]] briefly dons an outfit with a helmet similar to that of de Homem-Christo. The 2014 French drama film ''[[Eden (2014 film)|Eden]]'' includes appearances by two actors who portray Daft Punk at various points in their career.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kinos-Goodin|first1=Jesse|title=TIFF 2014: Daft Punk's surprising role in French house music movie Eden|url=http://music.cbc.ca/#/blogs/2014/9/TIFF-2014-Daft-Punks-surprising-role-in-French-house-music-movie-Eden|accessdate=25 September 2014|date=11 September 2014}}</ref> The duo was later satirized in a 2015 episode of ''[[Family Guy]]''.[http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/family-guys-daft-punk-parody-wasnt-as-good-as-their-simpsons-cameo/]

A cappella group [[Pentatonix]] performed a medley of Daft Punk songs, released as a YouTube video.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MteSlpxCpo Daft Punk – Pentatonix]. YouTube. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref> As of December 2015, the video had been viewed over 170 million times. The medley won for [[Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement|Best Arrangement, Instrumental or a Cappella]] of the [[57th Grammy Awards]].<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=2 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees]. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref>

An hour long documentary named [[Daft Punk Unchained]] was televised on 24th June 2015 in France and on 9 February 2016 in the UK.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05zlk3w] It documented the rise to fame and the lives of Daft Punk members Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter and their pioneering influence on the electronic music scene.


==Discography==
{{main|Daft Punk discography}}
* ''[[Homework (Daft Punk album)|Homework]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Discovery (Daft Punk album)|Discovery]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Human After All]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' (2013)


==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Daft Punk}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Daft Punk}}
* {{official website|1=http://www.daftpunk.com/}}
* [https://topdeejays.com/daft-punk/ Daft Punk on TopDeejays]
* {{IMDb name|id=1386916|name=Daft Punk}}
* {{Discogs artist}}
* [http://musictea.org/music/daftpunk Daft Punk] discography at MusicTea
* {{MusicBrainz artist|name=Daft Punk|id=056e4f3e-d505-4dad-8ec1-d04f521cbb56}}
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p168791|label=Daft Punk}}
* [http://www.randomaccessmemories.com/home/ Random Access Memories Website]
* [http://www.eurochannel.com/en/Daft-Punk-French-Music.html ''Daft Punk''] on [[Eurochannel]]
{{Daft Punk}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2010s}}
{{Grammy Award for Album of the Year 2010s}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Daft Punk| ]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Ableton Live users]]
[[Category:Bands with fictional stage personas]]
[[Category:Club DJs]]
[[Category:Electronic music duos]]
[[Category:French DJs]]
[[Category:French electronic music groups]]
[[Category:French house music groups]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Lycée Carnot alumni]]
[[Category:Masked musicians]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1993]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Paris]]
[[Category:Remixers]]
[[Category:Techno music groups]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Records artists]]
[[Category:Alter egos]]
[[Category:French musical duos]]
[[Category:French house musicians]]

Talk:Hattie Morahan

2016-02-22T10:08:11Z

Kuitan:

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=yes
|class=
|listas=Morahan, Hattie
}}
== My Mother And Other Strangers ==

The BBC have announced that she has started filming BBC One’s new drama series My Mother And Other Strangers, written by Barry Devlin. She will be playing the lead character Rose Coyne.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2016/my-mother-other-strangers]

I am reluctant to put it in to the main article until a broadcast date is announced.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 10:07, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Common purpose

2016-02-21T11:13:27Z

Kuitan:

{{WikiProject Law|class=Start|importance=Mid}}

== 300 year old law? ==

In the article it states that "In English law, the doctrine derives from R v Swindall and Osborne (1846) 2 Car. & K. 230." Because I am not a legal expert, I do not understand the full meaning of this as it might have in a purely legal context. However, I have a question based on the fact that many sources in the UK describe this as a 300 year old law. See, for example [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/revealed-how-300-year-old-duellist-law-is-jailing-hundreds-for-joint-enterprise-killings-9226896.html "Revealed: how 300-year-old duellist law is jailing hundreds for 'joint enterprise' killings"], [http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/apr/01/joint-enterprise-law-controversy-homicide Joint enterprise murder: ancient law jailing hundreds, say FOI reports] and [http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2014/27/guilty-by-association "Guilty By Association"]. This seems to be confirmed by the evidence of Professor Jeremy Horder Professor of Criminal Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science when he gave evidence to the UK Parliament Justice Committee on 1 November, 2011 when in answer to Question 119 from the Chair he talks of the origins of the law in the context of duelling, and of how the doctors and seconds attending the duel were also guilty of murder.<ref>{{cite book|title=Joint Enterprise Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12|date=17 January 2012|publisher=The Stationery Office Limited|location=London|isbn=978-0-215-04058-9|page=Ev 20.|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmjust/1597/1597.pdf|accessdate=21 February 2016}}</ref> Is the article factually correct in that, for example, the way in which the law is currently applied has its roots at this point? Does something extra need to be added to take account of what is obviously a principle that has its ultimate roots in law, further back than this case? Or what?

As I say, I am not an expert in law, just somebody who is curious in light of the recent UK Supreme Court ruling. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 11:13, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

Robert Davidson (inventor)

2016-02-18T16:32:25Z

Kuitan:

{{Other people|Robert Davidson}}
'''Robert Davidson''' (1804–1894) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] inventor who built the first known [[electric locomotive]] in 1837.
He was a lifelong resident of [[Aberdeen]], northeast Scotland, where he was a prosperous chemist and dyer, amongst other ventures. Davidson was educated at [[Marischal College]], where he studied second and third year classes of Marischal College from 1819-1821[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf], including lectures from Professor [[Patrick Copland]]. He got this education in return for being a lab assistant.

In the 1820s he set up in business close to teh Aberdeen-Inverurie Canal, at first supplying yeast, before becoming involved in the manufacture and supply of chemicals.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf]

He became interested in the new electrical technologies of the day. From 1837, he made small electric motors on his own principles, though William H. Taylor in the US made similar motors from 1838. Both men worked independently without knowledge of the other's work.

==Exhibitions==
Davidson staged an exhibition of electrical machinery at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland in 1840, [[Edinburgh]], one year later -- where it was visited by the young [[James Clerk Maxwell]] and later at the [[Egyptian Hall]] in [[Piccadilly]] in London, where he hoped to attract sponsorship for his work.[https://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/npmuseum/Scitour/Davidson.pdf] Amongst the machines shown were electrically operated lathes and printing presses.

==Electric locomotives==
Davidson made a model electric locomotive in 1837. His ''Galvani'' of 1842 was a four-wheeled machine, powered by [[Primary cell|zinc-acid batteries]]. It was tested on the [[Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway|Edinburgh-Glasgow]] line in September 1842 and, although found capable of carrying itself at 4 mph, it did not haul any passengers or goods.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=William|title=Our Home Railways|publisher=Frederick Warne and Co|location=London|year=1910|volume=2|page=156|chapter=The Underground Electric}}</ref>

===Economics===
In a later report it was calculated that consuming [[zinc]] in a battery was forty times more expensive than burning coal in a [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] and later experiments in America proved these figures correct. Battery powered locomotives were not economically viable, a point lost on some steam mechanics who smashed the 'Galvani' in its shed, fearing the potential competition to their new trade.

Financially viable electric traction was developed from the 1860s when the [[dynamo]] was invented and perfected. Davidson lived to see these developments: his reaction to the opening of the [[City and South London Railway|City & South London Tube]] was to commission a new set of business cards, that read 'Robert Davidson : Father of the Electric Locomotive'.

===Davidson's legacy===
Davidson's experiments with battery locomotives were not a great success because he used [[Primary cell|primary batteries]]. Later battery locomotives had [[rechargeable batteries]] and these did find use for [[Switcher|shunting]].<ref>http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={8CEFDE54-CA35-9E87-4036-4322E8C40CE8}&s=S1&SearchString=1997-7059_HOR_F_2297&source=Search&viewby=images&cntRead=0&cntDebate=0&cntDCBooks=0&cntDCImages=1&</ref>

==Business==
After 1843, at home in Aberdeen, he settled down to family life and, for the next fifty years, the running of his business at Canal Road. His earlier invention of a method for large-scale production yeast, one of the staples of his chemical business,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Lance|last2=McNeil|first2=Ian|title=Biographical dictionary of the history of technology|year=1966|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-06042-4|chapter=Davidson, Robert}}</ref> and the manufacture of perfumes were so remunerative that it allowed him to indulge his many interests of astronomy, collecting of fine china, valuable pictures and a large collection of violins.

==See also==
* [[Neale (electric car)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==


==Sources==
*''The Practical Mechanic'' Vol II, November 1842 pp 48–51.
*'A Note on Electro-Magnetic Engines' J.H.R Body, ''Newcomen Society Transactions'' Vol 14 pp103–107.
*'Electro-Magnetism and Motive Power:Robert Davidson's "Galvani" of 1842' Robert C.Post ''Railroad History'' 1974 pp5–23.
*'An Ingenious Aberdonian' A.C Davidson ''Scots Magazine'' January 1976
*article by A.F Anderson '''New Scientist'', 11 June 1981 pp 712–713.
*John R. Stevens, Editor; Electric Railroader's Association, Publisher;1989–90; ''Pioneers of Electric Railroading: Their Story in Words and Pictures''; Chapter 1; pp. 1 – 6.
*Mentioned in Appendix to Sir John Aspinall's Presidential Address to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1909 and includes extract from Railway Times of 10 December 1842.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davidson, Robert}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish inventors]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Pioneers of rail transport]]
[[Category:British people in rail transport]]
[[Category:British railway pioneers]]

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-17T10:43:02Z

Kuitan: /* Was he a friend of Goring or not? */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
: According to the official history of the founding of the company, Wenner-Gren's original contract was with Lux; it was signed in December 1912. Some details can be found here. [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 09:41, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador to London at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Early Life ==

I have added a section on his early life, including a reference to the fact that he was married. There had been no reference to the fact that he had been in this article. I have used the term 'whirlwind romance' because what happened does seem to exemplify this. They met on a Trans-Atlantic voyage from New York to Southampton, and married in London as soon as possible after they got off. If anybody can think of a better term, feel free to change it.

I should also note that I stopped here because time needs to be taken to sort through the events of his later life. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 13:33, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-17T10:41:17Z

Kuitan: /* Early life */

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in [[Uddevalla]], a town on the west coast of Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] He was the fourth of six children (four girls and two boys) born to Leonard and the much younger Alice Wenner-Gren (nee Albin), though only three of them grew to adulthood, Axel himself, his oldest sister Anna, and his younger brother Hugo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luciak|first1=Ilja|title=The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren – An Introduktion|journal=Wenner-Gren International Symposium - “Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren”|date=May 30–31, 2012|pages=13, 14|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Having spent his school hears in Uddevalla he moved to Gothenburg where he was employed for five years in the spice importing company of a maternal uncle. During this time, he learned English French and German at the local Berlitz school, and music at the local YMCA [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/].<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>
In 1902, at the age of 21, he left Sweden to further his studies in Germany. He first studied in the university town of Griefswald where he took some summer courses, before moving on to Berlin where he studied at the Berliner Handelsakademie from which he graduated much sooner than usual.<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref> After some difficulty, he found work with the German subsidiary of Alfa Laval Separator where he developed skills as a salesman, before quitting in 1904 to work selling agricultural machinery near Stuttgart which, with financial support from his father, had become his first financial enterprise.<ref>Luciak, p.16</ref>

In 1908, he travelled to America where he learned about engines for agricultural use, returning to Europe the same year. While in Vienna in 1908 he saw the Santo vacuum cleaner in the shop of Gustaf Paalen who had exclusive rights to distribute them throughout Europe [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/].<ref>Luciak, p.17</ref> After initially failing to become a European distributor for the Santo vacuum cleaner in his own right, he entered into a partnership with Paalen, purchasing a twenty percent interest in the company.

In late 1909, while returning from a trip to America on board a trans-Atlantic liner met Marguerite Gauntier Liggett who had been born on October 15, 1891 in Kansas City, Missouri. She was travelling with her sister Genevieve to Europe to complete her musical training as an opera singer. After what can only be described as a whirlwind romance, when the ship arrived at Southampton, they travelled to London where they married on December 14, 1909<ref>Luciak, p.15</ref> before travelling on to Berlin where she was going to complete her studies.

== Later life ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-14T19:06:25Z

Kuitan: /* Early Life */

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in [[Uddevalla]], a town on the west coast of Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] He was the fourth of six children (four girls and two boys) born to Leonard and the much younger Alice Wenner-Gren (nee Albin), though only three of them grew to adulthood, Axel himself, his oldest sister Anna, and his younger brother Hugo <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luciak|first1=Ilja|title=The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren – An Introduktion|journal=Wenner-Gren International Symposium - “Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren”|date=May 30–31, 2012|page=p. 13, 14|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref>.

== Early Life ==
Having spent his school hears in Uddevalla he moved to Gothenburg where he was employed for five years in the spice importing company of a maternal uncle*. During this time, he learned English French and German at the local Berlitz school, and music at the local YMCA[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>.
In 1902, at the age of 21, he left Sweden to further his studies in Germany. He first studied in the university town of Griefswald where he took some summer courses, before moving on to Berlin where he studied at the Berliner Handelsakademie from which he graduated much sooner than usual<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>. After some difficulty, he found work with the German subsidiary of Alfa Laval Separator where he developed skills as a salesman, before quitting in 1904 to work selling agricultural machinery near Stuttgart which, with financial support from his father, had become his first financial enterprise<ref>Luciak, p.16</ref>.

In 1908, he travelled to America where he learned about engines for agricultural use, returning to Europe the same year. While in Vienna in 1908 he saw the Santo vacuum cleaner in the shop of Gustaf Paalen who had exclusive rights to distribute them throughout Europe[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.17</ref>. After initially failing to become a European distributor for the Santo vacuum cleaner in his own right, he entered into a partnership with Paalen, purchasing a twenty percent interest in the company.

In late 1909, while returning from a trip to America on board a trans-Atlantic liner met Marguerite Gauntier Liggett who had been born on October 15, 1891 in Kansas City, Missouri. She was travelling with her sister Genevieve to Europe to complete her musical training as an opera singer. After what can only be described as a whirlwind romance, when the ship arrived at Southampton, they travelled to London where they married on December 14, 1909<ref>Luciak, p.15</ref> before travelling on to Berlin where she was going to complete her studies.

== Later Life ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-13T16:58:21Z

Kuitan: /* Early Life */ Corrected paragraph problem.

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in [[Uddevalla]], a town on the west coast of Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] He was the fourth of six children (four girls and two boys) born to Leonard and the much younger Alice Wenner-Gren (nee Albin), though only three of them grew to adulthood, Axel himself, his oldest sister Anna, and his younger brother Hugo <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luciak|first1=Ilja|title=The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren – An Introduktion|journal=Wenner-Gren International Symposium - “Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren”|date=May 30–31, 2012|page=p. 13, 14|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref>.

== Early Life ==
Having spent his school hears in Uddevalla he moved to Gothenburg where he was employed for five years in the spice importing company of a maternal uncle*. During this time, he learned English French and German at the local Berlitz school, and music at the local YMCA[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>.
In 1902, at the age of 21, he left Sweden to further his studies in Germany. He first studied in the university town of Griefswald where he took some summer courses, before moving on to Berlin where he studied at the Berliner Handelsakademie from which he graduated much sooner than usual<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>. After some difficulty, he found work with the German subsidiary of Alfa Laval Separator where he developed skills as a salesman, before quitting in 1904 to work selling agricultural machinery near Stuttgart which, with financial support from his father, had become his first financial enterprise<ref>Luciak, p.16</ref>.

In 1908, he travelled to America where he learned about engines for agricultural use, returning to Europe the same year. While in Vienna in 1908 he saw the Santo vacuum cleaner in the shop of Gustaf Paalen who had exclusive rights to distribute them throughout Europe[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.17</ref>. After initially failing to become a European distributor for the Santo vacuum cleaner in his own right, he entered into a partnership with Paalen, purchasing a twenty percent interest in the company.

In late 1909, while returning from a trip to America on board a trans-Atlantic liner met Marguerite Gauntier Liggett who had been born on October 15, 1891 in Kansas City, Missouri. She was travelling with her sister Genevieve to Europe to complete her musical training as an opera singer. After what can only be described as a whirlwind romance, when the ship arrived at Southampton, they travelled to London where they married on December 14, 1909<ref>Luciak, p.15</ref> before travelling on to Berlin to complete her studies.

== Later Life ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-13T13:33:21Z

Kuitan:

{{WikiProject Biography
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|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
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{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
: According to the official history of the founding of the company, Wenner-Gren's original contract was with Lux; it was signed in December 1912. Some details can be found here. [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 09:41, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Early Life ==

I have added a section on his early life, including a reference to the fact that he was married. There had been no reference to the fact that he had been in this article. I have used the term 'whirlwind romance' because what happened does seem to exemplify this. They met on a Trans-Atlantic voyage from New York to Southampton, and married in London as soon as possible after they got off. If anybody can think of a better term, feel free to change it.

I should also note that I stopped here because time needs to be taken to sort through the events of his later life. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 13:33, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-13T13:27:09Z

Kuitan: Added information about his life up to his marriage.

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in [[Uddevalla]], a town on the west coast of Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] He was the fourth of six children (four girls and two boys) born to Leonard and the much younger Alice Wenner-Gren (nee Albin), though only three of them grew to adulthood, Axel himself, his oldest sister Anna, and his younger brother Hugo <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luciak|first1=Ilja|title=The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren – An Introduktion|journal=Wenner-Gren International Symposium - “Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren”|date=May 30–31, 2012|page=p. 13, 14|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref>.

== Early Life ==
Having spent his school hears in Uddevalla he moved to Gothenburg where he was employed for five years in the spice importing company of a maternal uncle*. During this time, he learned English French and German at the local Berlitz school, and music at the local YMCA[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>.
In 1902, at the age of 21, he left Sweden to further his studies in Germany. He first studied in the university town of Griefswald where he took some summer courses, before moving on to Berlin where he studied at the Berliner Handelsakademie from which he graduated much sooner than usual<ref>Luciak, p.14</ref>. After some difficulty, he found work with the German subsidiary of Alfa Laval Separator where he developed skills as a salesman, before quitting in 1904 to work selling agricultural machinery near Stuttgart which, with financial support from his father, had become his first financial enterprise<ref>Luciak, p.16</ref>. In 1908, he travelled to America where he learned about engines for agricultural use, returning to Europe the same year.
While in Vienna in 1908 he saw the Santo vacuum cleaner in the shop of Gustaf Paalen who had exclusive rights to distribute them throughout Europe[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]<ref>Luciak, p.17</ref>. After initially failing to become a European distributor for the Santo vacuum cleaner in his own right, he entered into a partnership with Paalen, purchasing a twenty percent interest in the company.
In late 1909, while returning from a trip to America on board a trans-Atlantic liner met Marguerite Gauntier Liggett who had been born on October 15, 1891 in Kansas City, Missouri. She was travelling with her sister Genevieve to Europe to complete her musical training as an opera singer. After what can only be described as a whirlwind romance, when the ship arrived at Southampton, they travelled to London where they married on December 14, 1909<ref>Luciak, p.15</ref> before travelling on to Berlin to complete her studies.

== Later Life ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Talk:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company

2016-02-09T11:53:31Z

Kuitan: /* I found this ... */ Removed because article already noted the source.

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Talk:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company

2016-02-09T11:52:17Z

Kuitan:

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{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Electronics |class=Start}}
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== I found this ... ==

While looking into something about this for a discussion with a friend, I came across [https://books.google.it/books?id=nQVFkbLSM5wC&pg=PA183&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f=false this] on Google Books. Does anybody either have the full text, or have more details on the information provided here which might add to the topic? It is about the conflict over patents between Edison and Swan, and the formation of their company. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 11:52, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

Chittenango, New York

2016-02-08T19:29:59Z

Kuitan: /* Culture */

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Chittenango, New York
| settlement_type = [[Village (United States)|Village]]
| pushpin_map = New York
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the state of New York
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
| coordinates_region = US-NY
| latd = 43 |latm = 2 |lats = 45 |latNS = N
| longd = 75 |longm = 52 |longs = 26 |longEW = W
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[New York]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madison County, New York|Madison]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of New York#Town|Town]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sullivan, New York|Sullivan]]
| area_total_sq_mi = 2.4
| area_land_sq_mi = 2.4
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.0
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ronny Goeler
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_ft = 453
| population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2010|2010]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5081
| population_density_sq_mi = 2117.1
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 13037
| area_code = [[Area code 315|315]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 36-15561
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0969996
| website = http://www.chittenango.org/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chittenango''' is a [[village]] located in [[Madison County, New York|Madison County]], [[New York]], in the [[United States]]. The village is in the south part of the [[Sullivan, New York|Town of Sullivan]]. The population was 5,081 at the 2010 census.

== History ==
The name of the village is derived from the [[Oneida people|Oneida]] name for [[Chittenango Creek]], ''Chu-de-nääng′'', meaning "where waters run north."<ref>American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society to the Legislature of the State of New York. Vol. 27. Albany: J.B. Lyon, State Printers, 1922.</ref> While the name "Chittenango" is often thought by locals to mean "river flowing north" or "where the waters divide and run north," a reference to the direction of water flow from the creek's point of origin to [[Oneida Lake]], there is no derivation for these alternatives. On an 1825 map of the area, the village is called ''Chittening'', a name used by early settlers which is thought to be derived directly from ''Chu-de-nääng′''.<ref>Beauchamp, William M. Aboriginal Place Names of New York. New York State Education Department. Albany. 1907. p. 112.</ref> According to American [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] [[Lewis H. Morgan]] who studied [[Iroquois]] customs and language in his 1851 book ''League of the Iroquois'', the name "Chittenango" may have come from ''Chu-de-nääng′ Ga-hun′-da'', a redundant combination of the Onedia terms for "Chittenango Creek" (''Chu-de-nääng′'') and "creek" (''Ga-hun′-da'').<ref>Morgan, Lewis H. League of the Iroquois. Corinth, NY. Corinth Books (1851). pp. 65, 137.</ref>

Initial growth of this village is largely attributed to the construction of the [[Erie Canal]] which officially opened in 1825, joining [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] on [[Lake Erie]] with [[Albany, New York|Albany]], the capital of [[New York]], and the [[Hudson River]]. The Erie Canal passes just north of the village. The Chittenango Canal Company, incorporated in 1818, constructed a canal {{convert|1.5|mi|abbr=on}} in length connecting Chittenango to the Erie Canal.<ref>Mitchell, Samuel Augustus. An Accompaniment to Mitchell's Reference and Distance Map of the United States. Philadelphia, PA. Mitchell and Hinman (1834). ISBN 1-149-26923-5 p. 228.</ref> The village became a virtual canal town upon the construction of the Chittenango Canal Boat Landing, which featured a three-bay dry dock where canal boats were built and repaired. The canal brought prosperity, growth and expansion to the village. It created a need for inns, hotels and restaurants, and area farms and factories found the canal useful as an inexpensive and easy way to ship goods further along the canal or beyond. Because the canal connected to the Hudson River, boats were able to ship goods south to the [[metropolis]] of [[Manhattan]].<ref>Wyld, Lionel D. Canastota and Chittenango: Two Historic Canal Towns. Charleston, SC. Arcadia Publishing (1998). ISBN 0-7524-0971-9 pp. 7-10.</ref>

Development increased considerably due to [[John B. Yates]], who opened and operated [[Gristmill|grist]] and [[Sawmill|saw mills]], a woolen mill, stores, and founded the village's first church in 1828, the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], now the First Presbyterian Church of Chittenango.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.rays-place.com/ny/sullivan-ny.htm | title = The Town of Sullivan | year = 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpreschittenango.com/history.htm | title=History of Our Church}}</ref>

The village was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] on March 15, 1842.<ref>Smith, John E. Our country and its people; a descriptive and biographical record of Madison County, New York. Boston, MA. The Boston History Company (1899). pp. 326-327.</ref> At the time, it contained between 900 and 1,000 inhabitants, about 180 dwellings, three churches, the [[Yates Polytechnic Institute]], a large woolen factory, two large water lime factories, one flouring mill, three [[tavern]]s and ten stores.<ref>Whitney, Luna M. Hammond. History of Madison County, state of New York. Syracuse, NY. Truair, Smith & Co., Book and Job Printers (1872). p. 674.</ref> In 1853, the first bank in the village, the Chittenango Bank, was organized and began business with capital of $110,000, which increased to $150,000 one year later. The bank closed business nearly one decade later, and in December 1863 the First National Bank of Chittenango was organized, occupying the same building erected by the first bank. This bank also closed down in 1883.<ref>Smith. pp. 322-325.</ref>

Soon after the incorporation of the village, the first [[fire company]] and [[Motive power depot|engine house]] was built in 1843.<ref>Smith. p. 620.</ref>

The first newspaper in the village was the ''Chittenango Herald'', established in 1831 by Isaac Lyon. It later bore successively the name of ''Chittenango Republican'', the ''Chittenango Phoenix'', and the ''Democratic Gazette'', until it was discontinued in 1853.<ref>Smith. p. 675.</ref> In 1869 the ''Madison County Times'' was established and papers were published until 1975, at which time the ''Chittenango-Bridgeport Times'' was formed. This paper ran until 2009 when it merged with other greater [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] area papers to form the current ''Eagle Newspapers''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eaglenewsonline.com/about/ | title=Eagle News Online: About}}</ref>

The Chittenango Pottery Company, largely owing its early success to its location near the Chittenango Landing, was established in 1897. After burning down twice, the present, now abandoned brick structure was erected.<ref>Smith. pp. 619-620.</ref>

The [[Chittenango Pottery]] and [[St. Paul's Church (Chittenango, New York)|St. Paul's Church]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>

==Culture==

===The Wizard of Oz===
The village of Chittenango holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! (formerly Oz Fest) to celebrate the literary works of author [[L. Frank Baum]], who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' was published on May 17, 1900.<ref>Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz. New York, St. Martin's Press (2002). ISBN 0-312-30174-X pp. 73-94</ref> The festival is typically held during the first weekend of June. The weekend-long festival consists of many events including a parade, which features many community groups. Notably, the parade has also featured several actors and actresses from the 1939 film [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]] who played the roles of various [[Munchkin]]s, including [[Jerry Maren]], [[Karl Slover]], [[Meinhardt Raabe]], and [[Margaret Pellegrini|Margaret Williams Pellegrini]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://oz-stravaganza.com/content/2010-oz-stravaganza-guests | title = Oz-Stravaganza Guests}}</ref>

The Wizard of Oz theme continues beyond the annual festival. Several local shops and restaurants have adopted an Oz theme, such as Auntie Em's Place, Over the Rainbow Crafts, Tin Man Construction Co., Emerald City Grill, and Emerald City Bowling. Some businesses use the term "Oz" as an [[Juncture#Oronyms|oronym]], such as in Oz Cream and in The Land of Oz and Ends.

In 1982, the village installed a brick sidewalk on either side of the downtown portion of [[New York State Route 5#Syracuse to Utica|Genesee St.]] which was painted yellow as an homage to the [[yellow brick road]] from the novels and film. The sidewalk required regular upkeep as the color would fade over time and the bricks would chip and crack due to the freeze-thaw cycles in the colder months and regular use throughout the year. As part of a downtown Chittenango revitalization project in 2007, the sidewalks were replaced with concrete which was then stamped and colored to replicate the yellow brick road.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dot.ny.gov/news/press-releases/2007/2007-06-011 | title = NYSDOT and Village of Chittenango Celebrate Project Completion | date = 2007-06-011}}</ref> The old bricks have been made available to purchase during the festival and also on [[eBay]] to raise money for the town.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EED81731F937A35755C0A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&&scp=2&sq=chittenango%20journal&st=cse | title = Chittenango Journal; Scrub the Yellow Bricks! And Polish That Tin! | date = 2006-06-04 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Chittenanango, and its yellow brick road featured in episode 6 of [[Michael Portillo]]'s "[[Great American Railroad Journeys]]" shown on the BBC. [http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/dzdjrk/great-american-railroad-journeys--series-1---6-schenectady-to-rochester]

==Education==
The Chittenango School District enrolls about 2,350 K-12 students in three elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. The district is one of 23 members of the Onondaga-Cortland-Madison [[Board of Cooperative Educational Services|BOCES]], and employs about 210 instructional staff and 160 additional support staff.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chittenangoschools.org/teacherpage.cfm?teacher=1323 | title = District Overview | publisher = Chittenango School District | date = 24 March 2008}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[Luther Airport]] is located {{convert|1.15|mi|abbr=on}} east of the [[central business district]] of Chittenango.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/Rpt_5010.asp?au=PU&o=PR&faasite=15038.1*A&fn=1D5 | title = FAA Airport Master Record for 1D5 | format = [[PDF]] | publisher = Federal Aviation Administration | date = 8 April 2010}}</ref>

== Notable people==

* [[John Kirby Allen]] (1810–1838), co-founder of Houston, Texas; Texas state legislator, and backer of the Texas Revolution. John Allen was partner in at hat store in Chittenango in 1826 for at least a year.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = |authorlink = | title = Allen, John Kirby | work = Texas State Historical Association | publisher = | year = | url = | accessdate = 9 August 2013 }}</ref>
* [[L. Frank Baum]], author of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''.<ref>Rogers. p. 1.</ref> The village holds an annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! honoring Baum's life and literary works.
* Mark Boccaccio, composer, sound designer/editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0045224/|title=Mark Boccaccio|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Lawson (athlete)|Jerry Lawson]], professional distance runner, former American record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:09:35, graduate of chittenango high school.
* [[Dave Mirra]], professional BMX bike athlete. Dubbed the ''Miracle Boy'' (also ''Miracle Man''), Dave Mirra is the most decorated [[X Games]] contestant with 20 medals, 14 of them gold. He has competed and medaled in every X-Games event, and has dominated the BMX competition scene for over 15 years.
*[[Lewis Selye]], former US Congressman

==Geography==
Chittenango is located at {{Coord|43|2|45|N|75|52|26|W|type:city}} (43.045901, -75.873785).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|2.4|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

== Climate ==

The [[climate]] can range from hot and often humid summers to very cold winters.

{{Weather box |imperial first = Y
|location = Chittenango, New York
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 70
|Feb record high F = 69
|Mar record high F = 87
|Apr record high F = 92
|May record high F = 96
|Jun record high F = 100
|Jul record high F = 102
|Aug record high F = 101
|Sep record high F = 98
|Oct record high F = 87
|Nov record high F = 81
|Dec record high F = 72
|Jan high F = 31
|Feb high F = 34
|Mar high F = 43
|Apr high F = 56
|May high F = 68
|Jun high F = 77
|Jul high F = 82
|Aug high F = 80
|Sep high F = 71
|Oct high F = 60
|Nov high F = 47
|Dec high F = 36
|Jan low F = 14
|Feb low F = 16
|Mar low F = 24
|Apr low F = 35
|May low F = 46
|Jun low F = 55
|Jul low F = 60
|Aug low F = 59
|Sep low F = 51
|Oct low F = 40
|Nov low F = 32
|Dec low F = 21
|Jan record low F = −26
|Feb record low F = −26
|Mar record low F = −16
|Apr record low F = 7
|May record low F = 25
|Jun record low F = 34
|Jul record low F = 44
|Aug record low F = 38
|Sep record low F = 25
|Oct record low F = 18
|Nov record low F = 4
|Dec record low F = −26
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.60
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.12
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.02
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.39
|May precipitation inch = 3.39
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.71
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.02
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.56
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.15
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.20
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.77
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.12
|source 1 = weather.com <ref name= weather.com >{{cite web | url = http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/13037 | title = Monthly Averages for Chittenango, NY (13037)}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 968
|1880= 954
|1890= 792
|1900= 787
|1910= 678
|1920= 650
|1930= 815
|1940= 885
|1950= 1307
|1960= 3180
|1970= 3605
|1980= 4290
|1990= 4734
|2000= 4855
|2010= 5081
|estyear=2014
|estimate=5016
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref></center>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml | title = United States Census Bureau | year = 2010}}</ref> of 2010, there were 5,081 people, 1,993 households, and 1,380 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 2117.1 people per square mile (817.4/km²). There were 2,085 housing units at an average density of 868.8 per square mile (336.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.7% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.5% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 1,993 households out of which 47.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% of households had [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.3% of households had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-family households (people living in households with no members related to the householder). 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the village, the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18 years, 7.1% from 18 to 24 years, 11.6% from 25 to 34 years, 14.4% from 35 to 44 years, 16.7% from 45 to 54 years, 12.1% from 55 to 64 years, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.8 years. For every 100 females there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

Detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses was not collected during the 2010 Census. The 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, including name, sex, age, date of birth, ethnicity, race, and homeownership status.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://2010.census.gov/partners/pdf/2010_TQA_Agent_FAQs_english.pdf | title = 2010 Census Frequently Asked Questions | year = 2010}}</ref> According to the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the village was $43,750, and the median income for a family was $50,179. Males had a median income of $34,787 versus $25,902 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $20,014. About 4.1% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

== See also ==
* [[Chittenango Falls State Park]]
* [[Chittenango Landing Dry Dock Complex]]
* [[Chittenango ovate amber snail]]
* [[Old Erie Canal State Historic Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chittenango.org Village of Chittenango, New York]
* [http://www.clcbm.org/ Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum]
* [http://www.eriecanal.org/Chittenango.html CLCBM] The Erie Canal, Chittenango, NY
* [http://www.chittenangoschools.org/ Chittenango Central Schools]

 
{{Madison County, New York}}

[[Category:Villages in New York]]
[[Category:Syracuse metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1842]]
[[Category:Villages in Madison County, New York]]

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-07T09:42:26Z

Kuitan: /* Deal with Lux */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
: According to the official history of the founding of the company, Wenner-Gren's original contract was with Lux; it was signed in December 1912. Some details can be found here. [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 09:41, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-07T09:41:20Z

Kuitan: /* Deal with Lux */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
: According to the official history of the founding of the company, Wenner-Gren's original contract was with Lux. It was signed in December 1912.Some details can be found here. [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/] [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 09:41, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-07T09:40:38Z

Kuitan: /* Deal with Lux */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
: According to the official history of the founding of the company, Wenner-Gren's original contract was with Lux. It was signed in December 1912.Some details can be found here. [http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-06T18:57:58Z

Kuitan: /* Was he a friend of Goring or not? */

{{WikiProject Biography
|living=no
|class=Start
|listas=Wenner-Gren, Axel
}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}

==Untitled==
Temp page entered. Please delete the original copyright problem page and I will continue to add to this one.

[[User:Lindroth|Lindroth]] 01:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

== Deal with Lux ==

I am currently working on the history of Lilla Essingen. According to my source, Axel Wenner-Gren entered the contract for the cleaner in 1912. Electrolux was created in 1919 during the merge between Lux and AB Elektro-mekaniska. In the article regarding Axel Wenner-Gren, however, it is stated that this deal was made with Electrolux, which wouldn't be existent at the time. The Electrolux article also mirrors the merge date. It is a minor thing, indeed, but it is correct to change "Electrolux" to "Electrolux(then AB Elektro-Mekaniska)"?(there are not many sources published on the industrial history of Lilla Essingen, I'm afraid. Thus the source in singular)
[[User:Synthmon|Synthmon]] 22:00, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

== Nassau? ==

His assets where at which Nassau - Germany or Bahamas? I'm assuming the latter, but I'd like to be sure. Istvan 16:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

:It was Bahamas. The current link is correct. --[[User:LA2|LA2]] 17:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

== Was he a friend of Goring or not? ==

This is confusing. Article says he was "incorrectly" rumored to be a friend of Goring, then goes on to state that Wenner-Gren sought to make himself a conduit between the Nazis and the Allies. Per Charles Higham's book "American Swastika" (Doubleday, 1984), he was a Nazi sympathizer who worked to further German interests in the New World during WW2.

There seems to be no dispute that Wenner-Gren was close to the Duke of Windsor while both resided in the Bahamas. The Duke of Windsor was notoriously pro-Nazi, and also hoped for detente between the Nazis and the West. This article seems to discount these activities. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Captqrunch|Captqrunch]] ([[User talk:Captqrunch|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Captqrunch|contribs]]) 13:41, 12 June 2008 (UTC) 

The section on his attempts to mediate between Goering and the British and American governments also needs a source to qualify its claims: "His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance, and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the Nazi regime."
[[User:Fizzyted|Fizzyted]] ([[User talk:Fizzyted|talk]]) 18:09, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

:This definitely needs sorting out. He definitely met Göring on four separate occasions. This was confirmed by Göring, himself. What is not often mentioned is that Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf wrote a letter of introduction for him to Chamberlain, prior to his meetings with Göring, and that Göring did not pass on any of this to Hitler. The Swedish ambassador at the time called him naive.[[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:57, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Education ==
I'd appreciate information on his education. While he collected honorary degrees, I believe he actually had a secondary education, perhaps even a US marketing degree. [[User:Phytism|Phytism]] ([[User talk:Phytism|talk]]) 16:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:I am working on this at the moment. I have found a number of sources which talk about his early life, his parents, his brothers and sisters, his education in Sweden, and later in Germany. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:48, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-06T18:48:36Z

Kuitan: /* Education */

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-06T16:41:07Z

Kuitan:

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in [[Uddevalla]], a town on the west coast of Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]

== Biography ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wenner-Gren, Axel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Swedish businessman
| DATE OF BIRTH = 5 June 1881
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 November 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Axel Wenner-Gren

2016-02-06T16:24:16Z

Kuitan:

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015}}
[[Image:Wennergren.jpg|thumb|250px|Axel Wenner-Gren]]
[[Image:Wenner Gren center 1960.jpg|thumb|150px|Wenner-Gren Center, [[Stockholm]], 1960]]
[[Image:Diplomatstaden 2008 Amb 1.jpg|thumb|150px|"Wenner-Gren palace", [[Diplomatstaden]], Stockholm, 2008]]

'''Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren''' (5 June 1881 - 24 November 1961) was a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[entrepreneur]] and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. He was born on 5 June 1881 in Uddevalla, Sweden.[http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/founding-an-international-company-666/]

== Biography ==
Wenner-Gren amassed a fortune from his early appreciation that the industrial [[vacuum cleaner]] could be adapted for domestic use. Soon after the [[First World War]] he persuaded the Swedish lighting company [[Electrolux]], for which he then worked (securing the contract to floodlight the opening ceremony of the [[Panama Canal]], among other successes), to buy the patent to a cleaner and to pay him for sales in company stock. By the early 1930s, Wenner-Gren was the owner of Electrolux, and the firm was a leading brand in both vacuum cleaner and [[refrigerator]] technology.

Wenner-Gren also diversified his interests into the ownership of newspapers, banks and arms manufacturers, and acquired many of the holdings of the disgraced safety-match tycoon [[Ivar Kreuger]]. In Mexico in the 1930s, he was in economic alliance with [[Maximino Ávila Camacho]], strongman of the Mexican state of Puebla, whose brother [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] became [[President of Mexico]] in 1940.<ref>[[Enrique Krauze]], ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 493.</ref>

Wenner-Gren was reported to be a friend of [[Hermann Göring]], whose first wife was a Swede, and in the late 1930s convinced himself that he could avert the coming [[world war]] by acting as a conduit between Göring and the British and American governments. His efforts proved unsuccessful, with all parties regarding him as a self-promoting nuisance (perhaps unfairly), and, more to the point, one without much influence on the plans of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime.<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref>

A disconsolate Wenner-Gren retired to his estate in the [[Bahamas]], Hog Island (now [[Paradise Island]]), where he resumed his friendship with the islands' [[Governor of the Bahamas|governor]], the [[Duke of Windsor]]. Early in the war his rumored friendship with Göring and the suspected German sympathies of the Duke led first the Americans and, following their lead, the British, to place him on an economic [[blacklist]], enabling them to freeze his assets in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. There proved to be little or no foundation to their suspicions that Wenner-Gren was a Nazi agent,<ref>Leifland, 1989; Luciak, 2012; Luciak and Daneholt, eds., 2012.</ref> notwithstanding the appearance of his [[steam yacht]] [[Rover (yacht)|''Southern Cross'']] (the world's largest at the time) along with ships from the Allied Navies at the site of the sinking of the liner ''[[SS Athenia]]'' on the first day of the war. Wenner-Gren's yacht the ''Southern Cross'' rescued over three hundred survivors of the sinking and transferred some to nearby Allied ships and others continued to the U.S.

Among Wenner-Gren's other interests were [[monorail]] train systems. His company, [[ALWEG]], built the original [[Disneyland Monorail System]] in 1959 and the [[Seattle Center Monorail]] in 1962. Wenner-Gren continued his fascination with speculative railway projects, as he collaborated with Canadian [[W.A.C. Bennett]] to build a railway north from Prince George into the untapped Peace River, Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually Alaska. Parts of the railway were built by the [[Pacific Great Eastern Railway]] after Wenner-Gren's death, including the needless Fort Nelson branch, yet the meeting produced outcomes lasting to this day. The interest in the north spurred a spate of mega-industrial projects in the region: the Bennett Dam flooding vast valleys, gas pipelines and plants at Taylor, coal mines and pulp mills.

In the 1950s, Axel Wenner-Gren also got involved in the early computer business. For a railroad project connecting California with Alaska, he got in touch with Glenn Hagen, previously an engineer with [[Northrop Aircraft]], who had founded Logistics Research in [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] outside Los Angeles, developing computers based on magnetic [[drum memory]]. In November 1952, Wenner-Gren helped the company to incorporate. He soon controlled the company and renamed it ALWAC (the Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer). The model ALWAC II was shipped in June 1954 and model III in December 1955. In 1956 and 1957, the model ALWAC III-E was considered a competitor to the [[IBM 650]], having fewer parts and good economy, but no more than 30 units seem to have been delivered.<ref>Hallberg, 2007</ref> Soon after this, magnetic drum machines were made obsolete by the introduction of the [[magnetic core memory]]. By 1956 the number of employees tripled to over 300 and the company was relocated to an industrial park in Hawthorn, California. The appearance of the transistor in the electronics industry in 1957 was a financial shock for all vacuum tube computer makers and by 1958 ALWAC in Hawthorn closed and its employees, with the help of Wenner-Gren himself, were successful hired by Litton Industries and Autonetics and several smaller electronics companies. The follow-up ALWAC 800 was a failed design that never went beyond prototype, using not only core memory but also [[magnetic logic]] (a combination of semiconductor diodes and magnetic cores, cf. [[Hewitt Crane]]), and presold contracts nearly ruined the company. Development was transferred to Sweden in 1958. The next model, named Wegematic 1000, a slight upgrade of the III-E, was shipped in 1960. Only a dozen were delivered and half of them were give-aways to universities, including one unit for the [[Weizmann Institute]] in Israel. In exchange, Wenner-Gren received several honorary titles.

Wenner-Gren also founded and [[financial endowment|endowed]] The Viking Fund in 1941, an organization supporting [[anthropological]] research. In 1941, the endowment funded the Wenner-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, now called the [[Wenner-Gren Laboratory]] at the [[University of Kentucky]]. The lab has since changed its focus to [[Biomedical Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbme.uky.edu/history.htm|title=University of Kentucky: Center for Biomedical Engineering|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The Viking fund was later renamed the [http://www.wennergren.org Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research].

==See also==
* [[Wenner-Gren Center]]
* [[Electrolux]]

==References==

===Notes===
<references/>

===Literature===
* {{cite book|last=Hallberg|first=Tord Jöran|title=IT-gryning. Svensk datahistoria från 1840- till 1960-talet|isbn=978-91-44-03501-7|year=2007|publisher=Studentlitteratur, Sweden|url=http://www.itgryning.se/}}
* {{cite book|last=Leifland|first=Leif|title=Svartlistningen av Axel Wenner-Gren: en bok om ett justitiemord [The blacklisting of Axel Wenner-Gren: A book about a gross miscarriage of justice].|isbn=91-7684-158-8|year=1989|publisher=Stockholm: Askelin & Hägglund|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/7657852}} This is the most important detailed study of Wenner-Gren, refuting the allegations regarding his peacemaking efforts during WWII. The author, Leifland, was deputy foreign minister, and Sweden's ambassador to London. See: [[:sv:Leif Leifland]]
* {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}
* Luciak, Ilja. "The Life of Axel Wenner-Gren–An Introduction." In {{cite book|title=Reality and Myth: A Symposium on Axel Wenner-Gren, edited by Ilja Luciak and Bertil Daneholt|publisher=Stockholm: The Wenner-Gren Foundations, 2012|url=http://blog.wennergren.org/2012/08/reality-and-myth-a-symposium-on-axel-wenner-gren/}}, pp. 12–30.
(On pp. 21–22, points to Leifland 1989 as conclusive evidence that Wenner-Gren's blacklisting was a miscarriage of justice).
*Bolaños Guerra, Santiago & Jorge Ruiz Esparza, ''Axel Wenner-Gren. El vikingo que llegó del frío'' (The Viking Who Went South From the Cold), Mexico, 2008, 407 pages.
* Santiago Bolaños Guerra en colaboración con Jorge Ruiz Esparza "La Cruz del Sur" Axel Wenner-Gren el espía que México protegió. Ediciones B 322 Páginas. 2009 México.

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wenner-Gren, Axel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Swedish businessman
| DATE OF BIRTH = 5 June 1881
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 November 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wenner-Gren, Axel}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Sweden]]
[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Anthropology awards]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]

Talk:Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

2016-02-05T18:39:54Z

Kuitan: /* 　Official term? */

{{WP Earthquakes|class=B|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Japan|class=start|importance=low}}

my source for the ground accelleration [http://geoinfo.usc.edu/gees/Reports/Report3/japan/KOBE.HTML] doesnt separate the 5 and 6 upper and lower levels, so I have estimated with a [[geometric mean]] [[User:Zeimusu|Zeimusu]]

:Why does japan have their own scale? How come they developed it from the beginning? [[User:Moberg|Moberg]] ([[User talk:Moberg|talk]]) 21:08, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

== JSA <--> Seismic scale Conversion ==

It is possible someone can update that chart to include the Equivalent Seismic scale numbers? I'd do it but I can not find the information.
[[User:Mkrupnic|Mkrupnic]] ([[User talk:Mkrupnic|talk]]) 15:59, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

:It seems to me that the JMA scale is one for measuring the damage, not necessarily the actual power of an earthquake, unlike the seismic scales. I believe that a good analogue would be the [[Fujita scale]] used to rank tornados in comparison to the actual ind-speed inside the tornado itself. There is a distinct difference between a JMA 7 that has a richter scale of 8 and a JMA 7 that has a richter scale of 9. Anyone? [[User:Jtodsen|Jtodsen]] ([[User talk:Jtodsen|talk]]) 16:26, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

:If you go to the JMA Website, and look at daily records of earthquakes, you will see that while it is likely that a stronger earthquake, will have more intense results over a wider area, there is no direct correlation between the two types of scale. One deals with the actual intensity of the earthquake, the other deals with its consequences in areas where it has been felt. To bring the problem home further, there are [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/3/350/20160205074529395-050741.html (as here)] situations where the intensity of shaking is stronger at some stations further away from the epicentre of the earthquake. In this case, when you zoom in, while close to the epicentre, you are finding stations recording 2s and 3s, further away there are three stations recording 4s. There are too many factors involved to make any direct correlation easy. You see something similar, [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/2/210/20160202143732395-021432.html here]. [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:32, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

==　Official term? ==

Is "Shindo" the ACTUAL, OFFICIAL name used for the scale in English?　Because in Japanese it's used as a generic term for magnitude or intensity, in fact the [http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/shindo/shindokai.html JMA　page] linked to as a source seems to translate 震度 directly into "intensity". And if you look at the Japanese wiki page for [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E5%BA%A6 震度], it contains the JMA　scale, the Mercalli scale, MSK scale, EMS scale, Rossi-Forel scale, all of them using 震度. All signs seem to point to "intensity" as a measure in the JMA scale, with no special "shindo" term necessary in English. [[User:Identity0|Identity0]] ([[User talk:Identity0|talk]]) 03:47, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
''Italic text'' — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/182.179.64.8|182.179.64.8]] ([[User talk:182.179.64.8|talk]]) 04:40, 25 September 2012 (UTC) 

:On their English language site, the Japanese Meteorological Association when measuring seismic intensity talk of JMA Seismic Intensity. They have produced a PDF download in English that is available on their website [http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/intsummary.pdf] . [[User:Kuitan|Kuitan]] ([[User talk:Kuitan|talk]]) 18:38, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

2015-10-01T13:12:51Z

Kuitan: /* Reception */ Link to the online page in a book (Google Books) which confirms this.

{{no footnotes|date=April 2014}}
In 1954, [[Graham Sutherland]] was commissioned to paint a full-length portrait of Sir [[Winston Churchill]]. The 1,000 [[guineas]] fee for the painting was funded by donations from members of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and [[House of Lords]],<ref name =LostArt>{{cite web|url=http://galleryoflostart.com/blog/artist/graham-sutherland/portrait-of-sir-winston-churchill/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720013509/http://galleryoflostart.com/blog/artist/graham-sutherland/portrait-of-sir-winston-churchill/|title=An Introduction to Graham Sutherland's Portrait of Sir Winston Churchill|archivedate=20 July 2012|work=galleryoflostart.com}}</ref> and was presented to Churchill by both [[Houses of Parliament]] at a public ceremony in [[Westminster Hall]] on his 80th birthday on 30 November 1954.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/30/newsid_3280000/3280401.stm 1954: Winston Churchill turns 80], BBC, On This Day, 30 November 1954</ref>

Churchill hated the portrait. After the public presentation, the painting was taken to his country home at [[Chartwell]] but was not put on display. After the death of [[Clementine Churchill|Lady Churchill]] in 1977, it became clear that she had destroyed the painting some months after it was delivered.

==Background==
Churchill was an elder statesman in 1954, then towards the end of his second period as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]. Sutherland had a reputation as a modernist painter with some recent successful portraits, such as [[Somerset Maugham]] in 1949. He was drawn to capturing the real person: some sitters considered his disinclination to flattery as a form of cruelty<ref name =LostArt /> or disparagement.

Sutherland and Churchill had very different conceptions of the painting. Churchill hoped to be depicted in his robes as a [[Knight of the Garter]], but the commission specified that he should be shown in his usual parliamentary dress - a black coat, with [[waistcoat]] and striped trousers, and a spotted [[bow tie]].

==Preparation==
Sutherland made charcoal sketches of Churchill at a handful of sittings at Chartwell from August 1954, concentrating on Churchill's hands and face, and then made some oil studies. Sutherland also worked from photographs by [[Elsbeth Juda]]. He took his preliminary materials back to his studio to create the final work on a large square canvas, the shape chosen to figuratively represent Churchill's solidity, reflecting a remark that Churchill made, "I am a rock".

The pose, with Churchill grasping the arms of his chair, recalls the statue of [[US President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] in [[Washington, DC]]. Churchill is shown scowling, slightly slumped forward, surrounded by wintery grey, brown and black tones. Sutherland was reluctant to discuss the work in progress with Churchill and showed the subject few of his working materials. Churchill's wife thought it was a good resemblance - "really quite alarmingly like him" - but also said it made him look too cross, while recognising that it was a familiar expression. Churchill's son [[Randolph Churchill|Randolph]] thought the portrait made him look "disenchanted".

==Reception==
Churchill's wife viewed the completed portrait on 20 November 1954, and took a photograph back to her husband. It was his first view of the work, and he was deeply upset. He described it as "filthy" and "malignant". With only 10 days to go, he sent a note to Sutherland rejecting the portrait<ref name =LostArt /> and stating that the ceremony would go ahead without the portrait. Sutherland maintained that he honestly painted what he saw. MP [[Charles Doughty (UK politician)|Charles Doughty]] persuaded Churchill that the presentation had to go ahead, to avoid offending the donors.

The presentation ceremony at Westminster Hall was recorded by the BBC. In his acceptance speech, Churchill remarked on the unprecedented honour shown to him, and described the painting (in a remark often considered a [[Insult#Backhanded_compliment|backhanded compliment]]) as "a remarkable example of modern art", combining "force with candour". Other reactions were mixed, with some critics praising the strength of its likeness, but others condemned it as a disgrace.

The painting was originally intended to hang in the Houses of Parliament after Churchill's death, but had been given to Churchill as a personal gift and he took it away to Chartwell, where it was never displayed. Requests for a loan of the painting for exhibitions of Sutherland's work were refused. In 1978 it was reported that Lady Churchill had destroyed the painting within a year of it arriving at Chartwell, breaking it into pieces and having it incinerated to avoid causing further distress to her husband.<ref name="tele">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/winston-churchill/11730850/Secret-of-Winston-Churchills-unpopular-Sutherland-portrait-revealed.html|title=Secret of Winston Churchill's unpopular Sutherland portrait revealed|date=10 July 2015|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Lady Churchill had destroyed earlier portraits of her husband that she disliked, including sketches by [[Walter Sickert]] and [[Paul Maze]].[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HBUslUOGOgkC&pg=PA318&lpg=PA318&dq=churchill+portraits+destroyed+maze&source=bl&ots=eocDZHGM30&sig=ToBN062JSQDDD2s8Rbg9X1PFk_8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwB2oVChMIt-Cz2o-hyAIVk_WACh38aQTz#v=onepage&q=churchill%20portraits%20destroyed%20maze&f=false] In fact, Lady Churchill had hidden the portrait in the cellars at Chartwell until after Churchill's death, some time after which she employed her private secretary Grace Hamblin and Hamblin's brother to remove the portrait in the middle of the night and burn it in a remote location.<ref name="tele" /> Many commentators were aghast at the [[Lost artworks|destruction of a work of art]], and Sutherland condemned it as an act of vandalism; others upheld the Churchills' right to dispose of their property as they saw fit.

Some preparatory sketches for Sutherland's painting are held by the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]].

[[File:Sand_Painting_of_Sir_Winston_Churchill.jpg|thumb|[[Sand painting]] made in 1978 by Environmental Sand-painter and Sand-artist Brian Pike, based on Sutherland's portrait]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://galleryoflostart.com/#/16,0/essay Gallery of Lost Art]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2001/nov/03/art Winston Churchill, Graham Sutherland (1954), Portrait of the week, No 82], The Guardian, 3 November 2001
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw07208/Winston-Churchill?LinkID=mp00879&role=sit&rNo=12 Oil sketch of Winston Churchill, by Graham Sutherland], National Portrait Gallery
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw08124/Winston-Churchill?LinkID=mp04381&role=art&rNo=13 Pencil sketch of Winston Churchill, by Graham Sutherland], National Portrait Gallery
* [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/815-bbc-radio-4-churchill-portrait-destroyed BBC Radio 4: Churchill Portrait Destroyed], winstonchurchill.org
* [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a6PE2WKr0EoC&pg=PA6 Byron, Sully, and the Power of Portraiture], John Clubbe, p.6-7
* [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kdl6XH8wyJMC&pg=PA37 Playing Darts With a Rembrandt: Public and Private Rights in Cultural Treasures], Joseph L. Sax, p.37-42
* [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sm8ieHe7IAMC&pg=PA52 Changing Perceptions: Milestones in 20th-Century British Portraiture], Elizabeth Cayzer. P.52-57
* [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R27GYoKajd0C&pg=PA141 The Spirit of Place: Nine Neo-Romantic Artists and Their Times], Malcolm Yorke, p.141-2

[[Category:Lost paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings by Graham Sutherland]]
[[Category:1954 paintings]]
[[Category:British paintings]]