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Carlos Ghosn

2024-10-12T06:03:20Z

Lensovet: /* Further prosecutions */ eviction on hold

{{Short description|Fugitive, businessman, and former automotive executive (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{shortlead|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carlos Ghosn
| image = Carlos Ghosn 2010.jpg
| caption = Ghosn in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|3|9|}}
| birth_place = [[Porto Velho]], Rondônia, Brazil
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = {{Hlist|Lebanon |France|Brazil}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[École Polytechnique]] (1974)
* [[Mines ParisTech|École des mines]] (1978)
}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Rita Kordahi|1984|2012|end=div.}}
* {{marriage|Carole Nahas|2016}}
}}
| children = 4, including [[Caroline Ghosn|Caroline]]
}}
'''Carlos Ghosn''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|oʊ|n}};<ref name="millikin-fu">{{cite journal |last1=Millikin |first1=John P. |last2=Fu |first2=Dean |title=The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan|journal=Thunderbird International Business Review |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=121–137 |year=2005 |doi=10.1002/tie.20043|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/business/images/layout/Carlos_Ghosn_-_PDF_copy.pdf}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|kaʁlɔs ɡon|lang}}; {{lang-ar|كارلوس غصن}}; {{IPA|apc-LB|'kaːrlos 'ɣosˤn}}, born 9 March 1954) is a [[Businessperson|businessman]] and former automotive executive. He was the Chief Executive Office (CEO) of [[Michelin|Michelin North America]], chairman and CEO of [[Renault]], chairman of [[AvtoVAZ]], chairman and CEO of [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]], and chairman of [[Mitsubishi Motors]].<ref name="Maynard2003">{{cite book |last=Maynard |first=Micheline |title=The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTz1TYq8hYcC&pg=PT117 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2003 |pages=117– |isbn=978-0-385-51152-0}}</ref><ref name=CNN>CNN. [http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/04/12/revealed.ghosn.biog/ "The Gaijin with two jobs"]. [[CNN]]. 7 December 2006.</ref><ref>CNN. [https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/23/business/carlos-ghosn-lebanon-icon/index.html "Lebanon put Carlos Ghosn on its postage stamps. His downfall has stunned Beirut"]. [[CNN]]. 23 November 2018.</ref>

In 2018, he was arrested in Japan on suspicion of financial misconduct at Nissan, having been accused of understating his annual salary and misusing company funds. In 2019, while under house arrest awaiting trial, he escaped from Japan by concealing himself inside a large box which was shipped as freight on a private jet.<ref name="BBC311219" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuri |first=Kageyama |date=25 April 2019 |title=Nissan ex-chair Ghosn released from Japanese detention |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-ap-top-news-carlos-ghosn-tokyo-international-news-bcd27be6b2714d298a09ebd0926ce870 |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ghosn's grandfather was Bichara Ghosn, a [[Maronite Church|Maronite Catholic]] who emigrated from [[Ajaltoun]],<ref name="lahamag">{{cite web|url=https://www.lahamag.com/article/15447-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D8%B5%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A|script-title=ar:كارلوس غصن اللبناني|website=lahamag.com|language=ar|date=9 December 2009|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> [[French Mandate]] Lebanon to Brazil at the age of 13, eventually settling in remote [[São Miguel do Guaporé|Guaporé]], Rondônia, near the border between [[Brazil]] and Bolivia.<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA1 ''SHIFT'']. pp. 1–2.</ref> Bichara Ghosn was an entrepreneur and eventually headed several companies, in businesses including the rubber trade, the sale and purchase of agricultural products, and aviation.<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA3 ''SHIFT'']. p. 3.</ref> His son Jorge Ghosn married Rose Jazzar, a [[Nigeria]]n-born Lebanese woman<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA4 ''SHIFT'']. p. 4.</ref> whose family came from [[Miziara]] in Lebanon then went to Brazil,<ref name="lahamag"/> where they settled in [[Porto Velho]], the state capital of Rondônia, and had four children.<ref name=shift5>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA5 ''SHIFT'']. p. 5.</ref>

Carlos' father, Jorge Ghosn (died 2006) was a diamond trader and worked in the airline industry. Jorge was convicted of murdering a priest in [[Sawfar]], Lebanon in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istanbulpost.com.tr/carlos-ghosns-father-killed-a-pastor-for-arab-singer-sabah/|title=Carlos Ghosn's Father Killed a Pastor for Arab Singer Sabah|website=istanbulpost.com|date=10 January 2020|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111051151/https://www.istanbulpost.com.tr/carlos-ghosns-father-killed-a-pastor-for-arab-singer-sabah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jorge fled to Brazil in 1975 at the outbreak of the [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/economie/20200107.OBS23163/info-obs-la-tragedie-familiale-que-carlos-ghosn-a-toujours-occultee.html|title=INFO OBS. La tragédie familiale que Carlos Ghosn a toujours occultée|website=L'Obs|language=fr|date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/carlos-ghosns-father-jailed-for-killing-priest-in-lebanon-sl5p3zvj0|title=Carlos Ghosn's father 'jailed for killing priest in Lebanon'|website=The Times|date=10 January 2020|last1=Paris|first1=Adam Sage}}</ref>

Carlos Ghosn was born on 9 March 1954, in Porto Velho.<ref name=shift5 /><ref name=ie>[http://www.ie.edu/microsites/comunicacion/Sem%2013%20junio%202011/Carlos%20Ghosn%20Bio%20Alliance%20UK%20March%202011.pdf Renault Nissan. Carlos Ghosn: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Renault–Nissan Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062604/http://www.ie.edu/microsites/comunicacion/Sem%2013%20junio%202011/Carlos%20Ghosn%20Bio%20Alliance%20UK%20March%202011.pdf |date=24 September 2014 }}. [[IE University]]. ''IE.edu''. 3 March 2011.</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [http://www.randomhouse.com/acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385512916&view=printexcerpt ''SHIFT: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival'']. Crown Publishing Group, 2006. Chapter 1 (excerpt).</ref> When he was about two years old he became sick after drinking unsanitary water, and his mother moved with him to Rio de Janeiro.<ref name=shift5 /> He did not fully recover there, and in 1960, when Ghosn was six years old, he and his mother and sister moved to [[Beirut]], Lebanon, where his grandmother and two other sisters lived.<ref name=shift5 />

Ghosn completed his secondary school studies in [[Lebanon]], at the [[Jesuit]] school [[Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour]]. He then completed his [[classes préparatoires]] in Paris, at the [[Collège Stanislas de Paris|Collège Stanislas]] and the [[Lycée Saint-Louis]].<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA9 ''SHIFT'']. p. 9.</ref> He graduated as an engineer from the [[École Polytechnique]] in 1974 and the [[École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris|École des Mines de Paris]] in 1978.<ref name=ie /><ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/pub/carlos-ghosn/90/160/5a Carlos Ghosn]. [[LinkedIn]].</ref><ref>[http://www.nissanusa.com/about/corporate-info#biography Carlos Ghosn: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd]. ''NissanUSA.com''. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref>

==Career==

===Michelin===
[[File:Carlos Ghosn Kyushu by Bertel Schmitt.jpg|thumb|right| Carlos Ghosn answers reporters' questions at the Nissan factory in Kyushu, Japan (September 2011).]]

After graduation in 1978, Ghosn spent 18 years at [[Michelin]], Europe's largest tire maker, initially training and working in several plants in France and Germany.<ref name=ie /><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA18 ''SHIFT'']. pp. 18–23.</ref> In 1981, he became plant manager in [[Le Puy-en-Velay]], France.<ref name=ie /><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA24 ''SHIFT'']. p. 24.</ref> In 1984 he was named head of research and development for the company's industrial tyre division.<ref name=ie /><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA27 ''SHIFT'']. p. 27.</ref>

In 1985, when Ghosn was 30 years old, he was appointed chief operating officer (COO) of Michelin's South American operations.<ref name=ie /><ref name=transformational125>Kase, Kimio; Sáez-Martinez, Francisco J.; Riquelme, Hernán. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uwjr3zGswBoC&pg=PA125 ''Transformational CEOs: Leadership and Management Success in Japan'']. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. p. 125.</ref> He returned to Rio de Janeiro, reporting directly to [[François Michelin]], who tasked Ghosn with turning around the operation, which was unprofitable and struggling under Brazil's hyperinflation.<ref name=transformational125 /><ref name=fixing>{{cite news|last=Inoue |first=Kae |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=akZ.9rxT3hQE |title=Carlos Ghosn, After Fixing Nissan, Faces Renault's Rising Costs |publisher=Bloomberg |date=28 March 2005 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Ghosn formed cross-functional management teams to determine best practices among the French, Brazilian, and other nationalities working in the South American division.<ref name=impatient>Muller, Joann. [https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0522/020.html "The Impatient Mr. Ghosn"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. 12 May 2006.</ref> The multicultural experience in Brazil formed the basis of his cross-cultural management style and emphasis on diversity as a core business asset.<ref name=impatient /><ref>[http://staff.aub.edu.lb/~webbultn/v9n1/article21.htm "Carlos Ghosn Promotes Diversity in Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203110448/http://staff.aub.edu.lb/~webbultn/v9n1/article21.htm |date=3 December 2016 }}. ''AUBulletin Today''. [[American University of Beirut]]. October 2007, Vol. 9 No. 1.</ref> "You learn from diversity ... but you're comforted by commonality", Ghosn has said.<ref>{{YouTube|h-cMpytGmtk|Carlos Ghosn on Diversity}}. Interview clip with [[TBWA Worldwide|TBWA]] creative director Rob Schwartz. 2009.</ref> The division returned to profitability in two years.<ref name=impatient /><ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Ghosn-Carlos.html |title=Carlos Ghosn Biography |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA34 ''SHIFT'']. p. 34.</ref>

After turning around Michelin's South American operations, Ghosn was appointed president and COO of Michelin North America in 1989, and moved to [[Greenville, South Carolina]], with his family.<ref name=greenville>[http://greenvilleroots.com/carlos-ghosn/ "Carlos Ghosn headed Michelin North America before turning around Nissan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010112717/http://greenvilleroots.com/carlos-ghosn/ |date=10 October 2015 }}. ''GreenvilleRoots.com''.</ref> He was promoted to CEO of Michelin North America in 1990.<ref name=impatient /><ref name=greenville /> He presided over the restructuring of the company after its acquisition of the [[United States Rubber Company|Uniroyal Goodrich Tyre Company]].<ref name=ie /><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA38 ''SHIFT'']. pp. 38–43.</ref>

===Post-privatisation Renault===
In 1996, Ghosn became executive vice president in charge of purchasing, advanced research, engineering and development, powertrain operations, and manufacturing at Renault; and he was also in charge of Renault's South American division, located in the [[Mercosur]].<ref name=ie /><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA59 ''SHIFT'']. p. 59.</ref> Ghosn's radical restructuring of Renault successfully contributed to profitability of the company over 1997.<ref name=telegraph>Litterick, David. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2942490/Le-Cost-Killer-faces-toughest-test.html "'Le Cost Killer' faces toughest test"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. 4 July 2006.</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PR18 ''SHIFT'']. p. xvii.</ref> His reputation of successful performance under [[François Michelin]] was repeated under the [[Louis Schweitzer (businessman)|first CEO of the freshly privatized Renault]].

===Nissan and the Renault–Nissan Alliance===
[[File:Carlos Ghosn visiting Norway (8633423351).jpg|thumb|Nissan Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn visited Norway to launch the new Nissan LEAF (8 April 2013).]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Carlos Ghosn.jpg|thumb|right|Ghosn with [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2006]]
In March 1999, Renault and [[Nissan]] formed the [[Renault–Nissan Alliance]], and in May 1999 Renault purchased a 36.8% stake in Nissan.<ref name=rnadec2005>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/ALLIANCE/HANDBOOK/2005/arriance_hb2005.pdf Renault–Nissan Alliance, December 2005 (handbook)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225031508/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/ALLIANCE/HANDBOOK/2005/arriance_hb2005.pdf |date=25 December 2016 }}. ''Nissan-Global.com''. p. 40.</ref> While maintaining his roles at Renault, Ghosn joined [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] as its chief operating officer (COO) in June 1999, became its president in June 2000, and was named chief executive officer (CEO) in June 2001.<ref name=ie /> When he joined the company, Nissan had a consolidated interest-bearing net automotive debt of more than $20 billion (more than 2 trillion yen),<ref name=fixing /><ref>Kase, Kimio; Sáez-Martinez, Francisco J.; Riquelme, Hernán. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uwjr3zGswBoC&pg=PA122 ''Transformational CEOs: Leadership and Management Success in Japan'']. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. p. 122.</ref> and only three of its 46 models sold in Japan were generating a profit.<ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/ALLIANCE/HANDBOOK/2008/AllianceFigureAndFacts2008.pdf Alliance Facts & Figures 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225030426/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/ALLIANCE/HANDBOOK/2008/AllianceFigureAndFacts2008.pdf |date=25 December 2016 }}. ''Nissan-Global.com''. 2008.</ref> Reversing the company's sinking fortunes was considered nearly impossible.<ref>Thornton, Emily and Kathleen Kerwin. [https://archive.today/20140914200137/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1998-11-01/nissan-is-back-in-the-mud-intl-edition "Nissan Is Back In The Mud"]. ''[[Businessweek]]'' (International Edition). 1 November 1998.</ref><ref>Thornton, Emily. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220918/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1999-04-04/the-debt-thats-dragging-nissan-downhill-intl-edition "The Debt That's Dragging Nissan Downhill"]. ''[[Businessweek]]'' (International Edition). 4 April 1999.</ref><ref>[https://money.cnn.com/1999/04/16/asia/nissan/ "Nissan triples loss forecast"]. [[CNNMoney]]. 16 April 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/319884 "Renissant?"]. ''[[The Economist]]''. 18 March 1999.</ref>

Ghosn's "Nissan Revival Plan", announced in October 1999, called for a return to profitability in [[fiscal year]] 2000, a profit margin in excess of 4.5% of sales by the end of fiscal year 2002, and a 50% reduction in the current level of debt by the end of fiscal year 2002.<ref name=nrp>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030323194043/http://www.nissan-global.com/GCC/NRP/SUPPORT/revival-e.pdf NISSAN REVIVAL PLAN]. ''Nissan-Global.com''. 18 October 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2001/ar2001_03.pdf The Nissan Revival Plan: Success Ahead of Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225032118/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2001/ar2001_03.pdf |date=25 December 2016 }}. Nissan Annual Report 2001. ''Nissan-Global.com''. 2002.</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo63xAFXAfgC&pg=PA120 ''SHIFT'']. pp. 120–121.</ref> Ghosn promised to resign if these goals were not met.<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PR19 ''SHIFT'']. pp. xix, 123.</ref> Ghosn's Nissan Revival Plan called for cutting 21,000 Nissan jobs (14% of total workforce), mostly in Japan; shutting five Japanese plants; reducing the number of suppliers and shareholdings; and auctioning off prized assets such as Nissan's aerospace unit.<ref name=nrp /><ref>Simison, Robert L. and Norihiko Shirouzu. [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB940234813452198583 "Nissan to Close Five Plants, Cut Staff By 14% as Part of Restructuring Plan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201048/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB940234813452198583 |date=15 April 2017}}. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. 19 October 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.autointell.com/asian_companies/nissan/nissan.htm "Nissan Motor Corporation, Japan"]. ''Automotive Intelligence''. ''AutoIntell.com''. 2000.</ref>

Ghosn was the fourth non-Japanese person to lead a Japanese automaker, after [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]], Henry Wallace and James Miller were appointed by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to run [[Mazda]] in the late 1990s.<ref>Mas, Isabelle. [http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite-economique/le-precedent-quand-ford-a-debarque-au-japon-pour-sauver-mazda_1374720.html "Renault: Le précédent: quand Ford a débarqué au Japon pour sauver Mazda"]. ''[[L'Expansion]]''. 23 September 1999.</ref> In addition to cutting jobs, plants, and suppliers, Ghosn spearheaded major and dramatic structural and corporate-culture changes at Nissan. He defied Japanese business etiquette in various ways, including by eliminating seniority-based and age-based promotion, by changing lifetime employment from a guarantee to a desired goal for when the company achieved high performance, and by dismantling Nissan's ''[[keiretsu]]'' system; an interwoven web of parts suppliers with cross-holdings in Nissan.<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2836.html "Saving the Business Without Losing the Company – Breaking with Tradition in a Foreign Land"]. ''[[Harvard Business School Working Knowledge]]''. 18 March 2002.</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PA153 ''SHIFT'']. p. 153.</ref><ref name=execution>Snyder, Bill. [http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/headlines/carlos-ghosn-five-percent-challenge-is-strategy-ninety-five-percent-is-execution "Carlos Ghosn: Five Percent of the Challenge Is the Strategy. Ninety-five Percent Is the Execution"]. [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]. 9 July 2014.</ref> When the Nissan Revival Plan was announced, the proposed dismantling of ''keiretsu'' earned Ghosn the nickname "''keiretsu'' killer",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/231/Carlos_Ghosn:_cost_controller_or_keiretsu_killer__.html |author=Nezu, Risaburo|title=Carlos Ghosn: cost controller or keiretsu killer? |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD Observer]] |date=19 October 1999 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' quoted a [[Dresdner Kleinwort Benson]] analyst in Tokyo as saying Ghosn might become a "target of public outrage" if Nissan threw former affiliates out of its supply chain.<ref>Shirouzu, Norihiko. [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB940185831386718137 "Nissan's Plan for Jump-Start Faces Formidable Obstacles"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201415/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB940185831386718137 |date=15 April 2017}}. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 18 October 1999.</ref><ref name=mit /> Ghosn changed Nissan's official company language from Japanese to English, and included executives from Europe and North America in key global strategy sessions for the first time.<ref>Thornton, Emily. [http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_46/b3655013.htm "Remaking Nissan: A long, hard day with Carlos Ghosn, the foreigner remaking Japan's giant"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113032606/http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_46/b3655013.htm |date=13 November 2014}}. ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' (International Edition). 15 November 1999.</ref><ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo63xAFXAfgC&pg=PA161 ''SHIFT'']. pp. 161–163.</ref>

In the first year of the Nissan Revival Plan, [[Nissan]]'s consolidated net profit after tax climbed to $2.7 billion for fiscal year 2000,<ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0105/S00278/nissan-announces-record-results-for-fy-2000.htm "Nissan Announces Record Results For FY 2000"]. ''[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]]''. 31 May 2001.</ref> from a consolidated net loss of $6.46 billion in the previous year.<ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/GCC/Japan/NEWS/20000519_0e.html "Nissan reports an operating profit of 82.6 billion Yen, a net loss of 684.4 billion Yen for Fiscal Year 1999 ended March 31, 2000 and forecasts a net profit of 60 billion Yen in Fiscal Year 2000"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201023144/http://www.nissan-global.com/GCC/Japan/NEWS/20000519_0e.html |date=1 December 2015}}. Nissan Press Release. ''Nissan-Global.com''. 19 May 2000.</ref> Twelve months into his three-year turnaround plan, Nissan had returned to profitability, and within three years it was one of the industry's most profitable auto makers, with operating margins consistently above 9%; more than twice the industry average.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shirouzu |first=Norihiko |title=What Alliance With Mr. Ghosn Could Bring GM |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115223901242700336 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=7 July 2006}}</ref> The goals of the Nissan Revival Plan were all reached before 31 March 2002.<ref name=shiftxix>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC&pg=PR19 ''SHIFT'']. p. xix.</ref>

In May 2002, Ghosn announced his next set of goals for the company, "Nissan 180", a three-year plan for growth based on the numbers 1, 8, and 0: By the end of September 2005, Nissan planned to increase its global sales by one million vehicles; and by the spring of 2005, it was committed to achieving an operating margin of at least 8% and reducing its net automotive debt to zero.<ref>Verburg, Robert; Ortt, J. Roland; Dicke, Willemijn M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=97d-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT453 ''Managing Technology and Innovation: An Introduction'']. Routledge, 2006. p. 301.</ref><ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2001/ar2001_04.pdf NISSAN 180: Ready and Positioned for Growth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225031908/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2001/ar2001_04.pdf |date=25 December 2016 }}. Nissan Annual Report 2001. ''Nissan-Global.com''. 2002.</ref> These goals were all reached:<ref>Bhatia, Monish K. [http://www.leftlanenews.com/nissan-180-complete-annual-sales-reach-367-million.html "'Nissan 180' complete, annual sales reach 3.67 million"]. ''LeftLane.com''. 6 October 2005.</ref> In the spring of 2003, Nissan announced that its net automotive debt was eliminated in fiscal year 2002.<ref>Kase, Kimio; Sáez-Martinez, Francisco J.; Riquelme, Hernán. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uwjr3zGswBoC&pg=PA136 ''Transformational CEOs: Leadership and Management Success in Japan'']. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. p. 136.</ref><ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2002/ar2002.pdf Annual Report Year Ended March 31, 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225030852/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/DOCUMENT/PDF/AR/2002/ar2002.pdf |date=25 December 2016 }}. ''Nissan-Global.com''.</ref> Nissan's operating profit margin climbed to 11.1% in fiscal year 2003;<ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/LIBRARY/FINANCIAL/2003/ NISSAN 180 Update and FY2003 Financial Results, Apr.26, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514015632/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/LIBRARY/FINANCIAL/2003/ |date=14 May 2016 }} ''Nissan-Global.com''. 26 April 2004.</ref> it had been 1.4% in fiscal year 1999.<ref>Ibison, David. [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/51a20d48-b553-11d9-be59-00000e2511c8.html "Nissan sees modest growth after record profit"]. ''[[Financial Times]]''. 25 April 2005.</ref> In October 2005, Nissan announced that its annual sales from 30 September 2004, to 30 September 2005, were more than 3.67 million, up from the 2.6 million vehicles sold in the fiscal year ended March 2002.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9849207 "Strong global sales boost Nissan's profit"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 28 October 2005.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172523/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-113869874.html "Nissan reaches vehicle sale growth target"]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. 6 October 2005.</ref>

[[File:Carlos Ghosn GT-R.jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn unveiled the [[Nissan GT-R]] at the [[Tokyo Motor Show]] (2007).]]

In May 2005, Ghosn was named president and chief executive officer of Renault.<ref name=ie /> When he assumed the CEO roles at both Renault and Nissan, Ghosn became the world's first person to simultaneously run two companies on the [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/10/news/companies/8381630.fortune/index.htm | work=CNN | first=Alex | last=Taylor III | title=How would Ghosn fix GM? | date=10 July 2006}}</ref>

In 2005, billionaire investor [[Kirk Kerkorian]] acquired a 9.9% stake in [[General Motors]] (GM), seated one of his representatives on the company's board, and then urged GM to initiate a merger with Renault and Nissan, with Ghosn serving as the new chairman of GM. In 2006, GM's embattled management rebuffed the takeover attempt, and by the end of the year, Kerkorian's Tracinda Corp. sold most of its GM stock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Ka-M/Kerkorian-Kirk.html |title=Kirk Kerkorian Biography |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

In 2006, Ford Motor Co. made Ghosn a formal offer to lead the company.<ref>Sabatini, Jeff. [http://www.autoblog.com/2012/03/12/book-ghosn-wouldve-taken-top-spot-at-ford-but-only-if-named-c/ "Book: Ghosn would've taken top spot at Ford, but only if named CEO and Chairman"]. ''Autoblog.com''. 12 March 2012.</ref> Ghosn refused, reportedly saying the only way he would come to the struggling company was if he was named both the CEO and chairman of the board. Bill Ford Jr. refused to give up his chairmanship.<ref>[http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120312/OEM02/303129949 "Ford book: Bill fumed over Focus; Ghosn eyed the crown"]. ''[[Automotive News]]''. 12 March 2012.</ref>

[[File:Carlos Ghosn Honmoku 3.jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn at Nissan's Honmoku Wharf, a logistics hub about 10 km southeast of Nissan's global headquarters in Yokohama, July 2011]]

In 2007, Ghosn led the Renault–Nissan Alliance into the mass-market zero-emission [[electric car]] market in a major way, and committed €4 billion (more than $5 billion) to the effort.<ref name=bigbet>Moffett, Sebastian. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125287239312206713 "Nissan, Renault Place a Big Bet On Electric Cars"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 14 September 2009.</ref><ref name=wired>Squatriglia, Chuck. [https://www.wired.com/2011/06/qa-with-carlos-ghosn/ "Q&A: Renault–Nissan CEO Pledges $5.6 Billion for EVs"]. ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''. 16 June 2011.</ref><ref name=gambles>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/autos/autobeat/archives/2010/05/nissans_ghosn_gambles_big_on_electric_cars.html |author=David Welch |title=Nissan's Ghosn gambles big on electric cars |publisher=[[BusinessWeek]] |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417041457/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/autobeat/archives/2010/05/nissans_ghosn_gambles_big_on_electric_cars.html |archive-date=17 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2008/_STORY/080121-02-e.html "Renault–Nissan and Project Better Place prepare for first mass marketed electric vehicles"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165804/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2008/_STORY/080121-02-e.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. (Press release) ''Nissan-Global.com''. 21 January 2008.</ref> In 2008, he confirmed that Nissan–Renault would bring an "entire lineup" of zero-emission electric cars to the worldwide market by 2012.<ref>Chambers, Nick. [http://gas2.org/2008/11/20/nissan-and-oregon-team-up-to-bring-electric-cars-to-the-masses/ "Nissan & Oregon Team Up to Bring Electric Cars to the Masses"]. ''Gas2.org''. 20 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Non-Power-Nuclear-Applications/Transport/Electricity-and-Cars/ "Electricity and Cars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131035312/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Non-Power-Nuclear-Applications/Transport/Electricity-and-Cars/ |date=31 January 2016 }}. [[World Nuclear Association]]. October 2014.</ref> In 2009, he told the University of Pennsylvania's [[Wharton School of Business]], "If you're going to let developing countries have as many cars as they want—and they're going to have as many cars as they want one way or another—there is absolutely no alternative but to go for zero emissions. And the only zero-emissions vehicle available today is electric ... So we decided to go for it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2364 |title=Renault–Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn: 'Now Is the Time for the Electric Car' – Knowledge@Wharton |publisher=Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The [[Nissan Leaf]], an electric car billed as "the world's first affordable zero-emission car",<ref name=unveils>de Courson, Roland. [http://www.industryweek.com/environment/nissan-unveils-leaf-electric-car "Nissan Unveils 'Leaf' Electric Car"]. ''[[IndustryWeek]]''. 2 August 2009.</ref><ref name=leaf>[http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2009/_STORY/090802-02-e.html NISSAN UNVEILS "LEAF" – THE WORLD'S FIRST ELECTRIC CAR DESIGNED FOR AFFORDABILITY AND REAL-WORLD REQUIREMENTS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210162859/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2009/_STORY/090802-02-e.html |date=10 February 2012 }}. [[Nissan Motor Corporation]]. 2 August 2009.</ref> debuted in December 2010.<ref name=wired /> By 2017, the Renault–Nissan Alliance was the world leader in electric vehicles, selling more than twice as many electric cars as [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], and the Nissan Leaf was the world's best-selling electric vehicle by a wide margin.<ref>Schmitt, Bertel. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/bertelschmitt/2017/04/07/renault-nissan-alliance-trounces-tesla-21-or-worse/ "Renault–Nissan Alliance Trounces Tesla 2:1 (Or Worse.)"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. 7 April 2017.</ref>

Ghosn was a visible leader in recovery efforts after the Japanese [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake and tsunami]] on 11 March 2011, one of the worst natural disasters in modern history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/05/with-nissan%E2%80%99s-carlos-ghosn-near-fukushima-a-glowing-report/ |title=With Nissan's Carlos Ghosn Near Fukushima. A Glowing Report |author=Schmitt, Bertel |work=The Truth About Cars |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> On 29 March 2011, he made the first of several visits to the hard-hit [[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]] engine plant in [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima prefecture]], 50 km (31 miles) from the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant]],<ref>Nishimura, Koji; Nomura, Shu; Komori, Atsushi. [http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201103303666 "Nuclear crisis overshadows manufacturers' restoration efforts"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090608/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201103303666 |date=6 October 2014 }}. ''[[Asahi Shimbun|Asia & Japan Watch]]''. 30 March 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/03/30/business/ghosn-vows-to-reopen-iwaki-plant-in-april "Ghosn vows to reopen Iwaki plant in April"]. ''[[Japan Times]]''. 30 March 2011.</ref><ref name=satellite /> and at his direction Nissan restored full operations at the Iwaki factory well ahead of expectations.<ref>Zulovich, Nick. [http://www.autoremarketing.com/mobile/retail/nissan-toyota-celebrate-more-production-restoration "Nissan & Toyota Celebrate More Production Restoration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055928/http://www.autoremarketing.com/mobile/retail/nissan-toyota-celebrate-more-production-restoration |date=5 August 2017 }}. ''Auto Remarketing''. 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nissan-idUSL4E7GH0G220110517 | work=Reuters | title=UPDATE 1-Nissan working to restore full production before Oct-CEO | date=17 May 2011 | first=Chang-Ran | last=Kim | access-date=30 June 2017 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153035/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/17/nissan-idUSL4E7GH0G220110517 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ZyL73U654 Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn Iwaki Visit (Full Version)]. (video) Uploaded 19 May 2011.</ref> He appeared on television in Japan to encourage optimism.<ref name=satellite>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=163484233710024 |title=Carlos Ghosn interview on "World Business Satellite" – TV Tokyo |publisher=Facebook |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nikkei.com/news/print-article/?ng=DGXNASFZ0202N_S1A600C1K14901 "現場に甘えぬ経営者震災対応第２幕、問われる決断"]. ''[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]''. 5 June 2011.</ref><ref>[http://datazoo.jp/tv/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88/475581 March 29, 2011 broadcast 23:00 to 23:58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225082217/https://datazoo.jp/tv/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88/475581 |date=25 February 2021 }} (broadcast notes). [[TV Tokyo]].</ref><ref>[http://www.news24.jp/articles/2011/05/17/06182873.html "Ghosn visits affected Nissan factory to encourage employees"]. ''News24.jp''. 17 May 2011.</ref> In May 2011, Ghosn remained committed to building at least 1 million of Nissan's cars and trucks in Japan annually.<ref>Kitamura, Makiko and Yuki Hagiwara. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-12/nissan-beats-estimates-after-earthquake.html "Ghosn Says Suppliers Recovering From Quake"]. ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''. 12 May 2011.</ref> In 2011 Ghosn was under scrutiny by the French government for mishandling a spying scandal related to Renault.<ref name="financialtimesmarch2011">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Jennifer |last2=Betts |first2=Paul |title=Focus on Ghosn after spy scandal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f7ddaea-50bc-11e0-9227-00144feab49a |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Financial Times |date=17 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="telegraphmarch2011">{{cite news |last1=Ruddick |first1=Graham |last2=Russell |first2=Jonathan |title=Renault chief Carlos Ghosn sorry over spying allegations |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8382158/Renault-chief-Carlos-Ghosn-sorry-over-spying-allegations.html |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=14 March 2011}}</ref>

In June 2012, Ghosn was named deputy chairman of the board of directors of Russian automobile manufacturer [[AvtoVAZ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lada.ru/biography.xml |title=The composition of the Board of Directors of AVTOVAZ since June 28, 2012 |access-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820081706/http://www.lada.ru/biography.xml |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> In June 2013, he was appointed chairman of the Russian company, a position he retained through June 2016.<ref name=cedes>[https://www.reuters.com/article/renault-avtovaz-idUSL5N17L2HS "Renault's Ghosn cedes Avtovaz chairmanship to Rostec exec"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 18 April 2016.</ref> Renault had begun a strategic partnership with AvtoVAZ in 2008 by acquiring a 25% stake in the company;<ref>[http://www.info-financiere.fr/upload/NDF/2009/04/FCNDFMAN20090411_152018.pdf RENAULT AND AVTOVAZ CONFIRM THEIR STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174747/http://www.info-financiere.fr/upload/NDF/2009/04/FCNDFMAN20090411_152018.pdf |date=6 October 2014 }}. [[Renault]] (press release). 29 February 2008.</ref> this led to increasingly deeper partnerships between Renault–Nissan and AvtoVAZ,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-17929039 "Renault–Nissan to take control of Lada-owner Avtovaz"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. 3 May 2012.</ref> ending in Renault–Nissan Alliance control of the Russian automaker in 2014.<ref>Ostrouk, Andrey. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/renault-nissan-acquire-control-of-avtovaz-1403883463 "Renault, Nissan Buy Majority Stake in Russia's Avtovaz"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 27 June 2014.</ref>

In February 2017, Ghosn announced he would step down as CEO of Nissan on 1 April 2017, while remaining chairman of the company.<ref name=soblefeb>Soblefeb, Jonathan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/business/nissan-executive-carlos-ghosn.html "Carlos Ghosn, Executive Who Revived Nissan, Will Step Aside"]. ''The New York Times''. 22 February 2017.</ref><ref>McLain, Sean; Sylvers, Eric. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-handing-off-nissan-ghosn-aims-to-get-arms-around-the-broader-alliance-1487854621 "Renault–Nissan's Carlos Ghosn Sees Paris as Hurdle to Auto Merger"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 23 February 2017.</ref> [[Hiroto Saikawa]], succeeded Ghosn at Nissan.<ref name=soblefeb/> In November 2018, Renault owned 43.4% of Nissan, while Nissan owned non-voting shares equal to 15% of Renault's equity.<ref name="fall" /><ref name="French" />

===Mitsubishi===
[[File:Carlos Ghosn.jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn at the Annual Meeting of the [[World Economic Forum]] in Davos (2008)]]
In October 2016, Nissan completed the acquisition of a controlling 34% stake in [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. Ghosn became, in addition to his Renault–Nissan posts, chairman of Mitsubishi, with an aim to rehabilitate the automaker after a months-long scandal involving fuel-economy misrepresentation and consequent falling revenues. The Nissan–Mitsubishi partnership includes partnership in developing electric automobiles for Mitsubishi, and the [[Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance]] creates the world's fourth-largest auto group, after Toyota, Volkswagen AG, and General Motors Co.<ref name=seals>Ma, Jie; Horie, Masatsugu. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/nissan-seals-2-3-billion-mitsubishi-motors-stake-acquisition "Nissan Seals $2.3 Billion Mitsubishi Motors Stake Acquisition"]. ''[[Bloomberg News]]''. 19 October 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36273122 "Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. 12 May 2016.</ref><ref>Greimel, Hans. [http://europe.autonews.com/article/20161020/ANE/161029998/nissan-takes-control-of-mitsubishi-with-ghosn-as-chairman "Nissan takes control of Mitsubishi with Ghosn as chairman"]. ''[[Automotive News|Automotive News Europe]]''. 20 October 2016.</ref>

Mitsubishi Motors board removed Ghosn from his role as chairman on 26 November 2018, following his arrest and ousting from Nissan for alleged financial misconduct.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/manufacturing/mitsubishi-ousts-ghosn-as-chairman-after-nissan-firing-1.3710760|title=Mitsubishi ousts Ghosn as chairman after Nissan firing|date=26 November 2018|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

===Advisorships===
Ghosn served on the International Advisory Board of Brazilian bank [[Banco Itaú]] (a major party in the privatisation of Renault) until 2015.<ref>[http://ww13.itau.com.br/PortalRI/HTML/ing/download/CCI.pdf "Itaú Unibanco forms International Advisory Board"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030151/http://ww13.itau.com.br/PortalRI/HTML/ing/download/CCI.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}. [[Banco Itaú]]. Retrieved 24 November 2014.</ref><ref name="Itaú board">{{cite web|title=Organizational Structure|url=https://www.itau.com.br/itaubba-en/about-itau-bba/who-we-are/organizational-structure|website=Itaú|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> He is also a member of the advisory board of [[Tsinghua University]] School of Economics and Management in Beijing.<ref>[http://www.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn/portalweb/appmanager/portal/MBAen;SEMPORTALJSESSIONID=zv8nQGhH00BXngTT1t1FdLpBVGSQxG1YFp6CfCyGTCYYmyM1ww0k!578764396?_nfpb=true&_windowLabel=T25803926801270713397649&u=NEWS%2F53941.htm%3Ftarget%3Dno&_pageLabel=P7800326801270713368685 "First Nissan-Tsinghua Lecture on Renault–Nissan Alliance"]. [[Tsinghua University]]. 4 June 2012.</ref> He has received an honorary doctorate from [[American University of Beirut]];<ref>[http://www.aub.edu.lb/news/pages/74360.aspx "Carlos Ghosn tells students to embrace diversity"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505225753/http://www.aub.edu.lb/news/pages/74360.aspx |date=5 May 2012 }}. [[American University of Beirut]] News. 28 August 2007.</ref> and he is a member of the Strategic Council, [[Saint Joseph University]] of Beirut.<ref>[https://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sustainableenergyforall/home/members/Ghosn The Secretary General's High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All: Carlos Ghosn] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927104628/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sustainableenergyforall/home/members/Ghosn |date=27 September 2013 }}. [[United Nations]]. ''UN.org''. Retrieved 24 November 2014.</ref> In 2014 and 2015, he was elected president of the [[European Automobile Manufacturers Association]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/carlos_ghosn_elected_acea_president | title = Carlos Ghosn elected ACEA President | date = 12 May 2014 | website = ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association | access-date = 19 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="ghosn2015">{{cite web | url = http://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/dieter-zetsche-elected-acea-president-for-2016 | title = Carlos Ghosn re-elected President of ACEA for 2015 | date = 5 December 2014 | website = ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association | access-date = 19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/dieter-zetsche-elected-acea-president-for-2016 | title = Dieter Zetsche elected ACEA President for 2016 | date = 8 December 2015 | website = ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association | access-date = 19 January 2016}}</ref> He serves as governor of the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref name="Renault bio">{{cite web|title=Carlos Ghosn – Chairman and Chief Executive Officer|url=https://group.renault.com/en/our-company/leadership/board-of-directors/carlos-ghosn-2/|website=Renault|access-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074602/https://group.renault.com/en/our-company/leadership/board-of-directors/carlos-ghosn-2/|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legal troubles==
===Initial arrest===
On 19 November 2018, Tokyo district prosecutors arrested Ghosn at 4:30 p.m. upon his re-entry into Japan aboard a private jet that had come from Lebanon,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2175124/ousted-nissan-chairman-ghosn-accused-using-business-jet-personal|title=Ousted chairman Ghosn accused of making Nissan pay for his personal investment losses|last=Ma|first=Jie|date=27 November 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> for questioning over allegations of false accounting.<ref name=LePoint>Le Point. [https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1144438/nombreuses-questions-apres-larrestation-de-ghosn.html {{"'}}Du côté des autorités japonaises et françaises, un seul mot d'ordre: la stabilité de l'alliance' Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Motors".] ''[[Le Point]]''. 20 November 2018.</ref><ref name=bbc1>{{cite news |title=Nissan boss Carlos Ghosn arrested over 'misconduct' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46259420 |access-date=19 November 2018 |work=BBC |date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181119/k10011716371000.html|title=東京地検日産本社を捜索金融商品取引法違反の疑い – NHKニュース|last=日本放送協会|website=nhk.or.jp|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065354/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20181119/k10011716371000.html|archive-date=21 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-20/questions-swirl-over-what-felled-ghosn-as-property-deals-raised|title=Ghosn's Downfall Sparks Questions on Links to Property, Expenses|last=Reidy|first=Gearoid|date=19 November 2018|newspaper=Bloomberg|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> Ghosn's top aide, Greg Kelly, a Nissan director and former head of human resources, was also arrested upon his arrival from the U.S. that day.<ref name="fall" />

On the same day, Nissan chief executive Hiroto Saikawa announced at a press conference that Ghosn had been dismissed from Nissan's board and would be stripped of executive rights at a meeting to be held on 22 November. Saikawa stressed that the dismissal was the result of an internal inquiry by Nissan,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2018/11/19/nissan-chairman-carlos-ghosn-arrest/ | title = The Chairman of Nissan Has Been Arrested in Tokyo. Here's Why. | date = 19 November 2018 | website = Fortune | access-date = 19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=bbc1/> and alleged that Ghosn and Kelly had under-reported their compensation (a violation of securities law) and used company assets for personal use.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-19/ghosn-to-be-arrested-on-suspected-financial-law-breach-asahi-joo251ln|title=Nissan's Ghosn Arrested in Japan, Threatening Three-Way Alliance|last=Ma|first=Jie|date=19 November 2018|newspaper=Bloomberg|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> While the allegations remained unproven in court, with due legal process pending, at the same news conference, Saikawa "expressed disappointment, indignation, and despair at Ghosn's conduct, which included using company funds for personal investments and misusing corporate assets" and also said, "This is an act that cannot be tolerated by the company... It is sufficient grounds for his dismissal."<ref name="bloomberg.com"/>

Although the company did not provide details, reports in the Japanese media stated that Nissan was paying all or some of the costs at some amount of [[US$]]18 million for residences used by Ghosn in Rio de Janeiro, Beirut, Paris and Amsterdam, and that Ghosn charged family vacation expenses to the company.<ref name=":0" /> The purchases of some of these residences and the payment of expenses were handled by a shell company named Zi-A Capital BV based in the Netherlands, which Kelly had instructed Nissan's board to set up to make venture investments at the end of 2010 (around the same time as Ghosn's divorce from his first wife and beginning of a relationship with his second wife).<ref name="fall">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-fall-of-the-house-of-ghosn-11545003310 |last1=McLain |first1=Sean |last2=Dvorak |first2=Phred |last3=Schechner |first3=Sam |last4=Kowsmann |first4=Patricia |title=The Fall of the House of Ghosn |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=16 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Nissan funds were used to purchase Ghosn's Paris apartment in 2005, and Zi-A funds were used to purchase his $5 million beachfront Rio apartment in 2012 and his Beirut mansion, which, with renovations, cost over $15 million.<ref name="fall" /> Nissan compliance auditors began trying to track Zi-A activity in 2014 but were stymied at first by the chain of shell companies used in Zi-A investments.<ref name="fall" />

In addition, to avoid reporting the full amount of his compensation in Nissan financials, as required by Japanese law beginning in 2010, Ghosn had Kelly structure complicated deferred payment plans which went unreported under an aggressive interpretation of the disclosure rules which Nissan's outside auditors had not signed off on, and which totaled around $80 million at the time of his arrest eight years later.<ref name="fall" /> According to ''Nikkei'' reports, Ghosn told investigators that he instructed Kelly to handle the compensation reporting in a legal manner, and Kelly told investigators that he acted on advice from outside law firms and the [[Financial Services Agency]] in handling the reporting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Nissan-s-Ghosn-crisis/Ghosn-says-he-told-staff-to-handle-pay-reporting-legally|title=Ghosn says he told staff to handle pay reporting legally|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Nissan-s-Ghosn-crisis/Experts-said-pay-reporting-unnecessary-Ghosn-aide-says|title=Experts said pay reporting unnecessary, Ghosn aide says|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Leaks to the media said that Ghosn had planned to call a vote to fire Nissan CEO Saikawa and reinstate Kelly (who had semi-retired to the U.S. in 2015) to active service at the scheduled board meeting.<ref name="fall" />

Ghosn was detained at the [[Tokyo Detention House]], under Japanese rules that allow suspects to be detained for up to 23 days without criminal charges being filed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Ghosn-scandal-puts-spotlight-on-Japan-s-judicial-system|title=Ghosn scandal puts spotlight on Japan's judicial system|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Ghosn and Kelly were reportedly arrested on information provided by an unidentified non-Japanese executive in Nissan's legal department, in the second deal ever struck under Japan's recently introduced [[plea bargain]]ing system.<ref name=":0" /> Charges were filed against Ghosn and Kelly on the underreporting of deferred compensation on 10 December, along with allegations of additional charges that restarted a 10-day holding period without bail.<ref name="fall" /> Nissan also took control of the Rio and Beirut properties and changed the locks, which has led Ghosn's family to sue for access.<ref name="fall" />

===Continued detention and new charges===
On 21 December 2018, Ghosn was re-arrested on suspicion of shifting to Nissan personal losses of US$16.6 million related to a personal [[Swap (finance)|swap]] contract in October 2008 (during the global financial crisis).<ref name="suspicion">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/carlos-ghosn-re-arrested-on-suspicion-of-shifting-personal-losses-to-nissan-11545360451 |first=Sean |last=McLain |title=Carlos Ghosn Re-Arrested on Suspicion of Shifting Personal Losses to Nissan |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> The introduction of those charges prevented Ghosn's release on bail later the same day, because the new charges permitted an additional 10–20 days of incarceration prior to a bail hearing.<ref name="suspicion" /> Subsequent reporting linked this charge to Ghosn's dealings with Sheikh Khaled al-Juffali, the vice chairman of one of Saudi Arabia's largest conglomerates and majority owner of a company which owns half of a regional joint venture called Nissan Gulf, with the other half held by a wholly owned Nissan subsidiary.<ref name="JT">{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/12/27/business/corporate-business/nissan-sources-link-latest-ghosn-allegations-khaled-al-juffali-vice-chairman-one-saudi-arabias-largest-conglomerates/#.XDHHlS2ZPs0 |first=Norihiko |last=Shirouzu |title=Nissan sources link latest Ghosn allegations to Khaled Al-Juffali, vice chairman of one of Saudi Arabia's largest conglomerates |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=27 December 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019|newspaper=The Japan Times Online}}</ref> In return for a personal letter of credit from Juffali to Ghosn during the 2008 crisis, which served as bank-demanded [[collateral (finance)|collateral]] for Ghosn's swap contract, Nissan indirectly paid $14.7 million from an internal discretionary fund known as the "CEO Reserve" to a wholly owned Juffali company in four installments between 2009 and 2012, although the internal documentation did not specify the ultimate recipient.<ref name="JT" /> According to Tokyo prosecutors, Kelly was not involved in this transaction and so was released on bail on 25 December.<ref name="JT" />

Ghosn made his first public appearance after his arrest at an arraignment on Tuesday, 8 January 2019, where he asserted his innocence, making a statement in response to the main allegations against him; however, his bid to be released from prison on these charges was rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/carlos-ghosn-the-allegations-and-the-rebuttals-in-the-case-of-the-ex-nissan-chairman |title=Carlos Ghosn: The allegations and the rebuttals in the case of the ex-Nissan chairman |work=[[The Straits Times]] |location=Singapore |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="candd">{{Cite news|last=Atiyeh|first=Clifford|title=Ex-Nissan Chairman Carlos Ghosn Says He's "Wrongly Accused" of Financial Misconduct; Appeal for Release Pending Trial Rejected|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a25804812/nissans-carlos-ghosn-declares-innocence/|date=9 January 2019|work=[[Car and Driver]]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

Ghosn's imprisonment was set to end on 11 January 2019. That day, Ghosn was indicted on two additional charges: aggravated breach of trust and understating his income, once again extending his imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos Ghosn: Ex-Nissan chair faces two new charges|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46833256|date=11 January 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Former Nissan Chairman Carlos Ghosn Charged With Breach of Trust|last=Kageyama|first=Yuri|url=http://time.com/5500401/nissan-carlos-ghosn-charged-breach-of-trust/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111200418/http://time.com/5500401/nissan-carlos-ghosn-charged-breach-of-trust/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2019|date=11 January 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="innocent">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/11/investing/premarket-stocks-trading/index.html |first=Ivana |last= Kottasová |title=Oil price rally; Carlos Ghosn indicted again; Fed worries |work=CNN |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> As a result, he could remain in jail for months more before a trial would take place.<ref name="candd" /> Two days later, Nissan's investigation allegedly found that, in addition to the underreporting of salary already charged, Ghosn had paid himself an undisclosed $8 million in 2018 from a Netherlands-based joint venture owned by Nissan and Mitsubishi that was set up in 2017, without the knowledge of either company's directors because Ghosn had the sole authority to dispense cash from the venture.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ghosn-received-8-million-from-nissan-mitsubishi-entity-nissan-probe-alleges-11547380793 |first=Sean |last=McLain |title=Ghosn Received $8 Million From Nissan-Mitsubishi Entity, Nissan Probe Alleges |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=13 January 2019 |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>

Ghosn again appealed the denial of bail from 8 January 2019 and offered to meet greater restrictions and higher guarantees of appearance in return for his release, including wearing an ankle bracelet and posting his Nissan stock as collateral.<ref>{{Cite news|last=LeBeau|first=Phil|title=Ex-Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn makes new request for bail, offering up passports and Nissan stock as collateral|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/20/ex-nissan-ceo-carlos-ghosn-makes-new-request-for-bail.html|date=20 January 2019|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> Additionally, on 14 January 2019 Ghosn's wife Carole published a letter that she wrote to [[Human Rights Watch]] protesting against his treatment in detainment.<ref name="French" /><ref name="Atiyeh" /> Nevertheless, on 21 January 2019, the Tokyo district court again denied bail.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/carlos-ghosn-denied-bail-again-11548129148?mod=hp_lead_pos4 |first=Peter |last=Landers |title=Carlos Ghosn's Revised Bail Request Rejected by Tokyo Court |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>

The Japanese term [[hitojichi shihō]] ("hostage justice") has been brought up in some media reports.<ref name="Sankei20190318">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title= |script-title=ja:【環球異見】ゴーン被告保釈英紙「司法制度がカントリーリスク」仏紙「国際的圧力の作用は確実」 |url=https://www.sankei.com/column/news/190318/clm1903180003-n1.html |website=Sankei News |language=ja}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2019/03/05/20002-20190305ARTFIG00009-carlos-ghosn-pourrait-sortir-de-prison-aujourd-hui.php Carlos Ghosn autorisé à sortir de prison, trois mois après son arrestation] – Le Figaro {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ripley|first=Will|title=The Carlos Ghosn case is putting Japan's system of 'hostage justice' under scrutiny|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/20/business/carlos-ghosn-japan-justice-system/index.html|date=21 January 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref> Takashi Takano, one of Ghosn's lawyers stated that the Japanese judicial system is a [[country risk]].<ref name=Sankei20190318/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/742c2124-3fbd-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|title=Carlos Ghosn released from Tokyo jail after 108 days|newspaper=Financial Times|date=6 March 2019|url-access=subscription|last1=Inagaki|first1=Kana}}</ref>

===Further developments===
[[File:Carlos Ghosn, 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn (2007)]]
On 11 January 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/special/carlosghosn2/en.html|title=Ghosen – Japan's Biggest Plea Bargaining Case|website=The Asahi Shimbun – www.asahi.com}}</ref> José Muñoz, Nissan's chief performance officer and head of its China operations, resigned from the company.<ref name="Munoz">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/12/nissan-executive-jose-munoz-resigns-after-ex-chairman-ghosns-arrest.html |agency=Reuters |title=Nissan top executive resigns amid broadened investigation of ex-Chairman Ghosn |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> Muñoz, considered to be a close ally to Ghosn and a possible successor as CEO of Renault and Nissan, had been a "person of interest" in Nissan's internal investigation, with which he was reported to be uncooperative.<ref name="Munoz" /> One of Nissan's three independent directors opined that Nissan may simply eliminate the position of chairman and not replace Ghosn, a route previously taken by other scandal-plagued Japanese companies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/nissan-may-abolish-chairman-role-as-it-rebuilds-director-says |first1=Kae |last1=Inoue |first2=Masatsugu |last2=Horie |title=Nissan May Scrap Chairman Role as It Rebuilds, Director Says |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=17 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The [[Reuters]] Japan news service reported that Nissan may file suit against Ghosn personally.<ref name="Atiyeh" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.alphastreet.com/nissan-might-sue-ousted-chairman-carlos-ghosn-renault-legal-tokyo/ |title=Nissan might sue ousted chairman Carlos Ghosn |work=AlphaStreet |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

At first the French government and [[Renault]] had been reported to be standing behind Ghosn during his imprisonment, on the presumption that Ghosn is innocent until proven guilty.<ref name="innocent" /> However, France's financial minister [[Bruno Le Maire]] stated on 16 January that Renault may seek a new CEO to replace Ghosn due to his continued incarceration.<ref name="Atiyeh">{{cite news |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a25938271/carlos-ghosn-jail-mistreatment-japan/ |last=Atiyeh |first=Clifford |title=The Japanese are Mistreating Ousted Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn in Jail, Says His Wife|work=[[Car and Driver]] |date=17 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/business/renault-carlos-ghosn.html |first=Liz |last=Alderman |title=French Government Calls for Carlos Ghosn to Be Replaced as Renault's Leader |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> Renault possibly worried about Nissan taking the chance to use the power vacuum at Renault to reshape the alliance's balance of power.<ref name="French" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-23/nissan-is-said-to-seek-review-of-renault-shareholding-structure |first1=Jie |last1=Ma |first2=Kae |last2=Inoue |title=Nissan Pushes for More Power in Post-Ghosn Alliance |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=23 November 2018 |access-date=21 January 2019}} "According to Japanese corporate law, Renault's voting rights [in Nissan] could be canceled if Nissan raises its shareholding to more than 25 percent in the French carmaker. Under French rules, if Renault lowered its stake in Nissan below 40 percent, then it will help the Japanese carmaker get voting rights in the French company."</ref> After the French government called for leadership change and his bail requests were rejected by the Japanese courts, Ghosn finally agreed to step down.<ref name="ghosnout">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/24/renault-to-name-new-boss-as-carlos-ghosn-quits-nissan |first=Jasper |last=Jolly |title=Renault names new chairman and CEO after Carlos Ghosn quits |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 January 2019 |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> He resigned as chairman and CEO of Renault on 24 January 2019.<ref name="ghosnout" /><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46298999|title=Carlos Ghosn: Nissan ousts former boss from its board|date=8 April 2019|work=BBC|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

On 30 January 2019, Ghosn said the charges were "plot and treason" by executives at Nissan who opposed the relationship with Renault and a future plan that was in the works to integrate Nissan, [[Mitsubishi]] and Renault.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Nissan-s-Ghosn-crisis/Exclusive-interview-Ghosn-says-plot-and-treason-led-to-arrest|title=Exclusive interview: Ghosn says 'plot and treason' led to arrest |work=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> In mid-February 2019, Ghosn's lead [[counsel]] Motonari Otsuru stepped down and was replaced by Jun'ichirō Hironaka, who has a record of success in a number of high-profile cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/crime/With-legal-team-shake-up-Ghosn-seeks-punchier-defense|website=Japan Today|title=With legal team shake-up, Ghosn seeks punchier defense|last=Nishimura|first=Karyn|date=17 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

====Bail====
In early March 2019, Ghosn was granted a request for bail in a Tokyo court. This was his third bail request, and the first by his new legal team under Hironaka. The court set bail at 1 billion yen (about US$9 million) subject to stringent conditions. He was not allowed to travel abroad, and had to remain at a given address under 24-hour camera surveillance, with no internet access. He was released on 6 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47466766|title=Nissan ex-boss Ghosn released after 108 days|date=6 March 2019|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/business/markets/ghosn-s-bail-conditions-from-surveillance-cameras-to-no-internet-access-1.834493|title=Ghosn's bail conditions from surveillance cameras to no internet access|date=8 March 2019|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National, Abu Dhabi]]}}</ref>

On 3 April 2019, Ghosn tweeted that he was "ready to tell the truth" and that he would hold a conference on 11 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/03/ex-nissan-chair-carlos-ghosn-says-on-twitter-ready-to-tell-the-truth.html|title=Ousted Nissan Chairman Ghosn says on Twitter he's 'ready to tell the truth'|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> He was re-arrested for the fourth time early on 4 April 2019 over new suspicions of financial misconduct concerning alleged dealings via [[Oman]].<ref name=wsjapril2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/prosecutors-to-rearrest-former-nissan-ceo-ghosn-11554329941|title= Carlos Ghosn, Former Nissan Chairman, Is Arrested on New Allegations |work=The Wall Street Journal|date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Ghosn released a statement claiming the arrest was "outrageous and arbitrary".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/04/business/tokyo-prosecutors-rearrest-carlos-ghosn/#.XKVgeqeZM_U|title=Tokyo prosecutors rearrest Carlos Ghosn on alleged aggravated breach of trust: reports |work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Until that point in time he had been held for 108 days since he was first arrested in November 2018.

On 8 April 2019, during an extraordinary shareholders' meeting, Nissan shareholders voted to remove Ghosn from the company board.<ref name="Bloomberg2019">{{cite news|date=2020-01-05|title=Inspectors Skipped X-Ray Checks for Ghosn Jet, NHK Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-05/inspectors-skipped-x-ray-luggage-checks-for-ghosn-jet-nhk-says|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Bloomberg |first=Go |last=Onomitsu}}</ref> Shareholders also voted to remove Ghosn's former right-hand man Greg Kelly, and to appoint Renault chairman Jean-Dominique Senard as a director.<ref name="bbc.com"/> The next day, Ghosn posted a [[YouTube]] video, where he publicly stated that he was "innocent of all the accusations that came around these charges that are all biased, taken out of context, twisted in a way to paint a personage of greed, and a personage of dictatorship". He also claimed that the payments to Juffali were meant to help Nissan fix a dispute with a local distributor, and to open a bank contract to convert his salary from yen to US dollars, in order to avoid currency swings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27087627/nissan-carlos-ghosn-video-claiming-conspiracy/|title=Ousted Nissan Chief Carlos Ghosn Fires Back in Video Claiming Conspiracy and Backstabbing|work=[[Car and Driver]]|last=Atiyeh|first=Clifford|date=9 April 2019|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The Japanese court rejected an appeal filed by Ghosn's lawyers, and approved an initial 10 days detention for Ghosn, until 22 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/13/business/corporate-business/supreme-court-rejects-appeal-carlos-ghosns-lawyers-latest-detention/#.XWJlBHtRWUk|title=Supreme Court rejects appeal from Carlos Ghosn's lawyers over latest detention|last=Kyodo|date=13 April 2019|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> He was released in late April, but confined to strict house arrest, including having no contact with his wife for four months.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/22/business/carlos-ghosn-carole-ghosn/index.html|title=Carlos Ghosn's wife asks Macron to help her husband|author=Michelle Toh|website=CNN|date=22 August 2019|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

====Investigations in other countries====
In June 2019, Renault published that in an internal audit they had uncovered 11 million euros in questionable expenses by Ghosn,<ref name="renaultpublication">{{cite web |title=Communication of the board of directors on the findings of the joint RNBV audit |url=https://media.group.renault.com/global/en-gb/groupe-renault/media/pressreleases/21227309/communique-du-conseil-dadministration-relatif-aux-conclusions-de-laudit-conjoint-rnbv |publisher=Renault |access-date=31 December 2019 |date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231155018/https://media.group.renault.com/global/en-gb/groupe-renault/media/pressreleases/21227309/communique-du-conseil-dadministration-relatif-aux-conclusions-de-laudit-conjoint-rnbv |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="france24june2019-1">{{cite news |title=Renault uncover €11mn in questionable expenses linked to ex-CEO Ghosn |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190605-france-renault-uncovers-11-million-euros-questionable-expenses-ex-ceo-ghosn |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=France24 |date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="euronewsjune2019">{{cite news |last1=Abellan Matamoros |first1=Cristina |title=Former Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn could face legal action in France, says finance minister |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/05/former-renault-ceo-carlos-ghosn-could-face-legal-action-in-france-says-finance-minister |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Euronews |date=5 June 2019}}</ref> which was followed by the French state opening its own investigation into his actions.<ref name="bloombergseptember2019"/> Prosecutors in the district of [[Nanterre]] west of Paris stated that anti-fraud police had searched his residence in the town of [[L'Étang-la-Ville]] for evidence.<ref name="france24june2019-2">{{cite news |title=Ex-Nissan chief Ghosn's French home searched in Versailles wedding probe |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-business-france-ex-nissan-chief-ghosn-home-searched-versailles-wedding-probe-renault |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=France24 |date=13 June 2019}}</ref> In July Renault's headquarters in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] were searched by 20 police personnel in relation to this case.<ref name="financialtimesjuly2019">{{cite news |last1=Keohane |first1=David |last2=Lewis |first2=Leo |title=Renault headquarters searched by police in Carlos Ghosn probe |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e68bb18-9d7a-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Financial Times |date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, his wife Carole appealed to President [[Emmanuel Macron]] of France to intercede on behalf of her husband with Japanese leader [[Shinzo Abe]] at the [[45th G7 summit]] held from 24 to 26 August<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/24/biarritz-lockdown-g7-summit-descends-french-resort|title=Biarritz in lockdown as G7 summit descends on French resort|last=Chrisafis|first=Angelique|date=24 August 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=25 August 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/crime/macron-expected-to-raise-carlos-ghosn-case-with-japan%27s-abe|title=Macron expected to raise Carlos Ghosn case with Abe at G7|website=Japan Today|language=en|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> at the French town of [[Biarritz]].<ref name=":1" />

In September 2019, in one of the first legal accords of the saga, Ghosn settled with the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] over claims of failing to disclose more than $140 million in pay to him from Nissan. He was fined $1 million while Nissan was fined $15 million and Greg Kelly $100,000. Although he neither admitted nor denied the SEC's charges, he accepted a ten-year ban from serving as an officer or director of a public company. Kelly accepted a five-year ban under similar terms.<ref name="bloombergseptember2019">{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Matt |last2=Dawson |first2=Chester |title=Nissan, Ghosn Fined Over Claims They Hid $140 Million in Pay |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-23/sec-accuses-ex-nissan-chairman-ghosn-of-misleading-investors |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=23 September 2019}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the settlement all but ended Ghosn's career as a global business executive.<ref name=NYTPresser/>

===Flight from Japan===
On 30 December 2019, numerous media outlets reported that Ghosn had escaped from Japan and arrived in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].<ref name="BBC311219">{{cite web |author= |date=31 December 2019 |title=Nissan's ex-head Carlos Ghosn flees Japan to Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50952335 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website= |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/automobile/carlos-ghosn-a-quitte-le-japon-pour-beyrouth-1159576|title=Assigné à résidence à Tokyo, Carlos Ghosn a quitté le Japon pour Beyrouth|author= |date=30 December 2019|website=lesechos.fr|publisher=Les Echos|access-date=31 December 2019|language=fr}}</ref> Ghosn later confirmed these reports through a statement released by his press representative in New York.<ref name="MNCI">{{Cite web |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20191231/p2g/00m/0dm/054000c |title=Full text of Carlos Ghosn's statement issued through representative - the Mainichi |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226012207/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20191231/p2g/00m/0dm/054000c |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his statement, Ghosn claimed that he would "no longer be held hostage by a rigged Japanese justice system where guilt is presumed, discrimination is rampant and basic human rights are denied."<ref name="MNCI"/>

Ghosn left his Tokyo apartment at around 14:30 on 29 December 2019 and joined two men at a nearby hotel.<ref name="Escape">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-509640406]{{dead link|date=June 2021}}</ref> The three then took a [[Shinkansen|bullet train]] from [[Shinagawa Station|Shinagawa]] to [[Osaka]] and arrived at a hotel near [[Kansai International Airport]] just after 20:00.<ref name="Escape"/> The team hired to extract him from Tokyo had noticed that Japanese security did not follow Ghosn into hotels, which facilitated his escape.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Bloomberg|author=Matthew Campbell|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-14/how-nissan-s-carlos-ghosn-was-smuggled-out-of-japan|date=14 January 2020|title=The Tokyo Job: Inside Carlos Ghosn's Escape to Beirut}}</ref> A few hours later, two men left the hotel carrying large containers, including an audio equipment box where Ghosn was hidden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/carlos-ghosn-sneaked-out-of-japan-in-box-used-for-audio-gear-11578077647|title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Carlos Ghosn Sneaked Out of Japan in Box Used for Audio Gear|last1=Gauthier-Villars|first1=david|last2=Maremont|first2=Mark|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=3 January 2020|language=en-US|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> The men then boarded a [[Bombardier Global Express]] private jet with Turkish registration TC-TSR. The large box carrying Ghosn was never x-rayed or checked by customs officials, because it was too big to fit inside the x-ray machine;<ref name="Bloomberg2019"/> the plane left Kansai Airport at 23:10, landing at [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport]] at 5:26 on the morning of 30 December 2019.<ref name=WP030120>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/carlos-ghosn-walked-out-of-his-home-alone-security-camera-footage-shows/2020/01/03/1ddfff2c-2e0d-11ea-bffe-020c88b3f120_story.html|title=Carlos Ghosn walked out of his home alone, security camera footage shows|last1=Denyer |first1=Simon|last2=Kashiwagi|first2=Akiko|date=3 January 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://flightaware.com/live/flight/TCTSR/history/20191229/1416Z/RJBB/LTBA |title=TC-TSR Live Flight Tracking and History (Owner: Unknown Owner) ✈ 29-Dec-2019 ✈ KIX / RJBB – ISL / LTBA|website=flightaware.com|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200104_01/ |title=Data suggests Ghosn's possible flight route |author= |date=4 January 2020 |website=nhk3.or.jp |publisher=NHK World-Japan |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103202901/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200104_01/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within an hour of the plane's landing, a separate private jet left for Beirut.<ref name=WP030120/> An employee at Turkish private jet operator [[MNG Jet]] admitted to falsifying passenger records, in which two separate planes were leased, one from Dubai to Osaka and then Osaka to Istanbul, the other from Istanbul to Beirut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/03/business/carlos-ghosn-escape-jet/index.html|title=Turkish private jet company says rogue employee helped Carlos Ghosn flee Japan|website=CNN|date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-03/ghosn-s-escape-jet-from-japan-used-illegally-operator-mng-says|title=Ghosn's Escape Jet From Japan Used Illegally, Operator Says|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

The Lebanese Ambassador to Japan, [[Nidal Yehya]], denied the involvement of the Embassy of Lebanon in Ghosn's escape, but "always stressed to him that he must abide by all the conditions of his release, as decided by the Criminal Court in Tokyo".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Lebanon's Ambassador to Japan denies his embassy helped Carlos Ghosn escape｜Arab News Japan|url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_7929/,%20https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_7929/|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.arabnews.jp|language=ja}}</ref>

===Residence in Lebanon===
Following Ghosn's arrival in Lebanon, a Tokyo court granted a request by Japanese prosecutors to revoke his bail.<ref name="MN311219">{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20191231/p2g/00m/0na/073000c|title=Tokyo court grants prosecutors' request to revoke Ghosn's bail|date=31 December 2019|newspaper=Mainichi Daily News|access-date=31 December 2019|publisher=The Mainichi|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226183952/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20191231/p2g/00m/0na/073000c|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Japan and Lebanon are both [[Interpol#Members|members of Interpol]] and have had diplomatic relations since 1954,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/middle_e/lebanon/data.html|title=Japan-Lebanon Relations (Basic Data)|website=mofa.go.jp|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)]]|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> there is no extradition agreement between the two countries.<ref name="BBC311219" /> Interpol has issued a [[Interpol notice#Notice types|red notice]] for his arrest.<ref name="BBC020120">{{cite web |author= |date=2 January 2020 |title=Carlos Ghosn: Interpol issues 'red notice' for Nissan ex-boss's arrest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50972149 |access-date=2 January 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Japanese authorities raided Ghosn's Tokyo apartment on 2 January 2020 looking for evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interpol issues wanted notice to Lebanon for ex-Nissan chairman Carlos Ghosn |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nissan-ex-chair-ghosns-tokyo-home-searched-amid-flight-investigation/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website= |date=2 January 2020 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/ntv20200102001/prosecutors-search-ghosn%E2%80%99s-tokyo-residence.html|title=Prosecutors Search Ghosn's Tokyo Residence|date=2 January 2020|website=nippon.com|language=en|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727074215/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/ntv20200102001/prosecutors-search-ghosn%E2%80%99s-tokyo-residence.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ghosn later addressed reports that his family, including his wife Carole, may have played a role in his departure from Japan, stating that "such speculation is inaccurate and false."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/12/31/ex-nissan-chief-carlos-ghosn-flees-japan-for-lebanon-to-avoid-injustice|title='I escaped alone': Carlos Ghosn clears family of helping Japan escape|date=31 December 2019|website=euronews}}</ref> On 7 January 2020, prosecutors in Japan issued an arrest warrant for Carole Ghosn on suspicion of giving false testimony during a court hearing in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/business/carole-ghosn-arrest-warrant/index.html|title=Japan issues arrest warrant for Carole Ghosn. A friend calls it intimidation|first=Sherisse|last=Pham|website=CNN|date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

Carlos Ghosn held his first press conference since leaving Japan on 8 January 2020, in which he described his imprisonment conditions, pleaded innocence, and named Nissan executives who plotted his demise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2020/jan/08/gold-oil-as-us-iran-markets-carlos-ghosn-nissan-escape-business-live|title=Carlos Ghosn insists he is innocent over fraud charge 'plot' – business live|first=Graeme|last=Wearden|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 January 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> He claimed that when he left Japan, "I fled injustice and political persecution."<ref name=NYTPresser>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/08/business/carlos-ghosn-interview.html|title=Carlos Ghosn defends his legacy|author1=Ben Dooley|author2=Michael Corkery|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2020}}</ref> The next day, Judge Ghassan Ouiedat, a Lebanese prosecutor, imposed a travel ban on Ghosn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nissan-ghosn-lebanon-questioning/lebanon-imposes-travel-ban-on-ex-nissan-boss-ghosn-judicial-source-idUSKBN1Z80ZC|title=Ghosn 'very comfortable' after Lebanon questioning: lawyer|website=Reuters|date=9 January 2020}}</ref> After his escape from Japan, Carlos Ghosn's Japanese lawyer and seven other members of his defense resigned. His lawyer, [[Junichiro Hironaka]], said his escape was a "complete surprise".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/16/business/carlos-ghosn-lawyer/index.html|title=Carlos Ghosn's Japanese lawyer and seven other members of defense team quit|website=[[CNN]]|date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

On 10 February 2020, Ghosn hired former [[The Walt Disney Corporation|Disney]] president [[Michael Ovitz]], co-founder of the [[Creative Artists Agency]], as his Hollywood agent.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|author1=Lucas Shaw|author2=Ania Nussbaum|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/ghosn-hires-legendary-agent-michael-ovitz-for-tv-film-deals|date=10 February 2020|title=Ghosn Hires Legendary Agent Michael Ovitz for TV, Film Deals|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> On 12 February 2020, Nissan launched a $90 million lawsuit against Ghosn for alleged "corrupt" actions,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/feb/12/nissan-launches-lawsuit-against-former-chairman-carlos-ghosn|title=Nissan launches $90m lawsuit against former chairman Carlos Ghosn|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> and on 29 February 2020, Japan's financial regulators fined Nissan 2.42 billion yen ($22 million) for underreporting remuneration of former Chairman Ghosn and other executives for years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nissan slapped with ¥2.4 billion fine over Ghosn compensation scandal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/29/business/corporate-business/nissan-fine-carlos-ghosn/ |access-date=3 March 2020 |work=The Japan Times |date=29 February 2020}}</ref> On 8 July 2020, ''[[The Nikkei]]'' reported that $862,500 was paid from a Paris bank account related to Ghosn to Promote Fox, a company managed by Michael Taylor, an ex-[[United States Army Special Forces#Green beret|Green Beret]] who helped him flee to Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Society/Ghosn-wired-860-000-to-alleged-escape-helper-say-prosecutors |title=Ghosn wired $860,000 to alleged escape helper, say prosecutors |website=Nikkei Asian Review |date=8 July 2020 }}</ref>

Ghosn's house in Lebanon sustained damage following the [[August 2020 Beirut explosion]], which occurred 5 kilometers (3 miles) away from the residence.<ref name="ARAB NEWS 2020">{{cite web | title=Ghosn's house damaged in Beirut explosion｜Arab News Japan | website=ARAB NEWS | date=5 August 2020 | url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/middle-east/article_23356/ | access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>

On 3 November 2020, Lebanon's prosecutor general decided not to charge Ghosn for visiting Israel in 2008 because the [[statute of limitations]] had expired.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=Lebanon decides not to charge Ghosn over Israel trip|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201103-lebanon-decides-not-to-charge-ghosn-over-israel-trip|access-date=2020-11-04|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Previously, some Lebanese lawyers wanted Ghosn prosecuted over his 2008 trip to [[Israel]] as the chairman of Renault-Nissan to meet [[Better Place (company)|Better Place]] founder [[Shai Agassi]], which they claim violated the [[Arab League boycott of Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanese-lawyers-want-ex-chief-of-nissan-prosecuted-over-2008-israel-trip/|title=Lebanese lawyers want ex-chief of Nissan prosecuted over 2008 Israel trip|website=The Times of Israel|date=2 January 2020}}</ref> Also in the same month Nissan fired its global general counsel Ravinder Passi, who claimed to have whistle-blown improper handling of the Ghosn case inside Nissan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leggett |first1=Theo |date=4 August 2021 |title=The downfall of Nissan's Carlos Ghosn: An insider's view |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58070929 |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanapalli |first1=Viswa |title=Where is Ex-Nissan General Counsel Ravinder Passi Now? |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/where-is-ex-nissan-general-counsel-ravinder-passi-now/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=The Cinemaholic |date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

On 23 November 2020, a panel of human rights experts working with the [[United Nations]] concluded that Ghosn's arrest and detention in Japan was "fundamentally unfair". The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention also stated that the Japanese government should give Ghosn "compensation" and "other reparations" due to the arrest and detention conditions in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. says Carlos Ghosn's arrest was human rights violation|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/u-n-says-former-nissan-head-carlos-ghosn-owed-compensation-n1248623|access-date=2020-11-24|website=NBC News|date=23 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/11/23/un-panel-says-japan-wrongly-arrested-detained-carlos-ghosn |title=Ghosn: UN panel says Japan violated rights of former Nissan chief |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=23 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201228-ghosn-case-haunts-japan-a-year-after-shock-escape|title=Ghosn case haunts Japan a year after shock escape|date=28 December 2020|author=|publisher=France 24|accessdate=}}</ref> Despite the fact that the [[Nelson Mandela Rules]] set a 15-day limit on how long prisoners can be kept in isolation, Kelly was held in solitary confinement for 37 days before he was granted bail, and Ghosn for 108 days. The Taylors were in solitary confinement for more than 100 days each. "The Carlos Ghosn case, including Greg Kelly and the Taylors, is an aberration," said William Cleary, an expert on Japanese law with a doctorate in criminal procedure.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/12/disclosures-show-nissan-kelly-charges-are-fabricated/|title=Disclosures show Nissan Kelly charges are fabricated|date=27 December 2021 |author=Roger Schreffler|publisher=Asia Times |accessdate=}}</ref>

In December 2020, it was reported that French investigators would meet with Ghosn in January 2021 as part of a separate investigation of expenses covered by a Dutch subsidiary of Renault and Nissan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-24|title=French Investigators to Meet Carlos Ghosn in Beirut on Jan. 18|language=en|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-24/french-investigators-to-meet-carlos-ghosn-in-beirut-on-jan-18|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> Ghosn is under two investigations in France, one that is focused on suspicious transactions between Renault and a distributor in Oman, as well as another investigation into alleged illegal payments for private trips and events paid by Renault-Nissan's Netherlands-based holding company, RNBV. In a January 2021 interview, Ghosn questioned why France was questioning him over the charges, while Japan did not, and denied the charges.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=Carlos Ghosn asks why Japanese don't question him in Lebanon|url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-financial-markets-japan-beirut-carlos-ghosn-6a4e8107a44f3128ab01b1815a3bb09c|access-date=2021-01-06|website=AP NEWS}}</ref>

In February 2024, four senior Nissan workers were charged with stealing documents, files, and electronic devices from Ghosn's [[Beirut]] home and office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/beirut-judge-charges-nissan-employees-for-stealing-ghosn-documents
|title=Beirut judge charges Nissan employees for 'stealing' Ghosn documents
|date=17 February 2024
|author=AFP
|publisher=The Straits Times}}</ref>

===Prosecution and conviction of facilitators of his escape from Japan===
Arrest warrants issued by Japanese prosecutors on 30 January 2020 claimed that the escape operation was orchestrated by former [[United States Army Special Forces]] soldier [[Michael L. Taylor|Michael Taylor]], a private-security contractor with extensive contacts in Lebanon. The warrants also claimed that Taylor was assisted by his son Peter Maxwell Taylor and a third American, George Antoine Zayek.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/business/carlos-ghosn-arrest-warrants.html|title=Japan Seeks Arrests of 3 Americans Accused of Helping Ghosn Escape |work=The New York Times |date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/30/business/carlos-ghosn-collaborators-wanted/index.html|title=Wanted: 3 men accused of helping Carlos Ghosn escape Japan in a case|website=CNN|date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Michael Taylor had conducted similar international rescue operations in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-ghosns-escape-an-ex-green-beret-with-a-beef-about-his-own-time-in-jail-11579323661 |title=Behind Ghosn's escape, an-Ex Green Beret With a Beef About His Own Time in Jail – WSJ|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

On 8 May, Turkey charged seven people accused of helping Ghosn flee to Lebanon via Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52589319|title=Carlos Ghosn: Turkey charges seven over escape from Japan|publisher=BBC News|date=8 May 2020}}</ref> On 20 May, United States authorities arrested Michael and Peter Taylor on suspicion of helping Ghosn escape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-52744435|title=Carlos Ghosn: US ex-Green Beret and son arrested over escape from Japan|publisher=BBC News|date=20 May 2020}}</ref> On 30 October 2020, the US agreed to extradite the Taylors to Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/10/61f208f453e2-update3-us-oks-japan-request-to-extradite-men-for-aiding-ghosns-escape.html|title=U.S. OKs Japan request to extradite men for aiding Ghosn's escape |date=30 October 2020 |work=Kyodo News+ |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

In June 2021, Michael Taylor and his son Peter, pleaded guilty in Tokyo to helping Ghosn escape from Japan in December 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/american-father-son-admit-tokyo-court-they-helped-carlos-ghosn-flee-japan-2021-06-14/ |title=American duo plead guilty to helping former Nissan chief Ghosn flee Japan |publisher=Reuters |date=14 June 2021}}</ref> The Taylors later expressed their regret and apologized to the Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cc674ce2-844b-444f-b568-efedd2497983 |title=American father and son apologise to Japan for helping Carlos Ghosn escape |website=Financial Times |url-access=subscription |date=29 June 2021}}</ref> In addition, it was revealed that Ghosn paid the Taylors more than $1 million for their services, in the form of bank transfers and bitcoin payments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/29/1011246349/2-americans-have-apologized-to-a-tokyo-court-for-their-role-in-carlos-ghosns-esc |title=2 Americans Have Apologized To A Tokyo Court For Their Role In Carlos Ghosn's Escape |website=National Public Radio |date=29 June 2021 }}</ref>

In July 2021, the Taylors were convicted and sentenced in Japan for aiding Ghosn. Michael was sentenced to two years' imprisonment while his son received a sentence of 20 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/japan-court-jails-us-duo-over-ghosn-escape/a-58311408 |title=Japan court jails US duo over Ghosn escape |website=DW |date=19 July 2021 }}</ref> In October 2022, the two were transferred to the United States by the Federal Bureau of Prisons after the two governments agreed to allow the Taylors to serve out the remainder of their sentences in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/11/05/national/crime-legal/americans-helped-carlos-ghosn-freed/ |title=Americans who helped Carlos Ghosn escape Japan are sent back to U.S.|website=JT |date=5 Nov 2022}}</ref>

===Further prosecutions===
In April 2022, France issued an international warrant for Ghosn's arrest, in addition to four other individuals who administrated the Omani company Suhail Bahwan Automobiles, in which the latter had allegedly helped Ghosn to funnel millions of dollars of Renault funds through them for his personal use, including the purchase of a {{convert|120|ft|adj=on}} yacht.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nick Kostov |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/france-issues-international-arrest-warrant-for-carlos-ghosn-11650578738 |title=France Issues International Arrest Warrant for Carlos Ghosn |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=agencies |first=Guardian staff and |date=2022-04-22 |title=France issues international arrest warrant for Carlos Ghosn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/apr/22/france-issues-international-arrest-warrant-for-carlos-ghosn |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Simon Bouvier, Xiaofei Xu, Chris Liakos and Anna Cooban |title=France issues an international arrest warrant for Carlos Ghosn |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/22/business/carlos-ghosn-french-arrest-warrant/index.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=CNN|date=22 April 2022 }}</ref> Ghosn said the timing of this warrant was "suspicious" and later mentioned that he wanted to stand trial on charges of financial wrongdoing to clear his name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Karen |date=2022-04-22 |title=Carlos Ghosn says he would face fair trial in France, suggests timing of arrest warrant 'suspicious' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/22/carlos-ghosn-says-he-expects-fair-trial-in-france-following-arrest-warrant.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61185304 |title=Carlos Ghosn: Ex-Nissan boss says he wants a trial |website=BBC |date=23 April 2022 }}</ref>

In October 2023, a Lebanese court ruled that Ghosn and his wife must vacate his residence, valued at $19 million, in [[Achrafieh]], Beirut within a month. The decision was taken four years after Phoinos Investment accused him of "violation of private property" and residing there without legal basis. Ghosn appealed the verdict, claiming that the company was affiliated with Nissan, and that the property was purchased according to a signed agreement with the latter which granted him the right to live there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1355158/judge-evicts-carlos-ghosn-from-his-residence-in-achrafieh.html |title=Judge evicts Carlos Ghosn from his residence in Achrafieh |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=28 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the961.com/carlos-ghosn-was-ordered-out-of-his-beirut-home/ |title=Carlos Ghosn Was Just Ordered Out Of His Beirut Home |website=the961.com |date=29 October 2023 }}</ref> The eviction order was halted until the lawsuit with Phoinos is concluded in December 2023.<ref>https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1361816/lebanese-court-halts-ghosn-eviction-from-achrafieh-home.html</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Carlos Ghosn - Mondial de l'Automobile de Paris 2014 - 001.jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn at [[2014 Paris Motor Show]] ]]
Ghosn's first marriage was to Rita Kordahi, who came originally from [[Rayfoun]], Lebanon, and whom he met in France in 1984. Together they had four children: [[Caroline Ghosn|Caroline]], Nadine, Maya and Anthony.<ref name=cnn1 /> They divorced in 2012.<ref name="fall" /> In May 2016, Ghosn married Lebanese-American Carole Nahas,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/carlos-ghosn-interview-the-nissan-bosss-great-escape-from-japan-8lswz2pg5 |title=Carlos Ghosn interview: the Nissan boss's great escape from Japan |work=The Times |date=13 March 2020 }}</ref> and a few months later in October, threw a large party at the [[Grand Trianon]] of the [[Palace of Versailles]], in the outskirts of Paris, to celebrate both the wedding and Carole's 50th birthday.<ref name="veconomist" >{{cite news|title= The flight of a car-industry megastar shocks Japan|url= https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/01/02/the-flight-of-a-car-industry-megastar-shocks-japan|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a9634/versailles-wedding/|first=Leena |last=Kim |title=Carole and Carlos Ghosn Threw a Wedding Fit For a King and Queen|website=Town & Country|date=3 March 2017}}</ref> He is reported by several Japanese media to have six private residences: in [[Tokyo]], [[Paris]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Beirut]], and [[New York City|New York]].<ref name=dumaine>Dumaine, Brian. [http://fortune.com/2014/12/29/renault-nissan-carlos-ghosn/ "Renault–Nissan: Can anyone succeed Carlos Ghosn?"]. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''. 29 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-22|title=Ghosn Got Six Houses From Nissan, Including in Tokyo and New York|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-22/ghosn-got-six-houses-from-nissan-including-in-tokyo-new-york|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

Ghosn, whom ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine called "the hardest-working man in the brutally competitive global car business",<ref name=impatient /> as of 2006 was splitting his time between Paris and Tokyo and logging roughly {{convert|150000|nmi}} in airplanes per year.<ref name=impatient /> Japanese media called him "Seven-Eleven" ("work very hard from early in the morning till late at night").<ref name=mit>Nakae, Koji. [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/32114/63201635.pdf ''Cultural Change: A Comparative Study of the Change Efforts of Douglas MacArthur and Carlos Ghosn in Japan''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907193158/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/32114/63201635.pdf |date=7 September 2012 }}. [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] ([[MBA]] thesis). June 2005.</ref> He holds citizenship to Lebanon, Brazil and France.<ref name=cnn1>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/04/12/revealed.ghosn.biog "The Gaijin with two jobs"]. ''[[CNN]]''. 7 December 2006.</ref> He has been noted for his direct, results-and-execution-oriented style in business strategy meetings,<ref name=impatient /> and for his interest in resolving problems from within a company by listening to workers and by cross-functional and cross-cultural team groupings.<ref name=execution />

Ghosn is [[multilingualism|multilingual]], speaking four languages fluently – Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese – and he has also studied Japanese.<ref name=encyclopedia /><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/06/11/ghosn.profile/#cnnSTCText "The True Story of Carlos Ghosn"]. ''[[CNN]]''. 16 June 2008.</ref> He is a partner in [[Ixsir]], a winery in the northern coastal town of [[Batroun]], Lebanon.<ref>Karam, Michael. [http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/retail/lebanon-reluctant-to-recognise-a-big-local-success-story "Lebanon reluctant to recognise a big local success story"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021141404/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/retail/lebanon-reluctant-to-recognise-a-big-local-success-story |date=21 October 2011 }}. ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''. 20 October 2011.</ref> In 2012, he was named to the Honorary Board of the American Foundation of [[Saint George Hospital University Medical Center|Saint George Hospital]] in Beirut.<ref>[http://www.stgeorgefoundation.org/18-content-about-us.html Saint George Hospital – Our Mission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132144/http://www.stgeorgefoundation.org/18-content-about-us.html |date=6 October 2014 }}. [[Saint George Hospital]]. ''StGeorgeFoundation.org''. Retrieved 24 November 2014.</ref><ref>Mosalli, Irène. [http://www.lorientlejour.com/category/Liban/article/788295/Pour_sa_capacite_a_%3C%3C+faire_la_difference+%3E%3E%2C_Carlos_Ghosn_honore__par_la_Fondation_americaine_de_l%27Hopital_Saint-Georges.html "Pour sa capacité à « faire la différence », Carlos Ghosn honoré par la Fondation américaine de l’Hôpital Saint-Georges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409123319/http://www.lorientlejour.com/category/Liban/article/788295/Pour_sa_capacite_a_%3C%3C+faire_la_difference+%3E%3E%2C_Carlos_Ghosn_honore__par_la_Fondation_americaine_de_l%27Hopital_Saint-Georges.html |date=9 April 2020 }}. ''[[L'Orient-Le Jour]]''. 19 November 2012.</ref> In 2020, he became a coach to business leaders at [[Holy Spirit University of Kaslik|USEK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/10805/Carlos-Ghosn-to-coach-business-leaders-at-USEK |title=Carlos Ghosn to coach business leaders at USEK |website=businessnews.com.lb |date=1 October 2020 }}</ref>

Ghosn was hailed as a potential presidential candidate in Lebanon in 2007.<ref name=forward /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nissan-chief-ghosn-shrugs-off-lebanon-politics-career-105054099.html |title=Nissan chief Ghosn shrugs off Lebanon politics career |work= [[Agence France-Presse]] |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> In a June 2011 survey by life-insurance company [[Axa]], Ghosn was ranked No. 7 in a random poll asking Japanese people, "Which celebrity do you want to run Japan?" (Barack Obama was No. 9, and Prime Minister [[Naoto Kan]] was No. 19.)<ref>[http://www.47news.jp/CN/201106/CN2011062701000925.html "Japan chooses Kitano Takeshi in Axa Life Survey"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028134447/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201106/CN2011062701000925.html |date=28 October 2012 }}. ''[[Kyodo News]]''. ''47news.jp''. 27 June 2011.</ref><ref>Schmitt, Bertel. [http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/07/with-carlos-ghosn-down-by-the-waterfront/ "With Carlos Ghosn Down By The Waterfront"]. ''TheTruthAboutCars.com''. 16 July 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www2.axa.co.jp/info/news/2011/pdf/110627.pdf "Survey after the earthquake": 10,000-person survey]. (Japanese) [[Axa|Axa Life]]. ''axa.co.jp''. 27 June 2011. p. 9.</ref> He has so far declined such overtures, saying he has "no political ambitions".<ref name=forward>{{cite web|url=http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/337/Man%20behind%20the%20wheel |title=Man behind the wheel |first=Sami |last=Moubayed |quote=some Beiruti newspapers mentioned your name as a possible candidate for the Lebanese presidency in 2007. |publisher=Forward Syria |date=1 July 2009 |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711021234/http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/337/Man%20behind%20the%20wheel |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

Ghosn's lawyers have stated he has chronic kidney disease which they claim was worsened by his lack of access to proper treatment while imprisoned.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kelly|first=Tim|title=Exclusive: Ghosn, suffering from kidney failure, was arrested illegally – defense document|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nissan-ghosn-documents-exclusive/exclusive-ghosn-suffering-from-kidney-failure-was-arrested-illegally-defence-document-idUKKCN1RN0TG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411085241/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nissan-ghosn-documents-exclusive/exclusive-ghosn-suffering-from-kidney-failure-was-arrested-illegally-defence-document-idUKKCN1RN0TG|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2019|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

===In the media===
[[File:Carlos Ghosn (15766546977).jpg|thumb|Carlos Ghosn interviewed by LinkedIn Influencer (2014)]]
Beginning in November 2001, Ghosn's life story was turned into a superhero comic book series in Japan, titled ''The True Story of Carlos Ghosn'', in the [[manga]] comic book ''[[Big Comic Superior]]''.<ref name=unlikely>Zaun, Todd. {{cite web |title=Nissan's Carlos Ghosn Becomes Unlikely Star of Japanese Comic |url=http://www.tomcoyner.com/nissan_ghosn_star_of_japanese_comic.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228234014/http://www.tomcoyner.com/nissan_ghosn_star_of_japanese_comic.htm |archive-date=28 December 2007}} ''The Wall Street Journal'', 27 December 2001.</ref> The series was published as a book in 2002.<ref name=mit /><ref>[http://bc-superior.net/history/034/index.html "Winding up 2002"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214184648/http://bc-superior.net/history/034/index.html |date=14 February 2008}}. ''[[Big Comic Superior]] Newsletter''. 18 January 2003.</ref> His face has been reproduced both in [[Postage stamps and postal history of Lebanon|Lebanese postage stamps]] and in [[bento box]]es in Japanese restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kollewe |first1=Julia |last2=Jolly |first2=Jasper |title=Who is Carlos Ghosn? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/dec/31/who-is-carlos-ghosn |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=25 January 2020 |date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

Ghosn is the subject of a number of books in English, Japanese, and French. In English, he wrote a bestselling business book called ''Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival''.<ref>Ghosn, Carlos. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385512910 ''Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival'']. Crown Business, 2006.</ref> He was the subject of another business book called ''Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan'' by David Magee.<ref>Magee, David. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/006051485X ''Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan'']. HarperBusiness, 2003.</ref> He also provided strategic business commentary and on-the-job lessons to aspiring managers in a book called ''The Ghosn Factor: 24 Inspiring Lessons From Carlos Ghosn, the Most Successful Transnational CEO'' by Miguel Rivas-Micoud.<ref>Rivas-Micoud, Miguel.[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0071485953 ''The Ghosn Factor: 24 Lessons the World's Most Dynamic CEO'']. McGraw-Hill, 2006.</ref>

Netflix in 2022 released a documentary titled ''Fugitive: The Curious Case of Carlos Ghosn'', which chronicles Ghosn's rise, as well as the internal rivalries and tensions he sparked within Nissan-Renault, and his dramatic arrest.<ref>Fugitive: The Curious Case of Carlos Ghosn [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19113302/]</ref> [[Apple TV+]] released a documentary titled ''Wanted: The Escape of Carlos Ghosn,'' in 2023.<ref>Wanted: The Escape of Carlos Ghosn [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15520170/]</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
As a result of his achievements, Ghosn has had numerous awards and honors bestowed upon him. Some of these include:
* In 2001, he topped [[Time (magazine)|''TIME'' magazine]]'s list of Global Influentials, beating [[Bill Gates]] and several other globally renowned businessmen.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1993621_1994046_1993627,00.html|title=Global Influentials 2001|last=Staff|first=Time|date=3 December 2001|magazine=Time|access-date=10 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
* In 2001, he was named Father of the Year by a Japanese community group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/04/12/revealed.ghosn.biog/|title=The Gaijin with two jobs - CNN.com|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
* In 2002, he was appointed a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honour]] (''Knight of the Legion of Honour'') by the French government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/20020331.OBS4450/la-promotion-de-paques.html|title=La promotion de Pâques|publisher=Le NouvelObs|date=2 April 2002|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
* In 2002 ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' awarded him Asia Businessman of the Year.<ref name=fortune2002>Taylor III, Alex. [https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/02/18/318166/index.htm "Awards"]. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''. 18 February 2002.</ref><ref name=forecasts>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ghosn+forecasts+record+Nissan+profit+for+FY+2001.-a084261095 "Ghosn forecasts record Nissan profit for FY 2001"]. [[Kyodo News International]]. 25 February 2002.</ref>
* In 2003, he was named Man of the Year by [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'' magazine]]'s Asian edition.<ref name=arabnews>Ali, Arif. [http://www.arabnews.com/node/268045 "Nissan Opens Largest Showroom in Oman"]. ''[[Arab News]]''. 5 June 2005.</ref>
* In 2003 ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' listed him as one of the 10 most powerful business leaders outside the U.S.<ref name=loomis>Loomis, Carol J. [http://fortune.com/2012/11/21/the-25-most-powerful-people-in-business/ "The 25 most powerful people in business"]. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''. 11 August 2003.</ref>
* In 2004, he became the first foreign business leader to receive the prestigious Blue Ribbon Medal from [[Akihito|Emperor Akihito]] of Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/business/carlos-ghosn-nissan.html|title=The Rise and Fall of Carlos Ghosn|last1=Chozick|first1=Amy|date=30 December 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 August 2019|last2=Rich|first2=Motoko|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* In 2004, he was added to the [[Automotive Hall of Fame]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Nissan's+Ghosn+to+be+registered+in+Automotive+Hall+of+Fame.-a0123861497 "Nissan's Ghosn to be registered in Automotive Hall of Fame"]. ''[[Kyodo News International]]''. 28 October 2004.</ref>
* In 2004, he was also added to the [[Japan Automotive Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jahfa.jp/jahfa4/pala/person4.htm |title=カルロス・ゴーン（Carlos Ghosn）氏略歴 |publisher=Japan Automobile Hall of Fame |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031315/http://www.jahfa.jp/jahfa4/pala/person4.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* In 2006, Ghosn was made an [[List of honorary British knights and dames|Honorary Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170412231756/http://uk.reuters.com/article/autos-ghosn-knight-idUKNOA42749020061024 "Car maker turnaround king Ghosn now a knight"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 24 October 2006.</ref>
* In 2010, ''CEO Quarterly'' magazine listed Ghosn as one of the "Most Respected CEOs".<ref>[http://www.ceoqmagazine.com/mostrespectedceos/ceo_nissan_carlosghosn.htm Most Respected CEOs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823071344/http://www.ceoqmagazine.com/mostrespectedceos/ceo_nissan_carlosghosn.htm |date=23 August 2011 }}. ''CEO Quarterly''. 2010.</ref>
* In 2010, he was appointed as the jury member of the [[Takreem]] Award Committee between 2010 and 2018.
* In 2011, CNBC listed Ghosn as Asia Business Leader of the Year.<ref>Bagchee, Deepanshu. [https://www.cnbc.com/id/45430973/Carlos_Ghosn_Named_Asia_Business_Leader_of_the_Year "Carlos Ghosn Named Asia Business Leader of the Year"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127190134/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45430973/Carlos_Ghosn_Named_Asia_Business_Leader_of_the_Year |date=27 November 2011 }}. ''[[CNBC]]''. 24 November 2011.</ref>
* In 2012, Ghosn was awarded the Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]], an honorific designation to civilians in recognition of services that benefit Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2012/Activite-Royale_S-M--le-Roi-preside-la-ceremonie-d-inauguration-de-l-usine-Renault-Nissan-Tanger-mobilisant-des-investissements--de-11-milliard-d-euros/162479.html|title=Le Matin – S.M. le Roi préside la cérémonie d'inauguration de l'usine Renault-Nissan Tanger, mobilisant des investissements de 1,1 milliard d'euros|first=Le|last=Matin|website=Le Matin|date=9 February 2012 }}</ref>
* In 2012, Ghosn received the Japan Society Award.<ref>[http://www.japansociety.org/event/japan-society-2012-annual-dinner Japan Society 2012 Annual Dinner] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519225412/http://www.japansociety.org/event/japan-society-2012-annual-dinner |date=19 May 2012 }}. Japan Society. 7 June 2012.</ref>
* In 2012, Ghosn became the first person in the auto industry, and the fourth overall, to win a Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Strategic Management Society]], a non-profit group that promotes ethical and strategic business stewardship.<ref>[http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/content/ghosn-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-strategic-management-society "Ghosn wins 'lifetime achievement' award from Strategic Management Society"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019173541/http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/content/ghosn-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-strategic-management-society |date=19 October 2012 }}. [[Renault–Nissan Alliance]]. 8 October 2012.</ref>
* In 2012, Ghosn was awarded the Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], an honorific designation to civilians in recognition of services that benefit Spain.<ref>[https://www.alliance-2022.com/blog/ghosn-royal-appointment/ Ghosn: by royal appointment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012934/https://www.alliance-2022.com/blog/ghosn-royal-appointment/ |date=17 July 2018 }}. [[Renault–Nissan Alliance]]. 29 October 2012.</ref>
* In 2013, he was appointed an International [[Fellow]] of the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]].<ref>[http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows?fa=g List of Fellows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326135925/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows?fa=g |date=26 March 2016 }}. [[Royal Academy of Engineering]]. Retrieved 24 November 2014.</ref>
* In 2017, Lebanon's national post office, LibanPost, unveiled a collectable stamp honoring Carlos Ghosn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://executive-bulletin.com/other/a-collectable-stamp-honoring-carlos-ghosn-unveiled|title=A collectable stamp honoring Carlos Ghosn unveiled|date=29 August 2017|language=en-US|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}

===Books===
* {{Cite book |last=Ghosn |first=Carlos |title=Renaissance |publisher=Diamond |year=2001 |location=Tokyo |translator-last=Nakagawa |translator-first=Haruko}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ghosn |first1=Carlos |author-mask=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuaAHAAACAAJ |title=Citoyen du monde |last2=Riès |first2=Philippe |date=2003 |publisher=Grasset |isbn=978-2-246-63091-3 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosn |first=Carlos |author-mask=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-RuS9VNSgC |title=SHIFT: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=9780307423818 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ghosn |first1=Carlos |author-mask=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2r2zQEACAAJ |title=Le temps de la vérité |last2=Riès |first2=Philippe |date=2020 |publisher=Bernard Grasset |isbn=978-2-246-82417-6 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ghosn |first1=Carlos |author-mask=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZxJzgEACAAJ |title=Broken Alliances: Inside the Rise and Fall of a Global Automotive Empire |last2=Riès |first2=Philippe |date=2021 |publisher=Tanooki Press |isbn=978-1-954306-00-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ghosn |first1=Carlos |author-mask=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj8gEAAAQBAJ |title=Ensemble, toujours |last2=Ghosn |first2=Carole |date=2021-03-03 |publisher=Humensis |isbn=979-10-329-1652-0 |language=fr}}

===Articles===
* {{Cite magazine |last=Ghosn |first=Carlos |date=2002-01-01 |title=Saving the Business Without Losing the Company |magazine=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2002/01/saving-the-business-without-losing-the-company |access-date=2023-01-14 |issn=0017-8012}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/special/carlosghosn/en/|title=Light and Darkness brought by Carlos Ghosn|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]|date=7 December 2018|translator-last=Akagawa |translator-first=Roy K. }} Japanese version: "[https://www.asahi.com/special/carlosghosn/ カルロス・ゴーンもたらした光と影]".

==External links==
{{commons category|Carlos Ghosn}}
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OMNY

2024-06-23T01:53:55Z

Lensovet: Reduced OMNY cards are still unavailable

{{short description|Public transit payment system in the New York City area}}
{{distinguish|Omni (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox electronic payment
| name = OMNY
| logo = OMNY logo.svg
| longname = One Metro New York
| location = [[New York metropolitan area]]
| launched = May 31, 2019
| technology_1 = [[Near-field communication|Near-field communication (NFC)]]
| technology_2 =
| technology_3 = [[Contactless payment]]
| generation = First
| operator = [[Cubic Transportation Systems]]
| manager = [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]
| currency = [[United States dollar|USD]]
| card cost = $5.00
| maximum_credit =
| minimum_credit = $1
| stored_value = $1–300
| credit_expiry = 7 years
| automatic_recharge = Yes
| unlimited_use = Yes
| service_1 = [[MTA Regional Bus Operations|MTA bus routes]]
| service_2 = [[New York City Subway]]
| service_3 = [[Staten Island Railway]]
| sales_location1 = [[CVS Pharmacy]]
| sales_location2 = [[Walgreens]]
| sales_location3 = [[7-Eleven]]
| variant_1 = Reduced-Fare
| homepage = {{URL|https://omny.info/}}
| predecessor = [[MetroCard]]
| service_4 = [[Roosevelt Island Tram]]
| service_5 = [[Airtrain JFK]]
| service_6 = [[Hudson Rail Link]]
}}

'''OMNY''' ({{ipac-en|ˈ|Q|m|n|i}} {{respell|OM|nee}}, short for '''One Metro New York''') is a [[contactless payment|contactless]] fare payment system, currently being implemented for use on [[transportation in New York City|public transit]] in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. OMNY can currently be used to pay fares at all [[New York City Subway]] and [[Staten Island Railway]] stations, on all [[MTA Regional Bus Operations|MTA buses]], [[AirTrain JFK]], [[Metro-North Railroad|Metro North]]'s [[Hudson Rail Link]], and on the [[Roosevelt Island Tramway|Roosevelt Island Tram]]; when completely rolled out, it will also replace the [[MetroCard]] on [[Bee-Line Bus System|Bee-Line buses]], and [[Nassau Inter-County Express|NICE buses]]. OMNY will also expand beyond the current scope of the MetroCard to include the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and [[Metro-North Railroad]].

The MetroCard, a [[magnetic stripe card]], was first introduced in 1993 and was used to pay fares on MTA subways and buses, as well as on other networks such as the [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] train. Two limited contactless-payment trials were conducted around the New York City area in 2006 and in 2010. However, formal planning for a full replacement of the MetroCard did not start until 2016.

The OMNY system is designed by [[Cubic Transportation Systems]], using technology licensed from [[Transport for London]]'s [[Oyster card]]. The system accepts payments through contactless bank cards and [[mobile payment]]s as well as physical OMNY cards. OMNY began its public rollout in May 2019, with the first readers installed at select subway stations and on [[List of bus routes in Staten Island|buses in Staten Island]]. The Staten Island Railway received OMNY readers in December 2019, and rollout on the New York City Subway and on MTA buses was completed on December 31, 2020.

The MTA began offering OMNY contactless cards on October 1, 2021, and introduced [[fare capping]] on February 28, 2022. Reduced-fare customers were allowed to use OMNY starting in June 2022
using their own debit or credit cards which must be registered with OMNY. Reduced Fare OMNY cards were expected to be issued in late 2023, but were still not available in June 2024. Full deployment to other New York City-area transit systems had been expected by 2023 but has been delayed. The phasing out of the MetroCard—originally expected in 2023—has been delayed indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brachfeld |first=Ben |date=2023-04-24 |title=OMNY machines rolling out at subway stations this summer as phase-out of MetroCard delayed indefinitely {{!}} amNewYork |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-machines-rollout/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.amny.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Predecessors==

=== Previous fare media ===
[[File:NYC Subway RFID.jpg|thumb|upright|Contactless trial on the [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]], 2007|alt=]]
[[Subway token]]s had been used as the MTA subway and bus systems' form of fare payment since the 1950s. [[MetroCard]]s made by [[Cubic Transportation Systems]] started to replace the tokens in 1992; the MetroCards used magnetic stripes to encode the fare payment. By 2003, the MetroCard was the exclusive method of fare payment systemwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2002 |title=About NYC Transit – History |url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920202817/http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm |archive-date=2016-09-20 |access-date=September 18, 2016}}</ref>

=== Payment system trials ===
[[Mastercard|MasterCard]] and [[Citibank]] funded a trial of contactless payments, branded as [[Mastercard#Mastercard Contactless|PayPass]]. The trial was conducted at 25 subway stations, mostly on the [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]],{{efn|The following subway stations participated in the 2006 trial:
* 23 stations on the [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]] from [[125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|125th Street]] to [[Bowling Green station|Bowling Green]]
* [[Borough Hall/Court Street station|Borough Hall/Court Street]] in Brooklyn
* [[Court Square–23rd Street station|23rd Street-Ely Avenue]] in Queens}} beginning in July 2006. The trial was limited to select Citibank cardholders, but it proved popular enough to be extended past its original end date of December 2006.<ref name="Chan 2006">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/nyregion/31fare.html |title=A Test at 25 Stations Subway Riding Without the Swiping |last=Chan |first=Sewell |date=January 31, 2006 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 10, 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023200233/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/nyregion/31fare.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/2009/08/05/the-future-of-the-metrocard-part-3/ |title=The Future of the MetroCard Part 3 |last=Steinemann |first=Jeremy |date=2009-08-05 |website=Second Ave. Sagas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811041553/http://secondavenuesagas.com/2009/08/05/the-future-of-the-metrocard-part-3/ |archive-date=2009-08-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bacheldor |first=Beth |date=2006-01-31 |title=RFID to Ride N.Y. Subways |url=https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?2112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124175650/https://www.rfidjournal.com/rfid-to-ride-n-y-subways |archive-date=2023-01-24 |access-date=2019-08-02 |work=RFID Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2006/02/01/select-customers-to-trial-rfid-nyc-subway-pass/ |title="Select customers" to trial RFID NYC subway pass |last=Blass |first=Evan |date=February 1, 2006 |website=Engadget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203025204/https://www.engadget.com/2006/02/01/select-customers-to-trial-rfid-nyc-subway-pass/ |archive-date=2006-02-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In light of the success of the first contactless payment trial in 2006, another trial was conducted from June to November 2010.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/new-jersey-and-new-york-transit-agencies-partner-with-mastercard-on-tap-go-payment-system-to-enhance-commuter-experience/ |title=New Jersey and New York Transit Agencies Partner with MasterCard on Tap & Go Payment System to Enhance Commuter Experience |date=2010-06-01 |work=MasterCard |access-date=2019-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801213758/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/new-jersey-and-new-york-transit-agencies-partner-with-mastercard-on-tap-go-payment-system-to-enhance-commuter-experience/ |archive-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref name="Kaminer 2010">{{cite news |last=Kaminer |first=Ariel |title=Testing PayPass on New York's Buses and Trains |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 11, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13critic.html |access-date=March 25, 2016 |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109181702/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13critic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2010 trial initially only supported MasterCard-branded cards, expanding to [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[PayWave]] cards in August.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/the_era_bulletin_2010-07 |title=Commuter and Transit Notes |last=Glucksman |first=Randy |date=July 2010 |work=The Bulletin |publisher=Electric Railroaders' Association |issue=7 |volume=53 |pages=10 |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233453/https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/the_era_bulletin_2010-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TransitTrialNYNJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.ridenewyorknewjersey.com/about.html |title=About the Trial |website=NY/NJ Transit Trial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118084548/http://www.ridenewyorknewjersey.com/about.html |archive-date=November 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 25, 2016}}</ref> The 2010 trial eventually expanded to include multiple Manhattan bus routes, two New Jersey Transit bus routes, and most [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] stations.{{efn|The following bus routes and subway stations participated in the 2010 trial:
* the IRT Lexington Avenue Line ({{NYCS trains|Lexington}}) from [[138th Street–Grand Concourse (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)|138th Street–Grand Concourse]] or [[Third Avenue–138th Street (IRT Pelham Line)|Third Avenue–138th Street]] stations in [[the Bronx]] to [[Court Street–Borough Hall (New York City Subway)|Borough Hall]] station in [[Brooklyn]],
* the {{NYC bus link|M14|M23|M79|M86|M101|M102|M103}} New York City Transit local bus routes, and the [[BxM7 (New York City bus)|BxM7]] MTA Bus express bus route,
* most of the [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] train stations (except for {{stl|PATH|Christopher Street}} and {{stl|PATH|Ninth Street}}),
* <nowiki>#6 (Ocean Avenue – Journal Square), #80 (Newark Avenue), and #87 (King Drive) </nowiki>[[New Jersey Transit Bus Operations|New Jersey Transit bus routes]].
* A new route service was added at an unknown date: one was able to use the [[Newark Liberty International Airport]]'s [[AirTrain Newark|AirTrain]] [[monorail]] system to [[Newark Liberty International Airport#Airlines and destinations|terminals A, B, and C]] and the long-term parking areas of the airport. However, this was only good for going to the airport, ''away'' from the [[Newark Liberty International Airport Station]], and did not apply when leaving the airport, towards the station.

Two options were available during this second trial for fare payment:
* "pay-as-you-go" RFID card scan at select turnstiles or locations; or,
* pre-funded fares via a pilot website called the "NY/NJ Transit Trial" for multiple and unlimited ride discounts. Pre-funded fares ceased to be available on the trial website on October 16, 2010, and the free trial ended on November 30, 2010.
}}

==Proposal==
[[File:NYC, Canal St entrance.jpg|thumb|upright|OMNY readers at [[Canal Street (New York City Subway)|Canal Street]], 2019]]
In 2016, the MTA announced that it would begin designing a new [[Contactless payment|contactless]] fare payment system to replace the MetroCard.<ref name="wnyc2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/finally-mtas-capital-program-has-cleared-state/ |title=Finally: The MTA Has an Approved Capital Program |last=Hinds |first=Kate |date=June 1, 2015 |website=WNYC |access-date=July 28, 2016 |archive-date=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803000555/http://www.wnyc.org/story/finally-mtas-capital-program-has-cleared-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smith Insider 2016">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Dave |title=All New York City subway stations will have WiFi by the end of this year |website=Business Insider |date=January 11, 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/all-nyc-subway-stations-getting-wifi-2016-1 |access-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055333/http://www.businessinsider.com/all-nyc-subway-stations-getting-wifi-2016-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Rivoli |first1=Dan |last2=Gregorian |first2=Dareh |date=April 12, 2016 |title=MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-takes-step-replacing-metrocard-article-1.2598346 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075727/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-takes-step-replacing-metrocard-article-1.2598346 |url-status=live }}</ref> The replacement system was initially planned for partial implementation in 2018 and full implementation by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Siff |first=Andrew |title=MetroCard Replacement Is Coming Soon: MTA |website=NBC New York |date=September 11, 2017 |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/MTA-Subway-MetroCard-Replacement-Contactless-Payment-443309333.html |access-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910043325/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/MTA-Subway-MetroCard-Replacement-Contactless-Payment-443309333.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2017, the MTA started installing eTix-compatible [[electronic ticket]]ing turnstiles in 14 stations in Manhattan. The eTix system, already used on the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and [[Metro-North Railroad]], allows passengers to pay their fares using their phones. The system would originally be for MTA employees only.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-testing-new-tech-replace-metrocard-article-1.3546184 |title=MTA testing new tech that could replace MetroCard |last=Rivoli |first=Dan |date=October 6, 2017 |work=NY Daily News |access-date=October 9, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009072240/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-testing-new-tech-replace-metrocard-article-1.3546184 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by a [[Contactless payment|contactless fare payment]] system also by Cubic, with fare payment being made using [[Android Pay]], [[Apple Pay]], [[Samsung Pay]], debit/credit cards with [[near-field communication]] enabled, or radio-frequency identification cards.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-approves-plan-scrap-metrocards-tap-payment-system-article-1.3584098 |title=MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system |last=Rivoli |first=Dan |date=October 23, 2017 |work=NY Daily News |access-date=October 24, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024051957/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-approves-plan-scrap-metrocards-tap-payment-system-article-1.3584098 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html |title=New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares |last=Barron |first=James |date=October 23, 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 24, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023235701/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The announcement called for a phased rollout, culminating in the discontinuation of the MetroCard by 2023.<ref name=":22" /> The payment system would use technology licensed from [[Transport for London]]'s [[Oyster card]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoscik |first=Martin |date=2018-10-11 |title=TfL set to extend Cubic's contactless fares licensing deal after netting £15m in royalties in just two years |url=https://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/tfl-set-to-extend-cubics-contactless-fares-licensing-deal-after-netting-15m-in-royalties-in-just-two-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801210828/https://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/tfl-set-to-extend-cubics-contactless-fares-licensing-deal-after-netting-15m-in-royalties-in-just-two-years/ |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |work=MayorWatch}}</ref> Critics responded to the proposals with concerns about security and privacy, highlighting a 2016 security breach of fare systems in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/nyregion/new-fare-system-metrocard-security-hacking.html |title=New Fare System Raises Security Concerns, but Officials Promise Safety |last=Barron |first=James |date=October 27, 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 27, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195613/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/nyregion/new-fare-system-metrocard-security-hacking.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Implementation==

In June 2018, the MTA revised the timeline for implementation of the then-unnamed new payment system. The first stage of implementation would take place in May 2019. In the second stage, all subway stations would receive OMNY readers by October 2020, in preparation for the third stage, which involved the launch of a prepaid OMNY card by February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/metrocard-replacement-omny-1.29297988 |title=Avoiding replacing the MetroCard with ... chaos |date=April 2, 2019 |website=am New York |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162108/https://www.amny.com/transit/metrocard-replacement-omny-1.29297988 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019">{{Cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/190520_1400_CPOC.pdf |title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting |date=May 20, 2019 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=May 19, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518163329/http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/190520_1400_CPOC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|13}} The fourth stage involved the installation of OMNY [[Ticket machine|vending machines]] by March 2022,<ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019" />{{rp|13}} and the MetroCard would be discontinued in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/metrocard-fare-payment-1.19188463 |title=MetroCards to start tapping out in May |date=June 13, 2018 |website=am New York |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614131125/https://www.amny.com/transit/metrocard-fare-payment-1.19188463 |url-status=live }}</ref> Installation of OMNY vending machines in stations would be pushed back to the summer of 2023, with the discontinuation of MetroCards cancelled as further delays arise with rollout on regional rail and affiliate agencies.<ref name="OMNY machine">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-machines-rollout/ |title=OMNY machines rolling out at subway stations this summer as phase-out of MetroCard delayed indefinitely |date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[AM New York Metro]] |last=Brachfeld |first=Ben}}</ref>
Initially, there were disagreements about what the payment system should be called; some executives wanted a "traditional" name that resembled the MetroCard's name, while others wanted more unusual names. Possible names included "MetroTap", "Tony", "Liberty" and "Pretzel". The name "OMNY" was eventually chosen as being "modern and universal".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/liberty-tony-pretzel-new-york-officials-puzzle-over-fare-card-name-11565020341 |title=Liberty? Tony? Pretzel? New York Officials Puzzle Over Fare Card Name |last=Berger |first=Paul |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=August 5, 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-08-07 |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209005359/https://www.wsj.com/articles/liberty-tony-pretzel-new-york-officials-puzzle-over-fare-card-name-11565020341 |url-status=live }}</ref> The OMNY name was announced in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/02/23/metrocards-mta-pay-smartphone/ |title=No More MetroCards? MTA To Test New Fare System Where Riders Pay Using Smartphone |date=February 23, 2019 |website=CBS New York |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224000355/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/02/23/metrocards-mta-pay-smartphone/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bronx.news12.com/story/40014556/mta-to-phase-out-metrocard-out-with-the-swipe-in-with-the-tap |title=MTA to phase out MetroCard: Out with the swipe, in with the tap |date=February 23, 2019 |website=News 12 The Bronx |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173747/http://bronx.news12.com/story/40014556/mta-to-phase-out-metrocard-out-with-the-swipe-in-with-the-tap |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> "OMNY" is an acronym for "One Metro New York", intended to signify its eventual broad acceptance across the New York metropolitan area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-metro-metrocard-omny-fare-20190222-story.html |title=Why not Apple Card? Or Gotham Card? MTA's tap-n-go fare card has unimaginative name |last=Rivoli |first=Dan |date=2019-02-22 |work=nydailynews.com |access-date=2019-08-03 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208194648/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-metro-metrocard-omny-fare-20190222-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, goals for broad acceptance have since been hampered, with [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] and [[NJ Transit]] unwilling to install OMNY, instead pursuing similar independent systems which would not be compatible with it.<ref name="PATH system">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-path-tap-pay-omny-turnstiles-fares-20211115-e2k6xki3frhljcrix5lo6y4vwq-story.html |title=Tap-and-pay fare system coming to PATH, follows MTA's OMNY system |date=2021-11-15 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[New York Daily News]] |last=Guse |first=Clayton}}</ref><ref name="NJ Transit Fare">{{cite web |last=Higgs |first=Larry |title=NJ Transit takes first step to put a fare card in riders' hands by late 2024 |website=nj |date=April 13, 2022 |url=https://www.nj.com/traffic/2022/04/nj-transit-takes-first-step-to-put-a-fare-card-in-riders-hands-by-late-2024.html |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713023205/https://www.nj.com/traffic/2022/04/nj-transit-takes-first-step-to-put-a-fare-card-in-riders-hands-by-late-2024.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An internal trial launched in March 2019, involving over 1,100 MTA employees and 300 other participants. Over 1,200 readers were installed in subway stations and buses for the public trial, and the OMNY.info website was created.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019" />{{rp|14–15}} Weeks before the beginning of the public launch, $85.4 million had been spent on the project, out of a total budget of $644.7 million.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019" />{{rp|14}} The budget had risen to $677 million by June 2020 and to $732 million by November 2020.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2020">{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting January 2022 |url=https://new.mta.info/document/72541 |access-date=February 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127185459/https://new.mta.info/document/72541 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|37}} The budget was $772 million by June 2021.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Jun2021"/>{{rp|83}}

In October 2021, the MTA started selling a physical OMNY card at certain retail locations throughout New York City, such as [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]], [[7-Eleven|7/11]] and [[Duane Reade]] drugstores, as well as [[bodega (store)|bodega]]s, CFSC Check Cashing, and [[dollar store]]s that sold MetroCards. The cost of the card was (and is) $5.00 plus a minimum of $1 to be loaded on the card at time of purchase. The MTA planned to expand the rollout to vending machines inside stations in September 2022. OMNY cards featuring commemorative designs, as well as special fare-classes such as students, senior citizens, and MTA employees, were not available at the time of the standalone OMNY Card rollout.<ref name="curbed20211001">{{Cite web |last=Bonanos |first=Christopher |date=2021-10-01 |title=This Is the OMNY Card, and You Might Be Able to Buy One Today |url=https://www.curbed.com/2021/10/omny-card-launched-mta-nyc-reveal.html |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Curbed |language=en-us |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002132017/https://www.curbed.com/2021/10/omny-card-launched-mta-nyc-reveal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Even at the end of 2021, reduced pay-per-ride OMNY fares were not available at all.<ref name="Martinez 2021">{{cite web |last=Martinez |first=Jose |title=MTA's Late in Making OMNY Subway and Bus System Reduced-Fare Friendly |website=THE CITY |date=2021-12-13 |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2021/12/13/22833400/mtas-late-in-making-omny-subway-and-bus-system-reduced-fare-friendly |access-date=2022-02-18 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218132638/https://www.thecity.nyc/2021/12/13/22833400/mtas-late-in-making-omny-subway-and-bus-system-reduced-fare-friendly |url-status=live }}</ref> The physical card was seldom used in the months after its rollout; by February 2022, less than 1 percent of all OMNY fares were being paid using a card, and 4,367 cards had been sold at stores.<ref name="Nessen 2022">{{cite web |last=Nessen |first=Stephen |title=MTA struggles to get OMNY cards in stores |website=Gothamist |date=2022-02-20 |url=https://gothamist.com/news/mta-struggles-get-omny-cards-stores |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221040818/https://gothamist.com/news/mta-struggles-get-omny-cards-stores |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 30, 2023, OMNY machines were activated at six subway stations.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 d824">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=OMNY vending machines activated at 6 NYC subway stations | website=amNewYork | date=October 30, 2023 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-machines-activated-nyc-subway-stations/ | access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hoogensen 2023 f027">{{cite web | last=Hoogensen | first=Finn | title=OMNY card vending machines now available at several NYC subway stations | website=PIX11 | date=October 30, 2023 | url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/omny-card-vending-machines-now-available-at-several-nyc-subway-station/ | access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref> The MTA announced in May 2024 that students and reduced-fare MetroCard users would begin receiving OMNY cards later that year.<ref>{{cite web | last=Liebman | first=Samantha | title=OMNY rolling out to more users by end of year | website=Spectrum News NY1 | date=2024-05-20 | url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/05/20/omny-rolling-out-to-more-users-by-end-of-the-year | access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref><ref name="Nessen 2024 a793">{{cite web | last=Nessen | first=Stephen | title=Students, seniors next in line for MTA’s OMNY payment system | website=Gothamist | date=2024-05-20 | url=https://gothamist.com/news/students-seniors-next-in-line-for-mtas-omny-payment-system | access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref> As of June 2024, OMNY machines have been added at more than 50 stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2024 |title=Introducing OMNY vending machines |url=https://new.mta.info/article/introducing-omny-vending-machines |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=MTA |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:OMNY Coney Island.jpg|thumb|OMNY machines at the Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue station]]

=== Buses and rapid transit ===
[[File:Staten Island Transit Improvements.jpg|thumb|Staten Island buses were among the first to utilize OMNY readers.<ref name="ABC7">{{cite web |url=https://abc7ny.com/5152992/ |title=MTA: OMNY will be phased in to replace MetroCards in NYC |date=February 23, 2019 |website=ABC7 New York |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173748/https://abc7ny.com/5152992/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

At a presentation in May 2019, the MTA's Capital Program Oversight Committee specified the following items to be implemented at an unspecified future date: launch a mobile app, allow customers to pay with OMNY Cards on [[Access-a-Ride]] [[paratransit]] vehicles, and add OMNY readers on Select Bus Service buses to support all-door boarding.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019" />{{rp|17}} However, the committee expressed concerns that some bank cards would not be accepted, and that OMNY transactions could take longer than MetroCard transactions, increasing crowding at turnstiles.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-May2019" /> All-door boarding at Select Bus Service routes with OMNY began on July 20, 2020.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS5D_-eV7G0&t=1336 |title=MTA Press Conference – 12/11/2019 |date=2019-12-11 |language=en |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |access-date=2019-12-17 |via=YouTube |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610104158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS5D_-eV7G0&t=1336 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Rollout====
OMNY launched to the public on May 31, 2019, on [[List of bus routes in Staten Island|Staten Island buses]] and at 16 subway stations.{{efn|name="16stations"|All stations on the {{NYCS trains|Lexington}} between [[Grand Central–42nd Street station|Grand Central–42nd Street]] and [[Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station|Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center]] were in the initial OMNY pilot.}} At first, OMNY only supported single-ride fares paid with contactless bank cards; mobile payments such as [[Apple Pay]] and [[Google Pay (payment method)|Google Pay]] were also accepted, and free transfers between OMNY-enabled routes were available with the same transfer restrictions placed upon the MetroCard.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://gothamist.com/2019/05/31/omny_subway_pilot_launch.php |title=OMNY Is Alive: MTA Opens Up Tap Payment System In Limited Subway Pilot |last=Chung |first=Jen |website=Gothamist |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603141536/http://gothamist.com/2019/05/31/omny_subway_pilot_launch.php |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AMNY-OMNY-201905">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-usage-rates-1.31904874 |title=6,000 tap into new MTA fare system on first full day |website=am New York |date=June 3, 2019 |language=en |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195727/https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-usage-rates-1.31904874/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/40574928/mta-begins-rollout-of-tapandgo-fare-payment-system |title=MTA begins rollout of 'tap-and-go' fare payment system |website=brooklyn.news12.com |language=en |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709052827/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/40574928/mta-begins-rollout-of-tapandgo-fare-payment-system |url-status=live }}</ref> In June and July 2019, [[Mastercard]] offered "Fareback Fridays" to promote the system, where it would refund up to two rides made using OMNY on Fridays.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2019/05/31/nyc-mta-fitbit-android-apple-pay-phone-tap-card/ |title=New York's MTA Gets Apple Pay and Google Pay: Here's How to Set It Up |website=Fortune |language=en |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015332/https://fortune.com/2019/05/31/nyc-mta-fitbit-android-apple-pay-phone-tap-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mastercard.us/en-us/consumers/offers-promotions/fareback-fridays-promotion.html |title=Fareback Fridays Promotion |website=www.mastercard.us |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220042909/https://www.mastercard.us/en-us/consumers/offers-promotions/fareback-fridays-promotion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The OMNY system reached one million uses within its first 10 weeks and two million uses within 16 weeks.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2019">{{Cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/document/12081 |title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting |date=November 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=May 19, 2019 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027005007/https://new.mta.info/document/12081 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|58}} On one day in June, 18,000 taps were recorded from bank cards issued in 82 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/30/nyregion/metrocard-mta-subway-discontinued.html |title=So Long, Swiping. The 'Tap-and-Go' Subway Is Here. |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=2019-07-30 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-08-01 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103162845/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/30/nyregion/metrocard-mta-subway-discontinued.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2019, the MTA announced its first expansion. Over the following month, 48 additional stations would be outfitted with OMNY readers the following month, thereby bringing the system to all five boroughs,{{efn|name=see-timeline|See {{section link||Timeline}} for a list of additional stations.}} and by January 2020 the system would then be expanded to Manhattan bus routes.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2019" />{{Rp|57}} Furthermore, the MTA would begin launching pilot programs on [[Select Bus Service]], the city's [[bus rapid transit]] system, and add self-service features.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2019" />{{Rp|60}} OMNY readers were installed at the rear doors of buses.<ref name="Nessen 2024 i666">{{cite web | last=Nessen | first=Stephen | title=Why OMNY readers at the back of MTA buses are effectively useless right now | website=Gothamist | date=February 16, 2024 | url=https://gothamist.com/news/why-omny-readers-at-the-back-of-mta-buses-are-effectively-useless-right-now | access-date=February 17, 2024}}</ref> By then, over three million riders with bank cards from 111 countries had used OMNY.<ref name="Glasser-Baker 2019">{{cite web |last=Glasser-Baker |first=Becca |title=MTA announces the expansion of OMNY |website=Metro US |date=November 13, 2019 |url=https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/mta-announces-expansion-omny |access-date=November 14, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219165308/https://www.metro.us/mta-announces-the-expansion-of-omny/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MTA Expanding OMNY to All Boroughs by End of 2020 |website=Spectrum News NY1 | New York City |date=November 13, 2019 |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/11/13/mta-expanding-omny-to-all-boroughs-by-end-of-2020- |access-date=November 14, 2019 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140455/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/11/13/mta-expanding-omny-to-all-boroughs-by-end-of-2020- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2019" />{{Rp|58}} According to an internal MTA report, these riders had used over 460,000 unique payment methods between them, or about 2,000 new payment methods per day.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2019" />{{Rp|58}}

With the implementation of OMNY on the [[Staten Island Railway]] in December 2019, public transit in Staten Island became fully OMNY-compatible.<ref name="Bascome 2020">{{cite web |last=Bascome |first=Erik |date=June 5, 2020 |title=MTA: OMNY installation to be completed on time despite coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/06/mta-omny-installation-to-be-completed-on-time-despite-coronavirus-outbreak.html |access-date=July 18, 2020 |website=silive |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005204810/https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/06/mta-omny-installation-to-be-completed-on-time-despite-coronavirus-outbreak.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The next month, MTA officials announced that OMNY had seen its 5-millionth use, and also that it would expand to 60 more subway stations by the end of the month.{{efn|name=see-timeline}} In addition, the MTA launched a marketing campaign for OMNY.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.silive.com/news/2020/01/omny-reaches-5-million-taps-mta-rolls-out-new-marketing-campaign.html |title=OMNY reaches 5 million taps; MTA rolls out new marketing campaign |last=Bascome |first=Erik |date=January 8, 2020 |website=silive |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108183143/https://www.silive.com/news/2020/01/omny-reaches-5-million-taps-mta-rolls-out-new-marketing-campaign.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MTA 20200107">{{cite web |title=Press Release – MTA Headquarters – OMNY Surpasses 5 Million Taps Ahead of Expansion to 60 More Stations by End of January |website=MTA |date=January 7, 2020 |url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/omny-surpasses-5-million-taps-ahead-expansion-60-more-stations-end |access-date=January 19, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205845/http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/omny-surpasses-5-million-taps-ahead-expansion-60-more-stations-end |url-status=live }}</ref> After another expansion the next month, there were over 180 OMNY-equipped stations and OMNY had been used over 7 million times.<ref name="amNewYork Feb 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/bronx/omny-payment-program-expands-to-bronx-subway-lines/ |title=OMNY payment program expands to Bronx subway lines |date=February 3, 2020 |website=amNewYork |access-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804233341/https://www.amny.com/bronx/omny-payment-program-expands-to-bronx-subway-lines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This grew to 10 million uses by the time yet another expansion was announced in March.<ref name="Intelligent Transport 2020">{{cite web |title=OMNY contactless payment system to go live on all Manhattan buses |website=Intelligent Transport |date=2020-03-03 |url=https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/96710/omny-contactless-payment-system-to-go-live-on-all-manhattan-buses/ |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304045101/https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/96710/omny-contactless-payment-system-to-go-live-on-all-manhattan-buses/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

No new OMNY installations were added from March to June 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]].<ref name="ABC7 New York 2020">{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2020 |title=MTA expands OMNY contactless readers to half of subway station, accelerates bus timeline by 6 months |url=https://abc7ny.com/6231100/ |access-date=2021-01-02 |website=ABC7 New York |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502080406/https://abc7ny.com/6231100/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The pandemic delayed the target date for which OMNY would be implemented at all subway stations and MTA bus routes, which was pushed back from October to December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Paul |date=2020-06-02 |title=Contactless Payment on New York City Subway Is Delayed by Coronavirus |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/contactless-payment-on-new-york-city-subway-is-delayed-by-coronavirus-11591137917 |access-date=2020-07-18 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021144249/https://www.wsj.com/articles/contactless-payment-on-new-york-city-subway-is-delayed-by-coronavirus-11591137917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bascome 2020" /> OMNY installation in Manhattan was completed in July 2020.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2020" />{{Rp|29}} By that September, two-thirds of subway stations were OMNY-equipped; this included all stations in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island, as well as buses in the latter two boroughs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hallum |first=Mark |date=2020-08-12 |title=OMNY payment system now at turnstiles in most subway stations: MTA |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-payment-system-now-at-turnstiles-in-most-subway-stations-mta/ |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=amNewYork |language=en-US |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928095745/https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-payment-system-now-at-turnstiles-in-most-subway-stations-mta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mass Transit Mag August 2020">{{cite web |date=August 13, 2020 |title=New York MTA's OMNY system on track with new installations |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/press-release/21150122/mta-new-york-city-transit-new-york-mtas-omkny-system-on-track-with-new-installations |access-date=August 14, 2020 |website=Mass Transit Magazine |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219165315/https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/press-release/21150122/mta-new-york-city-transit-new-york-mtas-omkny-system-on-track-with-new-installations |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2020, OMNY readers were installed at AutoGates, where disabled riders could enter and exit the system.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2020" />{{Rp|29}} {{As of|2020|December|alt=By December}}, OMNY had been rolled out to 458 subway stations, representing 97% of the total, and OMNY had been used 30 million times.<ref name="Humbrecht 2020">{{cite web |last=Humbrecht |first=Rebeka |date=2020-12-06 |title=Full OMNY rollout nears completion, as system records 30 millionth tap, MTA says |url=https://www.silive.com/news/2020/12/full-omny-rollout-nears-completion-as-system-records-30-millionth-tap-mta-says.html |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=silive |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229144435/https://www.silive.com/news/2020/12/full-omny-rollout-nears-completion-as-system-records-30-millionth-tap-mta-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 31, 2020, the MTA announced that OMNY was active on all MTA buses and at all subway stations, after the last OMNY readers were activated at [[Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station]].<ref name="cbs20201231">{{cite web |title=MTA: Every NYC Subway Station Now Equipped With OMNY Contactless Payment System |website=CBS New York – Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic And The Best of NY |date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/12/31/omny-rollout/ |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101010231/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/12/31/omny-rollout/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pozarycki 2020">{{cite web |last=Pozarycki |first=Robert |title='It's OMNY time': MTA wraps up installation of contactless fare payment system |website=amNewYork |date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://www.amny.com/new-york/omny-fare-payment-system-fully-installed-december-31/ |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004401/https://www.amny.com/new-york/omny-fare-payment-system-fully-installed-december-31/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Sophia |date=2021-01-01 |title=OMNY Pay Scanners Now Available At All Subway Stations And MTA Buses |work=[[Gothamist]] |url=https://gothamist.com/news/omny-pay-scanners-now-available-all-subway-stations-and-mta-buses |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105073539/https://gothamist.com/news/omny-pay-scanners-now-available-all-subway-stations-and-mta-buses |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Post-rollout====
By July 2021, one-sixth of all fares paid on the bus, subway, and Staten Island Railway were being paid through OMNY, and 100 million fares had been paid using the fare system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guse |first=Clayton |title=MTA says one in six NYC Transit fares now paid through OMNY |website=New York Daily News |date=July 6, 2021 |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-omny-100-million-taps-20210706-kzewstxytnghleg4peyy4osnuq-story.html |access-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002141912/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-omny-100-million-taps-20210706-kzewstxytnghleg4peyy4osnuq-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reduced pay-per-ride OMNY fares were supposed to become available in mid-2022.<ref name="Chung 2022">{{cite web | last=Chung | first=Jen | title=MTA's reduced-fare customers will get to use OMNY this summer | website=Gothamist | date=April 11, 2022 | url=https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-reduced-fare-customers-will-get-to-use-omny-this-summer | access-date=July 19, 2022 | archive-date=July 19, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719145113/https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-reduced-fare-customers-will-get-to-use-omny-this-summer | url-status=live }}</ref> Reduced-fare OMNY was finally activated in October 2022, although it was not available to Fair Fares riders and students.<ref name="Lazar 202210">{{cite web | last=Lazar | first=David | title=OMNY now available to reduced fare transit riders | website=Spectrum News NY1 New York City | date=October 24, 2022 | url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2022/10/24/omny-now-available-to-reduced-fare-transit-riders | access-date=October 26, 2022 | archive-date=October 26, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026015552/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2022/10/24/omny-now-available-to-reduced-fare-transit-riders | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brachfeld 202210">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=OMNY finally available to some reduced-fare MetroCard holders; students and 'Fair Fares' riders shut out for now | website=amNewYork | date=October 24, 2022 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-available-reduced-fare-metrocard/ | access-date=October 26, 2022 | archive-date=October 26, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026015552/https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-available-reduced-fare-metrocard/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The MTA indicated in September 2023 that OMNY usage was highest in gentrified areas with young, white, and well-off populations. At the time, OMNY was being used for 47% of subway rides and 30% of bus rides.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 j643">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=OMNY use highest in gentrified NYC neighborhoods as uptake lags in lower-income areas: MTA | website=amNewYork | date=September 18, 2023 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-use-nyc-gentrified-neighborhoods/ | access-date=September 19, 2023}}</ref>

Although local buses all had OMNY readers at their rear doors, none of them were in use by early 2024, in part because, in an attempt to reduce fare evasion, the MTA had ordered bus drivers to open the buses' rear doors only for alighting passengers.<ref name="Nessen 2024 i666"/> In May 2024, a small number of people enrolled in the MTA's Fair Fares program (which gave discounted fares to low-income residents) were allowed to begin using discounted OMNY cards.<ref name="Brachfeld 2024 o871">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=Fair Fares transit discount program finally compatible with OMNY for trial period | website=amNewYork | date=May 1, 2024 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/fair-fares-omny-compatible-trial-transit-rides/ | access-date=May 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Charles 2024 d318">{{cite web | last=Charles | first=Charline | title=Fair Fares discount available on OMNY cards in new pilot program | website=PIX11 | date=May 1, 2024 | url=https://pix11.com/news/transit/fair-fares-discount-available-on-omny-cards-in-new-pilot-program/ | access-date=May 1, 2024}}</ref> By then, 55% of subway rides and 34% of bus rides were being paid for using OMNY.<ref name="Brachfeld 2024 o871"/>

=== Regional rail ===
{{As of|2019}}, the MTA also plans to use OMNY on the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad over "the next several years".<ref>{{cite web |title=Say hello to tap and go, with OMNY |url=https://new.mta.info/system_modernization/omny |access-date=February 24, 2019 |website=MTA |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725161750/https://new.mta.info/omny |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2019, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] announced it was in talks with the MTA to implement OMNY on the [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=PATH Implementation Plan |url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/pdf/PATH_Implementation_Plan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213133346/http://www.panynj.gov/path/pdf/PATH_Implementation_Plan.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=June 20, 2019 |website=PANYNJ}}</ref> This would be called off in 2021 with PATH pursuing a separate new fare system that is also designed by Cubic.<ref name ="PATH system" /> There are no plans for OMNY to be used on [[NJ Transit]], which plans to implement a new fare payment system with a different contractor by late 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Higgs |first=Larry |title=NJ Transit takes a small step toward getting its own fare card, similar to NYC |website=nj |date=June 6, 2019 |url=https://www.nj.com/traffic/2019/06/nj-transit-takes-a-small-step-toward-getting-its-own-fare-card-similar-to-nyc.html |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108032943/https://www.nj.com/traffic/2019/06/nj-transit-takes-a-small-step-toward-getting-its-own-fare-card-similar-to-nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NJ Transit Fare"/>

Plans for OMNY installation on the LIRR and Metro-North were still being revised {{As of|November 2020||lc=y}}.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2020" />{{Rp|31}} The COVID-19 pandemic had pushed back the implementation of fare cards on the commuter railroads from February 2021 to June 2022, and that of in-system vending machines from March 2022 to June 2023.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2020" />{{Rp|29}} {{As of|June 2021}}, there were delays in the commuter railroads' mobile ticketing system as well as vending machines. According to the MTA's independent engineering consultant, this could potentially delay full rollout of OMNY for six months from the original projected completion date of July 2023.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Jun2021">{{Cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/document/42401 |title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting |date=June 23, 2021 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=January 18, 2019 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725211730/https://new.mta.info/document/42401 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|82}} By February 2022, the rollout of OMNY on the LIRR was pushed back to between 2023 and 2024.<ref name="Castillo 2022"/> {{As of|2024}}, OMNY has not been rolled out on MTA commuter rail. On January 29, 2024, the [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[Hudson Rail Link]] began accepting OMNY.<ref name="Mass Transit 2024 z790">{{cite web |date=January 30, 2024 |title=MTA Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Rail Link to accept OMNY as fare payment method |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/press-release/53095096/mta-metro-north-railroad-mta-metro-north-railroads-hudson-rail-link-to-accept-omny-as-fare-payment-method |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=Mass Transit}}</ref><ref name="Bronck 2024 h724">{{cite web |date=January 29, 2024 |title=MTA Launches OMNY On Hudson Rail Link In The Northwest Bronx |url=https://bronx.com/mta-launches-omny-on-hudson-rail-link-in-the-northwest-bronx/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=The Bronx Daily}}</ref> In May 2024, the MTA announced that it would hire two existing contractors, rather than Cubic, to implement OMNY on the LIRR and Metro-North.<ref name="Nessen 2024 a793"/><ref name="q640">{{cite web | last=Castillo | first=Alfonso A. | title=OMNY plan for LIRR delayed, scaled down as MTA drops contractor | website=Newsday | date=2024-05-20 | url=https://www.newsday.com/amp/long-island/transportation/omny-lirr-qs9ipivt | access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref>

===Other agencies===
As part of the rollout, OMNY is expected to replace MetroCard on affiliate agencies such as Westchester County's [[Bee-Line Bus System]], and the [[Nassau Inter-County Express]]. {{as of|2023}}, Westchester County's Bee Line expects OMNY to begin rolling out in 2025 at the earliest,<ref>{{Cite web |title=OMNY/Bee-Line |url=https://transportation.westchestergov.com/omny |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124163650/https://transportation.westchestergov.com/omny |archive-date=2023-01-24 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=transportation.westchestergov.com}}</ref> along with Nassau County's NICE Bus System.<ref name="Castillo 2022">{{cite web |title=LIRR discounts coming sooner; OMNY rollout delayed again |first=Alfonso A. |last=Castillo |date=February 8, 2022 |website=Newsday |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-discounts-omny-system-mta-1.50502318 |access-date=2022-02-18 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218132637/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-discounts-omny-system-mta-1.50502318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1494805580501946379|user=JulieMenin|title=[...] Last week, my office sent a letter to @RiocCeo asking them to expedite the adoption of OMNY on the Roosevelt Island Tram. Today, RIOC and @MTA told our office that in response they have made changes to plans and will now expedite this. (1/3)|author=[[Julie Menin]]|date=2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218224933/https://twitter.com/JulieMenin/status/1494805580501946379/|archive-date=2022-02-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rollout to faregates on the [[AirTrain JFK]] was planned to occur in 2023, replacing the MetroCard payment requirement to use the system.<ref name="OMNY machine" /> Installation of OMNY readers on the AirTrain JFK and Roosevelt Island Tramway was underway by mid-2023.<ref name="News 12 - The Bronx 2023 u094">{{cite web | title=MTA to implement new OMNY vending machines this summer | website=News 12 – The Bronx | date=April 25, 2023 | url=https://bronx.news12.com/mta-to-implement-new-omny-vending-machines-this-summer | access-date=August 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brosnan 2023 y404">{{cite web | last=Brosnan | first=Erica | title=OMNY vending machines coming this summer, officials say | website=Spectrum News NY1 | date=April 25, 2023 | url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2023/04/25/omny-vending-machines-coming-this-summer--officials-say | access-date=August 24, 2023}}</ref> On August 24, 2023, the Roosevelt Island Tramway started to accept OMNY.<ref name="Spectrum News NY1 2023 a954">{{cite web | title=OMNY tap-to-pay system comes to Roosevelt Island | website=Spectrum News NY1 | date=August 25, 2023 | url=https://ny1.com/nyc/manhattan/news/2023/08/25/-omny-tap-to-pay-system-comes-to-roosevelt-island | access-date=August 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brachfeld 2023 q448">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=Roosevelt Island Tram outfitted with OMNY tap-to-pay system | website=amNewYork | date=August 24, 2023 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/roosevelt-island-tram-omny-tap-pay-system/ | access-date=August 25, 2023}}</ref> In early October 2023, governor [[Kathy Hochul]] announced that the AirTrain JFK would start accepting OMNY on October 10, although some turnstiles would continue to accept MetroCards only.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 u939">{{cite web | last=Brachfeld | first=Ben | title=OMNY finally being installed on JFK AirTrain this month | website=amNewYork | date=October 4, 2023 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-finally-installed-jfk-airtrain/ | access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Gannon Ginsburg 2023 z890">{{cite web | last1=Gannon | first1=Devin | last2=Ginsburg | first2=Aaron | title=JFK AirTrain will finally accept tap-and-go OMNY payments | website=6sqft | date=October 4, 2023 | url=https://www.6sqft.com/jfk-airtrain-will-finally-accept-tap-and-go-omny-payments/ | access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref>

===Timeline===

This list shows when direct entry by OMNY reader became possible on each bus line, train/subway segment, or tramway line.

{|class="wikitable"
! Line !! Stations !! Primary services !! Date
|-
| [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]] || align=center|{{stn|Borough Hall/Court Street}}, {{stn|Nevins Street}}, {{stn|Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center}} || {{NYCS Eastern west|time=bullets}} || rowspan=3| May 2019<ref name=":3"/><ref name="AMNY-OMNY-201905"/>
|-
| [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]] || align=center|{{stn|Bowling Green}} to {{stn|Grand Central–42nd Street}} || {{NYCS Lexington|time=bullets}}
|-
| colspan=3 align=center| [[List of bus routes in Staten Island|Staten Island local]] and [[List of express bus routes in New York City#Manhattan to Staten Island|express]] bus routes
|-
| [[BMT Fourth Avenue Line]] ||align=center| [[86th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)|86th Street/4th Avenue]] || {{NYCS Fourth far south|time=bullets}} || rowspan=8 | December 2019<ref name="Glasser-Baker 2019"/>
|-
| BMT/IND [[Archer Avenue lines]] ||align=center| [[Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport station|Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport]] || {{NYCS Archer|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] || align=center| [[34th Street–Penn Station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|34th Street–Penn Station]] || {{NYCS Eighth|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT 42nd Street Shuttle]] || align=center| [[Times Square–42nd Street station|Times Square]] and Grand Central{{efn|''De facto'' implementation, as OMNY has been implemented on all stations that include this line.}} || {{NYCS 42nd|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] || align=center| {{stn|South Ferry/Whitehall Street}} to {{stn|59th Street–Columbus Circle}} || {{NYCS Broadway-Seventh|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT Jerome Avenue Line]] || align=center| {{stn|138th Street–Grand Concourse}} to {{stn|Woodlawn||IRT Jerome Avenue Line}} || {{NYCS Jerome|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]] || align=center| {{stn|Lexington Avenue/51st–53rd Streets}} to {{stn|125th Street||IRT Lexington Avenue Line}} || {{NYCS Lexington|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[Staten Island Railway]] || align=center| [[St. George Terminal|St. George]] and [[Tompkinsville station|Tompkinsville]]{{efn|These are the only two Staten Island Railway stations with turnstiles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/nyregion/thecity/07disp.html?_r=0 |title=Soon, It Won't Even Pay to Walk |last=Mooney |first=Jake |date=September 7, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 8, 2015 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060136/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/nyregion/thecity/07disp.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || [[File:NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg|22px|link=Staten Island Railway]]
|-
| [[IND Sixth Avenue Line]] || align=center | {{stn|47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center}} to {{stn|Broadway–Lafayette Street}} || {{NYCS Sixth|time=bullets}} ||rowspan=5|January 2020<ref name="MTA 20200107"/>
|-
| [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] ||align=center|{{stn|66th Street–Lincoln Center}} to {{stn|Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street}} || {{NYCS Broadway-Seventh|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] || align=center| {{stn|Inwood–207th Street}} to {{stn|High Street||IND Eighth Avenue Line}} || {{NYCS Eighth all|time=bullets}}
|-
|rowspan=2 | Multiple || align=center | {{stn|Jay Street–MetroTech}} || {{NYCS MetroTech header|time=bullets}}
|-
| align=center | {{stn|Seventh Avenue||IND lines}} || {{NYCS 53rd-Seventh|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT White Plains Road Line]] || align=center| {{stn|Third Avenue–149th Street}} to {{stn|Wakefield–241st Street}} || {{NYCS White Plains|time=bullets}} || rowspan=2| February 2020<ref name="amNewYork Feb 2020" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Guse |first=Clayton |title=MetroCard replacement OMNY coming to 37 more subway stations in the Bronx this month |website=nydailynews.com |date=February 2, 2020 |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-omny-bronx-mta-subway-expansion-20200202-edug5uvhebdprkfjvrjny2wa7y-story.html |access-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203140507/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-omny-bronx-mta-subway-expansion-20200202-edug5uvhebdprkfjvrjny2wa7y-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NY: MetroCard replacement OMNY coming to 37 more subway stations in the Bronx this month |website=Mass Transit |date=February 2, 2020 |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/news/21123781/ny-metrocard-replacement-omny-coming-to-37-more-subway-stations-in-the-bronx-this-month |access-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203140508/https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/news/21123781/ny-metrocard-replacement-omny-coming-to-37-more-subway-stations-in-the-bronx-this-month |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[IRT Pelham Line]] || align=center| {{stn|Third Avenue–138th Street}} to {{stn|Pelham Bay Park}} || {{NYCS Pelham|time=bullets}}
|-
| colspan=3 align=center| [[List of bus routes in Manhattan|Manhattan]] bus routes || rowspan="7" | March 2020<ref name="Intelligent Transport 2020"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Krisel |first=Brendan |title=More Harlem Train Stations To Be Equipped With OMNY System: MTA |website=Harlem, NY Patch |date=2020-03-02 |url=https://patch.com/new-york/harlem/more-harlem-train-stations-be-equipped-omny-system-mta |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304045100/https://patch.com/new-york/harlem/more-harlem-train-stations-be-equipped-omny-system-mta |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IND Fulton Street Line]]
|align=center|[[Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station|Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets]] to [[Euclid Avenue station (IND Fulton Street Line)|Euclid Avenue]]
|{{NYCS Fulton|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]]
| align=center|{{stn|Wall Street||IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line}} and {{stn|Clark Street}}
|{{NYCS Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Dyre Avenue Line]]
| align=center|[[Morris Park station|Morris Park]] to [[Eastchester–Dyre Avenue station|Eastchester–Dyre Avenue]]
| {{NYCS Dyre|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]]
| align=center|[[Hoyt Street station|Hoyt Street]]
|{{NYCS Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Flushing Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Mets–Willets Point||IRT Flushing Line}} and {{stn|Flushing–Main Street||IRT Flushing Line}}
|{{NYCS Flushing|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Lenox Avenue Line]]
| align=center|[[Central Park North–110th Street station|Central Park North–110th Street]] to [[Harlem–148th Street station|Harlem–148th Street]]
|{{NYCS Lenox|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Astoria Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Queensboro Plaza}} to {{stn|Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard}}
|{{NYCS Astoria|time=bullets}}
|rowspan=6|June 2020<ref name="ABC7 New York 2020" />
|-
|[[BMT Broadway Line]]
| align=center|{{stn|49th Street||BMT Broadway Line}} to {{stn|Fifth Avenue–59th Street}}
|{{NYCS Broadway|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Franklin Avenue Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Prospect Park||BMT lines}} to {{stn|Park Place||BMT Franklin Avenue Line}}
|{{NYCS Franklin|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Rockaway Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Howard Beach–JFK Airport}}}}
|{{NYCS Rockaway|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Sixth Avenue Line]]
| align=center|{{stn|York Street||IND Sixth Avenue Line}}
|{{NYCS Sixth Rutgers|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Flushing Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|34th Street–Hudson Yards}} to {{stn|111th Street||IRT Flushing Line}}
|{{NYCS Flushing|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[63rd Street lines]]
|{{center|{{stn|Lexington Avenue–63rd Street}}}}
|{{NYCS 63rd Lexington header|time=bullets}}
|rowspan=2|By the end of June 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=MTA adds OMNY contactless fare payment at all Bronx subway stations |website=ABC7 New York |date=July 16, 2020 |url=https://abc7ny.com/6319354/ |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717102046/https://abc7ny.com/6319354/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IND Second Avenue Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|72nd Street||Second Avenue Subway}} to {{stn|96th Street||Second Avenue Subway}}
|{{NYCS Second header|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Concourse Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|155th Street||IND Concourse Line}} to {{stn|Norwood–205th Street}}
|{{NYCS Concourse|time=bullets}}
|rowspan=6|July 2020{{efn|name=rollout-July-2020|In July 2020, all stations in the Bronx were equipped with OMNY. The only line where this had not been installed yet was the Concourse Line.<ref name="nydn20200715">{{cite web |last=Guse |first=Clayton |title=All Bronx subway stations now equipped with new tap-and-pay OMNY system |website=New York Daily News |date=July 15, 2020 |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-omny-mta-subway-stations-bronx-20200715-p5jwdcpsijcylgxb3mrch5z2yy-story.html |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814205001/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-omny-mta-subway-stations-bronx-20200715-p5jwdcpsijcylgxb3mrch5z2yy-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The entire [[A Division (New York City Subway)|A Division]] (numbered routes) was equipped with OMNY readers, except for the {{stn|Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum}} of the [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]], which was undergoing renovations at the time.<ref name="Mass Transit Mag August 2020"/>}}
|-
| [[IND Queens Boulevard Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Fifth Avenue/53rd Street}} to {{stn|Grand Avenue–Newtown}}}}
|{{NYCS Queens|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Hoyt Street}} to {{stn|Crown Heights–Utica Avenue}}{{efn|name=rollout-July-2020}}}}
|{{NYCS Eastern west|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT New Lots Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Sutter Avenue–Rutland Road}} to {{stn|New Lots Avenue||IRT New Lots Line}}
|{{NYCS New Lots header|time=bullets}}
|-
| [[IRT Nostrand Avenue Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|President Street||IRT Nostrand Avenue Line}} to {{stn|Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College}}
|{{NYCS Nostrand|time=bullets}}
|-
| colspan=3 align=center| [[List of bus routes in Manhattan|Manhattan local]] bus routes
|-
|[[IND 63rd Street Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Roosevelt Island}} and {{stn|21st Street–Queensbridge}}
|{{NYCS 63rd IND|time=bullets}}
| rowspan="6" |August 2020<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28Dkng0wrnM |title=OMNY Update: August 2020 |date=August 13, 2020 |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=2020-10-03 |medium=Video |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610104043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28Dkng0wrnM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[BMT Canarsie Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Third Avenue||BMT Canarsie Line}} to {{stn|Bedford Avenue}}}}
|{{NYCS Canarsie|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Queens Boulevard Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Woodhaven Boulevard||IND Queens Boulevard Line}} to {{stn|Jamaica–179th Street}}
|{{NYCS Queens|time=bullets}}
|-
| BMT/IND [[Archer Avenue lines]]
| align=center|{{stn|Jamaica–Van Wyck}} and {{stn|Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer}}
|{{NYCS Archer|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Nassau Street Line]]
| align=center|{{stn|Broad Street||BMT Nassau Street Line}} and {{stn|Bowery}}
|{{NYCS Nassau south|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Sixth Avenue Line]]
| align=center|{{stn|Second Avenue}} to {{stn|East Broadway}}, {{stn|Grand Street||IND Sixth Avenue Line}}, and {{stn|57th Street||IND Sixth Avenue Line}}
|{{NYCS Sixth|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Canarsie Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Lorimer Street||BMT Canarsie Line}} to {{stn|Canarsie-Rockaway Parkway}}
|{{NYCS Canarsie|time=bullets}}
| rowspan="3" |September 2020<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OODNpVzznA |title=OMNY Update: September 2020 |date=September 3, 2020 |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=2020-10-03 |medium=Video |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610104043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OODNpVzznA&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[BMT Jamaica Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Marcy Avenue}} to {{stn|121st Street||BMT Jamaica Line}}
|{{NYCS Jamaica west|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Culver Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Bergen Street||IND Culver Line}} to {{stn|Smith–Ninth Streets}}}}
|{{NYCS Culver IND north|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Myrtle Avenue Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Central Avenue||BMT Myrtle Avenue Line}} to {{stn|Metropolitan Avenue||BMT Myrtle Avenue Line}}
|{{NYCS Myrtle|time=bullets}}
| rowspan="6" |October 2020<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUX0f6TpsF4 |title=OMNY Update: October 2020 |date=October 12, 2020 |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=2020-10-03 |medium=Video |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027064107/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUX0f6TpsF4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Multiple
|{{Center|{{stn|DeKalb Avenue||BMT lines}}}}
|{{NYCS DeKalb header|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Crosstown Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|21st Street||IND Crosstown Line}} to {{stn|Fulton Street||IND Crosstown Line}}
|{{NYCS Crosstown|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IND Culver Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Fourth Avenue/Ninth Street}} to {{stn|Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue}}
|{{NYCS Culver IND north|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Brighton Line]]
|{{center|{{stn|Seventh Avenue||BMT Brighton Line}} to {{stn|Avenue J||BMT Brighton Line}}}}
|{{NYCS Brighton|time=bullets}}
|-
| colspan=3 align=center| [[List of bus routes in the Bronx|Bronx local]] bus routes
|-
|[[BMT Brighton Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Avenue M}} to {{stn|Ocean Parkway}}
|{{NYCS Brighton|time=bullets}}
| rowspan="6" |November 2020<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://omny.info/media-library/files/shares/november-omny-detailed-map.png |title=OMNY Update: November 2020 |date=November 2020 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=2020-12-29 |medium=Image |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110223858/https://omny.info/media-library/files/shares/november-omny-detailed-map.png |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IND Fulton Street Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Grant Avenue||IND Fulton Street Line}} to {{stn|Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard}}
|{{NYCS Fulton far east|time=bullets}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IND Rockaway Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Aqueduct Racetrack}} to {{stn|Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue}}
|{{NYCS Rockaway north|time=bullets}}
|-
|align=center|{{stn|Beach 90th Street}} to {{stn|Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street}}
|{{NYCS Rockaway Park|time=bullets|exclude=A}}
|-
|[[BMT Fourth Avenue Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Union Street||BMT Fourth Avenue Line}} to {{stn|Bay Ridge-95th Street}}
|{{NYCS Fourth center header|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT West End Line]]
|{{Center|{{stn|Ninth Avenue}} to {{stn|79th Street||BMT West End Line}}, {{stn|Bay 50th Street}}}}
|{{NYCS West End|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum}}
|{{NYCS Eastern west local header|time=bullets}}
| rowspan="4" |December 2020<ref name="cbs20201231"/><ref name="Pozarycki 2020"/>
|-
|[[BMT West End Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|18th Avenue||BMT West End Line}} to {{stn|25th Avenue||BMT West End Line}}
|{{NYCS West End|time=bullets}}
|-
|[[BMT Sea Beach Line]]
|align=center|{{stn|8th Avenue||BMT Sea Beach Line}} to {{stn|86th Street||BMT Sea Beach Line}}
|{{NYCS Sea Beach south|time=bullets}}
|-
|colspan=3 align=center| [[List of bus routes in Queens|Queens]] and [[List of bus routes in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] bus routes
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Center|[[Roosevelt Island Tramway]]}}
|August 2023<ref name="Spectrum News NY1 2023 a954" /><ref name="Brachfeld 2023 q448" />
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Center|[[AirTrain JFK]]}}
|October 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 4, 2023 |title=MTA expands OMNY system to JFK Airport AirTrain |language=en-US |work=[[CBS New York]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/jfk-airport-airtrain-omny/ |access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Center|[[Hudson Rail Link]]}}
|January 2024<ref name="Mass Transit 2024 z790" /><ref name="Bronck 2024 h724" />
|}

== OMNY card ==
[[File:OMNY Card.jpg|thumb|right|The front of an OMNY fare card]]
A physical card is offered for people without access to mobile devices or contactless bank cards to load value onto and access the system. The card is thicker than the MetroCard it replaced, and is valid for seven years from purchase.<ref name="Nessen 2022" /> It can be purchased or reloaded from retailers such as [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]], [[Walgreens]], [[7-Eleven|7/11]] and [[Duane Reade]] stores, as well as [[bodega (store)|bodega]]s, CFSC Check Cashing, and [[dollar store]]s that previously sold MetroCards. OMNY can also be purchased directly from subway station [[Ticket machine|ticket vending machines]] in the future.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nessen |first1=Stephen |title=OMNY vending machines coming to NYC subway this summer |url=https://gothamist.com/news/omny-vending-machines-coming-to-nyc-subway-this-summer |publisher=Gothamist |access-date=28 April 2023 |language=en |date=24 April 2023}}</ref> It contains two barcodes on the front and back; one barcode is used to record the card being purchased, and the other is used to encode fare information. On the standard card, half of the front side contains a barcode, which is oriented to resemble railroad tracks, while the other half of the front side contains a white-on-black OMNY logo. The back of the card contains the card number, [[card security code]], expiration date, and the other barcode. Variants of the card are also planned for student, senior, and MTA employee fares as well as limited edition versions.<ref name="curbed20211001" />

== Fares ==
{{Excerpt|New York City transit fares|Current fares|subsections=yes}}

=== OMNY-specific features ===

The technology for making a transfer on MTA buses and subways differs slightly between MetroCards and OMNY devices. To allow for operation on vehicles disconnected from the MTA communications network, MetroCards store information about the transfer on the card itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/fares |access-date=2020-01-08 |title=Everything you need to know about transit fares and tolls in New York |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023816/https://new.mta.info/fares |url-status=live }}</ref> Third-party [[digital wallet]]s, [[debit card]]s, [[credit card]]s generally cannot store transit-specific information on the consumer card or device. OMNY solves this problem by only charging riders once a day,<ref name="OMNY_FAQ" >{{cite web |url=https://omny.info/faq/how-omny-works |access-date=2021-01-08 |title=OMNY / Frequently asked questions |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104233424/https://omny.info/faq/how-omny-works |url-status=live }}</ref> after vehicles have had a chance to return to base and download boarding data. Though the second entry may display to the rider that the full fare is being charged, as long as the same device was used within the two-hour window, it is discounted when calculating the amount to actually be paid.<ref name="OMNY_FAQ" />

The OMNY system is also able to measure the usage of OMNY cards.<ref name="Duggan 202110"/> In October 2021, the MTA considered enabling a fare cap on OMNY cards and devices, similar to [[Oyster card#Fare capping|the fare caps on Oyster cards]].<ref name="Duggan 202110"/><ref name="Baquero 202110">{{cite web |last=Baquero |first=Lynda |title=MTA Explores Fare Capping Program That Would Turn Single Rides Into Unlimited Passes |website=NBC New York |date=2021-10-28 |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/traffic/transit-traffic/mta-explores-fare-capping-program-that-would-turn-single-rides-into-unlimited-passes/3361046/ |access-date=2021-10-31 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031145000/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/traffic/transit-traffic/mta-explores-fare-capping-program-that-would-turn-single-rides-into-unlimited-passes/3361046/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the proposal, an OMNY card or device would be charged a pay-per-ride fare on MTA buses and subways if a passenger has made fewer than a specified number of trips in a certain time period. After the passenger makes more than that quantity of trips, they would be charged the unlimited rate. For example, with a pay-per-ride fare of $2.75 and a weekly unlimited MetroCard cost of $33 (as of October 2021), a passenger would still pay $2.75 per trip if they made 12 or fewer trips in a week; under the proposal, they would pay no more than $33 within a week, even if they made 13 or more trips.<ref name="Duggan 202110">{{cite web |last=Duggan |first=Kevin |title=Cap crunch: MTA honchos working on fare limits for OMNY |website=amNewYork |date=2021-10-27 |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-honchos-working-on-fare-capping-for-omny/ |access-date=2021-10-31 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031145000/https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-honchos-working-on-fare-capping-for-omny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> OMNY fare caps were implemented on February 28, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ley |first=Ana |date=2021-12-13 |title=To Win Riders Back, M.T.A. to Offer Free Rides for 'Tap-and-Go' Customers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/13/nyregion/omny-nyc-subway-fare-capping.html |access-date=2021-12-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010710/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/13/nyregion/omny-nyc-subway-fare-capping.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jones-Gorman |first=Jessica |title=Will NYC mass transit riders soon be able to earn free rides via OMNY? |website=silive |date=December 13, 2021 |url=https://www.silive.com/news/2021/12/will-nyc-mass-transit-riders-soon-be-able-to-earn-free-rides-via-omny.html |access-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010816/https://www.silive.com/news/2021/12/will-nyc-mass-transit-riders-soon-be-able-to-earn-free-rides-via-omny.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since June 1, 2022, riders who qualified for reduced-fare MetroCards could also use OMNY with their contactless bank cards or smart devices, paying half the standard fare. At the time, reduced-fare OMNY cards were unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OMNY for Reduced-Fare |url=https://new.mta.info/fares/reduced-fare/omny |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=MTA |language=en |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511001822/https://new.mta.info/fares/reduced-fare/omny |url-status=live }}</ref> Each qualifying rider can only use one contactless card or device for reduced-fare OMNY. If a reduced-fare rider has more than one card or device, the other cards and devices will either be charged a full fare or be restricted from tapping-in at an OMNY reader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OMNY for Reduced-Fare |url=https://new.mta.info/welcome-to-omny |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=MTA |language=en |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724101859/https://new.mta.info/welcome-to-omny |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Concerns ==
The oversight group Surveillance Technology Oversight Project (STOP) has stated concerns about the lack of privacy regulation in the OMNY system, specifically that trip data may be used by the [[New York City Police Department]] for [[Police surveillance in New York City|police surveillance]] or might be shared with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] to track undocumented immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/3/20895736/mta-omny-privacy-surveillance-report |title=A new report outlines privacy risks for the MTA's contactless payment system |last=Budds |first=Diana |date=2019-10-03 |website=Curbed NY |language=en |access-date=2019-11-01 |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018162949/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/3/20895736/mta-omny-privacy-surveillance-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/technology/privacy-group-raises-omny-security-concerns.html |title=Privacy group raises OMNY security concerns |last=McDonough |first=Annie |date=2019-10-02 |website=CSNY |language=en |access-date=2019-11-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815160616/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/technology/privacy-group-raises-omny-security-concerns.html |archive-date=2020-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-new-fare-payment-omny-launches-friday-amid-questions-about-data-security-durability |title=MTA's New Fare Payment OMNY Launches Friday Amid Questions About Data Security & Durability |last1=Nessen |first1=Stephen |date=2019-05-30 |website=Gothamist |language=en |access-date=2019-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101134240/https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-new-fare-payment-omny-launches-friday-amid-questions-about-data-security-durability |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2020, the MTA warned that some customers using Apple Pay's Express Transit feature might be accidentally double-charged if they were using a MetroCard. This occurred when riders unintentionally had their phones in proximity to the OMNY readers. At that point, the issue was relatively rare, having been reported 30 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc7ny.com/5829278/ |title=Apple Pay can double-charge commuters who use MTA's OMNY |date=January 10, 2020 |website=ABC7 New York |access-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223172248/https://abc7ny.com/5829278/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[New York City transit fares]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{ccat}}
* {{Official website|https://omny.info}}

{{Metropolitan Transportation Authority}}
{{MTA RBO}}
{{New York City Subway}}
{{PATH (rail system)}}
{{American smartcards}}

[[Category:Fare collection systems in the United States]]
[[Category:Bus transportation in New York City]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]
[[Category:New York City Subway fare payment]]
[[Category:MTA Regional Bus Operations]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in New York City]]

Talk:Starbucks Corporation v. McKinney

2024-06-14T02:24:45Z

Lensovet: /* Misleading redirect */ Reply

== Misleading redirect ==

The page this redirects to has no information whatsoever on the Starbucks Corporation v. McKinney suit. [[User:JKPwnage|Lebonk]] ([[User talk:JKPwnage|talk]]) 00:38, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Agreed  —[[User:Lensovet|lensovet]]–[[User talk:Lensovet|talk]] – 02:24, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

San Jose International Airport

2024-06-10T06:17:03Z

Lensovet: /* 2020–present: COVID-19 pandemic and recovery */

{{Short description|Airport in San Jose, California, United States serving the San Francisco Bay Area}}
{{About|the airport in California, United States|other airports|San Jose Airport (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = San Jose Mineta International Airport
| image = San Jose International Airport logo, 2022.png
| image-width = 250
| image2 = San Jose KSJC aerial.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = SJC
| ICAO = KSJC
| FAA = SJC
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[San Jose, California|City of San Jose]]
| operator =
| city-served = {{ubl|
| {{nowrap|[[Santa Clara Valley]]}}
| {{nowrap|[[San Francisco Bay Area]]}}}}
| location = [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]], [[United States]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1939||}}
| focus_city = [[Alaska Airlines]]<ref name="Alaska Airlines hubs">{{cite web|title=Network – Alaska Airlines|url=https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/network|website=Newsroom – Alaska Airlines|publisher=Alaska Airlines|access-date=November 3, 2018|date=August 2018|quote=Though Alaska calls Seattle home, the company has hubs in Anchorage, Alaska, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Portland, Oregon. Other focus cities include San Diego and San Jose, California.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050117/https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/network|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation-f = 62
| elevation-m = 19
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|||type:airport_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.flysanjose.com}}
| image_map = SJC Airport Diagram.svg
| image_map_caption = FAA airport diagram
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| r1-number = 12L/30R
| r1-length-f = 11,000
| r1-length-m = 3,353
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt Concrete]]
| r2-number = 12R/30L
| r2-length-f = 11,000
| r2-length-m = 3,353
| r2-surface = [[Asphalt Concrete]]
| stat-year = 2023
| stat1-header = Total Passengers
| stat1-data = 12,097,160
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 164,619
| footnotes = Sources: www.flysjc.com,<ref name="Airport">{{cite web|title= Airport Activity|publisher= Mineta San Jose International Airport|date= January 2019|url= https://www.flysanjose.com/financial-reports|access-date= March 27, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190328044319/https://www.flysanjose.com/financial-reports|archive-date= March 28, 2019|url-status= live}}</ref> [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] Airport Master Record<ref name="FAA-5010">{{FAA-airport|ID=SJC|use=PU|own=PU|site=02204.*A}}, effective December 30, 2021</ref> and FAA passenger boarding data<ref name="Enplanments">[http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/ FAA Passenger Boarding Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912224242/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/ |date=September 12, 2009 }} for 2006, as published November 26, 2007.</ref>
}}

'''San José Mineta International Airport''' {{airport codes|SJC|KSJC|SJC}}, officially '''Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport''',<ref name="rebrand">{{cite web|title= San José Mineta International Airport Re-Introduces Itself with new Brand Identity|publisher=San Jose Mineta International Airport|date= January 23, 2023|url= https://www.flysanjose.com/news-release/san-jose-mineta-international-airport-re-introduces-itself-new-brand-identity|access-date= January 27, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230124183914/https://www.flysanjose.com/news-release/san-jose-mineta-international-airport-re-introduces-itself-new-brand-identity|archive-date= January 24, 2023|url-status= live}}</ref> is a city-owned public airport in [[San Jose, California]]. Located {{Convert|3|mi|km}} northwest of [[Downtown San Jose]], the airport serves both the city and the [[Santa Clara Valley]] region of the greater [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. It is named after San Jose native [[Norman Mineta]], former [[United States Secretary of Transportation]] and [[United States Secretary of Commerce]], who also served as [[Mayor of San Jose]] and as a [[San Jose City Council]]man.

While [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] is the largest city in the Bay Area, SJC is the Bay Area's second-busiest airport by passenger boarding, behind [[San Francisco International Airport]].<ref name="Airport Ranking">{{cite web |url=https://abc7news.com/travel/mineta-san-jose-airport-surpasses-oakland-for-number-of-travelers/4930085/ |title=Mineta San Jose Airport surpasses Oakland for number of travelers |date=December 19, 2018 |publisher=KGO-TV (ABC7 News) |access-date=June 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825225154/https://abc7news.com/travel/mineta-san-jose-airport-surpasses-oakland-for-number-of-travelers/4930085/ |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the airport is also an official [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] international [[port of entry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/toolbox/contacts/ports/ca/2834.xml |title=Port of Entry – San Jose International Airport |publisher=Cbp.gov |date=September 28, 2005 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030150859/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/toolbox/contacts/ports/ca/2834.xml |archive-date=October 30, 2012 }}</ref> It is situated three miles northwest of [[Downtown San Jose]]<ref name="FAA-5010" /><ref>{{cite gnis|type=retired|id=1653954|name=San Jose International Airport|access-date=May 3, 2009}}</ref> near the intersections of [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]], [[Interstate 880 (California)|Interstate 880]], and [[California State Route 87|State Route 87]]. In 2021, 54% of departing or arriving passengers at SJC flew on [[Southwest Airlines]]; [[Alaska Airlines]] was the second most popular airline with about 19% of passengers.<ref name="Transtats">{{cite web|url=https://www.flysanjose.com/node/8351|access-date=September 5, 2021|publisher=Mineta San José International Airport|title=2021 Facts & Figures}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Southwest Airlines Boeing 737 landing DSC 20213 f (27004666666).jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Boeing 737]] landing at SJC with [[Downtown San Jose]] behind]]

While San Jose is the largest city in the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] by both population and area, SJC is the second-busiest of the three Bay Area airports by passenger count after [[San Francisco International Airport|SFO]]. SJC served 14.3 million passengers in 2018, surpassing its previous record of 14.2 million passengers set in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meacham |first1=Jody |title=Southwest, Alaska continue driving SJC growth rate |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2019/03/11/southwest-alaska-sjc-san-jose-airport-growth.html |website=www.bizjournals.com |publisher=Silicon Valley Business Journal |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610055804/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2019/03/11/southwest-alaska-sjc-san-jose-airport-growth.html |archive-date=2023-06-10 |language=en |date=Mar 11, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2012, SJC has experienced one of the fastest rates of seat capacity growth among major airports in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flysanjose.com/sites/default/files/press/Mores%20Gates%2C%20Record%20Passenger%20Growth%20for%20SJC.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206145315/https://www.flysanjose.com/sites/default/files/press/Mores%20Gates%2C%20Record%20Passenger%20Growth%20for%20SJC.pdf |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> reaching a peak of 15.7 million passengers in 2019.<ref>https://www.flysanjose.com/sites/default/files/press/Year%20End%20Results.pdf</ref>

SJC is near downtown San Jose (less than {{convert|4|mi}} from the city center and easily within city limits), unlike [[San Francisco International Airport|SFO]] and [[Oakland International Airport|OAK]], which are around {{convert|14|mi}} and {{convert|10|mi}} from their downtowns. The location near downtown San Jose is convenient, but SJC is surrounded by the city and has little room for expansion. The proximity to downtown limits the height of buildings in downtown San Jose, to comply with FAA rules.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Hamm
| first = Andrew
| title = San Jose studying building heights vs. airport flights issue
| publisher = San Jose Business Journal
| date = February 24, 2006
| url = http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/02/27/story4.html
| access-date = July 10, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080305192008/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/02/27/story4.html
| archive-date = March 5, 2008
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Zoning Ordinance: Downtown Height Study
| publisher = [[San Jose, California|City of San Jose]]
| date = January 29, 2007
| url = http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/zoning/height_study/
| access-date =July 10, 2008 }} {{dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Lohse
| first = Deborah
| title = San Jose skyline vs. flight path
| newspaper = [[San Jose Mercury News]]
| date = January 30, 2007
| url = http://www.mercurynews.com/search/ci_5117866
| access-date = July 10, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910035636/http://www.mercurynews.com/search/ci_5117866
| archive-date = September 10, 2012
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="14cfr77s1">[https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e2a48a58891ae7635ee42e3504bca4c1&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfr77_main_02.tpl Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14 § 77.1 ''et seq.'']. ''Safe, efficient use, and preservation of the navigable airspace.''</ref><ref name="airspace-study-2018">[http://www.sanjoseca.gov/documentcenter/view/80333 ''Downtown Airspace and Development Capacity Study Progress Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116150054/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/documentcenter/view/80333 |date=January 16, 2019 }} (September 2018)</ref>

== History ==
=== Beginnings and expansion ===
[[File:San Jose Must Have An Airport - 1929.jpeg|thumb|left|San Jose Must Have An Airport – 1929]]

In 1939, [[Ernie Renzel]], a wholesale grocer and future mayor of San Jose, led a group that negotiated an option to buy {{convert|483|acre}} of the Stockton Ranch from the Crocker family, to be the site of San Jose's airport. Renzel led the effort to pass a bond measure to pay for the land in 1940. In 1945, test pilot James M. Nissen and two partners leased about {{convert|16|acre|ha}} of this land to build a runway, hangar and office building for a flight school. When the city of San Jose decided to develop a municipal airport, Nissen sold his share of the aviation business and became San Jose's first airport manager. Renzel and Nissen were instrumental in the development of San Jose Municipal Airport over the next few decades, culminating with the 1965 opening of what later became Terminal C.<ref>[http://www.sanjoseculture.org/pub_art/documents/SJA-MasterPlan.pdf Proposed Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport Public Art Master Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050130132305/http://www.sanjoseculture.org/pub_art/documents/SJA-MasterPlan.pdf |date=January 30, 2005 }}, Rome Group and City of San Jose Office of Cultural Affairs, November 16, 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/Jan04/AR_content.html Airport Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208033304/http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/Jan04/AR_content.html |date=February 8, 2004 }}, Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport, 2(8), January 2004</ref>

San Jose's first airline flights were [[Pacific Air Lines|Southwest Airways]] [[Douglas DC-3]]s on the multistop run between San Francisco and Los Angeles, starting in 1948. Southwest changed its name to [[Pacific Air Lines]] and was the only airline at the airport until 1966, when [[Pacific Southwest Airlines]] (PSA) started flying [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]]s nonstop from LAX and [[Boeing 727-100]]s later that year. SJC's first airline jets were Pacific Air Lines Boeing 727-100 nonstops to LAX earlier in 1966; Pacific 727s flew nonstop to Las Vegas in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificairlinesportfolio.com|title=Pacific Air Lines Portfolio|last=www.pacificairlinesportfolio.com|website=www.pacificairlinesportfolio.com|access-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043227/http://www.pacificairlinesportfolio.com/|archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Pacific also flew [[Fairchild F-27]]s to SJC, and merged with [[Bonanza Air Lines]] and [[West Coast Airlines]] to form Air West which was renamed [[Hughes Airwest]], continuing at SJC with [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30]]s before it merged into [[Republic Airlines (1979–1986)]]. In 1968 United Airlines arrived, with [[Boeing 727]] nonstops from Denver, Chicago and LAX, and [[Douglas DC-8]] nonstops from New York and Baltimore.

The runway which became 12R/30L was {{convert|4500|ft|m}} until about 1962— Brokaw Rd was the northwest boundary of the airport. In 1964 it was {{convert|6312|ft|m}}, in 1965 it was {{convert|7787|ft|m}}, and a few years later it reached {{convert|8900|ft|m}}, where it stayed until around 1991.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The two runways are now both {{convert|11000|ft}} in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/KSJC/details|access-date=September 13, 2021|title=(KSJC) Norman Y Mineta San Jose International Airport}} Airline Owners and Pilots Association</ref>

In the early 1980s, the airport was one of the first in the country to participate in the [[noise regulation]] program enacted by the U.S. Congress for delineation of airport noise [[contour line|contours]] and developing a pilot study of [[noise mitigation|residential sound insulation]]. This program showed that homes near the airport could be retrofitted cost-effectively to reduce indoor aircraft noise substantially.<ref>C. Michael Hogan and Ballard George, ''Design of Acoustical Insulation for Existing Residences in the Vicinity of San Jose Municipal Airport'', Issues in Transportation-Related Environmental Quality, [[Transportation Research Board]], [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]], Transportation Research Record 1033, Washington, D.C. (1985)</ref>

[[File:SJC Nissen terminal complex.jpg|thumb|The James M. Nissen Terminal Complex, spanning the space between terminals A and B]]

=== 1988–2010: boom and bust ===
[[American Airlines]] opened a hub at San Jose in 1988, using slots it obtained in the buyout of [[AirCal]] (formerly [[Air California]]) in 1986. In 1990, Terminal A was opened to help accommodate the American operation.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The company launched a flight to [[Tokyo]] using McDonnell Douglas DC-10s in March 1991. This was San Jose's first direct link to Asia. The aircraft proved ill-suited for the route; the San Jose airport's short runway prevented the planes from taking off with a full cabin and fuel tanks. Consequently, American replaced the DC-10s with McDonnell Douglas MD-11s.<ref>{{cite news | title=Non-stop flights are non-non-stop | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=April 5, 1991 | author=Pelline, Jeff | pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107070823/fort-worth-star-telegram/ 1], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107070845/fort-worth-star-telegram/ 2]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107070980/the-monitor/ | title=Temperature, runway length set plane's maximum weight | work=San Jose Mercury News | date=July 19, 1991 | access-date=August 6, 2022 | author=Barinaga, Marcia}}</ref>

In April 2001, American commenced a route to [[Paris]], the airport's first transatlantic flight. The airline operated the service with a Boeing 767.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107128829/the-san-francisco-examiner/ | title=Fly direct to Taipei, Paris from San Jose | work=The San Francisco Examiner | date=April 1, 2001 | access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | id={{Gale|A79088549}} | title=American Airlines launches service to Paris and Taipei | work=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal | date=April 20, 2001}}</ref> By the summer of that year, the airline served Paris, Taipei, and Tokyo nonstop from San Jose and had domestic flights to Austin, Boston, Denver, Honolulu, Las Vegas, Maui, Orange County, Portland, Phoenix, San Diego and Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|title=AA timetable, 07/02/2001|url=http://www.departedflights.com/AA070201p86.html|access-date=August 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031092043/http://www.departedflights.com/AA070201p86.html|archive-date=October 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Southwest Aircraft SJC.JPG|thumb|right|[[Southwest Airlines]] [[Boeing 737]] aircraft parked at Terminal A with parking structure behind]]

After the [[September 11 attacks]] and the [[dot-com bubble]] burst in 2001, the city lost much of its service. [[Air Canada]] dropped its flights to [[Toronto]] and [[Ottawa]], Canada, and [[American Airlines]] ended its nonstops to [[Taipei]], Vancouver, and Paris. American also canceled service to Miami, [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Seattle]]/Tacoma, [[Portland, Oregon|Portland (OR)]], [[Denver]], [[Orange County, California|Orange County (CA)]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]; the airline's flights to [[Los Angeles]] were downgraded to [[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]] regional flights.

In November 2001, the airport was renamed after [[Norman Mineta|Norman Y. Mineta]], a native of San Jose, its former mayor and [[congressman]], as well as both a former [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] and a [[United States Secretary of Transportation]].<ref>[http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/Aug05/AR_content.html Airport Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011342/http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/Aug05/AR_content.html|date=September 28, 2007}}, Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport, 4(3), August 2005</ref> That same month, the San Jose City Council approved an amended master plan for the airport that called for a three-phase, nine-year expansion plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/02_24_04docs/02_24_04_8.1.pdf|title=Central Terminal and North Concourse Concept Design|last=Tonseth|first=Ralph G.|date=January 20, 2004|publisher=City of San Jose|page=1|access-date=August 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220013/http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/02_24_04docs/02_24_04_8.1.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The plan, designed by [[Gensler]] and The Steinberg Group, called for a single, consolidated "Central Terminal" with 40 gates (four more than present), an international concourse and expanded security areas. The sail-shaped facade would greet up to 17.6 million passengers a year. A people mover system would link the new terminal with [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] light rail and the [[Silicon Valley BART extension#Downtown San Jose/Santa Clara extension|planned BART station]] next to the [[Santa Clara Transit Center|Santa Clara Caltrain station]]. Cargo facilities would be moved to the east side of the airport. A long term parking garage would be built where the rental car operations are now. A short term parking lot would be built on the site of Terminal C. On December 16, 2003, the San Jose Airport Commission named the airfield after former mayor [[Ernie Renzel]] and named the future Central Terminal after James Nissen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/agenda/12_16_03docs/12_16_03aa.htm|title=San Jose City Council & General Plan Amended Agenda, December 16, 2003|date=December 16, 2003|publisher=City of San Jose|access-date=August 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202603/http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/agenda/12_16_03docs/12_16_03aa.htm|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2004, the city broke ground on the North Concourse, the first phase of the master plan.

The originally-approved master plan was scaled-back in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airport Plan 'Cheaper, Faster'|last1=Lohse|first1=Deborah|date=November 11, 2005|newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|last2=Foo|first2=Rodney}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=City Council Approves New, Slimmed-Down Airport Plan|last=Foo|first=Rodney|date=November 16, 2005|newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]}}</ref> The new two-phase plan called for a simplified Terminal B, rather than the initially proposed James Nissen Central Terminal, with a North Concourse to replace the aging Terminal C. In addition, Terminal A would be expanded for additional check-in counters, security checkpoints, and drop-off/pick-up curbside space. The new plan cost $1.3 billion, less than half of the original plan's $3 billion. The first phase was completed on June 30, 2010, when Terminal B and the North Concourse officially opened for service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_15347323|title=San Jose Airport Swoops into the Future|last=Rodriguez|first=Joe|date=June 22, 2010|newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|access-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001155124/http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_15347323|archive-date=October 1, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SJMN Fernandez">{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_15409684|title=San Jose airport: First-day passengers give Terminal B rave reviews|last=Fernandez|first=Lisa|date=June 30, 2010|work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|access-date=August 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201726/http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_15409684|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Planning for Phase II began in early 2018, with 6 additional gates to be added along with a new concourse extension at the south end of Terminal B.<ref name="ktvu2018">{{cite news|url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/an-expansion-on-the-horizon-for-san-jose-international-airport|title=An expansion on the horizon for San Jose International Airport|date=January 25, 2018|access-date=January 26, 2018|agency=KTVU News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126113024/http://www.ktvu.com/news/an-expansion-on-the-horizon-for-san-jose-international-airport|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Service reductions continued throughout the early 2000s. [[Alaska Airlines]] halted its [[Puerto Vallarta]] and [[Cabo San Lucas]] seasonal routes, [[Horizon Air]] ended its [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] service and [[American Airlines]] ended its [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]] and [[Boston Logan]] links. Some additions still occurred. In October 2005, [[Hawaiian Airlines]] began daily nonstops to [[Honolulu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/05/16/daily13.html|title=Hawaiian Airlines to start daily San Jose service|access-date=June 23, 2010|date=May 17, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025213012/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/05/16/daily13.html|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjc.org/about/newsroom/2005_releases/hawaiian.htm|title=Hawaiian Airlines to Launch Daily Nonstop Service Between San Jose/Silicon Valley and Honolulu Starting October 1|access-date=June 23, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613010007/http://sjc.org/about/newsroom/2005_releases/hawaiian.htm|archive-date=June 13, 2010}}</ref> In October 2006 American Airlines ended the San Jose–[[Narita International Airport|Tokyo Narita]] route.

SJC suffered with many mid-tier airports during the 2008 rise in oil prices as airlines reduced marginal services. The airport lost much of its transcontinental U.S. service in the fall with [[Continental Airlines|Continental]] ending [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] flights, [[JetBlue]] ending Boston nonstops, and [[United Airlines|United]] ending flights to its [[Chicago–O'Hare]] and [[Washington Dulles]] hubs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_10252614|title=San Jose airport losing three East Coast flights|first=Joshua|last=Molina|date=August 20, 2008|newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|access-date=August 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151715/http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_10252614|archive-date=September 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that between 2007 and 2009, SJC lost 22% of its seat capacity.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/us/25sfairport.html | title=San Jose Improves Its Airport; Now, Just Flights Lag | last=Goel | first=Vindu | work=New York Times | date=October 24, 2009 | access-date=July 2, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229005538/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/us/25sfairport.html | archive-date=December 29, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Frontier Airlines]] pulled out of SJC in May 2010, citing lack of profitability on its single flight from the airport to Denver, Colorado. In August 2010, [[Mexicana Airlines]] also suspended all flights permanently due to bankruptcy.

[[File:QX Q400 SJC.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Horizon Air]] [[Bombardier Q400|Q400]] arriving at Terminal C in March 2010]]

=== 2010–2019: rebound in service ===
Beginning in 2010, service expanded at SJC for the first time in several years. Domestic carriers [[JetBlue Airways]] and [[Alaska Airlines]] added or adjusted service while international carrier [[Volaris]] began service in May 2010 with flights to [[Guadalajara]], Mexico.  Alaska subsequently expanded offerings to include those in Hawaii and Mexico.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/worldairlinenews/archives/216149.asp?from=blog_last3|title=Airliners Gallery World Airline News|date=July 29, 2010|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|access-date=July 29, 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701163450/http://blog.seattlepi.com/worldairlinenews/archives/216149.asp?from=blog_last3|archive-date=July 1, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The decade saw rapid expansion for the airport. In 2012, [[Hawaiian Airlines]] added service to Maui.<ref name="hawaiian2011">{{cite press release|title=Hawaiian Launching San José – Maui Service in January|date=September 6, 2011|url=https://newsroom.hawaiianairlines.com/releases/hawaiian-launching-san-jose-maui-service-in-january|access-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070221/https://newsroom.hawaiianairlines.com/releases/hawaiian-launching-san-jose-maui-service-in-january|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[All Nippon Airways]] announced it would begin service between San Jose and [[Tokyo]] in 2012, restoring the link between the two cities that was lost when [[American Airlines]] ended service on the route in 2006. The airline used the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], making San Jose one of the first cities in the United States to see scheduled 787 flights.<ref name="ana">{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_19592406|title=All Nippon to serve San Jose with new Boeing 787|last=Gomez|first=Mark|date=December 21, 2011|newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|access-date=December 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112235215/http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_19592406|archive-date=January 12, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to delivery delays of its 787 aircraft, the airline postponed the launch of the route to early 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_20080605?source=most_viewed|title=San Jose–Tokyo flight, awaiting new 787s to roll off Boeing assembly line, won't take off until early 2013 – San Jose Mercury News|date=April 29, 2013|work=Mercurynews.com|access-date=April 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060210/http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_20080605?source=most_viewed|archive-date=February 22, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 and 2016, several new international flights were launched. [[Hainan Airlines]] began nonstop flights from [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anna.aero/2015/06/16/hainan-airlines-launches-fourth-us-destination/|title=Hainan Airlines launches fourth US destination|date=June 16, 2015|work=[[Anna.aero]]|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107204849/http://www.anna.aero/2015/06/16/hainan-airlines-launches-fourth-us-destination/|archive-date=January 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Airways]] commenced daily [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]] service from [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2016/05/06/british-airways-starts-san-jose-london-dreamliner-service/83999584/|title=British Airways starts San Jose–London Dreamliner service|last=Baskas|first=Harriet|date=May 7, 2016|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508220839/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2016/05/06/british-airways-starts-san-jose-london-dreamliner-service/83999584/|archive-date=May 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Air Canada]] returned, providing flights from [[Vancouver]] operated by [[Air Canada Express]].<ref name="aircanada">{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_29137170/air-canada-offer-new-flights-from-san-jose|title=Air Canada is coming back to the San Jose airport|last=Giwargis|first=Ramona|date=November 19, 2015|work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521202845/http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_29137170/air-canada-offer-new-flights-from-san-jose|archive-date=May 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in 2017 and 2018, Volaris expanded its offerings to Mexico with service to Morelia, Leon, and Zacatecas. Not all international routes proved successful. [[Lufthansa]] connected SJC and [[Frankfurt]] on flights operated by [[Lufthansa CityLine]] [[Airbus A340-300]] aircraft,<ref name="lufthansa">{{cite news|url=http://airlineroute.net/2016/02/08/lh-sjc-s16update2/|title=Lufthansa Delays San Jose CA Launch to July 2016|date=February 8, 2016|work=Airline Route|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211014006/http://airlineroute.net/2016/02/08/lh-sjc-s16update2/|archive-date=February 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aeromexico]] started a daily flight to Guadalajara, and later added seasonal service to Mexico City, and [[Air China]] introduced [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]] flights with an [[Airbus A330-200]], but Lufthansa and Air China ended service in 2018 while Aeromexico ceased both flights in January 2019, later resuming Guadalajara for the 2019–2020 winter holiday season.<ref name="airchina">{{cite press release|title=Air China's Latest U.S. Expansion Connects Silicon Valley and Shanghai|date=June 9, 2016|location=San Jose, CA|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160609006187/en|access-date=June 9, 2016|agency=[[Business Wire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614135731/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160609006187/en|archive-date=June 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="airchina2">{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/07/17/air-china-cuts-flights-between-san-jose-shanghai-apple-google-facebook-amazon-adobe/|title=Air China cuts flights between San Jose and Shanghai|date=July 17, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110302/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/07/17/air-china-cuts-flights-between-san-jose-shanghai-apple-google-facebook-amazon-adobe/|archive-date=July 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Hands,_San_Jose,_California_2010.jpg|left|thumb|''Hands'', by artist [[Christian Moeller]], covers the façade of garage 3.]]
In the wake of its acquisition of [[Virgin America]], [[Alaska Airlines]] grew quickly at Mineta Airport as well as [[San Francisco International Airport]] between 2015 and 2018, adding intrastate cities like [[John Wayne Airport|Orange County]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], and [[San Diego Airport|San Diego]], along with East Coast destinations [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–Kennedy]]. Alaska has designated SJC a focus city in several articles when announcing new destinations.<ref name="alaska2015-2">{{cite press release|title=Alaska Airlines to Add New Portland-Austin and Eugene-San Jose Flying This Fall|date=June 1, 2015|url=https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2015-06-01-Alaska-Airlines-to-Add-New-Portland-Austin-and-Eugene-San-Jose-Flying-This-Fall|access-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070246/https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2015-06-01-Alaska-Airlines-to-Add-New-Portland-Austin-and-Eugene-San-Jose-Flying-This-Fall|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="alaska2015-1">{{cite press release|title=Alaska Airlines Grows San Jose Focus City with New Flying to San Diego and Orange County/Santa Ana|date=February 17, 2016|url=https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2016-02-17-Alaska-Airlines-Grows-San-Jose-Focus-City-with-New-Flying-to-San-Diego-and-Orange-County-Santa-Ana|access-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004127/https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2016-02-17-Alaska-Airlines-Grows-San-Jose-Focus-City-with-New-Flying-to-San-Diego-and-Orange-County-Santa-Ana|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Not all routes were successful, however, as service to Eugene, Burbank, and Dallas–Love ended in 2019, with Santa Ana, New York–Kennedy, and Tucson ending in 2020.

Other domestic carriers increased service or returned to the airport. [[Frontier Airlines]] resumed service to Denver and began flights to Las Vegas.<ref name="frontier2017-1">{{citation|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/07/18/frontier-airlines-adds-san-jose-airport-service-at-29-intro-fare/|title=Frontier Airlines adds San Jose airport service at $29 intro fare|date=July 18, 2017|access-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011908/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/07/18/frontier-airlines-adds-san-jose-airport-service-at-29-intro-fare/|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional service to Austin, Atlanta, Cincinnati and San Antonio began in the spring of 2018 but did not return the next year.<ref name="frontier2017-2">{{citation|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/19/frontier-airlines-adds-non-stop-san-jose-flights-amid-expansion-push/|title=Frontier Airlines adds nonstop San Jose flights amid expansion push|date=September 19, 2017|access-date=January 16, 2018|agency=San Jose Mercury|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011912/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/19/frontier-airlines-adds-non-stop-san-jose-flights-amid-expansion-push/|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Delta Air Lines]] added service to its New York–Kennedy and Detroit hubs.

[[Southwest Airlines]] greatly expanded service from 2016 to 2020, connecting almost a dozen new cities across the country to SJC and added flights to [[Honolulu]] and [[Maui]] in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swamedia.com/releases/release-bc94d941a090ea44998912da1fdcc705-hawaii-here-we-come|title=Hawaii, here we come!|website=Southwest Airlines Newsroom|date=March 4, 2019 |language=en|access-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032331/https://www.swamedia.com/releases/release-bc94d941a090ea44998912da1fdcc705-hawaii-here-we-come|archive-date=April 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020–present: COVID-19 pandemic and recovery ===
Beginning in March 2020, the [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism]] severely curtailed the amount of passenger traffic and flights at the airport. From a high of 15.6 million passengers in 2019, only 4.7 million used the airport in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanjosespotlight.com/san-jose-airport-grapples-with-fewer-passengers/|title=San Jose airport grapples with fewer passengers|date=May 3, 2021|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Frontier Airlines and Hainan Airlines both ended service to SJC, while other airlines suspended or pared back many of their destinations, including all intercontinental service to Asia and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanjosespotlight.com/airlines-shrug-at-costs-from-san-jose-building-height-limit-policy/|title=Airlines shrug at costs from San Jose building policy|date=November 2, 2021|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Despite this large downturn in travel and drop in passenger demand,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanjosespotlight.com/san-jose-airport-grapples-with-fewer-passengers/|title=San Jose airport grapples with fewer passengers|date=May 3, 2021|access-date=June 11, 2021}}</ref> Alaska Airlines added flights to [[Palm Springs]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flysanjose.com/sites/default/files/press/New%20Service_Alaska_0.pdf|title=Alaska Airlines Announces New Service from Mineta San José International Airport to Washington, Oregon and Montana}}</ref> Volaris also began a new route to [[Mexico City]] in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flysanjose.com/sites/default/files/press/2020-08-17_MEX_Volaris-FINAL.pdf|title=Volaris Announces New Nonstop Service to Mexico City from Mineta San José International Airport}}</ref> By June 2022, travel had recovered sufficiently that [[British Airways]] resumed its London–Heathrow service,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/06/14/san-jose-london-direct-flight-resume-british-airways-economy-covid/|title=London-San Jose direct flights soar with British Airways relaunch|access-date=June 15, 2022|date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> and [[Japan Airlines]]–owned [[Zipair Tokyo]] announced new Tokyo–Narita service to begin that December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siliconvalley.com/2022/06/15/low-cost-japan-based-airline-will-launch-tokyo-san-jose-flights/|title=Low-cost Japan-based airline will launch Tokyo-San Jose flights|date=June 15, 2022|access-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> However, British Airways also announced that it would suspend flights to San Jose starting in October 2023;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/british-airways-to-suspend-london-heathrow-san-jose-service-in-oct-2023-1193935 | title=News for Airlines, Airports and the Aviation Industry | CAPA }}</ref> the airport ended the year with just over 12 million passengers, a number that failed to surpass 2017 levels. In 2024, JetBlue cancelled the airport's last remaining route to the New York City area,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/19/jetblue-to-cut-some-routes-after-judge-bars-spirit-purchase.html|title=JetBlue to cut some routes as it pushes for profitability|website=[[CNBC]] |date=January 19, 2024|access-date=January 19, 2024}}</ref> while [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] ended flights to Los Angeles on April 3, 2024.<ref>https://simpleflying.com/american-airlines-delta-air-lines-ends-two-routes-california/</ref>

== Facilities and aircraft ==
[[File:San Jose International Airport - Terminal B.jpg|thumb|San Jose International Airport – Terminal B]]

Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport covers {{convert|1050|acre|ha}} at an elevation of {{convert|62|ft|m}}. It has two active [[runway]]s: 12L/30R and 12R/30L, each {{convert|11000|x|150|ft|m|0}} asphalt/concrete.<ref group=note>As of 2014, former runway 11/29 ({{convert|4599|x|100|ft|m|0}}) is closed indefinitely and is now a taxiway.</ref><ref name="FAA-5010" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyvector.com/airport/SJC/Norman-Y-Mineta-San-Jose-International-Airport|title=SJC airport data at skyvector.com|website=skyvector.com|access-date=August 27, 2022}}</ref> The runway separation is less than ideal: 700 feet between centerlines.

In the year ending February 28, 2018, the airport had 181,686 aircraft operations, average 498 per day: 66% airline, 13% [[air taxi]], 20% [[general aviation]] and <1% military. 133 aircraft were then based at the airport: 46% single-engine, 12% multi-engine, 39% jet and 3% [[helicopter]].<ref name="FAA-5010" />

From 1960 to 2010, [[San Jose State University]] operated a flight-simulator facility for its aviation program in buildings at the southeast corner of the airport. The university has since moved to the [[Reid–Hillview Airport]] about 5 miles southeast.

== Terminals ==
[[File:San Jose CA airport terminal photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|San Jose airport terminals]]
[[File:San Jose International Airport 1 2016-12-28.jpg|thumb|right|The security checkpoint in Terminal B. The escalators lead down to the check-in area.]]

There are two terminals at the airport, Terminal A, opened in 1990 and Terminal B opened in 2010. The terminals are connected airside. In 2009, the gates at the airport were renumbered in preparation for the addition of Terminal B. Gate A16B at the north end became Gate 1 and Gate A1A at the south end became Gate 16.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sjc.org/about/improve/updates/072809.html | title=Airport Construction Update | publisher=Mineta San Jose International Airport | date=July 28, 2009 | access-date=July 2, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613011848/http://sjc.org/about/improve/updates/072809.html | archive-date=June 13, 2010 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The airport's first modern terminal building, Terminal C, was opened in 1965 and was closed and demolished in 2010. Its location is now a short term parking lot but will be used for the second phase of Terminal B when that facility is constructed.

=== Terminal A ===
Terminal A has 17 gates: 1–7, 7A, and 8–16. (Gate 7A is a ground-level gate for remote parking positions.)

Designed by a team of architects and engineers led by HTB, Inc., Terminal A, and its adjoining parking garage was originally designed and built in 1990 for American Airlines. The overall program was led by a joint team of San Jose Airport and Public Works staff known as the "Airport Development Team". The project was awarded the Public Works Project of the Year by the California Council of Civil Engineers. It underwent extensive renovation and expansion in 2009, with larger ground-level ticketing counters, more curbside parking space, larger security checkpoints, and more concessions. The renovations and expansion were designed by [[Curtis W. Fentress]], FAIA, RIBA of [[Fentress Architects]].

The terminal includes an international arrivals building, which contains Gates 15 and 16. All arrivals from international flights at the airport must clear customs and immigration from this building (except for flights from airports with [[United States border preclearance|US border preclearance]]). Gates 17 and 18 in Terminal B were converted to handle international arrivals in early 2015.

The airport's single lounge was an Admirals Club across from Gate 8 for [[American Airlines]] passengers operated as part of its hub operation. Along with the drawdown of the airline's hub, it was closed in September 2010, with the airline citing rising costs and the cutbacks in its flight schedule. Terminal A now has two paid-entry lounges called "The Club at SJC" where passengers can wait for their flights and have access to snacks and beverages. Access to "The Club at SJC" is complimentary for passengers who have a Priority Pass card membership. One lounge is near the international gates and the other, opened at the end of 2019, has taken over and renovated part of the former Admirals Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flysanjose.com/fl/travelers.php?page=services/club_amenities&subtitle=The+Club+at+SJC+%7c+Amenities|title=Mineta San Jose International/Silicon Valley Airport – Traveler Information – The Club at SJC – Amenities|access-date=June 4, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605002047/http://www.flysanjose.com/fl/travelers.php?page=services%2Fclub_amenities&subtitle=The+Club+at+SJC+%7C+Amenities|archive-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Terminal B ===
[[File:SJCterminalb.JPG|thumb|right|The departure hall of Terminal B, taken in 2011.{{efn|Line 16 of Terminal B: In 2017, the airport added two gates, Gates 29 and 30, at the south end of the terminal. Due to the airport's growth in recent years, a new temporary facility was added at the south end of the terminal that includes six additional gates as part of the $58 million project. Gates 31-35 opened June 13, 2019, and Gate 36 opened on November 1, 2019.<ref name="6gates">{{cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/255390/san-jose-international-airport-celebrates-opening-of-additional-boarding-gates/|title=San Jose International Airport celebrates opening of additional boarding gates|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615021817/https://www.eturbonews.com/255390/san-jose-international-airport-celebrates-opening-of-additional-boarding-gates/|archive-date=June 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}]]

Terminal B has 20 gates: 17–36.

The concourse was designed by [[Gensler]] and built by [[Clark Construction]], while the Terminal headhouse was designed by [[Fentress Architects]] with construction management by Hensel Phelps Construction Co. The terminal officially opened on June 30, 2010. Its design features dramatic daylit spaces, modern art, shared use ticket counters/gates, and chairs with power cords and [[USB]] ports on the armrests to charge laptops or handheld devices. The terminal earned a LEED Silver certification from the [[U.S. Green Building Council]] in 2010 in recognition of the airport's significant commitment to environmentally sustainable design and construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjc.org/about/newsroom/2010_releases/leed.htm |title= Silicon Valley's Airport Earns LEED® Silver for New Terminal B Concourse|website=www.sjc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102307/http://www.sjc.org/about/newsroom/2010_releases/leed.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2012}}</ref>

The terminal has two international arrival gates: Gates 17 and 18. All arrivals from international flights at the airport must clear customs and immigration from the International Arrivals building (except for flights from airports with [[United States border preclearance|US border preclearance]]). Gates 17–23 of the new concourse were opened to the public on July 15, 2009. During this time, check-in, security, and baggage claim were all in Terminal A. Gates 24–28 were opened on June 30, 2010, along with Terminal B's pre-security facilities. [[Southwest Airlines]] and [[Alaska Airlines]] are the primary tenants.

In 2017, the airport added two gates, Gates 29 and 30, at the south end of the terminal. Due to the airport's growth in recent years, a new temporary facility was added at the south end of the terminal that includes six additional gates as part of the $58 million project. Gates 31-35 opened June 13, 2019, and Gate 36 opened on November 1, 2019.<ref name="6gates"/>

[[File:Seating in San Jose Airport.jpg|thumb|right|The seating area, with sockets and USB ports in each armrest]]

=== Former Terminal C ===

This terminal was built in 1965, before [[jet bridge]]s (elevated corridors that connect planes to the terminal) became common at airports. Instead of using jet bridges, Terminal C mostly used [[airstairs]]. Some airlines, including [[Alaska Airlines]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/June04/AR_content.html|title=Service improvement benefits Alaska passengers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212205258/http://www.sjc.org/AirportReport/June04/AR_content.html |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |journal=Airport Report|volume=3|issue=1|publisher=Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport|date=June 2004}}</ref> and [[SkyWest Airlines]], used turbo way ramps. In preparation for the construction of Terminal B, the north end of Terminal C was closed for demolition in December 2007. This part of the terminal was home to gates C14–C16, which housed [[Alaska Airlines]], [[Horizon Air]], and [[Frontier Airlines]]. The remaining portion of the terminal was reconfigured, including the addition of a new, larger, consolidated security checkpoint. The demolition of the north end occurred in February 2008, clearing the way for construction of Terminal B.<ref name=AiportsWorldwide>{{cite web|title=Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport|url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/usa/california/norman_mineta_san_jose_international_california.htm|website=airports-worldwide.com|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070137/http://www.airports-worldwide.com/usa/california/norman_mineta_san_jose_international_california.htm|archive-date=May 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2009, [[United Airlines]], [[Continental Airlines]] and [[JetBlue]] moved to new or reconstructed gates in Terminal A, as the area within Terminal C containing the three airlines' gates was demolished. Other airlines operating at that time within Terminal C remained there until the North Concourse of Terminal B opened in June 2010. The Terminal C baggage claim was closed for demolition on February 2, 2010. This allowed for the completion of the airport's new roadways. The terminal was officially closed on June 30, 2010.<ref name="AiportsWorldwide" /> The remaining portions of the terminal were torn down in July 2010 and space the terminal occupied now serves as a surface parking lot.

== Airlines and destinations ==
=== Passenger ===

{{Airport destination list | 3rdcoltitle = Refs | 3rdcolunsortable=yes

|{{nowrap|[[Alaska Airlines]]}} | [[Boise Airport|Boise]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport|Guadalajara]], [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu]], [[Kahului Airport|Kahului]], [[Kona International Airport|Kailua-Kona]], [[Lihue Airport|Lihue]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[Portland International Airport|Portland (OR)]], [[Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport|Puerto Vallarta]], [[San Diego International Airport|San Diego]], [[Los Cabos International Airport|San José del Cabo]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]] | <ref name="AlaskaRoutes">{{cite news|title=Flight Timetable|newspaper=Alaska Airlines |url=https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/timetables.aspx|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202123138/https://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/timetables.aspx|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|last1=Airlines |first1=Alaska }}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[American Airlines]]}} | [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]], [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]] | <ref name="AmericanRoutes">{{cite web|title=Flight schedules and notifications|url=https://www.aa.com/travelInformation/flights/schedule|access-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010611/https://www.aa.com/travelInformation/flights/schedule|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] |'''Seasonal:''' [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]] | <ref name="AmericanRoutes" />

| [[Delta Air Lines]] | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]], [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport|Minneapolis/St. Paul]], [[Salt Lake City International Airport|Salt Lake City]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]] | <ref name="DeltaRoutes">{{cite web|title=FLIGHT SCHEDULES|url=https://www.delta.com/flightinfo/viewFlightSchedulesSetup.action|access-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621123636/http://www.delta.com/flightinfo/viewFlightSchedulesSetup.action|archive-date=June 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Delta Connection]] | [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[Salt Lake City International Airport|Salt Lake City]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]] | <ref name="DeltaRoutes" />

| [[Frontier Airlines]] | [[Denver International Airport|Denver]] (resumes July 22, 2024), [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]] (begins August 13, 2024), [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas]] (begins August 13, 2024), [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]] (begins August 13, 2024), [[San Diego International Airport|San Diego]] (begins July 22, 2024) | <ref name="FrontierRoutes">{{cite web|title=Frontier|url=https://www.flyfrontier.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912053526/https://www.flyfrontier.com/|archive-date=September 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Hawaiian Airlines]] | [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu]], [[Kahului Airport|Kahului]] | <ref name="HawaiianRoutes">{{cite web|title=Destinations|url=https://www.hawaiianairlines.com/destinations|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129192310/https://www.hawaiianairlines.com/destinations|archive-date=January 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[JetBlue]] |'''Seasonal:''' [[Logan International Airport|Boston]] | <ref name="JetBlueRoutes">{{cite web|title=JetBlue Airlines Timetable|url=https://b6.innosked.com/(S(ke2am3wxgiegj0zs1pxotirq))/default.aspx|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713064749/http://b6.innosked.com/(S(52udsaj2thvywnmtihsndo55))/default.aspx|archive-date=July 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Southwest Airlines]]}} | [[Austin–Bergstrom International Airport|Austin]], [[Boise Airport|Boise]], [[Hollywood Burbank Airport|Burbank]], [[Midway International Airport|Chicago–Midway]], [[Dallas Love Field|Dallas–Love]], [[Denver International Airport|Denver]], [[Eugene Airport|Eugene]], [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu]], [[William P. Hobby Airport|Houston–Hobby]], [[Kahului Airport|Kahului]], [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas]], [[Long Beach Airport|Long Beach]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[Nashville International Airport|Nashville]], [[Ontario International Airport|Ontario]], [[John Wayne Airport|Orange County]], [[Palm Springs International Airport|Palm Springs]],<ref name="Southwest Media">{{cite web|title=Southwest Airlines Extends Flight Schedule Through Jan. 4, 2023|date=June 16, 2022 |url=https://www.swamedia.com/releases/release-903984c7a22a2b1c9e699e1ef47b6101-southwest-airlines-extends-flight-schedule-through-jan-4-2023|access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]], [[Portland International Airport|Portland (OR)]], [[Reno-Tahoe International Airport|Reno/Tahoe]], [[Salt Lake City International Airport|Salt Lake City]], [[San Diego International Airport|San Diego]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]], [[Spokane International Airport|Spokane]], [[Lambert International Airport|St. Louis]] ''' | <ref name="SouthwestRoutes">{{cite web|title=Check Flight Schedules|url=https://www.southwest.com/air/flight-schedules/index.html|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053931/https://www.southwest.com/air/flight-schedules/index.html|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Spirit Airlines]] | [[Baltimore/Washington International Airport|Baltimore]],<ref name=SPIRITNEW>https://twitter.com/IshrionA/status/1776124453451112519</ref> [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]], [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]],<ref name=SPIRITNEW /> [[Portland International Airport|Portland (OR)]],<ref name=SPIRITNEW /> [[San Diego International Airport|San Diego]] | <ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2023-02-16 |title=Spirit Airlines Announces New Low-fare Routes from San Jose to Las Vegas, Dallas, San Diego |url=https://www.sanjoseinside.com/business/spirit-airlines-announces-new-low-fare-routes-from-san-jose-to-las-vegas-dallas-san-diego/ |work=San Jose Inside |location=San Jose, CA |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref>

| [[United Airlines]] | [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]], [[Denver International Airport|Denver]], [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston–Intercontinental]] | <ref name="UnitedRoutes">{{cite web|title=Timetable|url=https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128165254/https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx|archive-date=January 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[United Express]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Denver International Airport|Denver]], [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston–Intercontinental]] | <ref name="UnitedRoutes" />

| [[Volaris]] | [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport|Guadalajara]], [[Bajío International Airport|León/Del Bajío]], [[Morelia International Airport|Morelia]], [[Zacatecas International Airport|Zacatecas]]| <ref name="VolarisRoutes">{{cite web|title=Volaris Flight Schedule|url=http://cms.volaris.com/en/travel-with-volaris/flight-information/complete-timetable-of-our-flights/|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151536/http://cms.volaris.com/en/travel-with-volaris/flight-information/complete-timetable-of-our-flights/|archive-date=February 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Zipair Tokyo]] | [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]] | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220916-zgdec22sjc|title=Zipair Tokyo schedules mid-Dec 2022 Tokyo – San Jose launch|last=Liu|first=Jim|website=Aeroroutes|date=September 16, 2022|access-date=September 17, 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Destinations map===
{| class="collapsible uncollapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:50em; margin:0.2em auto"
|-
! Destinations map
|-
|{{Location map+ |United_States |width=1000 |float=center |alt=Mainland United States destinations from San Jose International Airport
|caption=Mainland U.S. Destinations from SJC {{font color | red | Red}} = Year-round destination {{font color | green | Green }} = Seasonal destination {{font color | blue | Blue }} = Future destination
|places=
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=37.3628|long=-121.9292|position=bottom|label=<div style="position:relative;top:-5px;">'''San Jose'''</div>|caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg|marksize=16 }}
{{Location map~ |United States | mark = Red pog.svg |lat=34.2006|long=-118.3586|position=top|label='''[[Hollywood Burbank Airport|Burbank]]''' |label_size=80|marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=33.941381|long=-118.408619|position=left|label='''[[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=32.733611 |long=-117.1897226 |position=left |label='''[[San Diego International Airport|San Diego]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg|lat=30.1975 |long=-97.6664 |position=left |label='''[[Austin–Bergstrom International Airport|Austin]]''' |label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=47.6217|long=-117.5348|position=bottom|label='''[[Spokane International Airport|Spokane]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=39.855193|long=-104.673849|position=right|label='''[[Denver International Airport|Denver]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=40.789836|long=-111.979632|position=left|label='''[[Salt Lake City International Airport|Salt Lake City]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=33.436921|long=-112.011667|position=left|label='''[[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=36.083697|long=-115.153873|position=right|label='''[[McCarran International Airport|Las Vegas]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=45.5898|long=-122.5951|position=bottom|label='''[[Portland International Airport|Portland (OR)]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=47.450165|long=-122.309176 |position=under |label='''[[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=41.974186|long=-87.907783|position=left|label='''[[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]]'''|label_size=80|marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=44.0521|long=-123.0868|position=left|label='''[[Eugene Airport|Eugene]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=29.9902|long=-95.3368|position=right |label='''[[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston-Intercontinental]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ | mark = Red pog.svg |United_States |lat=33.8303 |long=-116.5070 |position=right|label='''[[Palm Springs International Airport|Palm Springs]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |United_States| mark = Red pog.svg |lat=33.675556|long=-117.868333 |position=bottom|label='''[[John Wayne Airport|{{nowrap|Orange County}}]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United_States |lat=36.13|long=-86.681946 |position=left|label='''[[Nashville International Airport|Nashville]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=41.7868|long=-87.7522|position=right|label='''[[Midway International Airport|Chicago–Midway]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=32.8481|long=-96.8512|position=right|label='''[[Dallas Love Field|Dallas–Love]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=39.4996|long=-119.7681|position=bottom|label='''[[Reno–Tahoe International Airport|Reno/Tahoe]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=33.6407|long=-84.4277|position=right|label='''[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=29.6459|long=-95.2769|position=left|label='''[[William P. Hobby Airport|Houston-Hobby]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=34.0560|long=-117.5981|position=right|label='''[[Ontario International Airport|Ontario]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United_States |lat=33.8168|long=-118.1514 |position=left|label='''{{nowrap|[[Long Beach Airport|Long Beach]]}}'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United_States |lat=32.8969|long=-97.0381 |position=bottom|label='''{{nowrap|[[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]]}}'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = red pog.svg |United States |lat=38.7467|long=-90.3654|position=right|label='''[[St. Louis Lambert International Airport|St. Louis]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Green pog.svg |United States |lat=42.3631|long=-71.0064|position=right|label='''[[Logan International Airport|Boston]] '''|label_size=80|marksize=8}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=43.5658|long=-116.2223|position=left|label='''[[Boise Airport|Boise]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=39.2904|long=-76.6122|position=right|label='''[[Baltimore/Washington International Airport|Baltimore]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |United States |lat=44.8819|long=-93.2217|position=right|label='''[[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport|Minneapolis-St. Paul]]'''|label_size=80 |marksize=8 }}
}}
|-
|{{Location map+ |Hawaii |width=900 |float=center |alt=Hawaii destinations from San Jose International Airport
|caption=Hawaii destinations from SJC {{font color | red | Red}} = Year-round destination {{font color | green | Green }} = Seasonal destination {{font color | blue | Blue }} = Future destination
|places=
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Hawaii |lat=21.3069|long=-157.8583|position=right|label='''[[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Hawaii |lat=20.8946|long=-156.4361|position=right|label='''[[Kahului Airport|Kahului]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Hawaii |lat=21.9788|long=-159.3438|position=right|label='''[[Lihue Airport|Lihue]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Hawaii |lat=19.6400|long=-155.9969|position=right|label='''[[Kona International Airport|Kailua-Kona]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
}}
|-
|{{Location map+ |Mexico |width=800 |float=center |alt=Mexican destinations from San Jose International Airport
|caption=Mexico destinations from SJC {{font color | red | Red}} = Year-round destination {{font color | green | Green }} = Seasonal destination {{font color | blue | Blue }} = Future destination
|places=
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=20.5260|long=-103.3076|position=right|label='''[[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport|{{nowrap|Guadalajara}}]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=23.1455|long=-109.7183|position=right|label='''[[Los Cabos International Airport|{{nowrap|San José del Cabo}}]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=20.9935|long=-101.4806|position=right|label='''[[Bajío International Airport|{{nowrap|Leon/Del Bajío}}]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=19.8465|long=-101.0281|position=right|label='''[[General Francisco Mujica International Airport|{{nowrap|Morelia}}]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=22.8972|long=-102.6869|position=right|label='''[[Zacatecas International Airport|Zacatecas]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Mexico|lat=20.6800|long=-105.2542|position=right|label='''[[Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport|Puerto Vallarta]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
}}
|-
|{{Location map+ |Asia |width=700 |float=center |alt=Asian destinations from San Jose International Airport
|caption=Asia destinations from SJC {{font color | red | Red}} = Year-round destination {{font color | green | Green }} = Seasonal destination {{font color | blue | Blue }} = Future destination
|places=
{{Location map~ |mark = Red pog.svg |Asia|lat=35.7653|long=140.3856|position=right|label='''[[Narita International Airport|Tokyo-Narita]]'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7 }}
}}
|}

=== Cargo ===
{{Airport destination list

| [[FedEx Express]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} | [[Indianapolis International Airport|Indianapolis]], [[Memphis International Airport|Memphis]]

| [[UPS Airlines]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} | [[Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport|Louisville]]

}}

== Statistics ==
=== Top destinations ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''Busiest domestic routes from SJC (January 2023 – December 2023)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&Nv42146=fWP&Nv42146_anzr=fn0%20W15r,%20PN:%20a14zn0%20l.%20Zv0r6n%20fn0%20W15r%20V06r40n6v10ny&pn44vr4=SNPgf |title=RITA | BTS | Transtats |website=Transtats.bts.gov |date= |access-date=March 27, 2024}}</ref>
! Rank
! City
! Passengers
! Carriers
|-
|align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|California}} [[San Diego International Airport|San Diego, California]]
|align="center"| 598,000
| Alaska, Southwest, Spirit
|-
|align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|Washington}} [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma, Washington]]
|align="center"| 504,000
| Alaska, Delta, Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|California}} [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles, California]]
|align="center"| 465,000
| Alaska, American, Delta, Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas, Nevada]]
|align="center"| 440,000
| Southwest, Spirit
|-
|align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Denver International Airport|Denver, Colorado]]
|align="center"| 314,000
| Southwest, United
|-
|align="center"| 6
| {{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona]]
|align="center"| 308,000
| American, Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 7
| {{flagicon|California}} [[John Wayne Airport|Orange County, California]]
|align="center"| 291,000
| Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 8
| {{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Portland International Airport|Portland, Oregon]]
|align="center"| 280,000
| Alaska, Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 9
| {{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu, Hawaii]]
|align="center"| 234,000
| Alaska, Hawaiian, Southwest
|-
|align="center"| 10
| {{flagicon|California}} [[Hollywood Burbank Airport|Burbank, California]]
|align="center"| 219,000
| Southwest
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''{{nowrap|International routes from SJC, by ridership (October 2021 – September 2022)}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=International_Report_Passengers {{!}} Department of Transportation – Data Portal|url=https://data.transportation.gov/Aviation/International_Report_Passengers/xgub-n9bw|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=data.transportation.gov}}</ref>
! Rank
! City
! Passengers
! Carriers
|-
|align="center"| 1
| [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport|Guadalajara, Mexico]]
|align="center"| 190,661
| Alaska, Volaris
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Los Cabos International Airport|San José del Cabo, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 78,884
| Alaska
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport|Puerto Vallarta, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 58,758
| Alaska
|-
| align="center" | 4
| [[General Francisco Mujica International Airport|Morelia, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 43,886
| Volaris
|-
| align="center" | 5
| [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow, United Kingdom]]
| align="center" | 33,926
| British Airways
|-
| align="center" | 6
| [[Bajío International Airport|Guanajuato, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 26,418
| Volaris
|-
| align="center" | 7
| [[Zacatecas International Airport|Zacatecas, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 23,514
| Volaris
|-
| align="center" | 8
| [[Mexico City International Airport|Mexico City–Benito Juárez, Mexico]]
| align="center" | 22,817
| Volaris
|}

=== Airline market share ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''Largest airlines at SJC (November 2022 – October 2023)'''
|-
!Rank
!Airline
!Passengers
!Share
|-
|align="center"|1
| [[Southwest Airlines]]
|align="center"|7,167,000
|align="center"|63.83%
|-
|align="center"|2
| [[SkyWest Airlines|Alaska Airlines]]
|align="center"|972,000
|align="center"|8.67%
|-
|align="center"|3
| [[SkyWest Airlines]]
|align="center"|943,000
|align="center"|8.41%
|-
|align="center"|4
| [[Delta Air Lines]]
|align="center"|670,000
|align="center"|5.98%
|-
|align="center"|5
| [[American Airlines]]
|align="center"|496,000
|align="center"|4.43%
|}

=== Annual traffic ===
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=SJC}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%"
|+ Annual traffic at SJC 1998–present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dot.ca.gov/hq/planning/aeronaut/documents/statistics/paxstats.htm|title=California Air Traffic Statistical Reports|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034744/http://dot.ca.gov/hq/planning/aeronaut/documents/statistics/paxstats.htm|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers
|-
| 1998|| 10,506,173 || 2008|| 9,720,150 || 2018|| 14,319,292
|-
| 1999|| 11,452,334 || 2009|| 8,321,750 || 2019|| 15,650,444
|-
| 2000|| 13,096,523 || 2010|| 8,246,342 || 2020|| 4,711,577
|-
| 2001|| 13,074,467 || 2011|| 8,356,981 || 2021|| 7,357,441
|-
| 2002|| 11,117,457 || 2012|| 8,296,392 || 2022||11,333,723
|-
| 2003|| 10,601,190 || 2013|| 8,783,319 || 2023||12,097,160
|-
| 2004|| 11,046,489 || 2014|| 9,385,212 || 2024||
|-
| 2005|| 10,891,466 || 2015|| 9,799,527 || 2025||
|-
| 2006|| 10,708,068 || 2016|| 10,796,725 || 2026||
|-
| 2007|| 10,658,191 || 2017|| 12,480,232 || 2027||
|}

== Accidents and incidents ==

* September 14–15, 1975 (1130 P – 130 A) – [[Continental Airlines]] – [[Boeing 727]] (jet parked overnight). Fred Salomon, a 24-year-old resident of San Jose, had raped a woman, attempted to rob a store, stolen two vehicles, kidnapped a doctor and four others, then attempted to hijack a Continental Airlines Boeing 727 at what was then called San Jose Municipal Airport. The gunman had taken two airline mechanics hostage, demanding that they start the engines on the aircraft. As it started to roll towards the runway, the tires were shot out by police. Standing in the doorway of the jet with a hostage in front of him, while negotiating with police, the gunman pointed his gun at them and was shot and killed by a police sharpshooter, who was positioned on top of the Main Terminal (Terminal C).
* October 25, 1999 – [[San Jose Police Department]] [[MD Helicopters MD 500|McDonnell Douglas 500N helicopter]] N904PD lost control while entering the traffic pattern at SJC during a maintenance ferry flight. The helicopter crashed into a city street, killing both of the occupants. There were no reported damage or injuries on the ground. The NTSB determined that temporary repairs made in order to ferry the helicopter back to SJC actually made the controllability problem that was intended to be solved worse. Pilot manuals and training for the [[NOTAR]] (no tail rotor) helicopter did not provide adequate preparation for the pilot experienced in conventional helicopters to recover from a stuck thruster condition which occurred.
* April 21, 2014 – A teenage boy scaled a security fence and [[Stowaway|stowed away]] in the wheel well of a [[Hawaiian Airlines]] Boeing 767, surviving the five-hour flight to [[Maui]]. Congressman [[Eric Swalwell]] reiterated his call to scrutinize San Jose Airport's security measures. An airport spokeswoman stated that the airport's security "meets and exceeds all federal requirements" and "our thoughts and prayers are with [the stowaway] and his family". She also noted that "no system is 100 percent and it is possible to scale an airport perimeter fence line, especially under cover of darkness and remain undetected and it appears that's what this teenager did."

== General aviation ==
Private and corporate aircraft are based on the west side of the airfield off Coleman Avenue.
*Atlantic Aviation
*AvBase, Inc.
*Signature Flight Support<ref>{{cite web|title=SJC/KSJC Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport|url=http://www.signatureflight.com/location?iata=sjc|website=Signature SJC|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422100319/https://www.signatureflight.com/location?iata=SJC|archive-date=April 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The former General Aviation services were located on the south end of what is now runway 30R. Plane spotters and photographers now utilize the space where the San Jose State University Aviation Department was formerly located at the corner of Coleman Avenue and Airport Blvd.

== Ground transportation ==
The [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority]] (VTA) bus route {{VTA bus route|60}} serves the airport at Terminals A and B, which is free to ride from either terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Mineta San Jose International Airport (SJC) Transit Guide |url=https://www.svtransitusers.org/transit-guides/sjc |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Silicon Valley Transit Users |language=en-US}}</ref> Route 60 connects the airport to the [[Santa Clara Transit Center]] for [[Altamont Corridor Express]], [[Caltrain]], and [[Amtrak]] rail services, as well as numerous other VTA bus routes. Route 60 also connects to [[VTA light rail]] at [[Metro/Airport (VTA)|Metro/Airport]], [[Milpitas station|Milpitas]], and [[Winchester Transit Center|Winchester]] stations, in addition to [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) at [[Milpitas station]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vta.org/go/service-alerts/60/route-60-replaces-route-10-service-1228-rerouted-airport-milpitas |title=Route 60 replaces Route 10 service 12/28, rerouted to airport & Milpitas |agency=VTA |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228170634/https://www.vta.org/go/service-alerts/60/route-60-replaces-route-10-service-1228-rerouted-airport-milpitas |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The airport is served by various taxi and [[vehicle for hire]] companies, and is accessible from highways [[Interstate 880 (California)|Interstate 880]], and [[US Route 101]] via [[California State Route 87]].<ref name="directions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.flysanjose.com/directions |title=Directions |agency=San Jose International Airport |access-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071857/http://www.flysanjose.com/directions |archive-date=January 22, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are five parking lots, including Economy Lot 1, Hourly Lots 2, 3, and 5 and Daily Lot 4. Rental car operations are located at the multi-story CONRAC garage across from Terminal B.<ref name="rentals">{{cite web |url=http://www.flysanjose.com/rental-cars |title=Rental Cars |agency=San Jose International Airport |access-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071859/http://www.flysanjose.com/rental-cars |archive-date=January 22, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A free cellphone waiting area exists across State Route 87 from the airport.<ref name="sjcparking">{{cite web |url=http://www.flysanjose.com/parking |title=Parking |agency=San Jose International Airport |access-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071757/http://www.flysanjose.com/parking |archive-date=January 22, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inter-terminal and Economy parking lot busing is provided by the airport at no charge.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bay Area|Aviation}}
*[[List of attractions in Silicon Valley]]
*[[List of airports in California]]
*[[List of Class C airports in the United States]]
*[[Reid–Hillview Airport]], general aviation reliever airport also in San Jose, 4 miles ESE of SJC

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.flysanjose.com}}
*{{FAA-diagram|00693}}
*{{US-airport|SJC}}


{{Airports in the San Francisco Bay Area}}
{{San Jose, California}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Transportation in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Airports in Santa Clara County, California]]
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California]]
[[Category:United States Army airfields]]

Diakopto railway station

2024-05-15T00:50:08Z

Lensovet: /* History */ rack railway reopened

{{Short description|Railway station in Greece}}

{{Infobox station
| name =
{{Infobox station/Header GR
| name_el = Διακοπτό
| name = Diakopto
| mode = S
| line = ASK
}}
| type =
| image = Diakofto Kalavrita railway.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Diakopto railway station before the upgrades, July 2009
| address = [[Diakopto]] 250 03,
| borough = [[Achaea]]
| country = [[Greece]]
| coordinates = {{coord|38.191748|22.197915|type:railwaystation_region:GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Greece
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| line = {{ubl
| [[Athens Airport–Patras railway|Airport–Patras railway]]<ref name="ose-ns-2023">{{cite book|title=Network Statement|date=17 January 2023|publisher=Hellenic Railways Organization|location=Athens|edition=2023|url=https://ose.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/OSE_2023_ENGLISH.main_.pdf|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002152242/https://ose.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/OSE_2023_ENGLISH.main_.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2023|language=en-us|chapter=Annexes|pages=3–4, 8–9|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
| [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]<ref name="ose-ns-2023"/>
}}
| train_operators = [[Hellenic Train]]
| other =
| structure = at-grade
| depth =
| levels = 1
| platform = 2 ([[island platform]]s)
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1896|03|10|df=y}}
| closed = 2003 (renovation)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploring-greece.gr/en/show/44642/:ttd/STATHMOS-ODODOTU-DIAKOFTU|title=EG | Diakofto Railway Station (Train Station) [ACHAIA, EGIALIA]|website=www.exploring-greece.gr}}</ref>
| rebuilt = {{Start date and age|2020|06|22|df=y}}
| electrified = No<ref name="ose-ns-2023"/>
| accessible = [[File:Aiga ticketpurchase inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga waitingroom inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga toilets inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga coffeeshop inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga parking inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga bus inv.svg|22px]]
| code =
| owned = [[GAIAOSE]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gaiaose.com/ |title=Home |website=gaiaose.com}}</ref>
| zone =
| status = Unstaffed
| former =
| web = http://www.ose.gr/en/
| map =
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
| system=Hellenic Train
| line1=Regional|type1=Kiato-Aigio|left1=Eliki|right1=Platanos
| line2=Odontotos|left2=Mega Spileo
| header3 = Former services
| header4 = [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]]
{{rail line|previous = [[Eleonas railway station|Eleonas]]|next=[[Trapeza railway station|Trapeza]]|route=[[Piraeus–Patras railway]]|col=964B00
}}
}}
}}
'''Diakopto railway station''' ({{lang-el|Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Διακοπτού|Sidirodromikós Stathmós Diakoptoú}}) is located just north of [[Diakopto]], [[Achaea]], [[Greece]]. Originally opened on 10 March 1896, it was reopened on 22 June 2020 as part of the [[Hellenic Railways Organisation]]'s €848-million project extension of the [[Athens Airport–Patras railway]] to [[Aigio railway station|Aigio]], co-financed by the [[European Union]]'s [[Cohesion Fund]] 2000–2006.<ref name="GTP">{{cite news |title=Greece Inaugurates New Peloponnese Rail Line |url=https://news.gtp.gr/2020/07/15/greece-inaugurates-new-peloponnese-rail-line/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=GTP Headlines |date=15 July 2020}}</ref> The station is currently served by both the unique [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway|rack railway]] to [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta]] and [[Hellenic Train]] local services between {{rws|Kiato}} and {{rws|Aigio}}.<ref name="Athens Suburban Railway">{{cite web |title=Athens Suburban Railway |url=https://www.hellenictrain.gr/en/athens-suburban-railway |publisher=[[Hellenic Train]] |accessdate=13 August 2022 |location=Athens}}</ref>

==History==
The Station opened on 10 March 1896<ref>{{cite web |title=Odontotos rack railway |url=https://www.odontotos.com/ |website=www.odontotos.com |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> on what was a [[branch line]] of the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|Piraeus, Athens & Peloponnese Railways]] (SPAP)<ref name="capital.gr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title=Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896|website=Capital.gr}}</ref> when the {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge line towards [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta]] was completed in 1895. The line opened under the government of [[Theodoros Diligiannis]]<ref name="capital.gr"/> however, work had been begun by the [[Charilaos Trikoupis]] government, under the grand project of connecting all of Greece by rail.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/entry/i-omorfoteri-diadromi-tis-elladas_gr_17877174|title=Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας|date=September 2, 2017|website=HuffPost Greece}}</ref> The French company ATON<ref name="capital.gr"/> with Italian craftsmen's assistant, who had acquired great experience in similar projects in the Alps, built the line.<ref name="auto2"/> Soon Diakopto was connected to [[Peloponnese railway station|Athens]], via [[Corinth railway station (old)|Corinth]] by the [[Piraeus–Patras railway]].

Due to growing debts, the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] came under government control between 1939 and 1940. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] (1941–44), Athens was controlled by German military forces and the line used for the transport of troops and weapons. During the occupation (and especially during the German withdrawal in 1944), the network was severely damaged by both the German army and Greek resistance groups. The track and rolling stock replacement took time following the [[Greek Civil War|civil war]], with normal service levels resumed around 1948.

Between 2007 and 2009, the entire rail and cogwheel components of the [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]] were completely replaced, and four new modern trains were constructed to replace the older carriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/greece/achaia/activities/diakofto-kalavryta-railway/a/poi-act/1515547/1316561|title=Diakofto–Kalavryta Railway | Greece Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> In 2008, railway operations in the region were transferred from OSE to TrainOSE. In 2009, with the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek debt crisis]] unfolding [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s Management was forced to reduce services across the network.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|title=Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός - Μουσείο τρένων|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005054523/https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timetables were cutback and routes closed, as the government-run entity attempted to reduce overheads, this included all passenger and freight services on the metre gauge railway system in the Peloponnese in 2011.

However, Diakopto remained open, serving the [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway|rack railway]]. In 2018, work to incorporate the station into the [[Athens Airport–Patras railway]] commenced, requiring the conversion of the old [[metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] track to [[standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]]. In 2019 services were suspended due to a landslide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Έτοιμος να ξανασφυρίξει και πάλι ο Οδοντωτός |url=https://www.pagenews.gr/2020/05/10/video/etoimos-na-ksanasfyriksei-kai-pali-o-odontotos/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Pagenews.gr |date=10 May 2020 |language=el}}</ref> The station was reopened on 22 June 2020 by [[Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (Greece)|Minister for Transport]], [[Kostas Karamanlis (politician, born 1974)|Kostas Karamanlis]], re-establishing direct rail links with Athens via the [[Athens Suburban Railway]].<ref name="GTP"/> In July 2022, the station began being served by [[Hellenic Train]], the rebranded TrainOSE.<ref>{{cite news |title=TrainOSE renamed Hellenic Train, eyes expansion |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/1188080/trainose-renamed-hellenic-train-eyes-expansion/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=[[Kathimerini]] |date=2 July 2022 |location=Athens |language=English}}</ref> On April 29, 2024, rack railway service resumed with 3 roundtrips 7 days a week and 2 additional roundtrips daily on weekends.<ref>https://www.hellenictrain.gr/news/anakoinosi-29042024-epanenarxi-dromologion-odontotoy</ref>

==Facilities==
There is level access from the small car park at the front of the station. It has two [[island platform]]s, with station buildings located at the platform level. The Station buildings are equipped only with a waiting area. At platform level, there are sheltered seating and [[Dot-matrix display]] departure and arrival screens and timetable poster boards on both platforms. It is equipped with CCTV, fire detection and [[Honeywell|Honeywell Security]] systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSE Railway Stations |url=https://zarifopoulos.com/portfolio/ose-railway-stations/?lang=en |website=ΖΑΡΙΦΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Α.Ε. |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Currently, there is no local bus stop connecting the station.

==Services==

Since 15 May 2022, this station serves the following routes:

* [[Hellenic Train]] local service between {{rws|Kiato}} and {{rws|Aigio}}, with six trains per day in each direction: passengers have to change at Kiato for [[Athens Suburban Railway]] trains towards {{rws|Athens}} and {{stn|Piraeus}}.<ref name="ht-timetable-generic">{{cite web|title=Hellenic Train Ticketing|url=https://tickets.trainose.gr/dromologia/?lang=en|website=Hellenic Train|access-date=10 November 2022|location=Athens|date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

The station is also served by the following [[Hellenic Train]] route:<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rack Railway, Diakopto-Kalavryta, an amazing journey |url=https://www.hellenictrain.gr/en/rack-railway-diakopto-kalavryta-amazing-journey |publisher=[[Hellenic Train]] |access-date=13 August 2022 |location=Athens |language=en}}</ref>

* The historic 750 mm (2 ft {{frac|5|1|2}}-in) gauge [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway|rack railway]] known locally as {{lang|el|Οδοντωτός}} (''Odontotós'', "Cogwheel") to [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta]].

==Station layout==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 2px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''L Ground/Concourse'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Customer service
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=285 valign=top|Tickets/Exits
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=3 valign=top|'''Level Ε1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Platform '''1'''
|[[Hellenic Train]] to {{rws|Aigio}} ([[Eliki railway station|Eliki]]) ←
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 2px grey;border-top:solid 2px grey;border-right:solid 2px grey;border-left:solid 2px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|Island platform, doors will open on the left
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Platform '''2'''
|[[Hellenic Train]] to {{rws|Kiato}} ([[Platanos railway station|Platanos]])/[[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway|Rack railway]] towards [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta]] ([[Mega Spileo railway station|Mega Spileo]]) →
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=150>
File:01.11.92 Διακοπτό Diakopto A.9112 (5803670455).jpg|A.9112 seen at Diakopto, 1 November 1992
File:Diakofto.jpg|Diakofto station, 2005
File:01.11.92 Διακοπτό Diakopto AA6454 (5804241758).jpg|Several Ganz Mavag DMU's pulling into Diakopto on 1 November 1992 is set AA6454, a 4-car version used on long-distance trains, 1 November 1992.
File:Diakofto Engine Station.jpg|New (Stadler) and old (Decauville) rolling stock of the Diakofto-Kalavrita rack railway at Diakofto Engine Station. April 2009.
File:X3.05 Bf Diakoftó, VT 6526 (MAN Nahverkehr).jpg|Train crossing in Diakoftó station, the MAN double DMU travels in the direction of Patra. In contrast to the IC units, which were only intended for the Peloponnisos network from the start. The place-name signs of this station only contained the Katharevousa form Diakoptón until it was closed, October 2005.
File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (1).jpg|Diakofto-Kalavrita railway station, July 2009
File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (3).jpg| Station signage, July 2009
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]
*[[Hellenic Railways Organization]]
*[[Hellenic Train]]
*[[P.A.Th.E./P.]]
*[[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways]]
*[[Proastiakos]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Railway stations in Greece opened in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in Greece]]
[[Category:Diakopto]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Achaea]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 2020]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Greece opened in the 2020s]]

Mega Spileo railway station

2024-05-15T00:49:13Z

Lensovet: /* History */ service resumed

{{Short description|Railway station in Greece}}

{{Infobox station
|name =
{{Infobox station/Header GR
| name_el = Μέγα Σπήλαιο
| name = Mega Spileo
| mode = SO
}}
| type =
| image = File:Gr97VouraikosMegaSpileon2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Mega Spileo railway station, May 1997
| address = [[Kato Zachlorou]]
| borough = [[Achaea]]
| country = [[Greece]]
| coordinates = {{coord|38.053904|22.095261|type:railwaystation_region:GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Greece
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| line = [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]
| train_operators = [[Hellenic Train]]
| other =
| structure = at-grade
| depth =
| levels = 1
| platform = 2 (1 disused)
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1896|03|10|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible = [[File:Aiga ticketpurchase inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga waitingroom inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga toilets inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga coffeeshop inv.svg|22px]]
| code =
| owned = [[GAIAOSE]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaiaose.com/|title=ΓΑΙΑ ΟΣΕ|website=ΓΑΙΑ ΟΣΕ|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004202752/https://www.gaiaose.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| zone =
| status = Staffed
| former =
| web = http://www.ose.gr/en/
| map =
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Hellenic Train|line=Odontotos|left=Kalavryta|right=Diakopto}}
}}

'''Mega Spileo railway station''' ({{lang-el|Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Ζαχλωρούς-Μεγάλου Σπηλαίου|Sidirodromikós Stathmós Zachlorus-Megalou Spilaiou}}) is a [[railway station|station]] in [[Kato Zachlorou]], [[Achaea]], [[Greece]]. It was opened on 10 March 1896. The station is served by the [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]] a [[rack railway]]<ref name="portnet.gr">{{cite web | url=https://portnet.gr/themata/7983-o-odontotos-egine-120-eton.html | title=Ο Οδοντωτός έγινε 120 ετών }}</ref> (known locally as the 'Cogwheel' or 'Toothache'). The station serves visitors of the monastery of the Great Cave.<ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας">{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/yiorgos-pittas/i-omorfoteri-diadromi-tis-elladas_b_17877174.html | title=Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας | date=2 September 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
The Station opened on 10 March 1896, on what was a [[branch line]] of the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|Piraeus, Athens & Peloponnese Railways]] (SPAP)<ref name="capital.gr">{{cite web | url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896 | title=Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896 }}</ref> when the {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge line was completed in 1895. The line opened under the government of [[Theodoros Diligiannis]]<ref name="capital.gr"/> however, work had been begun by the [[Charilaos Trikoupis]] government, under the grand project of connecting all of Greece by rail.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|title=Rack Railway of Diakopto - Kalavryta - Greek Travel Pages|website=www.gtp.gr|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2019-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004054404/https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας"/> The French company ATON<ref name="capital.gr"/> with Italian craftsmen's assistant, who had acquired great experience in similar projects in the Alps, built the line.<ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας"/> The construction of the network began in 1889 and was completed in 1895.<ref name="auto"/> Due to growing debts, the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] came under government control between 1939 and 1940. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] (1941–44), Athens was controlled by German military forces, and the line used for the transport of troops and weapons. During the occupation (and especially during German withdrawal in 1944), the network was severely damaged<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|title=The Rack Railway, Diakopto-Kalavryta, an amazing journey|website=TrainOSE|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210192517/https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|url-status=live}}</ref> by both the German army and Greek resistance groups. The track and rolling stock replacement took time following the [[Greek Civil War|civil war]], with normal service levels resumed around 1948. In 1954 [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was nationalized once more. In 1962 the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was amalgamated into [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]].<ref>Ν. 4246/1962</ref> In 1970 [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]] became the legal successor to the [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]], taking over responsibilities for most of Greece's rail infrastructure. On 1 January 1971 the station, and most of the Greek rail infrastructure was transferred to the ''[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|Hellenic Railways Organisation S.A.]]'', a state-owned corporation. Freight traffic declined sharply when the state-imposed monopoly of OSE for the transport of agricultural products and fertilisers ended in the early 1990s. Many small stations of the network with little passenger traffic were closed down.

In 2001 the infrastructure element of OSE was created, known as GAIAOSE, it would henceforth be responsible for the maintenance, of stations, bridges and other elements of the network, as well as the leasing and the sale of railway assists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gaiaose.com/ |title=Home |website=gaiaose.com}}</ref> In 2005, TrainOSE was created as a brand within OSE to concentrate on rail services and passenger interface. Between 2007 and 2009 the entire rails and cog sections were completely replaced, and four new modern trains were constructed to replace the former carriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/greece/achaia/activities/diakofto-kalavryta-railway/a/poi-act/1515547/1316561|title=Diakofto–Kalavryta Railway | Greece Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> In 2009, with the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek debt crisis]] unfolding [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s Management was forced to reduce services across the network.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|title=Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός - Μουσείο τρένων|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005054523/https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timetables were cutback and routes closed, as the government-run entity attempted to reduce overheads.

In 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eleftheriaonline.gr/local/koinonia/item/96337-oneiriko-taksidi-me-ton-odontoto-sidirodromo-vinteo-fotografies | title=Ονειρικό ταξίδι με τον Οδοντωτό Σιδηρόδρομο (βίντεο-φωτογραφίες) }}</ref> to celebrate 120 years of railways in Greece, the station welcomed the mayor of Kalavrita [[George Lazouras]], the philharmonic and trains of three different "eras", and the album about the Cog Railway, written by [[George Nathainas]] was unveiled that day as part of the celebrations along with a commemorative stamp.<ref name="portnet.gr"/> In 2017 [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s passenger transport sector was privatised as [[TrainOSE]], currently, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane<ref name=Ypodomes>{{cite web |title=It's a new day for TRAINOSE as FS acquires the entirety of the company's shares |url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |website=ypodomes.com |accessdate=14 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023026/http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |url-status=live }}</ref> infrastructure, including stations, remained under the control of OSE. In 2019 services were suspended due to a landslide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pagenews.gr/2020/05/10/video/etoimos-na-ksanasfyriksei-kai-pali-o-odontotos/ | title=Έτοιμος να ξανασφυρίξει και πάλι ο Οδοντωτός | date=10 May 2020 }}</ref> On April 29, 2024, service resumed with 3 roundtrips 7 days a week and 2 additional roundtrips daily on weekends.<ref>https://www.hellenictrain.gr/news/anakoinosi-29042024-epanenarxi-dromologion-odontotoy</ref>

==Facilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
The ground level station is assessed via stairs or a ramp. It has two [[side platform]]s, with the small station buildings located on platform 1 (the southbound platform), with access to the platforms via crossing the tracks. Platform 2 is the smaller of the two, a basic holt, which opened in 2010. However, the platform and line are issued for safety concerns. The Station buildings are basic, equipped with a staffed booking office, toilets. At platform level, there are sheltered seating but no [[Dot-matrix display]] departure or arrival screens or timetable poster boards. There is no Buffet at the station, but next door there is 'Romance Tavern' which services hot and cold food.<ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας"/>

==Services==
The station is served by historic 750 mm (2 ft {{frac|5|1|2}}-in) gauge [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]] [[rack railway]]<ref name="auto1"/> known locally as '''Cogwheel''' services to [[Diakopto]] and [[Kalavryta]]. The station sees around 6 trains per-day.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=150>
File:20090314-3337-Zachlorou-3005+3006.jpg|A Decauville diesel-electric train approaching Mega Spilaio (Zachlorou) railway station.
File:Σταθμός ΖΑΧΛΩΡΟΥ-ΜΕΓ.ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟ.jpg|Mega Spilaio railway station, 6 December 2009.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hellenic Railways Organization]]
*[[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways]]
*[[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]
*[[TrainOSE]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Railway stations in Greece opened in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in Greece]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Achaea]]

Kalavryta railway station

2024-05-15T00:48:43Z

Lensovet: /* History */ reopened

{{Short description|Railway station in Greece}}

{{Infobox station
|name =
{{Infobox station/Header GR
| name_el = Καλάβρυτα
| name = Kalavryta
| mode = SO
}}
| type =
| image = File:Greece, Kalavrita 4.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kalavryta Kalavrita railway station, July 2007
| address = [[Kalavryta]] 250 03,
| borough = [[Achaea]]
| country = [[Greece]]
| coordinates = {{coord|38.033602|22.110070|type:railwaystation_region:GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Greece
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| line = [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]
| train_operators = [[Hellenic Train]]
| other =
| structure = at-grade
| depth =
| levels = 1
| platform = 1 ([[Side platforms]])
| tracks = 3 (2 sidings)
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1896|03|10|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible = [[File:Aiga ticketpurchase inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga waitingroom inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga toilets inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga coffeeshop inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga parking inv.svg|22px]] [[File:Aiga bus inv.svg|22px]]
| code =
| owned = [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|GAIAOSE]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaiaose.com/|title=ΓΑΙΑ ΟΣΕ|website=ΓΑΙΑ ΟΣΕ|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004202752/https://www.gaiaose.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| zone =
| status = Unstaffed
| former =
| web = http://www.ose.gr/en/
| map =
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Hellenic Train|line=Odontotos|right=Mega Spileo}}
}}

'''Kalavryta railway station''' ({{lang-el|Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Καλαβρύτων|Sidirodromikós Stathmós Kalavríton}}) is a [[railway station|station]] in [[Kalavryta]], [[Achaea]], [[Greece]]. It is located just North of the village. It was opened on 10 March 1896. The station is served by the [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]] a [[rack railway]]<ref name="portnet.gr">{{Cite web|url=https://portnet.gr/themata/7983-o-odontotos-egine-120-eton.html|title=Ο Οδοντωτός έγινε 120 ετών}}</ref> (known locally as the 'Cogwheel' or 'Toothache').

==History==
The Station opened on 10 March 1896 on what was a [[branch line]] of the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|Piraeus, Athens & Peloponnese Railways]] (SPAP)<ref name="capital.gr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title = Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896}}</ref> when the {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge line was completed in 1895. The line opened under the government of [[Theodoros Diligiannis]]<ref name="capital.gr"/> however, work had been authorised by [[Charilaos Trikoupis]] government, under the grand project of connecting all of Greece by rail.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|title=Rack Railway of Diakopto - Kalavryta - Greek Travel Pages|website=www.gtp.gr|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2019-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004054404/https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|url-status=live}}</ref> The French company ATON<ref name="capital.gr"/> with Italian craftsmen's assistant, who had acquired great experience in similar projects in the Alps, built the line. The construction of the network began in 1889 and was completed in 1895.<ref name="auto"/> Due to growing debts, the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] came under government control between 1939 and 1940. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] (1941–44), Athens was controlled by German military forces and the line used for the transport of troops and weapons. During the occupation (and especially during German withdrawal in 1944), the network was severely damaged<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|title=The Rack Railway, Diakopto-Kalavryta, an amazing journey|website=TrainOSE|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210192517/https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|url-status=live}}</ref> by both the German army and Greek resistance groups. The track and rolling stock replacement took time following the [[Greek Civil War|civil war]], with normal service levels resumed around 1948. In 1954 [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was nationalized once more. In 1962 the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was amalgamated into [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]].<ref>Ν. 4246/1962</ref> In 1970, [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]] became the legal successor to the [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]], taking over responsibilities for most of Greece's rail infrastructure. On 1 January 1971, the station and most of the Greek rail infrastructure were transferred to the ''[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|Hellenic Railways Organisation S.A.]]'', a state-owned corporation. Freight traffic declined sharply when the state-imposed monopoly of OSE for the transport of agricultural products and fertilisers ended in the early 1990s. Many small stations of the network with little passenger traffic were closed down.

In 2001 the infrastructure element of OSE was created, known as GAIAOSE; it would henceforth be responsible for the maintenance of stations, bridges and other elements of the network, as well as the leasing and the sale of railway assists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gaiaose.com/ |title=Home |website=gaiaose.com}}</ref> In 2005, TrainOSE was created as a brand within OSE to concentrate on rail services and passenger interface. Between 2007 and 2009, the entire rails and cog sections were completely replaced, and four new modern trains were constructed to replace the former carriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/greece/achaia/activities/diakofto-kalavryta-railway/a/poi-act/1515547/1316561|title=Diakofto–Kalavryta Railway | Greece Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> In 2009, with the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek debt crisis]] unfolding [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s Management, was forced to reduce services across the network.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|title=Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός - Μουσείο τρένων|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005054523/https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timetables were cutback and routes closed, as the government-run entity attempted to reduce overheads.

In 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eleftheriaonline.gr/local/koinonia/item/96337-oneiriko-taksidi-me-ton-odontoto-sidirodromo-vinteo-fotografies|title=Ονειρικό ταξίδι με τον Οδοντωτό Σιδηρόδρομο (βίντεο-φωτογραφίες)}}</ref> to celebrate 120 years of railways in Greece, the station welcomed the mayor of Kalavrita [[George Lazouras]], the philharmonic and trains of three different "eras", and the album about the Cog Railway, written by [[George Nathainas]] was unveiled that day as part of the celebrations along with a commemorative stamp.<ref name="portnet.gr"/> In 2017 [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s passenger transport sector was privatised as [[TrainOSE]], currently, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane<ref name=Ypodomes>{{cite web |title=It's a new day for TRAINOSE as FS acquires the entirety of the company's shares |url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |website=ypodomes.com |accessdate=14 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023026/http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |url-status=live }}</ref> infrastructure, including stations, remained under the control of OSE. In 2019 services were suspended due to a landslide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pagenews.gr/2020/05/10/video/etoimos-na-ksanasfyriksei-kai-pali-o-odontotos/ | title=Έτοιμος να ξανασφυρίξει και πάλι ο Οδοντωτός | date=10 May 2020 }}</ref> On April 29, 2024, service resumed with 3 roundtrips 7 days a week and 2 additional roundtrips daily on weekends.<ref>https://www.hellenictrain.gr/news/anakoinosi-29042024-epanenarxi-dromologion-odontotoy</ref>

==Facilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
There is level access from the small car park at the front of the station. It has one [[Side platform]]s, with station buildings located at the platform level. The Station buildings are equipped with a waiting area.<ref name="patrasevents.gr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrasevents.gr/article/549543-o-odontotos-borei-na-ferei-stin-kalavrita-ton-all-season-tourismo-pou-zita|title=Ο Οδοντωτός μπορεί να φέρει στα Καλάβρυτα τον all season τουρισμό που ζητά! | Patras Events|date=27 June 2021}}</ref> At platform level, there are sheltered seating but no [[Dot-matrix display]] departure or arrival screens or timetable poster boards. Today there is a cafeteria at the station. Currently (2020), there are local buses connecting the station.

==Services==
The station is served by historic 750 mm (2 ft {{frac|5|1|2}}-in) gauge [[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]] [[rack railway]]<ref name="auto1"/> known locally as '''Cogwheel''' services to [[Diakopto]]. The station sees around 6 trains per-day.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="patrasevents.gr"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:KalavrytaStation_(cropped).jpg|The Station 15 November 2005
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hellenic Railways Organization]]
*[[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways]]
*[[Diakopto–Kalavryta railway]]
*[[TrainOSE]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Railway stations in Greece opened in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in Greece]]
[[Category:Kalavryta]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Achaea]]

Diakopto–Kalavryta railway

2024-05-15T00:47:45Z

Lensovet: /* History */ service resumed

{{Short description|Greek rack railway}}
{{Infobox rail line
|box_width = auto
|name = Diakopto–Kalavryta railway
|color =
|logo = OSE-Logo.svg
|logo_width = 75px
|image = File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (17).jpg
|image_width = 250px
|caption =
|type = [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt system]]
|system =
|status = Operational
|locale = [[Central Greece (region)|Central Greece]]
|start = [[Diakopto railway station|Diakopto]] {{coord|38.191748|22.197915|display=inline}}
|end = [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta]] {{coord|38.033602|22.110070|display=it}}
|stations = 6 (3 disused)
|routes =
|daily_ridership =
|open = 10 March 1896<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title = Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896}}</ref>
|close =
|owner = [[GAIAOSE]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gaiaose.com/ |title=Home |website=gaiaose.com}}</ref>
|operator = [[Hellenic Train]]
|character =
|stock =
|linelength = {{Convert|22.346|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|tracklength =
|tracks = [[single-track railway|single track]]
|gauge = {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}}
|load_gauge =
|electrification = diesel-electric
|speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (average)
|elevation =
|map = {{Diakopto–Kalavryta railway|inline=1}}
|map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Diakopto–Kalavryta railway''' ({{lang-el|Οδοντωτός σιδηρόδρομος Διακοπτού - Καλαβρύτων|Odontotós sidiródromos Diakoptoú - Kalavrýton}}) is a historic 750 mm (2 ft {{fraction|5|1|2}}-in) gauge [[rack railway]] in [[Greece]]. Located on the northern [[Peloponnese]], it runs {{convert|22|km|mi}} from [[Diakopto]] through the [[Vouraikos]] Gorge and the old [[Mega Spilaio]]n Monastery and up to [[Kalavryta]], stopping en route at [[Zachlorou]]. Today, the stations infrastructure and rolling stock are owned and maintained by the [[GAIAOSE]] and the line infrastructure [[Hellenic Railways Organisation]] (OSE) and passenger trains are operated by [[Hellenic Train]].<ref name=nwstatement>{{Cite web |url= http://www.ose.gr/ose/files/EDISY_2007_NETWORK_STATEMENT.pdf |title= Network Statement 2007 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080411154645/http://www.ose.gr/ose/files/EDISY_2007_NETWORK_STATEMENT.pdf |archivedate= 2008-04-11}} {{Small|(1.29 MB)}}. EDISY S.A., Athens, 2006.</ref> At the Diakopto terminus, the line connects with the new [[standard-gauge railway|standard-gauge]] [[Athens Airport–Patras railway]]; {{As of|2019|lc=y}} the new track is in place in a cutting through the station yard.

==Route==
The line starts at Diakopto before entering the gorge of Vouraikos.<ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/yiorgos-pittas/i-omorfoteri-diadromi-tis-elladas_b_17877174.html|title = Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας|date = 2 September 2017}}</ref> Makes stops at the locations "Niamata" (or "Mikrohelidou") and "Triklia". Between Niamata and Triklia there was an old stop (closed in 1960) at the kilometre 8.14 (the old stop Triklia). In the middle of the route, after {{convert|12.6|km|mi}}, it makes a stop in the village of Kato [[Zachlorou]], while at this point it serves the visitors of the historic Monastery of the Great Cave.<ref name="Η ομορφότερη διαδρομή της Ελλάδας"/> Then, after {{convert|18.2|km|mi}} of route, it makes a stop southeast under the village of [[Kerpini]], where you pass, but do not stop at "Kerpini railway station" (formerly "Rallia"), and finally ends in Kalavrita. The line has 9 level crossings (with 6 asphalt roads and 3 dirt roads) of which 3 are guarded (one in Diakopto, one near Kerpini Station and one in Kalavrita).

==Stations==

The main stations on the Diakopto–Kalavryta railway are:
* [[Diakopto railway station]]
* [[Mega Spileo railway station]]
* [[Kalavryta railway station]]

==History==
Work began on the line in 1885. The line opened on 10 March 1896, as a [[branch line]] of the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|Piraeus, Athens & Peloponnese Railways]] (SPAP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title = Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896}}</ref> when the {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge line was completed in 1895. The line opened under the government of [[Theodoros Diligiannis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title = Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896}}</ref> however, work had been authorised by [[Charilaos Trikoupis]] government, as part of the grand project to connect all of Greece by rail.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|title=Rack Railway of Diakopto - Kalavryta - Greek Travel Pages|website=www.gtp.gr|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2019-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004054404/https://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=71726|url-status=live}}</ref> The line was built by French company ATON,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capital.gr/epixeiriseis/3604679/i-proti-periballontiki-adeiodotisi-tou-odontotou-apo-to-1896|title = Η πρώτη περιβαλλοντική αδειοδότηση του Οδοντωτού από το 1896}}</ref> with the assistance of Italian craftsmen who had acquired great experience in similar projects in the Alps. The construction of the network began in 1889 and was completed in 1895.<ref name="auto"/> It was one of the most difficult projects for its time due to the very inaccessible terrain but also the high altitude at which it ended, as the Odontotos is the steepest railway in Greece. The railway includes three stretches of rack: where the gradient exceeds 10%, gear wheels on the train engage with toothed rails in the centre of the track. The railway crosses the Vouraikos gorge passing through a long length of tunnels and bridges.

The line was scheduled to be electrified, and the electric motors were ordered by the French company [[Billard]]. Prior to the arrival of these machines, the plans for electrification of the line had been abandoned, so they were not used. As a rough solution, an electric motor was added which transported a converter to a diesel one, between two wagons.

Due to growing debts, the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] came under government control between 1939 and 1940. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] (1941–44), Athens was controlled by German military forces, and the line used for the transport of troops and weapons. During the occupation (and especially during German withdrawal in 1944), the network was severely damaged<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|title=The Rack Railway, Diakopto-Kalavryta, an amazing journey|website=TrainOSE|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210192517/https://www.trainose.gr/en/tourism-culture/train-and-recreation/the-rack-railway/|url-status=live}}</ref> by both the German army and Greek resistance groups. The track and rolling stock replacement took time following the [[Greek Civil War|civil war]], with normal service levels resumed around 1948. In 1954 [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was nationalized once more. In 1962 the [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] was amalgamated into [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]].<ref>Ν. 4246/1962</ref> In 1970 [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]] became the legal successor to the [[Hellenic State Railways|SEK]], taking over responsibility for most of Greece's rail infrastructure. On 1 January 1971 the station, and most of the Greek rail infrastructure, was transferred to the ''[[Hellenic Railways Organisation|Hellenic Railways Organisation S.A.]]'', a state-owned corporation. Freight traffic declined sharply when the state-imposed monopoly of OSE for the transport of agricultural products and fertilisers ended in the early 1990s. Many small stations of the network with little passenger traffic were closed down. Between 2007 and 2009 all the rails and rack sections were replaced, and four new [[Diesel multiple unit#Diesel–electric|Diesel-electric]] trains were introduced.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/greece/achaia/activities/diakofto-kalavryta-railway/a/poi-act/1515547/1316561|title=Diakofto–Kalavryta Railway | Greece Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> In 2009, with the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek debt crisis]] unfolding [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s management was forced to reduce services across the network.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|title=Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός - Μουσείο τρένων|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005054523/https://www.visit-drama.com/xenagithite/sidirodromikos-stathmos-moyseio-trenon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timetables were cut back and routes closed, as the company attempted to reduce overheads.

In 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eleftheriaonline.gr/local/koinonia/item/96337-oneiriko-taksidi-me-ton-odontoto-sidirodromo-vinteo-fotografies|title=Ονειρικό ταξίδι με τον Οδοντωτό Σιδηρόδρομο (βίντεο-φωτογραφίες)}}</ref> to celebrate 120 years of railways in Greece, the [[Kalavryta railway station|Kalavryta station]] welcomed the mayor of Kalavrita [[George Lazouras]], the philharmonic and trains of three different eras, and the album about the Cog Railway, written by [[George Nathainas]] was unveiled that day as part of the celebrations along with a commemorative stamp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portnet.gr/themata/7983-o-odontotos-egine-120-eton.html|title=Ο Οδοντωτός έγινε 120 ετών}}</ref> In 2017 [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE]]'s passenger transport sector was privatised as [[TrainOSE]], currently, a wholly-owned subsidiary of [[Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane]]<ref name=Ypodomes>{{cite web |title=It's a new day for TRAINOSE as FS acquires the entirety of the company's shares |url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |website=ypodomes.com |accessdate=14 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023026/http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/special-editions/news-in-english/item/42688-it-s-a-new-day-for-trainose-as-fs-acquires-the-entirety-of-the-company-s-shares |url-status=live }}</ref> infrastructure, including stations, remained under the control of OSE. In 2019 services were suspended due to a landslide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagenews.gr/2020/05/10/video/etoimos-na-ksanasfyriksei-kai-pali-o-odontotos/|title = Έτοιμος να ξανασφυρίξει και πάλι ο Οδοντωτός|date = 10 May 2020}}</ref> On April 29, 2024, service resumed with 3 roundtrips 7 days a week and 2 additional roundtrips daily on weekends.<ref>https://www.hellenictrain.gr/news/anakoinosi-29042024-epanenarxi-dromologion-odontotoy</ref>

==Extensions==
*[[Tripoli, Greece|Tripoli]]: The original plans of the line envisaged the extension of the line from Kalavrita to Tripoli, but it was cancelled for financial reasons during the construction phase of the line before any works had begun.
*[[Agia Lavra]] - Chelmos Ski Station: Since 1996 OSE. has been planning an extension of the line from Kalavrita to the historic Monastery of Agia Lavra and the Ski Center of Kalavrita with a length of {{convert|4.5|km|mi}}. In January 2021, the issue of extension entered the auction trajectory due to the celebration of the [[Greek War of Independence|National Uprising]] bicentennial. In the first phase, there will be a bus connection of the cogwheel railway from Kalavrita to Chelmos Ski Station.

== Technical information ==
[[File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (10).jpg|thumb|Toothed gears]]

The railway is single line with {{Track gauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge. It climbs from sea level to {{Convert|720|m|abbr=on}} in {{Convert|22.3|km|abbr=on}} with a maximum gradient of 17.5%. There are three sections with [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt system]] rack for a total of 3.8 km. Maximum speed is 40 km/h for adhesion sections and 12 km/h for rack sections.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Railway Transportation Systems ({{Lang-el|Συστήματα Σιδηροδρομικών Μεταφορών}})|language=Greek|author=H. Pyrgidis|isbn=978-960-456-155-1|location=Thessaloniki, Greece|publisher=Zitis|pages=702}}</ref>

There are many bridges over the Vouraikos River, numerous tunnels, and passing loops at Niamata, Triklia, Zachlorou and Kerpini. The rolling stock sheds and maintenance facilities are located at Diakopto; there were additional facilities at Kalavrita station during the steam era, but they are no longer in use.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The line was to be electrified and [[electric multiple unit]]s were ordered from [[Billard]] in France. Before the cars arrived, the electrification plans were cancelled and the electric multiple units were thus not usable when they arrived. As a makeshift solution, a power car carrying a diesel generator was placed between the two cars, a solution that has worked very well for decades.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Service==
Between 2007 and 2009 OSE undertook large scale improvement works and upgrades across the line, including bridges, enlargement of tunnels and replacement of the rack and testing of new rolling stock.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> These renovation works on the northern part of the line involved the entire rails and cog sections were completely replaced and four new modern trains were constructed to replace the former carriages.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> During which the line was wholly or partly closed.<ref name="Diakopto-Kalabryta project">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ose.gr/ose/content/Document.aspx?d=40&rd=16506950&f=-1&rf=-1&m=5557&rm=20544871&l=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005184427/http://www.ose.gr/ose/content/Document.aspx?d=40&rd=16506950&f=-1&rf=-1&m=5557&rm=20544871&l=2 | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 5, 2008 | title=Diakopto - Kalabryta project | publisher=Organismós Sidirodrómon Elládos (in Greek) | access-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref> {{As of|2016|9|alt=As of Autumn 2016}}, there are three trips on weekdays and five on weekends. Passengers buying a round-trip ticket from Diakopto and taking the first train to Kalavrita were allowed to return later in the day on any of the other service.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} An extended service on weekends and public holidays is operated with two additional trains.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== Rolling stock ==
[[File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (18).jpg|thumb|The newer Diesel-electric trainsets from [[Stadler Rail]]]]
[[File:Gr97Vouraikosschlucht7.jpg|thumb|The older Decauville train in Vouraikos]]

=== Steam locomotives ===
Six steam locomotives were constructed specifically for this line, on a basic design by [[Société J. F. Cail & Cie|Cail]] (1891).<ref>{{Cite book | author=Organ, J. | title=Greece Narrow Gauge | publisher=Middleton Press | year=2006 | isbn=1-904474-72-1}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Locomotive
! Type
! Supplier
! Year
! Notes
|-
| ΔΚ1 ΔΚ-8001 || 0-6-2RT || [[Société J. F. Cail & Cie|Cail]] || 1891 || Preserved in good condition at Kalavryta
|-
| ΔΚ2 || 0-6-2RT || Cail || 1891 ||
|-
| ΔΚ3 ΔΚ-8003 || 0-6-2RT || Cail || 1891 ||Displayed on a [[plinth]] at Diakopto
|-
| ΔΚ4 || 0-6-2RT || Cail || 1891 || Displayed at the [[Railway Museum of Athens]].
|-
| ΔΚ11 || 0-6-2RT || [[Krupp]] || 1891 || [[Boiler]] with [[Superheater#Locomotives|superheater]]
|-
| ΔΚ-8005 || 0-6-2RT || [[Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways|SPAP]] [[Piraeus Works]] || 1954 ||
|}

=== Diesel trainsets ===
The first batch of modern rolling stock for the Diakopto–Kalavryta railway consists of three Diesel-electric trainsets (''Class 3001'') built by Billard in 1958. They were numbered ''ΑΔΚ 01'' to ''ΑΔΚ 03'', later renumbered as ''ΑΒδφπτ 3001'' to ''ΑΒδφπτ 3003''. Three similar trainsets (''Class 3004'') built by [[Decauville]] were added in 1967. They were numbered ''ΑΒδφπτ 3004'' to ''ΑΒδφπτ 3006''. These trainsets, both types of similar configuration, consist of two passenger cars (a motor car and a control car) and a generator trailer or "OPE" ({{Lang-el|ΟΠΕ}}) between them. In addition, a steam locomotive (''ΔΚ 8003'', delivered by Cail in 1891) is preserved at Kalavryta station and has been used occasionally for special trains.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Simms, W.F. | title=The railways of Greece | publisher=Wilfried F. Sims | year=1997 | isbn=0-9528881-1-4|pages=55}}</ref>

Four new three-car Diesel-electric trainsets were ordered from [[Stadler Rail]] to replace the old rolling stock and entered service in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/ZB_OSE_ZR_e_neu.pdf|title=Diesel electric BDmh 2Z+4A/12 Rack-wheel train for the Hellenic Railways Organisation S.A. (OSE), Greece|publisher=Stadler Bussnang AG|access-date=2010-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206053414/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/ZB_OSE_ZR_e_neu.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> These are designated as ''Class 3107''.<ref name="references">{{Cite web | url = http://www.stadlerrail.com/en/references/griechische-staatsbahnen-ose-griechenland/ | title = References: Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE), Greece | publisher = Stadler Rail | access-date = 2010-10-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064409/http://www.stadlerrail.com/en/references/griechische-staatsbahnen-ose-griechenland/ | archive-date = 2011-06-06 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Train
! Supplier
! Year
! Railcars
|-
| 3001
| [[Billard]]
| 1958
| 3001+OPE3501+3001
|-
| 3002
| Billard
| 1958
| 3002+OPE3502+3002
|-
| 3003
| Billard
| 1958
| 3003+OPE3503
|-
| 3004
| [[Decauville]]
| 1967
| 3004+OPE3504+3004
|-
| 3005
| Decauville
| 1967
| 3005+OPE3505+3005
|-
| 3006
| Decauville
| 1967
| 3006+OPE3506+3006
|-
| 3107
| [[Stadler Rail|Stadler]]
| 2009
| 3107+3507+3207
|-
| 3108
| Stadler
| 2009
| 3108+3508+3208
|-
| 3109
| Stadler
| 2009
| 3109+3509+3209
|-
| 3110
| Stadler
| 2009
| 3110+3510+3210
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150">
File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (7).jpg|Diakopto–Kalavryta railway unit
File:Diakofto.jpg|New (Stadler) and old (Decauville) rolling stock of the Diakofto-Kalavrita rack railway at Diakofto Engine Station. April 2009
File:Diakofto Kalavrita railway (1).jpg|Diakofto-Kalavrita railway station July 2009
File:20090314-Kalavryta-DK8001.jpg|Cail narrow gauge (750 mm) steam locomotive ΔΚ-8001 and observation car ΑΒ ΔΚ-121 of the Diakofto-Kalavryta rack railway .
File:Vouraikos-train Peloponnese.jpg|Gorge with mountain creek Vouraikos, January 2002
File:Zachlorou.png|Zachlorou village in Achaia, with Bridge in the foreground.
File:Gr97VouraikosMegaSpileon2.jpg|Mega Spileo railway station, May 1997.
File:Diakofto Kalavrita Railway 02.jpg|(Now disused) Kerpini railway station, July 2007.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Portal|Trains}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | title=Day trip to Kalavryta | journal=The Railway Magazine | volume=108 | issue=737 |date=September 1962 | pages=642–645 | author=J.H. Price | publisher=Toothill Press Ltd. | location=London, UK}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170919193823/http://e-kalavrita.gr/ Kalvryta guide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160110095946/http://kalavrita.eu/ Attractions in Kalavryta]
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.odontotos.com |title=Οδοντωτός (Odontotos)}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.ose.gr/ose/content/Home.aspx?d=39&rd=16685622&f=-1&rf=-1&m=-1&rm=-1&l=1 |title=Organismós Sidirodrómon Elládos |access-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050244/http://www.ose.gr/ose/content/Home.aspx?d=39&rd=16685622&f=-1&rf=-1&m=-1&rm=-1&l=1 |archive-date=2008-04-02 |url-status=dead}} Main Web site of OSE (in English)
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.theplaka.com/kalavryta/getthere.htm |title=Trip description}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802590621 | title=Chemin de fer de Diakophto à Kalavryta : voie de 0m, 75 à adhérence et crémaillère : notice et dessins d'exécution| oclc=802590621}}, A Gotteland; Mission Française des Travaux Publics, 1893, París : Auto J. Marchadier & Cie. {Book — 31 p. illus., plates, fold. map, fold. profile. 32 cm. }
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Diakopto–Kalavryta railway}}
* [http://www.ekalavrita.gr Kalavryta guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419153846/http://ekalavrita.gr/ |date=2017-04-19 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diakopto-Kalavryta railway}}
[[Category:Mountain railways]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Greece]]
[[Category:Heritage railways of Greece]]
[[Category:Rack railways in Greece]]
[[Category:750 mm gauge railways in Greece]]

Antonio García Martínez (author)

2024-04-15T03:09:29Z

Lensovet: copyedit

{{Short description|American entrepreneur and author}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
'''Antonio García Martínez''', also known by his initials '''AGM''', is a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' best-selling]] author<ref>{{cite web|title=Business Books - Best Sellers - August 14, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/08/14/business-books/|website=The New York Times|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref> and tech [[entrepreneur]]. He is a former product manager for [[Facebook]], the CEO-founder of AdGrok, and a former quantitative analyst for [[Goldman Sachs]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Ex-Goldman Sachs Employee Compares Working At Bank To Being A 'Fluffer' On A 'Porn Set'|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ex-goldman-sachs-employee_n_671997|website=HuffPost|accessdate=April 5, 2022|date=August 5, 2010}}</ref>

He has contributed articles to ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/author/antonio-garcia-martinez/|title=Antonio García Martínez|website=WIRED|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/contributor/antonio-garcia-martinez|title=Antonio García Martínez|website=Vanity Fair|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> [[Business Insider]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/author/antonio-garcia-martinez|title=Antonio Garcia Martinez, Contributor|website=Business Insider|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/02/facebook-executive-advertising-data-comment|title=I'm an ex-Facebook exec: don't believe what they tell you about ads|last=Garcia-Martinez|first=Antonio|date=May 2, 2017|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/01/google-fine-european-commission-brussels-bureaucrats-absurd|title=By fining Google, Brussels bureaucrats show themselves to be absurd|last=Martínez|first=Antonio García|date=July 1, 2017|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> [[HuffPost]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/antonio-garciamartinez|title=Antonio Garcia-Martinez|website=HuffPost|access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-villian-a-prophet-and-two-wildly-successful-start-ups/2017/02/16/b3804ada-f172-11e6-b9c9-e83fce42fb61_story.html|title=Opinion {{!}} A villain, a prophet and two wildly successful start-ups|website=The Washington Post|access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==
After studying physics in the [[University of California, Berkeley]], García Martínez worked as a [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|pricing quant]] at [[Goldman Sachs]] beginning in September 2005. Due to the [[2008 financial crisis]], García Martínez left Goldman Sachs in March 2008 and joined [[Adchemy]] as a [[research scientist]] in April of that year. After leaving Adchemy in May 2010, he co-founded and was CEO of AdGrok, an [[adtech]] company that helped businesses automate [[Google AdWords]] selection and bidding. AdGrok was accepted to [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]] and was later sold to [[Twitter]] for $10 million in May 2011. While AdGrok's co-founders Matthew McEachen and Argyris Zymnis joined Twitter, García Martínez accepted a role as [[Facebook]]'s first product manager of ad targeting in April 2011, leading product management for the Facebook Exchange (FBX), Facebook's now-defunct [[ad exchange]] for real-time bidding. An influential figure on the social network's early ad product team,<ref name= "BI" /> he left Facebook in April 2013.<ref name="Techcrunch">{{cite news |last1=Costine |first1=Josh |title=Facebook’s Ad Exchange Director, Former AdGrok CEO Antonio Garcia-Martinez, Hits The Road |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/17/bon-voyage/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Tech Crunch]] |date=2013-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Constine|first1=Josh|title=Facebook's Ad Exchange Director, Former AdGrok CEO Antonio Garcia-Martinez, Hits The Road|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/17/bon-voyage/|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siegler |first1=Mo |title=AdGrok Team Joins Twitter To Help With Revenue — Except Founder/CEO Who Goes To Facebook |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/31/adgrok-twitter/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Tech Crunch]] |date=2011-05-31}}</ref>

After leaving Facebook, García Martínez held roles at adtech company Nanigans and mobile measurement firm Branch. He also served as an advisor to Twitter.<ref name= "BI" />

In 2016, García Martínez released a book entitled ''[[Chaos Monkeys|Chaos Monkeys: Obscene Fortune and Random Failure in Silicon Valley]]'' published by [[HarperCollins]], which is an autobiography that details his career experiences with launching AdGrok, selling it to Twitter, and working at Facebook from its pre-IPO stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/10/books/review/chaos-monkeys-by-antonio-garcia-martinez.html|title=What It Is Actually Like to Be in the Engine Room of the Start-Up Economy|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|author-link=David Streitfeld|date=July 5, 2016|website=The New York Times|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/47d1cd50-4aa5-11e6-b387-64ab0a67014c|title=Chaos Monkeys: Inside the Silicon Valley Money Machine', by Antonio García Martínez|last1=Kuchler|first1=Hannah|website=Financial Times|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/09/inside-the-ape-cage-with-antonio-garcia-martinez-author-of-chaos-monkeys/|title=Inside the ape cage with Antonio Garcia Martinez, author of Chaos Monkeys|last1=Biggs|first1=John|website=TechCrunch|language=en|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-30/book-review-chaos-monkeys-a-silicon-valley-memoir|title=Book Review: Chaos in the Valley|last1=Huet|first1=Ellen|date=June 30, 2016|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}</ref> ''Chaos Monkeys'' was generally well-received by the tech press after its debut.<ref name="Vox" />

He is a contributor to ''Wired''.<ref name="Vox" />

On May 10, 2021, ''[[Business Insider]]'' reported that García Martínez had been working on [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s Advertising Platforms team since April of that year, a sign that Apple was potentially looking to grow its ads division after killing off its [[iAd]] ad network in 2016.<ref name= "BI">{{Cite web|last=O'Reilly|first=Lara|title=Apple just made a major hire on its ad-platforms team, and it's the latest sign of the company's growing advertising ambitions|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-hires-chaos-monkeys-author-ex-facebook-antonio-garcia-martinez-2021-5|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

News of García Martínez's hiring was criticized by Zac Hall at [[9to5Mac]]'s due to his depictions of women in ''Chaos Monkeys'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hall|first=Zac|date=2021-05-12|title=Apple's App Store ad hire comes from Facebook, and that's the least controversial thing about them|url=https://9to5mac.com/2021/05/12/antonio-garcia-martinez-misogyny-apple-values/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=9to5Mac}}</ref> and Apple employees circulated a petition criticizing the alleged views in the book.<ref name="Verge">{{Cite web|last=Schiffer|first=Zoe|date=2021-05-12|title=Apple employees circulate petition demanding investigation into "misogynistic" new hire|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/12/22432909/apple-petition-hiring-antonio-garcia-martinez-chaos-monkeys-facebook|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gurman|first=Mark|date=May 12, 2021|title=Apple Says Ads Engineer Leaves Company After Comments Draw Fire|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/apple-says-ads-engineer-leaves-company-after-comments-draw-fire|url-status=live|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513014626/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/apple-says-ads-engineer-leaves-company-after-comments-draw-fire |archive-date=May 13, 2021 }}</ref> On May 12, Apple confirmed to [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that García Martínez was no longer employed at the company, stating that it had "always strived to create an inclusive, welcoming workplace." García Martínez stated that the passage cited in the petition had been quoted out of context and said in a statement that Apple executives were aware of his book and that his personal references were questioned about his character. Some in the tech industry argued that García Martínez was being unfairly punished for his personal writing, which they say is tounge-in-cheek and not a serious reflection of his professional treatment of women.<ref name="Vox">{{cite news |last1=Ghaffary |first1=Shirin |title=How angry Apple employees’ petition led to a controversial new hire’s departure |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/5/13/22435266/apple-employees-petition-controversial-antonio-garcia-martinez-new-hire-departure |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=2021-05-13}}</ref><ref name="Axios" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterson|first=Mike|date=2021-05-14|title=Antonio Garcia Martinez says Apple fired him, company was 'well aware' of his writing|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/05/14/antonio-garcia-martinez-says-apple-fired-him-company-was-well-aware-of-his-writing|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Appleinsider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Axios">{{Cite web|last=Fried|first=Ina|author-link=Ina Fried|title=Apple severs ties with recently hired former Facebook employee after backlash|url=https://www.axios.com/apple-severs-ties-with-antonio-garcia-martinez-c099fc67-de5d-4a2d-8b46-d29448dcab84.html|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Axios|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, García Martínez founded Web3 startup [[Spindl]]. He was also involved with the [[University of Austin]], a school cofounded by venture capitalist [[Joe Lonsdale]], journalist [[Bari Weiss]], and others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Jessica |title=A group of venture capitalists is rallying around Joe Lonsdale’s new university in Austin |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/group-venture-capitalists-rallying-around-105101509.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Fortune]] |date=2023-05-31}}</ref>

==Books==
* García Martínez, Antonio. ''[[Chaos Monkeys|Chaos Monkeys: Obscene Fortune and Random Failure in Silicon Valley]]''. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|9781473550322}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Knee|first1=Jonathan A.|title=Review: 'Chaos Monkeys' Is a Guide to the Spirit of Silicon Valley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/business/dealbook/review-chaos-monkeys-is-a-guide-to-the-spirit-of-silicon-valley.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=October 23, 2017|date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

==Personal==
In 2021, García Martínez announced that he had [[converted to Judaism]] from [[Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Linker |first1=Damon |title=A viral conversion story and the paradox of choosing to leave modernity |url=https://theweek.com/life/religion/1005623/a-viral-conversion-story-and-the-paradox-of-choosing-to-leave-modernity |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[The Week]] |date=2021-10-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
*{{official website|http://www.antoniogarciamartinez.com/}}
*[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-facebook-employee-antonio-garcia-mendez-gives-account-of-silicon-valley-in-new-book-chaos-monkey/ What ex-Facebook employee wants you to know about Silicon Valley] CBS News
*[https://www.thepullrequest.com/archive García Martínez's blog] on [[Substack]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia Martinez, Antonio}}
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American business writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. employees]]
[[Category:Facebook employees]]
[[Category:Goldman Sachs people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Converts to Judaism from Christianity]]

Morristown Line

2024-03-23T03:02:21Z

Lensovet: /* Description */ wfy

{{short description|Commuter rail line in New Jersey}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Morristown Line
| color = {{rcr|NJ Transit|Morristown}}
| logo = MorristownLine.svg
| logo_width = 50px
| image = Morristown Express.jpg
| caption = A [[Dover station (NJ Transit)|Dover]]-bound Morristown Line train made up of multiLevel coaches getting ready to bypass [[Mountain Station]]
| type = [[Commuter rail]]
| system = [[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations]]
| locale = [[Northern New Jersey]]
| start = [[Hoboken Terminal]] or [[New York Penn Station]]
| end = [[Dover (NJT station)|Dover]] [[Hackettstown (NJT station)|Hackettstown]] (limited service) [[Mount Olive (NJT station)|Mount Olive]] (limited service)
| stations = 26
| daily_ridership = 50,000<ref name="ridership1">[http://www.njtransit.com/nn_press_release.jsp?PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2228 NJ Transit celebrates 10-year anniversary of MidTOWN Direct service] ''New Jersey Transit'' Retrieved 2007-09-08</ref> (13.5 million annually)<ref name="ridership1"/>
| open = November 19, 1836 (Newark–Orange) January 1, 1838 (Orange–Morristown) July 4, 1848 (Morristown–Rockaway) July 31, 1848 (Rockaway–Dover) January 16, 1854 (Dover–Hackettstown) June 10, 1996 (New York–Newark via [[Kearny Connection]]/[[Midtown Direct]])
| owner = [[Amtrak]] (New York Penn Station to [[Kearny Connection]]) [[New Jersey Transit]] (all other trackage)
| operator = [[New Jersey Transit]]
| stock = [[ALP-46]] and [[ALP-45DP]] locomotives, [[Bombardier MultiLevel Coach|MultiLevel coaches]], [[Comet (railcar)|Comet coaches]], [[Arrow (railcar)|Arrow III multiple units]]
| linelength_mi = 57.4
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| electrification = {{25 kV 60 Hz|conductor=overhead}}
| speed =
| map = {{NJTransit-Morristown-infobox}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Morristown Line''' is an [[NJ Transit]] commuter rail line connecting [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]] and [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]] counties to [[New York City]], via either [[New York Penn Station]] or [[Hoboken Terminal]]. Out of 60 inbound and 58 outbound daily weekday trains, 28 inbound and 26 outbound Midtown Direct trains (about 45%) use the [[Kearny Connection]] (opened June 10, 1996) to Penn Station; the rest go to Hoboken. Passengers can transfer at [[Newark Broad Street Station|Newark Broad Street]] or [[Summit (NJT station)|Summit]] to reach the other destination. On rail system maps the line is colored dark green, and its symbol is a drum, a reference to Morristown's history during the [[American Revolution]].

There is frequent service weekdays, with hourly service to/from New York (none going beyond Dover) on weekends. Until August 13, 2006, there was also hourly service to Hoboken. On that date, service between Hoboken and Summit was cut back to once every two hours on weekends. On May 11, 2008, off-peak weekday Hoboken-Dover trains (600 Series) were cut. In addition, weekend Gladstone trains were cut back to Summit, and a shuttle train is operated every two hours between [[Newark Broad Street Station|Newark Broad Street]] and [[Hoboken Terminal]].

The Millburn-Summit segment underwent extensive rehabilitation in the mid-2010s. This included the replacement of the creosote crossties on both tracks with concrete crossties, the replacement of all crossties on the double trestle over Short Hills Avenue, and the replacement of several sections of rail. Work has also progressed on rehabilitating both tracks between Summit and Dover with concrete crossties and new welded rail, and rehabilitation of select road overpasses.

[[Hurricane Sandy]] inflicted considerable damage on the Morristown Line on October 29–30, 2012, as fallen trees brought down catenary and signal wires and washed out sections of track, most notably through the New Jersey Meadowlands on both the main line and the Kearny Connection. Midtown Direct service was restored from Dover to New York on November 12, 2012;<ref>{{cite web|title=NEW FERRY OPTION TO MIDTOWN MANHATTAN FROM HOBOKEN: EFFECTIVE MONDAY, NOVEMBER 12|url=http://www.njtransit.com/sa/sa_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=CustomerNoticeTo&NoticeId=2313|work=NJ Transit Customer Notices: Post-Hurricane Service Updates and Travel Options|publisher=NJTransit.com|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=mshpatch12>{{cite web|title=Midtown Direct Will Resume Limited Service Monday|url=http://millburn.patch.com/articles/midtown-direct-will-resume-limited-service-monday#pdf-12125571|work=Millburn-Short Hills Patch|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118011953/http://millburn.patch.com/articles/midtown-direct-will-resume-limited-service-monday#pdf-12125571|archive-date=18 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> service to Hoboken and west of Dover resumed on November 19.<ref name=njt1119>{{cite web|title=All But One NJ TRANSIT Rail Lines Fully or Partially Restored Starting Monday, November 19|url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PressReleaseTo&PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2816|work=njtransit.com|publisher=New Jersey Transit|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

==Description==

The Morristown Line begins at [[Hoboken Terminal]] or at [[New York Penn Station]]. Trains departing for points west of [[Dover, NJ|Dover]] require diesel locomotives. Immediately after leaving Hoboken, the route passes the coach and diesel yards before entering the 1908 [[Bergen Tunnels]] under the [[New Jersey Palisades]] just past the East End interlocking. At the west portal of the Bergen Tunnel is West End interlocking, where the [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main Line]], [[Bergen County Line]] and [[Pascack Valley Line]] branch off to the north. The Morristown Line then crosses over [[Lower Hack Lift]], a vertical lift bridge built in 1927 over the [[Hackensack River]]. The line crosses under [[Route 7 (New Jersey)|Route 7]] and then passes NJ Transit's [[Meadowlands Maintenance Complex]] (MMC).

[[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] and the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] cross overhead. The Midtown Direct trains join the Morristown line from New York at Kearny Jct. just past this overpass. The Morristown Line parallels the Amtrak Northeast Corridor and [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] lines and [[Interstate 280 (New Jersey)|Interstate 280]] for a short distance here. The [[Waterfront Connection]] is just prior to the overpass at Meadows interlocking. It allows selected [[North Jersey Coast Line]] and [[Raritan Valley Line]] trains to reach Hoboken from the Northeast Corridor Line.
[[File:Passaic River Morristown Line bridge jeh.jpg|thumb|left|[[Newark Drawbridge]] over the [[Passaic River]] bridge. The swing bridge is to the right of the vehicular [[William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge]] (I-280) lift bridge in background.]]
[[File:Passiac River, passing by New Jersey Transit train east of Broad Street station.webm|thumb|Passing Passaic River by NJT train, east of Broad Street, in Newark, NJ]]
After following Interstate 280, the line crosses a 2-track swing bridge, the [[Morristown Line Bridge|Morristown Line Bridge (Newark Drawbridge)]] over the [[Passaic River]] into the renovated [[Newark Broad Street station]] with two high platforms serving all three tracks. After Newark Broad Street Station, within the city limits the line runs in a cut and crosses under many streets, Interstate 280 and the [[Newark City Subway]], and at the abandoned [[Roseville Avenue (NJT station)|Roseville Avenue]] station, now the location of Roseville interlocking, the [[Montclair-Boonton Line]] splits off to the right. The route west from Passaic River to a short distance to the east of Millburn station is triple tracked. The remainder of the route to [[Lake Hopatcong station]] is [[Double-track railway|double tracked]].

After passing an abandoned station at Grove Street (now the location of Green interlocking) and over the [[Garden State Parkway]], [[East Orange (NJT station)|East Orange]] is the next stop, on a viaduct. [[Brick Church (NJT station)|Brick Church]] and [[Orange (NJT station)|Orange]] follow, also elevated stations. The line curves south over Interstate 280 past [[Highland Avenue (NJT station)|Highland Avenue]] and [[Mountain Station (NJT station)|Mountain Station]]. [[South Orange (NJT station)|South Orange]] is next, an elevated station with two platforms and three tracks. [[Seton Hall University]] is located here. [[Maplewood (NJT station)|Maplewood]] follows, with a side platform and a center platform serving all westbound and some eastbound trains. After Maplewood the line narrows to two tracks at Millburn interlocking. [[Millburn (NJT station)|Millburn]] and [[Short Hills (NJT station)|Short Hills]] have two side platforms, with two tracks.

[[Summit (NJT station)|Summit]], a major station, is next with two high platforms and the station building above the tracks. A glass crossover passes above the platforms. Some weekday locals terminate and originate here. Many of the area's private schools are located in Summit and commuting high school students are a major source of traffic for this station. Schedules are timed for most Morristown trains to have a convenient transfer to a Gladstone branch train across the platform.

Just west of Summit the [[Gladstone Branch]] separates and the line crosses over the Passaic River (the second time) into [[Chatham Township, New Jersey|Chatham]]. [[Chatham (NJT station)|Chatham station]] is on an embankment with two side platforms. [[Madison (NJT station)|Madison]] on a viaduct is similar, with a recently refurbished 1916 station house on the eastbound side.

The line passes its first grade crossing at [[Convent Station (NJT station)|Convent Station]] at [[Saint Elizabeth University]]. This station has two side platforms with the station building on the eastbound side and a brick waiting house on the westbound track. An old freight station is on the eastbound side. After this station there are two more grade crossings.

Crossing [[Interstate 287]] the line enters [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]]. The [[Morristown (NJT station)|Morristown station]] has two low side platforms and a large station building open 7 days, and is the focal point of a new [[transit village]] development. Mini-high level platform ramps for ADA access at both ends. An abandoned freight station is at the west end. West of the station, the [[Morristown & Erie Railway]]'s main office are located. The Morristown & Erie's main line diverges at this point.

The next station on the line is [[Morris Plains (NJT station)|Morris Plains]], with a 1915 brick station. A local model railroad club is located in the freight house just north of the station. After Morris Plains the line curves through wooded areas, under [[Route 10 (New Jersey)|Route 10]], and past several crossings before stopping at [[Mount Tabor (NJT station)|Mount Tabor]], a small stop in [[Denville Township, New Jersey|Denville]] near the community of the same name in [[Parsippany-Troy Hills Township, New Jersey|Parsippany]] located at a grade crossing. This stop is served by selected weekday and limited weekend trains and lacks an eastbound platform.

[[Denville (NJT station)|Denville station]] is a short distance from Mount Tabor. The Morristown Line rejoins the Montclair-Boonton Line just past this station.

The line passes over Estling Lake and alongside the [[Rockaway River]] into Dover. [[Dover (NJT station)|Dover]], the final stop in electric territory, is next. The 1905 station was recently renovated in the mid-1990s and has a single high platform. Since the electric wiring ends near here, this is the last stop for most NJ Transit trains: as of 2022 all Midtown Direct Morristown Lines are exclusively electric, though this may change if NJ Transit purchases more dual mode locomotives and assigns them to Midtown Direct service on the Morristown line; also, most Hoboken trains on the Morristown line are electric due to its better efficiency and performance. Only a few Hoboken diesels continue west towards Hackettstown. The Morristown Line catenary wires end about a half-mile west of the station near the US Route 46 overpass. However, there are plans (currently unfunded){{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} to extend the electric service to Lake Hopatcong as the Dover Yard is at capacity, and the substation at [[Wharton, New Jersey|Wharton]] to supply this extension has been in service since 1984.

Two tracks continue west over the Rockaway River and past D&R Junction in Wharton where [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris County]]'s Dover-Rockaway Branch splits off. Chester (Lake) Junction is on the left and provides the connection to Morris County's Chester and High Bridge Branch. Mount Arlington park/ride station is next, with two high platforms and 285 parking spaces near Exit 30 on [[Interstate 80 in New Jersey|Interstate 80]].[[File:Hackettstown station - March 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Hackettstown station]]|alt=]]After passing under [[Interstate 80 in New Jersey|Interstate 80]], [[Lake Hopatcong station]] is next. The connection to the [[Lackawanna Cutoff]] is on the right as the train approaches Port Morris Yard, where the Montclair-Boonton and Morristown line's diesel fleet is based. [[Netcong station]] has a brick house on the low platform. Until late 1994, this was the endpoint of the line. Crossing under Interstate 80, the line enters the Mount Olive International Trade Center, where a station is located at Waterloo Valley Road.

The route passes through [[Allamuchy Mountain State Park]] and along the [[Musconetcong River]] to [[Hackettstown, New Jersey|Hackettstown]]. A freight spur to the [[Mars, Incorporated|M&M/Mars]] plant is on the right, before the line crosses US Route 46 in downtown. The Hackettstown station is shortly ahead, with one low platform and a mini-high ADA ramp. Trackage south of Hackettstown is owned by [[Norfolk Southern]] and operated by the [[Dover and Delaware River Railroad]] as part of the Lackawanna Washington Secondary to Phillipsburg.

The Morristown line is the main line of the historic [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad|Lackawanna Railroad]]. Until 1970, passenger service continued beyond Lake Hopatcong, to the [[Pocono Mountains]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] via the [[Lackawanna Cut-Off (NJ Transit)|Lackawanna Cut-Off]]. Service on the Cut-Off as far as Andover is slated to begin again sometime after 2025 with completion of the first phase of the [[Lackawanna Cut-Off Restoration Project]]. Future plans include possibly extending rail service into northeastern Pennsylvania, perhaps as far as [[Scranton]].

==Electrification==
The Morristown Line east of [[Dover (NJT station)|Dover station]] is [[overhead wires|electrified]], using 25 kV, 60 Hz AC overhead catenary wire. The line was electrified in 1930 at 3 kV DC, but was re-electrified in 1984 at the contemporary standard of 25 kV, 60 Hz. The connecting [[Gladstone Branch]] and [[Montclair-Boonton Line|Montclair Branch]] were also re-electrified at this time.

==Rolling stock==
Weekday local service between Hoboken and Dover now is mainly diesel (electric if the locomotive is an [[Bombardier ALP-45DP|ALP-45DP]] or [[Bombardier ALP-46|ALP-46]]), with occasional [[Arrow (railcar)|Arrow III]] electric MU cars. All Midtown Direct service is push-pull, utilizing electric [[ALP-46]] locomotives or dual-mode [[Bombardier ALP-45DP|ALP-45DP]] locomotives and [[Comet (railcar)|Comet]] or [[Bombardier MultiLevel Coach|Multilevel]] coaches. Through service west of Dover from Hoboken uses [[GP40PH-2]] or [[PL42AC]] diesels or the [[ALP-45DP]] dual-power locomotive (runs electric east of Dover, diesel west of Dover) with Comet cars.

==Stations==
{|class="wikitable"
!State
!Zone <ref name="schedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/rail/r0040.pdf|title= Morris & Essex Line Timetable|date=November 19, 2014|publisher=New Jersey Transit|access-date=November 27, 2014|location=New York, New York}}</ref>
!Location
!Station<ref name="schedule" />
![[Railway milepost|Miles (km)]]
!Date opened
!Date closed
!width="55%"|Connections / notes<ref name="schedule" />
|-
|[[New York (state)|NY]]
|rowspan=3|1
|[[Manhattan]]
|[[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]] {{NJT acc}}
|0.0 (0.0)
|1910
|
|[[Amtrak]] (long distance): ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'', ''[[Crescent (train)|Crescent]]'', ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'', ''[[Palmetto (train)|Palmetto]]'', ''[[Silver Meteor]]'', ''[[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]]'' Amtrak (intercity): ''[[Acela Express]]'', ''[[Adirondack (train)|Adirondack]]'', ''[[Carolinian (train)|Carolinian]]'', ''[[Empire Service]]'', ''[[Ethan Allen Express]]'', ''[[Keystone Service]]'', ''[[Maple Leaf (train)|Maple Leaf]]'', ''[[Northeast Regional]]'', ''[[Pennsylvanian (train)|Pennsylvanian]]'', ''[[Vermonter (train)|Vermonter]]'' [[Long Island Rail Road]]: [[Babylon Branch|Babylon]], [[Belmont Park Branch|Belmont Park]], [[City Terminal Zone]], [[Far Rockaway Branch|Far Rockaway]], [[Hempstead Branch|Hempstead]], [[Long Beach Branch|Long Beach]], [[Montauk Branch|Montauk]], [[Oyster Bay Branch|Oyster Bay]], [[Port Jefferson Branch|Port Jefferson]], [[Port Washington Branch|Port Washington]], [[Ronkonkoma Branch|Ronkonkoma]], [[West Hempstead Branch|West Hempstead]] branches [[NJ Transit Rail]]: [[Gladstone Branch|Gladstone]], [[Montclair-Boonton Line|Montclair-Boonton]], [[Northeast Corridor Line|Northeast Corridor]], [[Raritan Valley Line|Raritan Valley]], [[North Jersey Coast Line|North Jersey Coast]] lines [[New York City Subway]]: {{NYCS Broadway-Seventh south}} (at [[34th Street – Penn Station (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)|34th Street – Penn Station (Seventh Avenue)]]), {{NYCS Eighth south}} (at [[34th Street – Penn Station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|34th Street – Penn Station (Eighth Avenue)]]) [[New York City Bus]]: {{NYC bus link|M7|M20|M34 SBS|M34A|Q32}} [[Academy Bus]]: {{NYC bus link|SIM23|SIM24}} [[Flixbus]]: [[Eastern Shuttle (bus company)|Eastern Shuttle]] [[Vamoose Bus]]
|-
|rowspan=36|[[New Jersey|NJ]]
|[[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]]
|[[Secaucus Junction]] {{NJT acc}}
|3.5 (5.6)
|2003
|
|NJ Transit Rail: [[Bergen County Line|Bergen County]], Gladstone, [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main]], [[Meadowlands Rail Line|Meadowlands]], Montclair-Boonton, Northeast Corridor, [[Pascack Valley Line|Pascack Valley]], Raritan Valley, and North Jersey Coast lines [[Metro-North Railroad]]: [[Port Jervis Line]] [[NJ Transit Bus]]: {{NJ bus link|2|78|129|329|353}}
|-
|[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]
|[[Hoboken Terminal]] {{NJT acc}}
|–
|1903
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Bergen County, Gladstone, Main, Meadowlands, Montclair-Boonton, Pascack Valley, Raritan Valley, and North Jersey Coast lines Metro-North Railroad: Port Jervis Line [[Hudson-Bergen Light Rail]]: 8th Street-Hoboken, Hoboken-Tonnelle [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]]: [[HOB-WTC]], [[HOB-33]], [[JSQ-33 (via HOB)]] NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|22|22X|23|68|85|87|89|126}} [[New York Waterway]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|[[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]]
|{{njts|Harrison}}
|7.13 (11.5)
|
|September 16, 1984<ref name="sept1984timetable">{{cite book|title=Morris & Essex Lines Timetable|publisher=New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|location=Newark, New Jersey|year=1984|edition=September 16, 1984}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]
|{{njts|Newark Broad Street}} {{NJT acc}}
|10.4 (16.7)
|November 19, 1836{{sfn|Douglass|1912|p=339}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line and Gladstone Branch [[Newark Light Rail]]: Broad Street – Newark Penn NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|11|13|27|28|go28|29|30|41|72|76|78|108}}
|-
|rowspan=7|4
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|{{njts|Roseville Avenue}}
|11.6 (18.7)
|
|September 16, 1984<ref name="sept1984timetable"/>
|
|-
|rowspan=4|[[East Orange, New Jersey|East Orange]]
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|[[Grove Street station (NJ Transit)|Grove Street]]
|12.2 (19.6)
|
|April 7, 1991<ref name="april1991timetable">{{cite book|title=Morris & Essex Lines Timetable|publisher=New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|location=Newark, New Jersey|year=1991|edition=April 7, 1991}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{njts|East Orange}} {{NJT acc}}
|12.6 (20.3)
|November 19, 1836{{sfn|Douglass|1912|p=339}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|21|71|73|79|94}} [[Community Coach]]: 77
|-
|{{njts|Brick Church}}
|13.2 (21.2)
|November 19, 1836{{sfn|Douglass|1912|p=339}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|21|71|73|79|94|97}} Community Coach: 77 [[ONE Bus]]: 24
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]]
|{{njts|Orange}}
|14.1 (22.7)
|November 19, 1836{{sfn|Douglass|1912|p=339}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|21|41|71|73|92}} Community Coach: 77 ONE Bus: 24, 44 West Orange Community Shuttle
|-
|rowspan=3|5
|{{njts|Highland Avenue}}
|14.8 (23.8)
|
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|92}} ONE Bus: 44
|-
|rowspan=2|[[South Orange, New Jersey|South Orange]]
|[[Mountain Station]]
|15.7 (25.3)
|
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|92}}
|-
|{{njts|South Orange}} {{NJT acc}}
|16.5 (26.6)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837" />
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|92|107}} ONE Bus: 31 South Orange Community Shuttle West Orange Community Shuttle
|-
|rowspan=2|6
|[[Maplewood, New Jersey|Maplewood]]
|{{njts|Maplewood}}
|17.8 (28.6)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837" />
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch Maplewood Community Shuttle
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|
|[[Wyoming station (NJ Transit)|Wyoming]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|7
|[[Millburn, New Jersey|Millburn]]
|{{njts|Millburn}}
|19.4 (32.2)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837" />
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|70}}
|-
|[[Short Hills, New Jersey|Short Hills]]
|{{njts|Short Hills}}
|20.4 (32.8)
|July 1879{{sfn|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2013|p=131}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch Springfield Community Shuttle
|-
|9
|[[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]]
|{{njts|Summit}} {{NJT acc}}
|22.7 (36.5)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837" />
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Gladstone Branch NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|70|986}} [[Lakeland Bus]]: 78
|-
|10
|[[Chatham, New Jersey|Chatham]]
|{{njts|Chatham}}
|26.1 (42.0)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837" />
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|873}}
|-
|11
|[[Madison, New Jersey|Madison]]
|{{njts|Madison}} {{NJT acc}}
|28.1 (45.2)
|September 17, 1837<ref name="madison1837">{{cite news |title=Morris and Essex is Seventy-Nine Years Old |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42815704/madison_station_june_16_1916/ |access-date=February 25, 2020 |work=The Madison Eagle |date=June 16, 1916 |page=10|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref>
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|873}}
|-
|12
|[[Convent Station, New Jersey|Convent Station]]
|[[Convent Station (NJT station)|Convent Station]]
|30.3 (48.8)
|1867<ref name="1867convent">{{cite report|title=Housing Legislation of 1966: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency - United States Senate Eighty-Ninth Congress Second Session on Proposed Housing Legislation for 1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgM3AQAAIAAJ|access-date=April 21, 2020|publisher=[[89th United States Congress]]|date=1967|page=1198}}</ref>
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|873|878|879}}
|-
|14
|[[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]]
|{{njts|Morristown}} {{NJT acc}}
|32.5 (52.0)
|January 1, 1838{{sfn|Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen|1913|p=533}}
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|871|872|873|874|880}} Community Coach: 77
|-
|rowspan=3|16
|[[Morris Plains, New Jersey|Morris Plains]]
|{{njts|Morris Plains}}
|34.6 (55.7)
|July 4, 1848<ref name="Arch82">{{cite journal |last1=Arch |first1=Brad |title=The Morris and Essex Railroad |journal=Journal of New Jersey Postal History Society |date=January 1982 |volume=X |issue=1 |pages=4–8 |url=https://njpostalhistory.org/media/archive/046-jan82njph.pdf |access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref>
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|872|880}}
|-
|[[Mount Tabor, New Jersey|Mount Tabor]]
|{{njts|Mount Tabor}}
|38.3 (61.6)
|
|
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|880}}
|-
|[[Denville, New Jersey|Denville]]
|{{njts|Denville}} {{NJT acc}}
|39.3 (63.2)
|July 4, 1848<ref name="Arch82" />
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|880}}
|-
|17
|[[Dover, New Jersey|Dover]]
|{{njts|Dover}} {{NJT acc}}
|43.1 (69.4)
|July 31, 1848{{sfn|Platt|1922|p=36}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|872|875|880}}<hr>Terminus of [[railway electrification system|electrification]], transfer point between trains to New York/Hoboken and Dover
|-
|rowspan=10|19
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|[[Wharton, New Jersey|Wharton]]
|Wharton
|
|
|January 6, 1958<ref>{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw102757.pdf |publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 20, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=October 27, 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw010658.pdf|publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 20, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=January 6, 1958}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Mount Arlington, New Jersey|Mount Arlington]]
|{{njts|Mount Arlington}} {{NJT acc}} (limited service)
|
|January 16, 1854<ref name="lackawannabrochure" />{{sfn|New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury|1856|p=31}}<hr>January 21, 2008<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Paula |title=NJ Transit Station in Mount Arlington Offers Choice to Commuters |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2008/01/nj_transit_station_in_mount_ar.html |access-date=April 5, 2020 |work=[[The Star-Ledger]] |date=January 21, 2008}}</ref>
|November 8, 1942<ref>{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw080142.pdf1043.pdf |publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 18, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=August 1, 1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw110842.pdf|publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 18, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=November 8, 1942}}</ref>
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line Lakeland Bus: 80<hr>Also known as Howard Boulevard Park and Ride
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Roxbury, New Jersey|Roxbury]]
|{{njts|Lake Hopatcong}} (limited service)
|48.5 (78.1)
|1882<ref name="lakehopatcong1882">{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - Ledgewood Historic District |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13000202.pdf |website=nps.gov |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |page=38}}</ref>
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line Lakeland Bus: 80
|- bgcolor=dfdfdf
|[[Port Morris Yard|Port Morris]]
|
|
|April 24, 1949<ref name="timetable021449">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw021449.pdf |publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 30, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=February 14, 1949}}</ref><ref name="timetable042449">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw042449.pdf|publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 30, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=April 24, 1949}}</ref>
|Passenger service ended on April 24, 1949, but the site continued to serve as split of the [[Lackawanna Cut-Off]].
|-
|[[Netcong, New Jersey|Netcong]]
|{{njts|Netcong}} (limited service)
|51.0 (82.1)
|January 16, 1854<ref name="lackawannabrochure" />{{sfn|New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury|1856|p=31}}
|
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line<hr>Former western terminus, originally Netcong-Stanhope
|-
|[[Mount Olive, New Jersey|Mount Olive]]
|{{njts|Mount Olive}} {{NJT acc}} (limited service)
|52.7 (84.8)
|January 16, 1854<ref name="lackawannabrochure" />{{sfn|New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury|1856|p=31}}<hr>October 31, 1994<ref name="netcongext" />
|April 24, 1960<ref name="timetable042460">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw042460.pdf |publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 20, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=April 24, 1960}}</ref><ref name="timetable010160">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw010160.pdf|publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 20, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=January 1, 1960}}</ref><hr>
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line<hr>Originally [[Waterloo (NJT station)|Waterloo]]
|-
|[[Hackettstown, New Jersey|Hackettstown]]
|{{njts|Hackettstown}} {{NJT acc}} (limited service)
|60.0 (96.6)
|January 16, 1854<ref name="lackawannabrochure">{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=J.M. |title=Letter to the New York Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society |url=http://ppolinks.com/hoboken32340/2014.013.0114_DL&W_excursion_package_1938.pdf |publisher=The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company |access-date=February 25, 2020 |page=8}}</ref><hr>October 31, 1994<ref name="netcongext">{{cite news |last1=Ciliberti |first1=Dino F. |title=Train Service Starts Tomorrow to Mount Olive, Hackettstown |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29475083/mount_olivehackettstown_october_30/ |access-date=April 7, 2020|work=The Daily Record |date=October 30, 1994 |page=E7 |location=Morristown, New Jersey|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref>
|September 30, 1966<ref>{{cite news |title=Erie Curtailment Approved by Judiciary |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48255190/washington-station-october-1-1966/ |access-date=April 8, 2020 |work=The Morning Call |date=October 1, 1966 |location=[[Paterson, New Jersey]] |page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref><hr> 
|NJ Transit Rail: Montclair-Boonton Line
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |first=A.M.|last=Douglass|title=The Railroad Trainman, Volume 29 |date=1912 |publisher=Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen |location=[[Cleveland, Ohio]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AszNAAAAMAAJ |access-date=April 4, 2020}}
*{{cite book|author1=New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury |title=Annual Statements of the Railroad and Canal Companies of the State of New Jersey |date=1856 |publisher=Office of "True American" |location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]] |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101066784990&view=1up&seq=35 |access-date=April 7, 2020}}
*{{cite book |author1=Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen |title=The Conductor and Brakeman, Volume 30 |date=1913 |publisher=Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen |location=[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_K8uAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP9 |access-date=January 23, 2020}}
*{{cite book |last1=Platt |first1=Charles Davis |title=Dover Dates, 1722-1922: A Bicentennial History of Dover, New Jersey , Published in Connection with Dover's Two Hundredth Anniversary Celebration Under the Direction of the Dover Fire Department, August 9, 10, 11, 1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_MwAQAAMAAJ |access-date=February 25, 2020 |publisher=Charles Davis Platt |date=1922 |location=Dover, New Jersey}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Robert A.M. |first2=David|last2=Fishman|first3=Jacob|last3=Tilove |title=Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City |date=2013 |publisher=The Monacelli Press |location=[[New York, New York]] |isbn=9781580933261}}

==External links==
* [https://www.njtransit.com/schedules/printable NJ Transit (including Morris & Essex Line) Timetables]

{{Commons category|Morristown Line (New Jersey Transit)}}
{{New Jersey Transit Rail|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Passenger rail transportation in New Jersey]]
[[Category:NJ Transit Rail Operations]]
[[Category:Transportation in Essex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Morris County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Union County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad lines]]

Dumbarton Rail Corridor

2024-03-22T03:02:59Z

Lensovet: /* 2016–2020: Facebook revival */ fix dates of NYT article

{{Short description|Passenger Rail Line}}
{{Infobox public transit
| box_width = 340px
| name = Dumbarton Rail Corridor
| image = DRC logo (2013).svg
| imagesize = 320
| caption = Dumbarton Rail logo (2014)
| image2 = Train Bridge (5167942).jpg
| imagesize2 = 320
| caption2 = DRC would reuse the right-of-way initially constructed in 1910, although the vintage [[Dumbarton Rail Bridge]] would likely be demolished and replaced.
| owner = samTrans
| locale = [[San Francisco Bay Area]] '''Counties:''' [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]] and [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]]
| transit_type = [[Commuter rail]]
| lines = 1
| stations = 4
| ridership = 5,900 (anticipated, 2035)
| website =
| began_operation =
| train_length = {{convert|500|ft}} (proposed)<ref name=2003-PSR />
| vehicles = 6 trains (proposed)<ref name=2003-PSR />
| operator =
| marks =
| system_length = {{convert|20.5|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|ussg}} ([[standard gauge]])
| top_speed = {{convert|79|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
| map = {{Dumbarton Rail Corridor}}
| map_state = show
}}
The '''Dumbarton Rail Corridor''' is a proposed transbay passenger rail line which would reuse the right-of-way that was initially constructed from 1907–1910 as the [[Dumbarton Rail Bridge|Dumbarton Cut-off]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcta.com/Projects/Current_Projects/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor.html |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor |author= |date= 30 May 2012 |website=San Mateo County Transit Authority |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102072943/http://www.smcta.com/Projects/Current_Projects/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Dumbarton Cut-off includes the first structure to span San Francisco Bay, the 1910 Dumbarton Rail Bridge, although the vintage Cut-off bridges would likely be replaced prior to activating new passenger service. Dumbarton Rail Corridor would provide service between [[Union City (BART station)|Union City]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] (where passengers could connect with [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]], [[Altamont Corridor Express|ACE]] and [[Capitol Corridor]] trains) and [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] on the [[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]], with train service continuing to both [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and [[San Jose, California|San José]] along the existing [[Caltrain]] tracks. It has been in the planning stages since 1988, and would be the first above-ground transbay rail line since [[Key System]] electric trains stopped running on the lower deck of the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]] in 1958, and the first new transbay crossing of any kind since the completion of the [[Transbay Tube]] in 1974.

==Route description==
{{Annotated image
| image = Proceedings39amer 0203.jpg
| image-width = 255
| image-left = -41
| image-top = -13
| width = 169
| height = 116
| float = left
| annotations =
| caption = Central California Railway route (1910)
| icon = none
}}
The Dumbarton Rail Corridor service, as proposed in 2006, would provide six westbound trains originating from the [[Union City (BART station)|Union City BART station]], rebuilt as an intermodal station; after crossing the rebuilt Dumbarton Cut-off bridges, the trains would join the existing Peninsula Corridor (Caltrain) line south of the existing [[Redwood City (Caltrain station)|Redwood City station]]. Three trains would proceed north to San Francisco and three trains would proceed south to [[San Jose Diridon station|San Jose]]. In the afternoon, the six trains would return from San Francisco and San Jose to Union City. The initial service offering would not include reverse commute (west-to-east in the mornings and east-to-west in the afternoons), mid-day, evening, or weekend trains.<ref name=2006-EP1 />

===Hayward to Centerville (Segments G/F)===
Part of the Dumbarton Rail Corridor plans include a new connection between the Oakland subdivision (running generally north–south) and the Centerville line (running generally east–west) near Shinn Street, east of the [[Fremont station|Fremont Centerville station]]. Trains originating in Union City would enter the Shinn connection, turning right from southbound to westbound, and pass under the BART tracks before joining the Centerville line. Freight traffic would be rerouted from the [[Oakland subdivision]] to the parallel [[Niles subdivision]], slightly to the east. Other proposed improvements included a proposed fourteen-span bridge over Alameda Creek to separate freight and passenger traffic. Use of this segment would require acquisition of the right-of-way from Union Pacific.<ref name=2005-PRDEIR>{{cite report |url=http://www.ci.union-city.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=362 |title=Union City Intermodal Station Passenger Rail Project: Partial Revision of the Draft Environmental Impact Report |author=Jones & Stokes |publisher=City of Union City |date=October 2005 |access-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> Capitol Corridor trains would be rerouted to the Oakland subdivision to share service at the Union City intermodal station.

A new layover yard would be required for overnight storage of trains. The layover yard was proposed to be north of Whipple Road in Hayward, and would provide overnight storage for trains entering the Union City station, rebuilt for intermodal service. Heavy maintenance activities (including refueling) would be performed at Caltrain yards on the Peninsula. A new segment, the Industrial Parkway connection, would be constructed to connect the Oakland subdivision and the Niles subdivision north of the layover yard.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Centerville to Newark (Segments E/D/C)===
This segment would reuse the existing Dumbarton Cut-off line west of Newark Junction. Between Newark Junction and Fremont Centerville station, the segment would run on the [[Union Pacific]] Centerville line.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Newark to Menlo Park/East Palo Alto (Segment B)===
This segment would reuse the existing line established for the Dumbarton Cut-off in 1910. It would be a single-track line with two sidings, one industrial siding to serve the Cargill Salt Plant and one future siding just east of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge. The industrial siding would be the existing line, with a new main line constructed around the salt loading facility.<ref name=2003-PSR />

The two swing bridges and their timber trestle approaches were known to be in poor shape since 1996,<ref name=1999-DRCS /> and a subsequent 2008 engineering investigation found the concrete foundations were also degraded, possibly since they were constructed in 1910.<ref name=AREMA /> The 2003 ''Project Study Report'' proposed replacement of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span with a bascule, replacement of the Newark Slough Bridge with a steel girder swing span, and new concrete trestles.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Menlo Park/East Palo Alto to Redwood City (Segment A)===
[[file:Dumbarton Bridge line crosses US 101 3058.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Dumbarton Rail Cut-off bridge over US 101 in Menlo Park. Note the bridge is built for a single track, but the concrete piers are sized to accommodate double-track service.]]
The existing two-track Dumbarton Cut-off line would be converted to a single track system with centralized traffic control; the second track would be retained as a siding in certain portions. This segment would include the proposed Willow Road and Redwood City (Second Avenue) stations. The Dumbarton Rail Corridor merges with the Peninsula Corridor in Redwood City at the Redwood Junction, which is a large wye roughly bounded by Middlefield Road, Woodside Road, El Camino Real, and Dumbarton Avenue.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Redwood City to San Francisco===
Once on the Peninsula corridor, northbound morning trains would provide limited stop service at existing Caltrain stations in [[Redwood City (Caltrain station)|Redwood City]], [[Hillsdale (Caltrain station)|Hillsdale]], [[San Mateo (Caltrain station)|San Mateo]], [[Millbrae Intermodal Terminal|Millbrae]], [[South San Francisco (Caltrain station)|South San Francisco]], and [[San Francisco 4th and King Street Station|San Francisco]], with afternoon trains returning to Union City making the same stops, in reverse order.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Menlo Park to San Jose===
Once on the Peninsula Corridor, southbound morning trains would stop at [[Menlo Park (Caltrain station)|Menlo Park]], [[Palo Alto (Caltrain station)|Palo Alto]], [[California Avenue (Caltrain station)|California Avenue]], [[Downtown Mountain View Station|Mountain View]], and [[San Jose Diridon station|San Jose]], with afternoon trains returning to Union City making the same stops, in reverse order.<ref name=2003-PSR />

==Stations==
{{Location map+ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| width = 300
| float = left
| caption =
{{ubl|Dumbarton Rail Corridor proposed stations
|[[image:Red pog.svg|12px]] Existing stations rebuilt to add service
|[[image:Blue pog.svg|12px]] ''New stations to be built''
|[[image:Green pog.svg|12px]] ''Potential stations (expanded ridership)''}}
| places =
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.6697
| lon_deg = -122.0870
| label = ''Hayward''
| position= left
| mark = Green pog.svg
}}
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.5902
| lon_deg = -122.0170
| label = [[Union City (BART station)|Union City]]
| position= top
}}
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.5591
| lon_deg = -122.0074
| label = [[Fremont station|Fremont (Centerville)]]
| position= right
}}
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.5235
| lon_deg = -122.0510
| label = ↑ ''Newark''
| position= bottom
| mark = Blue pog.svg
}}
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.4807
| lon_deg = -122.1511
| label = ↑ ''Willow Road''
| position= bottom
| mark = Blue pog.svg
}}
{{Location map~ | United States San Francisco Bay Area
| lat_deg = 37.4766
| lon_deg = -122.2054
| label = ''2nd Ave''
| position= left
| mark = Green pog.svg
}}
}}
From Union City, trains would stop at stations in Fremont ([[Fremont station|Fremont Centerville Station]]), Newark and Menlo Park/East Palo Alto before joining the main Caltrain line at Redwood City (northbound) or Menlo Park (southbound), with limited service to San Francisco or San Jose, respectively. Two more stations could be added in Redwood City (2nd Avenue) and Hayward (Hayward BART) if rider participation would justify the cost.<ref name=2003-PSR /><ref name=2006-EP1 />

===Hayward===
The existing [[Hayward (BART station)|Hayward BART station]] could be rebuilt as an intermodal station and serve as the terminus for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor at a future date if ridership projections warrant.<ref name=2003-PSR /> If Capitol Corridor trains are rerouted onto the Oakland subdivision, the existing [[Hayward station (Amtrak)|Hayward stop]] would likely be moved to the new intermodal station.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_898/Regional_Rail_Phasing_attachment.doc |title=Regional Rail with NO High-Speed Rail - Corridor Level Synopsis and Phasing |author= |publisher=Metropolitan Transit Commission |date=2 July 2007 |access-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref>

Separately, Capitol Corridor has been considering moving trains on to the Mulford/Coast subdivision, the westernmost railroad in Alameda County, partially sharing the route for the ''[[Coast Starlight]]'', which would discontinue service to Hayward and Fremont Centerville, and bypass Union City entirely.<ref>{{cite letter |url=http://unioncity.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=3&clip_id=821&meta_id=42929 |subject=Adopt a Resolution Authorizing the City Manager to Send a Letter to the Capitol Corridor Joint Powers to Expand the Scope of Work on the Oakland to San Jose Double Track - Phase II Project |author=Malloy, Joan |recipient=City Council of Union City |date=12 November 2013 |publisher=City of Union City |access-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Union City===
[[File:Union City BART Station.jpg|thumb|right|200px|West side of Union City BART station]]
The existing [[Union City (BART station)|Union City station]] was rebuilt as an intermodal station serving BART and AC Transit. Phase III of the intermodal station project would create a commuter rail station for Dumbarton Rail, ACE, and Capitol Corridor trains, linked to the BART station with a passenger bridge. The commuter rail station would be adjacent to the east side of the existing BART station.

Phase I of the Intermodal Station project was completed between 2007 and 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.union-city.ca.us/departments/public-works/engineering-division/alameda-ctc/intermodal-station-phase-i-ii-bart-station-improvements |title=Intermodal Station Phase I & II Projects |author= |date=2016 |website=City of Union City |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707035642/http://www.ci.union-city.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=890 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> focusing on bus transit connections and west-side BART station improvements. Phase II focused on improving the east side of the BART station and preparing it for intermodal service with commuter rail.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ci.union-city.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=1396 |title=Union City Transit-Oriented Development: Blocks 2, 3 and 4 Design Guidelines |date=23 May 2007 |website=City of Union City |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ci.union-city.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=890 |title=Appendix C: Intermodal Station District and Transit Facility Plan |date=February 2002 |website=City of Union City |access-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Fremont Centerville===
The existing Fremont Centerville station would add service for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor trains. The south platform would be rebuilt for Dumbarton Rail Corridor service, and new parking spaces would be added.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Newark===
A new station would be constructed in Newark just west of Willow Street, south of Thornton Avenue. The Newark Station would feature a side platform south of the tracks, with space left for a future second main track.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Willow Road===
A new station would be constructed in the Belle Haven neighborhood of [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], just west of Willow Road and south of [[California State Route 84|State Route 84]] (the [[California State Route 84|Bayfront Expressway]]). Willow Road Station would feature one side platform south of the tracks.<ref name=2003-PSR />

===Redwood City (2nd Ave)===
A new station could be constructed just east of the Redwood Junction, again presuming ridership projections warrant another station.<ref name=2003-PSR />

==History==

===1910–1982: Dumbarton Cut-off===
{{main|Dumbarton Rail Bridge}}

[[File:Zeppelin-ride-020100925-076 (5029293682).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Dumbarton Rail Bridge]] in 2010. View facing east; concrete trestle and burned timber trestle in the foreground. [[Hetch Hetchy#Hetch Hetchy Project|Hetch Hetchy Project]] water pipelines 1&2 on the left.]]
The Central California Railway Company, a subsidiary of [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]], completed the Dumbarton Cut-off in 1910, reducing the rail route distance between [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] by {{convert|26.1|mi}}.<ref name=ASCE1913>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedings39amer#page/n193/mode/2up |title=Construction Problems, Dumbarton Bridge, Central California Railway |journal=Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers |date=January 1913 |author1=Schneider, E. J. |pages=117–128 |volume=39 |number=1 |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> Prior to the completion of the Cut-off, transcontinental freight destined for San Francisco was unloaded in Oakland and ferried across the Bay, or trains detoured through San Jose and Santa Clara, using the Peninsula Corridor to San Francisco. The Dumbarton Rail Bridge, a swing through-truss span, was the first structure built across San Francisco Bay. The Dumbarton Cut-off includes a second, smaller swing through-truss to the east of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge.

Some portions of the timber trestles had been replaced with concrete structures in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=AREMA>{{cite report |url=https://www.arema.org/files/library/2009_Conference_Proceedings/Retrofit_and_Replacement_of_Dumbarton_Railroad_Bridges.pdf |title=Retrofit and Replacement of Dumbarton Railroad Bridges |date=2009 |publisher=AREMA |author1=Go, Kuan S. |author2=Treyger, Semyon |author3=Jones, Michael |author4=Hill, Stephen J. |author5=Susanto, Bernard |author6=Yang, Wenlin |access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> However, San Francisco gradually became a less important hub for rail transportation, and the Port of Oakland was better-suited to handle containerized shipping.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZQcrAAAAIBAJ&pg=5386%2C4980566 |title=Famed San Francisco's Port Obsolete |newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]] |date=19 September 1974 |access-date=1 May 2014 }}</ref> The last freight train used the Dumbarton Cut-off in 1982.

===1988–2001: Initial studies===
[[File:ACE-BART-Caltrain-CC-DRC schematic.svg|thumb|right|400px|Proposed initial routing for DRC, including rerouted Capitol Corridor service and the (since-completed) extension of BART to Warm Springs]]
The San Mateo County Transit Authority (SMCTA) was created following the passage of 1988's Measure A, a half-cent sales tax increase in San Mateo County which set aside {{US$|14000000|1988|round=-5}} for the purchase of the "Dumbarton S.P. Spur from Redwood City to Fremont."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/SMCTA/Documents/1988-2008+Transportation+Expenditure+Plan.pdf |title=Voter's Information Pamphlet: Measure A - San Mateo County Transportation Expenditure Plan |author= |date=7 June 1988 |website=San Mateo County Transportation Authority |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> A 1991 study sponsored by SMCTA, the ''Dumbarton Commuter Service Feasibility Study'' (Parsons Brinckerhoff) recommended a rail option along the former Dumbarton Cut-off as a long-term strategy.<ref name=2006-EP1>{{cite report |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/documentation/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor_Report_030306_FINAL_WEB.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor Environmental Phase 1 Report: Alternatives Analysis and Project Purpose and Need |author1=HNTB Corporation |date=3 March 2006 |publisher=San Mateo County Transit Authority |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314032700/http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/documentation/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor_Report_030306_FINAL_WEB.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pursuing this strategy, [[SamTrans]] purchased the entire right-of-way for {{US$|6900000|1994|round=-5}} in early 1994,<ref name=PAO98>{{cite news |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1998_Dec_9.BRIDGE.html |title=TRANSPORTATION: Dumbarton rail service chugs forward |author=Stein, Loren |date=9 December 1998 |newspaper=Palo Alto Online |access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> with the help of a loan from [[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]]. More studies followed in 1996 (''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Rehabilitation'', Morrison Knudsen), 1997 (''Dumbarton Corridor Study'', Parsons Brinckerhoff), and 1998 (''Dumbarton Corridor Transit Concept Plan''), which concluded that trans-Bay rail was viable as a long-term strategy and expanded bus service could serve as a short-term strategy.

A suspected arson fire destroyed part of the western timber trestle approach to the Dumbarton Rail Bridge in January 1998,<ref name=PAO98 /> although the 1996 ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Rehabilitation'' report (confirmed in a later 1999 study)<ref name=1999-DRCS /> had already concluded the timber trestles would need to be replaced. In 1998, the estimated cost for reactivating Dumbarton passenger rail service was {{US$|50000000|1998|round=-5}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Trestle-Torched-But-Railway-Plan-Lives-On-3016118.php |title=Trestle Torched, But Railway Plan Lives On / Commuter line for South Bay still viable |author=McCabe, Michael |date=12 January 1998 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

That 1999 study (the ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study'', Parsons Transportation Group)<ref name=1999-DRCS>{{cite report |url=http://bayrailalliance.org/files/library/DRC_other.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study |author=Parsons Transportation Group |date=13 July 1999 |publisher=San Mateo County Transportation Authority |website=Bay Rail Alliance |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807145735/http://bayrailalliance.org/files/library/DRC_other.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> put the Dumbarton rail project into the 2000 report ''Blueprint for the 21st Century,'' sponsored by the [[Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)|Metropolitan Transportation Commission]] (MTC).<ref name=2006-EP1 /> The 1999 report evaluated the cost estimates for rehabilitating the line from the 1996 report and concurred that the timber trestles should be replaced,<ref>Parsons, ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study'', (July 1999). "Section 4.1.3: Based on the inspection report and field data collected, it is clear that the remaining timber trestle spans (bridge items 1, 6, 7 and 9), built in 1908, are in the [sic] imminent danger of collapse and need to be replaced."</ref> the lower portion of the steel through-trusses should be replaced,<ref>Parsons, ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study'', (July 1999). "Section 4.1.5: According to the MKC [1996] assessment report, the entire lower portion of the trusses, which is close to the water, is severely corroded and should be replaced."</ref> and the two swing spans were severely corroded but operable in 1996.<ref>Parsons, ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study'', (July 1999). "Section 4.1.6.1: According to the MKC report, these two swing spans are severely corroded. The truss members required extensive rehabilitiation. The Dumbarton bridge fenders need to be replaced. Section 4.1.6.2: Mechanical systems were inspected while observing a bridge operation. Therefore it can be concluded that the equipment is operable."</ref> The 1999 ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Study'' estimated the necessary improvements would cost a total of {{US$|130000000|1999|round=-5}}.<ref name=1999-DRCS /><ref name=SMC2000>{{cite report |url=http://www.sanmateocourt.org/court_divisions/grand_jury/2000reports.php?page=00dumbarton.html |title=2000 Final Report: San Mateo County Participation in the Dumbarton Rail Project |author= |publisher=County of San Mateo |date=2000 |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2000, Santa Clara County voters approved Measure A, which set aside a portion of the funds generated from a half-cent sales tax increase for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vta.org/sfc/servlet.shepherd/version/download/068A0000001FYXf |title=Measure A |date=7 November 2000 |author= |website=Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107015710/http://www.vta.org/sfc/servlet.shepherd/version/download/068A0000001FYXf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://vtaorgcontent.s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Site_Content/Connecting_Caltrain_Dumbarton.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor |date=June 2015 |author= |website=Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> A 2000 San Mateo County grand jury found that though the county of San Mateo would contribute the highest amount among the three funding counties (Alameda, San Mateo, and Santa Clara), the Dumbarton Rail service was projected to mainly aid Alameda County residents in reaching Santa Clara county destinations.<ref name=SMC2000 /> California State Senator [[Jackie Speier]] introduced a bill in February 2000 that would devote {{US$|90000000|2000|round=-5}} to rehabilitating the Dumbarton Rail Bridge to add [[Altamont Corridor Express]] (ACE) service from Newark to San Jose;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Speier-s-Train-Bill-Would-Add-Rail-Service-to-3328549.php |title=Speier's Train Bill Would Add Rail Service to Silicon Valley |author1=Matier, Phillip |author2=Ross, Andrew |date=25 February 2000 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> however, ACE officials rebuffed the offer, saying the bill added no money for purchasing new trains or funding operating costs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/ACE-Train-s-Board-Wary-of-Expansion-Plans-Rep-2766853.php |title=ACE Train's Board Wary of Expansion Plans / Rep. Speier's proposal lacks money, critics say |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=28 March 2000 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

By being included in the ''Blueprint for the 21st Century'', MTC programmed funds for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor (DRC). DRC was identified as one of the nineteen high-priority rail and bus projects for transit expansion in the Bay Area as part of MTC's adoption of Resolution 3434 in December 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RES-3434.pdf |title=Regional Transit Expansion Program of Projects: Metropolitan Transportation Commission Resolution No. 3434, Revised |author=MTC |date=19 December 2001 |website=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318182925/http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RES-3434.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite California statute |year=2002 |chapter=280 |page=1140 |title=An act to add Section 29035.5 to the Public Utilities Code, relating to transportation.}}</ref> In 2001, MTC estimated the total capital cost for DRC was {{US$|129000000|2001|round=-5}}; of that, 91% had been secured or was pending via local sales taxes in San Mateo, Alameda, and Santa Clara Counties.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RTEP.pdf |title=Regional Transit Expansion Policy: Initial Assessment |date=August 2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |pages=61–62 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318160955/http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RTEP.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2003–2007: Scope and cost growth===
In November 2004, MTC released a draft plan for spending over the next twenty-five years, entitled ''Transportation 2030,'' which included full funding to rehabilitate and reactivate the Dumbarton Rail Corridor.<ref name=2004-CSRP>{{cite report |chapter-url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/transprog/ctcbooks/2005/1105/58%20(4.3).pdf |title=California State Rail Plan, 2005-06 to 2015-16 [DRAFT] |page=115 |chapter=IX – Commuter Rail Services |author=Department of Rail |publisher=California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) |date=October 2005 |access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> In 2004, the total capital cost had increased to an estimated {{US$|277600000|2004|round=-5}}.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_279/T2030_Performance_Measurse_Attachment_B.pdf |title=Transportation 2030 Project Evaluation Summary |author= |date=9 April 2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |quote=San Mateo County ID 528: Dumbarton Rail Corridor / Submitted by San Mateo County Transportation Authority — Capital Cost $277.6 (millions, 2004$; total cost)}}</ref> However, Regional Measure 2, which had been passed by voters earlier in March 2004, set aside an additional {{US$|135000000|2004|round=-5}} for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor project from increased toll bridge revenues.<ref name=SFG-20040222 />

Much of the cost increase was driven by the 2003 Dumbarton Rail Corridor ''Project Study Report'',<ref name=2003-PSR>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/documentation/DRC_PSR_Summary.pdf |title=Summary of the Dumbarton Rail Corridor Project Study Report |date=May 2004 |access-date=18 March 2016 |publisher=San Mateo County Transit Authority |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318141356/http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/documentation/DRC_PSR_Summary.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> which identified several deficiencies in the existing infrastructure. The 2003 ''Project Study Report'' proposed replacing the Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span with a new bascule span, with the option for remote control from the Caltrain operations center or local control; the report also proposed replacing the Newark Slough Bridge swing span with a simpler steel girder swing span under local control, normally left closed to prioritize rail traffic over marine traffic. In addition, the Oakland subdivision would have to be purchased from Union Pacific, and UP indicated they were unwilling to sell only a portion, preferring to sell the entire right-of-way from Oakland to Fremont.<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04 /> The 2003 ''Project Study Report'' proposed constructing a new rail bridge across Alameda Creek for freight service over the Niles subdivision when Capitol Corridor passenger traffic was moved to the Oakland subdivision. However, this was seen as an illegal gift to Union Pacific from some citizens.<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04 />

A May 2005 community meeting attracted overwhelming opposition from Fremont residents living near the proposed new routing of Capitol Corridor and Dumbarton Rail trains.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/argus/localnews/ci_2747197 |title=Residents rail against plan |author=Wong, Scott |date=20 May 2005 |newspaper=Fremont Argus |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> Public meetings were held in November 2006, attracting mild support and residents echoing the same noise concerns from the May 2005 meeting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/ci_4676699 |title=Public skeptical of Dumbarton plans |author=Woodall, Angela |date=17 November 2006 |newspaper=Hayward Daily Review |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> Menlo Park residents who had bought houses near the 1910 tracks (which had not seen rail service since 1982) were concerned about the possibility of train noise and potential freight use, despite Dumbarton Rail Corridor plans for the use of only passenger trains.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/argus/localnews/ci_6129129 |title=Dumbarton Rail on track for derailment? |author=Gonzales, Neil |date=13 June 2007 |newspaper=Fremont Argus |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:DRC logo (2006).svg|thumb|right|200px|Dumbarton Rail Corridor logo (2006)]]
By March 2006, the estimated cost had increased again to {{US$|313000000|2006|round=-5}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_618/March_3_Presentation_Revised.pdf |title=Regional Transit Expansion Program - Resolution 3434 |author1=McMillan, Therese |author2=Bockelman, Alix |website=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924024905/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_618/March_3_Presentation_Revised.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2006 ''Environmental Phase 1'' report studied four alternative rail alignments and two alternative bus services to determine the most feasible options.<ref name=2006-EP1 /> Costs nearly doubled to {{US$|600000000|2006|round=-5}} by October 2006, driven partly by inflation and partly by the increased cost of construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/dailyreview/ci_4573463 |title=Dumbarton rail project delayed |author=Woodall, Angela |date=30 October 2006 |newspaper=Hayward Daily Review |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> Other sources cited the delayed environmental review process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/localnews/ci_4647152 |title=Dumbarton Bridge project hits roadblock |author=Molina, Joshua |date=12 November 2006 |newspaper=Inside Bay Area |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>

With the increase in costs, the Dumbarton Rail Corridor now faced a significant funding shortfall, since no new funds had been identified since the passage of Regional Measure 2 in 2004.<ref name=SCSC2008>{{cite report |url=http://www.scscourt.org/court_divisions/civil/cgj/2008/DumbartonRailBridgeProjectpdf.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Bridge Project - Do We Need It? |author=Santa Clara County Civil Grand Jury |date=8 May 2008 |publisher=The Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara |access-date=2 April 2016 |quote=Finding 1: Projected project costs for the DRC project have doubled since receiving voter approval in 2000 on Measure A and RM2 in 2004. Currently, there are no additional funds committed or available to fund the increased project consts nor any plans to obtain them.}}</ref> In 2007, two more alternatives were studied for the DRC. Both called for the separation of freight and passenger traffic. Alternative 1 looked at a rehabilitated low-level single-track Dumbarton Rail Bridge, while Alternative 2 proposed a new high-level (fixed) double-track rail bridge. Based on projected ridership, a blend of both alternatives was proposed, retaining the low-level single-track drawbridge as marine traffic was expected to remain light.<ref name=2007-RRP>{{cite report |chapter-url=http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RegionalRailPlan-Chapter7.pdf |title=san francisco bay area Regional Rail Plan |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |date=September 2007 |page=72 |access-date=18 March 2016 |chapter=7: Alternatives Definition & Evaluation — Step-by-Step|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318162957/http://mtc.ca.gov/sites/default/files/RegionalRailPlan-Chapter7.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2004–2014: Regional Measure 2 funding===
[[Bay Area Toll Authority#Regional Measure 2|Regional Measure 2]] (RM2) was approved by a majority of Bay Area voters in March 2004, raising toll rates by US$1 on the region's toll bridges. {{US$|135000000|2004|round=-5}} was allotted to the Dumbarton Rail Corridor project from the increased tolls as one of the headline projects cited by supporters of RM2.<ref name=SFG-20040222>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/ELECTION-2004-Transportation-Measure-2-The-Bay-2819690.php |title=ELECTION 2004: Transportation Measure 2 / The Bay Area's Big Decision / Bridge toll boost would fund mass transit |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=22 February 2004 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref> Construction on DRC was scheduled to start in 2006 with the passage of RM2.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Regional-transit-measure-passes-Toll-will-rise-2787432.php |title=Regional transit measure passes / Toll will rise to $3 on state-owned bridges in Bay Area |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=3 March 2004 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Regional-Measure-2-traffic-relief-projects-2815091.php |title=Regional Measure 2 traffic relief projects |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=4 March 2004 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>

MTC encountered cash flow issues for the BART [[Bay Area Rapid Transit expansion#Warm Springs extension|Warm Springs Extension Project]] (WSX) in 2008; the expected {{US$|145000000|2008|round=-5}} surplus in fare revenue from the [[History of the Bay Area Rapid Transit#San Francisco International Airport extension (c.1980-96)|BART SFO extension]] was not available for the start of construction on the Warm Springs extension, and the funding shortfall was made up in part by proposing a shift of {{US$|91000000|2008|round=-5}} in RM2 funds from DRC to WSX.<ref name=3434rev2008>{{cite web |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1127/4e_tmp-3434.pdf |title=Resolution No. 3434, Revised - 2008 Strategic Plan Update |date=24 September 2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |quote=To address the cash flow challenges wherein the $145 million surplus fare revenue on the BART SFO Extension are not expected to be available during the BART to Warm Springs construction period, $91 million of Regional Measure 2 (RM2) and $54 million, shared equally, in funding advanced from MTC and BART/ACTIA are proposed. This proposal is conditioned on the following: 1) the Commission holding a public hearing and approving reassignment of $91 million in RM2 funds from the Dumbarton Rail project and the BART to Warm Springs project; and 2) first priority and equivalent repayment of $27 million each to MTC and ACTIA/BART from the surplus BART SFO Extension revenues |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504084720/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1127/4e_tmp-3434.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The draft Strategic Plan amending Resolution 3434<ref name=3434draft08>{{cite web |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1092/4d_3434_Presentation-to-PAC-June2008.pdf |title=Resolution 3434 Draft Strategic Plan |author= |date=11 June 2008 |website=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504075931/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1092/4d_3434_Presentation-to-PAC-June2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> was presented in June 2008, placing projects in four tiers, depending on their state of readiness. WSX was deemed to be a "Tier 2" project, meaning it required more scope or cost refinement. DRC was a "Tier 4" project, meaning that its capital shortfall was greater than 50% of its total cost. The 2008 estimate for DRC capital costs was {{US$|596000000|2008|round=-5}}, compared to the nearly {{US$|300000000|2004|round=-5}} in available funding that had been committed with the passage of RM2 in 2004.<ref name=LoanForgive14>{{cite web |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2226/3a.i_RM2_Program_and_Allocations_Amendments.pdf |title=Amendments to Regional Measure 2 Capital Projects |date=14 May 2014 |author= |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319040833/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2226/3a.i_RM2_Program_and_Allocations_Amendments.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the recommended strategy going forward was to focus on delivering Tier 2 projects, MTC Staff recommended shifting the money from DRC to WSX.<ref name=3434draft08 /><ref name=Argus-20080615>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/argus/ci_9595649 |title=Dumbarton rail bridge project faces long haul |author=Oremus, Will |date=15 June 2008 |newspaper=Fremont Argus |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> The proposal was met with considerable antipathy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1100/Microsoft_Word_-_6_Jun08_mins.pdf |title=Programming and Allocations Committee Minutes |date=11 June 2008 |author= |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504081522/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1100/Microsoft_Word_-_6_Jun08_mins.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=live |quote=Speaker Mark Green, Mayor of Union City, voiced his strong opposition of the proposed shift of $91 million from Dumbarton Rail to the BART to Warm Springs project. Speaker Jim Bigelow, Redwood City, San Mateo County and Menlo Park Chambers, expressed his support for the Dumbarton Rail and opposition of the shift of $91 million from Dumbarton Rail to the BART to Warm Springs project. Speaker Rich Hedges, MTC Advisory Council and EDAC, spoke on his support of the Dumbarton Rail and his frustration with local transportation funds going to BART. Speaker Paul Shepherd, Cargill Salt, listed his reasons of opposition, including his disappointment at how these funds were being reallocated.}}</ref> DRC would be repaid in Alameda County Regional Transportation Improvement Program funds over eight years, from FY 2019–20 to 2026–27, without accounting for inflation.<ref name=3434rev2008 /> The majority of public speakers in a July 2008 argued against the funding transfer, saying that funds dedicated for transbay travel should remain dedicated to transbay projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.almanacnews.com/news/2008/07/29/bart-vs-dumbarton-rail-debate-gets-testy |title=BART vs. Dumbarton rail debate gets testy |author=Brown, Rory |date=29 July 2008 |newspaper=Menlo Park Almanac |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>

In September 2008, MTC Vice Chair Scott Haggerty defended the shift, arguing that "The bottom line is that the Warm Springs BART extension is ready to go and the Dumbarton Rail project is not."<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://mtc.ca.gov/whats-happening/news/barts-warm-springs-extension-gets-boost-regional-measure-2-cash |title=BART's Warm Springs Extension Gets Boost from Regional Measure 2 Cash |author= |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Others questioned the need for DRC, as the expected growth in road traffic over the Dumbarton Bridge had failed to materialize. MTC was required to hold a public hearing to approve reassignment of funds, which occurred on 14 January 2009.<ref name=3434rev2008 /><ref name=Jan09>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1208/8_aa-Public_Hearing_Memo.pdf |title=Public Hearing Comments Related to the Proposed Reassignment of RM2 Funds |author=McMillan, Therese W. |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501210309/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_1208/8_aa-Public_Hearing_Memo.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The DRC to WSX funding shift was met with more public opposition, who questioned both the legal authority of MTC to reassign these funds and the strength of MTC's commitment to DRC.<ref name=Jan09 /> California Streets and Highways Code Section 30914(f) gives MTC the authority to reallocate funds "to another project within the same bridge corridor,"<ref name=Jan09 /> and the WSX does not provide the same transbay service as DRC. Regardless, MTC unanimously approved the funding shift after the public hearing<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/BART-Warm-Springs-extension-gets-funding-3176181.php |title=BART Warm Springs extension gets funding |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=15 January 2009 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> and withstood a subsequent legal challenge. A suit was filed seeking an injunction to block the transfer of funds,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breakingnews/ci_11917479 |title=Judge's ruling could revive Dumbarton Rail |author=Rosenberg, Mike |date=14 March 2009 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> but the suit was rejected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Court-rejects-BART-extension-funding-injunction-3247611.php |title=Court rejects BART-extension funding injunction |author=Gordon, Rachel |date=21 March 2009 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> MTC went on the offensive after the suit was rejected, threatening the plaintiffs with "any and all available remedies,"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/localnews/ci_12178900 |title=MTC drops hammer on group suing over Dumbarton Rail, BART extension |author=Rosenberg, Mike |date=20 April 2009 |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref> and the plaintiffs dropped their lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_12566415 |title=Lawsuit to save Dumbarton Rail dropped |author=Rosenberg, Mike |date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>

With the loan of $91 million to WSX, Dumbarton Rail retained $44 million in RM2 funds. Alameda County Measure B1, which would have restored {{US$|120000000|2012|round=-5}} via a half-cent sales tax increase, failed to pass in 2012. In February 2014, MTC's Programming and Allocations Committee advanced a recommendation to redirect the remaining money from Dumbarton Rail to other projects; $9 million had already been spent on environmental studies for DRC, leaving
$35 million, which would be redistributed with $20 million going to [[Electrification of Caltrain|Caltrain Electrification]] and $15 million going to replace Dumbarton Express buses.<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-02>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2173/3a_RM2_Strategic_Delivery_Plan.pdf |title=Regional Measure 2: Capital Program Update |author= |date=12 February 2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Programming and Allocations Committee |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065222/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2173/3a_RM2_Strategic_Delivery_Plan.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The February presentation also redefined the $91 million loan as an "investment in BART to Warm Springs" with "No future repayment from Alameda County" necessary. The $20 million for Caltrain electrification was predicated on Caltrain receiving local matching funds,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2188/03a_RM2_Hearing_Request.pdf |title=Request for Regional Measure 2 Public Hearing Authorization |author= |date=5 March 2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Programming and Allocations Committee |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403072849/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2188/03a_RM2_Hearing_Request.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live |quote='''Caltrain Electrification:''' Staff recommends that the $20 million for the Caltrain Electrification project (from the Dumbarton Rail project) be matched by the Joint Powers Authority partners through new funding for the project ($20 million total local match). A commitment to that match is still forthcoming.}}</ref> which had not been previously requested of other RM2 reallocation projects.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2207/3a_Handout_Public_Comments.pdf
|title=Agenda Item 3a – Public Hearing Comment |author= |date=9 April 2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Programming and Allocations Committee |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403073002/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2207/3a_Handout_Public_Comments.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live |quote=[[Nuria I. Fernandez]], General Manager, VTA: While I certainly appreciate the efforts of MTC to provide more funding in support of Caltrain's Electrification Project, a review of all other projects that are benefitting from MTC's redistribution of the Regional Measure 2 program funds has not shown a required local match by any of the recipients.}}</ref>

A public hearing was held in April 2014,<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2207/3a_RM2_Public_Hearing.pdf |title=RM2 Public Hearing |author= |date=9 April 2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Programming and Allocations Committee |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065928/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2207/3a_RM2_Public_Hearing.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the majority of comments directed towards the Dumbarton Rail proposals.<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04c>{{cite report |url=http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2226/3a.i_RM2_Program_and_Allocations_Amendments.pdf |title=RM2 Public Hearing |author= |date=9 April 2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Programming and Allocations Committee |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319040833/http://apps.mtc.ca.gov/meeting_packet_documents/agenda_2226/3a.i_RM2_Program_and_Allocations_Amendments.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the response to public comments, the MTC staff response stated "the Dumbarton Rail Bridge connects north–south corridors on both sides of the San Francisco Bay [...] Therefore, staff considers the investment in the Warm Springs Extension (and the Caltrain Electrification Program) to be appropriate investments of these bridge toll funds."<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04c /> The staff response went on to mention Alameda County Transportation Commission and Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority had already either reprogrammed DRC funds or failed to provide funds for DRC.

After 2014, RM2 funds (aside from the $9 million already spent on environmental studies) were completely deprogrammed from DRC, leaving it with an even larger funding gap than before the passage of RM2 in 2004.

[[File:Zeppelin-ride-020100925-267 (5029492982) (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Aerial view (facing north) of Dumbarton Rail (foreground) and Road bridges (background), bracketing Hetch Hetchy pipelines 1 & 2 (2010)]]

===2012–2014: Alameda County Measures B1 and BB===
The 2012 Alameda County ballot Measure B1 would have restored {{US$|120000000|2012|round=-5}} to the Dumbarton Rail Corridor project through a sales tax increase in Alameda County.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acgov.org/rov/documents/2012-11-06MeasureB1.pdf |title=Measure B1 |author= |date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Alameda County |access-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> Measure B1 failed to pass by a small margin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smartvoter.org/2012/11/06/ca/alm/meas/B1/ |title=Measure B1 Results |author= |date=6 November 2012 |website=smartvoter.org |access-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> and a later study showed the measure's failure may have been due in part to the lack of a "sunset" clause for the expiration of the sales tax increase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transportationinvestment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Case-Study-Alameda-County-California-2012.pdf |title=Case Study: Alameda County, California Transportation Funding Initiative November 2012 |author= |date=January 2014 |publisher=American Road & Transportation Builders Association |access-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

Two years later, Alameda County voters passed Measure BB,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smartvoter.org/2014/11/04/ca/alm/meas/BB/ |title=Measure BB Results |author= |date=4 November 2014 |website=smartvoter.org |access-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> which was nearly identical in language to the 2012 Measure B1, with a few exceptions. Measure B1 now included a sunset clause and the money set aside for Dumbarton Rail was now directed towards improving bus service over the Dumbarton Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureBB-v5.pdf |title=Measure BB |author= |date=4 November 2014 |publisher=Alameda County |access-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

===2008–2016: Suspended===
The loan (and eventual grant) of the majority of RM2 funds from DRC to WSX meant that construction would not start on DRC as scheduled. Although an administrative draft of the project draft [[environmental impact statement]] (DEIS) was completed in late 2009,<ref name=2011-ALT>{{cite report |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/documentation/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor_Alternative_Study-2010.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor Alternatives Study |author=Wilbur Smith Associates |date=March 2011 |publisher=San Mateo County Transit Authority |access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> the detailed engineering studies kept forecasting increased cost and decreased projected ridership. By 2010, the estimated cost of DRC had increased again to {{US$|700000000|2010|round=-5}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/dumbarton-rail-plan-seeks-funding/Content?oid=2165190 |title=Dumbarton rail plan seeks funding |author=Bishop, Shaun |date=21 November 2010 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> Besides the increased cost estimates, other issues had emerged, including negotiations with Union Pacific to reroute freight traffic onto the Niles subdivision and purchase of the Oakland subdivision for DRC service.<ref name=MTCPAC-2014-04c /> In addition, the alignment of the proposed California High-Speed Rail service was still wavering between the Altamont Pass (which would route HSR over the Dumbarton Cut-off) and the Pacheco Pass (which would route HSR through San Jose up the Peninsula Corridor to San Francisco).

Recognizing these issues, the March 2011 ''Dumbarton Rail Corridor Alternatives Study'' (Wilbur Smith Associates)<ref name=2011-ALT /> set out to redefine the project to increase cost-effectiveness and boost ridership. Several alternative service proposals were studied, including modified rail service and bus rapid transit schemes. One alternate rail service would have created a rail shuttle between Union City and the existing Redwood City Caltrain station, dropping the limited stop service to San Francisco or San Jose. The rail shuttle would run four departures per hour during the three peak hours in the morning and the three peak afternoon hours, increasing the number of trips from six to forty-eight. Capital costs would also increase, as more rolling stock was required.<ref name=2011-ALT />

An updated methodology for projecting ridership was also used in the 2011 ''Alternatives Study''. Under the original methodology and routing, there were approximately 5,900 daily passengers anticipated to use DRC service by 2035. With the revised methodology, there were approximately 8,600 projected daily passengers in 2035 instead with the original route. The rail shuttle alternative would have increased this to 15,500 daily passengers in 2035. In comparison, the most optimistic bus rapid transit scheme projected 6,000 daily passengers in 2035 with the updated methodology.<ref name=2011-ALT />

The draft environmental impact report was completed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.menlopark.org/747/Dumbarton-Rail-Corridor |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor |date=April 2014 |author= |website=City of Menlo Park |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Federal Transit Administration]] (FTA) declined to review it, since "reasonable funding sources" were not available, and the project was placed on indefinite hold.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/CAP/Minutes/CAP+Meeting+Minutes_amended_10-16-13.pdf |title=Meeting Minutes |author=Hirsch, Paula |date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Dumbarton Rail Corridor Citizens Advisory Panel |access-date=3 April 2016 |quote=Since the CAP last met on October, 10th 2012, staff has completed the Administrative Draft EIS/EIR. While all elements of the environmental document are complete, the funding plan for the project is deficient. [...] FTA has indicated that if reasonable funding sources cannot be included in the Administrative Draft EIS/EIR to fully fund the rail alternatives, it is unlikely the conclusion of the environmental review process would result in a Record of Decision (ROD) by the FTA. We do not feel it is prudent to expend any additional resources to release the document at this time and continue with the environmental process. In light of the substantial shortfall in the project budget, staff recommends the project be placed on hold indefinitely until such time the project partners can secure a funding plan that can advance the project further.}}</ref> The DEIR was never released for public review and comment.

A proposal was advanced to create a "Phase I" service between the Redwood City Caltrain station and a new Willow Road Dumbarton Rail station. In the same meeting, the Alameda County Transportation Commission announced (in a letter from Scott Haggerty) that "For the new Measure BB funds identified for the Dumbarton Corridor Area Transportation Improvements, a rail project and/or activities to support a rail project cannot be funded with these funds," effectively ending Alameda County's participation in DRC.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/PAC/Agendas/PAC+Agenda+Packet+05-29-2015.pdf |title=Minutes from the Dumbarton Rail Meeting |date=29 May 2015 |author= |publisher=San Mateo County Transportation Authority |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405220204/http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/PAC/Agendas/PAC+Agenda+Packet+05-29-2015.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2016–2020: Facebook revival===
In 2016, Facebook announced they were providing SMCTA with $1 million to study different methods to improve traffic over the Dumbarton corridor, both short and long-term, including traffic light timing, HOV lanes, and possible bus rapid transit over the old Dumbarton Rail Bridge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/business/ci_29589196/menlo-park-facebook-pours-1-million-into-study |title=Facebook pours $1 million into study of ways to relieve Dumbarton traffic |author=Kelly, Kevin |date=3 March 2016 |newspaper=Hayward Daily News |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303152933/http://www.insidebayarea.com/business/ci_29589196/menlo-park-facebook-pours-1-million-into-study |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Facebook headquarters are within walking distance of the proposed Willow Road station and could be a potential source of new ridership that was not accounted in the prior studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sf.streetsblog.org/2015/03/20/dumbarton-rail-prospects-boosted-by-facebook-housing-proposal/ |title=Facebook Expansions Could Spur Dumbarton Rail in Menlo Park |author=Boone, Andrew |date=20 March 2015 |website=StreetsBlog SF |access-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

The draft final report for the ''Dumbarton Transportation Corridor Study'' (DTCS) was released in August 2017.<ref name=DTCS17>{{cite report |url=http://www.samtrans.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/PDFs/170814+DTCS+-+Full+Report.pdf |title=Dumbarton Transportation Corridor Study |date=August 2017 |publisher=San Mateo County Transit District |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913143624/http://www.samtrans.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/PDFs/170814+DTCS+-+Full+Report.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> DTCS proposes a phased approach, with improvements to bus service (over the Dumbarton [Road] Bridge) to be implemented by 2020, diesel trains over the Dumbarton Rail Bridge to Union City by 2030, and finally electrification of the rail line by 2035, at a total estimated cost of $1.6 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/08/14/proposed-dumbarton-rail-bridge-could-be-first-transbay-railroad-crossing-since-bart-tube/ |title=Proposed Dumbarton rail bridge could be first transbay railroad crossing since BART tube |author=Baldassari, Erin |date=14 August 2017 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> This combined phasing contrasts with earlier DRC studies, which assumed that enhanced bus or rail service as mutually exclusive alternatives.<ref name=DTCS17 />

In August 2018, SamTrans partnered with Cross Bay Transit Partners (CBTP), a limited liability corporation formed by Facebook and the Plenary Group, to perform full environmental impact analyses and a fiscal impact analysis for the project or explore possible alternatives.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Kate |title=Dumbarton rail project to get full environmental, fiscal analysis |url=https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2018/11/06/dumbarton-rail-project-to-get-full-environmental-fiscal-analysis |access-date=10 November 2018 |agency=The Almanac |date=6 November 2018}}</ref> The public-private partnership began an environmental review process in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samtrans.com/Planning/Planning_and_Research/Dumbarton_Rail_Corridor.html |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor |publisher=samTrans |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Four public meetings were held in February and March 2019 to publicize the partnership's efforts and to gather input on the proposed concepts.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.samtrans.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/Dumbarton+Kick+Off+Meetings+Summary.pdf |title=Dumbarton Transportation Corridor Project Community Meetings Summary Report |date=March 15, 2019 |publisher=samTrans |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> On the Peninsula, three rail stations have been proposed: the western terminus at the existing Redwood City station, Marsh station (in North Fair Oaks, near the intersection of Spring/15th and Bay/Florence), and Willow station (near Facebook headquarters, close to Willow Road and CA-84); in the East Bay, the proposed station is Newark with potential extensions to Union City (at the existing BART station) via Fremont-Centerville and a spur line to Ardenwood (near CA-84 and Ardenwood Road).<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.samtrans.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/Dumbarton+Advisory+Group+Meetings.pdf#page=18 |title=Advisory Group meeting |date=June 3, 2019 |publisher=samTrans |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Facebook proposed investing $1 billion for the project. The plan was for construction to begin as early as 2022 and finish by 2029.<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook Proposes Investing $1 Billion to Restore Dumbarton Rail Bridge |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/02/28/facebook-2-billion-restore-dumbarton-rail-bridge/ | website=[[KPIX-TV]] | date=28 February 2019 | author=Devin Fehely}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/opinion/columnists/good-news-and-bad-news-for-commuters/article_04978cf6-439e-11e9-a546-8352f11a64d9.html |title=Good news and bad news for commuters | author=Sue Lempert |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=11 March 2019 | newspaper=[[San Mateo Daily Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Facebook-funding-could-drive-new-South-Bay-train-13657109.php |title=Facebook funding could drive new train connecting Peninsula, East Bay |author=Swan, Rachel |date=March 2, 2019 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

On June 2, 2019, a brush fire that authorities suspected was arson spread to the wooden trestle on the eastern approach near the Newark Slough Bridge.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://padailypost.com/2019/06/04/dumbarton-rail-trestle-burns-again/ |title=Dumbarton rail trestle burns again |author=Miibach, Emily |date=June 4, 2019 |newspaper=Palo Alto Daily Post |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Like the prior 1998 fire, firefighters had difficulty reaching the relatively remote location.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/06/02/fire-on-railroad-trestle-near-dumbarton-bridge-appears-related-to-vegetation-fire-in-area/ |title=Fire On Railroad Trestle Near Dumbarotn Bridge Appears Related To Vegetation Fire In Area |date=June 2, 2019 |work=CBS SF BayArea |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

After the [[coronavirus pandemic in the United States|coronavirus pandemic came to the United States]] in 2020, the vast majority of Facebook staff began working virtually, and Facebook announced it was reassessing its commitment to the project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/san-mateo-county-dumbarton-project-gets-a-new-offer/article_13858baa-ee60-11ea-9204-c39512f7ffb8.html |title=San Mateo County: Dumbarton project gets a new offer |author=Clark, Zachary |date=September 4, 2020 |newspaper=San Mateo Daily Journal |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> In 2020–2021, Facebook wound down their involvement. Considering [[Meta_Platforms#2022–present:_Declining_profits_and_mass_layoffs|financial difficulties encountered in 2022]] for Meta (the rebranded parent company of Facebook), it is considered unlikely that they will return to the project. Commuter automobile traffic across the [[Dumbarton Bridge (California)|Dumbarton Highway Bridge]] had exceeded its pre-pandemic levels by September 2022, suggesting that a need remains in the area for more commuter options.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lapowsky |first=Issie |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Facebook's Bridge to Nowhere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/business/facebook-dumbarton-rail-bridge.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons category}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_25591857/council-weigh-dumbarton-rail-loan-forgiveness-proposal |title=Council to weigh in on Dumbarton Rail loan forgiveness proposal |author=Green, Jason |date=18 April 2014 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=13 March 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bayrailalliance.org/dumbarton_rail |title=Dumbarton Rail |author= |website=BayRail Alliance |access-date=13 March 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.railpac.org/2014/04/19/is-the-dumbarton-rail-bridge-a-lost-opportunity/ |title=Is the Dumbarton Rail Bridge a Lost Opportunity? |author=Braymer, Noel |date=19 April 2014 |website=RailPAC |access-date=13 March 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.almanacnews.com/morgue/1999/1999_02_17.rail.html |title=TRANSIT: Plans to restore Dumbarton rail service faces obstacles |author=Softky, Marion |date=17 February 1999 |newspaper=The Almanac News |location=Menlo Park |access-date=15 March 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.uer.ca/locations/show.asp?locid=25642 |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor |date=16 April 2007 |author=rapcw |website=UER.CA |access-date=4 April 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/Scoping-Meetings/DRC_Scoping_Meetings_Presentation.pdf |title=Dumbarton Rail Corridor Project Scoping Meeting Presentation |date=15–16 November 2006 |website=San Mateo County Transit Authority |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165324/http://www.smcta.com/Assets/Dumbarton+Rail+Corridor/Scoping-Meetings/DRC_Scoping_Meetings_Presentation.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}

{{caltrain}}

[[Category:Proposed railway lines in California]]
[[Category:Public transportation in Alameda County, California]]
[[Category:Public transportation in San Mateo County, California]]
[[Category:Public transportation in Santa Clara County, California]]
[[Category:Public transportation in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in the United States]]
[[Category:Caltrain]]
[[Category:Proposed public transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area]]

ClipperCreek

2024-03-20T05:06:38Z

Lensovet: ←Redirected page to Enphase Energy

#redirect[[Enphase Energy]]

Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC

2024-03-02T03:38:31Z

Lensovet: /* Supreme Court */ decision

{{Infobox SCOTUS case
| Litigants = Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC
| ArgueDate = October 10
| ArgueYear = 2023
| DecideDate = February 21
| DecideYear = 2024
| FullName = Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC
| USVol = 601
| USPage =
| ParallelCitations =
| Docket = 22-500
| OralArgument = https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2023/22-500
| OralReargument =
| OpinionAnnouncement =
| Prior = ''Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC'', {{cite court|vol = 47|reporter = F.4th|opinion = 225|court = [[3d Cir.]]|year = 2022|url = https://casetext.com/case/great-lakes-ins-se-v-raiders-retreat-realty-co-1}}
| Subsequent =
| QuestionsPresented = Under federal admiralty law, can a choice of law clause in a maritime contract be rendered unenforceable if enforcement is contrary to the "strong public policy" of the state whose law is displaced?
| Holding = Choice-of-law provisions in maritime contracts are presumptively enforceable under federal maritime law, with narrow exceptions not applicable in this case.
| Majority = Kavanaugh
| JoinMajority = ''unanimous''
| Concurrence = Thomas
| JoinConcurrence =
| Concurrence2 =
| JoinConcurrence2 =
| Concurrence/Dissent =
| JoinConcurrence/Dissent =
| Dissent =
| JoinDissent =
| Dissent2 =
| JoinDissent2 =
| LawsApplied =
}}
'''''Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC''''', 601 U.S. ___ (2024) (Docket No. 22-500), is a [[United States Supreme Court]] case regarding federal [[United States admiralty law|admiralty law]].<ref name = jurist>{{cite web | url = https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/03/us-supreme-court-to-review-enforceability-of-choice-of-law-in-maritime-contracts/ | title = US Supreme Court to review enforceability of choice of law in maritime contracts|first1 = Sarah |last1 = Ferguson|work = [[Jurist (website)|JURIST]]| date = March 7, 2023 | accessdate = August 18, 2023}}</ref>

==Background==
Great Lakes Insurance is a marine insurance company organized in [[Germany]] and headquartered in the [[United Kingdom]]. Raiders Retreat Realty Co. is an LLC based in [[Pennsylvania]]. From 2007 until 2019, Great Lakes insured a yacht owned by Raiders for up to $550,000. As a part of the agreement, the parties included a [[choice-of-law clause]] in their contract. A choice-of-law clause is a term included in some contracts in which the parties stipulate that any legal dispute arising from the contract shall be determined according to the laws of a specified jurisdiction. The clause included in the contract between Great Lakes and Raiders selected federal admiralty law, or in the absence of federal admiralty law, then New York law. The clause states:

{{blockquote|It is hereby agreed that any dispute arising hereunder shall be adjudicated according to well established, entrenched principles and precedents of substantive United States Federal Admiralty law and practice but where no such well established, entrenched precedent exists, this insuring agreement is subject to the substantive laws of the State of New York.
}}

The contract also includes a forum-selection clause, stating that any legal dispute shall be settled in a Federal District Court:

{{blockquote|[A]ny dispute arising hereunder shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal courts of the United States of America, in particular, the Federal District court within which [Raiders] resides or the Federal District court within which [Raiders’s] insurance agent resides.
}}

These districts are, namely, the [[Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] and the [[Southern District of Florida]], respectively. Before the contract was renewed in 2016, a third party surveyed the yacht, and made a strong recommendation that Raiders purchase fire extinguishers and store them aboard the yacht. Raiders subsequently represented to Great Lakes that it had complied with the recommendations of the survey. Great Lakes then renewed the insurance policy.

In 2019, the yacht ran aground near [[Fort Lauderdale]]. No fire occurred, and no fire extinguishers were deployed. There was, however, significant damage to the vessel, and Raiders filed a claim under their insurance policy. Great Lakes then conducted an investigation of the yacht. The investigation revealed that the fire extinguishers on the yacht had not been inspected or recertified, in violation of the insurance policy. Additionally, the investigation revealed that Raiders had not completed the survey's recommendations, despite their misrepresentation that they had done so. On these two grounds, Great Lakes denied Raiders' insurance claim.<ref name = pet>{{cite web | url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-500/267852/20230526140910603_22-500%20Great%20Lakes%20Brief%20Merits.pdf | title = Brief for Petitioners| date = May 26, 2023 | accessdate = August 18, 2023}}</ref>

==Lower court history==
Great Lakes sought a judgment in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania that it was entitled to deny coverage to Raiders. Raiders countersued, asserting five claims; three of these claims were pursuant to the [[laws of Pennsylvania]]. Great Lakes moved for a judgment with respect to the Pennsylvania claims, arguing that they were inapplicable due to the choice-of-law clause. While conceding that their Pennsylvania counterclaims would not be cognizable under New York law, Raiders argued that the clause should be deemed unenforceable under Pennsylvania's "strong public policy" of punishing insurance providers who deny coverage in bad faith. The District Court granted Great Lakes' motion for judgment on the pleadings, stating that a state's public policy cannot override the "presumptive validity" of maritime choice-of-law principles.

The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] vacated and remanded the judgment of the lower court. While it agreed that the choice-of-law clause would require the application of New York law, it held that the District Court should have "consider[ed] whether Pennsylvania has a strong public policy that would be thwarted by applying New York law."<ref>{{cite court|litigants =Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC|vol = 47|reporter = F.4th|opinion = 225|pinpoint = 233|court = 3d Cir.|year = 2022|url = https://casetext.com/case/great-lakes-ins-se-v-raiders-retreat-realty-co-1}}</ref>

==Supreme Court==
On November 23, 2022, Great Lakes petitioned the Supreme Court to hear its case. On March 6, 2023, the Court granted ''certiorari''. Oral arguments took place on October 10, 2023.

In a decision issued on February 21, 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously held that choice-of-law provisions in maritime contracts are presumptively enforceable under federal maritime law, and that while narrow exceptions do exist, they were not applicable in this case. The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed.<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-500_7k47.pdf</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:United States admiralty law]]
[[Category:Federal common law]]

Northampton County, Pennsylvania

2024-02-29T23:10:10Z

Lensovet: /* top */ fix website link

{{Short description|County in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
| county = Northampton County
| state = Pennsylvania
| seal = Northampton County, Pennsylvania seal.png
| founded date = March 11
| founded year = 1752
| seat wl = Easton
| largest city wl = Bethlehem
| area_total_sq_mi = 377
| area_land_sq_mi = 370
| area_water_sq_mi = 7.7
| area percentage = 2.0%
| census yr = 2020
| pop = 312951
| density_sq_mi = 830
| web = http://www.northamptoncounty.org
| time zone = Eastern
| district = 7th
| named for = [[Northamptonshire]]
| ex image = Northampton County, Pennsylvania, Courthouse 1905.jpg
| ex image cap = A 1905 illustration of Northampton County Courthouse in [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]
| flag = Northampton County, Pennsylvania.gif
}}

'''Northampton County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|Commonwealth]] of [[Pennsylvania]], United States. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 312,951.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42095.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195135/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42095.html|archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> Its [[county seat]] is [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=2011-05-31}}</ref> The county was formed in 1752 from parts of [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]]. Its namesake was the county of [[Northamptonshire]] in England, and the county seat of Easton was named for [[Easton Neston house|Easton Neston]], a country house in Northamptonshire.

Northampton County and [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh County]] to its west combine to form the eastern Pennsylvania region known as the [[Lehigh Valley]]; Lehigh County, with a population of 374,557 as of the 2020 U.S. census, is the more highly populated of the two counties. Both counties are part of the [[Philadelphia]] media market, the [[List of television stations in North America by media market|fourth-largest in the nation]].

Northampton County has historically been a national leader in heavy manufacturing, especially of [[cement]], [[steel]], and other industrial products. [[Atlas Portland Cement Company]], the world's largest cement manufacturer from 1895 until 1982, was based in [[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]] in the county.<ref name="atlasMus">{{cite web|title=Cement museum nurtures nostalgia in Pennsylvania|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-05-20/news/0605200196_1_cement-dust-largest-cement-producer-atlas-plant|last=Duck|first=Michael|publisher=Chicago Tribune| date=20 May 2006|website=tribunedigital-chicagotribune}}</ref> [[Bethlehem Steel]], the world's second-largest manufacturer of steel for most of the 20th century, was based in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], the county's most populous city, prior to its dissolution in 2003.

Northampton County borders [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon County]] and the [[Pocono Mountains|Poconos]] to its north, Lehigh County to its west, Bucks County to its south, and the [[Delaware River]] and [[New Jersey]] to its east. The [[Lehigh River]], a {{convert|109|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} tributary of the Delaware River, flows through the county.

==Geography==
[[Image:easton-pburg-toll-bridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge]], which connects [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] in Northampton County with [[Phillipsburg, New Jersey|Phillipsburg]] in northwestern [[New Jersey]] in the [[Lehigh Valley]], in October 2009]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|377|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|370|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|7.7|sqmi}} (2.0%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 9, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}</ref> The climate is [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (mostly ''Dfa'' with a little ''Dfb'' in higher northern areas) and the [[hardiness zone]] is 7a except in the northern iier where it is 6b. Average monthly temperatures in downtown Bethlehem average from 29.1 °F in January to 74.1 °F in July, while in Wind Gap they average from 27.0 °F in January to 71.7 °F in July.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/ | title=PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University }}</ref>

===Adjacent counties===
*[[Monroe County, Pennsylvania|Monroe County]] (north)
*[[Warren County, New Jersey]] (east)
*[[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]] (south)
*[[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh County]] (west)
*[[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon County]] (northwest)

===National protected areas===
* [[Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area]] (part)
* [[Middle Delaware National Scenic River]] (part)

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1790= 24220
|1800= 30062
|1810= 38145
|1820= 31765
|1830= 39482
|1840= 40996
|1850= 40235
|1860= 47904
|1870= 61432
|1880= 70312
|1890= 84220
|1900= 99687
|1910= 127667
|1920= 153506
|1930= 169304
|1940= 168959
|1950= 185243
|1960= 201412
|1970= 214368
|1980= 225418
|1990= 247105
|2000= 267066
|2010= 297735
|2020= 312951
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 9, 2015}}</ref> 1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=March 9, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|archive-date=August 11, 2012}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|editor-last=Forstall|editor-first=Richard L.|date=March 24, 1995|access-date=March 9, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320031117/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt|archive-date=March 20, 2015}}</ref> 1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=April 2, 2001|access-date=March 9, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203824/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|archive-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref> 2010-2019<ref name="QF"/>
}}

As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the county's population was 312,951, reflecting growth of 5.1% over 2010.<ref name="QF"/> As of the 2010 census, the county was 81.0% White Non-Hispanic, 5.0% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 2.4% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 2.2% were two or more races, and 3.8% were some other race. 10.5% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Northampton County Racial Composition<ref>{{Cite web|title =P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Northampton County, Pennsylvania|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Northampton%20County,%20Pennsylvania&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (NH)
|228,373
|73%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (NH)
|17,429
|5.6%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] (NH)
|251
|0.08%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] (NH)
|9,892
|3.2%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] (NH)
|75
|0.02%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]] (NH)
|12,334
|4%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|44,597
|14.25%
|}

==Government==
Northampton is one of the seven counties in Pennsylvania which has adopted a [[home rule]] [[charter]]. Voters elect a county executive, a nine-person county council, a county controller, and a county district attorney. The executive, controller, district attorney, and five of the nine council members are elected [[At-large|at large]] by all voters in the county. The other four members of the county council are elected from [[single-member districts]], which they represent. This weighted structure of county government favors the majority of voters. The county's row officers are nominated by the county executive and approved by county council.

==Politics==
{{PresHead|place=Northampton County, Pennsylvania|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|website=uselectionatlas.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323225526/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/|archive-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>}}

{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|83,854|85,087|2,458|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|71,736|66,272|6,558|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|61,446|67,606|1,992|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|58,551|75,255|2,148|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|62,102|63,446|1,301|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|47,396|53,097|4,197|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|35,726|43,959|11,317|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|34,429|42,203|20,893|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|42,748|39,264|966|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|44,648|37,979|840|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|35,787|31,920|8,330|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|32,926|42,514|1,521|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|41,822|32,335|124|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|32,033|42,554|3,543|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|21,048|58,818|619|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|40,683|41,552|71|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|43,375|33,749|573|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|39,131|36,993|614|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|27,030|33,209|1,265|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|26,643|32,584|292|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|25,385|33,304|269|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|22,827|36,871|1,438|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|20,779|24,009|1,345|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|37,403|14,768|404|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|20,459|11,459|3,104|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|14,227|9,086|891|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|9,610|11,000|1,050|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|3,893|10,325|7,518|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1908|Democratic|10,857|11,365|923|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|11,039|9,914|604|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1900|Democratic|9,849|11,412|556|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1896|Democratic|9,762|10,032|717|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1892|Democratic|6,892|10,320|367|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1888|Democratic|6,785|10,027|291|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1884|Democratic|6,327|9,491|224|Pennsylvania}}
{{PresRow|1880|Democratic|5,961|9,653|114|Pennsylvania}}
|}

As of January 8, 2024 there were 219,719 registered voters in Northampton County
* [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]: 95,780 (43.59%)
* [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]: 80,828 (36.79%)
* No affiliation: 32,480 (14.78%)
* Other parties: 10,631 (4.84%)

Northampton County is considered one of Pennsylvania's "swing counties," with statewide winners carrying it in most cases.<ref name="BellwetherNorthampton">{{cite news | url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/11/the_bellwethers_what_do_voters.html | title=The bellwethers: What do voters in eastern PA know that the rest don't? | work=PennLive.com | access-date=13 September 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917143433/http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/11/the_bellwethers_what_do_voters.html | archive-date=17 September 2016 }}</ref>

=== Voting machine problems ===
===2019 election===
In November 2019, municipal elections were in Pennsylvania in November 2019, and the county's result tabulations were plagued with problems caused by newly purchased voting machines, known as ExpressVoteXL, which were manufactured and sold to the county by [[Election Systems & Software]] (ES&S), an [[Omaha, Nebraska]]-based company, as representing a luxury one-stop voting system.

According to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other media, a few minutes after polls closed in the county in 2019, panic began to spread through the county's election offices as it became evident that vote totals in one judge's race showed one candidate, Abe Kassis, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], had received just 164 votes out of 55,000 ballots across more than the 100 precincts in the county; Some precinct machines reported zero votes for him.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/30/us/politics/pennsylvania-voting-machines.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage "A Pennsylvania County’s Election Day Nightmare Underscores Voting Machine Concerns," ''The New York Times'', November 30, 2019].</ref>

The ES&S voting system, which is used in other Pennsylvania jurisdictions, features a touch screen with a paper ballot backup. County officials ultimately calculated results by counting paper ballots, which showed Kassis actually won the election by 1,054 votes, according to unofficial results that were announced on November 6. The election results were later certified following a canvass and audit, and no challenges to the results were filed.<ref>[https://www.mcall.com/news/elections/mc-nws-election-problems-20191106-im2nc6s7wfhkhpyu5lhmvxucv4-story.html "Pennsylvania says election went well but Republicans disagree; both following Northampton County problems," ''The Morning Call'', November 6, 2019]</ref>

===2023 election===
On November 7, 2023, ExpressVoteXL machines again malfunctioned in calculating votes for [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania]] judges with the machines switching "yes" and "no" votes on the summary display of votes on whether the judges should be retained. The county's director of administration, Charles Dertinger, attributed the problem to the summary display and not the actual ballots.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/pennsylvania-election-voting-machines-votes-flipping-1aede0966e0c418b4efbbb36b513acef "Pennsylvania county promises accurate tally after clerical error appears to flip votes for judges" ''The Associated Press'', November 7, 2023]</ref>

===County executives===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Northampton County executives'''
|-
! Name
! Party
! Term start
! Term end
|- {{party shading/Democratic}}
| Glenn F. Reibman
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1998
| 2006
|- {{party shading/Democratic}}
| John Stoffa
| Democratic
| 2006
| 2014
|- {{party shading/Republican}}
| John Brown
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 2014
| 2018
|- {{party shading/Democratic}}
| Lamont McClure
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 2018
| Incumbent
|}

===State representatives<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=Northampton|title=Find Your Legislator|last=Center|first=Legislativate Data Processing|website=The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.|language=en|access-date=2017-04-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422125056/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=Northampton|archive-date=2017-04-22}}</ref>===
*[[Milou Mackenzie]], Republican, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 131|131st district]]
*[[Steve Samuelson]], Democrat, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 135|135th district]]
*[[Robert L. Freeman]], Democrat, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 136|136th district]]
*[[Joe Emrick]], Republican, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 137|137th district]]
*[[Ann Flood (politician)|Ann Flood]], Republican, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 138|138th district]]
*[[Zach Mako]], Republican, [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 183|183rd district]]

===State senators<ref name=":0" />===
*[[Nick Miller (politician)|Nick Miller]], Democrat, [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 14|14th district]]
*[[Lisa Boscola]], Democrat, [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 18|18th district]]

===United States House of Representatives===
*[[Susan Wild]], Democrat, 7th district

===United States Senate===
* [[Bob Casey, Jr.]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
* [[John Fetterman]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]

==Education==
[[File:Lehigh University Alumni Building.jpg|thumb|The Alumni Memorial Building at [[Lehigh University]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] in August 2005]]
===Colleges and universities===
*[[Lafayette College]], [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]
*[[Lehigh University]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]
*[[Moravian University]], Bethlehem
*[[Northampton Community College|Northampton County Area Community College]], [[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem Township]]
*[[Respect Graduate School]], Bethlehem

===Public school districts===
[[File:Freedom High School Gym (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania - 2008).jpg|thumb|[[Freedom High School (Pennsylvania)|Freedom High School]], one of two large public high schools in the [[Bethlehem Area School District]], in November 2008]]
{{div col}}
*[[Bangor Area School District]]
**[[Bangor Area High School]], [[Bangor, Pennsylvania|Bangor]]
*[[Bethlehem Area School District]]
**[[Freedom High School (Pennsylvania)|Freedom High School]], [[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem Township]]
**[[Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)|Liberty High School]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]
*[[Catasauqua Area School District]]
**[[Catasauqua High School]], [[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]]
*[[Easton Area School District]]
**[[Easton Area High School]], [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]
*[[Nazareth Area School District]]
**[[Nazareth Area High School]], [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]
*[[Northampton Area School District]]
**[[Northampton Area High School]], [[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]]
*[[Pen Argyl Area School District]]
**[[Pen Argyl Area High School]], [[Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania|Pen Argyl]]
*[[Saucon Valley School District]]
**[[Saucon Valley High School]], [[Hellertown, Pennsylvania|Hellertown]]
*[[Wilson Area School District]]
**[[Wilson Area High School]], Easton
{{div col end}}

===Public charter schools===
*[[Lehigh Valley Charter High School for the Arts]], Bethlehem

===Private high schools===
*[[Bethlehem Catholic High School]], Bethlehem
*[[Moravian Academy]], Bethlehem
*[[Notre Dame High School (Easton, Pennsylvania)|Notre Dame High School]], Easton

==Transportation==
[[File:ABE terminal (2).JPG|thumb|[[Lehigh Valley International Airport]], the fourth-busiest passenger airport in Pennsylvania, located in [[Hanover Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Hanover Township]]]]
===Air transportation===
{{Main|Lehigh Valley International Airport}}
Air transport to and from Northampton County is available through [[Lehigh Valley International Airport]] {{Airport codes|ABE|KABE}} in [[Hanover Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Hanover Township]], which is locatedapproximately {{convert|4|mi|km}} northwest of [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] and {{convert|11|mi|km}} west-southwest of [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]].

===Bus transportation===
{{Main|LANta}}
Public bus service in Northampton County is available through [[LANta]]. A shuttle bus service called the Bethlehem Loop provides public transportation services in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]. [[NJ Transit]] provides service from [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]'s Centre Square to the [[Phillipsburg, New Jersey|Phillipsburg]] area.

===Major highways===
[[File:2022-09-27 11 13 21 View east along Interstate 78 from the overpass for Applebutter Road in Lower Saucon Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|[[Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania|I-78]] eastbound in Northampton County]]
{{div col}}
*{{jct|state=PA|I|78}}
*{{jct|state=PA|US|22}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|33}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|145}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|191}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|248}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|329}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|378}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|412}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|512}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|611}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|946}}
*{{jct|state=PA|PA|987}}
{{div col end}}

==Telecommunications==
{{Main|Area codes 610, 484, and 835}}
Northampton County was once served only by the [[Area codes 215, 267, and 445|215 area code]] from 1947 (when the [[North American Numbering Plan]] of the [[Bell System]] went into effect) until 1994. With the county's growing population, however, Northampton County was afforded [[Area codes 610, 484, and 835|area code 610]] in 1994. Today, Northampton County is covered by 610 except for the Portland exchange which uses [[Area codes 570 and 272|570]]. An [[area code overlay|overlay area code]], 484, was added to the 610 service area in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/pl-nanp-135.pdf |title= NANP-Overlay of 610 (Pennsylvania) Numbering Plan Area (NPA) with 484 NPA |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126161654/http://nanpa.com/pdf/pl-nanp-135.pdf |archive-date= 2010-11-26 }} {{small|(359 KB)}}</ref> A plan to introduce [[area code]] 835 as an additional overlay was rescinded in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/PL_344.pdf |title= PA 835 Implementation for 484/610 NPA Rescinded – 835 NPA Code Reclaimed |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126171301/http://nanpa.com/pdf/PL_344.pdf |archive-date= 2010-11-26 }} {{small|(20.8 KB)}}</ref>

==Recreation==
There are two [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|Pennsylvania state parks]] in Northampton County:
*[[Delaware Canal State Park]] follows the course of the old [[Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division)|Delaware Canal]] along the [[Delaware River]] from [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] in Northampton County to [[Bristol, Pennsylvania|Bristol]] in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]].
*[[Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center]]

==Communities==
[[File:Easton Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]], the [[county seat]] of Northampton County, in May 2009]]
[[File:Allen Twp Valley View.jpg|thumb|[[Allen Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Allen Township]], in November 2011]]
[[File:Bangoria.JPG|thumb|[[Bangor, Pennsylvania|Bangor]], in October 2015]]
[[File:Dery Silk Mill Lehigh Co PA.JPG|thumb|Dery Silk Mill in [[Catasauqua, Pennsylvania|Catasauqua]], in October 2012]]
[[File:Red Barn.jpg|thumb|[[East Allen Township, Pennsylvania|East Allen Township]], in February 2013]]
[[File:7th and Main Street intersection in Tatamy PA during sundown.jpg|thumb|[[Tatamy, Pennsylvania|Tatamy]] at sundown, in November 2021]]
[[File:Flickr - Nicholas T - No-Name Lake.jpg|thumb|Lake Poco Dam in [[Upper Mount Bethel Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Mount Bethel Township]], in November 2011]]
[[File:Delaware River view from Forks PA looking north.jpg|thumb|The [[Delaware River]] running through [[Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Forks Township]], in May 2012]]
The following cities, boroughs, and townships are located in Northampton County:

===Cities===
*[[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] (partly in [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh County]])
*[[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] (county seat)

===Boroughs===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Bangor, Pennsylvania|Bangor]]
*[[Bath, Pennsylvania|Bath]]
*[[Chapman, Pennsylvania|Chapman]]
*[[East Bangor, Pennsylvania|East Bangor]]
*[[Freemansburg, Pennsylvania|Freemansburg]]
*[[Glendon, Pennsylvania|Glendon]]
*[[Hellertown, Pennsylvania|Hellertown]]
*[[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]
*[[North Catasauqua, Pennsylvania|North Catasauqua]]
*[[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]]
*[[Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania|Pen Argyl]]
*[[Portland, Pennsylvania|Portland]]
*[[Roseto, Pennsylvania|Roseto]]
*[[Stockertown, Pennsylvania|Stockertown]]
*[[Tatamy, Pennsylvania|Tatamy]]
*[[Walnutport, Pennsylvania|Walnutport]]
*[[West Easton, Pennsylvania|West Easton]]
*[[Wilson, Pennsylvania|Wilson]]
*[[Wind Gap, Pennsylvania|Wind Gap]]
{{end div col}}

===Townships===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Allen Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Allen]]
*[[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem Township]]
*[[Bushkill Township, Pennsylvania|Bushkill]]
*[[East Allen Township, Pennsylvania|East Allen]]
*[[Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Forks]]
*[[Hanover Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Hanover]]
*[[Lehigh Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh]]
*[[Lower Mount Bethel Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Mount Bethel]]
*[[Lower Nazareth Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Nazareth]]
*[[Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Saucon]]
*[[Moore Township, Pennsylvania|Moore]]
*[[Palmer Township, Pennsylvania|Palmer]]
*[[Plainfield Township, Pennsylvania|Plainfield]]
*[[Upper Mount Bethel Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Mount Bethel]]
*[[Upper Nazareth Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Nazareth]]
*[[Washington Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Washington]]
*[[Williams Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Williams]]
{{div col end}}

===Census-designated places===
[[Census-designated place]]s are [[unincorporated area|unincorporated communities]] designated by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Ackermanville, Pennsylvania|Ackermanville]]
*[[Belfast, Pennsylvania|Belfast]]
*[[Cherryville, Pennsylvania|Cherryville]]
*[[Chestnut Hill, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Chestnut Hill]]
*[[Eastlawn Gardens, Pennsylvania|Eastlawn Gardens]]
*[[Martins Creek, Pennsylvania|Martins Creek]]
*[[Middletown, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Middletown]]
*[[Morgan Hill, Pennsylvania|Morgan Hill]]
*[[Old Orchard, Pennsylvania|Old Orchard]]
*[[Palmer Heights, Pennsylvania|Palmer Heights]]
*[[Raubsville, Pennsylvania|Raubsville]]
{{div col end}}

===Other unincorporated places===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Beersville, Pennsylvania|Beersville]]
*[[Berlinsville, Pennsylvania|Berlinsville]]
*[[Butztown, Pennsylvania|Butztown]]
*[[Chickentown, Pennsylvania|Chickentown]]
*[[Christian Springs, Pennsylvania|Christian Springs]]
*[[Colesville, Pennsylvania|Colesville]]
*[[Danielsville, Pennsylvania|Danielsville]]
*[[Emanuelsville, Pennsylvania|Emanuelsville]]
*[[Flicksville, Pennsylvania|Flicksville]]
*[[Franks Corner, Pennsylvania|Franks Corner]]
*[[Hanoverville, Pennsylvania|Hanoverville]]
*[[Hollo, Pennsylvania|Hollo]]
*[[Katellen, Pennsylvania|Katellen]]
*[[Klecknersville, Pennsylvania|Klecknersville]]
*[[Moorestown, Pennsylvania|Moorestown]]
*[[Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania|Mount Bethel]]
*[[Newburg, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Newburg]]
*[[Schoenersville, Pennsylvania|Schoenersville]]
*[[Seidersville, Pennsylvania|Seidersville]]
*[[Slateford, Pennsylvania|Slateford]]
*[[Treichlers, Pennsylvania|Treichlers]]
*[[Wassergass, Pennsylvania|Wassergass]]
*[[Zucksville, Pennsylvania|Zucksville]]
{{Div col end}}

===Population ranking===
The population ranking of the following table is based on the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]] of Northampton County.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=This site has been redesigned and relocated. - U.S. Census Bureau|first=US Census Bureau|last=CNMP|website=www.census.gov|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

'''†''' ''county seat''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!City/borough/township/etc.
!Municipal type
!Population (2010 Census)

|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 1
| '''[[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]''' (''partially in [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh County]]'')
| City
| 74,982
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2
|'''†''' '''[[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]'''
| City
| 26,800
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 3
| '''[[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem Township]]'''
| Township
| 23,730
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 4
| '''[[Palmer Township, Pennsylvania|Palmer Township]]'''
| Township
| 20,691
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 5
| '''[[Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Forks Township]]'''
| Township
| 14,721
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 6
| '''[[Hanover Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Hanover Township]]'''
| Township
| 10,866
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 7
| '''[[Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Saucon Township]]'''
| Township
| 10,772
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 8
| '''[[Lehigh Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh Township]]'''
| Township
| 10,527
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 9
| '''[[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]]'''
| Borough
| 9,926
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 10
| '''[[Moore Township, Pennsylvania|Moore Township]]'''
| Township
| 9,198
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 11
| '''[[Bushkill Township, Pennsylvania|Bushkill Township]]'''
| Township
| 8,178
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 12
| '''[[Wilson, Pennsylvania|Wilson]]'''
| Borough
| 7,896
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 13
| '''[[Middletown, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Middletown]]'''
| CDP
| 7,441
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 14
| '''[[Upper Mount Bethel Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Mount Bethel Township]]'''
| Township
| 6,706
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 15
| '''[[Upper Nazareth Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Nazareth Township]]'''
| Township
| 6,231
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 16
| '''[[Plainfield Township, Pennsylvania|Plainfield Township]]'''
| Township
| 6,138
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 17
| '''[[Hellertown, Pennsylvania|Hellertown]]'''
| Borough
| 5,898
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 18
| '''[[Williams Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Williams Township]]'''
| Township
| 5,884
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 19
| '''[[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]'''
| Borough
| 5,746
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 20
| '''[[Lower Nazareth Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Nazareth Township]]'''
| Township
| 5,674
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 21
| '''[[Bangor, Pennsylvania|Bangor]]'''
| Borough
| 5,273
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 22
| '''[[Washington Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Washington Township]]'''
| Township
| 5,122
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 23
| '''[[East Allen Township, Pennsylvania|East Allen Township]]'''
| Township
| 4,930
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 24
| '''[[Allen Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Allen Township]]'''
| Township
| 4,269
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 25
| '''[[Palmer Heights, Pennsylvania|Palmer Heights]]'''
| CDP
| 3,762
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 26
| '''[[Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania|Pen Argyl]]'''
| Borough
| 3,595
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 27
| '''[[Eastlawn Gardens, Pennsylvania|Eastlawn Gardens]]'''
| CDP
| 3,307
|- style="background-color:white;"
| 28
| '''[[Lower Mount Bethel Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Mount Bethel Township]]'''
| Township
| 3,101
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 29
| '''[[North Catasauqua, Pennsylvania|North Catasauqua]]'''
| Borough
| 2,849
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 30
| '''[[Wind Gap, Pennsylvania|Wind Gap]]'''
| Borough
| 2,720
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 31
| '''[[Bath, Pennsylvania|Bath]]'''
| Borough
| 2,693
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 32
| '''[[Freemansburg, Pennsylvania|Freemansburg]]'''
| Borough
| 2,636
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 33
| '''[[Old Orchard, Pennsylvania|Old Orchard]]'''
| CDP
| 2,434
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 34
| '''[[Walnutport, Pennsylvania|Walnutport]]'''
| Borough
| 2,070
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 35
| '''[[Cherryville, Pennsylvania|Cherryville]]'''
| CDP
| 1,580
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 36
| '''[[Roseto, Pennsylvania|Roseto]]'''
| Borough
| 1,567
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 37
| '''[[Belfast, Pennsylvania|Belfast]]'''
| CDP
| 1,257
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 38
| '''[[West Easton, Pennsylvania|West Easton]]'''
| Borough
| 1,257
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 39
| '''[[Tatamy, Pennsylvania|Tatamy]]'''
| Borough
| 1,203
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 40
| '''[[East Bangor, Pennsylvania|East Bangor]]'''
| Borough
| 1,172
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 41
| '''[[Raubsville, Pennsylvania|Raubsville]]'''
| CDP
| 1,088
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 42
| '''[[Stockertown, Pennsylvania|Stockertown]]'''
| Borough
| 927
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 43
| '''[[Martins Creek, Pennsylvania|Martins Creek]]'''
| CDP
| 631
|- style="background-color:#F0FFF0;"
| 44
| '''[[Ackermanville, Pennsylvania|Ackermanville]]'''
| CDP
| 610
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 45
| '''[[Portland, Pennsylvania|Portland]]'''
| Borough
| 519
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 46
| '''[[Glendon, Pennsylvania|Glendon]]'''
| Borough
| 440
|- style="background-color:#FFF5EE;"
| 47
| '''[[Chapman, Pennsylvania|Chapman]]'''
| Borough
| 199
|}

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from the Lehigh Valley}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Frances S. Fox, ''Sweet Land of Liberty: The Ordeal of the American Revolution in Northampton County, Pennsylvania.'' University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000
* William J. Heller, ''History of Northampton County (Pennsylvania) and the Grand Valley of the Lehigh.'' In Three Volumes. New York: American Historical Society, 1920 [https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham01hell Volume 1] | [https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham02hell Volume 2] | [https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham03hell Volume 3]

==External links==
{{Commons category|position=right|Northampton County, Pennsylvania}}
{{Wikivoyage|Northampton County|Northampton County}}
*[http://www.northamptoncounty.org/ Official website]
*[http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/northampton-county/ Northampton County news] at Lehigh Valley Live
*[https://www.mcall.com/all-community-faug18-htmlstory.html "Famous People from the Lehigh Valley]," ''The Morning Call'', August 18, 2006

{{Navboxes
|title=Articles relating to Northampton, Pennsylvania
|list=
{{Northampton County, Pennsylvania}}
{{Lehigh Valley}}
{{Pennsylvania}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{coord|40.75|-75.31|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-PA_source:UScensus1990}}

[[Category:Northampton County, Pennsylvania| ]]
[[Category:1752 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Lehigh Valley]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1752]]

New Jersey Route 3

2024-02-08T22:57:13Z

Lensovet: /* In popular culture */ cite SNL episode

{{Short description|State highway in New Jersey, US}}
{{disambig-acronym|NJ 3|New Jersey's 3rd congressional district}}
{{about|the current New Jersey Route 3|the Route 3 that existed before 1927|U.S. Route 30 in New Jersey}}
{{Infobox road
|state=NJ
|type=NJ
|route=3
|alternate_name=
|length_mi=10.84
|length_ref=<ref name=SLD>{{cite web|publisher=[[New Jersey Department of Transportation]]|url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/pdf/00000003__-.pdf|title=Route 3 straight line diagram|access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref>
|map={{maplink-road|type2=line|from2=New Jersey Route 3.map}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of northeast New Jersey with NJ 3 in red and former NJ 153 in pink
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a={{jct|state=NJ|US|46}} in [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]]
|junction={{plainlist|
* {{jct|state=NJ|GSP2|}} in Clifton
* {{jct|state=NJ|NJ|21}} in Clifton
* {{jct|state=NJ|CR|507}} in [[Lyndhurst, New Jersey|Lyndhurst]]
* {{jct|state=NJ|NJ|17}} in [[Rutherford, New Jersey|Rutherford]]
* {{jct|state=NJ|NJ|120}} in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
* {{jct|state=NJ|I-Toll|95|NJTP2|}} in East Rutherford and [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]]
}}
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|495|US|1-9}} in [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]]
|established=1927
|counties=[[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]], [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]]
|previous_type=NJ-old
|previous_route=2
|next_type=NJ
|next_route=4
|browse={{nj browse
|previous_type=NJ
|previous_route=152
|route=Route 153
|next_type=NJ
|next_route=154
}}
}}
'''Route 3''' is a major [[limited-access road|expressway]] in the northeastern part of [[New Jersey]]. The route runs {{convert|10.84|mi|km|2}} from [[U.S. Route 46]] (US 46) in [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]], [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]], to [[U.S. Route 1/9|US 1/9]] in [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]], [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]]. The route intersects many major roads, including US 46, which takes travelers to [[Interstate 80 in New Jersey|Interstate 80]] (I-80) west for commuting out of the city-area, the [[Garden State Parkway]] and [[New Jersey Route 21|Route 21]] in [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]], [[New Jersey Route 17|Route 17]] and the Western Spur of the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 95 in New Jersey|I-95]]) in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike (also I-95) in Secaucus, and [[New Jersey Route 495|Route 495]] in North Bergen, for traffic going to the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] into [[New York City]]. Route 3 serves as the main artery to the Lincoln Tunnel from I-80, in conjunction with a portion of US 46 and Route 495. Portions of the route are not up to [[controlled-access highway|freeway]] standards; with driveways serving businesses and bus stops. Despite this, many construction projects have been underway over the years to alleviate this issue. Route 3 also provided access to [[Hoffmann La Roche]]'s former American headquarters in [[Nutley, New Jersey|Nutley]], the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] and [[American Dream Meadowlands]] in East Rutherford. The road inspired a story in [[The New Yorker]] in 2004 by [[Ian Frazier]] due to its views of the [[Manhattan]] skyline. Route 3 was originally the [[Lincoln Tunnel Approach]] and ended at the state line in the [[Hudson River]], though it was scaled back following the construction of I-495; which is now Route 495 due to also not meeting interstate highway standards.

Route 3 was originally established in 1927 to run from the [[New York (state)|New York]] state border on the west shore of [[Greenwood Lake]] to Secaucus. In 1929, the western terminus was cut back to [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] when the alignment west of there was planned to become part of [[New Jersey Route S4B|Route S4B]]. Route 3 originally followed present-day [[New Jersey Route 20|Route 20]] through Paterson and ran along local streets to East Rutherford, where it followed present-day [[New Jersey Route 120|Route 120]] and the [[Paterson Plank Road]] to Secaucus. It was extended east to the Lincoln Tunnel in 1939. The limited-access section of Route 3 between US 46 in Clifton and East Rutherford was completed in the 1940s as '''Route S3''' as well as the Secaucus Bypass, which was designated a bypass of Route 3. Route 3 was moved to the Route S3 freeway and the Secaucus Bypass in 1953 and was truncated to US 1/9 in North Bergen in 1959 when the Lincoln Tunnel approach was designated as [[Interstate 495 (New Jersey)|I-495]]. The Route 3 expressway has seen many improvements over the years, such as widening and interchange reconstructions. It underwent a major reconstruction, completed in 2016, to modern highway standards with bridge replacements, including a new [[Passaic River]] bridge between [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]] and [[New Jersey Route 17|Route 17]] in [[Rutherford, New Jersey|Rutherford]].

==Route description==

[[File:2021-07-31 14 30 26 View west along New Jersey State Route 3 from the overpass for northbound New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) in Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|left|Route 3 westbound at the Garden State Parkway interchange in Clifton]]
Route 3 heads to the southeast, from an interchange with [[U.S. Route 46|US 46]] and County Route 621 (CR 621, Valley Road) as a six-lane [[limited-access road|expressway]] with a [[Jersey barrier]]. It is not up to [[controlled-access highway|freeway]] standards, as it contains a few businesses with [[right-in/right-out]] access.<ref name=gm>{{google maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-46+%26+RT-3,+Clifton,+Passaic,+New+Jersey+07013&daddr=route+3+and+route+1+north+bergen+nj&hl=en&geocode=&mra=pe&mrcr=0&sll=40.822024,-74.115775&sspn=0.115614,0.219727&ie=UTF8&ll=40.822643,-74.116173&spn=0.115613,0.219727&t=h&z=12 |title=overview of New Jersey Route 3 |access-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref> The route interchanges with CR 623 (Grove Street) and [[County Route 509 (New Jersey)|CR 509]] (Broad Street), then the [[Garden State Parkway]], where it passes south of the Allwood Road Park & Ride, a [[park and ride]] lot serving [[NJ Transit]] buses. All interchange movements are present between Route 3 and the Garden State Parkway, except from the southbound Garden State Parkway to westbound Route 3 and from eastbound Route 3 to the northbound Garden State Parkway.<ref name=SLD/>

Past the Garden State Parkway, Route 3 interchanges with CR 622 (Bloomfield Avenue), before it passes over [[Norfolk Southern]]'s Newark Industrial Track line and intersects CR 603 (Passaic Avenue), which heads south into [[Nutley, New Jersey|Nutley]] to become [[New Jersey Route 7|Route 7]]. The next interchange is for CR 601 (Main Avenue). Past that interchange, Route 3 passes over NJ Transit's [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main Line]] and comes to an interchange with the [[New Jersey Route 21|Route 21]] freeway before passing over the route and becoming a six-lane [[controlled-access highway|freeway]].<ref name=SLD/>

[[File:2018-07-20 18 01 48 View east along New Jersey State Route 3 (Secaucus Bypass) just east of New Jersey State Route 17 in Rutherford, Bergen County, New Jersey.jpg|right|thumb|Route 3 eastbound past Route 17 in Rutherford]]
Route 3 crosses the [[Passaic River]] on a [[Bridge#Fixed or movable bridges|fixed bridge]], which replaced a double-leaf trunnion [[bascule bridge]] in 2013, into [[Rutherford, New Jersey|Rutherford]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]].<ref name=SLD/><ref name=gm/><ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Greenberg |title=Route 3 project will be completed spring 2014 |url= http://www.northjersey.com/news/191346441_Route_3_project_will_be_completed_spring_2014.html?page=all|publisher=nj.com |newspaper=Clifton Journal |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref> Just after crossing the river, the route interchanges with [[County Route 507 (New Jersey)|CR 507]] (Riverside Avenue). The freeway continues through a residential area and comes to an exit that provides access to southbound [[New Jersey Route 17|Route 17]]. Past this interchange, Route 3 is closely paralleled by Route 17 to the south until Route 3 interchanges again with Route 17, which continues to the north of Route 3.<ref name=SLD/>

The route widens to eight lanes and enters the [[New Jersey Meadowlands]], crossing into [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]] and then passing over NJ Transit's [[Bergen County Line]] and [[Berrys Creek]]. Route 3 passes to the south of the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]], which contains [[MetLife Stadium]] (the home stadium of the [[New York Giants]] and [[New York Jets]] of the [[National Football League]]), and the [[Meadowlands Racetrack]].<ref name=SLD/><ref name=gm/> The route narrows back to six lanes and comes to a ramp which provides access to the Western Spur of the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 95 in New Jersey|I-95]]). Route 3 interchanges with [[New Jersey Route 120|Route 120]] and the [[carriageway]]s separate. The route passes under the Western Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike and becomes eight lanes again.<ref name=SLD/>

[[File:2018-07-07 15 54 56 View east along New Jersey State Route 3 (Secaucus Bypass) at the exit for North Bergen, Kennedy Boulevard, and Interstate 95-New Jersey Turnpike NORTH in Secaucus, Hudson County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|left|Route 3 eastbound at exit for the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) in Secaucus]]
The [[Route 3 Bridge (Hackensack River)|Route 3 Bridge]] crosses the [[Hackensack River]] into [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]], [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]]. It interchanges with the Meadowlands Parkway and continues southeast into a residential area with the carriageways joining back together.<ref name=SLD/><ref name=gm/> At the interchange with CR 681 ([[Paterson Plank Road]]), Route 3 widens into a [[Local-express lanes|local-express lane]] configuration with three express lanes and three local lanes each in the eastbound direction and two express lanes and three local lanes in the westbound direction. The route passes by the [[Mill Creek Mall]] and crosses under the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95).<ref name=SLD/><ref name=gm/> Route 3 comes to an eastbound exit and entrance with Harmon Meadow Boulevard and features a [[cloverleaf interchange]] with Paterson Plank Road. The route crosses the Penhorn Creek into [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]]. In North Bergen, the route comes to a truck-restricted eastbound ramp for eastbound [[New Jersey Route 495|Route 495]]. Route 3 then interchanges with Route 495, which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike and the [[Lincoln Tunnel]]. Past this interchange, the local-express lane configuration ends and Route 3 heads southeast as a four-lane highway. The route meets a westbound exit and entrance for the North Bergen Park & Ride serving NJ Transit buses and passes over [[New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway]]'s New Jersey Subdivision line and [[Conrail Shared Assets Operations]]' [[Northern Branch]] line before it comes to its terminus at a traffic light with [[U.S. Route 1/9|US 1/9]] south, with no direct access from Route 3 east to US 1/9 north.<ref name=SLD/>

==History==
[[Image:New York, New York 1955 Yellow Book.jpg|thumb|left|250px|1955 [[Yellow Book (Interstate system)|Yellow Book]] map of New York City, showing a planned [[Interstate Highway]] along the Route 3 corridor.]]Route 3 roughly follows the course of the Paterson and New York Plank Road (more commonly known as the [[Paterson Plank Road]]) legislated in 1851 to run from Paterson to a ferry at Hoboken. The portion of this road running east from Passaic was legislated as an unnumbered state route in 1926. In the [[1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering]], Route 3 was legislated to run from the [[New York (state)|New York]] border on the west shore of [[Greenwood Lake]] to [[New Jersey Route 1|Route 1]] (now [[U.S. Route 1/9|US 1/9]]) in [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]].<ref name=nj1927>State of New Jersey, Laws of 1927, Chapter 319.</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite map|url=http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif|title=1927 New Jersey Road Map|publisher=State of New Jersey|access-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031111034/http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif|archive-date=October 31, 2007}}</ref> In 1929, the route west of Paterson was designated to become part of [[New Jersey Route S4B|Route S4B]], a spur of [[New Jersey Route 4|Route 4]], and Route 3 was modified to end at Route S4B north of Paterson. Route S4B was never built west of Paterson while the portion that was built became [[New Jersey Route 208|Route 208]] in 1953.<ref name=nj1929>State of New Jersey, Laws of 1929, Chapter 126.</ref><ref name="nj1953">{{Cite journal|title=1953 renumbering|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering|publisher=New Jersey Department of Highways|access-date=July 31, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183145/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1953_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering|archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref>

Following the 1929 amendments, Route 3 ran from [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] along today's [[New Jersey Route 20|Route 20]], through [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]], [[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]], [[Wallington, New Jersey|Wallington]], [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]], and East Rutherford along local streets, and finally down [[Paterson Plank Road]] (part of which is today's [[New Jersey Route 120|Route 120]]) to Secaucus.<ref name=ruhc>{{cite map|publisher=[[Rutgers University]] Cartography Services|title=Map of Passaic County N.J.|year=1936|url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/PASSAIC_COUNTY/PassaicCo1936.gif|access-date=March 28, 2009}}</ref><ref name=ruhc2>{{cite map|publisher=[[Rutgers University]] Cartography Services|title=Map of Bergen County New Jersey|year=1949|url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/BERGEN_COUNTY/BergenCounty_1949.gif|access-date=March 30, 2009}}</ref> Before 1938, a bypass around the original Paterson Plank Road bridge over the Hackensack River was built, parts of which were later incorporated into today's [[New Jersey Route 120|Route 120]]. As of this point, plans were in place to bypass the Plank Road to the north, going north of Wood Ridge and Wallington and replacing River Road up to Route 6, where it would rejoin the old alignment.<ref>{{Cite map|title=Map of Bergen County, N.J.|date=January 1938|url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/BERGEN_COUNTY/BergenCounty_1938.gif|author=McClave, Roscoe Parke}}</ref> In 1939, Route 3 was extended east along present-day [[New Jersey Route 495|Route 495]] to the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] into [[Manhattan]].<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/30/archives/approach-to-open-for-lincoln-tube-new-jerseys-latest-highway-which.html|title=Approach to Open for Lincoln Tube: New Jersey's Latest Highway Which Will be Opened Today|page=6|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 30, 1939|access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
{{infobox road small
|state=NJ
|type=NJ 1926
|county=
|route=S3
|location= [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]]–[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
|length_mi=
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|formed=1929<ref name=nj1929 />
|deleted=1953<ref name="nj1953" />
}}
The section of what is now Route 3 from [[U.S. Route 46|US 46]] in Clifton to Route 120 in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]] was planned to be built as a [[controlled-access highway|freeway]] in the mid-1930s designated as Route S3, a spur of Route 3. Construction started in 1940, but it was interrupted by [[World War II]].<ref name=nyt2/> It would resume, with the first section of freeway opening between [[New Jersey Route 17|Route 17]] to Route 3 (now Route 120) in 1942. The freeway was completed by 1949, including a bypass of Secaucus that was designated as a bypass of Route 3. The freeway had cost a total of $10 million to build and cut commuting times between Northern New Jersey and Manhattan.<ref name=nyt73149>{{cite news|title=Secaucus Road To Open: Jersey's New By-Pass Will Cut Commuting Time of Thousands |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/07/31/archives/secaucus-road-to-open-jerseys-new-bypass-will-cut-commuting-time-of.html |page=17 |work=The New York Times|date=July 31, 1949|access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Before the freeway was completed, Route S3 was designated to follow Allwood Road between Hepburn Road and Bloomfield Avenue in Clifton; the road was later returned to Passaic County and is currently CR 602.<ref name=nyt2>{{cite news |first=George M. |last=Mathieu |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/10/archives/to-aid-users-of-tunnel-road-work-in-new-jersey-also-will-cut-time.html |title=To Aid Users of Tunnel: Road Work in New Jersey Also Will Cut Time to the Bridge|work=The New York Times |page=XX5 |date=August 10, 1941|access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In 1942, a spur of Route S3 in Clifton was commissioned; this became [[New Jersey Route S3 Spur|Route S3 Spur]] in 1948 and [[New Jersey Route 161|Route 161]] in 1953.<ref name=nj1953/><ref name=nj1942>State of New Jersey, Laws of 1942, Chapter 77.</ref><ref name=nj1948>State of New Jersey, Laws of 1948, Chapter 221.</ref>

In the [[1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering]], Route 3 was realigned to follow the entire length of the Route S3 freeway. In addition, Route 3 in Secaucus was shifted off the Paterson Plank Road to the newly built Secaucus Bypass. The original alignment of Route 3 through Secaucus (partly now known as Flanagan Way) became '''Route 153'''; the entire route was eliminated by the late 1980s.<ref name=Hud1965>{{cite map|publisher=[[Rutgers University]] Cartography Services|title=Hudson County Road Map – Sheet 2|year=1965|url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/HUDSON_COUNTY/HudsonCountyHighway_2_1965.gif|access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref><ref name="statefarm">{{cite map|publisher=[[State Farm Insurance]]|title= State Farm Road Atlas |year=1983|cartography=[[Rand McNally]]}}</ref> The remaining sections under state maintenance were designated as [[New Jersey Route 20|Route 20]], still under the assumption that they would be joined in the future. In the mid-1950s, Route 3 was planned as one of the original routes of the [[Interstate Highway System]]; however, the [[New Jersey State Highway Department]] had deemed it too expensive to bring it up to [[Interstate Highway standards]] and [[Interstate 280 (New Jersey)|I-280]] was favored instead.<ref name=njshd>{{cite book|title= FAI 105 Interstate Highway Corridor: Recommendation Report|publisher=[[New Jersey State Highway Department]] |year=1957}}</ref> In 1959, the Lincoln Tunnel approach was designated as [[Interstate 495 (New Jersey)|Interstate 495]] and Route 3 was truncated back to US 1/9 in [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]].<ref name=nyt91958>{{cite news|last=Wright|first=George Cable|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/19/archives/new-roads-with-new-numbers-will-parallel-old-us-routes.html|title=New Roads with New Numbers Will Parallel Old U.S. Routes|page=29|work=The New York Times|date=September 19, 1958|access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="sld 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000495__-.pdf|title=Route 495 Straight Line Diagram|work=Internet Archives WayBack Machine|publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation|year=2006|access-date=May 11, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060321122259/http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000495__-.pdf |archive-date = March 21, 2006}}</ref>

[[File:2020-07-24 17 45 20 View north along U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 9 (Tonnelle Avenue) at the exit for New Jersey Route 3 WEST (TO New Jersey Turnpike-New Jersey Route 495 EAST, Clifton, Lincoln Tunnel) in North Bergen Township, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|right|East end of Route 3 at US 1/9 in North Bergen]]
Many improvements have been made to the Route 3 freeway. In the 1970s, the interchanges with [[New Jersey Route 17|Route 17]], the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] western spur, and Route 120 were improved with the construction of the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] in the area. The bridge over the [[Berrys Creek]], originally built in 1948, was reconstructed in the mid-1990s and Route 3 was widened to eight lanes in the area near the bridge.<ref name=njdotpassaic>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/roads/rt3/updates.shtm|title=Route 3 Passaic River Crossing Project – Construction Updates|publisher=[[New Jersey Department of Transportation]]|access-date=April 2, 2012}}</ref> In 2003, the interchange with Route 495 and the intersection with US 1/9 was improved at a cost of $16 million.<ref name="njdot2001">{{cite book|title=Route 3: Passaic River Crossing|publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation|year=2001}}</ref>

Plans were made to improve Route 3 near the Meadowlands Sports Complex with the construction of the [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]] shopping and entertainment complex. An overpass between eastbound Route 3 and northbound [[New Jersey Route 120|Route 120]] was completed in May 2009 at a cost of $38.1 million, a flyover from southbound Route 120 to eastbound Route 3 was completed in early 2010 at a cost of $13 million, and improvements to the New Jersey Turnpike interchange was completed in the later part of 2010 at a cost of $49 million.<ref name=bcr>{{cite news|last=Brennan |first=John |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-164143908.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013134959/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-164143908.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |title=Newstracker: Road, rail improvements on track for Xanadu project |work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]] |publisher=Highbeam Research |date=May 1, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name=bcr2>{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=John |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-164143908.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013134959/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-164143908.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |title=Finally on Track: Sports complex rail, roads racing to the finish line |work=The Record |publisher=vLex |date=November 17, 2008 |access-date=October 11, 2013}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

Route 3 underwent a major reconstruction to modern highway standards with noise walls installed and bridge replacements, including the new [[Passaic River]] bridge that is now functional, between Main Avenue in Clifton and Route 17 in [[Rutherford, New Jersey|Rutherford]]. All work was completed by 2016.<ref name=njdot5>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/studies/rt3/overview.shtm|title=Route 3 Passaic River Crossing|publisher=[[New Jersey Department of Transportation]]| access-date=November 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223053247/http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/studies/rt3/overview.shtm |archive-date = December 23, 2007}}</ref> In a separate project, the roadway was resurfaced in 2013 from just west of the Route 17 north interchange to [[U.S. Route 1/9|US 1/9]] in [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Ron|title=Feds announce $8.6 million project to resurface four miles of Route 3 in Secaucus, North Bergen |work=The Jersey Journal|date=March 18, 2013|url=http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2013/03/feds_announce_86_million_proje.html|access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>

The NJDOT is rebuilding the interchange at US 46 and Valley Road in [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]]. This project will reconfigure ramps, bring bridges up to standard, and will provide for three-lane connections between Route 3 and US 46. It is projected to cost more than $250 million. Construction on the first contract began in December 2015 with completion by October 2019. Construction on the second contract began in February 2020.<ref name=njdot>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/studies/rt46/|title=Route 46/Route 3/Valley Road and Notch Road Interchanges|publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation|access-date=November 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/transportation/commuter/roads/rt46/faq.shtm|title=Route 46/Route 3/Valley Road and Notch Road Interchanges - Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> In January 2022, the officials announced funding of a project to replace the 1934 eastbound bridge over the Hackensack River. The new bridge structure will be able to support adding [[light rail]] over the bridge in the future. The plan is to have a new light rail line from [[Secaucus Junction]] to [[MetLife Stadium]] and [[American Dream Meadowlands]], but funding for the light rail is not immediately available.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maher |first1=Jake |title=Pols announce $143 million Route 3 bridge over Hackensack River and talk of light rail, too |url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2022/01/pols-announce-143-million-route-3-bridge-over-hackensack-river-and-talk-of-light-rail-too.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Jersey Journal |issue=25 January 2022}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:2021-07-31 16 24 18 View east along the westbound lanes of New Jersey State Route 3 from the overpass for Interstate 95W (New Jersey Turnpike Western Spur) in East Rutherford, Bergen County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|right|View east along Route 3 westbound as it crosses the Hackensack River in the Meadowlands, with the New York City skyline visible in the distance]]
Route 3 was the inspiration for a story in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 2004 by [[Ian Frazier]], for its iconic views of the [[Manhattan]] skyline.<ref name=tny>{{cite magazine |last=Frazier|first=Ian|access-date=October 11, 2013|title=Route 3: What I saw on the road through New Jersey|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 16, 2004|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/02/16/040216fa_fact3}}</ref> In this story, Frazier describes a bus journey along the route, mentioning scenes along the road such as traffic congestion, the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]], and the Tick Tock Diner off Route 3 in [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]]. He also described a walking journey he once took into [[New York City]] along Route 3, encountering heavy, noisy traffic speeding by and [[road debris|debris along the side of the road]].<ref name=tny/>

In a [[Saturday Night Live]] [[Saturday_Night_Live_(season_27)#Episodes|sketch]] featuring [[Horatio Sanz]] and [[Derek Jeter]], the fictional business "Derek Jeter's Taco Hole" is on Route 3 in [[Nutley, New Jersey]] between [[Kinko's]] and "El Duque's Shoe Repair".<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0694824/?ref_=ttep_ep7</ref><ref>https://www.peacocktv.com/watch-online/tv/saturday-night-live/8885992813767211112/seasons/27/episodes/derek-jeter-december-1-2001-episode-7/c189bb6f-d223-36d6-962a-6b4adc5b8454</ref> (Route 3 does not actually pass through Nutley.)

==Exit list==
{{jcttop|state=NJ|unnum=yes|length_ref=<ref name=SLD/>}}
{{NJint
|county=Passaic
|cspan=10
|location=Clifton
|lspan=10
|mile=0.00
|mspan=2
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|US|46|dir1=west|to2=yes|I|80|dir2=west|NJ|23}}
|notes=Western terminus of Route 3
}}
{{NJint
|mile=none
|type=incomplete
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|621|county1=Passaic|noshield1=yes|name1=Valley Road|city1=Montclair|city2=Paterson}}
|notes=Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
}}
{{NJint
|mile=0.51
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|623|county1=Passaic|noshield1=yes|name1=Grove Street|city1=Montclair|city2=Paterson}}
}}
{{NJint
|mile=1.26
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|509|noshield1=yes|name1=Broad Street|city1=Bloomfield|city2=Paterson}}
}}
{{NJint
|mile=1.44
|mile2=1.53
|type=toll
|road={{jct|state=NJ|GSP2}}
|notes=Exit 153 on G.S. Parkway; no eastbound access to GSP north
}}
{{NJint
|mile=2.64
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|622|county1=Passaic|noshield1=yes|name1=Bloomfield Avenue|city1=Bloomfield|city2=Passaic}}
}}
{{NJint
|mile=3.41
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|7|name1=Passaic Avenue / [[County Route 603 (Passaic County, New Jersey)|CR 603]]|city1=Nutley|city2=Passaic}}
}}
{{NJint
|mile=3.82
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|601|county1=Passaic|noshield1=yes|name1=Main Avenue|city1=Nutley|city2=Passaic}}
|notes=}}
{{NJint
|mile=4.70
|mspan=2
|place=Western end of freeway section
}}
{{NJint
|mile=none
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|21|city1=Newark|city2=Passaic}}
|notes=Exit 9 on Route 21
}}
{{NJint
|county=Bergen
|cspan=6
|location=Rutherford
|lspan=3
|mile=5.01
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|to1=to|CR|507|city1=Rutherford|city2=Lyndhurst}}
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
}}
{{NJint
|mile=5.67
|type=incomplete
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|NJ|17|dir1=south|name1=Ridge Road|noshield1=yes|CR|30|county2=Bergen|name2=Park Avenue|noshield2=yes|to3=to|CR|507|name3=Riverside Avenue|city1=Rutherford|city2=Lyndhurst}}
|notes=No eastbound exit
}}
{{NJint
|mile=6.36
|mile2=6.39
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|17|city1=Lyndhurst|city2=Rutherford|road|Service Road}}
}}
{{NJint
|location=East Rutherford
|lspan=3
|mile=7.21
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|to1=to|NJ|120|dir1=north|city1=East Rutherford|location2=[[Meadowlands Sports Complex|Sports Complex]]|location3=[[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]]}}
|notes=No westbound exit
}}
{{NJint
|mile=7.27
|type=toll
|road={{jct|state=NJ|I-Toll|95|NJTP2|location1=[[George Washington Bridge]]|city2=Newark}}
|notes=Exit 16W of the Western Spur
}}
{{NJint
|mile=7.58
|mile2=7.96
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|120|dir1=north|city1=East Rutherford|location2=[[Meadowlands Sports Complex|Sports Complex]]|location3=[[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]]}}
|notes=No eastbound exit
}}
{{jctbridge
|river=[[Hackensack River]]
|mile=
|bridge=Bridge
}}
{{NJint
|county=Hudson
|cspan=9
|location=Secaucus
|lspan=4
|mile=8.60
|road=Meadowlands Parkway
}}
{{NJint
|mile=9.12
|type=incomplete
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|I-Toll|95|dir1=south|NJTP2||dir2=south|road|[[Paterson Plank Road]]|city1=Secaucus}}
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
}}
{{NJint
|mile=9.89
|type=incomplete
|road=Harmon Meadow Boulevard
|notes=Westbound exit is via Route 495
}}
{{NJint
|mile=10.04
|type=incomplete
|road={{jctname|state=NJ|CR|681|county1=Hudson|noshield1=yes|name1=[[Paterson Plank Road]]|city1=North Bergen|city2=Secaucus}}
|notes=Westbound exit is via Route 495
}}
{{NJint
|location=North Bergen
|lspan=5
|mile=10.33
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|495|dir1=east|city1=Lincoln Tunnel}}
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
}}
{{NJint
|mile=10.46
|type=toll
|road={{jct|state=NJ|I-Toll|95|NJTP2}}
|notes=No westbound entrance; exits 16E-17 of the Eastern Spur
}}
{{NJint
|mile=10.50
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|495|dir1=east|city1=Lincoln Tunnel|location2=[[New York City]]|road|Kennedy Boulevard ([[County Route 501 (New Jersey)|CR 501]])|toroad=yes}}
|notes=Eastbound exit only
}}
{{NJint
|mile=10.70
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|NJ|495|dir1=east|city1=Lincoln Tunnel|location1=[[Park & Ride|Park and Ride]]}}
|notes=Westbound exit and entrance
}}
{{NJint
|mile=10.84
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=NJ|US|1-9|city1=Jersey City}}
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; eastern terminus of Route 3; no eastbound access to US 1-9 north
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,toll}}

==See also==
*{{Portal-inline|U.S. Roads}}
*{{Portal-inline|New Jersey}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|New Jersey Route 3}}
{{AttachedKML|display=title,inline}}
*[http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/enlarged_view_03.pdf An enlarged view of road jurisdiction at the confluence of NJ 3 and NJ 46 in Clifton]
*[http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/enlarged_view_04.pdf An enlarged view of road jurisdiction at the confluence of NJ 3 and NJ 17 in Rutherford]
*[http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/enlarged_view_05.pdf An enlarged view of road jurisdiction at the confluence of NJ 3, NJ 120 and I 95 in East Rutherford]
*[http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/enlarged_view_47.pdf An enlarged view of road jurisdiction at the confluence of NJ 3, NJ 495, I 95 / NJ Turnpike, US 1 in Secaucus and North Bergen]
*[http://www.alpsroads.net/roads/nj/nj_3/ New Jersey Roads: Route 3]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070408135352/http://bergenscanner.com/rt3.shtml Police Scanner Frequencies for Route 3]
*[http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/traffic_orders/speed/rt3.shtm Speed Limits for State Roads]

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jersey Route 003}}
[[Category:Transportation in Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Passaic County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:State highways in New Jersey|003]]
[[Category:Limited-access roads in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States]]

Meadowlands Rail Line

2024-02-08T22:40:56Z

Lensovet: /* History */

{{short description|Rail line in New Jersey}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Meadowlands Rail Line
| color = {{rcr|NJ Transit|Meadowlands}}
| image = New Meadowlands stadium exterior.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Station (foreground) at [[MetLife Stadium]]
| type = [[Commuter rail|Event shuttle]]
| system = [[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations]]
| locale = [[Gateway Region|North Jersey]]
| start = [[Hoboken Terminal]]
| end = [[Meadowlands station|Meadowlands]]
| stations = 3
| open = {{Start date and age|2009|07|20}}
| owner = [[NJ Transit]]
| linelength_mi = 9.9
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| speed =
| map = {{Meadowlands Rail map}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Meadowlands Rail Line''', branded as the '''BetMGM Meadowlands Rail Line''' as part of a [[naming rights]] agreement, is a rail line in [[New Jersey]], [[United States]], operated by [[NJ Transit Rail Operations]] (NJT). Trains run between the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] and [[Secaucus Junction]], some with continuing service to [[Hoboken Terminal]]. There is limited service on the line, with trains only operating in conjunction with major events.<ref name="record-2010-11-09">{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=John |title=Train ridership for football up 50%, but Meadowlands rail use still sparse |newspaper=The Record |location=Bergen County |date=November 9, 2010 |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/106940368_Train_ridership_for_football_up_50_.html |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195343/http://www.northjersey.com/news/106940368_Train_ridership_for_football_up_50_.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011}}</ref>

The rail line was built at a cost of $185 million. Upon opening on July 20, 2009, it became the newest NJ Transit rail route. It is represented on NJT maps with the color gold, and uses the BetMGM logo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=NJTransit Rail System Map |url=https://content.njtransit.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/maps/NJTRailSystemMap-Aug2022.pdf}}</ref>

[[Meadowlands station]] was built as a part of the rail network expansion and is next to [[MetLife Stadium]], equidistant from [[Meadowlands Racetrack]], [[Meadowlands Arena]] and [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=Project077To |title=Meadowlands Rail Station |publisher=[[New Jersey Transit]] |date=January 2008 |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref>

==Service==
NJ Transit runs trains along the line for events where 50,000 or more attendees are expected, including [[New York Jets]] and [[New York Giants]] games. Trains begin running 3{{fraction|1|2}} hours before an event and stop up to two hours after its conclusion. Travel time between [[Meadowlands station|Meadowlands Station]] and [[Secaucus Junction]] is 10 to 13 minutes; a trip to or from [[Hoboken Terminal]] takes about 23 minutes.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Take the New Meadowlands Rail Line to the Gold Cup |url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PressReleaseTo&PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2535 |publisher=New Jersey Transit |date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=March 21, 2010}}</ref> The agency considers full capacity to be 10,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meadowlands rails prove all the rage |url=http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1 |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |date=September 25, 2009 |access-date=October 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605165454/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1 |archive-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref>

In anticipation of increased ridership for [[Super Bowl XLVIII]] in February 2014 NJT extended platforms at Secaucus Junction by {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}} to accommodate [[Bilevel rail car|multi-level]] 10-car [[train set]]s which can handle about 1,400 to 1,800 passengers per trip, moving about 14,000 or 15,000 people an hour.<ref>{{cite news | last = Frassinelli | first = Mike | title = To make it Super, Meadowlands train needs longer platform, says NJ Transit | newspaper = The Star-Ledger | date = March 10, 2013 | url = http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/03/before_it_can_be_super_meadowl.html#incart_river_default | access-date = March 10, 2013 }}</ref> Secaucus Junction is a major [[interchange station]] for NJ Transit where all but one of its commuter lines stop. Connections are available to the [[Northeast Corridor Line]] and the [[North Jersey Coast Line]] to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York)|New York Penn Station]] and [[Newark Penn Station]] and points south; the [[Morris and Essex Lines]] [[Midtown Direct]] and limited service on the [[Raritan Valley Line]] to New York Penn Station and points west; the [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main Line]], the [[Bergen County Line]], and the [[Pascack Valley Line]] to points north. At its eastern terminus [[Hoboken Terminal]] connections to [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] trains, [[Hudson Bergen Light Rail]], [[New York Waterway]] ferries and [[Hudson Place (Hoboken)|local buses]] are available.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Take the New Meadowlands Rail Line to the Gold Cup |url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PressReleaseTo&PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2535 |publisher=New Jersey Transit |date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=October 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/LightRail/sf_lr_hblr_map.pdf |title=Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Map showing Meadowlands Rail Line|date=July 2009 |work=New Jersey Transit |access-date=January 8, 2010}}</ref>

The ''[[New Haven Line#Meadowlands game day service|Train to the Game]]'' was an excursion train operated jointly by [[Metro-North Railroad]] and NJ Transit, for Sunday football games starting at 1 pm. Trains running as part of this service originate at [[Union Station (New Haven, Connecticut)|New Haven]]. They travel through southwestern [[Connecticut]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], [[Hell Gate Bridge]], cross [[Manhattan]] via New York Penn (thus avoiding the normally required transfer from [[Grand Central Terminal]],) and continue through the [[North River Tunnels]] as regular NJT trains to Secaucus Junction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/mta/sports/meadowlands.html |title=Train to the Game |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref> When the service first began, three trains operated in each direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/mnr/html/SchedPDF_vWEB_Brochure.pdf |title=Take The Train to the Game |access-date=December 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202050952/http://www.mta.info/mnr/html/SchedPDF_vWEB_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2010 }}</ref> However, this was reduced to one train in each direction starting with the 2010 football season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/mnr/html/SchedPDF_vWEB_Brochure.pdf |title=Take The Train to the Game |access-date=December 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821014142/http://www.mta.info/mnr/html/SchedPDF_vWEB_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=August 21, 2010 }}</ref>

New Jersey Transit began introducing online ticketing service by offering round-trip tickets from [[New York Penn Station]] to [[MetLife Stadium]] during the [[2012 NFL season]].<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=NJ Transit |date=August 13, 2012 |title=NJ Transit Pilots Online Ticketing for Special Events at MetLife Stadium |url=http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PressReleaseTo&PRESS_RELEASE_ID=2785|access-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref>

Despite officials indicating the line would begin daily service when the [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]] complex opened, which occurred in 2019, the Meadowlands Rail Line does not currently operate daily, with NJ Transit delaying the expansion of service until "the rail system is resilient enough that doing so won’t adversely affect NJ Transit commuters".<ref>{{cite news |title=N.J. officials launch rail service to Meadowlands |website=NJ.com |agency=Associated Press |date=July 20, 2009 |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/nj_officials_launch_rail_servi.html |access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nj1015.com/nj-transit-bus-service-to-american-dream-mega-mall-at-meadowlands/|title=NJ Transit bus service to American Dream mega mall at Meadowlands|last1=Alexander|first1=Dan|website=New Jersey 101.5|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/traffic/2019/08/one-month-late-nj-transit-announces-how-it-will-move-the-masses-to-american-dream.html|title=One month late, NJ Transit announces how it will move the masses to American Dream|last=Higgs|first=Larry|date=2019-08-29|website=nj.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Meadowlands Station Platform.jpg|thumb|The rail line provides service to Secaucus Junction and Hoboken Terminal]]
The Meadowlands Sports Complex, which opened in 1976, was until 2009 accessible only via automobile or bus. The decision to build a rail line along the chosen route was a source of controversy. A portion of the line is a {{convert|2.3|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} [[spur line]] connected via a new [[Wye (rail)|wye connection]] to the existing network. The line as built is a spur off the Pascack Valley Line, which travels further than if it had branched directly off the Bergen County Line. The decision to spend $6.2 million to acquire a [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] that travels through a federal [[Superfund]] site was also contentious.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sports authority paid $6.2M for contaminated land for Meadowlands rail spur, report says |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |date=February 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/02/sports_authority_paid_62m_for.html |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref>

The opening ceremonies for the line took place on July 20, 2009. New Jersey Governor [[Jon Corzine]], New York Giants owner [[John Mara]], New York Jets owner [[Woody Johnson]], and players from the Giants and Jets rode a special train from Hoboken to the new station for a ribbon-cutting ceremony.<ref name="record2009-07-20">{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=John |title=Meadowlands rail service rolls out |newspaper=The Record |date=July 20, 2009 |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/mass_transit/Officials_to_launch_Meadowlands_rail_service.html |access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref> The station opened to the public on July 26, 2009, for the championship game of the [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup|CONCACAF Gold Cup]] tournament between the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] and [[Mexican national football team|Mexico]]. It is estimated that 6,000 arrived via the new rail line.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clunn |first=Nick |title=Thousands hop on board new Meadowlands rail service |newspaper=The Record |date=July 26, 2009 |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/Thousands_hop_on_board_new_Meadowlands_rail_service.html |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref>

Ridership to [[National Football League]] games increased by 50 percent in the rail line's second year of operation. In 2010, about 10,500 attendees at New York Jets games and 8,000 attendees at New York Giants games arrived by train.<ref name="record-2010-11-09"/>

In an operation dubbed the [[Mass Transit Super Bowl]] for [[Super Bowl XLVIII]] on February 2, 2014, record numbers of riders took the shuttle to Meadowlands before the game, and were faced with waits of up to 90 minutes, due to security delays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/02/03/transit-woes-mark-new-jersey-new-york-super-bowl/ |title=Transit woes mark New Jersey-New York Super Bowl |website=Fox News |date=February 3, 2014|access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> After the game ended, there were more delays as demand exceeded the Meadowlands station's regular operating capacity. At one point, fans were asked to remain inside the stadium until more trains were dispatched to load passengers from the station.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/03/sports/football/mass-transit-super-bowl-hits-some-rough-patches-in-moving-fans.html?_r=0|title='Mass-Transit Super Bowl' Hits Some Rough Patches in Moving Fans|last=Flegenheimer|first=Matt|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Amy S.|last=Rosenberg |date=February 3, 2014 |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/business/transportation/20140203_Mass_transit_meltdown_on_the_way_to_the_Super_Bowl.html |title=Mass transit meltdown on the way to the Super Bowl |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vilensky |first=Mike |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303442704579359043995105418 |title=Security, Crowds Delay Fans' Trip to Super Bowl |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 3, 2014 |publisher=Online.wsj.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Patti |last=Sapone |date=February 2, 2014 |url=http://www.nj.com/super-bowl/index.ssf/2014/02/super_bowl_train_passengers_furious_with_packed_rail_cars_delays.html |title=Angry Super Bowl train passengers curse NJ over delays, overcrowding |work=NJ.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McManus |first=Jane |url=http://espn.go.com/blog/new-york/super-bowl/post/_/id/1032/reports-epic-transit-delays-in-new-jersey |title=Reports: Epic transit delays in New Jersey |date=February 2, 2014 |website=ESPN.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rothman |first=Carly |date=February 2, 2014 |url=http://www.nj.com/super-bowl/index.ssf/2014/02/super_bowl_2014_nj_transit_riders_complain_of_heat_overcrowding.html |title=Super Bowl 2014: NJ Transit riders complain of heat, overcrowding |work=NJ.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Heyboer |first=Kelly |date=February 3, 2014 |url=http://www.nj.com/super-bowl/index.ssf/2014/02/super_bowl_more_train_problems_as_announcer_asks_fans_to_stay_in_metlife_stadium.html |title=Super Bowl: More train problems as announcer asks fans to stay in MetLife Stadium |work=NJ.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rothman |first=Carly |date=February 3, 2014 |url=http://www.nj.com/super-bowl/index.ssf/2014/02/super_bowl_2014_hows_your_ride_home.html |title=Super Bowl 2014: Transit woes plague ride home (photos/videos) |work=NJ.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Elise |date=January 31, 2014 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-news-bc-superbowl-transit31-20140131,0,7656275.story |title=Super Bowl's mass-transit vision at risk after commuter mayhem |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |agency=Bloomberg News |access-date=February 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221080207/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-news-bc-superbowl-transit31-20140131,0,7656275.story |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2, 2014 |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Super-Bowl-Transit-Train-Problems-Crowds-MetLife-243249801.html |title=Mass Transit Strains Under Super Bowl Crowds |website=NBC New York |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> In total 28,301 riders arrived at the stadium and 35,264 (nearly three times as many riders as NJ Transit predicted) left via train.<ref>{{cite news | last = Wang | first = Christopher | title = Study faults late changes for monster Super Bowl snarl, goes easy on NJ Transit | newspaper = The Record | date = August 8, 2014 | url = http://www.northjersey.com/news/study-faults-late-changes-for-monster-super-bowl-snarl-goes-easy-on-nj-transit-1.1064773#sthash.P3Yb6Svi.dpuf | access-date = August 15, 2014}}</ref>

[[WrestleMania 35]] in April 2019 was attended by 82,265 people, many of whom took the train. Due to scheduling delays, passengers had long waits before first trains departed after the event, leading to claims of incompetence against NJ Transit,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/04/wwe-says-wrestlemania-schedule-isnt-why-fans-had-to-wait-in-the-rain-for-nj-transit-trains.html|title=WWE says Wrestlemania schedule isn't why fans had to wait in the rain for NJ Transit trains|first=Larry|last=Higgs|date=April 8, 2019|website=nj.com}}</ref> which had not adhered to its own schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njtransit.com/sa/sa_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=ServiceAdjustmentTo&AdjustmentId=19397|title=New Jersey Transit|website=www.njtransit.com}}</ref> NJ Transit officials claimed the 12:30 a.m. event ending caused the problem since some train engineers had reached the end of the federal limit on work hours.<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgs |first=Larry |date=April 8, 2019 |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/04/nj-transit-blames-wwe-after-thousands-of-wrestlemania-fans-stranded-in-the-rain.html |title=NJ Transit blames WWE after thousands of WrestleMania fans stranded in the rain |work=NJ.com |access-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref>

In anticipation of overflow crowds attending [[BTS (band)|BTS]] performances in May 2019, NJ Transit advised departing concert-goers to find alternative transportation and planned additional bus service, saying that the line's capacity of 8,000 person per hour would be exceeded.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Higgs|first=Larry|url=https://www.nj.com/traffic/2019/05/dont-even-bother-taking-nj-transit-stadium-warns-bts-fans-just-drive.html|title=Don't even bother taking NJ Transit, stadium warns BTS fans. Just drive|date=May 17, 2019|website=NJ.com}}</ref>

On September 14, 2022, NJ Transit entered into a naming rights agreement with [[BetMGM]], a sports betting company owned by [[MGM Resorts International]], to rename the line for $3 million over the next 3 years.<ref>{{cite press release |date=September 14, 2022 |title=NJ TRANSIT Partners With BetMGM On Naming Rights For Meadowlands Rail Line |url=https://www.njtransit.com/press-releases/nj-transit-partners-betmgm-naming-rights-meadowlands-rail-line |publisher=New Jersey Transit |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Higgs |first=Larry | url=https://www.nj.com/news/2022/09/betmgm-signs-3m-deal-to-sponsor-nj-transits-metlife-stadium-rail-line.html | title=BetMGM signs $3M deal to sponsor NJ Transit's MetLife Stadium rail line | date=September 14, 2022 |website=NJ.com}}</ref>

==Stations==
{|class="wikitable"
!Station<ref name="schedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=MeadowlandsTo|title=Meadowlands Sports Complex|year=2014|publisher=New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|access-date=November 26, 2014|location=New York, New York}}</ref>
![[Railway milepost|Miles (km)]]
!Date opened
!Connections / notes<ref name="schedule" />
|-
|[[Hoboken Terminal]] {{NJT acc}} (limited service)
|0.0 (0.0)
|1903
|[[NJ Transit Rail]]: [[Bergen County Line|Bergen County]], [[Gladstone Branch|Gladstone]], [[Main Line (NJ Transit)|Main]], [[Montclair-Boonton Line|Montclair-Boonton]], [[Morristown Line|Morristown]], [[North Jersey Coast Line|North Jersey Coast]], [[Pascack Valley Line|Pascack Valley]], [[Raritan Valley Line|Raritan Valley]] lines [[Metro-North Railroad]]: [[Port Jervis Line]] [[Hudson-Bergen Light Rail]]: Hoboken-8th Street, Hoboken-Tonnelle [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]]: [[HOB-WTC]], [[HOB-33]], [[JSQ-33 (via HOB)]] [[NJ Transit Bus]]: {{NJ bus link|22|22X|23|68|85|87|89|126|}} [[New York Waterway]]
|-
|[[Secaucus Junction]] {{NJT acc}}
|3.5 (5.6)
|2003
|NJ Transit Rail: Bergen County, Gladstone, Main, Montclair-Boonton, Morristown, North Jersey Coast, [[Northeast Corridor Line|Northeast Corridor]], Pascack Valley, Raritan Valley lines Metro-North Railroad: Port Jervis Line NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|2|78|129|329|353}}
|-
|[[Meadowlands station|Meadowlands Sports Complex]] {{NJT acc}}
|9.9 (15.9)
|2009
|NJ Transit Bus: {{NJ bus link|351|353|703|772}}
|}

==Alternative transit==
In 2021, [[NJ Transit]] authorized studies for alternative options between the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]] and [[Secaucus Junction]] including a bus "[[Bus rapid transit|transitway]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2021/08/amid-questions-nj-transit-takes-first-steps-to-new-transitway-to-american-dream-metlife-stadium.html|title=Amid questions, NJ Transit takes first steps to new Transitway to American Dream, MetLife stadium|first=Larry|last=Higgs|date=August 26, 2021|website= NJ Advance Media for nj.com |access-date = 2023-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/transportation/2021/08/25/nj-transit-board-approves-contract-metlife-stadium-shuttle-meadowlands/8198050002/|title=New Jersey Transit Board approves $3.5 million contract for new bus line to Meadowlands |last1=Wilson |first1=Colleen |last2=Katzban |first2=Nicolas |date=August 25, 2021 |website=North Jersey Media Group |access-date = 2023-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://njtplans.com/downloads/capital-project-sheets/Regional%20Transit%20-%20Project%20Sheets.pdf|title=PROJECT SHEET SECAUCUS TO MEADOWLANDS (BOONTON) TRANSITWAY |website =NJ Transit}}</ref> An initial version designed by [[HNTB]] and largely using existing infrastructure (mainly the [[New Jersey Turnpike]]) is planned to go into service for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Higgs |date=July 20, 2023 |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2023/07/nj-transit-racing-to-build-transitway-in-time-for-world-cup-2026.html |title=NJ Transit racing to build Transitway in time for World Cup 2026 |publisher=NJ Advance Media |website=NJ.com |access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Colleen |date=July 20, 2023 |url=https://eu.northjersey.com/story/news/transportation/2023/07/20/cost-estimates-unknown-as-njtransit-board-oks-35-million-metlife-transit-design-world-cup/70433573007/ |title=How to get fans to MetLife for World Cup? NJ Transit will spend $35M to design bus lane |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |website=NorthJersey.com |access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |date=July 19, 2023 |url=https://www.njtransit.com/press-releases/nj-transit-advances-secaucus-meadowlands-transitway-project-increase-capacity |title=NJ TRANSIT Advances Secaucus to Meadowlands Transitway Project to Increase Capacity to Meadowlands Complex |agency=NJ TRANSIT |access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>

In January 2022, the New Jersey Department of Transportation announced the replacement of the eastbound [[Route 3 Bridge (Hackensack River)|Route 3 Bridge]] over the [[Hackensack River]], which would incorporate provisions for a potential future expansion of the [[Hudson-Bergen Light Rail]], ostensibly from [[Secaucus Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/transportation/2022/01/25/route-3-bridge-nj-replaced-meadowlands-light-rail/9203472002/|title=Route 3 Bridge, one of the most dilapidated in NJ, will get $143M replacement|first=Colleen|last=Wilson|website=North Jersey Media Group| date=January 25, 2022 |accessdate = January 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2022/01/pols-announce-143-million-route-3-bridge-over-hackensack-river-and-talk-of-light-rail-too.html|title=Pols announce $143 million Route 3 bridge over Hackensack River and talk of light rail, too|first=Jake |last=Maher| newspaper=The Jersey Journal|date=January 25, 2022 |accessdate = January 27, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{New Jersey Transit Rail}}
{{Hudson County Transportation Network}}

[[Category:NJ Transit Rail Operations]]
[[Category:Transportation in Hudson County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation in Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:New Jersey Meadowlands District]]

Meadowlands Line

2024-02-08T22:31:16Z

Lensovet: ←Redirected page to Meadowlands Rail Line

#redirect[[Meadowlands Rail Line]]

Gutter (publishing)

2024-02-01T04:22:23Z

Lensovet: ←Redirected page to Bookbinding

#redirect[[Bookbinding]]

2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash

2024-02-01T01:42:33Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */

{{Short description|Plane crash in Belgorod Oblast, Russia}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = File:Russian Air Force, RA-78830, Ilyushin Il-76MD 2021.jpg
| caption = A Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76, similar to the one involved in the accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2024|01|24|df=y}}
| summary = Crash, under investigation
| site = Near [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]],<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> [[Korochansky District]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
| coordinates = {{Coord|50|53|37|N|37|20|29|E|type:event_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Ilyushin Il-76|Ilyushin Il-76M]]
| operator = [[Russian Air Force]]
| tail_number = RF-86868
| origin = [[Chkalovsky Air Base]], [[Moscow Oblast]], Russia
| destination = [[Belgorod International Airport]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
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| occupants = 74 (5 identified)
| passengers = 68
| crew = 6 (5 identified)
| fatalities = 74 (5 identified)
| survivors = 0
}}
{{Campaignbox 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
On 24 January 2024, at around 11:15 [[Time in Russia|MSK]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124135730/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> a [[Russian Air Force]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] military transport plane crashed near the Ukrainian border in Russia's [[Korochansky District|Korochansky]] district in [[Belgorod Oblast]], killing everyone on board. Russia stated that the plane was shot down by Ukraine while it was carrying 65 Ukrainian [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) captured during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], as well as six crew members and three guards, and that the prisoners of war were to be [[Prisoner exchange|exchanged in a swap]].<ref name="BBC_2024-01-24">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=No survivors on plane Russia says was carrying 65 Ukrainian PoWs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124104117/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian plane crashes while carrying Ukrainian POWs – RIA cites defence ministry |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian transport plane crashes near Ukraine with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows/127d530c-ba9d-11ee-b176-fe5fd794e716_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian Plane, Reportedly Carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs, Crashes In Belgorod Region |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]] |website=rferl.org |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101317/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> The [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]] did not directly take responsibility for shooting down the airplane, but stated that it was a [[legitimate military target]] and that it was carrying [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] anti-aircraft missiles for [[Bombing of Kharkiv (2022–present)|bombing Kharkiv Oblast]].<ref name=Moscow_Times>{{Cite web |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |author=Picheta |first=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100753/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> There has been no independent verification of the claims of either of the two countries.<ref name=Moscow_Times/><ref name=CNN/>

==Background==
{{main|Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
Ukraine's Coordination HQ on the Treatment of POWs estimates that more than 8,000 Ukrainian civilians and military personnel are being held prisoner by Russia since the start of its invasion in 2022, with tens of thousands still unaccounted for. Prior to the crash, on 3 January, Ukraine returned 248 POWs to Russia in exchange for 230 of its citizens in the largest such prisoner exchange of the conflict, following mediation by the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=bbc25/>

Belgorod Oblast, where the crash happened, has been the scene of spillovers and cross-border fighting with Ukraine,<ref name="ap1"/> with an [[30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling|airstrike]] in [[Belgorod]] city on 30 December 2023 killing 25 people and injuring more than 100 others.<ref name=bbc25/>

==Aircraft and crew==
The Ilyushin Il-76 is a multi-purpose aircraft, with a military version for carrying troops, equipment and ammunition. Russian officials said that 65 of the occupants were Ukrainian prisoners of war, and that six Russian crew members and three guards were also on board.<ref name="ru1" /><ref name="aj1">{{cite news |title=Russian officials accuse Ukraine of downing plane with 65 POWs aboard |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124095217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of Defence]] said the crash occurred "during a routine flight". The 65 Ukrainian soldiers were supposedly being transported to Belgorod Oblast for a prisoner exchange<ref name="cna1">{{cite news |title=Plane carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Belgorod region, Russia says |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Channel News Asia |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101351/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Kolotilovka]] border crossing<ref name="ap1"/> 100 kilometers west of Belgorod city. The Russian military said the flight originated from [[Chkalovsky Air Base]] near [[Moscow]].<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |title=Russian jet crashes carrying Ukrainian PoWs – Moscow |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100336/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Il-76 and the crew belonged to the {{ill|117th Military Transport Aviation Regiment|WD=Q19760771}} (military base No. 45097), the regiment’s tasks include servicing military vehicles transporting special cargo for material support of the Russian army. The regiment's aircraft are stationed at [[Orenburg (air base)|Orenburg airfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|title=Падение российского военного самолёта Ил-76: все, что известно|lang=ru|website=Крым.Реалии|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125075232/https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="Схемы": родственники подтвердили гибель трех членов экипажа Ил-76|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|website=Радио Свобода|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|lang=ru|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125164727/https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian news media reported a crew of six people,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Власти Оренбургской области опубликовали список погибших членов экипажа Ил-76, разбившегося под Белгородом |trans-title=The authorities of the Orenburg region published a list of dead crew members of the Il-76 that crashed near Belgorod |url=https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126015801/https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref> consisting of captain Stanislav Alekseevich Bezzubkin (35),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Durova |first=Daria |date=24 January 2024 |title=Стали известны личности членов экипажа сбитого под Белгородом Ил-76: родственники подтвердили гибель. Фото |trans-title=The identities of the crew members of the Il-76 shot down near Belgorod have become known: relatives have confirmed the death. Photo |url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171535/https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Obozrevatel |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dubenko |first1=Julia |last2=Salnikov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Shkatova |first3=Elena |date=25 January 2024 |title=«Это был лучший отряд в дивизии»: в Оренбуржье близкие и коллеги вспоминают погибших при крушении ИЛ-76 членов экипажа |trans-title="This was the best detachment in the division": in the Orenburg region, relatives and colleagues remember the crew members who died in the IL-76 crash |url=https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126045524/https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=orenburg.kp.ru |language=ru}}</ref> co-pilot Vladislav Vadimovich Chmirev (24),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 January 2024 |title=Один из летчиков сбитого Ил-76 с детства мечтал о небе |trans-title=One of the pilots of the downed Il-76 dreamed of the sky since childhood |url=https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052525/https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref> navigator Alexey Anatolyevich Vysokin (31), flight engineer Andrey Leonidovich Piluev (38),<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=При крушении Ил-76 в Белгородской области погиб уроженец Братского района |trans-title=A native of the Bratsk district died in the crash of an Il-76 in the Belgorod region |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152816/https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=www.irk.ru |language=ru}}</ref> technician Sergey Nikolaevich Zhitenev (34), and radio operator Igor Vyacheslavovich Sablinsky (54).

==Crash==
{{external media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBUbvjd36pw Video of the plane crash] (via ''[[BBC News Russian]]'', <maplink zoom= "15" lang="uk" text="shooting location">{"type":"FeatureCollection", "features":[{"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[37.359902, 50.852866]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"-letter-e", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"#1889e6"}}]}</maplink>, the video camera is pointing north-northwest)}}
The crash occurred in a field about {{cvt|5–6|km}} from [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]], Belgorod Oblast, according to the village's rector. According to [[Viktor Bondarev]], former Commander of the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]], an external impact was reported by the crew before the crash.<ref name="meduza">{{cite news |title=Military plane reportedly transporting over 60 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Russia's Belgorod region |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Meduza |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124093355/https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Moscow Times]]'', citing analysis of videos of the crash on social media, reported that the military plane was flying away from the border with Ukraine when it crashed.<ref name="moscow"/>

At 10:35 MSK the [[governor of Belgorod Oblast]], [[Vyacheslav Gladkov]], reported that the [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense system]] of the Belgorod Oblast shot down an aviation-type [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] with a [[Fixed-wing aircraft|fixed-wing]] over the village of {{ill|Blizhne|WD=Q21335104}}, {{cvt|75|km}} southwest of Yablonovo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126221501/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |url-status=live }}</ref> At 11:12 MSK, he announced that a "[[Civil defense siren|missile alert]]" had been activated in the region and urged residents to take shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133525/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ap1"/> At 11:43 MSK he reported that the signal had been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133526/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first media reports about the crash appeared at 11:48.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125074709/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Belgorod governor said air defenses were operating shortly before Il-76 plane crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180436/https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigations and claims of responsibility==
===According to Russia===
[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russia's foreign ministry]] accused Ukraine of downing the aircraft, calling it a "barbaric" act<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> and stating that the aircraft was shot down by one of three missiles – [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] or [[IRIS-T|IRIS]] – launched at it by Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carey |first1=Andrew |last2=Gigov |first2=Radina |last3=Chernova |first3=Anna |last4=Voitovych |first4=Olga |last5=Tanno |first5=Sophie |title=Russia says 74 killed on military plane that crashed near Ukrainian border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100800/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Foreign minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] called the incident a "criminal" act by Ukraine and called for an urgent session of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to demand an explanation from Ukraine;<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Seeks Emergency UN Security Council Session on Plane Crash |publisher=US News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043437/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref> a meeting was set for the afternoon of 25 January, [[Eastern Time Zone|New York time]],<ref name=unsc-202401>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |title=Programme of Work |publisher=United Nations Security Council |date=January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122143719/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |url-status=live }}</ref> during which Russian and Ukrainian representatives reiterated their countries' positions and blamed each other for the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |title=Ukraine and Russia trade accusations over fatal plane crash |publisher=France 24 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043339/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Russian Defence Ministry said that the aircraft was shot down by two missiles that were fired from the [[Lyptsi]] area, {{cvt|100|km}} across the border in [[Kharkiv Oblast]], citing its [[radar]] systems.<ref name=BBC2/><ref name="ap1">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of shooting down a military transport plane, killing 65 Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124155140/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> [[Andrei Kartapolov]], the chairman of the defence committee of the [[State Duma]] of Russia, said that a second plane on its way to transport 80 Ukrainian POWs turned back following the incident,<ref name="moscow"/> adding that "there can now be no talk of any other [prisoner] exchanges".<ref name=BBC2/> Kartapolov later said that Russia had warned Ukraine about the aircraft’s approach at least 15 minutes before the incident, which Ukrainian officials denied.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |title=Russia says Ukraine had 15-minute warning before Il-76 flight, Kyiv denies claim |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The chair of the State Duma, [[Vyacheslav Volodin]], said that the chamber would send a formal address to the [[US Congress]] and the German [[Bundestag]] over the incident to demand that they "recognize their responsibility".<ref name="moscow"/>

Presidential spokesperson [[Dmitry Peskov]] called the incident "a monstrous act" by the "[[Kyiv regime]]".<ref name=bbc25/> President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that it was "obvious" that Ukraine had downed the aircraft, and said that Kyiv had known beforehand of the arrangements for the transport of the prisoners aboard the plane.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Putin Says 'Obvious' Ukraine Behind Army Plane Crash |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126211956/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also pledged to publicize the results of the Russian investigation "so that people in Ukraine know what really happened."<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia's Putin blames Ukraine for crash of POW's plane and pledges to make investigation public |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126175007/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 January, the [[Investigative Committee of Russia]] opened a terrorism investigation into the incident<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/25/russia-opens-terrorism-probe-into-military-plane-crash-a83858 |title=Russia Opens 'Terrorism' Probe Into Military Plane Crash |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043537/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/all/83857 |url-status=live }}</ref> and released footage of the crash site, showing traces of blood and parts of human remains,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian intelligence does not rule out PoWs on downed Russian plane |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126012706/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> including a tattoo depicting a [[tryzub]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Ukraine Shot Down Military Transport Plane From Kharkiv Region Village |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171432/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |url-status=live }}</ref> It later released a blurry video purportedly showing prisoners being transported to the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Bodies of 77 Ukrainian soldiers repatriated to Kyiv |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126191912/https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 January, [[TASS]], citing a security agency source, reported that the aircraft was brought down by an "external impact" based on analysis of its black boxes.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2024 |title=‘External Impact’ Caused Russian Military Plane Crash – TASS |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/30/external-impact-caused-russian-military-plane-crash-tass-a83901 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

===According to Ukraine===
''[[Ukrainska Pravda]]'' had reported that sources in the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|Ukrainian general staff]] said the aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles, and that Ukraine had shot down the aircraft. It later amended the report to say this did not indicate Ukrainian involvement.<ref name=guardian-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: No survivors after military plane that Russia says was carrying Ukrainian PoWs crashes in Belgorod |last=Harding |first=Luke |author-link=Luke Harding |newspaper=The Guardian |quote=10:52 GMT Ukrainian news outlet Ukrainskaya Pravda has withdrawn its claim that Ukraine shot down the Russian Ilyushin plane, which crashed this morning in Belgorod. It quoted sources in Ukraine's general staff who said the military aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles. It has now added a correction saying that the sources did not "indicate" Ukrainian involvement |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124091511/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pravdaua-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |title=Il-76 aircraft crashes in Russia's Belgorod Oblast – photo, video |last=Pohorilov |first=Stanislav |work=Ukrainska Pravda |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124115605/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> The [[Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War]], which is the Ukrainian agency in charge of POWs, accused Russia of "actively carrying out special information operations against Ukraine, which are aimed at destabilising Ukrainian society".<ref name=BBC2/> The independent Russian media outlet ''[[iStories]]'', citing Ukrainian [[OSINT]] investigations, reported that the aircraft had flown over Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Red Sea and Iran before disappearing from radars and reappearing over Belgorod Oblast.<ref name="moscow"/>

According to a spokesperson for Ukraine's [[Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)|Main Directorate of Intelligence]] (HUR), a prisoner exchange between Russia and Ukraine was scheduled on the day of the crash, yet it did not happen.<ref>{{cite news |title=HUR Confirms Today's Planned Prisoner Exchange Called Off as Russia Claims 65 Ukrainian POWs on Board Crashed IL-76 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Kyiv Post |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124094321/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also said that on the day of the incident, its counterparts in Russia had not informed them of the need to ensure the safety of the area's airspace, contrary to previous practices, and had already transported the Russian POWs that were supposed to be exchanged to the designated venue. The agency said that the incident may have been a "deliberate" move by Russia to "create a threat to the life and safety of the prisoners."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |title=Ukraine says it was not informed about need to ensure safety of airspace before plane crash in Belgorod Oblast |last=Ostiller |first=Nate |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180536/https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 January, the HUR said that it had received intelligence that several senior Russian military and political officials were supposed to be on board the aircraft but were told by the [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) to take other forms of transportation instead. It also said that the FSB and the Russian military prevented emergency workers from inspecting the crash site, while at least five bodies were recovered and sent to a morgue in Belgorod, and no other human remains were found at the scene, citing video taken of the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |title=Military intelligence: Senior Russian officials were supposed to be on Il-76 flight but did not board |last=Court |first=Elsa |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043431/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The HUR also hypothesized that the aircraft might have been shot down by friendly fire while Russian air defenses tried to intercept a drone. Reacting to Russian assertion of POWs on board, it also said that Russia was possibly using Ukrainian POWs as [[human shield]]s to transport weapons and ammunition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |title=Military intelligence on Il-76 crash: Russia could use Ukrainian POWs as human shields |last=Khalilova |first=Dinara |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125175109/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his address that evening, President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] said that it was "obvious that the Russians are playing with the lives of Ukrainian prisoners, with the feelings of their relatives and with the emotions of our society", but did not confirm the presence of POWs aboard the aircraft, saying that it was still being clarified by the HUR. Zelenskyy also said that the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] was also investigating the crash, and ordered his foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] to inform international partners about the data available to Ukraine during the course of the investigation. He also insisted on an international investigation to determine what had happened.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |title=Zelensky on Il-76 crash: Ukraine to demand international investigation, fate of POWs unknown |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123244/https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, Ukrainian human rights ombudsman {{ill|Dmytro Lubinets|WD=Q19402646}} said that he would send letters to the United Nations and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] urging them to call for an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |title=Ukraine Calls for International Probe Into Downing of Russian Military Plane |website=US News & World Report |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043458/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |url-status=live }}</ref>

===According to other countries===
The [[BBC]] reported on the evening of 24 January, that after eight hours of no official information being given, two official statements were made by the Ukrainian General Staff and the HUR that "amount to acknowledgement that Ukraine may have shot the plane down".<ref name="bbc-20240124">{{cite news |last=Rainsford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Rainsford |date=24 January 2024 |title=Downed plane: Still unanswered questions amid Ukraine and Russia claims |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000943/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Western military analysts also told [[BBC News Russian]] that video taken of the crash indicated that the aircraft was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=What Do We Know About the Il-76 Crash in Belgorod? |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180640/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

[[France Info (radio network)|France Info]] reported that according to a French military source, the aircraft was hit by a US-made Patriot air defence battery operated by the Ukrainian army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Guerre en Ukraine : l'avion abattu a été touché par une frappe ukrainienne, selon une source militaire française |trans-title=War in Ukraine: the downed plane was hit by a Ukrainian strike, according to a French military source |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125122906/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[France Info (radio network)]]}}</ref>

==Identification of victims==
The first victims to be recovered were found around 1.5-2 kilometers from the crash site.<ref name="meduza" /> ''[[Russia Today]]'' chief editor [[Margarita Simonyan]] published a list of 65 names she said were those of Ukrainian POWs on board the flight.<ref name="moscow">{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |title=Russia Says Kyiv Shot Down Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180418/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon analyzing the list, Ukraine's public broadcaster [[Suspilne]] confirmed that the names on the list were Ukrainian POWs being held in Russia but said it could not verify whether they were on board the aircraft or part of any prisoner exchange.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Suspilne confirms identities of Ukrainian POWs on list published by Russian propaganda |url=https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180416/https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref>

On 25 January, Lubinets said that based on photographs and footage taken on the crash site, there was no indication of "any signs that there were such a large number of people on the plane."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: No evidence from crash site images that large number of passengers were on Il-76 plane |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041125/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also confirmed that some of the prisoners identified in Simonyan's list had already been released in prior POW exchanges.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: Some POWs from Russian list of Il-76 crash victims had already been exchanged |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041040/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a meeting between Ukrainian security officials and relatives of the POWs mentioned in Simonyan’s list, the HUR said that the latter had not been able to identify any prisoners from the footage of the crash site released by Russian sources.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian officials meet relatives of POWs who Russia claims were in crashed Il-76, say no evidence to confirm that |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukrainian officials said they had only received a list of POWs who were supposedly on board the plane from Russia on 26 January.<ref name="noevidence"/>

One of the names on Simonyan's list of POWs killed in the crash was Maxim Anatolievich Konovalenko, a prisoner known to have already been repatriated to Ukraine during an exchange on 3 January 2024.<ref name="ukrainskapravda">{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |title=Already-swapped soldier is on Russian propagandist's list of alleged captives involved in Il-76 crash |newspaper=Ukrainska Pravda |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124153811/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wartears">{{cite news |url=https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |title=Konovalenko Maxim Anatolievich (Konovalenko Maxim Anatoliyovich) |newspaper=WarTears |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005928/https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="novynarnia">{{cite news |url=https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |title=LIST of soldiers released from captivity on January 3, 2024 |newspaper=Novy Narnia |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103184544/https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The governor of Belgorod Oblast, Vyacheslav Gladkov, posted on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] that "an investigation team and emergency services" had been deployed to the crash site, adding that he had "travelled to the district."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nils |title=Russia says military plane carrying dozens crashed in Belgorod |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124102711/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said there were no survivors.<ref name="ru1">{{cite news |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of killing 65 of its own POWs by shooting down plane |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Reuters |date=24 January 2024}}</ref> A team of investigators was also deployed by the Russian Aerospace Forces.<ref>{{Cite news |work=TASS |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia's Il-76 plane with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board crashes in Belgorod Region |url=https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180533/https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aircraft's flight recorders were recovered from the crash site on 25 January,<ref>{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=25 January 2024 |title=Flight recorders reportedly found from plane that Russia says crashed with Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041044/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[TASS]] saying that they would be sent to a laboratory of the Russian defense ministry for analysis.<ref>{{Cite news |work=NHK |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia retrieves 'black boxes' from crashed military transport aircraft |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041035/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A nationwide air alert was briefly declared in Ukraine following the crash (11:41 – 13:58 [[Eastern European Time|EET]])<ref name="BBC2" /> while President Zelenskyy cancelled a scheduled trip on 25 January.<ref name=bbc25>{{Cite news |work=BBC |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia risked lives in downed plane, Volodymyr Zelensky says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the crash, the Ukrainian military said that it would continue to attack Russian aircraft in Belgorod Oblast.<ref>{{Cite news |work=RFI |date=26 January 2024 |title=What we know about Russian military plane crash |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125200800/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 January, a pre-planned exchange of war dead proceeded as scheduled between Russia and Ukraine, with 55 bodies of Russian fatalities being repatriated in return for 77 Ukrainian dead.<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Moscow Times |date=26 January 2024 |title=Russia, Ukraine Exchange Fallen Soldiers' Remains |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126174916/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |url-status=live }}</ref> An exchange of POWs between the countries was held on 31 January, in which 195 Russians and 207 Ukrainians were returned to their home countries. The exchange was brokered by the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrieevska |first=Daria |work=The Moscow Times |date=31 January 2024 |title=Russia and Ukraine Exchange Hundreds of POWs|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/31/russia-and-ukraine-exchange-hundreds-of-pows-a83931 |access-date=1 February 2024 }}</ref>

On 28 January, the Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War was targeted in a cyberattack by Russian hackers that affected its information resources. The agency linked the cyberattack to the plane crash.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title= Coordination HQ hit by cyberattack |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/amp/rubric-ato/3819543-coordination-hq-hit-by-cyberattack.html |publisher= ukrinform}}</ref>

On 31 January, 207 Ukrainian prisoners were exchanged for 195 Russian ones. None of the people present on the list provided by Russia were included in the swap.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cz9e7xx9py9o</ref>

==Reactions==
United Nations undersecretary-general [[Rosemary DiCarlo]] urged "all concerned to refrain from actions, rhetoric or allegations that could further fuel the already dangerous conflict."<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |title=UN Security Council discusses Il-76 crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126061431/https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesperson for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Ukraine called on Russia to repatriate the remains of POWs who may have died in the crash.<ref name="noevidence">{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=27 January 2024 |title=Ukraine says it has no evidence for Russia’s claim that dozens of POWs died in a shot down plane |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-c9f2e952a6bb869b1464ee842e0843b5 |access-date=28 January 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Olenivka prison massacre]]
*[[Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – present)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2024}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine|Related}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash, 2024}}
[[Category:January 2024 events in Russia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia in 2024]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Spillover of the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Korochansky District]]

2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash

2024-02-01T01:42:05Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */ another prisoner exchange since the incident

{{Short description|Plane crash in Belgorod Oblast, Russia}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = File:Russian Air Force, RA-78830, Ilyushin Il-76MD 2021.jpg
| caption = A Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76, similar to the one involved in the accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2024|01|24|df=y}}
| summary = Crash, under investigation
| site = Near [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]],<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> [[Korochansky District]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
| coordinates = {{Coord|50|53|37|N|37|20|29|E|type:event_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Ilyushin Il-76|Ilyushin Il-76M]]
| operator = [[Russian Air Force]]
| tail_number = RF-86868
| origin = [[Chkalovsky Air Base]], [[Moscow Oblast]], Russia
| destination = [[Belgorod International Airport]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
<maplink zoom= "10" lang="uk" text="North-eastern direction of flight">{"type":"FeatureCollection", "features":[{"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[36.589676, 50.643945]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"-letter-e", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"#1889e6"}}, {"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[37.341319, 50.893626]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"airport", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"000000"}}, {"type":"Feature", "properties":{"stroke":"#1889e6", "stroke-width":5}, "geometry":{"type":"LineString", "coordinates":[[36.589676, 50.643945], [37.341319, 50.893626]]}}]}</maplink> (eyewitness testimony)
| occupants = 74 (5 identified)
| passengers = 68
| crew = 6 (5 identified)
| fatalities = 74 (5 identified)
| survivors = 0
}}
{{Campaignbox 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
On 24 January 2024, at around 11:15 [[Time in Russia|MSK]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124135730/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> a [[Russian Air Force]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] military transport plane crashed near the Ukrainian border in Russia's [[Korochansky District|Korochansky]] district in [[Belgorod Oblast]], killing everyone on board. Russia stated that the plane was shot down by Ukraine while it was carrying 65 Ukrainian [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) captured during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], as well as six crew members and three guards, and that the prisoners of war were to be [[Prisoner exchange|exchanged in a swap]].<ref name="BBC_2024-01-24">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=No survivors on plane Russia says was carrying 65 Ukrainian PoWs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124104117/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian plane crashes while carrying Ukrainian POWs – RIA cites defence ministry |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian transport plane crashes near Ukraine with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows/127d530c-ba9d-11ee-b176-fe5fd794e716_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian Plane, Reportedly Carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs, Crashes In Belgorod Region |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]] |website=rferl.org |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101317/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> The [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]] did not directly take responsibility for shooting down the airplane, but stated that it was a [[legitimate military target]] and that it was carrying [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] anti-aircraft missiles for [[Bombing of Kharkiv (2022–present)|bombing Kharkiv Oblast]].<ref name=Moscow_Times>{{Cite web |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |author=Picheta |first=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100753/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> There has been no independent verification of the claims of either of the two countries.<ref name=Moscow_Times/><ref name=CNN/>

==Background==
{{main|Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
Ukraine's Coordination HQ on the Treatment of POWs estimates that more than 8,000 Ukrainian civilians and military personnel are being held prisoner by Russia since the start of its invasion in 2022, with tens of thousands still unaccounted for. Prior to the crash, on 3 January, Ukraine returned 248 POWs to Russia in exchange for 230 of its citizens in the largest such prisoner exchange of the conflict, following mediation by the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=bbc25/>

Belgorod Oblast, where the crash happened, has been the scene of spillovers and cross-border fighting with Ukraine,<ref name="ap1"/> with an [[30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling|airstrike]] in [[Belgorod]] city on 30 December 2023 killing 25 people and injuring more than 100 others.<ref name=bbc25/>

==Aircraft and crew==
The Ilyushin Il-76 is a multi-purpose aircraft, with a military version for carrying troops, equipment and ammunition. Russian officials said that 65 of the occupants were Ukrainian prisoners of war, and that six Russian crew members and three guards were also on board.<ref name="ru1" /><ref name="aj1">{{cite news |title=Russian officials accuse Ukraine of downing plane with 65 POWs aboard |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124095217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of Defence]] said the crash occurred "during a routine flight". The 65 Ukrainian soldiers were supposedly being transported to Belgorod Oblast for a prisoner exchange<ref name="cna1">{{cite news |title=Plane carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Belgorod region, Russia says |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Channel News Asia |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101351/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Kolotilovka]] border crossing<ref name="ap1"/> 100 kilometers west of Belgorod city. The Russian military said the flight originated from [[Chkalovsky Air Base]] near [[Moscow]].<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |title=Russian jet crashes carrying Ukrainian PoWs – Moscow |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100336/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Il-76 and the crew belonged to the {{ill|117th Military Transport Aviation Regiment|WD=Q19760771}} (military base No. 45097), the regiment’s tasks include servicing military vehicles transporting special cargo for material support of the Russian army. The regiment's aircraft are stationed at [[Orenburg (air base)|Orenburg airfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|title=Падение российского военного самолёта Ил-76: все, что известно|lang=ru|website=Крым.Реалии|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125075232/https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="Схемы": родственники подтвердили гибель трех членов экипажа Ил-76|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|website=Радио Свобода|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|lang=ru|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125164727/https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian news media reported a crew of six people,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Власти Оренбургской области опубликовали список погибших членов экипажа Ил-76, разбившегося под Белгородом |trans-title=The authorities of the Orenburg region published a list of dead crew members of the Il-76 that crashed near Belgorod |url=https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126015801/https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref> consisting of captain Stanislav Alekseevich Bezzubkin (35),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Durova |first=Daria |date=24 January 2024 |title=Стали известны личности членов экипажа сбитого под Белгородом Ил-76: родственники подтвердили гибель. Фото |trans-title=The identities of the crew members of the Il-76 shot down near Belgorod have become known: relatives have confirmed the death. Photo |url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171535/https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Obozrevatel |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dubenko |first1=Julia |last2=Salnikov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Shkatova |first3=Elena |date=25 January 2024 |title=«Это был лучший отряд в дивизии»: в Оренбуржье близкие и коллеги вспоминают погибших при крушении ИЛ-76 членов экипажа |trans-title="This was the best detachment in the division": in the Orenburg region, relatives and colleagues remember the crew members who died in the IL-76 crash |url=https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126045524/https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=orenburg.kp.ru |language=ru}}</ref> co-pilot Vladislav Vadimovich Chmirev (24),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 January 2024 |title=Один из летчиков сбитого Ил-76 с детства мечтал о небе |trans-title=One of the pilots of the downed Il-76 dreamed of the sky since childhood |url=https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052525/https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref> navigator Alexey Anatolyevich Vysokin (31), flight engineer Andrey Leonidovich Piluev (38),<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=При крушении Ил-76 в Белгородской области погиб уроженец Братского района |trans-title=A native of the Bratsk district died in the crash of an Il-76 in the Belgorod region |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152816/https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=www.irk.ru |language=ru}}</ref> technician Sergey Nikolaevich Zhitenev (34), and radio operator Igor Vyacheslavovich Sablinsky (54).

==Crash==
{{external media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBUbvjd36pw Video of the plane crash] (via ''[[BBC News Russian]]'', <maplink zoom= "15" lang="uk" text="shooting location">{"type":"FeatureCollection", "features":[{"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[37.359902, 50.852866]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"-letter-e", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"#1889e6"}}]}</maplink>, the video camera is pointing north-northwest)}}
The crash occurred in a field about {{cvt|5–6|km}} from [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]], Belgorod Oblast, according to the village's rector. According to [[Viktor Bondarev]], former Commander of the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]], an external impact was reported by the crew before the crash.<ref name="meduza">{{cite news |title=Military plane reportedly transporting over 60 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Russia's Belgorod region |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Meduza |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124093355/https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Moscow Times]]'', citing analysis of videos of the crash on social media, reported that the military plane was flying away from the border with Ukraine when it crashed.<ref name="moscow"/>

At 10:35 MSK the [[governor of Belgorod Oblast]], [[Vyacheslav Gladkov]], reported that the [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense system]] of the Belgorod Oblast shot down an aviation-type [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] with a [[Fixed-wing aircraft|fixed-wing]] over the village of {{ill|Blizhne|WD=Q21335104}}, {{cvt|75|km}} southwest of Yablonovo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126221501/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |url-status=live }}</ref> At 11:12 MSK, he announced that a "[[Civil defense siren|missile alert]]" had been activated in the region and urged residents to take shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133525/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ap1"/> At 11:43 MSK he reported that the signal had been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133526/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first media reports about the crash appeared at 11:48.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125074709/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Belgorod governor said air defenses were operating shortly before Il-76 plane crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180436/https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigations and claims of responsibility==
===According to Russia===
[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russia's foreign ministry]] accused Ukraine of downing the aircraft, calling it a "barbaric" act<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> and stating that the aircraft was shot down by one of three missiles – [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] or [[IRIS-T|IRIS]] – launched at it by Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carey |first1=Andrew |last2=Gigov |first2=Radina |last3=Chernova |first3=Anna |last4=Voitovych |first4=Olga |last5=Tanno |first5=Sophie |title=Russia says 74 killed on military plane that crashed near Ukrainian border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100800/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Foreign minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] called the incident a "criminal" act by Ukraine and called for an urgent session of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to demand an explanation from Ukraine;<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Seeks Emergency UN Security Council Session on Plane Crash |publisher=US News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043437/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref> a meeting was set for the afternoon of 25 January, [[Eastern Time Zone|New York time]],<ref name=unsc-202401>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |title=Programme of Work |publisher=United Nations Security Council |date=January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122143719/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |url-status=live }}</ref> during which Russian and Ukrainian representatives reiterated their countries' positions and blamed each other for the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |title=Ukraine and Russia trade accusations over fatal plane crash |publisher=France 24 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043339/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Russian Defence Ministry said that the aircraft was shot down by two missiles that were fired from the [[Lyptsi]] area, {{cvt|100|km}} across the border in [[Kharkiv Oblast]], citing its [[radar]] systems.<ref name=BBC2/><ref name="ap1">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of shooting down a military transport plane, killing 65 Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124155140/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> [[Andrei Kartapolov]], the chairman of the defence committee of the [[State Duma]] of Russia, said that a second plane on its way to transport 80 Ukrainian POWs turned back following the incident,<ref name="moscow"/> adding that "there can now be no talk of any other [prisoner] exchanges".<ref name=BBC2/> Kartapolov later said that Russia had warned Ukraine about the aircraft’s approach at least 15 minutes before the incident, which Ukrainian officials denied.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |title=Russia says Ukraine had 15-minute warning before Il-76 flight, Kyiv denies claim |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The chair of the State Duma, [[Vyacheslav Volodin]], said that the chamber would send a formal address to the [[US Congress]] and the German [[Bundestag]] over the incident to demand that they "recognize their responsibility".<ref name="moscow"/>

Presidential spokesperson [[Dmitry Peskov]] called the incident "a monstrous act" by the "[[Kyiv regime]]".<ref name=bbc25/> President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that it was "obvious" that Ukraine had downed the aircraft, and said that Kyiv had known beforehand of the arrangements for the transport of the prisoners aboard the plane.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Putin Says 'Obvious' Ukraine Behind Army Plane Crash |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126211956/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also pledged to publicize the results of the Russian investigation "so that people in Ukraine know what really happened."<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia's Putin blames Ukraine for crash of POW's plane and pledges to make investigation public |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126175007/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 January, the [[Investigative Committee of Russia]] opened a terrorism investigation into the incident<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/25/russia-opens-terrorism-probe-into-military-plane-crash-a83858 |title=Russia Opens 'Terrorism' Probe Into Military Plane Crash |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043537/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/all/83857 |url-status=live }}</ref> and released footage of the crash site, showing traces of blood and parts of human remains,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian intelligence does not rule out PoWs on downed Russian plane |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126012706/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> including a tattoo depicting a [[tryzub]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Ukraine Shot Down Military Transport Plane From Kharkiv Region Village |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171432/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |url-status=live }}</ref> It later released a blurry video purportedly showing prisoners being transported to the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Bodies of 77 Ukrainian soldiers repatriated to Kyiv |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126191912/https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 January, [[TASS]], citing a security agency source, reported that the aircraft was brought down by an "external impact" based on analysis of its black boxes.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2024 |title=‘External Impact’ Caused Russian Military Plane Crash – TASS |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/30/external-impact-caused-russian-military-plane-crash-tass-a83901 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

===According to Ukraine===
''[[Ukrainska Pravda]]'' had reported that sources in the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|Ukrainian general staff]] said the aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles, and that Ukraine had shot down the aircraft. It later amended the report to say this did not indicate Ukrainian involvement.<ref name=guardian-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: No survivors after military plane that Russia says was carrying Ukrainian PoWs crashes in Belgorod |last=Harding |first=Luke |author-link=Luke Harding |newspaper=The Guardian |quote=10:52 GMT Ukrainian news outlet Ukrainskaya Pravda has withdrawn its claim that Ukraine shot down the Russian Ilyushin plane, which crashed this morning in Belgorod. It quoted sources in Ukraine's general staff who said the military aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles. It has now added a correction saying that the sources did not "indicate" Ukrainian involvement |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124091511/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pravdaua-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |title=Il-76 aircraft crashes in Russia's Belgorod Oblast – photo, video |last=Pohorilov |first=Stanislav |work=Ukrainska Pravda |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124115605/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> The [[Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War]], which is the Ukrainian agency in charge of POWs, accused Russia of "actively carrying out special information operations against Ukraine, which are aimed at destabilising Ukrainian society".<ref name=BBC2/> The independent Russian media outlet ''[[iStories]]'', citing Ukrainian [[OSINT]] investigations, reported that the aircraft had flown over Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Red Sea and Iran before disappearing from radars and reappearing over Belgorod Oblast.<ref name="moscow"/>

According to a spokesperson for Ukraine's [[Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)|Main Directorate of Intelligence]] (HUR), a prisoner exchange between Russia and Ukraine was scheduled on the day of the crash, yet it did not happen.<ref>{{cite news |title=HUR Confirms Today's Planned Prisoner Exchange Called Off as Russia Claims 65 Ukrainian POWs on Board Crashed IL-76 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Kyiv Post |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124094321/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also said that on the day of the incident, its counterparts in Russia had not informed them of the need to ensure the safety of the area's airspace, contrary to previous practices, and had already transported the Russian POWs that were supposed to be exchanged to the designated venue. The agency said that the incident may have been a "deliberate" move by Russia to "create a threat to the life and safety of the prisoners."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |title=Ukraine says it was not informed about need to ensure safety of airspace before plane crash in Belgorod Oblast |last=Ostiller |first=Nate |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180536/https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 January, the HUR said that it had received intelligence that several senior Russian military and political officials were supposed to be on board the aircraft but were told by the [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) to take other forms of transportation instead. It also said that the FSB and the Russian military prevented emergency workers from inspecting the crash site, while at least five bodies were recovered and sent to a morgue in Belgorod, and no other human remains were found at the scene, citing video taken of the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |title=Military intelligence: Senior Russian officials were supposed to be on Il-76 flight but did not board |last=Court |first=Elsa |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043431/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The HUR also hypothesized that the aircraft might have been shot down by friendly fire while Russian air defenses tried to intercept a drone. Reacting to Russian assertion of POWs on board, it also said that Russia was possibly using Ukrainian POWs as [[human shield]]s to transport weapons and ammunition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |title=Military intelligence on Il-76 crash: Russia could use Ukrainian POWs as human shields |last=Khalilova |first=Dinara |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125175109/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his address that evening, President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] said that it was "obvious that the Russians are playing with the lives of Ukrainian prisoners, with the feelings of their relatives and with the emotions of our society", but did not confirm the presence of POWs aboard the aircraft, saying that it was still being clarified by the HUR. Zelenskyy also said that the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] was also investigating the crash, and ordered his foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] to inform international partners about the data available to Ukraine during the course of the investigation. He also insisted on an international investigation to determine what had happened.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |title=Zelensky on Il-76 crash: Ukraine to demand international investigation, fate of POWs unknown |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123244/https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, Ukrainian human rights ombudsman {{ill|Dmytro Lubinets|WD=Q19402646}} said that he would send letters to the United Nations and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] urging them to call for an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |title=Ukraine Calls for International Probe Into Downing of Russian Military Plane |website=US News & World Report |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043458/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |url-status=live }}</ref>

===According to other countries===
The [[BBC]] reported on the evening of 24 January, that after eight hours of no official information being given, two official statements were made by the Ukrainian General Staff and the HUR that "amount to acknowledgement that Ukraine may have shot the plane down".<ref name="bbc-20240124">{{cite news |last=Rainsford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Rainsford |date=24 January 2024 |title=Downed plane: Still unanswered questions amid Ukraine and Russia claims |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000943/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Western military analysts also told [[BBC News Russian]] that video taken of the crash indicated that the aircraft was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=What Do We Know About the Il-76 Crash in Belgorod? |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180640/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

[[France Info (radio network)|France Info]] reported that according to a French military source, the aircraft was hit by a US-made Patriot air defence battery operated by the Ukrainian army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Guerre en Ukraine : l'avion abattu a été touché par une frappe ukrainienne, selon une source militaire française |trans-title=War in Ukraine: the downed plane was hit by a Ukrainian strike, according to a French military source |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125122906/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[France Info (radio network)]]}}</ref>

==Identification of victims==
The first victims to be recovered were found around 1.5-2 kilometers from the crash site.<ref name="meduza" /> ''[[Russia Today]]'' chief editor [[Margarita Simonyan]] published a list of 65 names she said were those of Ukrainian POWs on board the flight.<ref name="moscow">{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |title=Russia Says Kyiv Shot Down Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180418/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon analyzing the list, Ukraine's public broadcaster [[Suspilne]] confirmed that the names on the list were Ukrainian POWs being held in Russia but said it could not verify whether they were on board the aircraft or part of any prisoner exchange.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Suspilne confirms identities of Ukrainian POWs on list published by Russian propaganda |url=https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180416/https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref>

On 25 January, Lubinets said that based on photographs and footage taken on the crash site, there was no indication of "any signs that there were such a large number of people on the plane."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: No evidence from crash site images that large number of passengers were on Il-76 plane |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041125/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also confirmed that some of the prisoners identified in Simonyan's list had already been released in prior POW exchanges.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: Some POWs from Russian list of Il-76 crash victims had already been exchanged |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041040/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a meeting between Ukrainian security officials and relatives of the POWs mentioned in Simonyan’s list, the HUR said that the latter had not been able to identify any prisoners from the footage of the crash site released by Russian sources.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian officials meet relatives of POWs who Russia claims were in crashed Il-76, say no evidence to confirm that |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukrainian officials said they had only received a list of POWs who were supposedly on board the plane from Russia on 26 January.<ref name="noevidence"/>

One of the names on Simonyan's list of POWs killed in the crash was Maxim Anatolievich Konovalenko, a prisoner known to have already been repatriated to Ukraine during an exchange on 3 January 2024.<ref name="ukrainskapravda">{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |title=Already-swapped soldier is on Russian propagandist's list of alleged captives involved in Il-76 crash |newspaper=Ukrainska Pravda |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124153811/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wartears">{{cite news |url=https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |title=Konovalenko Maxim Anatolievich (Konovalenko Maxim Anatoliyovich) |newspaper=WarTears |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005928/https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="novynarnia">{{cite news |url=https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |title=LIST of soldiers released from captivity on January 3, 2024 |newspaper=Novy Narnia |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103184544/https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The governor of Belgorod Oblast, Vyacheslav Gladkov, posted on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] that "an investigation team and emergency services" had been deployed to the crash site, adding that he had "travelled to the district."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nils |title=Russia says military plane carrying dozens crashed in Belgorod |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124102711/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said there were no survivors.<ref name="ru1">{{cite news |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of killing 65 of its own POWs by shooting down plane |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Reuters |date=24 January 2024}}</ref> A team of investigators was also deployed by the Russian Aerospace Forces.<ref>{{Cite news |work=TASS |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia's Il-76 plane with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board crashes in Belgorod Region |url=https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180533/https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aircraft's flight recorders were recovered from the crash site on 25 January,<ref>{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=25 January 2024 |title=Flight recorders reportedly found from plane that Russia says crashed with Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041044/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[TASS]] saying that they would be sent to a laboratory of the Russian defense ministry for analysis.<ref>{{Cite news |work=NHK |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia retrieves 'black boxes' from crashed military transport aircraft |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041035/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A nationwide air alert was briefly declared in Ukraine following the crash (11:41 – 13:58 [[Eastern European Time|EET]])<ref name="BBC2" /> while President Zelenskyy cancelled a scheduled trip on 25 January.<ref name=bbc25>{{Cite news |work=BBC |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia risked lives in downed plane, Volodymyr Zelensky says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the crash, the Ukrainian military said that it would continue to attack Russian aircraft in Belgorod Oblast.<ref>{{Cite news |work=RFI |date=26 January 2024 |title=What we know about Russian military plane crash |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125200800/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 January, a pre-planned exchange of war dead proceeded as scheduled between Russia and Ukraine, with 55 bodies of Russian fatalities being repatriated in return for 77 Ukrainian dead.<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Moscow Times |date=26 January 2024 |title=Russia, Ukraine Exchange Fallen Soldiers' Remains |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126174916/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |url-status=live }}</ref> An exchange of POWs between the countries was held on 31 January, in which 195 Russians and 207 Ukrainians were returned to their home countries. The exchange was brokered by the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrieevska |first=Daria |work=The Moscow Times |date=31 January 2024 |title=Russia and Ukraine Exchange Hundreds of POWs|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/31/russia-and-ukraine-exchange-hundreds-of-pows-a83931 |access-date=1 February 2024 }}</ref>

On 28 January, the Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War was targeted in a cyberattack by Russian hackers that affected its information resources. The agency linked the cyberattack to the plane crash.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title= Coordination HQ hit by cyberattack |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/amp/rubric-ato/3819543-coordination-hq-hit-by-cyberattack.html |publisher= ukrinform}}</ref>

On 31 January, 207 Ukrainian prisoners were exchanged for 195 Russian ones. None of the people present in the list provided by Russia were included in the swap.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cz9e7xx9py9o</ref>

==Reactions==
United Nations undersecretary-general [[Rosemary DiCarlo]] urged "all concerned to refrain from actions, rhetoric or allegations that could further fuel the already dangerous conflict."<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |title=UN Security Council discusses Il-76 crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126061431/https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesperson for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Ukraine called on Russia to repatriate the remains of POWs who may have died in the crash.<ref name="noevidence">{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=27 January 2024 |title=Ukraine says it has no evidence for Russia’s claim that dozens of POWs died in a shot down plane |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-c9f2e952a6bb869b1464ee842e0843b5 |access-date=28 January 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Olenivka prison massacre]]
*[[Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – present)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2024}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine|Related}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash, 2024}}
[[Category:January 2024 events in Russia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia in 2024]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Spillover of the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Korochansky District]]

2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash

2024-02-01T01:30:25Z

Lensovet: /* Identification of victims */ typo

{{Short description|Plane crash in Belgorod Oblast, Russia}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = File:Russian Air Force, RA-78830, Ilyushin Il-76MD 2021.jpg
| caption = A Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76, similar to the one involved in the accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2024|01|24|df=y}}
| summary = Crash, under investigation
| site = Near [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]],<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> [[Korochansky District]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
| coordinates = {{Coord|50|53|37|N|37|20|29|E|type:event_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Ilyushin Il-76|Ilyushin Il-76M]]
| operator = [[Russian Air Force]]
| tail_number = RF-86868
| origin = [[Chkalovsky Air Base]], [[Moscow Oblast]], Russia
| destination = [[Belgorod International Airport]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], Russia
<maplink zoom= "10" lang="uk" text="North-eastern direction of flight">{"type":"FeatureCollection", "features":[{"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[36.589676, 50.643945]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"-letter-e", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"#1889e6"}}, {"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[37.341319, 50.893626]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"airport", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"000000"}}, {"type":"Feature", "properties":{"stroke":"#1889e6", "stroke-width":5}, "geometry":{"type":"LineString", "coordinates":[[36.589676, 50.643945], [37.341319, 50.893626]]}}]}</maplink> (eyewitness testimony)
| occupants = 74 (5 identified)
| passengers = 68
| crew = 6 (5 identified)
| fatalities = 74 (5 identified)
| survivors = 0
}}
{{Campaignbox 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
On 24 January 2024, at around 11:15 [[Time in Russia|MSK]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124135730/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> a [[Russian Air Force]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] military transport plane crashed near the Ukrainian border in Russia's [[Korochansky District|Korochansky]] district in [[Belgorod Oblast]], killing everyone on board. Russia stated that the plane was shot down by Ukraine while it was carrying 65 Ukrainian [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) captured during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], as well as six crew members and three guards, and that the prisoners of war were to be [[Prisoner exchange|exchanged in a swap]].<ref name="BBC_2024-01-24">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=No survivors on plane Russia says was carrying 65 Ukrainian PoWs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124104117/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-68079336 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian plane crashes while carrying Ukrainian POWs – RIA cites defence ministry |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian transport plane crashes near Ukraine with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows/127d530c-ba9d-11ee-b176-fe5fd794e716_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russian Plane, Reportedly Carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs, Crashes In Belgorod Region |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]] |website=rferl.org |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101317/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-plane-carsh-ukrainian-pows-belgorod/32789779.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> The [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]] did not directly take responsibility for shooting down the airplane, but stated that it was a [[legitimate military target]] and that it was carrying [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] anti-aircraft missiles for [[Bombing of Kharkiv (2022–present)|bombing Kharkiv Oblast]].<ref name=Moscow_Times>{{Cite web |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs Crashes Near Border |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101304/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-crashes-near-border-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite web |author=Picheta |first=Rob |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Poole |first3=Thom |date=24 January 2024 |title=Live updates: Russian military plane crashes near Ukraine border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100753/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-military-plane-belgorod-ukraine-updates-intl/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> There has been no independent verification of the claims of either of the two countries.<ref name=Moscow_Times/><ref name=CNN/>

==Background==
{{main|Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
Ukraine's Coordination HQ on the Treatment of POWs estimates that more than 8,000 Ukrainian civilians and military personnel are being held prisoner by Russia since the start of its invasion in 2022, with tens of thousands still unaccounted for. Prior to the crash, on 3 January, Ukraine returned 248 POWs to Russia in exchange for 230 of its citizens in the largest such prisoner exchange of the conflict, following mediation by the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=bbc25/>

Belgorod Oblast, where the crash happened, has been the scene of spillovers and cross-border fighting with Ukraine,<ref name="ap1"/> with an [[30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling|airstrike]] in [[Belgorod]] city on 30 December 2023 killing 25 people and injuring more than 100 others.<ref name=bbc25/>

==Aircraft and crew==
The Ilyushin Il-76 is a multi-purpose aircraft, with a military version for carrying troops, equipment and ammunition. Russian officials said that 65 of the occupants were Ukrainian prisoners of war, and that six Russian crew members and three guards were also on board.<ref name="ru1" /><ref name="aj1">{{cite news |title=Russian officials accuse Ukraine of downing plane with 65 POWs aboard |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124095217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/russian-military-plane-crashes-near-ukraine-border |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of Defence]] said the crash occurred "during a routine flight". The 65 Ukrainian soldiers were supposedly being transported to Belgorod Oblast for a prisoner exchange<ref name="cna1">{{cite news |title=Plane carrying 65 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Belgorod region, Russia says |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Channel News Asia |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124101351/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-invasion-plane-carrying-65-pows-crashes-belgorod-region-russia-says-4070721 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Kolotilovka]] border crossing<ref name="ap1"/> 100 kilometers west of Belgorod city. The Russian military said the flight originated from [[Chkalovsky Air Base]] near [[Moscow]].<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |title=Russian jet crashes carrying Ukrainian PoWs – Moscow |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100336/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68080529 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Il-76 and the crew belonged to the {{ill|117th Military Transport Aviation Regiment|WD=Q19760771}} (military base No. 45097), the regiment’s tasks include servicing military vehicles transporting special cargo for material support of the Russian army. The regiment's aircraft are stationed at [[Orenburg (air base)|Orenburg airfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|title=Падение российского военного самолёта Ил-76: все, что известно|lang=ru|website=Крым.Реалии|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125075232/https://ru.krymr.com/a/rossiyskiy-samolet-il-76-padeniye-fakty-kommentarii/32790427.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="Схемы": родственники подтвердили гибель трех членов экипажа Ил-76|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|website=Радио Свобода|date=24 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|lang=ru|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125164727/https://www.svoboda.org/a/shemy-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibelj-treh-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76/32790366.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian news media reported a crew of six people,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Власти Оренбургской области опубликовали список погибших членов экипажа Ил-76, разбившегося под Белгородом |trans-title=The authorities of the Orenburg region published a list of dead crew members of the Il-76 that crashed near Belgorod |url=https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126015801/https://meduza.io/news/2024/01/25/vlasti-orenburgskoy-oblasti-opublikovali-spisok-pogibshih-chlenov-ekipazha-il-76-razbivshegosya-pod-belgorodom |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}</ref> consisting of captain Stanislav Alekseevich Bezzubkin (35),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Durova |first=Daria |date=24 January 2024 |title=Стали известны личности членов экипажа сбитого под Белгородом Ил-76: родственники подтвердили гибель. Фото |trans-title=The identities of the crew members of the Il-76 shot down near Belgorod have become known: relatives have confirmed the death. Photo |url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171535/https://news.obozrevatel.com/russia/stali-izvestnyi-lichnosti-chlenov-ekipazha-sbitogo-pod-belgorodom-il-76-rodstvenniki-podtverdili-gibel-foto.htm |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Obozrevatel |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dubenko |first1=Julia |last2=Salnikov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Shkatova |first3=Elena |date=25 January 2024 |title=«Это был лучший отряд в дивизии»: в Оренбуржье близкие и коллеги вспоминают погибших при крушении ИЛ-76 членов экипажа |trans-title="This was the best detachment in the division": in the Orenburg region, relatives and colleagues remember the crew members who died in the IL-76 crash |url=https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126045524/https://www.orenburg.kp.ru/daily/27558/4883138/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=orenburg.kp.ru |language=ru}}</ref> co-pilot Vladislav Vadimovich Chmirev (24),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 January 2024 |title=Один из летчиков сбитого Ил-76 с детства мечтал о небе |trans-title=One of the pilots of the downed Il-76 dreamed of the sky since childhood |url=https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052525/https://ria.ru/20240125/nebo-1923411099.html |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref> navigator Alexey Anatolyevich Vysokin (31), flight engineer Andrey Leonidovich Piluev (38),<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=При крушении Ил-76 в Белгородской области погиб уроженец Братского района |trans-title=A native of the Bratsk district died in the crash of an Il-76 in the Belgorod region |url=https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152816/https://www.irk.ru/news/20240125/man/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=www.irk.ru |language=ru}}</ref> technician Sergey Nikolaevich Zhitenev (34), and radio operator Igor Vyacheslavovich Sablinsky (54).

==Crash==
{{external media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBUbvjd36pw Video of the plane crash] (via ''[[BBC News Russian]]'', <maplink zoom= "15" lang="uk" text="shooting location">{"type":"FeatureCollection", "features":[{"type":"Feature", "geometry":{"type":"Point", "coordinates":[37.359902, 50.852866]}, "properties":{"marker-symbol":"-letter-e", "marker-size":"small", "marker-color":"#1889e6"}}]}</maplink>, the video camera is pointing north-northwest)}}
The crash occurred in a field about {{cvt|5–6|km}} from [[Yablonovo, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast|Yablonovo]], Belgorod Oblast, according to the village's rector. According to [[Viktor Bondarev]], former Commander of the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]], an external impact was reported by the crew before the crash.<ref name="meduza">{{cite news |title=Military plane reportedly transporting over 60 Ukrainian POWs crashes in Russia's Belgorod region |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Meduza |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124093355/https://meduza.io/en/feature/2024/01/24/military-plane-reportedly-carrying-63-people-crashes-in-russia-s-belgorod-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Moscow Times]]'', citing analysis of videos of the crash on social media, reported that the military plane was flying away from the border with Ukraine when it crashed.<ref name="moscow"/>

At 10:35 MSK the [[governor of Belgorod Oblast]], [[Vyacheslav Gladkov]], reported that the [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense system]] of the Belgorod Oblast shot down an aviation-type [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] with a [[Fixed-wing aircraft|fixed-wing]] over the village of {{ill|Blizhne|WD=Q21335104}}, {{cvt|75|km}} southwest of Yablonovo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126221501/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4847 |url-status=live }}</ref> At 11:12 MSK, he announced that a "[[Civil defense siren|missile alert]]" had been activated in the region and urged residents to take shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133525/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4848 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ap1"/> At 11:43 MSK he reported that the signal had been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133526/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4849 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first media reports about the crash appeared at 11:48.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |title=Vyacheslav Gladkov in the Telegram messenger |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125074709/https://t.me/vvgladkov/4851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Belgorod governor said air defenses were operating shortly before Il-76 plane crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180436/https://kyivindependent.com/belgorod-governor-said-air-defenses-operating-shortly-before-il-76-plane-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigations and claims of responsibility==
===According to Russia===
[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russia's foreign ministry]] accused Ukraine of downing the aircraft, calling it a "barbaric" act<ref name=BBC_2024-01-24/> and stating that the aircraft was shot down by one of three missiles – [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] or [[IRIS-T|IRIS]] – launched at it by Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carey |first1=Andrew |last2=Gigov |first2=Radina |last3=Chernova |first3=Anna |last4=Voitovych |first4=Olga |last5=Tanno |first5=Sophie |title=Russia says 74 killed on military plane that crashed near Ukrainian border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124100800/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/europe/russian-military-plane-crash-belgorod-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Foreign minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] called the incident a "criminal" act by Ukraine and called for an urgent session of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to demand an explanation from Ukraine;<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia Seeks Emergency UN Security Council Session on Plane Crash |publisher=US News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043437/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-24/russia-seeks-emergency-un-security-council-session-on-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref> a meeting was set for the afternoon of 25 January, [[Eastern Time Zone|New York time]],<ref name=unsc-202401>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |title=Programme of Work |publisher=United Nations Security Council |date=January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122143719/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/node/243679#D25 |url-status=live }}</ref> during which Russian and Ukrainian representatives reiterated their countries' positions and blamed each other for the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |title=Ukraine and Russia trade accusations over fatal plane crash |publisher=France 24 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043339/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240126-ukraine-and-russia-trade-accusations-over-fatal-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Russian Defence Ministry said that the aircraft was shot down by two missiles that were fired from the [[Lyptsi]] area, {{cvt|100|km}} across the border in [[Kharkiv Oblast]], citing its [[radar]] systems.<ref name=BBC2/><ref name="ap1">{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of shooting down a military transport plane, killing 65 Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124155140/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-crash-transport-plane-pows-0c878e65e1690c8857e314921a6b047a |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> [[Andrei Kartapolov]], the chairman of the defence committee of the [[State Duma]] of Russia, said that a second plane on its way to transport 80 Ukrainian POWs turned back following the incident,<ref name="moscow"/> adding that "there can now be no talk of any other [prisoner] exchanges".<ref name=BBC2/> Kartapolov later said that Russia had warned Ukraine about the aircraft’s approach at least 15 minutes before the incident, which Ukrainian officials denied.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |title=Russia says Ukraine had 15-minute warning before Il-76 flight, Kyiv denies claim |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/russia-says-ukraine-had-15-minute-warning-before-il-76-flight-kyiv-denies-claim/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The chair of the State Duma, [[Vyacheslav Volodin]], said that the chamber would send a formal address to the [[US Congress]] and the German [[Bundestag]] over the incident to demand that they "recognize their responsibility".<ref name="moscow"/>

Presidential spokesperson [[Dmitry Peskov]] called the incident "a monstrous act" by the "[[Kyiv regime]]".<ref name=bbc25/> President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that it was "obvious" that Ukraine had downed the aircraft, and said that Kyiv had known beforehand of the arrangements for the transport of the prisoners aboard the plane.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Putin Says 'Obvious' Ukraine Behind Army Plane Crash |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126211956/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/putin-says-obvious-ukraine-behind-army-plane-crash-a83874 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also pledged to publicize the results of the Russian investigation "so that people in Ukraine know what really happened."<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia's Putin blames Ukraine for crash of POW's plane and pledges to make investigation public |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126175007/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-d5239230be65ea992931eb70190b6654 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 January, the [[Investigative Committee of Russia]] opened a terrorism investigation into the incident<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/25/russia-opens-terrorism-probe-into-military-plane-crash-a83858 |title=Russia Opens 'Terrorism' Probe Into Military Plane Crash |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043537/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/all/83857 |url-status=live }}</ref> and released footage of the crash site, showing traces of blood and parts of human remains,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian intelligence does not rule out PoWs on downed Russian plane |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126012706/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68101731 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> including a tattoo depicting a [[tryzub]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Russia Says Ukraine Shot Down Military Transport Plane From Kharkiv Region Village |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171432/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-says-ukraine-shot-down-military-transport-plane-from-kharkiv-region-village-a83871 |url-status=live }}</ref> It later released a blurry video purportedly showing prisoners being transported to the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Bodies of 77 Ukrainian soldiers repatriated to Kyiv |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Presse |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126191912/https://news.yahoo.com/bodies-77-ukrainian-soldiers-repatriated-133741811.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 January, [[TASS]], citing a security agency source, reported that the aircraft was brought down by an "external impact" based on analysis of its black boxes.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2024 |title=‘External Impact’ Caused Russian Military Plane Crash – TASS |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/30/external-impact-caused-russian-military-plane-crash-tass-a83901 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

===According to Ukraine===
''[[Ukrainska Pravda]]'' had reported that sources in the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces|Ukrainian general staff]] said the aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles, and that Ukraine had shot down the aircraft. It later amended the report to say this did not indicate Ukrainian involvement.<ref name=guardian-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: No survivors after military plane that Russia says was carrying Ukrainian PoWs crashes in Belgorod |last=Harding |first=Luke |author-link=Luke Harding |newspaper=The Guardian |quote=10:52 GMT Ukrainian news outlet Ukrainskaya Pravda has withdrawn its claim that Ukraine shot down the Russian Ilyushin plane, which crashed this morning in Belgorod. It quoted sources in Ukraine's general staff who said the military aircraft was carrying S-300 missiles. It has now added a correction saying that the sources did not "indicate" Ukrainian involvement |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124091511/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-latest-news-updates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pravdaua-20240124>{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |title=Il-76 aircraft crashes in Russia's Belgorod Oblast – photo, video |last=Pohorilov |first=Stanislav |work=Ukrainska Pravda |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124115605/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438639/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> The [[Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War]], which is the Ukrainian agency in charge of POWs, accused Russia of "actively carrying out special information operations against Ukraine, which are aimed at destabilising Ukrainian society".<ref name=BBC2/> The independent Russian media outlet ''[[iStories]]'', citing Ukrainian [[OSINT]] investigations, reported that the aircraft had flown over Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Red Sea and Iran before disappearing from radars and reappearing over Belgorod Oblast.<ref name="moscow"/>

According to a spokesperson for Ukraine's [[Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)|Main Directorate of Intelligence]] (HUR), a prisoner exchange between Russia and Ukraine was scheduled on the day of the crash, yet it did not happen.<ref>{{cite news |title=HUR Confirms Today's Planned Prisoner Exchange Called Off as Russia Claims 65 Ukrainian POWs on Board Crashed IL-76 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Kyiv Post |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124094321/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27114 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also said that on the day of the incident, its counterparts in Russia had not informed them of the need to ensure the safety of the area's airspace, contrary to previous practices, and had already transported the Russian POWs that were supposed to be exchanged to the designated venue. The agency said that the incident may have been a "deliberate" move by Russia to "create a threat to the life and safety of the prisoners."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |title=Ukraine says it was not informed about need to ensure safety of airspace before plane crash in Belgorod Oblast |last=Ostiller |first=Nate |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180536/https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-confirms-prisoner-exchange-planned-doesnt-verify-if-pows-were-on-crashed-plane/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 January, the HUR said that it had received intelligence that several senior Russian military and political officials were supposed to be on board the aircraft but were told by the [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) to take other forms of transportation instead. It also said that the FSB and the Russian military prevented emergency workers from inspecting the crash site, while at least five bodies were recovered and sent to a morgue in Belgorod, and no other human remains were found at the scene, citing video taken of the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |title=Military intelligence: Senior Russian officials were supposed to be on Il-76 flight but did not board |last=Court |first=Elsa |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043431/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-senior-russian-officials-were-supposed-to-be-on-il-76-flight/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The HUR also hypothesized that the aircraft might have been shot down by friendly fire while Russian air defenses tried to intercept a drone. Reacting to Russian assertion of POWs on board, it also said that Russia was possibly using Ukrainian POWs as [[human shield]]s to transport weapons and ammunition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |title=Military intelligence on Il-76 crash: Russia could use Ukrainian POWs as human shields |last=Khalilova |first=Dinara |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125175109/https://kyivindependent.com/military-intelligence-on-il-76-crash-russia-could-use-ukrainian-pows-as-human-shields/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his address that evening, President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] said that it was "obvious that the Russians are playing with the lives of Ukrainian prisoners, with the feelings of their relatives and with the emotions of our society", but did not confirm the presence of POWs aboard the aircraft, saying that it was still being clarified by the HUR. Zelenskyy also said that the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] was also investigating the crash, and ordered his foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] to inform international partners about the data available to Ukraine during the course of the investigation. He also insisted on an international investigation to determine what had happened.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |title=Zelensky on Il-76 crash: Ukraine to demand international investigation, fate of POWs unknown |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |work=The Kyiv Independent |location=Kyiv |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123244/https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-on-il-76-crash-ukraine-to-demand-international-investigation-fate-of-pows-unknown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, Ukrainian human rights ombudsman {{ill|Dmytro Lubinets|WD=Q19402646}} said that he would send letters to the United Nations and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] urging them to call for an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |title=Ukraine Calls for International Probe Into Downing of Russian Military Plane |website=US News & World Report |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043458/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-25/ukraine-calls-for-international-probe-into-downing-of-russian-military-plane |url-status=live }}</ref>

===According to other countries===
The [[BBC]] reported on the evening of 24 January, that after eight hours of no official information being given, two official statements were made by the Ukrainian General Staff and the HUR that "amount to acknowledgement that Ukraine may have shot the plane down".<ref name="bbc-20240124">{{cite news |last=Rainsford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Rainsford |date=24 January 2024 |title=Downed plane: Still unanswered questions amid Ukraine and Russia claims |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000943/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-68089698 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Western military analysts also told [[BBC News Russian]] that video taken of the crash indicated that the aircraft was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=What Do We Know About the Il-76 Crash in Belgorod? |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180640/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/what-do-we-know-about-the-il-76-crash-in-belgorod-a83842 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

[[France Info (radio network)|France Info]] reported that according to a French military source, the aircraft was hit by a US-made Patriot air defence battery operated by the Ukrainian army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Guerre en Ukraine : l'avion abattu a été touché par une frappe ukrainienne, selon une source militaire française |trans-title=War in Ukraine: the downed plane was hit by a Ukrainian strike, according to a French military source |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125122906/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/guerre-en-ukraine-l-avion-abattu-qui-transportait-65-prisonniers-ukrainiens-a-ete-touche-par-une-frappe-ukrainienne-selon-une-source-militaire-francaise_6324126.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[France Info (radio network)]]}}</ref>

==Identification of victims==
The first victims to be recovered were found around 1.5-2 kilometers from the crash site.<ref name="meduza" /> ''[[Russia Today]]'' chief editor [[Margarita Simonyan]] published a list of 65 names she said were those of Ukrainian POWs on board the flight.<ref name="moscow">{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |title=Russia Says Kyiv Shot Down Plane Carrying Ukrainian POWs |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180418/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/24/russia-says-kyiv-shot-down-plane-carrying-ukrainian-pows-a83833 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon analyzing the list, Ukraine's public broadcaster [[Suspilne]] confirmed that the names on the list were Ukrainian POWs being held in Russia but said it could not verify whether they were on board the aircraft or part of any prisoner exchange.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Suspilne confirms identities of Ukrainian POWs on list published by Russian propaganda |url=https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180416/https://kyivindependent.com/suspilne-confirms-identities-of-ukrainian-pows-on-list-published-by-russian-propaganda/ |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref>

On 25 January, Lubinets said that based on photographs and footage taken on the crash site, there was no indication of "any signs that there were such a large number of people on the plane."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: No evidence from crash site images that large number of passengers were on Il-76 plane |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041125/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-no-evidence-from-crash-site-images/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also confirmed that some of the prisoners identified in Simonyan's list had already been released in prior POW exchanges.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Ombudsman: Some POWs from Russian list of Il-76 crash victims had already been exchanged |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041040/https://kyivindependent.com/ombudsman-some-pows-from-russian-list-of-il-76-crash-victims-had-already-been-exchanged/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a meeting between Ukrainian security officials and relatives of the POWs mentioned in Simonyan’s list, the HUR said that the latter had not been able to identify any prisoners from the footage of the crash site released by Russian sources.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian officials meet relatives of POWs who Russia claims were in crashed Il-76, say no evidence to confirm that |publisher=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043452/https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-officials-meet-relatives-of-pows-who-russia-claims-were-in-crashed-il-76-say-no-evidence-to-confirm-that/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukrainian officials said they had only received a list of POWs who were supposedly on board the plane from Russia on 26 January.<ref name="noevidence"/>

One of the names on Simonyan's list of POWs killed in the crash was Maxim Anatolievich Konovalenko, a prisoner known to have already been repatriated to Ukraine during an exchange on 3 January 2024.<ref name="ukrainskapravda">{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |title=Already-swapped soldier is on Russian propagandist's list of alleged captives involved in Il-76 crash |newspaper=Ukrainska Pravda |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124153811/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/01/24/7438688/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wartears">{{cite news |url=https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |title=Konovalenko Maxim Anatolievich (Konovalenko Maxim Anatoliyovich) |newspaper=WarTears |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005928/https://wartears.org/en/record/291237 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="novynarnia">{{cite news |url=https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |title=LIST of soldiers released from captivity on January 3, 2024 |newspaper=Novy Narnia |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103184544/https://novynarnia.com/2024/01/03/spysok-vijskovyh-zvilnenyh-z-polonu-3-sichnya-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The governor of Belgorod Oblast, Vyacheslav Gladkov, posted on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] that "an investigation team and emergency services" had been deployed to the crash site, adding that he had "travelled to the district."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nils |title=Russia says military plane carrying dozens crashed in Belgorod |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124102711/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/24/russia-ukraine-war-live-more-wounded-in-bombardment-of-kharkiv |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said there were no survivors.<ref name="ru1">{{cite news |title=Russia accuses Ukraine of killing 65 of its own POWs by shooting down plane |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-il-76-military-transport-plane-crashes-near-ukrainian-border-russian-2024-01-24/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Reuters |date=24 January 2024}}</ref> A team of investigators was also deployed by the Russian Aerospace Forces.<ref>{{Cite news |work=TASS |date=24 January 2024 |title=Russia's Il-76 plane with 65 Ukrainian POWs on board crashes in Belgorod Region |url=https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124180533/https://tass.com/defense/1736555 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aircraft's flight recorders were recovered from the crash site on 25 January,<ref>{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=25 January 2024 |title=Flight recorders reportedly found from plane that Russia says crashed with Ukrainian POWs aboard |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041044/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-il76-recorders-ddb5c098a69d6f93c468953efa3eca16 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[TASS]] saying that they would be sent to a laboratory of the Russian defense ministry for analysis.<ref>{{Cite news |work=NHK |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia retrieves 'black boxes' from crashed military transport aircraft |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126041035/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20240125_31/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A nationwide air alert was briefly declared in Ukraine following the crash (11:41 – 13:58 [[Eastern European Time|EET]])<ref name="BBC2" /> while President Zelenskyy cancelled a scheduled trip on 25 January.<ref name=bbc25>{{Cite news |work=BBC |date=25 January 2024 |title=Russia risked lives in downed plane, Volodymyr Zelensky says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the crash, the Ukrainian military said that it would continue to attack Russian aircraft in Belgorod Oblast.<ref>{{Cite news |work=RFI |date=26 January 2024 |title=What we know about Russian military plane crash |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125200800/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240125-what-we-know-about-russian-military-plane-crash |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 January, a pre-planned exchange of war dead proceeded as scheduled between Russia and Ukraine, with 55 bodies of Russian fatalities being repatriated in return for 77 Ukrainian dead.<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Moscow Times |date=26 January 2024 |title=Russia, Ukraine Exchange Fallen Soldiers' Remains |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126174916/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/26/russia-ukraine-exchange-fallen-soldiers-remains-a83868 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 January, the Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War was targeted in a cyberattack by Russian hackers that affected its information resources. The agency linked the cyberattack to the plane crash.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title= Coordination HQ hit by cyberattack |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/amp/rubric-ato/3819543-coordination-hq-hit-by-cyberattack.html |publisher= ukrinform}}</ref>

==Reactions==
United Nations undersecretary-general [[Rosemary DiCarlo]] urged "all concerned to refrain from actions, rhetoric or allegations that could further fuel the already dangerous conflict."<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=26 January 2024 |title=UN Security Council discusses Il-76 crash |url=https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126061431/https://kyivindependent.com/un-security-council-discusses-il-76-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesperson for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Ukraine called on Russia to repatriate the remains of POWs who may have died in the crash.<ref name="noevidence">{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=27 January 2024 |title=Ukraine says it has no evidence for Russia’s claim that dozens of POWs died in a shot down plane |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-plane-crash-pows-c9f2e952a6bb869b1464ee842e0843b5 |access-date=28 January 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Olenivka prison massacre]]
*[[Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – present)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2024}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine|Related}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash, 2024}}
[[Category:January 2024 events in Russia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia in 2024]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Spillover of the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Korochansky District]]

Complete list of NJ Transit stations

2024-01-31T04:53:58Z

Lensovet: not a postal abbreviation?

#REDIRECT [[List of NJ Transit railroad stations]]

Paula Hawkins (author)

2024-01-29T02:28:13Z

Lensovet: /* Bibliography */ +ISBNs

{{short description|British novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Paula Hawkins
| image = Paula Hawkins Göteborg Book Fair 2015.jpg
| caption = Hawkins at [[Gothenburg Book Fair]] in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|8|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Rhodesia]]
| nationality = British
| occupation = Novelist, journalist
| alma_mater = [[Keble College, Oxford]]
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Girl on the Train (novel)|The Girl on the Train]]''
}}
| pseudonym = {{unbulleted list|Amy Silver}}
| website = {{URL|paulahawkinsbooks.com}}
}}
'''Paula Hawkins''' (born 26 August 1972) is a British author best known for her top-selling [[psychological thriller]] novel ''[[The Girl on the Train (novel)|The Girl on the Train]]'' (2015), which deals with themes of domestic violence, alcohol, and drug abuse.<ref name=Guardian_Saner>{{cite news|last1=Saner|first1=Emine|title=The Girl on the Train: how Paula Hawkins wrote 'the new Gone Girl'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/apr/21/the-girl-on-the-train-paula-hawkins-new-gone-girl-female-thriller-authors-gillian-flynn|access-date=17 July 2015|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=NYT_Alter>{{cite news|last1=Alter|first1=Alexandra|title=Welcoming the Dark Twist in Her Career|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/31/books/paula-hawkinss-journey-to-the-girl-on-the-train.html|access-date=17 July 2015|work=New York Times|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> The novel was [[The Girl on the Train (2016 film)|adapted into a film]] starring [[Emily Blunt]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/movies/the-girl-on-the-train-review-emily-blunt.html|title=Review: In 'The Girl on the Train,' a Boozy Emily Blunt Never Winks|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|date=5 October 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Hawkins' second thriller novel, ''[[Into the Water]]'', was released in 2017.<ref>{{URL|http://www.paulahawkinsbooks.com/into-the-water/|Into the Water}} by Paula Hawkins</ref>

== Life and career ==
Hawkins was born and raised in Salisbury, [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]), the daughter of Anthony "Tony" Hawkins and his wife Glynne.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y9gDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Thank+you+to+my+parents%2C+Glynne+and+Tony%2C+and+to+my+brother+Richard.%22&pg=PT346|title = Into the Water: The addictive Sunday Times No. 1 bestseller|isbn = 978-1-4735-4221-1|last1 = Hawkins|first1 = Paula|date = 2 May 2017| publisher=Transworld }}</ref> Her father was an economics professor and financial journalist. Before moving to London in 1989 aged 17, Hawkins attended [[Arundel School]], Harare, Zimbabwe then studied for her [[A-Levels]] at [[Collingham College]], an independent college in [[Kensington]], West London.<ref name=ES>[https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/runaway-success-paula-hawkins-author-of-the-girl-on-the-train-portraits-by-pal-hansen-10133029.html Runaway success: Paula Hawkins, author of The Girl on the Train. Portraits by Pal Hansen] ''[[Evening Standard]]''</ref> Hawkins read [[philosophy, politics and economics]] at [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]], [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=ES /><ref name="Keble source">{{cite web|title=Twitter post|url=https://twitter.com/keblealumni/status/666594063093800960|website=[[Twitter]]|publisher=[[Keble College, Oxford]]|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> She worked as a journalist for ''[[The Times]]'', reporting on business. She then worked for a number of publications on a freelance basis, and wrote a financial-advice book for women, ''The Money Goddess''.<ref name=NYT_Alter />

She did not achieve a commercial breakthrough until she challenged herself to write a darker, more serious story.<ref name=ES /> Her best-selling novel ''[[The Girl on the Train (novel)|The Girl on the Train]]'' (2015) is a complex thriller, with themes of domestic violence, alcohol, and drug abuse.<ref name=NYT_Alter /> The novel took her six months, writing full-time, to complete, at a time when she was in a difficult financial situation and had to borrow from her father. The novel was adapted into a [[The Girl on the Train (2016 film)|film]] in 2016.<ref name=Guardian_Saner /> In November 2016, she was listed as one of [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048|title=BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?|date=21 November 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=28 July 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Paula's second thriller ''Into The Water'' was published in May 2017 and went on to become a ''Sunday Times'' and ''NYT'' bestseller. Her novel ''A Slow Fire Burning'' was published on 31 August 2021.

Around 2019, Hawkins began to write romantic comedy fiction under the name Amy Silver, writing four novels including ''Confessions of a Reluctant Recessionista''.

== Bibliography ==
* ''The Money Goddess: The Complete Financial Makeover'' (2006) (Paula Hawkins)
* ''Guerrilla Learning: How to Give Your Kids a Real Education With or Without School'' (2001) (with co-author Grace Llewellyn) (ISBN 978-0-471-34960-0)
* ''Confessions of a Reluctant Recessionista'' (2009) (Amy Silver) {{ISBN|9780099543558}}<ref>{{URL|http://chicklitchloe.blogspot.com/2009/10/book-review-confessions-of-reluctant.html|Confessions of a Reluctant Recessionista}} by Amy Silver</ref>
* ''All I Want for Christmas'' (2010) (Amy Silver) {{ISBN|9780099553229}}<ref>{{URL|http://chicklitchloe.blogspot.com/2010/11/book-review-all-i-want-for-christmas-by.html|All I Want for Christmas}} by Amy Silver</ref>
* ''One Minute to Midnight'' (2011) (Amy Silver) {{ISBN|9780099564638}}<ref>{{URL|http://chicklitchloe.blogspot.com/2011/11/book-review-one-minute-to-midnight-by.html|One Minute to Midnight}} by Amy Silver</ref>
* ''The Reunion'' (2013) (Amy Silver) {{ISBN|9780099574491}}<ref>{{URL|http://chicklitchloe.blogspot.com/2013/10/book-review-reunion-by-amy-silver.html|The Reunion}} by Amy Silver</ref>
* ''[[The Girl on the Train (novel)|The Girl on the Train]]'' (2015) (Paula Hawkins) {{ISBN|9781594634024}}<ref>{{URL|http://paulahawkinsbooks.com/the-girl-on-the-train-by-paula-hawkins/|The Girl on the Train}} by Paula Hawkins</ref>
* ''[[Into the Water]]'' (2017) (Paula Hawkins) {{ISBN|9780735211209}}
* ''A Slow Fire Burning'' (2021) (Paula Hawkins) {{ISBN|9780735211230}}
* ''Blind Spot'' (2022) (Paula Hawkins) {{ISBN|9781529176636}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://paulahawkinsbooks.com/}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30882359 BBC Meet the Author: Paula Hawkins]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawkins, Paula}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British women novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Arundel School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Keble College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Writers from Harare]]
[[Category:21st-century British women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:White Zimbabwean people]]

2017 Shayrat missile strike

2024-01-24T07:19:45Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */

{{short description|United States missile strike in Syria on 7 April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox operational plan
| name = 2017 Shayrat missile strike
| partof = the [[Syrian Civil War]] the [[American-led intervention in Syria]] and [[List of United States attacks on the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War|US attacks against the Syrian government]]
| image = File:USS Ross 2017 Shayrat strike 170407-N-FQ994-031.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = {{USS|Ross|DDG-71|6}} fires a [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk]] missile towards [[Shayrat Airbase]]
| scope = Single-site targeted military strike
| type = [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk]] missile strike
| location = [[Shayrat Airbase]], [[Shayrat]], Syria
| coordinates = {{coord|34|29|39|N|36|54|40|E|region:SY|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Syria
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location of Shayrat Airbase in Syria
| map_label = Shayrat Airbase
| planned =
| planned_by = {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
| commanded_by = [[Donald Trump]] [[Jim Mattis]]
| objective = Destroy air defenses, aircraft, hangars, and fuel.<ref name="nyt-1"/>
| target = [[Shayrat Airbase]]
| date = {{Start date and age|2017|04|07|df=yes}}
| time = 04:40 [[EEST]]
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone = [[UTC+03:00]]
| executed_by = {{flag|United States Navy}}
| outcome =
| casualties = At least 16 killed (per Talal Barazi, governor of [[Homs Governorate|Homs]])<ref name="kills16">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/syrian-media-say-u-s-attack-caused-damage-to-air-base-multiple-casualties-1491535071|title=Syria Says Strike Kills 16, Damages Air Base|first1=Raja|last1=Abdulrahim|first2=Noam|last2=Rydan|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=7 April 2017|via=www.wsj.com|url-access=subscription|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408060626/https://www.wsj.com/articles/syrian-media-say-u-s-attack-caused-damage-to-air-base-multiple-casualties-1491535071|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 9 civilians killed including 4 children<ref name=tribune/> 9 soldiers killed (per [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]])<ref name="rise9">{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=64621|title=Human losses rise to 9 of members and officers of regime forces in the US missile strikes on al-Shayrat airbase|date=10 April 2017|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416045654/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=64621|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 9-20 aircraft destroyed<ref name="ITV News">{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2017-04-07/syrian-planes-out-of-action-at-time-of-us-strike-on-airfield/|title=Nine Syrian planes destroyed by US strike on airfield|publisher=[[ITV News]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234043/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2017-04-07/syrian-planes-out-of-action-at-time-of-us-strike-on-airfield/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 1 [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] battery destroyed<ref name="imagesatintl.com">{{cite web|title=ISI first to analyze Shayrat airfield missile attack|url=http://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|website=ImageStat International|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413234913/http://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}
{{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War}}
On the morning of 7 April 2017,<ref name="nyt-1">{{cite web|last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |last3=Shear |first3=Michael D. |title=Dozens of U.S. Missiles Hit Air Base in Syria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/world/middleeast/us-said-to-weigh-military-responses-to-syrian-chemical-attack.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170407021217/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/world/middleeast/us-said-to-weigh-military-responses-to-syrian-chemical-attack.html?_r=0 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |date=6 April 2017 |quote=President Trump said Thursday night that the United States had carried out a missile strike in Syria on Thursday night in response to the Syrian government’s chemical weapons attack this week that killed more than 80 civilians ... Mr. Trump authorized the strike with no congressional approval for the use of force. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="DefenseGov">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria|title=Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in S|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=7 April 2017|language=en-US|quote=...today [6 April 2017] at about 8:40 p.m. EDT (4:40 a.m., April 7, in Syria)...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407071200/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the United States launched 59 [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk cruise missile]]s from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] into [[Syria]], aimed at [[Shayrat Airbase]] controlled by the Syrian government.<ref name="DefenseGov"/><ref name="cnn-1">{{cite web|last1=Starr|first1=Barbara|last2=Diamond|first2=Jeremy|title=Trump launches military strike against Syria|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-1">{{cite news|title=Syria war: US launches missile strikes following chemical 'attack'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654|work=BBC News|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654|archive-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> The strike was executed on the authorization of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]], as a direct response to the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]] that occurred on 4 April.<ref name="cnn-1"/><ref name="wapo-1">{{cite news|last1=Lamothe|first1=Dan|last2=Ryan|first2=Missy|last3=Gibbons-Neff|first3=Thomas|title=U.S. strikes Syrian military airfield in first direct assault on Bashar al-Assad's government|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-weighing-military-options-following-chemical-weapons-attack-in-syria/2017/04/06/0c59603a-1ae8-11e7-9887-1a5314b56a08_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407024143/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-weighing-military-options-following-chemical-weapons-attack-in-syria/2017/04/06/0c59603a-1ae8-11e7-9887-1a5314b56a08_story.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

The strike was the first unilateral military action by the United States targeting the [[Syrian government]] during the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref name="wapo-1"/><ref name="abc-au-1">{{cite web |author1= |date=7 April 2017 |title=US warships launch cruise missile strike against Syrian airfield in retaliation for chemical attack |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-07/us-launches-cruise-missile-strike-on-syria/8425132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407023424/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-07/us-launches-cruise-missile-strike-on-syria/8425132 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=ABC News Australia}}</ref> President Trump stated shortly thereafter, "It is in this vital national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=German |last2=Nelson |first2=Libby |date=2017-04-06 |title=President Trump speaks after ordering attack on Syria |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/4/6/15214942/trump-syria-bombing-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607222838/https://www.vox.com/world/2017/4/6/15214942/trump-syria-bombing-attack |archive-date=7 June 2017 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dn-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/world/2017/04/06/us-launches-missile-strike-syria|title=Trump calls on 'all civilized nations' to end carnage in Syria after launching missile strike|website=Dallas News|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234014/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/world/2017/04/06/us-launches-missile-strike-syria|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Syrian Air Force]] launched airstrikes against the rebels from the base only hours after the American attack. It was reported that advance warning was given to Russia, an ally of the Syrian government, by the US prior to the missile strike.<ref name="tele"/>

==Attack==
[[File:Statement by President Trump on Syria.webm|thumb|left|President Trump delivers his announcement.]]
[[File:USS Porter Strikes on Syria (518031).webm|thumb|left|Missiles being launched from {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}}]]
On the evening of 6 April, President Trump notified members of the [[U.S. Congress]] of his plan on the missile strike. According to a White House official, more than two dozen members of Congress were briefed at the notification.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lardner |first=Richard |date=7 April 2017 |title=Can the President Attack Another Country Without Congress? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-07/can-the-president-attack-another-country-without-congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407230607/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-07/can-the-president-attack-another-country-without-congress |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |quote=The U.S. missile strikes Thursday on a Syrian air base were conducted without formal congressional approval.}}</ref> Internationally, the United States also notified several countries, including Canada, the UK, Australia, and Russia, in advance of the strike.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boutilier|first1=Alex|title=Canada supports 'limited' attack on Syrian airbase, Trudeau says|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/07/canada-not-part-of-us-strike-on-syria-but-backs-efforts-to-stop-atrocities.html|website=The Star|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407120640/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/07/canada-not-part-of-us-strike-on-syria-but-backs-efforts-to-stop-atrocities.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ausfr-1">{{cite web|last1=Tingle|first1=Laura|title=Australia briefed beforehand on US strike|url=http://www.afr.com/news/policy/foreign-affairs/australia-briefed-beforehand-on-us-missile-strike-on-syria-20170407-gvfvi8|website=The Australian Financial Review|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407030817/http://www.afr.com/news/policy/foreign-affairs/australia-briefed-beforehand-on-us-missile-strike-on-syria-20170407-gvfvi8|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera-1">{{cite web |author1= |date=7 April 2017 |title=US launches cruise missiles at Syrian air base |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/us-missiles-syria-170407013424492.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407030002/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/us-missiles-syria-170407013424492.html |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="economictimes-1">{{cite web |author1= |date=7 April 2017 |title=UN divided over Syria gas attack probe as US launches missile strike |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/un-divided-over-syria-gas-attack-probe-as-us-launches-missile-strike/articleshow/58058642.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170407030423/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/un-divided-over-syria-gas-attack-probe-as-us-launches-missile-strike/articleshow/58058642.cms |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The U.S. military stated it communicated with the Russian military to minimize any chance of Russian casualties.<ref name="TillersonABC">{{cite news|last1=Karl|first1=Jonathan|last2=Mallin|first2=Alexander|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tillerson-russia-complicit-incompetent-syria/story?id=46640880|title=Tillerson: Russia 'complicit' or 'incompetent' with Syria|access-date=9 April 2017|work=ABC News|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409014858/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tillerson-russia-complicit-incompetent-syria/story?id=46640880|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The strike was conducted without either U.S. congressional or [[United Nations Security Council]] approval.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ackerman|first1=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Ackerman|title=Trump Must Get Congress's O.K. on Syria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/opinion/what-trump-must-do-next-get-congresss-ok-on-syria.html|date=7 April 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408005708/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/opinion/what-trump-must-do-next-get-congresss-ok-on-syria.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sabr">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Sabrina|last2=Gambino|first2=Lauren|title=Are Donald Trump's missile strikes in Syria legal?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/07/donald-trump-us-missile-strikes-syria-legal|access-date=8 April 2017|work=The Guardian|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233414/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/07/donald-trump-us-missile-strikes-syria-legal|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.Allen">{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=Nick|title=Was Donald Trump's missile strike in Syria illegal?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/07/donald-trumps-missile-strike-syria-illegal/|access-date=8 April 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407235304/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/07/donald-trumps-missile-strike-syria-illegal/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNNIllegal">{{cite news|last1=Cevallos|first1=Danny|title=Were Trump's missile strikes illegal?|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/08/opinions/legality-of-trump-syria-missile-strikes-cevallos/index.html?sr=fbCNN040817legality-of-trump-syria-missile-strikes-cevallos/index.html0950PMStoryLink&linkId=36332568|date=8 April 2017|work=CNN|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112622/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/08/opinions/legality-of-trump-syria-missile-strikes-cevallos/index.html?sr=fbCNN040817legality-of-trump-syria-missile-strikes-cevallos%2Findex.html0950PMStoryLink&linkId=36332568|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Epps|first1=Garrett|author-link=Garrett Epps|title=Trump's Unlawful Attack in Syria|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/trumps-unlawful-attack-in-syria/522432/|magazine=The Atlantic|date=9 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2017|quote=Trump launched an attack on Bashar al-Assad’s government without the legal authority to do so... Thursday night, without a word to Congress or the public, the Trump Administration impulsively began a third conflict. Neither of the existing authorizations could even remotely be said to authorize Thursday's attack on Syria.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409195657/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/trumps-unlawful-attack-in-syria/522432/|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTDisagreement">{{cite news |date=10 April 2017 |title=On Syria, an Administration in Disagreement With Itself |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/opinion/on-syria-an-administration-in-disagreement-with-itself.html?mtrref=www.nytimes.com&gwh=8EC62275B71313DADBE31C83C015D578&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion&_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903210529/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/opinion/on-syria-an-administration-in-disagreement-with-itself.html?mtrref=www.nytimes.com&gwh=8EC62275B71313DADBE31C83C015D578&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion&_r=0 |archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> Commodore [[Tate Westbrook]] commanded the Navy task force in charge of the missile launch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-navy-commodore-destroyers-porter-ross-discusses-syria-strike/ |title=U.S. Navy commodore in charge of Syria strike destroyers discusses mission |author=Martin, David |work=[[CBS News]] |date=7 April 2017 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082149/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-navy-commodore-destroyers-porter-ross-discusses-syria-strike/ |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was the first time that the United States had acknowledged intentionally carrying out military action against the forces of [[President of Syria|Syrian President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]].<ref name="dn-1"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith-Spark|first1=Laura|last2=Starr|first2=Barbara|title=US investigates possible Russia role in Syria chemical attack|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/07/world/syria-military-strikes-donald-trump-russia/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407112421/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/07/world/syria-military-strikes-donald-trump-russia/index.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The strike targeted [[Shayrat Airbase]] in the [[Homs Governorate]], which was believed by [[United States Intelligence Community|U.S. intelligence]] to be the base for the aircraft that carried out [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack|a chemical weapons attack]] on 4 April,<ref name="wapo-1"/> and was intended to destroy air defenses, aircraft, hangars and fuel.<ref name="nyt-1"/><ref name="wapo-1"/> The US avoided striking a suspected sarin gas storage facility at the targeted airport.<ref name="TillersonABC"/> 59 [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk]] missiles were said to have been launched from two U.S. Navy warships, {{USS|Ross|DDG-71|6}} and {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}}, at around 20:40 [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] (04:40 [[Eastern European Summer Time|local time]]).<ref name="nyt-1"/><ref name="wapo-1"/> Reconnaissance was provided by Python 73, a [[Boeing RC-135]] of the [[55th Wing]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Omaha World-Herald]] |first=Steve |last=Liewer |date=15 February 2019 |title=Offutt-based fliers who saved Trump-ordered Syria strike mission earn 'recon crew of the year' award |url=https://www.omaha.com/news/military/offutt-crew-wins-prestigious-award-for-saving-president-trump-s/article_cb39b9bb-3d00-55b5-b2a4-c103971ce934.html |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218231633/https://www.omaha.com/news/military/offutt-crew-wins-prestigious-award-for-saving-president-trump-s/article_cb39b9bb-3d00-55b5-b2a4-c103971ce934.html |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Casualties==
{{multiple image|image1=|image2=|image3=|footer=Areas of impact and damage of Shayrat Airfield after the strikes.}}
[[United States Central Command|U.S. Central Command]] stated in a press release that Tomahawk missiles hit "aircraft, hardened aircraft shelters, petroleum and logistical storage, ammunition supply bunkers, defense systems, and radars".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1144711/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria/|title=Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in Syria|date=7 April 2017|website=U.S. Central Command|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233354/http://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1144711/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial U.S. reports claimed "approximately 20 planes" were destroyed, and that 58 out of the 59 cruise missiles launched "severely degraded or destroyed" their intended target.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith-Spark |first1=Laura |last2=Starr |first2=Barbara |date=7 April 2017 |title=US investigates possible Russia role in Syria chemical attack |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/world/syria-military-strikes-donald-trump-russia/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408074211/http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/world/syria-military-strikes-donald-trump-russia/index.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starr |first1=Barbara |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |date=7 April 2017 |title=Trump launches military strike against Syria |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608042402/http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> According to the [[satellite image]]s the [[runway]]s<ref>{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Josh |date=April 10, 2017 |title=Why didn't the US crater Syria's runways? |url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/why-didnt-the-us-crater-syrias-runways |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413021419/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/why-didnt-the-us-crater-syrias-runways |archive-date=13 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=The National}}</ref> and the [[taxiway]]s have been reportedly undamaged and combat flights from the attacked airbase resumed on 7 April a few hours after the attack, although U.S. officials did not state that the runway was a target.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaeger |first=Max |date=7 April 2017 |title=Syrian warplanes take off from same air base US bombarded |url=https://nypost.com/2017/04/07/syrian-warplanes-take-off-from-same-air-base-us-bombarded/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120071704/https://nypost.com/2017/04/07/syrian-warplanes-take-off-from-same-air-base-us-bombarded/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=New York Post}}</ref><ref name="tele" /> In a later statement on 10 April 2017, the US Secretary of Defense [[James Mattis]] claimed that the strike destroyed about 20% of the Syrian government's operational aircraft and the base had lost the ability to refuel or rearm aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/11/politics/syria-mattis-trump-strike-damage/|title=US missile strike took out 20% of Syria's airforce, Mattis claims|publisher=CNN|date=11 April 2017|author=Westcott, Ben|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420143917/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/11/politics/syria-mattis-trump-strike-damage/|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

An independent [[bomb damage assessment]] conducted by [[EROS (satellite)|ImageSat International]] counted hits on 44 targets, with some targets being hit by more than one missile; these figures were determined using satellite images of the airbase 10 hours after the strike. Among the targets struck was a [[2K12 Kub]] (SA6) missile battery composed of five elements.<ref name="imagesatintl.com">{{cite web|title=ISI first to analyze Shayrat airfield missile attack|url=http://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|website=ImageStat International|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413234913/http://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]] said the strike damaged over a dozen hangars, a fuel depot, and an air defense base.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/nation-world/article143257599.html|title=The Latest: Group says at least 4 killed in US Syria attack|work=Idaho Statesman|access-date=7 April 2017|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="almostdestroyed">{{Cite news |title=Syrian monitor says airbase almost destroyed in strike |language=en-GB |agency=Reuters UK |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-observatory-idUKKBN1790IO?il=0 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233053/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-observatory-idUKKBN1790IO?il=0 |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

[[Al-Masdar News]] reported that 15 fighter jets were damaged or destroyed and that the destruction of fuel tankers caused several explosions and a large fire.<ref name="latest">{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/latest-update-syrian-airbase-attacked-us-navy/|title=Latest update from Syrian airbase attacked by US Navy|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=7 April 2017|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407134507/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/latest-update-syrian-airbase-attacked-us-navy/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the claims of Russian defense ministry, the "combat effectiveness" of the attack was "extremely low";<ref>{{cite web |last1=Winsor |first1=Morgan |last2=Jacobo |first2=Julia |last3=Kutsch |first3=Tom |last4=Siegel |first4=Benjamin |date=8 April 2017 |title=Syrian jets take off from air base hit by US |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/syrian-jets-off-air-base-hit-us/story?id=46646770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410021805/https://abcnews.go.com/US/syrian-jets-off-air-base-hit-us/story?id=46646770 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=10 April 2017 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Batchelor |first=Tom |date=7 April 2017 |title=Russia plans to bolster Syrian air defences, and derides US over 'extremely low' effectiveness of bombing |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/us-missile-strike-russia-syria-air-defences-bolster-donald-trump-putin-low-extremely-low-effective-a7671921.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903214326/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/us-missile-strike-russia-syria-air-defences-bolster-donald-trump-putin-low-extremely-low-effective-a7671921.html |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> they claimed that only 23 missiles hit the base destroying six aircraft, and it did not know where the other 36 landed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hennessy-Fiske|first1=Molly|last2=Bulos|first2=Nabih|title=Syrians report 15 dead in U.S. airstrike|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-airstrike-20170406-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=7 April 2017|location=Irbil|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407102450/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-airstrike-20170406-story.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Konashenkov">{{cite web|last=Konashenkov|first=Igor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeI81gj37ks|title=MoD to hold briefing after US strike in Syria – TAPE FEED|publisher=[[RT America|RT]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410210050/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeI81gj37ks|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian television news, citing a Syrian source at the airfield, said that nine planes were destroyed by the strikes (5 Su-22M3s, 1 Su-22M4, and 3 Mig-23ML) and that all planes were thought to have been out of action at the time.<ref name="ITV News">{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2017-04-07/syrian-planes-out-of-action-at-time-of-us-strike-on-airfield/|title=Nine Syrian planes destroyed by US strike on airfield|publisher=[[ITV News]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234043/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2017-04-07/syrian-planes-out-of-action-at-time-of-us-strike-on-airfield/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli satellite imagery services company [[ImageSat International]] later released high resolution satellite images of the base taken within 10 hours of the attack showing that at a minimum, 44 targets had been hit, and that some had been hit multiple times.<ref name=ISI7April>{{cite web|url=https://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|title=Based on very high resolution imagery captured less than 10 hours after the attack, ISI presents in depth battle damage assessment|work=ImageSat International|date=7 April 2017|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072335/https://www.imagesatintl.com/us-strike-syria/|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lost Armour's online photographic database, for vehicle losses in the War in Syria, has images of 10 destroyed aircraft at Shayrat airbase.<ref name="lostarmour.info">{{Cite web |url=http://lostarmour.info/syria/ |title = Losses of armored vehicles and aviation in Syria خسائر العربات المدرعة والطائرات في سوريا |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719013003/http://www.lostarmour.info/syria/ |archive-date=19 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seven or nine Syrian soldiers were killed,<ref name="kills16"/><ref name="rise9"/> including a general;<ref name="almostdestroyed"/> Russian military personnel were also present at the airbase at the time it was attacked.<ref name="latest"/> According to Syrian state news [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], nine [[civilian]]s were also killed in the attack, including four children. SANA also stated that five of the civilians were killed in the village of [[Shayrat]],<ref name=tribune>{{cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=4 children among 9 civilians dead in US airstrike on Syria strike: state media |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1377421/4-children-among-9-civilians-dead-us-airstrike-syria-strike-state-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213723/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1377421/4-children-among-9-civilians-dead-us-airstrike-syria-strike-state-media/ |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=10 April 2017 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> outside the base, while another four were killed in the village of [[Al-Hamrat]], and that another seven civilians were wounded when a missile hit homes in Al-Manzul, four kilometers (two and a half miles) away from the Shayrat air base.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=Four children among nine civilians dead in US Syria strike: state media |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/four-children-among-nine-civilians-dead-us-syria-113705158.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409010256/https://www.yahoo.com/news/four-children-among-nine-civilians-dead-us-syria-113705158.html |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017 |publisher=Yahoo News, AFP}}</ref> According to [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian defense ministry]] spokesperson [[Igor Konashenkov]], four Syrian soldiers were killed and another two were missing.<ref name="Konashenkov"/>

Some observers believe that the Russian government warned the Syrian government, which had enough time to move planes to another base.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dolejší|first1=Karel|title=Pokud Trump nařídí útok na Asada, má v kapse "velkou" dohodu s Putinem|journal=Britské listy|date=7 April 2017|url=http://blisty.cz/art/86373.html|access-date=8 April 2017|trans-title=If Trump orders an attack on Assad, he has "big" deal with Putin|language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407050524/http://blisty.cz/art/86373.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dolejší|first1=Karel|title=Noční útok v Sýrii: Rusové byli varováni, tedy i Asad. Provoz ostřelované základny lze obnovit v řádu týdnů|journal=Britské listy|date=7 April 2017|url=http://blisty.cz/art/86384.html|access-date=8 April 2017|trans-title=Night attack in Syria: The Russians have been warned, including Assad. Operation bombarded bases can be restored in a matter of weeks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408203733/http://blisty.cz/art/86384.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Hours after the U.S. missile strike, Syrian military aircraft took off from the Shayrat base to attack rebel positions again, including the town of [[Khan Shaykhun]].<ref name="tele">{{cite news |author=Ensor |first=Josie |date=8 April 2017 |title=Syrian warplanes take off once again from air base bombed by US Tomahawks |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/08/syrian-warplanes-take-air-base-bombed-us-tomahawks/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411142731/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/08/syrian-warplanes-take-air-base-bombed-us-tomahawks/ |archive-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Commentators attributed the ability of the Syrian government to continue to operate from the base to the fact that the US gave Russia, Syria's ally, an advanced warning regarding the strike, which enabled Syrians to shelter many of its aircraft from the attack.<ref name="tele"/>

Within a day of the attack, Russia announced it would strengthen Syria's [[air defense]]s<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lynch|first1=Suzanne|title=United States warns: we're 'prepared to do more' in Syria|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/united-states-warns-we-re-prepared-to-do-more-in-syria-1.3040228|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=7 April 2017|location=Washington, D.C.|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409193259/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/united-states-warns-we-re-prepared-to-do-more-in-syria-1.3040228|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and formally notified the Pentagon that as of 21:00 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] (00:00 [[Moscow Time]], 8 April 2017), Russia had suspended the [[U.S.–Russia Memorandum of Mutual Understanding]], which had established a hotline between the countries′ militaries designed to avoid collisions between their aircraft over Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/attashe.html|title=Минобороны РФ вызвало на ковер военного атташе при посольстве США|date=7 April 2017|publisher=newsru.com|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111119/http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/attashe.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Syria war: US warns of 'more' after missile strikes|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39529264|publisher=BBC|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407132332/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39529264|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Syria: Here's what you need to know about Trump's strike on air base|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-07/syria-strikes-why-did-donald-trump-target-that-airbase/8425658|website=ABC News Australia|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053729/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-07/syria-strikes-why-did-donald-trump-target-that-airbase/8425658|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Belgium suspended its air operations in Syria,<ref>[http://aranews.net/2017/04/belgium-suspends-air-operations-syria-us-strike/ Belgium suspends air operations above Syria after US strike] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410203611/http://aranews.net/2017/04/belgium-suspends-air-operations-syria-us-strike/ |date=10 April 2017 }}. ''Ara News''.</ref> and the US began limiting itself to only the most essential air strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |date=2017-04-08 |title=U.S.-Led Force Reduces Attacks on ISIS in Syria After Airstrike |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/08/us/politics/us-islamic-state-syria.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410045140/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/08/us/politics/us-islamic-state-syria.html |archive-date=10 April 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

According to some local sources, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] took advantage of the attack and absence of the Syrian Air Force in eastern Homs, by launching several attacks on the [[Syrian Army]]'s defenses in the western [[Palmyra]] countryside. It also attacked the checkpoints outside the village of al-Furqalas, but those attacks were repelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isil-launches-offensive-near-military-base-targeted-us-missiles/|title=ISIL launches offensive near military base targeted by US missiles|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=7 April 2017|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407164826/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isil-launches-offensive-near-military-base-targeted-us-missiles/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fadel|first1=Leith|title=ISIL takes advantage of US attack on government to storm western Palmyra|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isil-takes-advantage-us-attack-government-storm-western-palmyra/|website=Al-Masdar News|access-date=7 April 2017|location=Beirut|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407214733/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isil-takes-advantage-us-attack-government-storm-western-palmyra/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]], the Shayrat airbase remained operational and Syrian warplanes took off from it the following day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Davison |first=John |date=7 April 2017 |title=Syrian jets take off from air base U.S. missiles struck: Syrian Observatory |work=Reuters |editor-last=MacSwan |editor-first=Angus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-airport-idUSKBN1792XA |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081748/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-airport-idUSKBN1792XA |archive-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> The [[price of oil]] briefly rose over 2% following the strike.<ref name="cnbc-1">{{cite web|last1=Sile|first1=Aza Wee|last2=Ming|first2=Cheang|title=Oil jumps, dollar slightly weaker as US fires dozens of missiles at targets in Syria|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/06/higher-open-seen-for-asia-markets-as-trump-xi-summit-gets-underway-oil-gains-noted.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407051150/http://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/06/higher-open-seen-for-asia-markets-as-trump-xi-summit-gets-underway-oil-gains-noted.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

After both the chemical attack and missile strike, the U.S. administration was in disagreement and contradiction to U.S. policy from 2013 until 30 March 2017, as well the statements by [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. ambassador to U.N.]] [[Nikki Haley]], [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Rex Tillerson]], [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sean Spicer]] and [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[H. R. McMaster]] differed on the change of U.S. military posture toward Syria and prioritization of regime change.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jessica|last=Schulberg|title=Trump Administration Is Contradicting Itself On Regime Change In Syria|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-regime-change-syria_us_58ea3b71e4b00de141040930?|work=The Huffington Post|date=9 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410231935/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-regime-change-syria_us_58ea3b71e4b00de141040930|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|author-link1=Peter Baker (author)|first2=Gardiner|last2=Harris|title=On Trump's Syria Strategy, One Voice Is Missing: Trump's|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/middleeast/syria-trump-assad.html|work=The New York Times|date=10 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411025102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/middleeast/syria-trump-assad.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|author-link=Chris Cillizza|title=Nikki Haley says 'regime change' in Syria. Rex Tillerson doesn't. What gives?|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/nikki-haley-syria-donald-trump/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410204200/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/nikki-haley-syria-donald-trump/index.html|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Spencer|last=Ackerman|author-link=Spencer Ackerman|title=What's Trump's plan for Syria? Five different policies in two weeks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/11/donald-trump-syria-bashar-al-assad-isis|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411101540/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/11/donald-trump-syria-bashar-al-assad-isis|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Daniel|last1=Benjamin|author-link1=Daniel Benjamin|first2=Steven|last2=Simon|author-link2=Steven Simon|title=Just What Is Trump Trying to Do in Syria?|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/just-what-is-trump-trying-to-do-in-syria-215032|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=14 April 2017|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013707/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/just-what-is-trump-trying-to-do-in-syria-215032|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 April 2017, an emergency meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]] was held: [[Bolivia]]'s ambassador [[Sacha Llorenty]] requested a closed session to discuss the U.S. strike, but U.S. ambassador Nikki Haley, serving as the council president for April,<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Roth|title=US takes turn atop UN Security Council|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/03/politics/haley-security-council-prez/|date=4 April 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061800/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/03/politics/haley-security-council-prez/|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Roth|title=Inside the tense closed-door UN Security Council deliberations on Syria|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/un-security-council-syria/|date=11 April 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 April 2017|quote=...Haley, serving as council president for the month, was in charge.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220743/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/un-security-council-syria/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> forced the meeting to be held in public view.<ref name="UNSC1">{{cite web|last=Shaw|first=Adam|title=Haley forces Bolivia to defend Assad 'atrocities' in 'public view' at UN session|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/07/haley-forces-bolivia-to-defend-assad-atrocities-in-public-view-at-un-session.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111725/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/07/haley-forces-bolivia-to-defend-assad-atrocities-in-public-view-at-un-session.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> United Nations News Centre reported that while some delegates expressed support for the strikes as a response to the Syrian government's alleged use of chemical weapons, others condemned it as a unilateral act of aggression, underlining that the Council must authorize any such intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12783.doc.htm|title=SC/12783: Members Warn That Persistent Deadlock Threatens Security Council's, 'Remaining Credibility', in Meeting on United States Air Strike against Syria|work=United Nations News|date=7 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409200804/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12783.doc.htm|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 April 2017, the UK Foreign Secretary [[Boris Johnson]] issued a statement that announced that, upon consultations with the U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, he had cancelled his trip to Moscow scheduled for 10 April.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Johnston|title=Boris Johnson cancels trip to Moscow after US strikes on Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/apr/08/boris-johnson-cancels-trip-to-moscow-following-syria-missile-strikes|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411001952/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/apr/08/boris-johnson-cancels-trip-to-moscow-following-syria-missile-strikes|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 April 2017, after the meeting at [[Lucca]] in Italy the [[Group of Seven]] unanimously blamed the Syrian government's military for the chemical attack and agreed that Assad must step down as part of any peace solution, but European allies rejected the US and UK push for sanctions against Russia and Syria.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alec|last=Luhn|title=G7 rejects UK call for sanctions against Russia and Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/11/g7-rejects-uk-call-for-sanctions-against-russia-and-syria|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411112013/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/11/g7-rejects-uk-call-for-sanctions-against-russia-and-syria|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Joe|last=Watts|title=UK and US push for new Russia sanctions rejected by European allies at G7 meeting|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sanctions-russia-syria-g7-chemical-weapons-donald-trump-uk-us-theresa-may-vladimir-putin-a7677961.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=11 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220903/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sanctions-russia-syria-g7-chemical-weapons-donald-trump-uk-us-theresa-may-vladimir-putin-a7677961.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 April 2017, two US defense officials said that the Syrian government had relocated the majority of its combat planes to [[Khmeimim (air base)|Khmeimim Airbase]] shortly after the strike.<ref>{{cite web |last=Browne |first=Ryan |date=19 April 2017 |title=US officials: Syria moves planes to Russian base for protection |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/19/politics/syria-warplanes-russia-base/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420234843/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/19/politics/syria-warplanes-russia-base/ |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=20 April 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

In September 2020, U.S. President Trump mentioned that he wanted to kill al-Assad in 2017, by saying: "I would have rather taken him out. I had him all set, Mattis didn't want to do it."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Jordan |last2=Egkolfopoulou |first2=Misyrlena |date=15 September 2020 |title=Trump Says He Wanted to Kill Assad After Earlier Denying It |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/trump-says-he-wanted-to-kill-assad-after-earlier-denying-it |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

==Reactions==
===United States===
[[File:President Donald Trump receives a briefing on a military strike.jpg|thumb|Trump receives a briefing on a military strike on Syria from his [[United States National Security Council|National Security team]].]]

====Politicians====
Reactions from members of Congress were largely supportive but not uniform by political party. [[Paul Ryan]] (R–WI), the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]], said the strike was "appropriate and just". House Majority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]] (R–CA) said, "Assad has made his disregard for innocent human life and long-standing norms against chemical weapons use crystal clear. Tonight's strikes show these evil actions carry consequences."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on U.S. Airstrikes in Syria|url=https://kevinmccarthy.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/statement-on-us-airstrikes-in-syria|access-date=8 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408035650/https://kevinmccarthy.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/statement-on-us-airstrikes-in-syria|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> House Minority Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]] (D–CA) said, "Tonight's strike in Syria appears to be a proportional response to the regime's use of chemical weapons." Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] (R–KY) said the strike was "perfectly executed and for the right purpose".<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCaskell|first1=Nolan D.|title=McConnell: Trump's airstrike didn't need congressional authorization|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/syria-airstrikes-congress-authorization-mitch-mcconnell-237002|website=Politico|access-date=8 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408023453/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/syria-airstrikes-congress-authorization-mitch-mcconnell-237002|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Senate Minority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] (D–NY) said, "Making sure Assad knows that when he commits such despicable atrocities he will pay a price is the right thing to do."<ref name="ABC reaction">{{cite web|last1=Fowler|first1=Tara|title=Strike on Syria gets mixed reaction from lawmakers|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/strike-syria-mixed-reaction-lawmakers/story?id=46639533|work=ABC News|access-date=6 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713172955/https://abcnews.go.com/International/strike-syria-mixed-reaction-lawmakers/story?id=46639533|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Axios reaction">{{cite web|last1=Vavra|first1=Shannon|last2=Savitsky|first2=Shane|title=Reactions to U.S. strikes in Syria|url=https://www.axios.com/reactions-to-u-s-strikes-in-syria-2348572364.html|website=Axios|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407100403/https://www.axios.com/reactions-to-u-s-strikes-in-syria-2348572364.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Senator [[Bill Nelson (politician)|Bill Nelson]] (D–FL) expressed his support, and said, "I hope this teaches Assad not to use chemical weapons again."<ref name="The Atlantic response">{{cite web|last1=Ford|first1=Matt|title=A Polarized Political Response to Trump's Syria Strike|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/syria-reaction/522252/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=8 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407165853/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/syria-reaction/522252/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Senator [[Marco Rubio]] (R–FL) called it an "important decisive step". Quoting the President's statement, Senator [[Orrin Hatch]] (R–UT) [[Twitter|tweeted]], "'No child of God should ever suffer such horror.' Amen."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tanner|first1=Courtney|title=Chaffetz lauds U.S. airstrike on Syria; Stewart commends Trump's swift action; 'Amen,' Hatch says|url=http://www.sltrib.com/home/5149437-155/chaffetz-lauds-us-airstrike-on-syria|website=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|access-date=9 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051501/http://www.sltrib.com/home/5149437-155/chaffetz-lauds-us-airstrike-on-syria|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a joint statement, Senators [[John McCain]] (R–AZ) and [[Lindsey Graham]] (R–SC) said, "Unlike the previous administration, President Trump confronted a pivotal moment in Syria and took action. For that, he deserves the support of the American people." Their sentiment was shared by fellow Senators [[Bob Corker]] (R–TN), [[Tom Cotton]] (R–AR), [[Joni Ernst]] (R–IA), [[Cory Gardner]] (R–CO), [[David Perdue]] (R–GA), [[Ben Sasse]] (R–NE), and [[Thom Tillis]] (R–NC).<ref name="ABC reaction"/><ref name="Axios reaction"/> Many members who supported the action showed lack of worry about the authority issues or did not know the legal and constitutional rationale that supported the action.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barron-Lopez|first1=Laura|last2=Michael|first2=McAuliff|title=Congress Loves The Syria Strike. But Senators Can't Say Why Trump Thinks It's Legal|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/syria-strike-senate-legal_us_58e814b0e4b05413bfe32901?section=politics|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=11 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061400/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/syria-strike-senate-legal_us_58e814b0e4b05413bfe32901?section=politics|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other lawmakers criticized the President's actions, or urged caution. Representative [[Adam Schiff]] (D–CA), the Ranking Member of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], was informed of the strike by [[Dan Coats]], the [[Director of National Intelligence]], as it was happening. He urged the administration "not to make this a military effort to [[Regime change|change the regime]]".<ref name="CBS responses">{{cite web|last1=Shabad|first1=Rebecca|title=What is Congress saying about the Syria missile strike?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/congressional-response-to-syria-missile-strike/|website=CBS News|access-date=8 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408012250/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/congressional-response-to-syria-missile-strike/|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a joint statement, Representatives and [[Iraq War]] veterans [[Seth Moulton]] (D–MA) and [[Steve Russell (politician)|Steve Russell]] (R–OK) said, "We cannot stand by in silence as dictators murder children with chemical weapons, but military action without clear goals and objectives gets us nowhere."<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Frizell|first1=Sam|title=Syria Missile Attack Gets Mixed Reaction in Congress|url=http://time.com/4730427/syria-missile-attack-congress-reaction/|magazine=Time|access-date=8 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407170730/http://time.com/4730427/syria-missile-attack-congress-reaction/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Senator [[Chris Coons]] (D–DE) said he was "gravely concerned that the United States is engaging further militarily in Syria without a well-thought-out, comprehensive plan". Representative [[Ted Lieu]] (D–CA) and Senator [[Tim Kaine]] (D–VA) called the strike unconstitutional,<ref name="The Atlantic response"/> with the former tweeting, "This was done with no debate in Congress and no explanation to the American people." Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] (I-VT) tweeted that the strike could lead the U.S. into a new long-term quagmire, and that "such engagements are disastrous for American security, for the American economy, and for the American people".<ref name="CNNLabott">{{cite news|last1=Labott|first1=Elise|last2=Gaouette|first2=Nicole|title=After Syria strike, populist supporters abandon Trump at home and abroad|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/donald-trump-syria-populist-support/index.html|date=8 April 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408165825/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/donald-trump-syria-populist-support/index.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Representative [[Tulsi Gabbard]] (D–HI) gave a more critical message, and said, "This escalation is short-sighted and will lead to the death of more civilians, more refugees, the strengthening of [[al-Qaeda]] and other terrorists, and a possible [[nuclear war]] between the United States and Russia." Other lawmakers expressing criticism included Senators [[Michael Bennet]] (D–CO), [[Ben Cardin]] (D–MD), [[Ted Cruz]] (R–TX), [[Dick Durbin]] (D–IL), [[Ed Markey]] (D–MA), [[Jeff Merkley]] (D–OR), [[Elizabeth Warren]] (D–MA), and Representatives [[Joaquín Castro]] (D–TX) and [[Steny Hoyer]] (D–MD).<ref name="ABC reaction"/><ref name="Axios reaction"/>

A number of [[Libertarian Republican|Republicans with libertarian leanings]] also criticized the strike. Senator [[Mike Lee]] (R–UT) said, "President Trump should make his case in front of the American people and allow their elected representatives to debate the benefits and risks of further Middle East intervention to our national security interests."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carney|first1=Jordain|title=Paul, Lee: Congress needs to vote on Trump's military action in Syria|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/327719-paul-lee-congress-needs-to-vote-on-trumps-military-action-in-syria|website=The Hill|access-date=8 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408180312/http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/327719-paul-lee-congress-needs-to-vote-on-trumps-military-action-in-syria|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Senator [[Rand Paul]] (R–KY) tweeted, "While we all condemn the atrocities in Syria, the United States was not attacked." Representatives [[Justin Amash]] (R–MI) said, "Airstrikes are an act of war. Atrocities in Syria cannot justify a departure from Constitution, which vests in Congress the power to commence war", and [[Thomas Massie]] (R–KY) called it a "big mistake".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prokop|first1=Andrew|title=Syria strike reactions: what top Republicans and Democrats in Congress are saying|url=https://www.vox.com/2017/4/6/15214844/trump-syria-airstrike-reactions|website=Vox|access-date=7 April 2017|date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408133712/http://www.vox.com/2017/4/6/15214844/trump-syria-airstrike-reactions|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABC reaction"/><ref name="Axios reaction"/> Former congressman [[Ron Paul]] argued that because in Syria "things [had been] going along reasonably well for the conditions", there was "zero chance" that Assad had deliberately used chemical weapons, and called the attack a "[[false flag]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Andrew|title=Ron Paul, former congressman, says 'zero chance' Assad gassed Syrians|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/7/ron-paul-former-congressman-says-zero-chance-basha/?|date=7 April 2017|newspaper=The Washington Times|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409061040/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/7/ron-paul-former-congressman-says-zero-chance-basha/|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Public====
[[File:Americans Ask Questions About Global Policeman Role.webm|thumb|A [[Voice of America|VOA]] segment that discusses the attacks with members of the public.]]
Major U.S. media outlets, such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[MSNBC]] and [[CNN]], were all generally supportive of the administration's decision to use airstrikes against Syria; [[Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting]], a progressive [[watchdog group]], claimed that out of the 47 most-read American newspapers which published editorials about the airstrike, 39 expressed varyingly favorable opinions of it, seven were more ambiguous in tone, and only one (the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'') was explicitly negative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fair.org/home/out-of-46-major-editorials-on-trumps-syria-strikes-only-one-opposed/|title=Out of 47 Major Editorials on Trump's Syria Strikes, Only One Opposed|date=11 April 2017|website=FAIR|language=en-US|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103094642/https://fair.org/home/out-of-46-major-editorials-on-trumps-syria-strikes-only-one-opposed/|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fair.org/home/syrian-airstrikes-rekindle-medias-love-affair-with-us-violence/|title=Syrian Airstrikes Rekindle Media's Love Affair With US Violence|date=1 May 2017|website=FAIR|language=en-US|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017180511/https://fair.org/home/syrian-airstrikes-rekindle-medias-love-affair-with-us-violence/|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Protest against U.S. military attacks in Syria (33919232325).jpg|thumb|right|220x200px|Protesters gather on Lake Street in south [[Minneapolis]] to protest the bombings.]]
A poll conducted by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and [[ABC News]] reported that a "bare majority" of Americans supported the missile strikes and a similarly narrow majority opposed any further military action against the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Clement|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/poll-narrow-support-for-trumps-strike-in-syria/2017/04/10/15dab5f6-1e02-11e7-a0a7-8b2a45e3dc84_story.html|title=Poll: Narrow support for Trump's strike in Syria|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411022927/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/poll-narrow-support-for-trumps-strike-in-syria/2017/04/10/15dab5f6-1e02-11e7-a0a7-8b2a45e3dc84_story.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted by ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' and [[YouGov]] reported that around 51% of Americans supported the decision, and slightly more than one-third opposed both the decision and any further military action, with 45% unsure regarding future action.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ariel|last=Edwards-Levy|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/poll-airstrikes-syria_us_58ea0331e4b00de14104006c|title=Poll: 51 Percent Support Strikes In Syria, But Most Don't Think They'll Be Effective|date=9 April 2017|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415140118/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/poll-airstrikes-syria_us_58ea0331e4b00de14104006c|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted by [[CBS News]] reported that a small majority (nearly 6/10) supported the attack, but the appearance of consensus ends regarding future action.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|author-link=Chris Cillizza|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/syria-bombing-assad-poll/|title=Americans back the Syria bombing. They're much more divided on what comes next|date=11 April 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416221344/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/10/politics/syria-bombing-assad-poll/|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted by [[Politico]] and [[Morning Consult]] reported that 66% supported the strikes, which includes 35% who strongly support and 31% who somewhat support them.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steven|last=Shepard|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/poll-syria-airstrikes-237133|title=Poll: Voters back Syria airstrikes|date=12 April 2017|publisher=Politico|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415193424/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/poll-syria-airstrikes-237133|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some right-wing populist commentators criticized Trump's reversal of policy towards war in Syria and the Middle East.<ref name="CNNLabott"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wjla.com/news/nation-world/after-syria-strike-some-trump-supporters-doubt-his-america-first-priorities|work=[[WJLA-TV]]|title=After Syria strike, some Trump supporters doubt his 'America First' priorities|date=7 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050340/http://wjla.com/news/nation-world/after-syria-strike-some-trump-supporters-doubt-his-america-first-priorities|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Anthony|first1=Charles|title=Trump supporters are not happy about missile strikes on Syria|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/supporters-donald-trump-twitter-are-not-happy-about-syria-airstrikes-347730596|access-date=9 April 2017|publisher=Middle East Eye|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409032417/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/supporters-donald-trump-twitter-are-not-happy-about-syria-airstrikes-347730596|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/salvadorhernandez/spencer-protests-trump-on-syria|title=Alt-Right And White Nationalist Supporters Led Tense Protests Against Trump's Airstrikes on Syria|last1=Hern|first1=Salvador|last2=Reporter|first2=ez BuzzFeed News|website=BuzzFeed|date=9 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081203/https://www.buzzfeed.com/salvadorhernandez/spencer-protests-trump-on-syria|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ann Coulter]] pointed out that Trump "campaigned on not getting involved in Mideast" and this was one of the reasons many voted for him.<ref name="CNNLabott"/>

Several protests were held in the U.S. which demonstrated against the attack.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mary|last=Papenfuss|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/us-protests-syria-attack_us_58e845cee4b058f0a02f777c|title=Syria Protest Turns Violent in Florida As Hundreds Hit The Streets In U.S. Cities|date=8 April 2017|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409200958/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/us-protests-syria-attack_us_58e845cee4b058f0a02f777c|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Byfield|first=Erica|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Hundreds-Storm-Midtown-to-Protest-US-Airstrikes-in-Syria--418694333.html|title=Hundreds in Midtown, Union Square Protest US Airstrike in Syria|date=7 April 2017|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409202036/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Hundreds-Storm-Midtown-to-Protest-US-Airstrikes-in-Syria--418694333.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Denis Slattery|author2=Esha Ray|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/protesters-rally-trump-tower-syria-airstrikes-article-1.3032028|title=Protesters lash out at President outside Trump Tower in response to Syria airstrikes|date=7 April 2017|newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409200840/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/protesters-rally-trump-tower-syria-airstrikes-article-1.3032028|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Steve|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/04/07/chicago-protesters-push-back-at-trumps-missile-strike-on-syria/|title=Chicago Protesters Blast Trump's Missile Strike On Syria|date=7 April 2017|publisher=CBS Chicago|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410154849/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/04/07/chicago-protesters-push-back-at-trumps-missile-strike-on-syria/|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Syria and allies===
A joint command center of Russian and Iranian military in Syria, who support the Syrian government, said the strike crossed "red lines" and threatened to "respond with force" to "US aggression".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Al-Khalidi|first1=Suleiman|title=Assad allies say U.S. attack on Syria air base crosses 'red lines'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-allies-idUSKBN17B0K7|access-date=10 April 2017|work=Reuters|date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409232609/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-allies-idUSKBN17B0K7|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharman|first1=Jon|title=Russia and Iran warn US they will 'respond with force' if red lines crossed in Syria again|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-iran-us-america-syria-red-lines-respond-with-force-aggressor-air-strikes-war-latest-a7675031.html|access-date=10 April 2017|work=The Independent|date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409212812/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-iran-us-america-syria-red-lines-respond-with-force-aggressor-air-strikes-war-latest-a7675031.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Syria====
Syrian [[state media]] condemned the strike, calling it an "act of aggression", and claiming it caused unspecified losses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/187512/us-aggression-causes-losses-syrian-state-media|title=US 'aggression' causes losses: Syrian state media|work=World Bulletin|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407064303/http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/187512/us-aggression-causes-losses-syrian-state-media|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Syrian Army]] said that its response will be to continue to "crush terrorism" and restore "peace and security to all Syrians".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/apr/07/us-syria-response-donald-trump-assad-pentagon-live|title=Donald Trump's Syrian airstrike 'significant blow to US-Russia relations', says Kremlin|work=The Guardian|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407015018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/apr/07/us-syria-response-donald-trump-assad-pentagon-live|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Governor of Homs, Talal Barazi, said that the strike proves that the United States is supporting terrorism within Syria. Barazi told the [[Syrian News Channel]] that "they are not surprised today to see the supporting parties interfering directly after the failure of terrorists in targeting Syria".<ref>{{cite web|title=Homs governor: Strike clear sign US backs 'terrorists'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/homs-governor-strike-clear-sign-backs-terrorists-170407060653655.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407130055/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/homs-governor-strike-clear-sign-backs-terrorists-170407060653655.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The spokesperson for Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] called the missile strikes "unjust and arrogant aggression", and an "outrageous act", and that the attack "does not change the deep policies" of the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Syria's Assad Calls U.S. Airstrikes an Outrageous Act|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-07/syrias-assad-calls-us-airstrikes-an-outrageous-act|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124220516/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-07/syrias-assad-calls-us-airstrikes-an-outrageous-act|archive-date=24 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Syrian Ambassador [[Bashar Jaafari]] at the UN Security Council session stated that "this act makes America a partner of [[ISIL]], [[Al-Nusra]] and other terrorist groups", and it was a violation of the U.N. Charter.<ref name="UNSC1"/> President Assad later told the [[Agence France-Presse]] that the chemical attack was "100% fabricated" and accused the United States of being "hand-in-glove with the terrorists" over the chemical attack. He also explained that the chemical attack was made up in order to give the United States an excuse to bomb the Shayrat airbase in retaliation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assad claims Syria chemical attack was 'fabrication', in face of evidence|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/syria-bashar-assad-interview/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=13 April 2017|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525225845/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/syria-bashar-assad-interview/|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Najib Ghadbian, a representative of the [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces]], welcomed the strikes: "They are first good steps but we would like them to be part of a bigger strategy that would put an end to the mass killing, an end to impunity and eventually we hope that they will lead to a kind of a political transition [in Syria]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/syrian-national-coalition-hails-strike-homs-base-170407041535245.html|title=Syrian National Coalition hails US strike on Homs base|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407080403/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/syrian-national-coalition-hails-strike-homs-base-170407041535245.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The pro-Turkish [[Kurdish National Council]]<ref>{{cite news|title=KNC leader arrested after increasing tensions between rival Kurdish parties in Syria|url=http://aranews.net/2016/08/knc-leader-arrested-increasing-tensions-rival-kurdish-parties-syria/|publisher=[[ARA News]]|date=14 August 2016|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021215323/http://aranews.net/2016/08/knc-leader-arrested-increasing-tensions-rival-kurdish-parties-syria/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> welcomed the missile strikes in Syria. "All [[Syrian people]], including [[Kurds in Syria|the Kurds]], are happy and welcoming such an air campaign by the United States", a leader in the Kurdish Unity Party, part of the KNC, stated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2017/04/syrian-kurds-welcome-trump-airstrikes/|title=Syrian Kurds welcome Trump airstrikes|work=ARA News|author=Wladimir van Wilgenburg|date=8 April 2017|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171603/http://aranews.net/2017/04/syrian-kurds-welcome-trump-airstrikes/|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Salih Muslim Muhammad]], co-leader of the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]], stated that the attack "must yield positive results since the parties who did not believe in a political solution" will "reconsider" and "see that there is no military solution", and the US was "forced" to execute the attack. The [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|PYD]] "hoped" that the US will not only attack the Syrian government, but "other parties have also used it, in [[Sheikh Maqsood]], in [[Rojava]], and [[Raqqa]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://komnews.com/all-groups-in-syria-with-chemical-weapons-should-be-targeted-pyd-co-leader/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170408073505/https://komnews.com/all-groups-in-syria-with-chemical-weapons-should-be-targeted-pyd-co-leader/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2017|title=All groups in Syria with chemical weapons should be targeted: PYD co-leader|work=Kom News|date=8 April 2017}}</ref>

====Russia====
The [[President of Russia|Russian President]]′s spokesperson said the U.S. strike was "an act of aggression against a sovereign country violating the norms of international law under a trumped-up pretext", which "substantially impair[ed]" [[Russia–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Robinson|first1=Julian|title=Putin calls US strikes against Syria 'aggression against sovereign country'|url=http://tass.com/politics/939920|publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS|TASS]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407081714/http://tass.com/politics/939920|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian Government also alleged that the strike was an attempt to distract the world from [[Casualties of the Iraq War#Iraqi civilian casualties|civilian casualties in Iraq]] (an apparent reference to [[2017 Mosul airstrike|U.S. airstrike in Mosul]] that killed more than 200).<ref>"[http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/04/us-strikes-syria-response-chemical-attack.html What We Know About the U.S. Military Strike Against Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108102959/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/04/us-strikes-syria-response-chemical-attack.html |date=8 January 2018 }}". ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''. 7 April 2017.</ref> The Russian foreign ministry denounced the strike as being based on false intelligence and against international law, suspended the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Prevention of Flight Safety Incidents that had been signed with the U.S., and called an emergency meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717798?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw&_101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw_languageId=en_GB|title=Заявление МИД России в связи с вооруженной акцией США в Сирии 7 апреля 2017 года|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713135018/http://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717798?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw&_101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw_languageId=en_GB|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] compared the strike to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TASS: Lavrov compares US strike in Syria to 2003 Iraq invasion|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2017/04/07/417964/tass-lavrov-compares-us-strike-in-syria-to-2003-iraq-invasion.html|publisher=Focus News|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408092122/http://www.focus-fen.net/news/2017/04/07/417964/tass-lavrov-compares-us-strike-in-syria-to-2003-iraq-invasion.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian prime minister Dimitry Medvedev said the attack had placed the U.S. on the cusp of warfare with Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html|title=Медведев объявил, что разгромом военной базы в Сирии США поставили себя "на грань боевых столкновений с Россией"|date=7 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135127/http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia says US air strikes in Syria came 'within an inch' of military clash with their forces|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407201917/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has sent the frigate [[Russian frigate Admiral Grigorovich|''Admiral Grigorovich'']] to the east Mediterranean in response,<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia Sends Frigate to Mediterranean Following U.S. Retaliation Strike; U.S. Destroyers Remain On Station|url=https://news.usni.org/2017/04/07/russia-sends-frigate-mediterranean-following-u-s-retaliation-strike-u-s-destroyers-remain-station|access-date=8 April 2017|work=USNI News|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407210129/https://news.usni.org/2017/04/07/russia-sends-frigate-mediterranean-following-u-s-retaliation-strike-u-s-destroyers-remain-station|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and warned that the US strike could have "extremely serious" consequences.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nich|first1=Michelle|last2=Osborn|first2=Andrew|last3=Perry|first3=Tom|title=Russia warns of serious consequences from U.S. strike in Syria|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN1782S0|access-date=8 April 2017|work=Reuters|date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408011823/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN1782S0|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Iran====
Iran's [[President of Iran|president]] [[Hassan Rouhani]] condemned the U.S. military strike, saying Trump had claimed that "he wanted to fight terrorism, but today, all terrorists in Syria are celebrating the U.S. attack".<ref>"[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/08/irans-rouhani-says-trump-abetting-syria-terrorists Iran's Rouhani says Trump abetting Syria 'terrorists'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112457/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/08/irans-rouhani-says-trump-abetting-syria-terrorists |date=9 April 2017 }}". ''SBS News''. 8 April 2017.</ref> According to Iranian foreign minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]]'s tweet, "Not even two decades after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], U.S. military fighting on same side as al-Qaida & ISIS in Yemen & Syria. Time to stop [[Hyperbole|hype]] and [[cover-up]]s."<ref>"[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/07/iran-issues-threat-over-us-strikes-in-syria.html Iran issues threat over US strikes in Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407154643/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/07/iran-issues-threat-over-us-strikes-in-syria.html |date=7 April 2017 }}". Fox News Channel. 7 April 2017.</ref> He described U.S. concerns regarding chemical attacks as hypocritical, inasmuch as the United States [[United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war|had supported]] Iraqi forces under [[Saddam Hussein]] as they [[Iraqi chemical weapons|massively used chemical weapons]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/124620/Zarif-slams-US-hypocrisy-in-siding-with-terrorists|title=Zarif slams US hypocrisy in siding with terrorists|date=7 April 2017|publisher=Mehr News|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410215419/http://en.mehrnews.com/news/124620/Zarif-slams-US-hypocrisy-in-siding-with-terrorists|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

During Friday prayers in [[Tehran]], worshipers protesting the strike chanted "[[Death to America]]" and "Death to Al Saud" – referring to the [[Saudi royal family]]. Ayatollah [[Mohammad Emami Kashani]], who led the Friday prayers, called the United States "crazy" and blasted its "crimes". Ayatollah [[Mohammed Emami-Kashani|Kashani]] said that the Americans "gave chemical weapons and substances to the terrorists, while creating terrorists all over the world".<ref name="euronews">{{cite web|title=Fears of more chaos in the Middle East after US strike in Syria|date=7 April 2017|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/04/07/fears-of-more-chaos-in-the-middle-east-after-us-strike-in-syria|publisher=[[Euronews]]|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407215439/http://www.euronews.com/2017/04/07/fears-of-more-chaos-in-the-middle-east-after-us-strike-in-syria|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to an analyst writing for ''[[HuffPost]]'', the [[2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike]] by Iran suggests that the country has shifted its three decades-long policy of testing, but not using missiles, as a reaction to Donald Trump's escalation in the Middle East, including "needless increase" in America's military involvement in the Syrian proxy war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/is-irans-ballistic-missile-use-trumps-fault_us_59484261e4b0f7875b83e520|title=Is Iran's Ballistic Missile Use Trump's Fault?|last=Marashi|first=Reza|date=19 June 2017|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208110348/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/is-irans-ballistic-missile-use-trumps-fault_us_59484261e4b0f7875b83e520|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===International===
The governments of Albania,<ref name="Albania Kosovo">{{cite web|title=Albania and Kosovo, pro-attack|url=http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=352250|website=Top Channel|access-date=7 April 2017|language=sq|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903211136/http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=352250|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia,<ref name="sbsworldnews-1">{{cite web|title='Australian government strongly supports' Syria strike: Turnbull |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/07/australian-government-strongly-supports-syria-strike-turnbull|website=SBS World News|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407044414/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/07/australian-government-strongly-supports-syria-strike-turnbull|archive-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Bahrain,<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia, Bahrain voice support for US missile strike on Syria|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1080641/saudi-arabia|newspaper=[[Arab News]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407220723/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1080641/saudi-arabia|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bulgaria,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgaria 'accepts' US air strike on Syrian airport as part of efforts to stop use of chemical weapons – Foreign Ministry|url=http://sofiaglobe.com/2017/04/08/bulgaria-accepts-us-air-strike-on-syrian-air-force-as-part-of-efforts-to-stop-use-of-chemical-weapons-foreign-ministry/|work=The Sofia Globe|date=8 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411141120/http://sofiaglobe.com/2017/04/08/bulgaria-accepts-us-air-strike-on-syrian-air-force-as-part-of-efforts-to-stop-use-of-chemical-weapons-foreign-ministry/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada supports 'limited and focused' U.S. military action against Syria, Trudeau says|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-statement-us-strike-syria/article34626797/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408022539/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-statement-us-strike-syria/article34626797/|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the Czech Republic,<ref>{{cite news|title=Čeští politici vítají úder USA na Sýrii, Zeman chce vyšetření chemického útoku|url=https://www.novinky.cz/domaci/434471-cesti-politici-vitaji-uder-usa-na-syrii-zeman-chce-vysetreni-chemickeho-utoku.html|language=cs|publisher=[[Novinky.cz]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410052555/https://www.novinky.cz/domaci/434471-cesti-politici-vitaji-uder-usa-na-syrii-zeman-chce-vysetreni-chemickeho-utoku.html|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Denmark,<ref>{{cite web|title=Denmark backs US attack on Syrian airbase|url=http://cphpost.dk/news/denmark-backs-us-attack-on-syrian-airbase.html|work=[[The Copenhagen Post]]|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408000259/http://cphpost.dk/news/denmark-backs-us-attack-on-syrian-airbase.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Estonia,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mikser: US attack on Syria 'appropriate and necessary'|url=http://news.err.ee/588614/mikser-us-attack-on-syria-appropriate-and-necessary|publisher=news.err.ee|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082707/http://news.err.ee/588614/mikser-us-attack-on-syria-appropriate-and-necessary|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> France,<ref name="RTE" /> Georgia,<ref name="Georgia">{{cite web|title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/News/%E2%80%8Bsagareo-saqmeta-saministros-ganckhadeba.aspx?CatID=5|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009202645/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/News/%E2%80%8Bsagareo-saqmeta-saministros-ganckhadeba.aspx?CatID=5|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Germany,<ref name="RTE">{{cite web|title=Merkel, Hollande voice support for US strike against Assad|date=7 April 2017|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/0407/866002-syria-airstrike-reaction/|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233852/https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/0407/866002-syria-airstrike-reaction/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-praises-message-of-resolve-in-us-strike-on-syria/|title=Netanyahu praises 'message of resolve' in US strike on Syria|work=The Times of Israel|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713144002/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-praises-message-of-resolve-in-us-strike-on-syria/|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Italy,<ref>{{cite web|title=Italy Says It Supports US Strikes on Syria|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Italy-says-it-supports-US-strikes-on-Syria-486432|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234327/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Italy-says-it-supports-US-strikes-on-Syria-486432|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan supports U.S. missile strike in Syria|url=https://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/japan-supports-u-s-missile-strike-in-syria|work=Japan Today|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233520/https://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/japan-supports-u-s-missile-strike-in-syria|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jordan says U.S. strike on Syria was 'necessary response'|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Jordan-says-US-strike-on-Syria-was-necessary-response-486444|website=The Jerusalem Post|agency=Reuters|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233908/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Jordan-says-US-strike-on-Syria-was-necessary-response-486444|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kosovo,<ref name="Albania Kosovo" /> Kuwait,<ref name="KUNA">{{cite web|title=Kuwait, GCC states including Qatar support US strikes|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2601336&Language=en|agency=Kuwait News Agency|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082325/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2601336&Language=en|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Latvia,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rinkēvičs: Syria strike was an adequate reaction|url=http://www.lsm.lv/en/article/politics/rinkevics-syria-strike-was-an-adequate-reaction.a231650/|access-date=7 April 2017|work=LSM|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082457/http://www.lsm.lv/en/article/politics/rinkevics-syria-strike-was-an-adequate-reaction.a231650/|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Lithuania,<ref>{{cite news|title=Grybauskaitė: Syrian, Russian leaders must know red lines|url=http://en.delfi.lt/lithuania/foreign-affairs/grybauskaite-syrian-russian-leaders-must-know-red-lines.d?id=74295988|access-date=7 April 2017|work=DELFI|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233849/http://en.delfi.lt/lithuania/foreign-affairs/grybauskaite-syrian-russian-leaders-must-know-red-lines.d?id=74295988|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully on US air strikes: 'We can understand why'|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11834082|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407034534/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11834082|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Norway,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/syria/dette-mener-norge-om-syria-angrep/a/23970294/|title=Dette mener Norge om Syria-angrep|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233832/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/syria/dette-mener-norge-om-syria-angrep/a/23970294/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Poland,<ref>{{cite web|title=Poland Supports US Actions on Syria|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Poland-supports-US-actions-on-Syria-486414|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407215739/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Poland-supports-US-actions-on-Syria-486414|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Qatar,<ref name="KUNA" /> Romania,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/prima-reactie-oficiala-a-romaniei-dupa-atacul-sua-asupra-siriei-sorin-grindeanu-aceste-lucruri-trebuie-pedepsite.html|title=Premierul Grindeanu, dupa atacul din Siria: "Aceste lucruri trebuie pedepsite". Reactia MAE: "Suntem solidari cu Aliatii"|work=Pro TV|year=2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408223512/http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/prima-reactie-oficiala-a-romaniei-dupa-atacul-sua-asupra-siriei-sorin-grindeanu-aceste-lucruri-trebuie-pedepsite.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Saudi-Arabia-says-fully-supports-US-military-strikes-in-Syria-486404|title=Saudi Arabia Says Fully Supports US Military Strikes|work=The Jerusalem Post|year=2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019075831/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Saudi-Arabia-says-fully-supports-US-military-strikes-in-Syria-486404|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|title='Turkey welcomes 'significant' US strikes on Syria base|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/turkey-welcomes-significant-us-strikes-on-syria-base/791216|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912135245/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-strike-on-assad-regime-a-positive-response-erdogan-aide/791216|archive-date=12 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on Syria|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/news/56242-zajava-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-siriji|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407202600/http://mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/news/56242-zajava-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-siriji|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> the United Arab Emirates,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302607367|title=UAE backs U.S. air strikes against Syrian regime|agency=Emirates News Agency|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407222257/http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302607367|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the United Kingdom<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|last1=Packham|first1=Colin|title=Iran condemns air strike in Syria; Britain, Australia give support|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-reaction-idUSKBN1790M4|work=Reuters|access-date=7 April 2017|location=Sydney|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407115700/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-reaction-idUSKBN1790M4|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> generally supported the strike, some calling it a just response and strong message against the use of chemical weapons. The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and the [[European Union]] have also expressed support for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria war: World reaction to US missile attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39526089|work=BBC News|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083206/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39526089|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 10 April [[European Union]] summit in [[Madrid]], the leaders of southern EU nations (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain) said that a US missile strike on a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a suspected chemical attack was "understandable".<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern EU leaders defend US strike on Syria|date=11 April 2017|url=http://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/southern-eu-leaders-defend-us-strike-on-syria/|publisher=[[EurActiv]]|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411140720/http://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/southern-eu-leaders-defend-us-strike-on-syria/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Luxembourg's foreign minister, [[Jean Asselborn]], noted that the U.S. and Trump's change in policy toward Assad government was surprising, and considered an international diplomatic effort as a solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wort.lu/en/politics/syria-asselborn-us-strike-not-coherent-military-strategy-58e7832ca5e74263e13ad2d3#|title=Syria: Asselborn: US strike not coherent military strategy|date=7 April 2017|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171229/http://www.wort.lu/en/politics/syria-asselborn-us-strike-not-coherent-military-strategy-58e7832ca5e74263e13ad2d3|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Slovakia and Netherlands said they understood why the strike was carried out, but that it is important to de-escalate the situation as soon as possible.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Koenders: begrip voor VS maar de-escalatie nu belangrijk|url=http://nos.nl/video/2167025-koenders-begrip-voor-vs-maar-de-escalatie-nu-belangrijk.html|publisher=NOS|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234012/http://nos.nl/video/2167025-koenders-begrip-voor-vs-maar-de-escalatie-nu-belangrijk.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State Secretary I. Korčok with US Ambassador on current situation in Syria|url=https://www.mzv.sk/web/en/news/current_issues/-/asset_publisher/lrJ2tDuQdEKp/content/statny-tajomnik-i-korcok-s-americkym-velvyslancom-o-aktualnej-situacii-v-syrii/10182?p_p_auth=7MUczaqd&_101_INSTANCE_lrJ2tDuQdEKp_redirect=%2Fweb%2Fen|publisher=Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic|access-date=10 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055004/https://www.mzv.sk/web/en/news/current_issues/-/asset_publisher/lrJ2tDuQdEKp/content/statny-tajomnik-i-korcok-s-americkym-velvyslancom-o-aktualnej-situacii-v-syrii/10182?p_p_auth=7MUczaqd&_101_INSTANCE_lrJ2tDuQdEKp_redirect=%2Fweb%2Fen|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Finland stressed the role of the UN Security Council to work for a ceasefire and political negotiations to achieve sustainable peace.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chemical attack in Syria and US air strike discussed at the Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy|url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/10616/kemiallisen-aseen-kaytto-syyriassa-ja-yhdysvaltain-ilmaisku-esilla-tp-utva-ssa|publisher=Finnish Government Communications Department|access-date=10 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054527/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/10616/kemiallisen-aseen-kaytto-syyriassa-ja-yhdysvaltain-ilmaisku-esilla-tp-utva-ssa|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Austria also called for de-escalation of the situation and consider there can be only a political and not military solution for the conflict in Syria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebastian Kurz und sein dänischer Amtskollege Anders Samuelsen verurteilten Anschlag in Stockholm|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/das-ministerium/presse/aussendungen/2017/04/sebastian-kurz-und-sein-daenischer-amtskollege-anders-samuelsen-verurteilten-anschlag-in-stockholm/|publisher=Austrian Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs|access-date=10 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411060800/https://www.bmeia.gv.at/das-ministerium/presse/aussendungen/2017/04/sebastian-kurz-und-sein-daenischer-amtskollege-anders-samuelsen-verurteilten-anschlag-in-stockholm/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The government of [[Cyprus]] believes the strike is not beyond international law if it concerns a serious violation of humanitarian law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus says Trump Syria strike not 'considered to be beyond international law'|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/cyprus-says-trump-syria-strike-not-considered-to-be-beyond-international-l-p39683-69.htm|work=Famagusta Gazette|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009202648/http://famagusta-gazette.com/cyprus-says-trump-syria-strike-not-considered-to-be-beyond-international-l-p39683-69.htm|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Chinese, Greek, and Swedish governments offered neutral responses to the attack while the Indonesian government expressed concern over the attack.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Onyanga-Omara|first1=Jane|title=U.S. allies praise Trump's strikes on a Syria airbase|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/07/us-allies-praise-trumps-strikes-syrian-airbase/100161498/|website=USA Today|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407151145/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/07/us-allies-praise-trumps-strikes-syrian-airbase/100161498/|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Aisch|first1=Gregor|title=Which Countries Support and Which Oppose the U.S. Missile Strikes in Syria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/07/world/middleeast/world-reactions-syria-strike.html|work=The New York Times|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408033256/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/07/world/middleeast/world-reactions-syria-strike.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Yosephine|first1=Liza|title=Indonesia 'concerned' over airstrike on Syria|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/04/07/indonesia-concerned-over-airstrike-on-syria.html|website=The Jakarta Post|access-date=7 April 2017|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082935/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/04/07/indonesia-concerned-over-airstrike-on-syria.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump told [[Xi Jinping]], [[China]]'s [[paramount leader]] and his guest at [[Mar-a-Lago]], that he had ordered the attack; the missiles were near their targets as the Chinese leader left the resort.<ref name="bloomberg20170407">{{Cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/from-steak-dinner-to-makeshift-situation-room-in-mar-a-lago-inside-trumps/2319603 |title=From steak dinner to makeshift situation room in Mar-a-Lago: Inside Trump's Syria strike |last1=Pettypice |first1=Shannon |date=7 April 2017 |work=Tampa Bay Times |agency=Bloomberg News |last2=Sink |first2=Justin |last3=Jacobs |first3=Jennifer |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408130446/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/from-steak-dinner-to-makeshift-situation-room-in-mar-a-lago-inside-trumps/2319603 |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xi told Trump that he understood the need of a military operation to respond when children were killed, according to [[Rex Tillerson]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/07/us-strikes-syria-tensions-rise-russia-warns-damage-ties-washington/ US strikes on Syria: Xi Jinping told Donald Trump he understood the US response 'because of the death of children'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326014605/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/07/us-strikes-syria-tensions-rise-russia-warns-damage-ties-washington/ |date=26 March 2018 }}, ''Telegraph''</ref> The Egyptian foreign ministry called on the United States and Russia to "contain the conflict" and reach a comprehensive and final resolution to the crisis,<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt urges US, Russia to 'contain conflict' following Syria airstrikes|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/262485/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-urges-US,-Russia-to-contain-conflict-followi.aspx|work=Al-Ahram Weekly|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409020948/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/262485/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-urges-US,-Russia-to-contain-conflict-followi.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> as did [[Hungarian Foreign Minister]] [[Péter Szijjártó]] who said that the civil war "cannot be resolved without an American-Russian accord"<ref>{{cite web|title=An American-Russian accord is needed, but this is something we are currently very far from|url=http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/an-american-russian-accord-is-needed-but-this-is-something-we-are-currently-very-far-from|publisher=Government of Hungary|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082026/http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/an-american-russian-accord-is-needed-but-this-is-something-we-are-currently-very-far-from|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[President of Colombia|Colombian President]] and [[2016 Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Juan Manuel Santos]] who called for a political solution to the conflict in Syria and dialogue between the United States and Russia to avoid escalating the already complex situation.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=JuanManSantos|number=850377804810203136|date=7 April 2017|title="Hago un llamado a encontrar una solución política en Siria y a que el diálogo entre EE UU y Rusia evite que escale la ya compleja situación|language=Spanish}}</ref> The government of Switzerland has urged the international community to tackle the escalating Syrian crisis through diplomatic means rather than military confrontation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swiss warn against military escalation in Syria|date=7 April 2017 |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/missile-strike_swiss-warn-against-military-escalation-in-syria/43093348|publisher=swissinfo.ch|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171546/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/missile-strike_swiss-warn-against-military-escalation-in-syria/43093348|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Taoiseach [[Enda Kenny]] of [[Ireland]] has described the strike as a "matter of grave concern"<ref>{{cite web|title=Taoiseach 'concerned' by US airstrike on Syria|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/taoiseach-concerned-by-us-airstrike-on-syria-784912.html|work=Irish Examiner|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408161013/http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/taoiseach-concerned-by-us-airstrike-on-syria-784912.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The governments of Belarus, Brazil, Bolivia, Russia and Venezuela criticized the strikes, with Bolivia describing the actions as a violation of international law and Iran arguing that the strike would strengthen terrorists and complicate the war.<ref name="NYTFallout">{{cite news|title=U.S. Airstrikes in Syria: Fallout Around the World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/trump-syria-airstrikes.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408042351/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/trump-syria-airstrikes.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters" /> Bolivian ambassador [[Sacha Llorenty]] accused the U.S. for "imperialistic action" and related the current US Security Council situation with the one from [[United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War|2003 about the Iraq War]], when [[Colin Powell]] wrongly alleged that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction.<ref name="UNSC1" /> Belarus condemned the attack as "unacceptable",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-describes-us-missile-attack-on-syrian-airfield-as-unacceptable-100251-2017/|title=Belarus describes U.S. missile attack on Syrian airfield as unacceptable|date=7 April 2017|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021226/http://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-describes-us-missile-attack-on-syrian-airfield-as-unacceptable-100251-2017/|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> while Venezuela described the attack as a violation of Syria's sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2017-04-07/the-latest-japans-abe-supports-us-resolve-on-syria |title = The Latest: UN Official Calls for De-Escalation in Syria {{!}} Political News {{!}} US News |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409062539/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2017-04-07/the-latest-japans-abe-supports-us-resolve-on-syria |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Aloysio Nunes]] Ferreira condemned the “unilateral use of force” by the United States without authorization from the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plus55.com/brazil-politics/2017/04/brazil-usa-attack-on-syria|title=Brazil condemns 'unilateral use of force' in the U.S. attack on Syria|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171718/http://plus55.com/brazil-politics/2017/04/brazil-usa-attack-on-syria|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> North Korea said that the strikes were an unforgivable act of aggression and that the strikes demonstrate why the country is entitled to [[North Korean nuclear weapons program|its nuclear weapons program]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSKBN17A0H4|work=Reuters|title=North Korea calls U.S. strikes on Syria 'unforgivable': report|author1=Ju-min Park|author2=Jack Kim|date=8 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021237/http://mobile.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSKBN17A0H4|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The U.N. Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] appealed "for restraint to avoid any acts that could deepen the suffering of the Syrian people", and that "there is no other way to solve the conflict than through a political solution".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56524#.WOzjRdKLS00|title=Syria: As US responds militarily to chemical attack, UN urges restraint to avoid escalation|publisher=United Nations News Centre|date=7 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409195858/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56524#.WOzjRdKLS00|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia|War}}
* [[2018 missile strikes against Syria]]
* [[International reactions to the Ghouta chemical attack#Military options|International reactions to the 2013 Ghouta chemical attack § Military options]]
* [[List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war]]
* [[September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid]]
* [[Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|2017 Shayrat missile strike}}
* [https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1144601/trump-orders-missile-attack-in-retaliation-for-syrian-chemical-strikes U.S. Department of Defense announcement]
* [https://jamestown.org/program/russian-air-defense-us-strike-al-shayrat/ Documentation of assessment by Russian experts of the strike], [[Jamestown Foundation]], Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 14, Issue 50, by Roger McDermott

{{Syrian Civil War}}
{{Trump presidency}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shayrat missile strike}}
[[Category:April 2017 events in Syria]]
[[Category:April 2017 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Homs District]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2017]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:United States Navy in the 21st century]]

Usinor

2024-01-14T08:25:05Z

Lensovet: /* Sacilor and predecessors */

{{short description|French steel manufacturer}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Usinor
| logo = Usinor.svg
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| predecessor = Usinor-Sacilor (1986-1997) Usinor (1948-1986) Sacilor (1964-1986) ''others''
| successor = [[Arcelor]]
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| defunct = 2002
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| industry = [[Steel industry|Steel]]
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}}
'''Usinor''' was a French steel making group formed in 1948. The group was merged with '''Sacilor''' in 1986, becoming '''Usinor-Sacilor''' and was privatised in 1995, and renamed '''Usinor''' in 1997.

In 2001 it merged with [[Arbed]] (Luxembourg) and [[Aceralia]] (Spain) to form the European company [[Arcelor]], which became part of [[ArcelorMittal]] in 2006.

==History==

===Sacilor and predecessors===
In 1704 [[Jean Martin de Wendel]] bought an [[ironworks]] in [[Hayange]], [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] in north-eastern France. Over the next one hundred years industrial production grew, and, in 1822 the first coke fired blast furnace in France was constructed. Further growth occurred under [[de Wendel family]] ownership in the next century; in 1850 approximately 20,000 tons of iron and cast iron each were produced, by 1869 this had increased 15 blast furnaces and a production of well over 100,000 tons of cast iron and iron each. Production included rails, bars, sheet, tin and wire.<ref name="fu">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/USINOR-SACILOR-Company-History.html|title=USINOR SACILOR -- Company History|work=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref>

The company was split as a result of the [[Alsace-Lorraine]] region becoming part of Germany after that country's victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870. After Germany's defeat in the [[First World War]] the region returned to France, and the factories regained. Production continued to increase, with over 1.5million tons of iron and cast iron each produced in 1929.<ref name="fu"/>

The [[Great Depression in France]] affected the company's ability to invest and in 1948 nine steelmakers formed the ''[[Société Lorraine de Laminage Continu]]'' (Sollac), pooling their resources to modernise. Further consolidation took place in the 1950s and 60s; ''Sidélor'' was formed from the Rombas and Homécourt group of companies in 1950, in 1963 the ''Union des consommateurs de produits métallurgiques et industriels'' (UCPMI) and ''Knutange'' merged to form the ''Société Mosellane de Sidérurgie'' (SMS).<ref name="fu"/>

'''Sacilor''' ('''S'''ociété des '''Aci'''éries et Laminoirs de '''Lor'''raine) was first created in 1964 as a joint venture between the ''de Wendel'' and ''Sidélor'' groups<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.lu/sacilor.html|title=SACILOR|at=Historique - Geschichtlicher Überblick|work=www.rail.lu}}</ref> (France for the construction of a modern steel plant in [[Gandrange]], Lorraine. The groups themselves merged with SMS in 1967, forming ''de Wendel-Sidélor''; in 1968 this group produced 40% of French production: 20million tons of Iron.<ref name="fu"/>

The entire group became named '''Sacilor''' in 1973.

===Usinor and predecessors===
'''Usinor''' ('''U'''nion '''Si'''dérurgique du '''Nor'''d) was created in 1948 from the merger of [[Denain-Anzin]] (''Les Hauts Fourneaux, Forges et Aciéries de Denain-Anzin'') founded 1849 and ''Nord-Est'' (''Les Forges et Aciéries du Nord et de l'Est'') founded 1882. Both companies had their origins in ironworks founded in the first half of the 19th century in the modern day ''département'' of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]].<ref name="m">{{cite web|url=http://www.arcelormittal.com/index.php?lang=en&page=552|title=History of Usinor|work=www.arcelormittal.com}}</ref>

The company was formed for the consolidation of the steel works in the region, with a new plant in [[Denain]], opened in 1952. Another factory, dedicated to steel sheet production, was opened in [[Dunkirk]] in 1971, receiving materials by sea and from abroad.<ref name="fu"/>

In 1963 merger with ''Lorraine-Escaut'', also formed from the merger of older companies. (''Senelle-Maubeuge'', ''[[Aciéries de Longwy|Longwy]]'' and ''Escaut et Meuse''). The financial crisis of the 1970s affected the company negatively, and state investment grew. In 1979 another merger took place between Usinor and the smaller ''[[Société des forges de Châtillon-Commentry-Neuves-Maison|Chiers-Chatillon-Neuves Maisons]]''. By 1981 90% of Usinor's shares were state owned.

===Nationalisation and merger of Usinor and Sacilor===
The economic effects of the [[1973 oil crisis]] affected both the steelmaking groups, already in debt from modernisation projects, and heavily reliant on state loans; in 1981 both Usinor and Sacilor was nationalised.<ref name="fu"/>

Following another steel market crash in 1983, and the halt to subsidies to the steel industry brought in by the [[European Commission]] in 1986; Both companies were making heavy losses; in September 1986 the merger of Usinor and Sacilor was announced forming '''Usinor-Sacilor'''.<ref name="fu"/>

===Usinor-Sacilor, Usinor, and merger into Arcelor===
Further companies were absorbed into the group, ''Sollac'' in 1990, ''Ugine'' in 1991. In 1995 the company was privatised, and in 1997 the entire group renamed '''Usinor'''.<ref name="m"/>

In 1998 [[Cockerill-Sambre]], a Belgian steelmaker was acquired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/1998/12/inbrief/be9812158n.htm|title=Usinor takes over Cockerill-Sambre, under union supervision|work=www.eurofound.europa.eu|author=Philippe Dryon, Estelle Krzeslo|date=28 December 1998|publisher=European industrial relations observatory on-line}}</ref>

Usinor restructured as primarily a flat carbon steel producer in the last years of the 20th century, and disposed of several speciality steel product and [[long products|long steel product]] businesses:<ref name="sale1">{{citation| url = http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/siderurgiele-recentrage-d-usinor-fait-la-part-belle-aux-specialistes-usinor-vient-de-ceder-unimetal-au-siderurgiste-anglo-indien-ispat-et-s-apprete-a-se-separer-d-ascometal-la-cession-de-c.N91738| title =SIDERURGIELe recentrage d'Usinor fait la part belle aux " spécialistes "Usinor vient de céder Unimétal au sidérurgiste anglo-indien Ispat et s'apprête à se séparer d'Ascométal. La cession de ces pôles s'inscrit dans l'évolution vers davantage de spécialisation et dans une remise en cause progress...| date = 18 March 1999| language = fr| journal = L'Usine Nouvelle| number = 2679}}</ref> the Usinor/Cockerill owned rolling mill manufacturer [[Forcast (company)|Forcast]] was sold to [[Akers (company)]] in 1998;<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/metallurgieforcast-se-restructureun-an-apres-son-entree-dans-le-groupe-suedois-akers-le-fabricant-de-cylindres-de-laminoir-forcast-procede-a-un-plan-social-il-doit-ameliorer-sa-rentabilite.N92993| title = MétallurgieForcast se restructureUn an après son entrée dans le groupe suédois Akers, le fabricant de cylindres de laminoir Forcast procède à un plan social. Il doit améliorer sa rentabilité.| date = 10 June 1999| journal = L'Usine Nouvelle| number = 2691| language = fr}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url =http://archives.lesechos.fr/archives/1998/LesEchos/17562-48-ECH.htm| title = Usinor et Cockerill cèdent le contrôle de Forcast au suédois Akers| language = fr| date = 13 January 1998| journal = Les Echos| number = 17562| page =11}}</ref> in 1998/9 the subsidiary: [[Unimetal]] (long products) and its subsidiaries [[Trefileurope]], and ''[[Societe Metallurgique de Revigny]]'' (SMR) were sold to [[Ispat International]] for approximately $107 million (693 [[French franc|francs]]);<ref name="sale1"/><ref>Sources:
*{{citation| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/83006/| title = Ispat to buy Usinor units| date = 3 March 1999| work = www.indianexpress.com}}
*{{citation| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19990710/fco10020.html| title = Ispat International acquires 3 Usinor companies | author = Manik Mehta| date = 10 July 1999| work = www.financialexpress.com}}
*{{citation| url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ispat+International+N.V.+Reaches+an+Agreement+in+Principle+With...-a054632075| title = Ispat International N.V. Reaches an Agreement in Principle With Usinor For the Acquisition of Unimetal, Trefileurope and SMR| date = 14 May 1999| work = www.thefreelibrary| publisher =Ispat International NV / PRNewswire}}
*{{citation| url = http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m1509_en.pdf| title =Case No IV/M.1509 - ISPAT / UNIMETAL (REGULATION (EEC) No 4064/89 MERGER PROCEDURE| date = 22 June 1999|at= I. The Parties and operation|quote = 4. Unimétal is a steel producer currently owned by the Aster company, itself wholly owned by the Usinor group. Through its wholly owned subsidiaries Société Métallurgique de Revigny (SMR) and Tréfileurope, Unimétal produces and sells bright bars and drawn wire}}</ref> railway wheelset and axle manufacturing subsidiaries [[Valdunes]] and [[RTM (manufacturer)|RTM]] were sold to ''Freedom Forge Holding'' ([[Standard Steel]], USA) in 1998;<ref name="sale1"/><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.europolitics.info/usinor-sells-valdunes-rtm-units-artr156081-5.html| title = USINOR SELLS VALDUNES, RTM UNITS| date = 2 December 1998| work = www.europolitics.info}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/exploiting-synergies-in-the-wheelset-market.html| title =Exploiting synergies in the wheelset market | date = 5 November 2008| first = Harry |last = Hondius| work = www.railwaygazette.com}}</ref> railway rail manufacturing subsidiary [[Sogerail]] (Hayange, France) was sold to [[British Steel plc]] in 1999.<ref>{{citation| url = http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/99/614&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en| title = Commission authorises acquisition of Sogerail (France) by British Steel (UK)| date = 4 August 1999| work = europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_10_39/ai_58673355/| title = British Steel Buys French Firms| journal = International Railway Journal| date =October 1999| publisher = Simmons-Boardman Publishing}}</ref> the special long products and forged products subsidiary [[Ascometal]] was sold to [[Lucchini S.p.A.]] in 1999;<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Locus+Technologies+Completes+Due+Diligence+of+Ascometal+Plants+in...-a054714132| title = Locus Technologies Completes Due Diligence of Ascometal Plants in France.| date = 25 May 1999| work = www.thefreelibrary| publisher= PRNewswire}}</ref> and the [[electrical steel]] subsidiary UGO (''[[Usinor Grains Orientés SA]]'') was sold to [[Thyssen Krupp]] in 2000.<ref name="sale1"/><ref>Sources:
*{{citation| url =http://www.europolitics.info/thyssen-krupp-steel-cleared-to-acquire-usinor-grain-oriented-steel-business-artr152509-3.html |title =THYSSEN KRUPP STEEL CLEARED TO ACQUIRE USINOR GRAIN-ORIENTED STEEL BUSINESS| date = 13 October 1999| work = www.europolitics.info}}
*{{citation| url = http://www.echo62.com/article-isbergues-une-usine-qui-seme-des-graines-orientes-et-recolte-des-toles| title = Isbergues : Une usine qui " sème " des graines orientés et " récolte " des tôles|date =November 2002| work = www.echo62.com|language = fr}}</ref>

In 2001/2 the group merged with [[Arbed]] of Luxembourg and [[Aceralia]] of Spain to form [[Arcelor]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Literature===
*{{citation| url = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/USINOR-SACILOR-company-History.html| title = USINOR SACILOR|work = International Directory of Company Histories| volume=4| publisher = St. James Press|year = 1991|pages = 226–8}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Steel companies of France]]
[[Category:ArcelorMittal]]
[[Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of France]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:French companies disestablished in 2002]]

Walygator Grand-Est

2024-01-14T08:23:46Z

Lensovet: /* Coasters */

{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Walygator Grand-Est
| image = [[File:Entrance of Walygator Parc.JPG|300px]]
| logo = Walygator-grand-est-logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| alt =
| logo_caption =
| caption =
| location = [[Maizières-les-Metz]], [[France]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|49.2253|N|6.15611|E|source:kolossus-nlwiki|display=it}}
| status = Operating
| opening_date = {{Start date|1989}}
| season = April–October
| area =42 [[hectare|ha]]
| rides = 39
| coasters = 4
| water_rides = 5
| owner = [[Aspro Parks]]
| general manager =
| slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.walygatorparc.com/english.html www.walygatorparc.com]
}}

'''Walygator Grand-Est''' is an amusement park located in [[Maizières-les-Metz]], [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]], [[France]]. Since its opening in 1989, the park has had a succession of different names: '''Big Bang Schtroumpf''' ([[Smurf]]), '''Walibi Schtroumpf''', '''Walibi Lorraine''' and now Walygator Parc.

==History==
First designed within the extant halls of Sacilor's Laminoir by the Leisure division HHCP Architects in Maitland, Florida, the theme park was named ''The New World of the Smurfs'', or Le Nouveau Monde des Schtroumpfs. After a decision was made to abandon the mill, the park was re-designed by Grady Larkins and eventually opened up on May 9, 1989, as ''Big Bang Schtroumpf''. Built on the site of the former steel mills of [[Sacilor]], the park was then managed by [[Sorépark]], a company headed by Pierre Jullien. Construction costs topped {{nowrap|€110 million}}.

* In 1991, the park, on the verge of bankruptcy, is taken over by [[Walibi]] Group. Walibi's orange kangaroo mascot is brought alongside [[Peyo]]'s little blue men: ''Walibi Schtroumpf'' was born.
* In 1998, parent [[Walibi]] Group is bought out by [[Six Flags#History of Premier Parks|Premier Parks]]. At this point, the land on which Walibi Schtroumpf sits, totals 162 hectares of which only 42 are in use.
* In 2003, Walibi Schtroumpf becomes ''Walibi Lorraine'' and the [[Smurfs]] characters are removed from the park.
* In 2004 [[Six Flags]] (Premier Parks' successor), which had ownership of the park since 1998, divests itself of its European operations (apart from [[Parque Warner Madrid|Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid]], which was sold back to [[Time Warner]] and renamed Parque Warner Madrid in 2006). The park changes hands to [[Star Parks]], of London-based [[Palamon Partners]].
* In 2006 [[Star Parks]], in turn, sells the park to brothers Claude and Didier Le Douarin. Around the same time, the [[Walibi]] brand is sold to French leisure giant [[Compagnie des Alpes]]. The new management team is left with no option but to adopt a new name.
* In 2007, the park opens its doors under a new name: ''Walygator Parc''.
* In 2010, the park opens a new roller coaster, "[[The Monster (Walygator Parc)|The Monster]]", an [[Inverted roller coasters|inverted roller coaster]] by Swiss manufacturer [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. The ride had previously anchored [[Expoland]] in Japan, and is a clone of [[Raptor (Cedar Point)|Raptor]] at [[Cedar Point]].
*In 2013, the park, once again on the verge of bankruptcy, is sold to a group of investors made of Jacqueline Lejeune, Franck Déglin and Francois-Jérôme Parent.
* In 2016, Jacqueline Lejeune and Franck Déglin sell Walygator Parc to [[Aspro Parks]].
* In 2020, the park was renamed Walygator Grand-Est following the purchase of Walibi Sud-Ouest and renaming as Walygator Sud-Ouest.

==Coasters==
{| Class = "wikitable"
!Name||Restrictions||Model|| Maximum height || Length || Maximum speed || Manufacturer || Built || Duration || Image
|--
|[[Anaconda (Walygator Parc)|Anaconda]] ||> 120 cm||[[Wooden roller coaster]]||36 m||1200m||90 km/h||[[William Cobb (designer)|Bill Cobb]]||1989|| 2:30 || [[File:Anaconda-2.jpg|150px]]
|--
|[[Comet (Walygator Parc)|Comet]]||> 120 cm.|||'''Hurricane'''||590m||||65 km/h||[[Vekoma]]||1989|| 1:25 || [[File:Waly-coaster.JPG|150px]]
|--
|Family Coaster||> 85 cm when accompanied by an adult ||[[roller coaster|Kids' roller coaster]]||4m||132m||15 km/h||[[Pinfari]]||2007|| 1:30 || [[File:Family coaster.jpg|150px]]
|--
|[[The Monster (Walygator Parc)|The Monster]]||> 140 cm.||[[Inverted roller coaster]]||40m||1200m||90 km/h||[[Bolliger & Mabillard]]||2010|| 2:28 ||[[File:Expoland.jpg|150px]]
|--
|}

==Other attractions==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Manufacturer
! Built
! Informations
|-
| '''Accrobranche'''
| [[Tree climbing]]
|
| align="center"|2013
|
|-
| '''Caribbean Boat'''
| [[Pirate ship (ride)|Swinging ship]]
| [[Huss Rides]]
| align="center"|1992
|
|-
| '''G-Lock'''
| Air Race
| [[Zamperla]]
| align="center"|2014
|
|-
| '''Longchamps'''
| [[Pony trekking]]
| [[Soquet]]
| align="center"|2008
|
|-
| '''Mistral'''
| [[Swing ride|Wave Swinger]]
| [[Zierer]]
| align="center"|1992
|
|-
| '''Space Shoot'''
| [[Space Shot (ride)|Space Shot]]
| [[S&S Worldwide|S&S]]
| align="center"|1998
| Closed from 2010 to 2012
|-
|}

<gallery>
File:Accrobranche jeux.jpeg|''Accrobranche''
File:Caribbean_Boat_Walygator.jpg|''Caribbean Boat''
File:Pony trekking.jpg|''Longchamps''
File:MistralWalygator.jpg|''Mistral''
File:Dark tower2013.JPG|''Space Shoot''
</gallery>

== Water rides ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Manufacturer
! Built
|-
| '''Aquachute'''
| Descent inflatable boat
| [[:nl:Van Egdom|Van Egdom]]
| align="center"|1991
|-
| '''Dino-Raft'''
| [[River rapids ride]]
| [[Alstom|Alsthom]] and [[Soquet]]
| align="center"|1989
|-
| '''Rivière Sauvage'''
| [[Log flume (attraction)|Log flume]]
| [[Soquet]]
| align="center"|1992
|-
| '''Splash Kids'''
| [[Log flume (attraction)|Log flume]] for kids
| [[Zamperla]]
| align="center"|1989
|-
| '''Waly Boat'''
| [[Tow boat ride]]
| [[Mack Rides]]
| align="center"|1989
|-
|}

<gallery>
File:Rapid River Schlumpf-Park Frankreich.gif|Dino-Raft
File:La_Riviere_Sauvage_Walygator.jpg|Rivière Sauvage
File:Splash Kids.jpg|Splash Kids
File:Walyboat.jpg|Waly Boat
</gallery>

==Location==
The park is located 15 km north of Metz, at [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=walygator+parc&vps=1&jsv=151e&sll=47.15984,2.988281&sspn=&ie=14.3744,39.067383latlng=UTF8&ei=49225040,6156056,7572302112351465288&_BHVSbTjF6DQ2wLC5vSXCw&SIG2=R7ZZDHZaQZ2mG3O8vfttUw&cd=1 47.15984 N,2.988281 E].

[[File:Gare waly.jpg|200px]]
It is served by the eponymous [[SNCF]] station.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Walygator Parc}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.walygatorparc.com official website of Walygator Park]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://walygatorparc.com/en/ official website of Walygator Park in English]

{{Six Flags}}

[[Category:Amusement parks in France]]
[[Category:Aspro Parks attractions]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Moselle (department)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Moselle (department)]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Former Six Flags theme parks]]
[[Category:Amusement parks opened in 1989]]
[[Category:The Smurfs in amusement parks]]

Josef Gangl

2024-01-13T04:28:56Z

Lensovet: /* Wehrmacht */

{{Short description|German officer (1910-1945)}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Josef Gangl 'Johann Francis H Giehl'
| image = Josef_Gangl.jpg
| birth_date = September 12, 1910
| birth_place = [[Obertraubling]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|5|5|1910|9|12}}
| death_place = [[Itter Castle]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], Austria
| allegiance = {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}} {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| branch = [[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|23px]] ''[[German Army (1935–1945)|Heer]]''
| serviceyears = 1928–1945
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[World War II]]
**[[Saar Offensive]]
**[[Phoney War]]
**[[Operation Barbarossa]]
**[[Normandy landings]]
**[[Ardennes Counteroffensive]]
**[[Battle of Castle Itter]]{{KIA}}
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
'''Josef "Sepp" Gangl 'Johann Francis H Giehl'''' (September 12, 1910 – May 5, 1945) was a German Major of the Wehrmacht who became a member of the [[Austrian Resistance]] very late in the Second World War. He was [[killed in action]] on May 5, 1945, at [[Itter Castle]], [[Tyrol]]. He took part in the [[Battle of Itter Castle|defense of Itter Castle]] against troops of the [[17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen|17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division]] "Götz von Berlichingen" with soldiers of the [[Wehrmacht]], the [[United States Army|US Army]] and French prisoners, and lost his life in the process when he took a bullet for former French prime minister [[Paul Reynaud]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://riddip.com/the-battle-for-schloss-itter|title=The Battle for Schloss Itter|date=2018-11-09|website=Richard Pendavingh|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> He is remembered as a hero of the Austrian Resistance against the Nazi regime.

== Life ==

=== Youth ===

Josef Gangl was born on September 12, 1910, in [[Obertraubling]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], the son of an official of the [[Royal Bavarian State Railways]] and a former shop assistant. When he was a toddler, the family moved to [[Peißenberg]] in Upper [[Bavaria]], where Josef's younger siblings were born.

=== Reichswehr ===

On November 1, 1928, Gangl joined the [[Reichswehr]], which was then limited to 100,000 men, in order to begin a career as a professional soldier in Artillery Regiment 7 in [[Nuremberg]]. He stayed there until September 1929, in order to serve in Artillery Regiment 5 in [[Ulm]].

=== Wehrmacht ===

He became part of the newly established 25th Artillery Regiment in [[Ludwigsburg]] in 1935, and married the Ludwigsburg saleswoman Walburga Renz. Together they had two children, one of whom was a daughter named Sieglind (born 1936).

Gangl was promoted to Oberfeldwebel in November 1938. From October 1939, he was to study at an officer school of the [[Wehrmacht]]. However, his regiment was stationed in the [[Reichsgau|Saar-Palatinate]] on the border with France, preparing for war. There, on September 7, 1939, eleven French divisions, 25 km wide, crossed the border and advanced about 8 km into German territory (they withdrew within two weeks, on orders from [[Maurice Gamelin|Gamelin]]). This was Gangl's first combat during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. He spent six months in hospitals in the following months of the "[[Phoney War]]", returning to his regiment on May 14, 1940, to take part in the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western campaign]], in which he commanded a reconnaissance unit of the [[25th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)|25th Infantry Division]] of the [[Wehrmacht]]. After the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|Armistice of Compiègne]], Gangl served as an instructor in the artillery replacement department 25. After a short home leave in August 1940, he was an instructor at a base in [[Domažlice|Taus]] in the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. He began a one-month training at the artillery school in [[Jüterbog]] on November 25, 1940.

On June 22, 1941, Gangl took part in the motorized artillery regiment 25 as part of [[Army Group South]] in [[Ukraine]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], where he commanded a battery with 105mm howitzers in the battle for [[Kyiv]]. Gangl was awarded the [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross 2nd class]] on August 20, 1941. He was promoted to first lieutenant in January 1942, and he received the Iron Cross 1st Class on February 12, 1942. Gangl became the commander of a [[Nebelwerfer|Nebelwerfer Unit]] in the 25th Artillery Regiment on April 24, 1942. He held this position on the Eastern Front, until he was assigned as commander of the [[Nebelwerfer]] replacement and training department 7 in [[Höchstädt an der Donau]] in January 1944. He went to the army school for battalion and division leaders in [[Antwerp]] for a month in February 1944. On March 4, 1944, Gangl was sent to the new Werfer-Regiment 83 in [[Celle]], which belonged to Werfer-Brigade 7. With this he marched to France in May 1944.

After the [[Invasion of Normandy|Allied invasion of Normandy]], he marched with the Werfer-Brigade to [[Caen]] on June 7, 1944, where it was placed under the [[12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend"]] ("[[Hitler Youth]]") and played an important role in the defense of the city. The Werfer-Brigade 7 escaped from the [[Falaise Pocket]] with heavy losses in August. In November it was reorganized in Prüm in the Eifel as Volks-Werfer-Brigade 7 with new equipment. Sepp Gangl participated with the brigade in the [[Battle of the Bulge|Ardennes offensive]] (Battle of the Bulge), in the subsequent general retreat and in February 1945 in the unsuccessful defense of [[Saarbrücken]]. He was awarded the [[German Cross#Eligibility|German Cross in Gold]] on March 8, 1945.

Shortly afterwards he was promoted to major and received command of the 2nd division of Werfer-Regiment 83. Werfer-Brigade 7 had meanwhile lost half of its men and no longer had any ''nebelwerfer'' equipment. Their commander, General [[Kurt Paape]], ordered the commanders of his battalions near Peißenberg to fight their way to Tyrol with them and take part in the defense of the [[Alpine Fortress|Alpine fortress]]. Gangl met with Lieutenant General [[Georg Ritter von Hengl]] in mid-April, who assigned him and the remnants of his association to the Giehl combat group under Lieutenant Colonel [[Johann Giehl]] in [[Wörgl]].

=== Resistance in Austria ===
{{Main|Battle of Castle Itter}}
A few days after his arrival in [[Wörgl]], Gangl contacted the local group of [[Austrian resistance]] under [[Alois Mayr]]. He provided the resistance fighters with information and weapons. It was decided that the execution of [[Johann Giehl]]'s order to defend Wörgl against the Americans to the end (to break bridges and block paths) should be prevented, and also to liberate the prominent French prisoners from the nearby [[Itter Castle]]. However, parts of the Giehl combat group in Niederaudorf were attacked by the [[12th Armored Division (United States)|12th US Armored Division]] on May 3, 1945, and suffered heavy casualties. Von Hengl had his troops withdrawn from [[Wörgl]] and [[Itter]], whereupon units of the [[Waffen-SS]] moved in. In the meantime, many residents of Wörgl had already hung white flags out of the windows. According to an order from [[Heinrich Himmler]], all male residents of such a house were shot. Gangl, like Mayr, saw it as his obligation to stay in place to protect the residents from reprisals with his soldiers. Together with ten comrades from his [[Nebelwerfer|NebelWerfer]] ("Fog Thrower" in English) Regiment 83, he remained in Wörgl against Hengl's order to withdraw.

On May 4, 1945, at 11 a.m., the Czech cook [[Andreas Krobot]] travelled to Gangl, coming by bike from [[Itter Castle]]. He came asking for immediate help for the prisoners there, because an attack by the Waffen-SS on the castle was imminent. Gangl, who did not want to sacrifice his men in an "Ascension" (suicide/himmelfahrt) Command and had promised to get them through alive, was forced to drive white-flagged towards the Americans and ask for help. In [[Kufstein]], 8 km away, he met an American reconnaissance unit under the command of Captain [[John C. "Jack" Lee]]. Together they moved with 14 US soldiers and Gangl and ten of his former artillerymen to [[Itter Castle]]. Gangl called Alois Mayr again for help, whereupon two other [[Wehrmacht]] soldiers and the young resistance fighter [[Hans Waltl]] drove to the castle. The liberated French prisoners also took part in the fight. On the morning of May 5, about 100 to 150 men from the [[17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen|17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Götz von Berlichingen"]] attacked. Unfortunately, Gangl was fatally hit by a sniper while trying to get former French Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] out of the line of fire. At around 4:00 p.m., a relief unit from the [[142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|142nd US Infantry Regiment]] reached the castle and defeated the besiegers, capturing about 100 SS men.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Battle for Castle Itter|Battle for Itter Castle]] was one of two times where the US Army and the Wehrmacht fought together, the other being [[Operation Cowboy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Austrian castle where Nazis lost to German-US force|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32622651|last=Bell|first=Bethany|date=2015-05-07|website=BBC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Iron Cross]] II Class on August 20, 1941
* [[Iron Cross]] 1st Class on February 12, 1942
* [[German Cross|German cross]] in gold on March 8, 1945

== Posthumous honors ==

Gangl was posthumously honoured as a hero of the Austrian resistance. A street in Wörgl is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strassensuche.at/web/de/sepp-gangl--strasse-woergl|title=Sepp Gangl-Straße in Wörgl • Strassensuche.at|website=Strassensuche.at|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Additionally, a small memorial was crafted in his honor with an engraving on it, detailing Gangl's joining of the local resistance and freeing of the captives kept at Castle Itter. He is referred to as "Sepp Gangl" on this memorial, and it states that he "died a hero's death with 35 years of age."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/zweiter-weltkrieg-er-riskierte-sein-leben-und-rettete-einstige-feinde-15572234/ein-kriegsheld-josef-gangl-15572236.htmll|title=Er riskierte sein Leben und rettete einstige Feinde|date=4 May 2018|access-date=26 September 2021|language=german|website=faz.net}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The Swedish metal band [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]] have made a song called "The Last Battle" about the fight in the Tyrolean Alps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stormbringer.at/storys/340/sabaton-the-last-stand-listening-session.html|title=SABATON - "The Last Stand" listening session|date=20 June 2016|access-date=23 July 2021|language=german|website=stormbringer.at}}</ref>

== Literature ==

* Stephen Harding, ''The Last Battle: When US and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe''. Da Capo Press, Boston (Massachusetts) 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-306-82209-4}}
* Martin Eich: ''Er riskierte sein Leben und rettete einstige Feinde. Ende des Kriegs verbündete sich der deutsche Major Josef Gangl mit Amerikanern, um französische Gefangene vor SS-Truppen zu schützen''. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of May 4, 2018, p. 6, No. 193.

== References ==

''This article or an earlier version of it is (partially) translated from the article [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Gangl_(Offizier)&oldid=188501525 Josef Gangl (Offizier)] on the German Wikipedia, which falls under the [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Licence]]. Go there to find the further [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Gangl_(Offizier)&action=history editing history].''

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* There is an Austrian website with a [https://www.eduard-wallnoefer-platz.at/biografie/Sepp+Gangl/32 short biography with a photo of Gangl].
* [https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/war-weird-americans-and-nazis-fought-allies-single-world-war-ii-battle-117861 “War is Weird: Americans and Nazis Fought as Allies for this Single World War II Battle”] by Sebastien Roblin. ''[[The National Interest]]'', January 29, 2020.
* [https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/insane-story-german-american-effort-rescue-french-prisoners-during-world-war-ii-186701 “The Insane Story of a German-American Effort to Rescue French Prisoners During World War II”] by Sebastien Roblin. ''The National Interest'', June 6, 2021.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangl, Josef}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Reichswehr personnel]]
[[Category:German Army officers of World War II]]
[[Category:German Army personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:German resistance members]]
[[Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Austria]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]

Joan Langdon

2024-01-13T04:28:23Z

Lensovet:

{{Short description|Canadian swimmer (1922–2022)}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Joan Langdon
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| fullname = Joan Marjorie Langdon
| nicknames =
| national_team = Canada
| strokes = [[Breaststroke]]
| club = Vancouver Amateur Swim Club
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|2|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ventura, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|3|15|1922|12|2}}
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight = 
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's swimming }}
{{MedalCountry | Canada }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Commonwealth Games|British Empire Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1938 British Empire Games|1938 Sydney]] | 220 yd breaststroke }}
}}

'''Joan Marjorie McLagan''' (née '''Langdon'''; December 2, 1922 – March 15, 2022) was a Canadian competitive [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]] and [[breaststroke]]r.<ref name="world">{{cite journal|url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/passages-joan-langdon-mclagan-canadian-swimmer-from-1936-olympics-age-99/|title=Passages: Joan (Langdon) McLagan, Canadian Swimmer from 1936 Olympics, Age 99|date=March 22, 2022|author=Matthew de George|journal=Swimming World Magazine|access-date=April 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Braden |date=2022-03-22 |title=WR-Setting Swimmer Joan McLagan, Penultimate Surviving Pre-War Olympian, Dies |url=https://swimswam.com/wr-setting-swimmer-joan-mclagan-penultimate-surviving-pre-war-olympian-dies/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=SwimSwam |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Tom |last1=Hawthorn |date=2022-03-31 |title=B.C. swimmer Joan McLagan competed at Hitler's 1936 Olympics |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-vancouver-swimmer-joan-mclagan-competed-at-hitlers-1936-olympics/ |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>

As McLagan reached the peak of her swimming career during World War II, she was forced to limit herself to competing at national and Pacific Northwest championships, as all major international meets were temporarily suspended during the war years.

She was coached by fellow British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame member Percy Norman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcsportshall.com/honoured_member/percy-norman/|website=BC Sports Hall of Fame|title=Percy Norman|access-date=April 3, 2022}}</ref>

By age thirteen, McLagan had set her first Canadian record and was a member of the 1936 Canadian Olympic team which competed in Berlin. She competed in the first round of the 200-metre breaststroke but did not advance.

At the 1938 British Empire Games she won a bronze medal in the 220-yard breaststroke and helped the Canadian medley relay team to a fourth place finish.

Between 1936 and her retirement from active competition in 1944, McLagan won numerous national swim titles and set many records including: 150-yard medley relay; 50, 100, 150, 220, and 440-yard breaststroke; 300-yard medley relay; and the 150-yard individual medley.

In 1940, Langdon set a world record for the 50-yard breaststroke. She was the recipient of the Velma Springstead Trophy as Canada’s outstanding female athlete in 1942 and 1943.

After her retirement from active competition, she worked as a teacher.

She was inducted into the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame in the Class of 1988 in the category of swimming. At the time of her death, in Chilliwack, B.C., at the age of 99, she was one of the last two surviving competitors from the 1936 Olympics.<ref name="world"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/joan-langdon-1.html |title=Joan Langdon |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019024630/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/joan-langdon-1.html |archivedate=2012-10-19 }}

== External links ==
* {{Olympedia|45820}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Velma Springstead Trophy]] winner
| before = [[Mary Rose Thacker]]
| years = 1943
| after = [[Rhona Wurtele]] & [[Rhoda Wurtele]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Langdon, Joan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian female breaststroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers for Canada]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ventura, California]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian educators]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1938 British Empire Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1938 British Empire Games]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian women]]

{{Canada-swimming-bio-stub}}

Kerch Airport

2024-01-04T02:26:23Z

Lensovet: correct translation of accident

{{Infobox airport
| name = Kerch Airport
| nativename-a = Аеропорт «Керч»
| image =
| IATA = KHC
| ICAO = URFK
| pushpin_map = Crimea
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kerch Airport in Crimea
| pushpin_label = KHC
| type = Public
| owner = Local government
| operator =
| hub =
| city-served =
| location = [[Kerch]], [[Crimea]]
| elevation-f = 171
| elevation-m = 52
| coordinates = {{coord|45|22|21|N|036|24|05|E|type:airport}}
| website =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 07/25
| r1-length-f = 5,420
| r1-length-m = 1,652
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 07/25
| r2-length-f = 6,561
| r2-length-m = 2,000
| r2-surface = [[Soil]]
| footnotes =
| pushpin_relief = y
| module ={{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=12|frame-height=260 | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

'''Kerch Airport''' ({{lang-ua|Аеропорт «Керч»}}, {{lang-ru|Аэропорт «Керчь»}}) {{Airport codes|KHC|URFK}} is an airport in [[Kerch]], [[Crimea]].<ref>[http://www.ourairports.com/airports/UKFK/pilot-info.html General airport information]</ref> The airport is located 1.5 km northwest of the city (sometimes confused with the nearby [[Baherove Air Base]]). The airport is currently [[Bankruptcy|bankrupt]], and was put on sale for 27 million [[Ukrainian hryvnia|UAH]] (3.3 million [[USD]]) by the city authorities.

Though the airport is bankrupt, it is still in service and is used by [[general aviation]] today. The airport itself is not in good condition. The [[runway]] needs repair, airport facilities are bad, there is a working [[Air traffic control|ATC tower]] which is also needs improvements. There are no airline services to this airport.

Airline flights to/from the airport ceased operations in 2008, formerly encountering approximately 8-10 flights per day, both [[Domestic airport|domestic]] and [[International Airport|international]]. From 2005 to 2006, the airport tried to resume flights to [[Kyiv]] and [[Moscow]] using [[Motor Sich Airlines]], but expenses were high and profit was too low, which made flying unprofitable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerch.com.ua/articleview.aspx?id=5958|title=Керченский аэропорт работает в напряженном режиме}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
On 13 November 1971, an [[Aeroflot]] [[Antonov 24B]] (CCCP-46378) struck a [[Electrical pylon|pylon]] of an electrical transmission line and crashed on [[Final approach (aviation)|approach]]. There were total of 5 passengers and crew aboard who all died on impact. The aircraft was [[written off|damaged beyond repair]].<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19711113-0 Accidents and Incidents]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in Ukraine}}
{{Airports in Crimea}}
{{Airports built in the Soviet Union}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Airports in Crimea]]
[[Category:Airports built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kerch]]
[[Category:Enterprises of Kerch]]
{{Ukraine-airport-stub}}

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19

2023-12-21T04:19:59Z

Lensovet: /* B ED */

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2023|December 18|2023|December 20}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19|December 19]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on December 19, 2023.</noinclude>


====Scott Christian Sava====
*{{no redirect|1 = Scott Christian Sava }} → [[:The Dreamland Chronicles#About the author]]  ([[Talk:Scott Christian Sava|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Scott Christian Sava|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Scott Christian Sava|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Scott_Christian_Sava|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Author has other notable artistic endeavours, and I don't see how this is a primary topic about him. (Also he is a very nice guy {{=)}}) [[User:QuickQuokka|QuickQuokka]] [⁠[[User talk:QuickQuokka|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/QuickQuokka|contribs]]] 23:08, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on the page history? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 23:38, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Restore and send to AFD''' This was originally created as a redirect, but [[User:SwallowTail00|SwallowTail00]] sought to turn it into the article which was BLARed. I think the best option is to restore the article to allow for improvement or a proper determination to be made if GNG is met based on available sources. - [[User:Presidentman|Presidentman]] [[User talk:Presidentman|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Presidentman|contribs]] ([[WP:TBACK|Talkback]]) 15:04, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Slaycation====
*{{no redirect|1 = Slaycation }} → [[:Crave (streaming service)]]  ([[Talk:Slaycation|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Slaycation|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Slaycation|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Slaycation|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This is an upcoming series by the streaming service not mentioned in the page; most common search result by far is instead the completely unrealated video game "Slaycation Paradise" which doesn't have an obvious redirect target. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

* '''Retarget''' to [[Canada's Drag Race]]. @[[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]], The redirect was only supposed to go to its streaming service, [[Crave (streaming service)|Crave]], as a placeholder since there wasn't many news about the upcoming reality series. But now we received news about it, the article will be directed to [[Canada's Drag Race]] instead of the streaming service, since it is a spin-off. — [[User:JuanGLP|JuanGLP]] ([[User talk:JuanGLP|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/JuanGLP|contribs]]) 13:59, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology====
*{{no redirect|1 = Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology }} → [[:Association for Applied Sport Psychology]]  ([[Talk:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Association_fo_the_Advancement_of_Applied_Sport_Psychology|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not sure if typo or deliberate misspelling but either way "fo" seems unlikely here. No objection to the redirect being created with the correct "for" [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:27, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====The Baap Of All Shows====
*{{no redirect|1 = The Baap Of All Shows }} → [[:Breaking Bad]]  ([[Talk:The Baap Of All Shows|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The Baap Of All Shows|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The Baap Of All Shows|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_Baap_Of_All_Shows|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

As far as I can tell, just a slang term for greatest show. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:02, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Gigantamanx Drednaw====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White x in red rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Delete]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19#1703016001|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''speedily deleted'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude> per criterion [[WP:G7|G7]]. [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] ([[User talk:Extraordinary Writ|talk]]) 20:00, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Gigantamanx Drednaw }} → [[:List of generation VIII Pokémon#Gigantamax Drednaw]]  ([[Talk:Gigantamanx Drednaw|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Gigantamanx Drednaw|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Gigantamanx Drednaw|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Gigantamanx_Drednaw|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

minor spelling mistake '''[[User:Cogsan|cogsan]] [[User talk:Cogsan|(give me attention)]] [[Special:Contributions/Cogsan|(see my deeds)]]''' 19:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': Tagged as [[WP:G7|G7]] since author has requested deletion. [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 19:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]).''</noinclude></div>

====Nicola Wren====
*{{no redirect|1 = Nicola Wren }} → [[:King Arthur: Legend of the Sword]]  ([[Talk:Nicola Wren|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Nicola Wren|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Nicola Wren|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Nicola_Wren|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No mention of "Nicola Wren" on the target page. Perhaps there is a missing detail, or the redirect's creator did a mistake. — [[User:CrafterNova|'''CrafterNova''']] [[User talk:CrafterNova|'''[ TALK ]''']] [[Special:Contributions/CrafterNova|'''[ CONT ]''']] 18:57, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*''King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'' seems to be Wren's first role in a major movie but is probably in sufficient roles this redirect doesn't make sense. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 19:07, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Delta-Theta (symbol)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Delta-Theta (symbol) }} → [[:Therianthropy#Subculture]]  ([[Talk:Delta-Theta (symbol)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Delta-Theta (symbol)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Delta-Theta (symbol)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-04&end=2023-12-03&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Delta-Theta_(symbol)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unlikely redirect. From what I can tell from Google, the symbol is actually theta-delta ([https://therian.fandom.com/wiki/Theta-Delta]), not the other way around. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] (she/her • [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|talk]]) 16:32, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
*The content about the subculture is now in the [[Otherkin]] article, so all else being equal it should be retargetted there. My first thought is that "Delta-theta" is a very plausible misremembering of "Theta-delta" and so a perfectly good redirect, however we don't appear to have any content about such a symbol that I can find - [[Otherkin#Symbols]] (where I'd expect it to be) is exclusively about a heptagram. So, I guess my recommendation is '''retarget''' if content about the symbol is added (I haven't investigated whether it should be) or '''delete''' if it isn't. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 19:24, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
*What Thryduulf said. — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] 😼 02:10, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. [[Delta Theta]] redirects to [[Delta Theta Phi]], if content about the symbol is added a hatnote should probably be added there. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 03:02, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' For opinion on the pre-BLAR content. Also, no content about the symbol has been added to the proposed target. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 16:50, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 18:29, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
====Dr. Rabbit====
*{{no redirect|1 = Dr. Rabbit }} → [[:Colgate (toothpaste)#Advertising]]  ([[Talk:Dr. Rabbit|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Dr. Rabbit|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Dr. Rabbit|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dr._Rabbit|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No secondary sourcing found for this mascot and it's highly unlikely it will ever be mentioned in the target article. It was removed from there with this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colgate_%28toothpaste%29&diff=640592283&oldid=640321819 edit] by [[User:Smuckola|Smuckola]]. ~ [[User:Freedom4U|F4U]] ([[User talk:Freedom4U|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|they/it]]) 17:01, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. There's some (mostly) secondary sourcing from local news media about this Dr. Rabbit. Looking at the article, having a short mention about the mascot of the toothpaste seems like a reasonable addition since it's been around for a decent bit. [https://www.newspapers.com/article/tri-city-herald-free-colgate-toothpaste/136711635/ Free Colgate toothpaste and toothbrushes for kindergarten and first-grade classrooms], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-web-dow/136711704/ Web dowser], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-voice-national-oral-health-p/136711795/ National oral health program targets area school]. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 20:27, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 18:26, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Being mean====
*{{no redirect|1 = Being mean }} → [[:Cruelty]]  ([[Talk:Being mean|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Being mean|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Being mean|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Being_mean|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is an article on the more general topic [[meanness]], even though that article in its current state is heavily tilted towards the philosophical side. I don't see a strong reason for deleting this redirect, so I think it should instead be '''retargeted''' to [[Meanness]]. [[User:Dsuke1998AEOS|Dsuke1998AEOS]] ([[User talk:Dsuke1998AEOS|talk]]) 17:46, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:'''Retarget''' to [[meanness]] per nom. [[User talk:Praseodymium-141|141]][[User:Praseodymium-141|Pr]] {[[Special:Contributions/Praseodymium-141|contribs]]} 20:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' to [[meanness]]. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 00:33, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Hostile behavior====
*{{no redirect|1 = Hostile behavior }} → [[:Cruelty]]  ([[Talk:Hostile behavior|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Hostile behavior|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Hostile behavior|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Hostile_behavior|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not all hostile behaviour can be considered cruelty. "Hostile behavior" is a far closer topic to [[Hostility]] than the current target, and I suggest that this redirect be '''retargeted''' there. [[User:Dsuke1998AEOS|Dsuke1998AEOS]] ([[User talk:Dsuke1998AEOS|talk]]) 17:46, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' to [[hostility]] per nom. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 00:35, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' per nom. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:49, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Qatl(film)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Qatl(film) }} → [[:Qatl]]  ([[Talk:Qatl(film)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Qatl(film)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Qatl(film)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Qatl(film)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Missing space per [[WP:RDAB]]. This is the result of a page move, but the page was at the target for a total of 6 minutes back in 2011. It hasn't received any pageviews in the last 90 days, so it seems unused enough for deletion. [[User:TartarTorte|Tartar]][[User talk:TartarTorte|Torte]] 16:19, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom (note since I was curious {{-r|Qatl (film)}} (with space) does exist). [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 17:02, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]]. [[User:InterstellarGamer12321|InterstellarGamer12321]] ([[User talk:InterstellarGamer12321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/InterstellarGamer12321|contribs]]) 18:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Disco rock====
*{{no redirect|1 = Disco rock }} → [[:Dance-rock]]  ([[Talk:Disco rock|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Disco rock|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Disco rock|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Disco_rock|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Delete. Per previous discussions of [[Disco-rock]], there was no mention of the genre on that article, so it should not re-direct there. Similar to other re-direct discussions such as [[Funk-pop]]. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 13:36, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====B ED====
*{{no redirect|1 = B ED }} → [[:Mercedes-Benz B-Class#B-Class Electric Drive]]  ([[Talk:B ED|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/B ED|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/B ED|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=B_ED|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:B ED|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:B ED|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:B ED|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Doesn't seem like a particularly likely search term. It seems more likely that someone would arrive at this redirect would be someone trying to search for the ''[[bed]]'' article who had caps lock turned on and accidentally hit the space key after hitting the B key (they're adjacent on a QWERTY layout), so the likelihood that anyone who arrives here would be [[WP:ASTONISH]]ed seems fairly high. [[User:HumanBodyPiloter5|HumanBodyPiloter5]] ([[User talk:HumanBodyPiloter5|talk]]) 11:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Bachelor of Education]] as a {{temp|R avoided double redirect}} of [[B.Ed]] and [[BEd]]. This is a very plausible search term for someone who has heard it mentioned (in my experience the usual pronunciation is /biː ɛd/ "bee ed") but doesn't know the standard abbreviations. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:20, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
::Good call. I would support this retargeting. [[User:HumanBodyPiloter5|HumanBodyPiloter5]] ([[User talk:HumanBodyPiloter5|talk]]) 12:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' as above, that's by far the most common search result for "B ED". '"BE D" car' gives me only [https://plugin-magazine.com/electric-vehicles/mercedes-benz-b-ed/ this article] referring to the Mercedes, and then more bacheolors of education. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:54, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': I’m not sure we should be basing our decisions on people who apparently leave caps lock on and happen to somehow mash the space bar while typing a three-letter word. Looking at other cars by Mercedes like CLA, CLK, GLB, GLA, it seems like a disambiguation page would be appropriate. It seems weird to me to ignore the casing of the article to blindly redirect to something that doesn’t even have the properly-cased ([[B Ed]]) redirect in place today. Compare to [[PHD]] as an example.  —[[User:Lensovet|lensovet]]–[[User talk:Lensovet|talk]] – 04:19, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

====Three Virtues of a Programmer====
*{{no redirect|1 = Three Virtues of a Programmer }} → [[:Larry Wall]]  ([[Talk:Three Virtues of a Programmer|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Three Virtues of a Programmer|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Three Virtues of a Programmer|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Three_Virtues_of_a_Programmer|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Relevant content at the target page was removed in 2012, see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Wall&diff=prev&oldid=509283715. When the deleted content was reinstated at the redirect page in 2017 it as immediately removed again as not notable, see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Virtues_of_a_Programmer&diff=prev&oldid=783876601. [[User:Tea2min|Tea2min]] ([[User talk:Tea2min|talk]]) 09:53, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Weak keep''' if this is the first or most commonly referenced instance of "laziness" as a programmer virtue. I think it's worth re-including in the article and keeping the redirect, that's a very commonly referenced concept in my experience. The issue with the removed paragraph seems to be quoting them in full, I'd add in one-two sentences. I'll look into this when I'm at my computer. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:58, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Mosque Street====
*{{no redirect|1 = Mosque Street }} → [[:Jamia Mosque (Hong Kong)]]  ([[Talk:Mosque Street|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Mosque Street|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Mosque Street|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-05&end=2023-12-04&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Mosque_Street|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

While looking around some related pages, it seems as if there is a Mosque Street in Hong Kong, and a Mosque Street in Singapore. There are quite a few incoming links, mainly from this page being included in templates, but the main takeaway I've found is that this page is being linked multiple ways over in different contexts, and only currently exists as a redirect to a page where it is very loosely stated (once) in a passing mention. Feels like a better opportunity for a red link to be here. [[User:Utopes|Utopes]] ('''[[User talk:Utopes|talk]]''' / '''[[Special:Contributions/Utopes|cont]]''') 07:40, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Setindexify''' -- [[Special:Contributions/65.92.247.90|65.92.247.90]] ([[User talk:65.92.247.90|talk]]) 05:59, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 14:29, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*[[WP:SIA#Common selection criteria]] as preconditions for a SIA are not met. Not a notable list, there's only one notable item, and the other item is not likely to have an article on the topic in the future, and the list can not be complete because there are other Mosque Streets around the world, and some are mentioned in other articles, but the information is poorly sourced, and there is no evidence that such a list could resemble a complete list. Prefer '''dabification''' with one regular and two DABMENTION entries—the Hong Kong street, and the fairly noteworthy Mosque Street in Germany, named after the oldest German mosque, which I've just added to [[Zossen]].—[[User talk:Alalch E.|Alalch E.]] 18:25, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 09:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Dabify''' per the above, but if not it looks like we have an article for [[Mosque Street, Singapore]] and that should be the redirect target (or primary name of that article), not the mosque in Hong Kong. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 19:05, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)====
*{{no redirect|1 = List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+) }} → [[:List of cities in Minnesota]]  ([[Talk:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=List_of_cities_in_Minnesota(population_5,000%2B)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

'''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]] due to the lack of space between the title and the disambiguator. The title with the correct spacing, {{No redirect|List of cities in Minnesota (population 5,000+)}}, is a redirect that targets the same page as the nominated redirect. [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 06:19, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. — [[User:MaterialWorks|mw]] ([[User talk:MaterialWorks|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/MaterialWorks|contribs]]) 09:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]]. [[User:InterstellarGamer12321|InterstellarGamer12321]] ([[User talk:InterstellarGamer12321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/InterstellarGamer12321|contribs]]) 18:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' it was at this title for a few months in 2012. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:50, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' As a former title, it should be kept as an {{tl|R from move}}. - [[User:Presidentman|Presidentman]] [[User talk:Presidentman|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Presidentman|contribs]] ([[WP:TBACK|Talkback]]) 19:10, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Redirects to Kim Jong Il====
*{{no redirect|1 = Kim Jong-Golf }} → [[:Kim Jong Il]]  ([[Talk:Kim Jong-Golf|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Kim Jong-Golf|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Kim Jong-Golf|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kim_Jong-Golf|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Kim Jong-Dead }} → [[:Kim Jong Il]]  ([[Talk:Kim Jong-Dead|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Kim Jong-Dead|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Kim Jong-Dead|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kim_Jong-Dead|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Joke redirects. [[Special:Contributions/121.202.195.232|121.202.195.232]] ([[User talk:121.202.195.232|talk]]) 04:47, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*Kim-Jong Il claiming to be a golf world record holder has been published in many sources. Also, are IP users even allowed to suggest deletions through RFD? All deletion requests need to be attributable, so they can't start AFDs for example. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 08:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:There is no prohibition on IP editors nomination pages for deletion, indeed [[WP:AFDLIST]] (part of [[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion]]) explicitly says {{tpq|''Anyone can make a nomination''}} (emphasis in original). The reason they can't directly start AfDs is only that they cannot create new pages, there is no such barrier at RfD. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:29, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' I do not condone what the Kim regime did a single bit, but both look like inappropriate humor or vandalism, and the second even looks like borderline libel. Plus both are highly implausible search terms. ~ [[User:Prodraxis|Prodraxis]] ([[User talk:Prodraxis|Merry Christmas!]]) 15:06, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:I'm not sure how describing a dead person as dead is libellous? Especially when the creation summary ("he's not ill, he's dead") written 10 years after the subject's death, clearly indicates it was an attempt at humour. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*::Veering off-topic, but I find myself surprised that [https://deathlist.net/lists/2011 DeathList] did not make that joke, it's very much their sort of headline. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:26, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*::Ooopsies, my bad, but either way those aren't very plausible search terms ~ [[User:Prodraxis|Prodraxis]] ([[User talk:Prodraxis|Merry Christmas!]]) 15:57, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. All the google hits for the first term relate to computer golf games featuring [[Kim Jong Un]], all the hits for the latter relate to rumours of Kim Jong Un's death in late April/early May 2020. Neither are useful search terms. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:21, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:* There's lots of hits about Kim Jong Il's golf "record", and it has more sustained coverage than the computer golf game e.g. [https://scmp.com/sport/golf/article/3230522/st-andrews-pebble-beach-pyongyang-north-korea-invites-foreign-golfers-play-worlds-most-exclusive], [https://espn.com/espn/page2/index/_/id/7369649], [https://golf.com/news/behind-kim-jong-ils-famous-round-of-golf/], [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/09/north-korea-golf-tournament-pyongyang-kim-jong-un/]. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 14:09, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' for other reasons given [[User:Toobigtokale|toobigtokale]] ([[User talk:Toobigtokale|talk]]) 15:59, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Louis van Beethoven====
*{{no redirect|1 = Louis van Beethoven }} → [[:Ludwig van Beethoven]]  ([[Talk:Louis van Beethoven|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis van Beethoven|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Louis van Beethoven|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Louis_van_Beethoven|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Seems only to refer to [[:simple:Louis van Beethoven (2020 movie)]], not to the composer himself. - '''[[User:Champion|<big>C</big>HAMPION]]''' ([[User_talk:Champion#Top|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Champion|contributions]]) ([[Special:Logs/Champion|logs]]) 02:11, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. Used in French-language sources ([https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Louis_van_Beethoven/NlpKAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22louis+van+beethoven%22&printsec=frontcover example]), seems like a reasonable redirect. [[User:Nikkimaria|Nikkimaria]] ([[User talk:Nikkimaria|talk]]) 02:26, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' – valid alternative variant per above. Why would they have a movie about the composer with the variant "Louis" if it wasn't used?? '''[[User:Aza24|Aza24]][[User talk:Aza24| (talk)]]''' 04:55, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per above. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 13:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per Nikkimaria --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:42, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
*Maybe it should be a DAB page like [[:de:Louis van Beethoven]]. While we often prefer to have the broader meaning as the primary topic if the redirect is dubious it may be better to just have a DAB. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:10, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on dabifying? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 04:23, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*While Crouch, Swale's comments are true in the abstract, this redirect is not dubious. We do not have any content about the 2020 movie, so there is no question about the composer being the primary topic. If an article about the movie is written we can discuss which is primary, but it seems unlikely that it would be neither of them so a hatnote would be sufficient. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:[[Louis van Beethoven (film)]] has 2 incoming links namely [[Tobias Moretti]] and [[Beethoven in film]] and most Google results are for the film not the composer. So I'd suggest '''disambiguate''' as the "Beethoven in film" could be used as the blue link. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 19:08, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:And yes per the above discussion there is clearly a consensus that it shouldn't be deleted but the relist to see about disambiguation makes sense. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:17, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Penny pincher====
*{{no redirect|1 = Penny pincher }} → [[:Miser]]  ([[Talk:Penny pincher|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Penny pincher|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Penny pincher|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Penny_pincher|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Propose retarget to [[frugality]] as that is closer given to the definition at [[wiktionary:penny pincher]]. - '''[[User:Champion|<big>C</big>HAMPION]]''' ([[User_talk:Champion#Top|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Champion|contributions]]) ([[Special:Logs/Champion|logs]]) 00:42, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. I don't agree: a miser "is a person who is reluctant to spend money"; frugality is "the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent, or economical in the consumption of resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance", i.e. with money ''or other things''. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 20:07, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 03:39, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' [[Penny Pinchers]] is a South Korean film, [[Penny Pincher!]] redirects to [[Radin!]], a French film (the phrase isn't mentioned in the prose of the latter, but one of the sources uses it extensively as the English translation of the title). [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:37, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Fast and Loose (upcoming film)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Fast and Loose (upcoming film) }} → [[:David Leitch]]  ([[Talk:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-11&end=2023-12-10&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Fast_and_Loose_(upcoming_film)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target article, leaving it unclear why a reader would be redirected to the target when searching the term. [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 23:35, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. This is mentioned in the target article - it's the final sentence in the "Upcoming projects" section (it uses "&" rather than "and", which might be why the nominator missed it?), although whether it is still an "upcoming" film is debatable (it's been on the back-burner since April 2022) but it hasn't been cancelled. If that were the end of the story I'd be saying "keep", but David Leitch will almost certainly not be directing it (he stepped away from the project before it was shelved). There is also a similar amount of content at both [[Westbrook (company)#Filmography]] and [[List of STX Entertainment films#In development]], which would both make good targets if they were the only one. I'm wondering if it might be better to convert the [[Fast and Loose]] disambiguation page to a set index and summarise the information there? [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 01:32, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' The pageviews are virtually nonexistent at this point. If the project is resurrected in the future, the redirect can be just recreated. [[User:InfiniteNexus|InfiniteNexus]] ([[User talk:InfiniteNexus|talk]]) 04:14, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 03:38, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Collegeville, Minnesosta====
*{{no redirect|1 = Collegeville, Minnesosta }} → [[:Collegeville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota]]  ([[Talk:Collegeville, Minnesosta|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Collegeville, Minnesosta|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Collegeville, Minnesosta|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Collegeville,_Minnesosta|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Found this redirect completely by accident while editing a page that links to [[Collegeville, Minnesota]]. The redirect's name contains an implausible typo with "Minnesosta" (leading to a daily average of [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&range=all-time&pages=Collegeville,_Minnesosta 0.16 pageviews] since tracking began in July 2015) but was created too long ago to meet [[WP:CSD#R3]]. Additionally, [[Collegeville, Minnesota]] exists as a separate article from that of Collegeville Township, so even if the typo wasn't implausible I don't think the redirect really makes sense. [[User:Andrew11374265|Andrew11374265]] ([[User talk:Andrew11374265|talk]]) 02:45, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per unlikely misspelling of Minnesota, and because it redirects to the wrong title. —[[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] ([[User talk:Lights and freedom|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Lights and freedom|'''contribs''']]) 03:43, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19

2023-12-21T04:19:41Z

Lensovet: /* B ED */

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2023|December 18|2023|December 20}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19|December 19]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on December 19, 2023.</noinclude>


====Scott Christian Sava====
*{{no redirect|1 = Scott Christian Sava }} → [[:The Dreamland Chronicles#About the author]]  ([[Talk:Scott Christian Sava|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Scott Christian Sava|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Scott Christian Sava|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Scott_Christian_Sava|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Scott Christian Sava|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Scott Christian Sava]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Author has other notable artistic endeavours, and I don't see how this is a primary topic about him. (Also he is a very nice guy {{=)}}) [[User:QuickQuokka|QuickQuokka]] [⁠[[User talk:QuickQuokka|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/QuickQuokka|contribs]]] 23:08, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on the page history? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 23:38, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Restore and send to AFD''' This was originally created as a redirect, but [[User:SwallowTail00|SwallowTail00]] sought to turn it into the article which was BLARed. I think the best option is to restore the article to allow for improvement or a proper determination to be made if GNG is met based on available sources. - [[User:Presidentman|Presidentman]] [[User talk:Presidentman|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Presidentman|contribs]] ([[WP:TBACK|Talkback]]) 15:04, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Slaycation====
*{{no redirect|1 = Slaycation }} → [[:Crave (streaming service)]]  ([[Talk:Slaycation|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Slaycation|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Slaycation|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Slaycation|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Slaycation|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Slaycation]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This is an upcoming series by the streaming service not mentioned in the page; most common search result by far is instead the completely unrealated video game "Slaycation Paradise" which doesn't have an obvious redirect target. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

* '''Retarget''' to [[Canada's Drag Race]]. @[[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]], The redirect was only supposed to go to its streaming service, [[Crave (streaming service)|Crave]], as a placeholder since there wasn't many news about the upcoming reality series. But now we received news about it, the article will be directed to [[Canada's Drag Race]] instead of the streaming service, since it is a spin-off. — [[User:JuanGLP|JuanGLP]] ([[User talk:JuanGLP|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/JuanGLP|contribs]]) 13:59, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology====
*{{no redirect|1 = Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology }} → [[:Association for Applied Sport Psychology]]  ([[Talk:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Association_fo_the_Advancement_of_Applied_Sport_Psychology|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Association fo the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not sure if typo or deliberate misspelling but either way "fo" seems unlikely here. No objection to the redirect being created with the correct "for" [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:27, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====The Baap Of All Shows====
*{{no redirect|1 = The Baap Of All Shows }} → [[:Breaking Bad]]  ([[Talk:The Baap Of All Shows|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/The Baap Of All Shows|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/The Baap Of All Shows|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=The_Baap_Of_All_Shows|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:The Baap Of All Shows|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#The Baap Of All Shows]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

As far as I can tell, just a slang term for greatest show. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 20:02, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Gigantamanx Drednaw====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed mw-archivedtalk" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White x in red rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Delete]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 December 19#1703016001|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''speedily deleted'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude> per criterion [[WP:G7|G7]]. [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] ([[User talk:Extraordinary Writ|talk]]) 20:00, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Gigantamanx Drednaw }} → [[:List of generation VIII Pokémon#Gigantamax Drednaw]]  ([[Talk:Gigantamanx Drednaw|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Gigantamanx Drednaw|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Gigantamanx Drednaw|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Gigantamanx_Drednaw|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Gigantamanx Drednaw|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gigantamanx Drednaw]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

minor spelling mistake '''[[User:Cogsan|cogsan]] [[User talk:Cogsan|(give me attention)]] [[Special:Contributions/Cogsan|(see my deeds)]]''' 19:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': Tagged as [[WP:G7|G7]] since author has requested deletion. [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 19:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:''The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]).''</noinclude></div>

====Nicola Wren====
*{{no redirect|1 = Nicola Wren }} → [[:King Arthur: Legend of the Sword]]  ([[Talk:Nicola Wren|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Nicola Wren|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Nicola Wren|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Nicola_Wren|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Nicola Wren|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Nicola Wren]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No mention of "Nicola Wren" on the target page. Perhaps there is a missing detail, or the redirect's creator did a mistake. — [[User:CrafterNova|'''CrafterNova''']] [[User talk:CrafterNova|'''[ TALK ]''']] [[Special:Contributions/CrafterNova|'''[ CONT ]''']] 18:57, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*''King Arthur: Legend of the Sword'' seems to be Wren's first role in a major movie but is probably in sufficient roles this redirect doesn't make sense. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 19:07, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Delta-Theta (symbol)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Delta-Theta (symbol) }} → [[:Therianthropy#Subculture]]  ([[Talk:Delta-Theta (symbol)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Delta-Theta (symbol)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Delta-Theta (symbol)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-04&end=2023-12-03&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Delta-Theta_(symbol)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Delta-Theta (symbol)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Delta-Theta (symbol)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unlikely redirect. From what I can tell from Google, the symbol is actually theta-delta ([https://therian.fandom.com/wiki/Theta-Delta]), not the other way around. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] (she/her • [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|talk]]) 16:32, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
*The content about the subculture is now in the [[Otherkin]] article, so all else being equal it should be retargetted there. My first thought is that "Delta-theta" is a very plausible misremembering of "Theta-delta" and so a perfectly good redirect, however we don't appear to have any content about such a symbol that I can find - [[Otherkin#Symbols]] (where I'd expect it to be) is exclusively about a heptagram. So, I guess my recommendation is '''retarget''' if content about the symbol is added (I haven't investigated whether it should be) or '''delete''' if it isn't. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 19:24, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
*What Thryduulf said. — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] 😼 02:10, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. [[Delta Theta]] redirects to [[Delta Theta Phi]], if content about the symbol is added a hatnote should probably be added there. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 03:02, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' For opinion on the pre-BLAR content. Also, no content about the symbol has been added to the proposed target. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 16:50, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 18:29, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
====Dr. Rabbit====
*{{no redirect|1 = Dr. Rabbit }} → [[:Colgate (toothpaste)#Advertising]]  ([[Talk:Dr. Rabbit|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Dr. Rabbit|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Dr. Rabbit|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dr._Rabbit|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Dr. Rabbit|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dr. Rabbit]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

No secondary sourcing found for this mascot and it's highly unlikely it will ever be mentioned in the target article. It was removed from there with this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colgate_%28toothpaste%29&diff=640592283&oldid=640321819 edit] by [[User:Smuckola|Smuckola]]. ~ [[User:Freedom4U|F4U]] ([[User talk:Freedom4U|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|they/it]]) 17:01, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. There's some (mostly) secondary sourcing from local news media about this Dr. Rabbit. Looking at the article, having a short mention about the mascot of the toothpaste seems like a reasonable addition since it's been around for a decent bit. [https://www.newspapers.com/article/tri-city-herald-free-colgate-toothpaste/136711635/ Free Colgate toothpaste and toothbrushes for kindergarten and first-grade classrooms], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-web-dow/136711704/ Web dowser], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-voice-national-oral-health-p/136711795/ National oral health program targets area school]. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 20:27, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 18:26, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Being mean====
*{{no redirect|1 = Being mean }} → [[:Cruelty]]  ([[Talk:Being mean|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Being mean|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Being mean|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Being_mean|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Being mean|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Being mean]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is an article on the more general topic [[meanness]], even though that article in its current state is heavily tilted towards the philosophical side. I don't see a strong reason for deleting this redirect, so I think it should instead be '''retargeted''' to [[Meanness]]. [[User:Dsuke1998AEOS|Dsuke1998AEOS]] ([[User talk:Dsuke1998AEOS|talk]]) 17:46, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:'''Retarget''' to [[meanness]] per nom. [[User talk:Praseodymium-141|141]][[User:Praseodymium-141|Pr]] {[[Special:Contributions/Praseodymium-141|contribs]]} 20:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' to [[meanness]]. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 00:33, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Hostile behavior====
*{{no redirect|1 = Hostile behavior }} → [[:Cruelty]]  ([[Talk:Hostile behavior|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Hostile behavior|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Hostile behavior|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Hostile_behavior|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Hostile behavior|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Hostile behavior]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not all hostile behaviour can be considered cruelty. "Hostile behavior" is a far closer topic to [[Hostility]] than the current target, and I suggest that this redirect be '''retargeted''' there. [[User:Dsuke1998AEOS|Dsuke1998AEOS]] ([[User talk:Dsuke1998AEOS|talk]]) 17:46, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' to [[hostility]] per nom. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 00:35, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Retarget''' per nom. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:49, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Qatl(film)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Qatl(film) }} → [[:Qatl]]  ([[Talk:Qatl(film)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Qatl(film)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Qatl(film)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Qatl(film)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Qatl(film)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Qatl(film)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Missing space per [[WP:RDAB]]. This is the result of a page move, but the page was at the target for a total of 6 minutes back in 2011. It hasn't received any pageviews in the last 90 days, so it seems unused enough for deletion. [[User:TartarTorte|Tartar]][[User talk:TartarTorte|Torte]] 16:19, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom (note since I was curious {{-r|Qatl (film)}} (with space) does exist). [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 17:02, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]]. [[User:InterstellarGamer12321|InterstellarGamer12321]] ([[User talk:InterstellarGamer12321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/InterstellarGamer12321|contribs]]) 18:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Disco rock====
*{{no redirect|1 = Disco rock }} → [[:Dance-rock]]  ([[Talk:Disco rock|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Disco rock|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Disco rock|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Disco_rock|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Disco rock|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Disco rock]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Delete. Per previous discussions of [[Disco-rock]], there was no mention of the genre on that article, so it should not re-direct there. Similar to other re-direct discussions such as [[Funk-pop]]. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 13:36, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====B ED====
*{{no redirect|1 = B ED }} → [[:Mercedes-Benz B-Class#B-Class Electric Drive]]  ([[Talk:B ED|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/B ED|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/B ED|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=B_ED|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:B ED|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:B ED|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:B ED|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#B ED]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Doesn't seem like a particularly likely search term. It seems more likely that someone would arrive at this redirect would be someone trying to search for the ''[[bed]]'' article who had caps lock turned on and accidentally hit the space key after hitting the B key (they're adjacent on a QWERTY layout), so the likelihood that anyone who arrives here would be [[WP:ASTONISH]]ed seems fairly high. [[User:HumanBodyPiloter5|HumanBodyPiloter5]] ([[User talk:HumanBodyPiloter5|talk]]) 11:44, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Bachelor of Education]] as a {{temp|R avoided double redirect}} of [[B.Ed]] and [[BEd]]. This is a very plausible search term for someone who has heard it mentioned (in my experience the usual pronunciation is /biː ɛd/ "bee ed") but doesn't know the standard abbreviations. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:20, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
::Good call. I would support this retargeting. [[User:HumanBodyPiloter5|HumanBodyPiloter5]] ([[User talk:HumanBodyPiloter5|talk]]) 12:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' as above, that's by far the most common search result for "B ED". '"BE D" car' gives me only [https://plugin-magazine.com/electric-vehicles/mercedes-benz-b-ed/ this article] referring to the Mercedes, and then more bacheolors of education. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:54, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': I’m not sure we should be basing our decisions on people who apparently leave caps lock on and happen to somehow mash the space bar while typing a three-letter word. Looking at other cars by Mercedes like CLA, CLK, GLB, GLA, it seems like a disambiguation page would be appropriate. It seems weird to me to ignore the casing of the article to blindly redirect to something that doesn’t even have the properly-cased ([[B Ed]]) redirect in place today. Compare to [[PHD]] as an example.

====Three Virtues of a Programmer====
*{{no redirect|1 = Three Virtues of a Programmer }} → [[:Larry Wall]]  ([[Talk:Three Virtues of a Programmer|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Three Virtues of a Programmer|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Three Virtues of a Programmer|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Three_Virtues_of_a_Programmer|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Three Virtues of a Programmer|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Three Virtues of a Programmer]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Relevant content at the target page was removed in 2012, see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Wall&diff=prev&oldid=509283715. When the deleted content was reinstated at the redirect page in 2017 it as immediately removed again as not notable, see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Virtues_of_a_Programmer&diff=prev&oldid=783876601. [[User:Tea2min|Tea2min]] ([[User talk:Tea2min|talk]]) 09:53, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Weak keep''' if this is the first or most commonly referenced instance of "laziness" as a programmer virtue. I think it's worth re-including in the article and keeping the redirect, that's a very commonly referenced concept in my experience. The issue with the removed paragraph seems to be quoting them in full, I'd add in one-two sentences. I'll look into this when I'm at my computer. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 18:58, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Mosque Street====
*{{no redirect|1 = Mosque Street }} → [[:Jamia Mosque (Hong Kong)]]  ([[Talk:Mosque Street|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Mosque Street|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Mosque Street|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-05&end=2023-12-04&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Mosque_Street|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Mosque Street|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mosque Street]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

While looking around some related pages, it seems as if there is a Mosque Street in Hong Kong, and a Mosque Street in Singapore. There are quite a few incoming links, mainly from this page being included in templates, but the main takeaway I've found is that this page is being linked multiple ways over in different contexts, and only currently exists as a redirect to a page where it is very loosely stated (once) in a passing mention. Feels like a better opportunity for a red link to be here. [[User:Utopes|Utopes]] ('''[[User talk:Utopes|talk]]''' / '''[[Special:Contributions/Utopes|cont]]''') 07:40, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Setindexify''' -- [[Special:Contributions/65.92.247.90|65.92.247.90]] ([[User talk:65.92.247.90|talk]]) 05:59, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 14:29, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*[[WP:SIA#Common selection criteria]] as preconditions for a SIA are not met. Not a notable list, there's only one notable item, and the other item is not likely to have an article on the topic in the future, and the list can not be complete because there are other Mosque Streets around the world, and some are mentioned in other articles, but the information is poorly sourced, and there is no evidence that such a list could resemble a complete list. Prefer '''dabification''' with one regular and two DABMENTION entries—the Hong Kong street, and the fairly noteworthy Mosque Street in Germany, named after the oldest German mosque, which I've just added to [[Zossen]].—[[User talk:Alalch E.|Alalch E.]] 18:25, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 09:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Dabify''' per the above, but if not it looks like we have an article for [[Mosque Street, Singapore]] and that should be the redirect target (or primary name of that article), not the mosque in Hong Kong. [[User:Rusalkii|Rusalkii]] ([[User talk:Rusalkii|talk]]) 19:05, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)====
*{{no redirect|1 = List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+) }} → [[:List of cities in Minnesota]]  ([[Talk:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=List_of_cities_in_Minnesota(population_5,000%2B)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#List of cities in Minnesota(population 5,000+)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

'''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]] due to the lack of space between the title and the disambiguator. The title with the correct spacing, {{No redirect|List of cities in Minnesota (population 5,000+)}}, is a redirect that targets the same page as the nominated redirect. [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 06:19, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. — [[User:MaterialWorks|mw]] ([[User talk:MaterialWorks|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/MaterialWorks|contribs]]) 09:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per [[WP:RDAB]]. [[User:InterstellarGamer12321|InterstellarGamer12321]] ([[User talk:InterstellarGamer12321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/InterstellarGamer12321|contribs]]) 18:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' it was at this title for a few months in 2012. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:50, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' As a former title, it should be kept as an {{tl|R from move}}. - [[User:Presidentman|Presidentman]] [[User talk:Presidentman|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Presidentman|contribs]] ([[WP:TBACK|Talkback]]) 19:10, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Redirects to Kim Jong Il====
*{{no redirect|1 = Kim Jong-Golf }} → [[:Kim Jong Il]]  ([[Talk:Kim Jong-Golf|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Kim Jong-Golf|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Kim Jong-Golf|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kim_Jong-Golf|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Golf|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Golf]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]
*{{no redirect|1 = Kim Jong-Dead }} → [[:Kim Jong Il]]  ([[Talk:Kim Jong-Dead|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Kim Jong-Dead|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Kim Jong-Dead|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Kim_Jong-Dead|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Kim Jong-Dead|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Kim Jong-Dead]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Joke redirects. [[Special:Contributions/121.202.195.232|121.202.195.232]] ([[User talk:121.202.195.232|talk]]) 04:47, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*Kim-Jong Il claiming to be a golf world record holder has been published in many sources. Also, are IP users even allowed to suggest deletions through RFD? All deletion requests need to be attributable, so they can't start AFDs for example. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 08:17, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:There is no prohibition on IP editors nomination pages for deletion, indeed [[WP:AFDLIST]] (part of [[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion]]) explicitly says {{tpq|''Anyone can make a nomination''}} (emphasis in original). The reason they can't directly start AfDs is only that they cannot create new pages, there is no such barrier at RfD. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:29, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' I do not condone what the Kim regime did a single bit, but both look like inappropriate humor or vandalism, and the second even looks like borderline libel. Plus both are highly implausible search terms. ~ [[User:Prodraxis|Prodraxis]] ([[User talk:Prodraxis|Merry Christmas!]]) 15:06, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:I'm not sure how describing a dead person as dead is libellous? Especially when the creation summary ("he's not ill, he's dead") written 10 years after the subject's death, clearly indicates it was an attempt at humour. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*::Veering off-topic, but I find myself surprised that [https://deathlist.net/lists/2011 DeathList] did not make that joke, it's very much their sort of headline. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:26, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*::Ooopsies, my bad, but either way those aren't very plausible search terms ~ [[User:Prodraxis|Prodraxis]] ([[User talk:Prodraxis|Merry Christmas!]]) 15:57, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. All the google hits for the first term relate to computer golf games featuring [[Kim Jong Un]], all the hits for the latter relate to rumours of Kim Jong Un's death in late April/early May 2020. Neither are useful search terms. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:21, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
:* There's lots of hits about Kim Jong Il's golf "record", and it has more sustained coverage than the computer golf game e.g. [https://scmp.com/sport/golf/article/3230522/st-andrews-pebble-beach-pyongyang-north-korea-invites-foreign-golfers-play-worlds-most-exclusive], [https://espn.com/espn/page2/index/_/id/7369649], [https://golf.com/news/behind-kim-jong-ils-famous-round-of-golf/], [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/09/north-korea-golf-tournament-pyongyang-kim-jong-un/]. [[User:Joseph2302|Joseph]][[User talk:Joseph2302|2302]] ([[User talk:Joseph2302|talk]]) 14:09, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''Delete''' for other reasons given [[User:Toobigtokale|toobigtokale]] ([[User talk:Toobigtokale|talk]]) 15:59, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Louis van Beethoven====
*{{no redirect|1 = Louis van Beethoven }} → [[:Ludwig van Beethoven]]  ([[Talk:Louis van Beethoven|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis van Beethoven|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Louis van Beethoven|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Louis_van_Beethoven|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Louis van Beethoven|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Louis van Beethoven]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Seems only to refer to [[:simple:Louis van Beethoven (2020 movie)]], not to the composer himself. - '''[[User:Champion|<big>C</big>HAMPION]]''' ([[User_talk:Champion#Top|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Champion|contributions]]) ([[Special:Logs/Champion|logs]]) 02:11, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. Used in French-language sources ([https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Louis_van_Beethoven/NlpKAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22louis+van+beethoven%22&printsec=frontcover example]), seems like a reasonable redirect. [[User:Nikkimaria|Nikkimaria]] ([[User talk:Nikkimaria|talk]]) 02:26, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' – valid alternative variant per above. Why would they have a movie about the composer with the variant "Louis" if it wasn't used?? '''[[User:Aza24|Aza24]][[User talk:Aza24| (talk)]]''' 04:55, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per above. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 13:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per Nikkimaria --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:42, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
*Maybe it should be a DAB page like [[:de:Louis van Beethoven]]. While we often prefer to have the broader meaning as the primary topic if the redirect is dubious it may be better to just have a DAB. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:10, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Thoughts on dabifying? Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 04:23, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*While Crouch, Swale's comments are true in the abstract, this redirect is not dubious. We do not have any content about the 2020 movie, so there is no question about the composer being the primary topic. If an article about the movie is written we can discuss which is primary, but it seems unlikely that it would be neither of them so a hatnote would be sufficient. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:32, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:[[Louis van Beethoven (film)]] has 2 incoming links namely [[Tobias Moretti]] and [[Beethoven in film]] and most Google results are for the film not the composer. So I'd suggest '''disambiguate''' as the "Beethoven in film" could be used as the blue link. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 19:08, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*:And yes per the above discussion there is clearly a consensus that it shouldn't be deleted but the relist to see about disambiguation makes sense. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:17, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

====Penny pincher====
*{{no redirect|1 = Penny pincher }} → [[:Miser]]  ([[Talk:Penny pincher|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Penny pincher|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Penny pincher|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-12&end=2023-12-11&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Penny_pincher|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Penny pincher|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Penny pincher]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Propose retarget to [[frugality]] as that is closer given to the definition at [[wiktionary:penny pincher]]. - '''[[User:Champion|<big>C</big>HAMPION]]''' ([[User_talk:Champion#Top|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Champion|contributions]]) ([[Special:Logs/Champion|logs]]) 00:42, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. I don't agree: a miser "is a person who is reluctant to spend money"; frugality is "the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent, or economical in the consumption of resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance", i.e. with money ''or other things''. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 20:07, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 03:39, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' [[Penny Pinchers]] is a South Korean film, [[Penny Pincher!]] redirects to [[Radin!]], a French film (the phrase isn't mentioned in the prose of the latter, but one of the sources uses it extensively as the English translation of the title). [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 12:37, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Fast and Loose (upcoming film)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Fast and Loose (upcoming film) }} → [[:David Leitch]]  ([[Talk:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-11&end=2023-12-10&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Fast_and_Loose_(upcoming_film)|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Fast and Loose (upcoming film)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Fast and Loose (upcoming film)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target article, leaving it unclear why a reader would be redirected to the target when searching the term. [[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 23:35, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. This is mentioned in the target article - it's the final sentence in the "Upcoming projects" section (it uses "&" rather than "and", which might be why the nominator missed it?), although whether it is still an "upcoming" film is debatable (it's been on the back-burner since April 2022) but it hasn't been cancelled. If that were the end of the story I'd be saying "keep", but David Leitch will almost certainly not be directing it (he stepped away from the project before it was shelved). There is also a similar amount of content at both [[Westbrook (company)#Filmography]] and [[List of STX Entertainment films#In development]], which would both make good targets if they were the only one. I'm wondering if it might be better to convert the [[Fast and Loose]] disambiguation page to a set index and summarise the information there? [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 01:32, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' The pageviews are virtually nonexistent at this point. If the project is resurrected in the future, the redirect can be just recreated. [[User:InfiniteNexus|InfiniteNexus]] ([[User talk:InfiniteNexus|talk]]) 04:14, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
:'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Explicit|✗]][[User talk:Explicit|plicit]] 03:38, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

====Collegeville, Minnesosta====
*{{no redirect|1 = Collegeville, Minnesosta }} → [[:Collegeville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota]]  ([[Talk:Collegeville, Minnesosta|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Collegeville, Minnesosta|links]] · [[Special:PageHistory/Collegeville, Minnesosta|history]] · [[:toolforge:pageviews/?start=2023-11-19&end=2023-12-18&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Collegeville,_Minnesosta|stats]])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Collegeville, Minnesosta|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Collegeville, Minnesosta]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Found this redirect completely by accident while editing a page that links to [[Collegeville, Minnesota]]. The redirect's name contains an implausible typo with "Minnesosta" (leading to a daily average of [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&range=all-time&pages=Collegeville,_Minnesosta 0.16 pageviews] since tracking began in July 2015) but was created too long ago to meet [[WP:CSD#R3]]. Additionally, [[Collegeville, Minnesota]] exists as a separate article from that of Collegeville Township, so even if the typo wasn't implausible I don't think the redirect really makes sense. [[User:Andrew11374265|Andrew11374265]] ([[User talk:Andrew11374265|talk]]) 02:45, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

:'''Delete''' per unlikely misspelling of Minnesota, and because it redirects to the wrong title. —[[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] ([[User talk:Lights and freedom|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Lights and freedom|'''contribs''']]) 03:43, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

Roman Rudenko

2023-10-28T03:09:01Z

Lensovet: /* top */ fix procurator-general link

{{short description|Soviet lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Roman Rudenko Рома́н Руде́нко
| image = File:Главный обвинитель от СССР на Нюрнбергском процессе Р.А. Руденко (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rudenko opens the Soviet prosecution at the [[International Military Tribunal]]
| width =
| nationality = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]
| order =
| office = [[Procurator General of the Soviet Union]]
| term_start = July 1, 1953
| term_end = January 23, 1981
| premier = [[Georgy Malenkov]] [[Nikolai Bulganin]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] [[Nikolai Tikhonov]]
| predecessor = [[Gregory Safonov]]
| successor = [[Alexander Rekunkov]]
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|August 7|1907|July 25}}
| birth_place = [[Nosivka]], [[Chernihiv Oblast]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|1|23|1907|8|7|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1926–1981)
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[civil servant]]
}}
'''Roman Andreyevich Rudenko''' ({{lang-ru|Рома́н Андре́евич Руде́нко}}, {{OldStyleDate|August 7|1907|July 25}}<ref>[http://91.225.197.22/!_СПРАВИ%20(оцифровані%20ГТ%20Family%20search)/007768517/007768517_00802.jpg Метрическая книга Николаевской церкви м. Носовка. 1907] // Государственный архив Черниговской области. Ф. 679. Оп. 10. Д. 1325. Л. 189об–190. ''(russian)''</ref><ref>A lot of sources give other dates of birth: {{OldStyleDate|July 30|1907|July 17}} or July 7, 1907.</ref> – January 23, 1981) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[lawyer]] and statesman.

[[Procurator General of the Soviet Union | Procurator-General]] of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] from 1944 to 1953, Rudenko became Procurator-General of the entire [[Soviet Union]] after 1953. He is well known internationally for acting as chief prosecutor for the USSR at the 1946 trial of the major [[Nazi]] [[war criminal]]s in [[Nuremberg Trials| Nuremberg]]. He was also chief prosecutor at the "[[Trial of the Sixteen]]" (Polish Underground leaders) held in Moscow the year before. At the time he served at Nuremberg, Rudenko held the rank of Lieutenant-General within the USSR Procuracy.

In 1961 Rudenko was elected to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union| CPSU Central Committee]]. In 1972 he was awarded the Soviet [[title of honor|honorary title]] of [[Hero of Socialist Labor]].

==Ukrainian SSR to 1953==
Rudenko was one of the chief commandants of [[NKVD special camp Nr. 7]], a former Nazi concentration camp, until its closure in 1950.<ref name="TNJ">{{cite book |last=Utley |first=Freda |url=http://www.fredautley.com/nuremberg.htm |title=The High Cost of Vengeance |chapter= 6. The Nuremberg Judgments |publisher=Henry Regnery Company |year=1949 }}</ref> Of the 60,000 prisoners incarcerated there under his supervision, at least 12,000 died due to malnutrition and disease.<ref name="shiftung">{{cite web |url=http://www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/en/geschichte/speziallager/spezial01.htm |title=The Soviet special camp No.7 / No. 1 1945 – 1950 |accessdate=22 April 2009}}</ref>

In October 1951, as Procurator-General of the Ukrainian SSR, he personally led prosecution in the trial of [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|OUN]] member Mykhailo Stakhur who in October 1949 killed the writer [[Yaroslav Halan]].

==Soviet Union 1953–1981==
After the arrest of [[Lavrentiy Beria]] in 1953, Rudenko was a judge at the closed trial at which Stalin's last secret police chief was sentenced to death.

In 1960, he acted as the chief prosecutor in [[1960 U-2 incident|U-2]] pilot [[Francis Gary Powers|Gary Powers's]] [[espionage]] trial.<ref name=Powers>{{Cite book |last=Powers |first=Francis |title=Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |year=2004 |ISBN=9781574884227 |page=120}}</ref>

As [[Procurator General of the Soviet Union]], Rudenko played a major role in devising measures to deal with the growing dissident movement within the USSR.
[[File:RUSMARKA-1949.jpg|thumb|Roman Rudenko on a commemorative Russian stamp]]
In 1967, he and then KGB chairman [[Vladimir Semichastny]] submitted proposals as to how to deal with those defending the writers [[Yuli Daniel]] and [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] during and after their trial, without provoking a strong reaction abroad or within the country. This included mention of the "mental illness" suffered by several prominent dissidents.<ref>[https://bukovsky-archive.com/2017/06/07/27-january-1967-pb-325/ Joint KGB-Procurator-General's Memorandum to Central Committee, 27 January 1967 (Pb 32/5), Bukovsky Archive online].</ref> One measure, proposed jointly with [[Yuri Andropov]] in late 1972, was to reduce the number of arrests and convictions by reinforcing the issue of "prophylactic" warnings to individuals, cautioning them that their activities could lead to prosecution under [[Anti-Soviet agitation| Articles 70 and 1901 of the RSFSR Criminal Code]].<ref>[https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/02/16-november-1972-pb-67xviii/ Joint KGB-Procurator-General's Memorandum to Central Committee, 16 November 1972 (Pb 67/XVI), Bukovsky Archive online].</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Robert E. Conot]], ''Justice at Nuremberg'', Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1984, {{ISBN|0-88184-032-7}}
* Александр Звягинцев. «Руденко». Молодая гвардия, 2007 г. {{ISBN|978-5-235-03081-7}}

{{Prosecutors General of Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudenko, Roman Andreyevich}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chernihiv Oblast]]
[[Category:People from Chernigov Governorate]]
[[Category:Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour]]
[[Category:Prosecutors of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg]]
[[Category:Soviet jurists]]
[[Category:20th-century jurists]]
[[Category:Prosecutors of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]

Alaska Airlines Flight 60

2023-10-24T03:06:18Z

Lensovet: /* References */ adjust cat

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{short description|1976 aviation accident}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Alaska Airlines Flight 60
| image = Alaska Airlines Boeing 727-100 Silagi-2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = An Alaska Airlines Boeing 727 in 1979, similar to the aircraft involved in the accident.
| image_size = 300
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|1976|04|05}}
| summary = [[Runway excursion|Runway overrun]], [[Pilot error]]
| site = [[Ketchikan International Airport]], [[Ketchikan, Alaska]], United States
| coordinates = 
| occupants = 50
| passengers = 43
| crew = 7
| injuries = 49 (32 serious and 17 minor)
| fatalities = 1
| missing =
| survivors = 49
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 727]]-81
| aircraft_name =
| Operator = [[Alaska Airlines]]
| tail_number = N124AS
| Origin = [[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport]], [[Anchorage, Alaska]], United States
| stopover =
| stopover0 = [[Juneau International Airport]], AK (JNU/PAJN), [[Juneau, Alaska]], United States
| stopover1 =
| stopover2 =
| stopover3 =
| stopover4 =
| stopover5 =
| last_stopover = [[Ketchikan International Airport]], [[Ketchikan, Alaska]], United States
| Destination = [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport]], [[Seattle]], Washington, United States
}}
The crash of '''Alaska Airlines Flight 60''' was an accident involving a [[Boeing 727]]-81 of the American airline [[Alaska Airlines]] at [[Ketchikan International Airport]] in [[Ketchikan, Alaska]], United States, on April 5, 1976, resulting in the death of a passenger with 32 serious and 17 minor injured survivors among the initial 50 passengers and crew on board.<ref name="TSM">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Accident Description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19760405-0 |access-date=December 4, 2022 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>

== Crew ==
On its final journey, Flight 60 was under the command of 55-year-old [[Captain (aviation)|captain]] Richard L. Burke, who had a total of 19,813 hours of [[flight hours|flight experience]], including 2,140 hours on the Boeing 727 and had been in service with Alaska Airlines since 1960, while 42-year-old [[First officer (aviation)|co-pilot]] Richard Bishop had a total of 3,193 total flight hours of experience, including 1,980 hours on the Boeing 727 and had been in service with Alaska Airlines since 1966. 43-year-old [[Second officer (aviation)|Second officer]] Huston Leach was employed by Alaska Airlines in the same year as co-pilot Bishop, had accumulated 3,454 total flight hours, including 2,641 hours on the Boeing 727.<ref name=OPM/>

== Accident ==
Having originated in [[Anchorage, Alaska]], Alaska Airlines Flight 60 took off from [[Juneau International Airport]] in [[Juneau, Alaska]], at [[Alaska Time Zone|7.38 am]] on April 5, 1976, on a scheduled flight to [[Seattle]], Washington, with a final [[Layover|stopover]] at [[Ketchikan International Airport]], [[Ketchikan, Alaska]], carrying 7 crew and 43 passengers.<ref name=JSM/>

At 8.05 am, [[Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center|Anchorage]] [[air traffic control]] cleared Flight 60 for an approach to [[runway]] 11 at Ketchikan. At 8.11 am, Flight 60 started its descend from {{convert|10000|ft|0}} towards runway 11 for an ILS approach under low cloud ceilings and low visibility conditions due to light snow and [[fog]]. When the flight was approx. {{convert|17|mi|nmi km}} from the runway and at a height of {{convert|4000|ft|0}}, the pilots acquired visual contact with the ground and water, resulting in the captain's decision to abandon an ILS approach in favour of a [[visual approach]]. At an altitude of {{cvt|1000|ft|0}} and a distance of about {{convert|2|mi|nmi km}}, visual contact was made with the approach lights of runway 11.<ref name=JSM/>

[[File:Alaska Airlines Flight 60 route.jpg|thumb|left|Alaska Airlines Flight 60 final route.]]

At 8.19 am, the flight touched down about {{convert|1,500|feet|yd m|0}} beyond the runway threshold at a speed of {{convert|145|kn|mph km/h}} alongside a tailwind of {{convert|3|kn|mph km/h}}. Upon landing, the captain reversed the engines and deployed the ground [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoilers]] alongside the wheel brakes. However, the braking actions were poor due to the runway being wet at the time of landing. The captain thereby ordered a [[go-around]] and retracted the ground spoilers before setting the [[Flap (aeronautics)|flaps]] to 25°, however the [[Thrust reversal|thrust reverser mechanism]] failed to fully disengage, meaning that the plane couldn't obtain full [[takeoff]] speed. Further attempts by the crew to disengage the reversers were equally unsuccessful, so the captain abandoned the go-around and deployed the ground spoilers again in another attempt to slow the aircraft down. Upon realising that the aircraft wasn't going to come to a halt before the end of the runway was reached, the captain turned the plane to the right and raised the nose. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft overran the runway and passed over a [[gully]] and a [[Frontage road|service road]] before striking the airport's [[antenna array]] support and crashing in a [[ravine]] some {{convert|700|ft|yd m|0}} beyond the end of runway 11.<ref name="OPM">{{cite web |date=December 22, 1976 |title=Aircraft Accident Report, Alaska Airlines, Inc., Booing 727-81, N124AS, Ketchikan International Airport, Ketchikan, Alaska, April 5, 1976 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7620.pdf |access-date=December 4, 2022 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |id=NTSB/AAR-76-20}} - [https://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR76-20.pdf Copy at] [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]].</ref>

Following the crash, flight 60's [[fuselage]] was broken up in three pieces just before and beyond the [[Wing configuration|wings]], with the wing-section catching fire soon after the crash. Rescue personnel quickly arrived on the scene and almost all passengers and crew managed to evacuate the aircraft before it caught on fire. Firefighters were able to keep the fire at bay long enough for the pilots to be rescued from the [[cockpit]] about half an hour after the crash. All three pilots were seriously injured in the crash with captain Burke receiving multiple fractures to his legs and ribs, co-pilot Bishop suffering skull, rib, leg and spinal fractures and second officer Leach receiving multiple spinal fractures. Amongst the remaining crew, two were seriously injured while the remaining two received minor injuries. In the case of the passengers, 27 suffered from serious injuries and the remaining 15 received minor injuries, while 85-year-old Ruth Foster of [[Nyssa, Oregon]] was the only person to lose her life in the crash.<ref name=CVM>{{cite web |url=http://www.sitnews.us/Kiffer/AlaskaAirlines/040511_ak_airlines.html |title=Airport Jet Crash was 35 years ago |publisher=sitnews.us |date=April 5, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2022}}</ref>

== Aircraft ==
The Boeing 727–81 involved, ''N124AS'' (msn 18821/124) conducted its first flight on March 4, 1965. At the time, the aircraft was registered as ''JA8301'' and operated by [[All Nippon Airways]]. On May 31, 1972, the aircraft was reregistered as ''N124'' and operated by [[Pacific Southwest Airlines]] before being leased to [[Alaska Airlines]] on June 22 of that same year. It was subsequently [[sublease]]d to [[Mexicana de Aviación|Mexicana]] on November 30, 1972, and reregistered as ''XA-SEB''. The aircraft was returned to Alaska Airlines on January 10, 1974, and had its old registration as ''N124'' reinstated. From December 14, 1975, until the time of the accident, the aircraft was registered as ''N124AS'' and in service of Alaska Airlines. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had a total of 25,360 [[Flight hours|total airframe hours]].<ref name=TSM/>

== Aftermath ==
The aircraft was [[Total loss|damaged beyond repair]] in the post-crash fire, while 49 out of its 50 occupants survived the accident with 32 them receiving various injuries. An investigation of the accident by the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] which lasted 261 days and was published on December 22, 1976, determined that captain Burke's faulty judgement to initiate a go-around after having committed to a full stop landing following an excessively long and fast approach and touchdown, was the main cause of the accident. The NTSB report also stated that the captain's unprofessional decision to abandon the precision approach contributed to the accident.<ref name=JSM>{{cite web |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-boeing-727-81-ketchikan-1-killed |title=ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT |publisher=baaa-acro.com |date=1990 |access-date=December 4, 2022}}</ref> Soon following the crash, captain Burke decided to retire from Alaska Airlines.<ref name=CVM/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1976}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1970s}}
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:1976 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:1976 in Alaska]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1976]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving runway overruns]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1976]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in Alaska]]
[[Category:Alaska Airlines accidents and incidents|60]]
[[Category:April 1976 events in the United States]]

Federal Express Flight 705

2023-10-24T03:02:38Z

Lensovet: /* Flight details */

{{Short description|1994 attempted suicide hijacking}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Federal Express Flight 705
| image = McDonnell Douglas MD-10-30(F) Federal Express (FedEx) N306FE, AMS Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands PP1262199607.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = N306FE, the aircraft involved, taxiing at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in June 1986
| occurrence_type = Hijacking
| date = April 7, 1994
| site = {{nowrap|[[Memphis International Airport]]}} [[Memphis, Tennessee]], United States
| coordinates =
| aircraft_type = [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]-30F
| aircraft_name = John Peter Jr.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeromoe.com/fleets/fedex.html |title=Federal Express Corporation (FM/FDX) |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>
| operator = [[FedEx Express|Federal Express]]
| tail_number = {{Airreg|N|306FE}}
| origin = {{nowrap|[[Memphis International Airport]]}} Memphis, Tennessee
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport]] [[San Jose, California]]
| occupants = 4
| passengers = 1 (hijacker)
| crew = 3
| fatalities = 0
| injuries = 4 (serious)
| missing =
| survivors = 4 (all)
| type = Attempted [[Suicide by pilot|suicide]] [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]] for [[insurance fraud]], subsequent [[emergency landing]]
}}
On April 7, 1994, '''Federal Express Flight 705''', a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]-30 cargo jet carrying electronics equipment across the United States from [[Memphis, Tennessee]], to [[San Jose, California]], was the subject of a [[Aircraft hijacking|hijack]] attempt by Auburn R. Calloway, a [[FedEx Express|Federal Express]] employee facing possible dismissal at a hearing scheduled for the following day for having lied about his flight hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garland |first=Max |date=2019-04-05 |title=25 years ago, Federal Express Flight 705 was business as usual — until a hijacking attempt |url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/money/industries/logistics/2019/04/05/fedex-plane-hijacking-flight-705/3286453002/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Commercial Appeal}}</ref> He boarded the scheduled flight as a [[Deadheading (employee)|deadhead]] passenger carrying a guitar case concealing several hammers and a [[speargun]]. He tried to switch off the aircraft's [[cockpit voice recorder]] (CVR) before [[takeoff]]. Once airborne, he attempted to kill the crew with hammers so their injuries would appear consistent with an accident rather than a hijacking. The CVR, however, was switched back on by the flight engineer, believing that he had neglected to turn it on.<ref name="Mayday" />

Calloway intended to use the speargun as a last resort. He planned to crash the aircraft hoping that he would appear to be an employee killed in an accident. He sought to let his family collect on a $2.5 million [[life insurance]] policy provided by Federal Express.<ref name="Mayday"/> Calloway's efforts to kill the crew were unsuccessful. Despite severe injuries, the crew fought back, subdued Calloway, and landed the aircraft safely.

During his trial, the prosecution argued Calloway was trying to commit [[suicide attempt|suicide]]. Calloway's legal representation attempted to invoke an [[insanity defense]], but he was found guilty of multiple charges, including attempted murder, attempted [[Aircraft hijacking|air piracy]], and interference with flight crew operations. He received two consecutive life sentences with no chance of parole. Calloway successfully appealed the conviction for interference, which was ruled to be a lesser offense of attempted air piracy.<ref name="USA v C">{{cite web |title=U.S. v. Calloway |publisher=Leagle |url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19971245116f3d112911068 |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> The life sentence was upheld.

== Flight crew and hijacker ==
Three flight crew members were in the cockpit on this flight: 49-year-old [[Pilot in command|Captain]] David G. "Dave" Sanders, who had worked for FedEx for 20 years and previously served with the [[U.S. Navy]] for nine years during the [[Vietnam War]]; 42-year-old [[First officer (aeronautics)|First Officer]] James M. "Jim" Tucker Jr., who had worked for FedEx for 10 years and previously served with the U.S. Navy for 12 years during the Vietnam War and [[People Express Airlines (1980s)|People Express Airlines]] for three years; and 39-year-old [[Flight Engineer]] Andrew H. "Andy" Peterson, who had worked for FedEx for 5 years.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1994-04-08|title=4 Injured as Crew on Cargo Jet Fights Off Attempted Hijacking|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/08/us/4-injured-as-crew-on-cargo-jet-fights-off-attempted-hijacking.html|access-date=2020-05-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Also in the airplane was 42-year-old FedEx flight engineer Auburn Calloway, an [[alumnus]] of [[Stanford University]] and a former Navy pilot and martial-arts expert, who was facing possible [[Dismissal (employment)|dismissal]] over falsifying of his flight hours.<ref name="USA v C"/> To disguise the hijacking as an accident, so his family would benefit from his US$2.5 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|2.5|1994|r=1}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) life-insurance policy, Calloway intended to murder the flight crew using blunt force. To accomplish this, he brought on board two [[claw hammer]]s, two [[Sledgehammer|club hammers]], a speargun, and a knife (which was not used) concealed inside a guitar case.<ref name="USA v C"/><ref>{{cite news |date=April 8, 1994 |title=Jet Lands Safely After Attack on Crew |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/04/08/jet-lands-safely-after-attack-on-crew/d6481a01-a4ee-4e63-9c23-29504c5f9ee3/ |access-date=October 12, 2018 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He also carried with him a note written to his ex-wife and "describing the author's apparent despair".<ref name="USA v C"/> Just before the flight, Calloway had transferred over US$54,000 ({{Inflation|US|54000|1994|r=-2|fmt=eq}}) in [[Security (finance)|securities]] and [[cashier's check]]s to his ex-wife.<ref name="USA v C" />

== Flight details ==
Before takeoff, as part of his plan to disguise the intended attack as an accident, Calloway attempted to disable the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) by pulling its [[circuit breaker]] to interrupt CVR power. During the standard preflight checks, Peterson, the flight engineer, noticed the pulled breaker and reset it before takeoff, reactivating the CVR. However, if Calloway had killed the crew members with the CVR still on, he would simply have had to fly for 30 minutes to erase any trace of a struggle from the CVR's 30-minute loop.<ref name="tailstrike">{{cite web |work=Cockpit Voice Recorder Database |url=https://tailstrike.com/database/7-april-1994-fedex-705/ |title=7 April 1994 - Fedex 705 |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>

26 minutes after takeoff, as the plane was passing 19,000 feet, and the flight crew carried on a casual conversation, Calloway went into the back to get his weapons, entered the flight deck, and attacked Peterson, Tucker, and Sanders. All three members of the crew received multiple hammer blows. Both Peterson and Tucker, the first officer, suffered fractured skulls, and Peterson's [[Superficial temporal artery|temporal artery]] was severed.<ref name="USA v C"/> The blow to Tucker's head drilled shards of bone into his brain and initially rendered him unable to move or react, but he was still conscious. Captain Sanders reported that during the beginning of the attack, he could not discern any emotion from Calloway, just "simply a face in his eyes".<ref name="Mayday"/>

When Calloway ceased his hammer attack, Peterson and Sanders began to get out of their seats to go after Calloway. Calloway left the cockpit and retrieved his speargun. He came back into the cockpit and threatened everyone to sit back down in their seats. Despite a loud ringing in his ear and being unbalanced and dazed, Peterson grabbed the gun by the spear between the barbs and the barrel. Tucker, an ex-[[United States Naval Aviator|Navy pilot]], performed extreme aerial maneuvers with the aircraft while a struggle ensued.<ref name="Remembering 705">{{cite web |url=http://aenlogistics.com/general-interest/remembering-fedex-flight-705/ |title=Remembering FedEx Flight 705 That Flew Upside Down |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> He pulled the plane into a sudden 15° climb, throwing Sanders, Peterson, and Calloway out of the cockpit and into the [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]]. To try to throw Calloway off balance, Tucker then turned the plane into a left roll, almost on its side. This rolled the combatants along the smoke curtain onto the left side of the galley.<ref name="Mayday"/>

Eventually, Tucker had rolled the plane almost upside down at 140°, while attempting to maintain a visual reference of the environment around him through the windows. Peterson, Sanders, and Calloway were then pinned to the ceiling of the plane. Calloway managed to wrench his hammer hand free and hit Sanders in the head again. Just then, Tucker put the plane into a steep dive.<ref name="Mayday"/><ref name="Remembering 705"/> This pushed the combatants back to the smoke curtain, but the wings and elevators started to flutter. At this point, Tucker could hear the wind rushing against the cockpit windows. At a speed of {{convert|460|kn}}, the plane's elevators fluttered so much that the control surfaces became unresponsive due to the disrupted airflow. This lack of control tested the aircraft’s safety limits. Tucker also began to sense a [[Mach tuck]] effect as the airflow over the wings approached the speed of sound. Tucker realized the throttles were at full power, increasing the speed of the aircraft. Releasing his only usable hand to pull back the throttles to idle, he managed to pull the plane out of the dive as it slowed down.<ref name="Mayday"/><ref name="Remembering 705"/>

As the DC-10 leveled off at 5,000 feet, Calloway managed to hit Sanders again while the struggle continued, and this time the blow nearly knocked him unconscious. Sanders was losing strength, and Peterson was bleeding out from his ruptured temporal artery and was starting to go into [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]]. In spite of his diminishing strength, Sanders managed to grab the hammer out of Calloway's hand and attacked him with it. When the plane was completely level, Tucker alerted Memphis Center, telling them about the attack and requesting a vector back to Memphis.<ref name="Remembering 705"/> He requested an ambulance and "armed intervention", meaning he wanted a [[SWAT]] team to storm the plane.<ref>{{Citation|title=Attempted Hijacking Of Fedex Flight 705 {{!}} Mayday {{!}} On The Move|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV-qxdGtY64|language=en|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>

The flight crew eventually succeeded in restraining and disarming Calloway, although only after moments of inverted and over-speed flight beyond the designed capabilities of a DC-10. Sanders took control, and Tucker, who by then had his sense of touch severely diminished and was paralyzed on the right side of his body, went back to assist Peterson in restraining Calloway. Sanders communicated with [[air traffic control]], preparing for an emergency landing back at [[Memphis International Airport]]. Meanwhile, Calloway started fighting with the crew again.<ref name="Remembering 705"/>

Fully loaded with fuel and cargo, the plane was approaching too fast and too high to land on the scheduled runway 9. Due to the plane's weight, speed, and height, it was at risk of breaking up upon landing under these conditions. Sanders requested by radio to land on the longer runway 36L.<ref name="Remembering 705"/> Ignoring warnings from the Ground Proximity Warning System and using a series of sharp turns that further tested the DC-10's safety limits, Sanders landed the jet safely on the runway at {{convert|16000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} over its maximum designed landing weight.<ref name="Mayday"/> By that time, Calloway was defeated. Emergency personnel and police gained access to the plane via the escape slide and ladder. Inside, they found the interior of the galley and cockpit covered in blood.<ref name="tailstrike"/> Calloway was then arrested, taken off the plane, and—along with Peterson, Tucker, and Sanders—was taken to a nearby hospital.<ref name="Remembering 705"/>

== Aftermath ==
The crew of Flight 705 survived the attack but were seriously injured.<ref name="USA v C"/> The left side of Tucker's skull was severely fractured, causing [[motor control]] problems in his right arm and right leg. Calloway had also dislocated Tucker's jaw, attempted to gouge out one of his eyes, and stabbed his right arm. Sanders suffered several deep gashes in his head, and doctors had to sew his right ear back in place. Flight Engineer Peterson's skull was fractured and his temporal artery severed. The aircraft itself incurred $800,000 worth of damage.<ref name="USA v C"/>

Calloway pleaded temporary insanity, but was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences (federal sentences are not subject to parole) on August 11, 1995, for attempted [[air piracy]] and interference with flight crew.<ref name="Mayday"/> The latter conviction was vacated on appeal.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States v. Calloway (1997) |website=[[FindLaw]] |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-6th-circuit/1058021.html |access-date=22 July 2023 }}</ref> As of October 2023, Calloway, [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] inmate #14601-076, is imprisoned at [[USP McCreary]], in Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOP: Federal Inmates By Number |url=https://www.bop.gov/mobile/find_inmate/index.jsp#inmate_results |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.bop.gov}}</ref>

[[File:01302015 FedEx N306FE MD10F PANC NAEDIT (40588305482).jpg|thumb|N306FE in 2015]]
On May 26, 1994, the [[Air Line Pilots Association, International|Air Line Pilots Association]] awarded Dave Sanders, Jim Tucker, and Andy Peterson the Gold Medal Award for heroism, the highest award a civilian pilot can receive. As of 2004, 10 years after the incident and due to the extent and severity of their injuries, none of the crew had been recertified as medically fit to fly commercially.<ref name="Mayday"/> However, Jim Tucker returned to recreational flying in his [[Luscombe 8|Luscombe 8A]] by 2002.<ref name=AVWEB>{{cite web |url=https://www.avweb.com/news/profiles/182918-1.html |title=Jim Tucker |date=October 16, 2002 |first=Joe |last=Godfrey |access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>

The McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft involved, N306FE, was repaired after the incident then returned to service. In 2008, it was upgraded to an [[McDonnell Douglas MD-10-30|MD-10]] which, among other improvements, eliminated the ongoing need for a flight engineer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planespotters.net/airframe/McDonnell-Douglas/DC-10/N306FE-Federal-Express/K6d1fdbJ |title=N306FE Federal Express McDonnell Douglas MD-10 |website=PlaneSpotters.net |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> On June 7, 2022, the aircraft was involved in another incident, where the crew safely diverted to [[Tulsa International Airport]] after receiving a cargo fire-warning indication.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://simpleflying.com/fedex-cargo-deck-fire-diversion/ |title=FedEx MD-10 Diverts To Tulsa Due To Fire On Cargo Deck |first=Daniel Martínez |last=Garbuno |date=June 8, 2022 |work=Simple Flying |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> On December 31, 2022, it was among the last of FedEx's MD-10 fleet to be retired, having made its [[maiden flight]] on November 5, 1985 and having been delivered to FedEx on January 24, 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2023/january/24/fedex-retires-heavy-hauler-with-history |title=FedEx Retires Heavy Hauler with History |first=Dave |last=Hirschman |date=January 24, 2023 |work=Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association |access-date=March 21, 2023}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-dc10-48287.htm |title=Federal Express - McDonnell Douglas DC-10 - MSN 48257 - N306FE |website=Airfleets.net |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> Shortly after learning of N306FE's retirement, aviation enthusiast Jack Schneider started an online petition to encourage FedEx to assist in preserving the aircraft, citing its significance in aviation history resulting from its involvement in, and survival of, the attempted hijacking.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://simpleflying.com/fedex-historic-md-10-rescue/ |title=Enthusiasts Want To Save Historic FedEx MD-10 Involved In Flight 705 Hijacking |first=Michael |last=Doran |date=January 22, 2023 |work=Simple Flying |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> As of September 28, 2023, the petition has obtained 19,210 signatures, though it is unclear if FedEx is aware of it.

== In popular culture ==
The attempted hijacking of Flight 705 was featured in "Fight for Your Life", a [[List of Mayday episodes#Season 3 (2005)|season-three (2005)]] episode of the Canadian TV series ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]''<ref name=Mayday>{{cite episode |title=Fight for Your Life |series=[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]] |network=[[Discovery Channel Canada]] / [[National Geographic Channel]] |season=3 |number=4 |year=2005}}, q.v. {{IMDb episode | 0644758 | Fight for Your Life }}</ref> (called ''Air Emergency'' and ''Air Disasters'' in the U.S., and ''Air Crash Investigation'' in the UK), which included interviews with the flight crew. The dramatization was broadcast with the title "Suicide Attack" in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Asia.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The sixth episode of UK TV series ''Black Box'' (called ''[[Survival in the Sky]]'' in the U.S.), "[[Survival in the Sky#Episode 6 - Sky Crimes (1998)|Sky Crimes]]", also features the attempted takeover using audio between air traffic control and the crew.<ref name=BlackBox6>{{cite episode |title=Sky Crimes |series=[[Survival in the Sky]] (orig. Black Box) |network=[[Channel Four Television Corporation|Channel 4]] / [[TLC (TV network)|The Learning Channel (TLC)]] |season=2 |number=2 |year=1998}}, q.v. {{IMDb episode | 1807128 | Sky Crimes }}</ref>

The book ''Hijacked: The True Story of the Heroes of Flight 705'', written by Dave Hirschman, was published in 1997.<ref name=AVWEB /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hirschman|first1=Dave|title=Hijacked: The True Story of the Heroes of Flight 705|last2=Morrow|first2=William|year=1997|isbn=978-0-688-15267-3}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 family]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]
* {{section link|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners in the United States|Tennessee}}
* [[Suicide by pilot]]
*[[Alaska Airlines Flight 2059]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|FedEx Express Flight 705}}
* [https://tailstrike.com/database/7-april-1994-fedex-705/ Cockpit voice recorder transcript and incident summary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721011456/http://www.airdisaster.com/cvr/atcwav.shtml Clips from the air traffic control tape]
* {{ASN accident|id=19940407-0|type=Hijacking}}

{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1994}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1990s}}
{{FedEx}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|United States|1990s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Tennessee}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fedex Express Flight 705}}
[[Category:1994 in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in the United States]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1994]]
[[Category:Crimes in Tennessee]]
[[Category:FedEx Express accidents and incidents|705]]
[[Category:April 1994 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Memphis International Airport]]
[[Category:Hammer assaults]]

Leopoldo Pirelli

2023-10-24T02:19:52Z

Lensovet: /* Personal life */

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leopoldo Pirelli
| image = Leopoldo Pirelli.jpg
| caption = Leopoldo Pirelli in 50s
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = [[Velate (Varese)|Velate]], Italy
| death_date = January 23, 2007
| death_place = [[Portofino]], Italy
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma mater =
| employer =
| occupation = Businessman
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = Giulia Ferlito
| children = Cecilia Pirelli Alberto Pirelli
| parents = Alberto Pirelli (father) Lodovica Zambeletti (mother)
| relatives = [[Giovanni Battista Pirelli]] (paternal grandfather)
}}
'''Leopoldo Pirelli''' ([[Velate (Varese)|Velate]], 1925 – [[Portofino]], January 23, 2007) was an Italian heir and businessman.

==Early life==
Leopoldo Pirelli was born in 1925 in [[Velate (Varese)|Velate]], Italy. His father was the prominent Italian industrialist Alberto Pirelli and his mother was Lodovica Zambeletti, daughter of the pharmaceutical industrialist Leopoldo Zambeletti. His paternal grandfather, [[Giovanni Battista Pirelli]], was the founder of Pirelli.<ref name="theburdenofthefamily">{{cite journal|last1=Amatori|first1=Franco|title=The Burden of the Family Company: Leopoldo Pirelli and His Times|journal=Business History|year=2016|volume=58|issue=7|pages=1008–1033|doi=10.1080/00076791.2016.1154046}}</ref>

==Career==
Pirelli joined Pirelli as a member of the Pirelli SpA board in 1954 and appointed deputy chairman serving from 1956 to 1965. He served as its president from 1965 to 1996. In 1992, he remained chairman but let his son-in-law, Marco Tronchetti Provera, take over as managing director and executive deputy chairman.<ref name="nytimespirellichiefcowell">{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|title=BUSINESS PEOPLE; Pirelli Chief Plans To Relinquish Control|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/business/business-people-pirelli-chief-plans-to-relinquish-control.html|accessdate=July 4, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=February 18, 1992}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pirelli and his wife Giulia Ferlito had a daughter, Cecilia (1952, married secondly to [[Marco Tronchetti Provera]]), and a son, Alberto (1954).<ref name="nytimespirellichiefcowell"/>

==Death==
Pirelli died on January 23, 2007, in [[Portofino]], Italy.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pirelli, Leopoldo}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Pirelli people]]

{{italy-business-bio-stub}}

List of fuel cell vehicles

2023-10-14T19:45:13Z

Lensovet: /* Trains - locomotives */

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|Fuel cell vehicle}}
{{update|date=February 2014}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
A '''fuel cell vehicle''' is a vehicle that uses a [[fuel cell]] to power an electric drive system. There are also [[hybrid vehicle]]s meaning that they are fitted with a [[fuel cell]] and a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] or a [[fuel cell]] and an [[ultracapacitor]]. For [[Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle|HICEV]] see [[List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles]]. For a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles, see [[fuel cell vehicle]].

==Cars==

===[[Production vehicle|Production]]===
Cars commercially available for sale or leasing.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! colspan="5" align=center style="background-color: #ccffcc;" | List of modern fuel cell automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs commercially produced (1990–present)
|-
! Model || Production || Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $)||Range ||Comments
|-
| colspan="5" align=center style="background-color: #ccffcc;" |'''Models out of production'''
|-
|[[File:Toyota FCHV MegaWEB.JPG|125px|center]][[Toyota FCHV]]||2002–?||{{center|Leasing only ￥1200,000}}<ref name="jt021119"/>||{{center|{{convert|186.4|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="nikkei021204">{{cite web|url=https://www.webcg.net/articles/-/17168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618231342/https://www.webcg.net/articles/-/17168|title=トヨタとホンダ、燃料電池車を限定発売|publisher=[[Nikkei, Inc.|Nikkei Digital Media, Inc.]]|date=4 December 2002|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>}}||The [[Toyota FCHV]] and [[Honda FCX]], which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial fuel cell vehicles. Leased in the [[United States]] and [[Japan]].<ref name="jt021119">{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/11/19/business/toyota-to-lease-fuel-cell-cars-to-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308232938/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/11/19/business/toyota-to-lease-fuel-cell-cars-to-state/|title=Toyota to lease fuel-cell cars to state|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|date=19 November 2002|archive-date=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="honda021203">{{cite web|url=https://global.honda/newsroom/news/2002/4021203-fcx-eng.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308233714/https://global.honda/newsroom/news/2002/4021203-fcx-eng.html|title=First Honda FCX Fuel Cell Vehicles Delivered on Same Day in Japan and the U.S.|publisher=Honda|date=3 December 2002|archive-date=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="jt020726">{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/07/26/business/hydrogen-powered-honda-achieves-world-first/#.XDN1-XZ_q3A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107155311/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/07/26/business/hydrogen-powered-honda-achieves-world-first/#.XDN1-XZ_q3A|title=Hydrogen-powered Honda achieves world first|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|date=26 July 2002|archive-date=7 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:FCX-Honda.JPG|125px|center]][[Honda FCX]]||2002–?||{{center|Leasing only ￥800,000}}<ref name="dbj081125">{{cite web|url=https://www.dbj.jp/reportshift/report/research/pdf_all/83all.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125114709/https://www.dbj.jp/reportshift/report/research/pdf_all/83all.pdf|title=燃料電池の現状と普及に向けた課題|page=38|publisher=[[Development Bank of Japan]]|date=May 2005|archive-date=25 November 2008}}</ref>||{{center|{{convert|220.6|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="honda021203"/>}}||The Honda FCX and Toyota FCHV, which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial fuel cell vehicles. Leased in the United States and Japan.<ref name="jt021119"/><ref name="honda021203"/><ref name="jt020726"/>
|-
|[[File:Ford Focus H2.JPG|125px|center]][[Ford Focus FCV]]||2003-2006||{{center|Leasing only unknown}}||{{center|{{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124134253/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-date=2005-11-24 | title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles }}</ref>}}||{{cn span |text=Initially planned to be leased across 50 states, it was eventually only leased in [[California]], [[Florida]] and Canada. |date=May 2023}}
|-
|[[File:Eastern_Airport_Motors_115_X-TRAIL_FCV.jpg|125px|center]][[Nissan X-Trail|Nissan X-Trail FCV 04]]||2003-2013||{{center|Leasing only ¥1,000,000<ref name="Nissan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2004/_STORY/040329-03.html |title=Nissan | News Press Release |access-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407024518/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2004/_STORY/040329-03.html |archive-date=2016-04-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (US$8,850)}}||{{center|{{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nissan"/>}}||Leased to businesses and government entities in Japan and [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/ENVIRONMENT/CAR/FUEL_BATTERY/DEVELOPMENT/FCV/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618050329/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/ENVIRONMENT/CAR/FUEL_BATTERY/DEVELOPMENT/FCV/ |archive-date=2013-06-18 |url-status=dead |title=NISSAN | Zero-Emission Mobility Enhancement | Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2009/_STORY/091124-01-e.html |title=NISSAN | Nissan Announces First Fuel Cell Vehicle Lease in North America; "Coca-Cola Zero®" X-TRAIL FCV Promotes Zero Emissions |access-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406235630/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2009/_STORY/091124-01-e.html |archive-date=2016-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Mercedes-Benz A Class F-Cell front.jpg|125px|center]][[Mercedes-Benz F-Cell]] (A-Class based)||2005-2007||{{center|Leasing only unknown}}||{{center|{{convert|100|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2005"/> to {{convert|110|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202085047/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-date=2006-12-02 | title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles }}</ref>}}||100 leased around the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.easier.com/5440-mercedes-benz-a-class-f-cell-vehicle-to-visit-london.html | title=Mercedes Benz A-Class F-Cell vehicle to visit London | Easier }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell.jpg|125px|center]][[Chevrolet Equinox#Fuel cell version|Chevrolet Equinox FC]]||2007-2009||{{center|Leasing only}}||{{center|{{convert|190|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813020701/http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml | archive-date=2009-08-13 | title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles }}</ref>}}||Leased in [[California]] and [[New York (state)|New York]].
|-
|[[File:FCHV-advanced.jpg|125px|center]][[Toyota Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle-Advanced|Toyota FCHV-adv]]||2008–?||{{center|Leasing only ￥840,000}}<ref name="FCHV-adv">{{cite web| url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0829.html| title=Toyota to Begin Leasing Advanced Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle| publisher=Toyota| date=29 August 2008| access-date=8 October 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425203847/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0829.html| archive-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>||{{center|{{convert|472.24|mi|km|abbr=on}} (JC08 test cycle)<ref name="toyota100226">{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.com/esq/articles/2010/FCHV_ADV.html |title=Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle-Advanced |publisher=Toyota.com/esq/ |date=2010-02-26 |access-date=2012-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530062737/http://www.toyota.com/esq/articles/2010/FCHV_ADV.html |archive-date=2012-05-30 }}</ref> {{convert|515.74|mi|km|abbr=on}} (10-15 test cycle)<ref name="toyota100226"/>}}||Leased in the United States and Japan.<ref name="FCHV-adv"/><ref name="toyota100226"/>
|-
|[[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|125px|center]][[Honda FCX Clarity]]||2008-2015||{{center|Leasing only US$600}}||{{center|{{convert|280|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/Feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles Side-by-Side |website=www.fueleconomy.gov |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208100817/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/Feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> later {{convert|240|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2010">{{cite web |url=http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles Side-by-Side |website=fueleconomy.gov |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226074951/http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and {{convert|231|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |title=Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles Side-by-Side |website=www.fueleconomy.gov |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127204415/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |archive-date=27 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}||Leased in the United States, [[Europe]] and Japan.
|-
|[[File:MB F-Cell Aachen.jpg|125px|center]][[Mercedes-Benz F-Cell]] (B-Class based)||2010-2014||{{center|Leasing only US$850}}||{{center|{{convert|190|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2010"/>}}||Leased in southern [[California]].<ref name="Fuel Economy 2010"/>
|-
|[[File:Hyundai ix35 fuel cell. Spielvogel.JPG|125px|center]][[Hyundai ix35 FCEV]]||2014–2018||{{center|Leasing only US$599<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyundaihydrogen.ca/faq.html |title=The Tucson Fuel Cell FAQ | HyundaiHydrogen.ca |access-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324212819/http://www.hyundaihydrogen.ca/faq.html |archive-date=2016-03-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}||{{center|{{convert|265|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fuel Economy 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_sbs.shtml |title = Compare Fuel Cell Vehicles}}</ref>}}||Leased in [[South Korea]], [[California]], [[Europe]] and [[Vancouver]] (sometimes referred to as the "Tucson").
|-
|[[File:Honda CLARITY FUEL CELL (Garnet) at Tokyo Motor Show 2015.jpg|125px|center]][[Honda Clarity]]||2016–2021||{{center|Sales and Leasing $58,490 <ref name="InsideEVS Honda">{{cite web |url=http://insideevs.com/honda-delivers-first-clarity-fuel-cell-sedan-in-japan |title = Honda Delivers First Clarity Fuel Cell Sedan In Japan}}</ref>}}||{{center|{{convert|300|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="InsideEVS Honda"/>}}||Marketed in Japan, Southern California, Europe.<ref name="InsideEVS Honda"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/six-honda-clarity-fuel-cells-delivered-to-support-eus-hyfive-initiative/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203145818/http://www.hybridcars.com/six-honda-clarity-fuel-cells-delivered-to-support-eus-hyfive-initiative/ |archive-date=2016-12-03 |title=Six Honda Clarity Fuel Cells Delivered to Support EU's HyFIVE initiative}}</ref> Total sales 1,900 vehicles.<ref name=ClarityDiscontinued>{{cite web| url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobiles/Honda-discontinues-fuel-cell-car-Clarity-on-weak-demand | title=Honda discontinues fuel cell car Clarity on weak demand|date=June 16, 2021| access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" align=center style="background-color: #ccffcc;" |'''Models in production'''
|-
|[[File:Toyota MIRAI Z"Executive Package Advanced Drive" (ZBA-JPD20-CEDHS(M)) front.jpg|125px|center]][[Toyota Mirai]]||2015–present||{{center|Sales and leasing US$49,500<ref name="ToyotaSecondGenPress">{{cite web |author1=Toyota Motor Corporation |author1-link=Toyota |title=Toyota Introduces Second-Generation Mirai Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle as Design and Technology Flagship Sedan |url=https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-introduces-second-generation-mirai-fuel-cell-electric-vehicle-as-design-and-technology-flagship-sedan/ |website=Toyota Newsroom |access-date=18 September 2021 |ref=ToyotaSecondGenPress |date=16 December 2020 |quote=The Mirai XLE grade has a starting MSRP of $49,500, which is $9,050 less than the starting MSRP of the outgoing 2020 Mirai. }}</ref>}}||{{center|{{convert|402|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="ToyotaSecondGenPress"/> }}||Marketed mainly in Japan, [[California]], and [[Europe]]. {{As of|2021|11|}}, global sales topped 17,600 units since inception.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sales, Production, and Export Results for November 2021 {{!}} Sales, Production, and Export Results {{!}} Profile {{!}} Company |url=https://global.toyota/en/company/profile/production-sales-figures/202111.html |website=Toyota Motor Corporation |access-date=27 January 2022 |location=Japan |date=24 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Hyundai Nexo Genf 2018.jpg|125px|center]][[Hyundai Nexo|Hyundai NEXO]]||2018–present||{{center|Sales and leasing US$58,300<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.edmunds.com/hyundai/nexo/2019/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201126025815/https://www.edmunds.com/hyundai/nexo/2019/| archive-date = 2020-11-26| title = 2019 Hyundai NEXO Prices, Reviews, and Pictures|website= Edmunds}}</ref>}}||{{center|{{convert|370|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Panait>{{cite news |last=Panait |first=Mircea |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/2019-hyundai-nexo-fuel-cell-vehicle-features-370-miles-of-range-122672.html |title=2019 Hyundai Nexo Fuel Cell Vehicle Features 370 Miles of Range |work=AutoEvolution |date=January 9, 2018}}</ref>}}||Marketed in South Korea, California, and Europe.
|-
|}

===Demonstration fleets===
Cars for testing and pre-production.
* 1996 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-1]]<ref name="toyota141104">{{cite web|url=https://mag.toyota.co.uk/11-toyota-fuel-cell-concepts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925090105/https://mag.toyota.co.uk/11-toyota-fuel-cell-concepts/|title=11 early Toyota hydrogen fuel cell concepts|publisher=Toyota (GB) PLC.|date=4 November 2014|archive-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
* 1997 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-2]]<ref name="toyota141104"/>
* 1999 - [[Lotus Engineering]] [[Black Cab]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=477&CATID=0 |title=Lotus Engineering Zero Emissions Black Cab (2010) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* 2000 - [[Ford Focus (North America second generation)#Focus FCV|Ford Focus FCV]]
* 2001 - [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/1008 |title=Hyundai Motor Company unveils fuel cell-powered Santa Fe SUV at grand opening of California fuel cell partnership|publisher=HyundaiUSA|accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2001 - [[GM HydroGen3|GM HydroGen3 / Opel HydroGen3]]
* 2001 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-3]]<ref name="toyota141104"/>
* 2001 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-4]]<ref name="toyota141104"/>
* 2001 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-5]]<ref name="toyota141104"/>
* 2001 - [[Nissan X-Trail FCHV]]
* 2004 - [[Audi A2|Audi A2H2]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/index.php/audi-a2h2/ |title=Audi A2H2 Car |publisher=Hydrogen Cars Now|date=2015|accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2004 - [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#F-Cell|Mercedes-Benz A-Class F-Cell]], powered by Ballard Power Systems
* 2005 - [[Fiat Panda Hydrogen]]
* 2005 - [[Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid]]
* 2007 - [[Chevrolet Equinox#Fuel cell version|Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell]] / [[GM HydroGen4]] also known as Opel HydroGen4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autozine.nl/chevrolet/nieuws/gm-onthult-hydrogen4 |title=GM HydroGen4, Op weg naar Zero Emissions met GM HydroGen4|publisher=AutoZine|date=2007-09-04|accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref> and Vauxhall HydroGen4<ref name=RSC2>{{cite web|title=Fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure: status 2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987484|last1=Eberle|first1=Ulrich|first2=Bernd|last2=Mueller|first3=Rittmar|last3=von Helmolt|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |date=2012-07-15| accessdate=2013-01-08}}</ref>
* 2008 - [[Kia Borrego FCEV]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Sebastian Blanco |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/06/09/first-drive-hydrogen-powered-kia-borrego-fcev-and-nissal-x-trai/ |title=First Drive: hydrogen-powered Kia Borrego FCEV and Nissan X-Trail FCV - Autoblog |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kia.com/worldwide/about_kia/eco_dynamics/hydrogen_fuel_cell_cars.do |title=Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars, Our ECO-Friendly lineup with proven safety |publisher=Kia.com |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2008 - [[Peugeot H2Origin|PSA H2Origin]]
* 2008 - [[Renault Scenic|Renault Scenic ZEV H2]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/renault/renault-scenic-zev-h2-prototype-2008-review/ |title=Renault Scenic ZEV H2 prototype (2008) review |publisher=carmagazine.co.uk |date=2008-06-27 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2008 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-adv]]<ref name="toyota141104"/>
* 2010 - [[Mercedes-Benz F-Cell|Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell]]
* 2016 - [[Roewe 950#950 Fuel Cell|Roewe 950 Fuel Cell]] (plug-in hybrid fuel cell)<ref name="SAICplan">{{cite press release |title=SAIC Motor unveils hydrogen strategy plan |url=https://www.saicmotor.com/e/latest_news/saic_motor/54084.shtml |website=SAIC Motor |access-date=10 April 2021 |date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raja |first1=Shrawan |title=SAIC Roewe 950 fuel cell concept |url=http://iabchinaautos.com/saic-roewe-950-fuel-cell-1213/ |work=IAB China Autos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041418/http://iabchinaautos.com/saic-roewe-950-fuel-cell-1213/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2020 - [[Maxus G50|Maxus EUNIQ 7]] [[Minivan]]<ref name="SAICplan"/>

=== [[Concept car|Concept]] ===

Aetek/FYK
* 2008 - [[FYK Aetek AS]] (unknown hybrid)

Alfa Romeo:
* 2010 - [[Alfa Romeo MiTo|Alfa Romeo MiTo FCEV]]

Audi:
* 2009 - [[Audi Q5|Audi Q5 FCEV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=439&CATID=0 |title=Audi Q5 FCEV (2009) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |date=2009-10-19 |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* 2014 - [[Audi A7 h-tron quattro]] powered by Ballard Power Systems

BMW:
* 2010 - [[BMW 1|BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid electric]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=437&CATID=0 |title=BMW 1 Series Fuel Cell Hybrid (2010) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* 2012 - [[BMW i8]] fuel-cell prototype<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmwblog.com/2015/07/02/bmw-once-built-a-hydrogen-fuel-cell-i8/ |title=BMW once built a hydrogen fuel cell i8 |publisher=BMW Blog |date=2015-07-02 |accessdate=2015-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmwblog.com/2015/07/14/see-the-bmw-i8-hydrogen-fuel-cell-in-action/ |title=See the BMW i8 hydrogen fuel cell in action |publisher=BMW Blog |date=2015-07-14 |accessdate=2015-08-07}}</ref>
* 2015 - [[BMW 5 Series (F10)|BMW 5 Series GT (F07) eDrive Hydrogen Fuel Cell]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/bmw/5-series/92090/bmw-5-series-gt-fcev-hydrogen-fuel-cell-prototype-review |title=BMW 5 Series GT FCEV hydrogen fuel cell prototype review |publisher=autoexpress.co.uk |date=2015-07-02 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2019 - [[BMW i|BMW i Hydrogen NEXT]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmwgroup.com/en/company/bmw-group-news/artikel/BMWi_Hydrogen_NEXT.html |title=The BMW i Hydrogen NEXT. Our fuel cell development vehicle. |publisher=BMWgroup.com |date=2019-09-10 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>

Chang'an:
* 2010 - [[Chang'an Automobile Group|Z-SHINE FCV]]

Chrysler:
* 1999 - [[Jeep Commander]]
* 2001 - [[Chrysler Natrium]]
* 2003 - [[Jeep Treo]]

Daimler:
[[File:Mercedes-Benz Necar 1 IMG 0891.jpg|thumb|Mercedes-Benz NECAR 1]]
[[File:Mercedes-Benz F-Cell WAS 2011 1049.JPG|thumb|Three [[Mercedes-Benz F-Cell]]s completed a 125-day around the world drive in 2011.]]
* 1994 - [[Mercedes-Benz NECAR 1]] based on [[Mercedes-Benz MB100]]
* 1996 - [[Mercedes-Benz NECAR 2]] based on [[Mercedes-Benz Vito#W638|Mercedes-Benz V-Class]]
* 1997 - [[Mercedes-Benz NECAR 3]], 4 (1999) and 5 (2000) based on [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|Mercedes-Benz A-Class]]
* 2002 - [[Mercedes-Benz NECAR F-Cell]] based on the [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|Mercedes-Benz A-Class]]
* 2005 - [[List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles|Mercedes-Benz F600 Hygenius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paultan.org/2005/10/23/mercedes-f600-hygenius-concept/ |title=Mercedes F600 Hygenius Concept |publisher=Paul Tan |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2009 - [[Mercedes-Benz F-CELL Roadster]]
* 2009 - [[Mercedes-Benz F-Cell]] based on the [[Mercedes-Benz B-Class#W245|Mercedes-Benz B-Class]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=423&CATID=0 |title=Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell (2009) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* 2009 - [[Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO|Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO F-Cell]]

FAW Group:
* 2010 - [[Besturn B70|FAW Besturn B70 FCV]]

Fiat:
* 2001 - [[Fiat Seicento|Fiat Seicento Elettra H2 Fuel Cell]]
* 2003 - [[Fiat Seicento|Fiat Seicento Hydrogen]]
* 2008 - [[Fiat Phyllis]]

Ford:
* 2006 - [[Ford F-250 Super Chief|F-250 Super Chief]]

General Motors:
* 1966 - [[GM Electrovan]]
* 2002 - [[GM HyWire]]
* 2005 - [[GM Sequel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chevrolet Sequel Concept - We drive GM's fuel-cell flagship.|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a18200990/chevrolet-sequel-concept-first-drive-review/ |website=caranddriver.com |date=2006-01-09 |access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>

[[Aiways#Gumpert Aiways Automobile|Gumpert Aiways Automobile]]:

* 2018 - [[Gumpert Nathalie|Nathalie]] (uses [[reformed methanol fuel cell]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wren |first1=Wesley |title=The Gumpert Nathalie First Edition Is a Production-Ready Methanol Fuel Cell Vehicle|url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/technology/a31226417/the-gumpert-nathalie-first-edition-is-a-production-ready-methanol-fuel-cell-vehicle/ |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=Autoweek |date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

Honda:
* 1999–2001 - [[Honda FCX#1999 FCX concept and prototypes|Honda FCX]] - FCXV1/FCXV2/FCXV3/FCXV4<ref name="Clarityhist">{{cite web |title=2016 Clarity Fuel Cell |url=https://global.honda/heritage/timeline/product-history/automobiles/2016Clarity-Fuel-Cell.html |website=Honda |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>
* 2002–2003 - [[Honda FCX powered by Ballard Power Systems]] - 2002 FCX and 2003 FCX<ref name="Clarityhist"/>

Hyundai:
* 2005 - [[Hyundai Tucson FCEV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=431&CATID=0 |title=Hyundai Tucson ix35 FCEV (2010) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* 2014 - [[Hyundai Intrado]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hyundai unveils fuel cell Intrado concept car at Geneva show|journal=Fuel Cells Bulletin|volume=2014|issue=3|year=2014|page=2|issn=1464-2859|doi=10.1016/S1464-2859(14)70064-1}}</ref>
* 2022 - [[Hyundai N Vision 74]]

Maxus:
* 2019 - [[Maxus G20|Maxus G20FC]] - multi purpose vehicle (MPV)<ref>{{cite press release |title=SAIC MAXUS New flagship MPV G20 debut at Shanghai Auto Show, priced at 179,800-289,800 yuan |url=https://en.saicmaxus.com/news/201904/98.shtml |website=SAIC MAXUS |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

Mazda:
* 1997 - [[Mazda Demio|Mazda Demio FCEV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazda Develops Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, "Demio FCEV" |url=https://newsroom.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/1997/9712/971203.html |website=newsroom-mazda.com |date=1997-09-26 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2001 - [[Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy FCEV]] (uses [[Reformed methanol fuel cell]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazda introduces new fuel cell electric vehicle, "Premacy FC-EV" |url=https://newsroom.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2001/200102/0213e.html |website=newsroom-mazda.com |date=2001-02-13 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>

Mitsubishi:
* 2004 - [[Mitsubishi Grandis|Mitsubishi FCV]]
[[File:Morgan life car (3916687381).jpg|thumb|[[Morgan LIFEcar]]]]

Morgan:
* 2005 - [[Morgan LIFEcar]]

Nissan:
* 2012 - Nissan TeRRA<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissan's New Concept SUV Is An Odd-Looking Bid For the Youth Market |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nissans-terra-concept-is-hydrogen-powered-2012-9?international=true&r=US&IR=T |website=businessinsider.com |date=2012-09-13 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>

Peugeot:
* 2004 - [[Peugeot Quark]]
* 2006 - [[Peugeot 207|Peugeot 207 Epure]]

Riversimple:
* 2009 - [[Riversimple Urban Car]]
* 2016 - [[Riversimple#Rasa|Riversimple Rasa]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Car maker Riversimple launches first UK trial of hydrogen cars |url=https://www.riversimple.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/FINALPress-release-3-Monmouthshire-CC.pdf |website=Riversimple |access-date=10 April 2021 |date=16 June 2016}}</ref>

Ronn Motor Company:
* 2008 - [[Ronn Motor Scorpion]]

[[SAIC Motor|SAIC]]:
*2007 - [[Roewe 750]] sedan FC.<ref>{{cite web|author=Viknesh Vijayenthiran |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1028073_chinas-saic-fuel-cell-roewe-750 |title=SAIC Roewe 750 sedan FC |publisher=Motorauthority.com |date=2007-01-12 |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

Suzuki:
* 2003 - [[Suzuki MR Wagon|Suzuki MR Wagon-FCV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=V. MR WAGON FCV |url=https://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2003/1023_6.html |website=globalsuzuki.com |date=2003-10-23 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2003 - [[Suzuki Wagon R|Suzuki Wagon R-FCV]]
* 2008 - [[Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4-FCV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Suzuki receives approval to test new SX4-FCV fuel-cell vehicle on public roads, plans exhibit at G8 summit |url=https://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2008/0630.html |website=globalsuzuki.com |date=2008-06-13 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>

Toyota:
[[File:Toyota FCV Concept SAO 2014 0371.JPG|thumb|2014 [[Toyota FCV]] concept car]]
* 1997 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-1]]
* 1999 - [[Toyota FCHV|Toyota FCHV-2]]
* 2003 - [[Toyota Fine-S]]
* 2003 - [[Toyota Fine-N]]
* 2005 - [[Toyota Fine-T]]
* 2005 - [[Toyota Fine-X]]
* 2014 - [[Toyota FCV]]

Volkswagen:
* 2000 - [[Volkswagen Jetta#Alternative propulsion cars|VW Bora Hy-motion]]
* 2002 - [[Volkswagen Jetta#Alternative propulsion cars|VW Bora Hy-power]]
* 2004 - [[Volkswagen Touran#Hy Motion & Hybrid|VW Touran Hy-motion]]
* 2007 - [[Volkswagen Tiguan|Volkswagen Tiguan HyMotion Fuel Cells]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Volkswagen HyMotion Fuel Cell Tiguan |url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1025917_volkswagen-hymotion-fuel-cell-tiguan |date=2007-11-14 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2007 - [[Volkswagen up!#space up! blue|VW space up! blue]]
* 2008 - [[Volkswagen Passat Lingyu|VW Passat Lingyu Hymotion]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/innovation/fuel_and_propulsion/Fuel_Cell.html |title=VW Passat Lingyu |access-date=2014-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902111205/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/innovation/fuel_and_propulsion/Fuel_Cell.html |archive-date=2014-09-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2014 - [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf SportWagen HyMotion Fuel Cells]]<ref>{{cite web |title=VW Golf SportWagen HyMotion Fuel Cell Concept Unveiled At 2014 L.A. Auto Show |url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1095543_vw-golf-sportwagen-hymotion-fuel-cell-concept-unveiled-at-2014-l-a-auto-show |website=motorauthority.com |date=2014-11-19 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>
* 2018 - [[Volkswagen Crafter|Volkswagen Crafter HyMotion]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Volkswagen debuts hydrogen-powered Crafter HyMotion van concept with 310-mile range |url=https://newatlas.com/volkswagen-crafter-hymotion-hydrogen/56417/ |website=motorauthority.com |date=2018-09-19 |accessdate=2020-02-02}}</ref>

== [[Light commercial vehicle|Light commercial]] [[van]] ==
===Production===
* 2017 - [[LDV Maxus#FCV80|Maxus FCV80]] light passenger (plug-in hybrid fuel cell)<ref name="SAICplan"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilkes |first1=Dan |title=The Chinese contender |url=http://www.transportengineer.org.uk/transport-engineer-features/the-chinese-contender/230151 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Transport Engineer |date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

===Concept===

Daimler:
* [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] fuel cell van

==Trains - locomotives==
[[File:InnoTrans 2016 – Alstom iLint with Fuel Cell Batteries (29782914176).jpg|thumb|Debut of the [[Alstom Coradia LINT#iLint|Alstom Coradia iLint]] at [[InnoTrans|InnoTrans 2016]]]]
{{main|Hydrail}}

* 2008 - [[NE Train]]
* 2009 - [[Vehicle Projects HH20B]]
* 2012 - [[University of Birmingham]] - Hydrogen Pioneer fuel cell locomotive<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2012/08/21-Aug-12-Engineering-students-build-UKs-first-hydrogen-powered-locomotive.aspx |title=Engineering students build UK's first hydrogen powered locomotive |publisher=University of Birmingham |location=UK |date=2012-08-21 |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hoffrichter |first=Andreas |title=Hydrogen as an energy carrier for railway traction |year=2013 |publisher=University of Birmingham |location=Birmingham, UK |url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4345/|type=PhD }}</ref>
* 2015 - Prototype fuel cell powered tram demonstrated by [[CSR Sifang Co Ltd.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/Ballard+Power+(BLDP)+Announces+Demonstration+of+First+Fuel+Cell-Powered+Electric+Tram/10437016.html |title=Ballard Power (BLDP) Announces Demonstration of First Fuel Cell-Powered Electric Tram |work=Street Insider |location=US |date=2015-04-07 |access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.yibada.com/articles/21142/20150321/china-worlds-first-hydrogen-fueled-tram.htm |title=China Presents the World's First Hydrogen-Fueled Tram |first=Manny |last=Salvacion |work=Yibada |location=US |date=2015-03-21 |access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-25/china-s-hydrogen-powered-future-starts-in-trams-not-cars |title=China's Hydrogen-Powered Future Starts in Trams, Not Cars |first=Wenxin |last=Fan |work=Bloomberg |location=US |date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>
* 2017 - [[Tangshan]] - CRRC TRC developed the world's first commercial fuel cell hybrid tram and completed its first test run on Nanhu industrial tourism demonstration operation in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/crrc-tangshan-trials-new-hydrogen-fuelled-tram/ |title=CRRC Tangshan trials new hydrogen-fuelled tram |first=Kevin |last=Smith |work=International Railway Journal |date=2017-10-31 |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref>
* 2018 - [[Alstom]] - [[Coradia iLint]] is the world's only fuel cell passenger train which is put in commercial operation in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techacute.com/hydrail-hydrogen-powered-trains/ |title=Hydrail: Hydrogen-Powered Trains to Pioneer the Way We Travel |first=Melanie |last=Hawthorne |work=TechAcute |location=Germany |date=2018-11-08 |access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/hydrogen-train-alstom-testing |title=World's first hydrogen-powered passenger train takes to the tracks in Germany |first=Matt |last=Burgess |magazine=Wired |location=UK |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/03/22/worlds-first-zero-emissions-hydrogen-train-coming/ |title=The world's first zero-emissions hydrogen train is coming |first=Mark |last=Molloy |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=UK |date=2017-03-22 |access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref>

== Trucks ==
===Production===
* 2020 - [[Hyundai Xcient]] Fuel Cell - world's first fuel cell truck.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hyundai XCIENT Fuel Cell Heads to Europe for Commercial Use |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell-heads-to-europe-for-commercial-use/ |website=Hyundai News|access-date=5 April 2021 |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

===Demonstration fleets===
* 2021 – [[Kenworth#2000s-present: 21st-century trucks|Kenworth T680]] FCEV - powered by a [[Toyota]] fuel cell (ZANZEFF project)<ref>{{cite press release |title=Kenworth Video Stars Zero Emissions Kenworth T680 FCEV on the Climb to 14,115-Foot Pikes Peak Summit |url=https://www.kenworth.com/about-us/news/pikes-peak-video/ |website=Kenworth |access-date=10 April 2021 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=First Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Electric Trucks Set for Delivery to Pilot Program Customers at Ports of L.A. and Long Beach |url=https://pressroom.toyota.com/first-heavy-duty-fuel-cell-electric-trucks-set-for-delivery-to-pilot-program-customers-at-ports-of-l-a-and-long-beach/ |website=Toyota USA Newsroom |access-date=10 April 2021 |date=10 December 2020}}</ref>
* 2021 – [[Hino Dutro]] light-duty FCET - powered by the [[Toyota Mirai]] fuel cell<ref>{{cite news|date=8 December 2020 |title=Toyota and Hino Launch Initiative with Seven-Eleven, FamilyMart, and Lawson to Introduce Light-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Trucks |url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/34161251.html |work=[[Toyota]] |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2021 |title=ローソンとファミマが燃料電池トラック導入、トヨタいすゞ日野が車両開発 |trans-title=Lawson and FamilyMart introduced fuell cell trucks developed by Toyota and Hino |url=https://monoist.itmedia.co.jp/mn/articles/2108/11/news043.html |work=IT media, Japan |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Concept===

[[Nikola Motor Company]]:
* Nikola One
* Nikola Two
* Nicola Tre

== Buses ==
[[File:MinibusFC A 50 16 seats.jpg|thumb|Dolomitech's Hybrid Fuel Cell BUS]]

===Production===
* 2018 – [[Toyota Sora]]
* 2020 – [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] [[Hyundai Elec City|Elec City FCEV]] bus<ref name="FECVNov20">{{cite press release |title=Popularizing FCEVs: NEXO Sales over 10,000 Units |url=https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/Article/Popularizing-FCEVs-NEXO-Sales-over-10000-Units |website=Hyundai Motor Group |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=20 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Do |first1=Byung-Uk |title=Hyundai exports hydrogen vehicles to world's No. 1 oil producer Saudi Aramco |url=https://www.kedglobal.com/newsView/ked202010100021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The Korea Economic Daily |date=28 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.naver.com/kkkkh95/221457983088|title=대한민국 1호 수소전기버스 시승기|website=네이버 블로그 {{!}} 꿈쟁이의 스케치북|language=ko|date=2019|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>

===Demonstration fleets===
* 2018 - [[SAIC Motor|Sunwin]] SWB6128FCEV01 (seating capacity 18–24)<ref>{{cite press release |title=Sunwin Delivered Fuel Cell Bus |url=https://www.sunwinbus.com/news_detailed_eng.aspx?catsid=20100224582776202149&news_sid=20181211113107275796 |website=Sunwin |access-date=10 April 2021 |date=October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New energy bus |url=https://www.sunwinbus.com/details_product_eng.aspx?product_sid=20180917319144644860 |website=Sunwin |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

===Concept===

Daimler:
* [[Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro#Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus (O530BZ)|Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel cell bus]]

Dolomitech
* [[Minibus A50 16 seats ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dolomitech.com/prodotti.php |title=Prodotti |publisher=Dolomitech.com |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

Ford:
* Ford E350 fuel cell shuttle bus

[[File:Seoul 405 Hydrogen fuel ElecCity.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Hyundai's ELEC-CITY Fuel cell electric bus in Seoul, Korea]]

[[ISE Corp]]oration:
* [[FC-London Bus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=502&CATID=0 |title=ISE Corporation FC-Bus London (2010) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

[[New Flyer Industries]]:
* [[New Flyer|New Flyer H40LFR]]

[[Škoda Transportation|Škoda]]:
* [[Škoda TriHyBus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=435&CATID=0 |title=Škoda TriHyBus (2009) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

[[Solaris Bus & Coach|Solaris]]:
* [[Solaris Urbino 12]] hydrogen
* [[Solaris Trollino]] 18,75 H2

Tata:
* [[Tata Starbus fuel cell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buses.tatamotors.com/products/starbus-fuel-cell.aspx |title=Starbus Fuel Cell - BS III | Tata Starbus | Tata Starbus Price |publisher=Buses.tatamotors.com |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

[[Image:TOYOTA FCHV Bus.jpg|thumb|300px|Toyota's FCHV-BUS at the [[Expo 2005]]]]Toyota:
* [[Toyota FCHV-BUS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=500&CATID=0 |title=Toyota FCHV-Bus new (2010) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>

University of Glamorgan, Wales:
* [[Tribid Bus]]

[[Van Hool]]:
* [[Van Hool|A300L]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Mobility/Default.aspx?ID=433&CATID=0 |title=Van Hool A300L fuel cell (2009) | H2-Mobility |publisher=netinform |date=2009-10-21 |accessdate=2017-04-05}}</ref>
* {{ill|Van Hool A330 FC|de|Van Hool newA330 Fuel Cell|vertical-align=sup}}

[[VDL Groep|VDL]]:
*[[Phileas (public transport)|Phileas]]

[[Wrightbus]]:
*[[Wright Pulsar]]

{{Clear}}

== Motorcycles ==

Yamaha:
* 2005 - [[Yamaha FC-me]]

== Vessels ==
{{main|Hydrogen ship}}
* 2000 - [[Hydra (ship)|Hydra]]
* 2003 - [[Duffy-Herreshoff watertaxi]]
* 2003 - [[No. 1 (yacht)|Yacht No. 1]]
* 2004 - [[DeepC]]
* 2004 - [[Yacht XV 1]]
* 2004 - [[Hydrogen challenger]]
* 2006 - [[Xperiance NX hydrogen|Xperiance]]
* 2007 - [[Tuckerboot (hydrogen)|Tuckerboot]]
* 2007 - [[Canal boat (hydrogen)|Canal boat]]
* 2008 - [[Zemships]]
* 2017 - [[Energy Observer]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/self-fueling-boat-energy-observer-sets-off-from-paris-on-6-year-world-trip/59615317 |title=Self-fueling boat Energy Observer sets off from Paris on 6-year world trip |access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>

; Submarines:
* [[Type 212 submarine]], [[Type 214 submarine]] (These are equipped with a [[diesel engine]] and [[fuel cell]] propulsion)-The silent switch.

==Aircraft==
[[File:Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator AB1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|In 2008, The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator achieved straight-level flight on a crewed mission powered by a hydrogen [[fuel cell]].]]
* 2008 - Aircraft, Boeing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article3675188.ece|title=Boeing tests first hydrogen powered plane|work=The Times|first=David|last=Robertson|date=2008-04-03 | location=London}}</ref>
* 2015 - Drone, Intelligent Energy, UK tested successfully Drones with Hydrogen fuel cell engine.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/drones-hydrogen-fuel-cells-intelligent-energy |title=These hydrogen-powered drones can fly for hours |first= Cara |last=McGoogan |magazine=Wired |location=UK |date=2015-12-15 |access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref>
* 2016 - HY4 is the first passenger aircraft in Germany.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/zero-emission-plane |title=Flying towards a fossil fuel-free future: the HY4 and its plans for zero emission passenger flights |first=Kai |last=Schächtele |magazine=Wired |location=UK |date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref>

==Racing vehicles==
* 2008 - [[Element One]] - [[fuel cell vehicle]] - an American fuel cell-powered race vehicle built for the [[2008 Formula Zero Championship]], the world's first hydrogen race series.
* 2008 - [[Zero Emission Racing Team]] - fuel cell vehicle - Belgian team for Formula Zero Racing series.
* 2008 - [[Forze]] I - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for Formula Zero Racing series.
* 2009 - Forze II - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for Formula Zero Racing series.
* 2009 - [[Buckeye Bullet]] 2 - fuel cell vehicle - American team for land speed records.
* 2010 - Forze III - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for Formula Zero Racing series.
* 2011 - Forze IV - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for Formula Student competition.
* 2012 - Forze V - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for Formula Student competition.
* 2013 - Concept [[GreenGT H2]] - fuel cell vehicle - French team for 24h of Le Mans.
* 2013 - Concept Forze VI - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch team for CCRC Competition.
* 2016 - Forze VII - fuel cell vehicle - Dutch studentteam which competes against petrol powered cars with a LMP3.

== See also ==
* [[Fuel cell vehicle]]
* [[List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles]]
* [[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]
* [[List of production battery electric vehicles]]
* [[Energy efficiency in transport]]
* [[Vehicular metrics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/carchart.pdf |title=Fuel Cell Vehicles (From Auto Manufacturers) |website=Fuel Cells |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927023314/http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/carchart.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-27 |year=2006 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://morriesmazda.blogspot.com/2007/02/15-years-of-hydrogen-development.html |title=Morrie's Mazda Blog post: 15 Years of hydrogen development |year=2007}}

{{Fuel cells}}

[[Category:Fuel cell vehicles|*]]
[[Category:Electrical-engineering-related lists|Fuel cell]]
[[Category:Lists of cars|Fuel cell vehicles]]

Victor Alfieri

2023-09-18T05:20:34Z

Lensovet: basic copyedit

{{short description|American actor and writer (born 1971)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2020}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Victor Alfieri
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|7|30}}
|birth_place = [[Rome, Italy]]
|occupation = Actor, writer
|years_active = 1992–present
}}
'''Victor Alfieri''' (born July 30, 1971) is an American actor and writer, born in Italy and raised in the U.S.

==Biography==
Alfieri was born in [[Rome]] and raised an only child by his mother and grandmother, spending summers working in the family's restaurant. Alfieri, a self-described 'class clown', created his own sketch comedy act to entertain friends.

At the age of 18, a photographer invited him to do an advertising shoot and soon he graced the covers of several Italian magazines, known as ''fotoromanzi''. His modeling career was cut short, when during an encounter with three muggers his face was scarred by injuries requiring more than 56 stitches.

In 1991, Alfieri turned from modeling to join the Italian Police Force. He quit the force after two and a half years of service and, determined to start a career in Hollywood, Alfieri packed his bags and moved to Los Angeles, to the disbelief of his relatives back in Italy.

Alfieri quickly landed work as an actor, with various television spots and two contracts roles on daytime TV ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' (1996–1998) and ''[[The Bold and the Beautiful]]'' (1999–2000, 2004, 2009).

Since leaving daytime television, Alfieri has appeared in American and international productions. He drew international attention for playing the handsome sensitive gigolo in ''[[The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003 film)|The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone]]'' (2003) (TV) opposite [[Helen Mirren]] and [[Anne Bancroft]].

Internationally, Alfieri completed two high-profile European productions back-to-back. He played the lead role of Darius, the gladiator, in ''{{Ill|Pompeii (miniseries)|es|3=Pompeya (miniserie de 2007)|lt=Pompeii}}'' (2007) (mini) an epic love story produced by DeAngelis Productions. Prior to that, he starred in the mini-series entitled ''Elisa di Rivombrosa'' (2003), a period piece based on the novel ''[[Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded|Pamela]]'' written by [[Samuel Richardson]]. Alfieri plays a sword-wielding assassin named Zanni La Morte.

Alfieri was next seen in a supporting role in [[THINKFilm]]'s', ''[[My Sexiest Year]]'' (2007), a coming-of-age dramedy set in the 70s starring [[Frankie Muniz]] and [[Harvey Keitel]]. He portrays "Fabrizio Contini", a playboy who competes with Muniz for the affections of [[Amber Valletta]].

''[[I-See-You.Com]]'' (2006) saw Alfieri starring opposite [[Rosanna Arquette]] and [[Beau Bridges]]. Alfieri produced, wrote and directed his first short film which he is developing into a full-length feature. "J.E.S.", a horror/suspense/mystery that was shot in an ancient village outside Rome.

In 2009, Alfieri starred in ''[[A Secret Promise]]'', which was re-released as ''My Secret Billionaire'' in 2021. The film is a love story shot in New York City, also starring [[Ione Skye]], [[Ron Silver]] and [[Talia Shire]]. In 2009, Alfieri also had a minor role in the film ''[[Angels & Demons (film)|Angels & Demons]]'', as [[Carabinieri]] Lieutenant Valenti. Alfieri started his own production company, Black Knight Entertainment. In June 2010, he starred as Stefano D'Angelo in the ''[[Christopher McQuarrie]]'' NBC series ''[[Persons Unknown (TV series)|Persons Unknown]]''. He also starred on the NBC series ''[[Undercovers (TV series)|Undercovers]]''. In 2010–11, he starred as Victor Cifuentes in the popular series ''[[Southland (TV series)|Southland]]''. In May 2011, he produced, directed, and wrote his first feature.{{which}} He starred as Razel in [[Danny Wilson (director)|Danny Wilson]]'s ''[[Nephilim (film)|Nephilim]]''.

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0019133}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfieri, Victor}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rome]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian male actors]]
[[Category:Italian emigrants to the United States]]

Digital Federal Credit Union

2023-09-13T02:16:09Z

Lensovet: Sufficiently cited, a credit union with over a million members seems noteworthy enough to me, zero discussion on talk page. Add stub tag.

{{Short description|Credit union based in Marlborough, Massachusetts}}
{{Infobox company
| name = DCU – Digital Federal Credit Union
| logo = File:Logo DCU Green.svg
| type = [[Credit union]]
| foundation = October 1979
| location = [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], [[Massachusetts]], United States
| locations = 23 full-service branches 3,000 CU Centers located in 46 states
| key_people = '''Matt Menning''', Chair, Board of Directors '''Curt Raffi''', Vice Chair, Board of Directors '''Shruti Miyashiro''', President/CEO '''Camille Glover''', Secretary, Board of Directors '''Kumar Kittuswamy''', Treasurer, Board of Directors '''Wayne Haubner''' '''Paula Hunter''' 
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = [[Savings account|Savings]]; [[Checking account|Checking]]; [[Loan|Consumer loans]]; [[Mortgages]]; [[Credit cards]]; [[Investments]]
| homepage = [http://www.dcu.org/ www.dcu.org]
}}

'''Digital Federal Credit Union''' ('''DCU''') is a [[credit union]] based in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=For DCU’s new president, an unexpected move back home|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2022/11/28/dcu-s-new-president-makes-unexpected-return-home.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Boston Real Estate |date=2017-09-12 |title=DCU Purchases Former Kronos Building in Chelmsford |url=https://bostonrealestatetimes.com/dcu-purchases-former-kronos-building-in-chelmsford/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Boston Real Estate Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Federal Credit Union extends partnership with Sagent |url=https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/digital-federal-credit-union-extends-partnership-with-sagent/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=IBS Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref>

It has over 1,025,000 members<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mapping.ncua.gov/SingleResult.aspx?ID=23521|title=Credit Union Details}}</ref> and is the largest [[credit union]] headquartered in [[New England]] as measured by assets, managing over [[United States dollar|US]] $9.9 billion.<ref name="auto" /> DCU is regulated under the authority of the [[National Credit Union Administration]] (NCUA) of the US federal government.

DCU has nineteen full-service branches in [[Massachusetts]] and four full-service branches in [[New Hampshire]],<ref>https://www.dcu.org/dcu-support-center/branches-atms.html</ref> although it has members in all 50 U.S. states.

== History ==

DCU was chartered in 1979 for employees of [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] following complaints to CEO [[Ken Olsen]] that employees had been having difficulty securing [[mortgage]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maynardlifeoutdoors.com/2019/12/digital-equipment-corporation-dcu.html|title=Digital Equipment Corporation - DCU|first=David|last=Mark}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dcu.org Official site]

{{Digital Equipment Corporation}}

[[Category:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[Category:Credit unions based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1979]]

{{US-bank-stub}}

Accommodative convergence

2023-09-09T17:34:49Z

Lensovet:

'''Accommodative convergence''' is that portion of the range of [[inward rotation]] of both [[human eye|eye]]s (i.e., [[convergence (eye)|convergence]]) that occurs in response to an increase in [[optical power]] for focusing by the [[lens (anatomy)|crystalline lens]] (i.e., [[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]]).<ref>Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.</ref> When the human eye engages the accommodation system to focus on a near object, signal is automatically sent to the [[extraocular muscles]] that are responsible for turning their eyes inward. This is helpful for maintaining single, clear, and comfortable vision during reading or similar near tasks. However, errors in this relationship can cause problems, such as [[hyperopia|hyperopic]] individuals having a tendency for [[convergence insufficiency|crossed eyes]] because of the over exertion of their accommodation system.

Clinically, accommodative convergence is measured as a ratio of convergence, measured in prism diopters, to accommodation, measured in diopters of near demand. The patient is instructed to make a near target perfectly clear and their [[Heterophoria|phoria]] is measured as the focusing demand on the eye is changed with lenses.

To determine stimulus AC/A, the denominator refers to the value of the stimulus, whereas to determine response
AC/A, the actual accommodation elicited is the denominator. Determination of response AC/A an increase in AC/A mainly after 40 years of age,
whereas assessment of the stimulus AC/A does not show change in AC/A with increasing age. Whether
there is a significant increase in the response AC/A
before age 40 is unclear. Research on convergence
accommodation (CA) shows a decrease in CA/C,
whether measured by response or stimulus methods,
with increasing age.<ref>Schor C, Narayan V. Graphical analysis of prism adaptation, convergence accommodation, and accommodative convergence. Am J Optom Physiol Optics.
1982;59:774-784.</ref>
<ref>Wick B, Currie D. Convergence accommodation: Laboratory and clinical evaluation. Optom Vis Sci.
1991;68:226-231.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Convergence insufficiency]]
*[[Negative relative accommodation]]
*[[Positive relative accommodation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Eye]]

{{eye-stub}}

Mount Arlington station

2023-09-08T07:57:28Z

Lensovet: /* External links */ fix station link

{{Short description|NJ Transit rail station}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox Station
| name=Mount Arlington
| style=NJ Transit
| image=Mount Arlington station - March 2017.jpg
| image_caption=The Mount Arlington station in March 2017.
| address=Howard Boulevard ([[County Route 615 (Morris County, New Jersey)|CR 615]]) at [[Interstate 80 in New Jersey|Interstate 80]], [[Mount Arlington, New Jersey|Mount Arlington]], [[New Jersey]]
| coordinates={{coord|40.8967|-74.6328|type:railwaystation_region:US-NJ|display=inline,title}}
| line=
| other={{bus icon|12px|Commuter Bus}} '''[[Lakeland Bus Lines|Lakeland]]''': 80
| platform=2 side platforms
| levels=
| tracks=2
| parking=Yes
| bicycle=
| passengers=110 (average weekday)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf | title=QUARTERLY RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANALYSIS | publisher=New Jersey Transit | access-date=January 4, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042253/http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf | archive-date=April 19, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/how-many-riders-use-nj-transit-s-hoboken-train-station|title=How Many Riders Use NJ Transit's Hoboken Train Station?|work=Hoboken Patch|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en}}</ref>
| pass_year=2017
| pass_percent=
| pass_system=
| opened=January 16, 1854 (first time) January 21, 2008 (second time)<ref name="2008opening">{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Paula |title=NJ Transit Station in Mount Arlington Offers Choice to Commuters |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2008/01/nj_transit_station_in_mount_ar.html |access-date=April 5, 2020 |work=[[The Star-Ledger]] |date=January 21, 2008}}</ref>
| closed=November 8, 1942<ref name="aug142timetable" /><ref name="nov81942timetable" />
| rebuilt=
| electrified=
| ADA=yes
| code=
| owned=
| zone=19
| former=Drakesville (January 16, 1854–July 1, 1891)<ref name="rename" />
| services= {{Adjacent stations|system1=NJ Transit
|line1=Montclair-Boonton|left1=Lake Hopatcong|right1=Dover|note-mid1=limited service
|line2=Morristown|left2=Lake Hopatcong|right2=Dover|note-mid2=limited service
}}
| other_services_header = Former services
| other_services_collapsible = yes
| other_services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
|line1=main|left1=Lake Hopatcong|right1=Dover
|line2=main|left2=Lake Hopatcong|right2=Wharton
}}
| mpassengers=
}}
[[File:Mt Arlington NJT dark from I-80 jeh.jpg|thumb|Mt Arlington station]]
'''Mount Arlington''' (also known as the '''Howard Boulevard Park and Ride''') is a [[commuter rail]]road station for [[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|New Jersey Transit]]. Located in the [[Borough (New Jersey)|borough]] of [[Mount Arlington, New Jersey|Mount Arlington]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris County]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]], the station is located next to interchange 30 on [[Interstate 80 in New Jersey|Interstate 80]]. The station serves as a [[park-and-ride]] for commuters to catch trains for [[Hoboken Terminal]] and [[New York Penn Station]]. Trains use the [[Montclair-Boonton Line]] and [[Morristown Line]] to serve locales between [[Hackettstown station|Hackettstown]] and the eastern terminals. [[Lakeland Bus Lines]] also services Mount Arlington station. The station is [[handicapped accessible]] as part of the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]]. The station features two [[side platforms]] and two tracks with elevators.

Railroad history in Mount Arlington began on January 16, 1854, with an extension of the [[Morris and Essex Railroad]] from [[Dover station (New Jersey)|Dover]] to Hackettstown. The station was established {{convert|0.5|mi|km}} west of the current station under the name of '''Drakesville'''. The station was renamed on July 1, 1891 from Drakesville to Mount Arlington.<ref name="rename">{{cite news |title=Over the State |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49868443/mount-arlington-station-june-20-1891/ |access-date=April 29, 2020 |work=The Camden Daily Courier |date=June 20, 1891 |page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> A new station was opened later that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railroad Briefs |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49868343/mount-arlington-station-december-6/ |access-date=April 29, 2020 |work=The Paterson Sunday News |date=December 6, 1891 |page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> Passenger service ended at Mount Arlington on November 8, 1942 and service was merged with nearby [[Lake Hopatcong station]] in [[Landing, New Jersey|Landing]].

The current station at Mount Arlington began construction on June 12, 2006 with a [[groundbreaking ceremony]] headlined by [[Rodney P. Frelinghuysen]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–NJ). This new station would join a park and ride already built for buses at Howard Boulevard ([[County Route 615 (Morris County, New Jersey)|Morris County Route 615]]).<ref name="groundbreaking">{{cite news |last1=Jennings |first1=Rob |title=Construction Starts on New Train Station in Mount Arlington |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49871501/mount-arlington-station-june-13-2006/ |access-date=April 29, 2020 |work=The Daily Record |date=June 13, 2006 |location=[[Morristown, New Jersey]] |pages=A9, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49871820/mount-arlington-part-2-june-13-2006/ A12]|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> Despite a slated 2007 opening,<ref name="groundbreaking" /> the station opened to the public on January 21, 2008.<ref name="2008opening" />

== History ==
Mount Arlington was the site of a former [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] station, that replaced the old Drakesville station in modern-day [[Ledgewood, New Jersey|Ledgewood]] that opened on January 16, 1854.<ref name="lackawannabrochure">{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=J.M. |title=Letter to the New York Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society |url=http://ppolinks.com/hoboken32340/2014.013.0114_DL&W_excursion_package_1938.pdf |publisher=The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company |access-date=April 7, 2020 |page=8}}</ref>{{sfn|New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury|1856|p=31}} That station burned on February 19, 1867.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railroad Depot Burned |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76986445/drakesville-burns-february-20-1867/ |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=The Buffalo Commercial Advertiser |date=February 20, 1867 |page=3|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> The railroad closed Drakesville station in 1891 when they built the new station at Mount Arlington, {{convert|0.5|mi|km}} to the east.<ref>{{harvnb|Taber|Taber|1981|p=736}}</ref> The Mount Arlington station itself closed on November 8, 1942.<ref name="aug142timetable">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw080142.pdf1043.pdf |publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 28, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=August 1, 1942}}</ref><ref name="nov81942timetable">{{cite web |title=Lackawanna Railroad Timetables |url=http://www.jon-n-bevliles.net/RAILROAD/PTTs/dlw110842.pdf|publisher=Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad |access-date=April 28, 2020 |location=New York, New York |page=14|date=November 8, 1942}}</ref>

==Station layout==
Mount Arlington has two high-level [[side platform]]s.

{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray; border-bottom:solid 1px gray" rowspan=4 width=75|'''P Platform level'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Track '''1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|← {{rcb|system=NJ Transit|line=Morristown|inline=box}} {{rcb|system=NJ Transit|line=Montclair-Boonton|inline=box}} [[Morristown Line]], [[Montclair-Boonton Line]] PM rush hours toward [[Hackettstown station|Hackettstown]] ([[Lake Hopatcong station|Lake Hopatcong]])
|-
|width=100|Track '''2'''
|width=650|{{0|←}} {{rcb|system=NJ Transit|line=Morristown|inline=box}} {{rcb|system=NJ Transit|line=Montclair-Boonton|inline=box}} [[Morristown Line]], [[Montclair-Boonton Line]] AM rush hours toward [[Hoboken Terminal|Hoboken]] or [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York]] ([[Dover station (NJ Transit)|Dover]]) →
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''G'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Street level
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Station building, ticket machines, parking
|}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|author1=New Jersey Comptroller of the Treasury |title=Annual Statements of the Railroad and Canal Companies of the State of New Jersey |date=1856 |publisher=Office of "True American" |location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]] |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101066784990&view=1up&seq=35 |access-date=April 7, 2020}}
*{{Taber-DLW-20th-2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{NJT links}}
{{Commons category-inline|Mount Arlington (NJT station)}}
*[https://www.njtransit.com/station/mount-arlington-station Official station information page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090522222812/http://www.njtransit.com/an_cp_project068.shtml Project planning page]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.8967,-74.6328&q=loc:40.8967,-74.6328&hl=en&t=h&z=15 View from Interstate 80 (Google Maps)]

{{NJT stations navbox}}
{{Lackawanna Railroad New Jersey stations}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Morris County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:NJ Transit Rail Operations stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1854]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad stations]]

{{NewJersey-railstation-stub}}

2015 Oxnard train derailment

2023-09-06T01:47:21Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */

{{Short description|2015 rail transport disaster in Oxnard, California, USA}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2015 Oxnard train derailment

| image = File:Hyundai Rotem Cab Car.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Photograph of train similar to that involved in the accident
| caption = A Metrolink train similar to the one involved in the accident.

| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| alternative_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe =
| qid =
| mapframe_zoom =
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.19712|-119.14227|type:event_region:US-CA|display=inline,title|format=dms}}

| date = February 24, 2015
| time = 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]])
| location = [[Oxnard, California]]
| location_dir =
| location_city =
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = United States
| line = [[Ventura County Line]]
| operator = [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]]
| owner =
| service =
| type = Road crossing collision
| cause = Truck driver mistakenly turning onto railroad tracks

| bus =
| trains = 1
| vehicles = 2
| passengers = 51
| crew = 3
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 1
| injuries = 33
| damage =
| property =

| route_map =
| route_map_state =
| route_map_name =

| footnotes =
}}

The '''2015 Oxnard train derailment''' occurred on February 24, 2015, at 5:44 a.m. local time when a [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] passenger train collided with a truck that a driver had mistakenly turned from Rice Avenue onto the tracks and became stuck. After impact, the train [[derailment|derailed]] at [[Oxnard, California]], United States. As a result of the crash, the train engineer died from his injuries a week later and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence.

==Background==
The accident happened along the [[Coast Line (Union Pacific Railroad)|Coast Line]] owned by the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP). This portion of the railroad runs parallel with East Fifth Street (designated [[California State Route 34]]) between Camarillo and Oxnard. Besides Metrolink, the rail line is used by Amtrak passenger trains and UP freight trains. An average of eight passenger and 24 freight trains use the line in each direction each day.<ref name="ABC7 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2015 |title=Metrolink train slams into truck in Oxnard; driver arrested for hit-and-run |work=[[KABC-TV]] |url=http://abc7.com/532179/ |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Surfliner Schedule |url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/761/800/Pacific-Surfliner-Schedule-100614,0.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2015 |publisher=Amtrak}}</ref> At the Rice Avenue at-grade crossing, where this collision occurred, emergency crews had previously pulled vehicles off the tracks about 18 times.<ref name="Diskin 2019">{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver pleads guilty in Oxnard's fatal 2015 train derailment |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/04/25/truck-driver-pleads-guilty-oxnards-fatal-2015-train-derailment/3581156002/ |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> A bridge to allow Rice Avenue to pass over the tracks had been planned for almost two decades, however, funding remained unavailable in Ventura County for the estimated $35 million grade separation project.<ref name="Weikel & Nelson 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Weikel |first1=Dan |last2=Nelson |first2=Laura J. |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-metrolink-crossings-20150301-story.html |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Accident==
[[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines mangled truck involved in CA grade crossing accident. (16652006442).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines wreckage|left]]
On Tuesday, February 24, 2015, in the predawn hours, Metrolink commuter train #102, operated by Amtrak, was en route from [[Ventura County, California]], to [[Los Angeles]]. As the train approached the South Rice Avenue [[grade crossing]] in [[Oxnard, California]] at 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]]), it collided with a [[Ford_Super_Duty#2005_update|2005 Ford F-450 pick-up truck]] that was towing a 2000 Wells Cargo two-axle [[Trailer (vehicle)|utility trailer]].<ref name="NTSB 2016">{{Cite report|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf|title=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire|id=NTSB/HAB-16/07|author-link=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref>

The truck driver, 54-year-old Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, who was unfamiliar with the area and was “acutely fatigued” at the time of the incident, intended to turn right onto East Fifth Street from South Rice Avenue, but mistakenly turned onto the UP tracks, and the truck became lodged on the track about 80 feet west of the grade crossing. The driver attempted to push the truck off the track. He also stated that he tried to call 911 but was in a state of panic and could not do so. At some point prior to the arrival of the train, he exited the truck, leaving the headlights and hazard lights on, and the driver door open. Based on an analysis of GPS data obtained from the driver’s cell phone, about 12 minutes elapsed between the time the truck became lodged on the tracks and the collision with the train.<ref name="NTSB 2016" />

The train was led by a [[Rotem Commuter Cars|Hyundai Rotem cab/coach]] car #645 (a nonpowered coach car with a compartment from which the engineer can control the train), followed by [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach|Bombardier BiLevel coach]] car #206, Hyundai Rotem coach cars 211 and 263, and [[EMD F59PH]] [[diesel-electric locomotive]] #870 at the rear. It was occupied by three crew members (an engineer, a student engineer, and a conductor) and 51 passengers. The train was traveling from [[East Ventura (Metrolink station)|East Ventura]] to [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles]] and was accelerating after leaving the [[Oxnard Transit Center|Oxnard station]] {{convert|2|miles}} away from the crash site.<ref name="CBS 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink Train Derails In Oxnard After Colliding With Truck On Tracks |work=[[CBS News]] Local |url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2015/02/24/metrolink-train-derails-in-oxnard-after-colliding-with-train-on-tracks/ |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Passenger trains are permitted to travel at up to {{convert|79|mph|km/h}} on the section of track where the crash occurred.<ref name="Covarrubias, Rocha & Sahagun 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Covarrubias |first1=Amanda |last2=Rocha |first2=Veronica |last3=Sahagun |first3=Louis |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink train hits truck, derails in Oxnard; truck driver in custody |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-california-trail-derails-30-injured-20150224-story.html |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Before the accident, the train was traveling at {{convert|64|mph|km/h}} when the emergency brakes were applied<ref name="NTSBbrief260215">{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2015|title=NTSB Member Robert Sumwalt's third briefing on the Metrolink grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hSlciKwelc|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (25m 32s)}}</ref> and had slowed to {{convert|56|mph|km/h}} when it hit the truck.<ref name="NTSBbrief260215" /> [[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines truck involved in CA grade crossing accident (16466867269).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines truck involved in the crash|left]]
After striking the truck and trailer, the train continued through the grade crossing, where all four passenger cars subsequently [[derailment|derailed]], and three rolled over on their sides. The locomotive did not derail.<ref name="BBC31609770">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=California train derails after collision with truck|work=[[BBC News Online]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-31609770|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ABC7 2015" /> The truck was pushed along the track and came to rest about 130 feet east of the grade crossing on the south side of the track bed. The trailer detached from the truck and came to rest on the grade crossing, where it was consumed by a postcrash fire. Debris from the collision caused minor damage to a [[Toyota Camry (XV20)|1998 Toyota Camry]], which was stopped at the grade crossing, facing north, at the time of the crash.

As a result of the crash, the train engineer died, and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. 12 passengers and one crew member had injuries described as serious and were treated at [[Community Memorial Hospital of San Buenaventura|Community Memorial Hospital]], [[Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center]], [[St. John's Regional Medical Center (California)|St. John's Regional Medical Center]], [[St. John's Pleasant Valley Hospital]], and [[Ventura County Medical Center]].<ref name="ABC7-532969">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Dozens injured in Metrolink train collision transported to area hospitals|work=[[KABC-TV]]|url=http://abc7.com/news/dozens-injured-in-metrolink-train-collision-transported-to-area-hospitals/532969/|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence and was later taken into custody about a mile away. The Toyota driver was not injured.

{{Clear|left}}

==Investigation==
[[File:Member Sumwalt describing the accident scene (16475225368).jpg|thumb|NTSB Board Member Robert Sumwalt briefs media in February 2015]]
The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) launched an investigation into the accident and a go-team was dispatched to the scene.<ref name="ABC29183024">{{Cite news|last=Mohney|first=Gillian|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink Crash: Driver Flees Scene After Train Collides With Truck|work=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/commuter-train-strikes-vehicle-partially-derails-southern-california/story?id=29183024|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="GO">{{Cite press release |title=NTSB Launches Go-Team to Grade Crossing Accident in Oxnard, CA |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/PR20150224.aspx |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> The train was fitted with a forward-facing camera in the [[Control car (rail)|cab/coach car]] and the collision itself was recorded by the camera.<ref name="BBC31609770" /><ref name="NTSBbrief250215">{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2015|title=Member Sumalt holds second on scene media briefing on grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5eG8w7tBrw|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (20m 43s)}}</ref>

The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the crash was the truck driver mistakenly turning onto the railroad right-of-way due to acute fatigue and unfamiliarity with the area.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /> The NTSB investigation found that the crash occurred nearly 24 hours after the truck driver, Sanchez-Ramirez, reported for duty in [[Somerton, Arizona]] and 16.75 hours after he began the trip to Oxnard, well above the limits set for commercial drivers. The truck driver worked for The Growers Company but was operating a vehicle owned by Harvest Management. The two companies share the same ownership and manage a farming operation. The driver went on duty at 5:51 a.m. on February 23, after having been off duty the day before. At 1:00 p.m. his employer dispatched Sanchez-Ramirez from their base in Somerton to Oxnard, a 6 hour trip. However, Sanchez-Ramirez experienced a 4.5-hour delay in [[Jacumba Hot Springs, California|Jacumba, California]], due to a damaged radiator, which necessitated that he obtain a replacement truck. Additionally, his truck was sideswiped by another vehicle in Los Angeles, which further extended his travel time.

The cab/coach car and two of the three coach cars were fitted with a crash energy management (CEM) system designed to dissipate kinetic energy during a collision. The cars had been purchased as part of the response to Metrolink's deadly [[2005 Glendale train crash]] and [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weikel |first=Dan |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Metrolink gets final delivery of rail cars with safety upgrades |language=en-US |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-jun-25-la-me-metrolink-safety-20130626-story.html |access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> The NTSB investigation determined that the CEM elements (colloquially known as “[[Crumple zone|crumple zones]]”) were not activated in the collision. The investigation further determined that welds on the train’s [[Pilot (locomotive)|pilot assembly]] (colloquially known as a “snowplow” or “cowcatcher”) failed and detached from the lead cab car during the crash sequence, however, no markings or damage suggested that the pilot assembly itself interfered with the wheels of the train and caused the derailment. The railcar interiors exhibited no loss of occupant survival space and analysis determined primary cause of injury was determined to be the overturning of the railcars and subsequent passenger and crew impacts with hard interior surfaces.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=December 16, 2015|title=Metrolink train cars that derailed in Oxnard had flawed parts, confidential report finds|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216202635/http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|archive-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:BNSF 5696 pulling Metrolink into East Ventura station 2016-03-25.jpg|thumb|BNSF [[GE AC4400CW|AC4400CW]] 5696 pulling Metrolink in the aftermath of the derailment]]
Immediately following the derailment, service was suspended through the accident site and Metrolink passengers were bussed between Camarillo, Oxnard and East Ventura stations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Cota-Robles|first=Marc|date=February 25, 2015|title=Metrolink trains resume regular service after Oxnard crash|url=https://abc7.com/533834/|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=ABC7 Los Angeles|language=en}}</ref> [[Amtrak]] ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' and service between Los Angeles and [[Goleta (Amtrak station)|Goleta]], that uses the same tracks, was cancelled.<ref name="VCS240215">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink train hits a vehicle in Oxnard|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/vehicle-hits-metrolink-train-in-oxnard|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Local roads around the scene of the accident were closed.<ref name="CBS 2015" />

Service along the rail line was restored by Wednesday afternoon, with the first passenger train passing through the crash site at about 5:40{{nbs}}p.m.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Railroad engineer|train engineer]], Glenn Steele, 62, was critically injured and died one week later.<ref name="latimes-20150303-engineerdead">{{Cite news|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Rocha|first2=Veronica|title=Train engineer dies of injuries suffered in Metrolink crash with truck|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015|newspaper=LA Times|date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kurzweil|first=Anthony|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer Aboard Metrolink Train That Collided With Truck in Oxnard Dies|work=KTLA|location=Los Angeles|url=http://ktla.com/2015/03/03/metrolink-engineer-involved-in-oxnard-train-crash-with-truck-left-on-tracks-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele was employed by Amtrak, which provides train crews to Metrolink under contract, and at the time of his death, was the most senior engineer with Metrolink, having spent half of his 42-year-long Amtrak career with Metrolink.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antczak|first=John|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer in Southern California train crash dies|work=San Francisco Chronicle|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/us/article/Engineer-dies-from-California-train-crash-injuries-6112383.php|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LATSteeleObit">{{Cite news|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|last2=Serna|first2=Joseph|date=March 3, 2015|title=A week after Metrolink train crashes into truck, engineer dies|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Amanda|date=March 4, 2015|title=Engineer in California Metrolink train crash dies|work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/03/us/california-train-wreck-engineer-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele died at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] early on March 3.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chu |first=Hanna |date=March 3, 2015 |title=Metrolink Engineer Dies Following Oxnard Train Crash |work=[[KABC-TV]] |location=Los Angeles |url=http://abc7.com/news/metrolink-engineer-dies-following-oxnard-train-crash/542107/ |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> A resident of [[Homeland, California]], Steele was a grandfather.<ref name="LATSteeleObit" />

The truck driver, Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, 54 left the scene on foot following the accident but was later taken into custody about a mile away. According to his attorney, the man was trying to summon help in a remote part of the county without a vehicle and with no guarantee anyone he found would be able to communicate with him since he only speaks Spanish.<ref name="ABC7 2015" /> When he finally encountered police officers, he handed them the cell phone on which he had been talking to his son so that his son could explain to the officers what had just happened to the train.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Melissa Pamer|last2=Christina Pascucci|last3=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Driver of Pickup Truck in Metrolink Crash Was Going to Get Help, Not Fleeing, Attorney Says|publisher=KTLA 5|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/25/driver-of-pickup-truck-in-metrolink-crash-was-going-to-get-help-not-fleeing-attorney-says/}}</ref> He was booked on suspicion of [[hit and run]] and held on $150,000 bail, but prosecutors later declined to file criminal charges against him and he was released two days later.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ashley Soley-Cerro|last2=Lynette Romero|last3=Melissa Pamer|last4=Kareen Wynter|last5=Christina Pascucci|last6=Courtney Friel|last7=Kimberly Cheng|last8=Steve Kunj|last9=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Truck Driver Taken Into Custody on Suspicion of Felony Hit-and-Run in Metrolink Crash|work=KTLA|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/24/at-least-1-dead-after-train-hits-vehicle-in-ventura-county/|access-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 27, 2015|title=Driver freed without charges in California train crash|work=Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301203038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2015|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> On February 22, 2016, Sanchez-Ramirez was charged with a misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter charge by Ventura County prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdollah|first=Tami|title=County files manslaughter charge in California train crash|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Associated Press|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f44c7fe028024eed80b7f4e8474c7a57/county-files-manslaughter-charge-california-train-crash|access-date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> He pleaded guilty to the charge on April 25, 2019 and was sentenced on July 24 to spend 30 days in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver in Oxnard's fatal 2015 Metrolink crash ordered to serve 30 days in jail |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/07/24/truck-driver-oxnard-metrolink-crash-ordered-serve-30-days-jail/1806104001/ |access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Diskin 2019" />

In March 2015, two of those injured due to the crash sued the truck driver, and his employer, Harvest Management LLC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=March 11, 2015|title=Two people seriously hurt in Oxnard Metrolink crash file lawsuits|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oxnard-metrolink-lawsuits-20150311-story.html|access-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

Metrolink announced on September 3, 2015 that they would restrict use of the cab cars for at least a year as they reviewed the safety features. As a stopgap, [[BNSF Railway]] locomotives were borrowed to add a second locomotive to each train set, positioned in front of the cab car.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Metrolink to enhance safety and performance by adding locomotives |date=September 3, 2015 |publisher=Metrolink |url=http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |access-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215919/http://metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=September 3, 2015|title=Metrolink examining safety of state-of-the-art rail cars in wake of Oxnard crash|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-metrolink-safety-20150903-story.html|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Metrolink determined that all of the pilot assemblies on the Hyundai–Rotem cab car had not been securely attached, and on July 8, 2016, the Metrolink board approved a $1.5 million plan to repair the pilots.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2016|title=Metrolink approves $1.5 million to repair defective cab cars|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-metrolink-repairsl-20160708-snap-story.html|access-date=July 9, 2016|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Metrolink sued the manufacturer a few months later, alleging faulty parts and a breach of contract and warranty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gunnoe|first=Chase|date=October 5, 2016|title=Metrolink files in court against cab car builder Hyundai-Rotem {{!}} Trains Magazine|url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=Trains Newswire|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009113833/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder |archive-date=October 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once the repairs were completed, the cars returned to service and the leased BNSF locomotives were returned.

==See also==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Trains}}
*[[List of level crossing accidents|List of grade crossing accidents]]
*[[List of rail accidents (2010–2019)]]
*[[2005 Glendale train crash]]
*[[Valhalla train crash]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{NTSB |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf |article=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire |accessdate=November 13, 2020 |id=NTSB/HAB-16/07}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline| 2015 Oxnard train derailment}}

{{2015 railway accidents}}
{{Oxnard, California}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oxnard train derailment}}
[[Category:2015 in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2015 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Derailments in the United States]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving Metrolink (California)]]
[[Category:History of Oxnard, California|2015 Oxnard train derailment]]
[[Category:Railroad crossing accidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2015]]
[[Category:February 2015 events in the United States]]

2015 Oxnard train derailment

2023-09-06T01:46:57Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */

{{Short description|2015 rail transport disaster in Oxnard, California, USA}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2015 Oxnard train derailment

| image = File:Hyundai Rotem Cab Car.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Photograph of train similar to that involved in the accident
| caption = A Metrolink train similar to the one involved in the accident.

| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| alternative_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe =
| qid =
| mapframe_zoom =
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.19712|-119.14227|type:event_region:US-CA|display=inline,title|format=dms}}

| date = February 24, 2015
| time = 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]])
| location = [[Oxnard, California]]
| location_dir =
| location_city =
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = United States
| line = [[Ventura County Line]]
| operator = [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]]
| owner =
| service =
| type = Road crossing collision
| cause = Truck driver mistakenly turning onto railroad tracks

| bus =
| trains = 1
| vehicles = 2
| passengers = 51
| crew = 3
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 1
| injuries = 33
| damage =
| property =

| route_map =
| route_map_state =
| route_map_name =

| footnotes =
}}

The '''2015 Oxnard train derailment''' occurred on February 24, 2015, at 5:44 a.m. local time when a [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] passenger train collided with a truck that a driver had mistakenly turned from Rice Avenue onto the tracks and became stuck. After impact, the train [[derailment|derailed]] at [[Oxnard, California]], United States. As a result of the crash, the train engineer died from his injuries a week later and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence.

==Background==
The accident happened along the [[Coast Line (Union Pacific Railroad)|Coast Line]] owned by the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP). This portion of the railroad runs parallel with East Fifth Street (designated [[California State Route 34]]) between Camarillo and Oxnard. Besides Metrolink, the rail line is used by Amtrak passenger trains and UP freight trains. An average of eight passenger and 24 freight trains use the line in each direction each day.<ref name="ABC7 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2015 |title=Metrolink train slams into truck in Oxnard; driver arrested for hit-and-run |work=[[KABC-TV]] |url=http://abc7.com/532179/ |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Surfliner Schedule |url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/761/800/Pacific-Surfliner-Schedule-100614,0.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2015 |publisher=Amtrak}}</ref> At the Rice Avenue at-grade crossing, where this collision occurred, emergency crews had previously pulled vehicles off the tracks about 18 times.<ref name="Diskin 2019">{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver pleads guilty in Oxnard's fatal 2015 train derailment |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/04/25/truck-driver-pleads-guilty-oxnards-fatal-2015-train-derailment/3581156002/ |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> A bridge to allow Rice Avenue to pass over the tracks had been planned for almost two decades, however, funding remained unavailable in Ventura County for the estimated $35 million grade separation project.<ref name="Weikel & Nelson 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Weikel |first1=Dan |last2=Nelson |first2=Laura J. |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-metrolink-crossings-20150301-story.html |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Accident==
[[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines mangled truck involved in CA grade crossing accident. (16652006442).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines wreckage|left]]
On Tuesday, February 24, 2015, in the predawn hours, Metrolink commuter train #102, operated by Amtrak, was en route from [[Ventura County, California]], to [[Los Angeles]]. As the train approached the South Rice Avenue [[grade crossing]] in [[Oxnard, California]] at 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]]), it collided with a [[Ford_Super_Duty#2005_update|2005 Ford F-450 pick-up truck]] that was towing a 2000 Wells Cargo two-axle [[Trailer (vehicle)|utility trailer]].<ref name="NTSB 2016">{{Cite report|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf|title=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire|id=NTSB/HAB-16/07|author-link=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref>

The truck driver, 54-year-old Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, who was unfamiliar with the area and was “acutely fatigued” at the time of the incident, intended to turn right onto East Fifth Street from South Rice Avenue, but mistakenly turned onto the UP tracks, and the truck became lodged on the track about 80 feet west of the grade crossing. The driver attempted to push the truck off the track. He also stated that he tried to call 911 but was in a state of panic and could not do so. At some point prior to the arrival of the train, he exited the truck, leaving the headlights and hazard lights on, and the driver door open. Based on an analysis of GPS data obtained from the driver’s cell phone, about 12 minutes elapsed between the time the truck became lodged on the tracks and the collision with the train.<ref name="NTSB 2016" />

The train was led by a [[Rotem Commuter Cars|Hyundai Rotem cab/coach]] car #645 (a nonpowered coach car with a compartment from which the engineer can control the train), followed by [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach|Bombardier BiLevel coach]] car #206, Hyundai Rotem coach cars 211 and 263, and [[EMD F59PH]] [[diesel-electric locomotive]] #870 at the rear. It was occupied by three crew members (an engineer, a student engineer, and a conductor) and 51 passengers. The train was traveling from [[East Ventura (Metrolink station)|East Ventura]] to [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles]] and was accelerating after leaving the [[Oxnard Transit Center|Oxnard station]] {{convert|2|miles}} away from the crash site.<ref name="CBS 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink Train Derails In Oxnard After Colliding With Truck On Tracks |work=[[CBS News]] Local |url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2015/02/24/metrolink-train-derails-in-oxnard-after-colliding-with-train-on-tracks/ |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Passenger trains are permitted to travel at up to {{convert|79|mph|km/h}} on the section of track where the crash occurred.<ref name="Covarrubias, Rocha & Sahagun 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Covarrubias |first1=Amanda |last2=Rocha |first2=Veronica |last3=Sahagun |first3=Louis |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink train hits truck, derails in Oxnard; truck driver in custody |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-california-trail-derails-30-injured-20150224-story.html |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Before the accident, the train was traveling at {{convert|64|mph|km/h}} when the emergency brakes were applied<ref name="NTSBbrief260215">{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2015|title=NTSB Member Robert Sumwalt's third briefing on the Metrolink grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hSlciKwelc|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (25m 32s)}}</ref> and had slowed to {{convert|56|mph|km/h}} when it hit the truck.<ref name="NTSBbrief260215" /> [[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines truck involved in CA grade crossing accident (16466867269).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines truck involved in the crash|left]]
After striking the truck and trailer, the train continued through the grade crossing, where all four passenger cars subsequently [[derailment|derailed]], and three rolled over on their sides. The locomotive did not derail.<ref name="BBC31609770">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=California train derails after collision with truck|work=[[BBC News Online]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-31609770|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ABC7 2015" /> The truck was pushed along the track and came to rest about 130 feet east of the grade crossing on the south side of the track bed. The trailer detached from the truck and came to rest on the grade crossing, where it was consumed by a postcrash fire. Debris from the collision caused minor damage to a [[Toyota Camry (XV20)|1998 Toyota Camry]], which was stopped at the grade crossing, facing north, at the time of the crash.

As a result of the crash, the train engineer died, and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. 12 passengers and one crew member had injuries described as serious and were treated at [[Community Memorial Hospital of San Buenaventura|Community Memorial Hospital]], [[Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center]], [[St. John's Regional Medical Center (California)|St. John's Regional Medical Center]], [[St. John's Pleasant Valley Hospital]], and [[Ventura County Medical Center]].<ref name="ABC7-532969">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Dozens injured in Metrolink train collision transported to area hospitals|work=[[KABC-TV]]|url=http://abc7.com/news/dozens-injured-in-metrolink-train-collision-transported-to-area-hospitals/532969/|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence and was later taken into custody about a mile away. The Toyota driver was not injured.

{{Clear|left}}

==Investigation==
[[File:Member Sumwalt describing the accident scene (16475225368).jpg|thumb|NTSB Board Member Robert Sumwalt briefs media in February 2015]]
The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) launched an investigation into the accident and a go-team was dispatched to the scene.<ref name="ABC29183024">{{Cite news|last=Mohney|first=Gillian|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink Crash: Driver Flees Scene After Train Collides With Truck|work=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/commuter-train-strikes-vehicle-partially-derails-southern-california/story?id=29183024|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="GO">{{Cite press release |title=NTSB Launches Go-Team to Grade Crossing Accident in Oxnard, CA |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/PR20150224.aspx |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> The train was fitted with a forward-facing camera in the [[Control car (rail)|cab/coach car]] and the collision itself was recorded by the camera.<ref name="BBC31609770" /><ref name="NTSBbrief250215">{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2015|title=Member Sumalt holds second on scene media briefing on grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5eG8w7tBrw|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (20m 43s)}}</ref>

The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the crash was the truck driver mistakenly turning onto the railroad right-of-way due to acute fatigue and unfamiliarity with the area.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /> The NTSB investigation found that the crash occurred nearly 24 hours after the truck driver, Sanchez-Ramirez, reported for duty in [[Somerton, Arizona]] and 16.75 hours after he began the trip to Oxnard, well above the limits set for commercial drivers. The truck driver worked for The Growers Company but was operating a vehicle owned by Harvest Management. The two companies share the same ownership and manage a farming operation. The driver went on duty at 5:51 a.m. on February 23, after having been off duty the day before. At 1:00 p.m. his employer dispatched Sanchez-Ramirez from their base in Somerton to Oxnard, a 6 hour trip. However, Sanchez-Ramirez experienced a 4.5-hour delay in [[Jacumba Hot Springs, California|Jacumba, California]], due to a damaged radiator, which necessitated that he obtain a replacement truck. Additionally, his truck was sideswiped by another vehicle in Los Angeles, which further extended his travel time.

The cab/coach car and two of the three coach cars were fitted with a crash energy management (CEM) system designed to dissipate kinetic energy during a collision. The cars had been purchased as part of the response to Metrolink's deadly [[2005 Glendale train crash]] and [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weikel |first=Dan |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Metrolink gets final delivery of rail cars with safety upgrades |language=en-US |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-jun-25-la-me-metrolink-safety-20130626-story.html |access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> The NTSB investigation determined that the CEM elements (colloquially known as “[[Crumple zone|crumple zones]]”) were not activated in the collision. The investigation further determined that welds on the train’s [[Pilot (locomotive)|pilot assembly]] (colloquially known as a “snowplow” or “cowcatcher”) failed and detached from the lead cab car during the crash sequence, however, no markings or damage suggested that the pilot assembly itself interfered with the wheels of the train and caused the derailment. The railcar interiors exhibited no loss of occupant survival space and analysis determined primary cause of injury was determined to be the overturning of the railcars and subsequent passenger and crew impacts with hard interior surfaces.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=December 16, 2015|title=Metrolink train cars that derailed in Oxnard had flawed parts, confidential report finds|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216202635/http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|archive-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:BNSF 5696 pulling Metrolink into East Ventura station 2016-03-25.jpg|thumb|BNSF [[GE AC4400CW|AC4400CW]] 5696 pulling Metrolink in the aftermath of the derailment]]
Immediately following the derailment, service was suspended through the accident site and Metrolink passengers were bussed between Camarillo, Oxnard and East Ventura stations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Cota-Robles|first=Marc|date=February 25, 2015|title=Metrolink trains resume regular service after Oxnard crash|url=https://abc7.com/533834/|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=ABC7 Los Angeles|language=en}}</ref> [[Amtrak]] ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' and service between Los Angeles and [[Goleta (Amtrak station)|Goleta]], that uses the same tracks, was cancelled.<ref name="VCS240215">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink train hits a vehicle in Oxnard|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/vehicle-hits-metrolink-train-in-oxnard|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Local roads around the scene of the accident were closed.<ref name="CBS 2015" />

Service along the rail line was restored by Wednesday afternoon, with the first passenger train passing through the crash site at about 5:40{{nbs}}p.m.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Railroad engineer|train engineer]], Glenn Steele, 62, was critically injured and died one week later.<ref name="latimes-20150303-engineerdead">{{Cite news|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Rocha|first2=Veronica|title=Train engineer dies of injuries suffered in Metrolink crash with truck|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015|newspaper=LA Times|date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kurzweil|first=Anthony|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer Aboard Metrolink Train That Collided With Truck in Oxnard Dies|work=KTLA|location=Los Angeles|url=http://ktla.com/2015/03/03/metrolink-engineer-involved-in-oxnard-train-crash-with-truck-left-on-tracks-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele was employed by Amtrak, which provides train crews to Metrolink under contract, and at the time of his death, was the most senior engineer with Metrolink, having spent half of his 42-year-long Amtrak career with Metrolink.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antczak|first=John|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer in Southern California train crash dies|work=San Francisco Chronicle|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/us/article/Engineer-dies-from-California-train-crash-injuries-6112383.php|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LATSteeleObit">{{Cite news|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|last2=Serna|first2=Joseph|date=March 3, 2015|title=A week after Metrolink train crashes into truck, engineer dies|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Amanda|date=March 4, 2015|title=Engineer in California Metrolink train crash dies|work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/03/us/california-train-wreck-engineer-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele died at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] early on March 3.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chu |first=Hanna |date=March 3, 2015 |title=Metrolink Engineer Dies Following Oxnard Train Crash |work=[[KABC-TV]] |location=Los Angeles |url=http://abc7.com/news/metrolink-engineer-dies-following-oxnard-train-crash/542107/ |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> A resident of [[Homeland, California]], Steele was a grandfather.<ref name="LATSteeleObit" />

The truck driver, Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, 54 left the scene on foot following the accident but was later taken into custody about a mile away. According to his attorney, the man was trying to summon help in a remote part of the county without a vehicle and with no guarantee anyone he found would be able to communicate with him since he only speaks Spanish.<ref name="ABC7 2015" /> When he finally encountered police officers, he handed them the cell phone on which he had been talking to his son so that his son could explain to the officers what had just happened to the train.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Melissa Pamer|last2=Christina Pascucci|last3=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Driver of Pickup Truck in Metrolink Crash Was Going to Get Help, Not Fleeing, Attorney Says|publisher=KTLA 5|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/25/driver-of-pickup-truck-in-metrolink-crash-was-going-to-get-help-not-fleeing-attorney-says/}}</ref> He was booked on suspicion of [[hit and run]] and held on $150,000 bail, but prosecutors later declined to file criminal charges against him and he was released two days later.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ashley Soley-Cerro|last2=Lynette Romero|last3=Melissa Pamer|last4=Kareen Wynter|last5=Christina Pascucci|last6=Courtney Friel|last7=Kimberly Cheng|last8=Steve Kunj|last9=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Truck Driver Taken Into Custody on Suspicion of Felony Hit-and-Run in Metrolink Crash|work=KTLA|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/24/at-least-1-dead-after-train-hits-vehicle-in-ventura-county/|access-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 27, 2015|title=Driver freed without charges in California train crash|work=Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301203038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2015|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> On February 22, 2016, Sanchez-Ramirez was charged with a misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter charge by Ventura County prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdollah|first=Tami|title=County files manslaughter charge in California train crash|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Associated Press|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f44c7fe028024eed80b7f4e8474c7a57/county-files-manslaughter-charge-california-train-crash|access-date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> He pleaded guilty to the charge on April 25, 2019 and was sentenced on July 24 to spend 30 days in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver in Oxnard's fatal 2015 Metrolink crash ordered to serve 30 days in jail |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/07/24/truck-driver-oxnard-metrolink-crash-ordered-serve-30-days-jail/1806104001/ |access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Diskin 2019" />

In March 2015, two of those injured due to the crash sued the truck driver, and his employer, Harvest Management LLC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=March 11, 2015|title=Two people seriously hurt in Oxnard Metrolink crash file lawsuits|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oxnard-metrolink-lawsuits-20150311-story.html|access-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

Metrolink announced on September 3, 2015 that they would restrict use of the cab cars for at least a year as they reviewed the safety features. As a stopgap, [[BNSF Railway]] locomotives were borrowed to add a second locomotive to each train set, positioned in front of the cab car.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Metrolink to enhance safety and performance by adding locomotives |date=September 3, 2015 |publisher=Metrolink |url=http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |access-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215919/http://metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=September 3, 2015|title=Metrolink examining safety of state-of-the-art rail cars in wake of Oxnard crash|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-metrolink-safety-20150903-story.html|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Metrolink determined that all of the pilot assemblies on the Hyundai–Rotem cab car had not been securely attached, and on July 8, 2016, the Metrolink board approved a $1.5 million plan to repair the pilots.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2016|title=Metrolink approves $1.5 million to repair defective cab cars|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-metrolink-repairsl-20160708-snap-story.html|access-date=July 9, 2016|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Metrolink sued Hyundai-Rotem a few months later, alleging faulty parts and a breach of contract and warranty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gunnoe|first=Chase|date=October 5, 2016|title=Metrolink files in court against cab car builder Hyundai-Rotem {{!}} Trains Magazine|url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=Trains Newswire|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009113833/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder |archive-date=October 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once the repairs were completed, the cars returned to service and the leased BNSF locomotives were returned.

==See also==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Trains}}
*[[List of level crossing accidents|List of grade crossing accidents]]
*[[List of rail accidents (2010–2019)]]
*[[2005 Glendale train crash]]
*[[Valhalla train crash]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{NTSB |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf |article=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire |accessdate=November 13, 2020 |id=NTSB/HAB-16/07}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline| 2015 Oxnard train derailment}}

{{2015 railway accidents}}
{{Oxnard, California}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oxnard train derailment}}
[[Category:2015 in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2015 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Derailments in the United States]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving Metrolink (California)]]
[[Category:History of Oxnard, California|2015 Oxnard train derailment]]
[[Category:Railroad crossing accidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2015]]
[[Category:February 2015 events in the United States]]

2015 Oxnard train derailment

2023-09-06T01:46:42Z

Lensovet: /* Aftermath */ fix up refs related to plow repair

{{Short description|2015 rail transport disaster in Oxnard, California, USA}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2015 Oxnard train derailment

| image = File:Hyundai Rotem Cab Car.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Photograph of train similar to that involved in the accident
| caption = A Metrolink train similar to the one involved in the accident.

| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| alternative_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe =
| qid =
| mapframe_zoom =
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.19712|-119.14227|type:event_region:US-CA|display=inline,title|format=dms}}

| date = February 24, 2015
| time = 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]])
| location = [[Oxnard, California]]
| location_dir =
| location_city =
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = United States
| line = [[Ventura County Line]]
| operator = [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]]
| owner =
| service =
| type = Road crossing collision
| cause = Truck driver mistakenly turning onto railroad tracks

| bus =
| trains = 1
| vehicles = 2
| passengers = 51
| crew = 3
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 1
| injuries = 33
| damage =
| property =

| route_map =
| route_map_state =
| route_map_name =

| footnotes =
}}

The '''2015 Oxnard train derailment''' occurred on February 24, 2015, at 5:44 a.m. local time when a [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] passenger train collided with a truck that a driver had mistakenly turned from Rice Avenue onto the tracks and became stuck. After impact, the train [[derailment|derailed]] at [[Oxnard, California]], United States. As a result of the crash, the train engineer died from his injuries a week later and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence.

==Background==
The accident happened along the [[Coast Line (Union Pacific Railroad)|Coast Line]] owned by the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP). This portion of the railroad runs parallel with East Fifth Street (designated [[California State Route 34]]) between Camarillo and Oxnard. Besides Metrolink, the rail line is used by Amtrak passenger trains and UP freight trains. An average of eight passenger and 24 freight trains use the line in each direction each day.<ref name="ABC7 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2015 |title=Metrolink train slams into truck in Oxnard; driver arrested for hit-and-run |work=[[KABC-TV]] |url=http://abc7.com/532179/ |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Surfliner Schedule |url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/761/800/Pacific-Surfliner-Schedule-100614,0.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2015 |publisher=Amtrak}}</ref> At the Rice Avenue at-grade crossing, where this collision occurred, emergency crews had previously pulled vehicles off the tracks about 18 times.<ref name="Diskin 2019">{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver pleads guilty in Oxnard's fatal 2015 train derailment |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/04/25/truck-driver-pleads-guilty-oxnards-fatal-2015-train-derailment/3581156002/ |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> A bridge to allow Rice Avenue to pass over the tracks had been planned for almost two decades, however, funding remained unavailable in Ventura County for the estimated $35 million grade separation project.<ref name="Weikel & Nelson 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Weikel |first1=Dan |last2=Nelson |first2=Laura J. |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-metrolink-crossings-20150301-story.html |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Accident==
[[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines mangled truck involved in CA grade crossing accident. (16652006442).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines wreckage|left]]
On Tuesday, February 24, 2015, in the predawn hours, Metrolink commuter train #102, operated by Amtrak, was en route from [[Ventura County, California]], to [[Los Angeles]]. As the train approached the South Rice Avenue [[grade crossing]] in [[Oxnard, California]] at 5:44 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|local time]] (13:44 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]]), it collided with a [[Ford_Super_Duty#2005_update|2005 Ford F-450 pick-up truck]] that was towing a 2000 Wells Cargo two-axle [[Trailer (vehicle)|utility trailer]].<ref name="NTSB 2016">{{Cite report|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf|title=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire|id=NTSB/HAB-16/07|author-link=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref>

The truck driver, 54-year-old Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, who was unfamiliar with the area and was “acutely fatigued” at the time of the incident, intended to turn right onto East Fifth Street from South Rice Avenue, but mistakenly turned onto the UP tracks, and the truck became lodged on the track about 80 feet west of the grade crossing. The driver attempted to push the truck off the track. He also stated that he tried to call 911 but was in a state of panic and could not do so. At some point prior to the arrival of the train, he exited the truck, leaving the headlights and hazard lights on, and the driver door open. Based on an analysis of GPS data obtained from the driver’s cell phone, about 12 minutes elapsed between the time the truck became lodged on the tracks and the collision with the train.<ref name="NTSB 2016" />

The train was led by a [[Rotem Commuter Cars|Hyundai Rotem cab/coach]] car #645 (a nonpowered coach car with a compartment from which the engineer can control the train), followed by [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach|Bombardier BiLevel coach]] car #206, Hyundai Rotem coach cars 211 and 263, and [[EMD F59PH]] [[diesel-electric locomotive]] #870 at the rear. It was occupied by three crew members (an engineer, a student engineer, and a conductor) and 51 passengers. The train was traveling from [[East Ventura (Metrolink station)|East Ventura]] to [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles]] and was accelerating after leaving the [[Oxnard Transit Center|Oxnard station]] {{convert|2|miles}} away from the crash site.<ref name="CBS 2015">{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink Train Derails In Oxnard After Colliding With Truck On Tracks |work=[[CBS News]] Local |url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2015/02/24/metrolink-train-derails-in-oxnard-after-colliding-with-train-on-tracks/ |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Passenger trains are permitted to travel at up to {{convert|79|mph|km/h}} on the section of track where the crash occurred.<ref name="Covarrubias, Rocha & Sahagun 2015">{{Cite news |last1=Covarrubias |first1=Amanda |last2=Rocha |first2=Veronica |last3=Sahagun |first3=Louis |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Metrolink train hits truck, derails in Oxnard; truck driver in custody |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-california-trail-derails-30-injured-20150224-story.html |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Before the accident, the train was traveling at {{convert|64|mph|km/h}} when the emergency brakes were applied<ref name="NTSBbrief260215">{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2015|title=NTSB Member Robert Sumwalt's third briefing on the Metrolink grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hSlciKwelc|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (25m 32s)}}</ref> and had slowed to {{convert|56|mph|km/h}} when it hit the truck.<ref name="NTSBbrief260215" /> [[File:NTSB highway investigator Michael Fox examines truck involved in CA grade crossing accident (16466867269).jpg|thumb|NTSB investigator examines truck involved in the crash|left]]
After striking the truck and trailer, the train continued through the grade crossing, where all four passenger cars subsequently [[derailment|derailed]], and three rolled over on their sides. The locomotive did not derail.<ref name="BBC31609770">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=California train derails after collision with truck|work=[[BBC News Online]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-31609770|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ABC7 2015" /> The truck was pushed along the track and came to rest about 130 feet east of the grade crossing on the south side of the track bed. The trailer detached from the truck and came to rest on the grade crossing, where it was consumed by a postcrash fire. Debris from the collision caused minor damage to a [[Toyota Camry (XV20)|1998 Toyota Camry]], which was stopped at the grade crossing, facing north, at the time of the crash.

As a result of the crash, the train engineer died, and 32 passengers and crew members were injured. 12 passengers and one crew member had injuries described as serious and were treated at [[Community Memorial Hospital of San Buenaventura|Community Memorial Hospital]], [[Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center]], [[St. John's Regional Medical Center (California)|St. John's Regional Medical Center]], [[St. John's Pleasant Valley Hospital]], and [[Ventura County Medical Center]].<ref name="ABC7-532969">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Dozens injured in Metrolink train collision transported to area hospitals|work=[[KABC-TV]]|url=http://abc7.com/news/dozens-injured-in-metrolink-train-collision-transported-to-area-hospitals/532969/|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The truck driver exited his vehicle and ran from the scene prior to the crash; he sustained minor injuries that were unrelated to the crash sequence and was later taken into custody about a mile away. The Toyota driver was not injured.

{{Clear|left}}

==Investigation==
[[File:Member Sumwalt describing the accident scene (16475225368).jpg|thumb|NTSB Board Member Robert Sumwalt briefs media in February 2015]]
The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) launched an investigation into the accident and a go-team was dispatched to the scene.<ref name="ABC29183024">{{Cite news|last=Mohney|first=Gillian|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink Crash: Driver Flees Scene After Train Collides With Truck|work=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/commuter-train-strikes-vehicle-partially-derails-southern-california/story?id=29183024|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="GO">{{Cite press release |title=NTSB Launches Go-Team to Grade Crossing Accident in Oxnard, CA |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/PR20150224.aspx |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> The train was fitted with a forward-facing camera in the [[Control car (rail)|cab/coach car]] and the collision itself was recorded by the camera.<ref name="BBC31609770" /><ref name="NTSBbrief250215">{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2015|title=Member Sumalt holds second on scene media briefing on grade crossing accident in Oxnard, CA.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5eG8w7tBrw|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|format=video (20m 43s)}}</ref>

The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the crash was the truck driver mistakenly turning onto the railroad right-of-way due to acute fatigue and unfamiliarity with the area.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /> The NTSB investigation found that the crash occurred nearly 24 hours after the truck driver, Sanchez-Ramirez, reported for duty in [[Somerton, Arizona]] and 16.75 hours after he began the trip to Oxnard, well above the limits set for commercial drivers. The truck driver worked for The Growers Company but was operating a vehicle owned by Harvest Management. The two companies share the same ownership and manage a farming operation. The driver went on duty at 5:51 a.m. on February 23, after having been off duty the day before. At 1:00 p.m. his employer dispatched Sanchez-Ramirez from their base in Somerton to Oxnard, a 6 hour trip. However, Sanchez-Ramirez experienced a 4.5-hour delay in [[Jacumba Hot Springs, California|Jacumba, California]], due to a damaged radiator, which necessitated that he obtain a replacement truck. Additionally, his truck was sideswiped by another vehicle in Los Angeles, which further extended his travel time.

The cab/coach car and two of the three coach cars were fitted with a crash energy management (CEM) system designed to dissipate kinetic energy during a collision. The cars had been purchased as part of the response to Metrolink's deadly [[2005 Glendale train crash]] and [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weikel |first=Dan |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Metrolink gets final delivery of rail cars with safety upgrades |language=en-US |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-jun-25-la-me-metrolink-safety-20130626-story.html |access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> The NTSB investigation determined that the CEM elements (colloquially known as “[[Crumple zone|crumple zones]]”) were not activated in the collision. The investigation further determined that welds on the train’s [[Pilot (locomotive)|pilot assembly]] (colloquially known as a “snowplow” or “cowcatcher”) failed and detached from the lead cab car during the crash sequence, however, no markings or damage suggested that the pilot assembly itself interfered with the wheels of the train and caused the derailment. The railcar interiors exhibited no loss of occupant survival space and analysis determined primary cause of injury was determined to be the overturning of the railcars and subsequent passenger and crew impacts with hard interior surfaces.<ref name="NTSB 2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=December 16, 2015|title=Metrolink train cars that derailed in Oxnard had flawed parts, confidential report finds|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216202635/http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-metrolink-report-20151216-story.html|archive-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:BNSF 5696 pulling Metrolink into East Ventura station 2016-03-25.jpg|thumb|BNSF [[GE AC4400CW|AC4400CW]] 5696 pulling Metrolink in the aftermath of the derailment]]
Immediately following the derailment, service was suspended through the accident site and Metrolink passengers were bussed between Camarillo, Oxnard and East Ventura stations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Cota-Robles|first=Marc|date=February 25, 2015|title=Metrolink trains resume regular service after Oxnard crash|url=https://abc7.com/533834/|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=ABC7 Los Angeles|language=en}}</ref> [[Amtrak]] ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' and service between Los Angeles and [[Goleta (Amtrak station)|Goleta]], that uses the same tracks, was cancelled.<ref name="VCS240215">{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2015|title=Metrolink train hits a vehicle in Oxnard|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/vehicle-hits-metrolink-train-in-oxnard|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Local roads around the scene of the accident were closed.<ref name="CBS 2015" />

Service along the rail line was restored by Wednesday afternoon, with the first passenger train passing through the crash site at about 5:40{{nbs}}p.m.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Railroad engineer|train engineer]], Glenn Steele, 62, was critically injured and died one week later.<ref name="latimes-20150303-engineerdead">{{Cite news|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Rocha|first2=Veronica|title=Train engineer dies of injuries suffered in Metrolink crash with truck|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015|newspaper=LA Times|date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kurzweil|first=Anthony|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer Aboard Metrolink Train That Collided With Truck in Oxnard Dies|work=KTLA|location=Los Angeles|url=http://ktla.com/2015/03/03/metrolink-engineer-involved-in-oxnard-train-crash-with-truck-left-on-tracks-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele was employed by Amtrak, which provides train crews to Metrolink under contract, and at the time of his death, was the most senior engineer with Metrolink, having spent half of his 42-year-long Amtrak career with Metrolink.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antczak|first=John|date=March 3, 2015|title=Engineer in Southern California train crash dies|work=San Francisco Chronicle|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/us/article/Engineer-dies-from-California-train-crash-injuries-6112383.php|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LATSteeleObit">{{Cite news|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|last2=Serna|first2=Joseph|date=March 3, 2015|title=A week after Metrolink train crashes into truck, engineer dies|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-20150303-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Amanda|date=March 4, 2015|title=Engineer in California Metrolink train crash dies|work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/03/us/california-train-wreck-engineer-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Steele died at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] early on March 3.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chu |first=Hanna |date=March 3, 2015 |title=Metrolink Engineer Dies Following Oxnard Train Crash |work=[[KABC-TV]] |location=Los Angeles |url=http://abc7.com/news/metrolink-engineer-dies-following-oxnard-train-crash/542107/ |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> A resident of [[Homeland, California]], Steele was a grandfather.<ref name="LATSteeleObit" />

The truck driver, Jose Alejandro Sanchez-Ramirez, 54 left the scene on foot following the accident but was later taken into custody about a mile away. According to his attorney, the man was trying to summon help in a remote part of the county without a vehicle and with no guarantee anyone he found would be able to communicate with him since he only speaks Spanish.<ref name="ABC7 2015" /> When he finally encountered police officers, he handed them the cell phone on which he had been talking to his son so that his son could explain to the officers what had just happened to the train.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Melissa Pamer|last2=Christina Pascucci|last3=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Driver of Pickup Truck in Metrolink Crash Was Going to Get Help, Not Fleeing, Attorney Says|publisher=KTLA 5|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/25/driver-of-pickup-truck-in-metrolink-crash-was-going-to-get-help-not-fleeing-attorney-says/}}</ref> He was booked on suspicion of [[hit and run]] and held on $150,000 bail, but prosecutors later declined to file criminal charges against him and he was released two days later.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ashley Soley-Cerro|last2=Lynette Romero|last3=Melissa Pamer|last4=Kareen Wynter|last5=Christina Pascucci|last6=Courtney Friel|last7=Kimberly Cheng|last8=Steve Kunj|last9=Kirk Hawkins|date=February 25, 2015|title=Truck Driver Taken Into Custody on Suspicion of Felony Hit-and-Run in Metrolink Crash|work=KTLA|url=http://ktla.com/2015/02/24/at-least-1-dead-after-train-hits-vehicle-in-ventura-county/|access-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 27, 2015|title=Driver freed without charges in California train crash|work=Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301203038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-california-train-was-going-56-mph-when-it-hit-truck/2015/02/26/d8a2af70-be1a-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2015|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> On February 22, 2016, Sanchez-Ramirez was charged with a misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter charge by Ventura County prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdollah|first=Tami|title=County files manslaughter charge in California train crash|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Associated Press|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f44c7fe028024eed80b7f4e8474c7a57/county-files-manslaughter-charge-california-train-crash|access-date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> He pleaded guilty to the charge on April 25, 2019 and was sentenced on July 24 to spend 30 days in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diskin |first=Megan |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Truck driver in Oxnard's fatal 2015 Metrolink crash ordered to serve 30 days in jail |language=en |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/oxnard/2019/07/24/truck-driver-oxnard-metrolink-crash-ordered-serve-30-days-jail/1806104001/ |access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Diskin 2019" />

In March 2015, two of those injured due to the crash sued the truck driver, and his employer, Harvest Management LLC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=March 11, 2015|title=Two people seriously hurt in Oxnard Metrolink crash file lawsuits|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oxnard-metrolink-lawsuits-20150311-story.html|access-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

Metrolink announced on September 3, 2015 that they would restrict use of the cab cars for at least a year as they reviewed the safety features. As a stopgap, [[BNSF Railway]] locomotives were borrowed to add a second locomotive to each train set, positioned in front of the cab car.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Metrolink to enhance safety and performance by adding locomotives |date=September 3, 2015 |publisher=Metrolink |url=http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |access-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215919/http://metrolinktrains.com/news/news_item/news_id/1004.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=September 3, 2015|title=Metrolink examining safety of state-of-the-art rail cars in wake of Oxnard crash|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-metrolink-safety-20150903-story.html|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Metrolink determined that all of the pilot assemblies on the Hyundai–Rotem cab car had not been securely attached, and on July 8, 2016, the Metrolink board approved a $1.5 million plan to repair the pilots.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2016|title=Metrolink approves $1.5 million to repair defective cab cars|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-metrolink-repairsl-20160708-snap-story.html|access-date=July 9, 2016|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Metrolink sued Hyundai-Rotem a few months later, alleging faulty parts and a breach of contract and warranty <ref>{{Cite web|last=Gunnoe|first=Chase|date=October 5, 2016|title=Metrolink files in court against cab car builder Hyundai-Rotem {{!}} Trains Magazine|url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=Trains Newswire|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009113833/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2016/10/05-metrolink-files-lawsuit-against-cab-car-builder |archive-date=October 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once the repairs were completed, the cars returned to service and the leased BNSF locomotives were returned.

==See also==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Trains}}
*[[List of level crossing accidents|List of grade crossing accidents]]
*[[List of rail accidents (2010–2019)]]
*[[2005 Glendale train crash]]
*[[Valhalla train crash]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{NTSB |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB1607.pdf |article=Highway Accident Brief: Train and Truck Crash on Railroad Right-of-Way and Subsequent Fire |accessdate=November 13, 2020 |id=NTSB/HAB-16/07}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline| 2015 Oxnard train derailment}}

{{2015 railway accidents}}
{{Oxnard, California}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oxnard train derailment}}
[[Category:2015 in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2015 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Derailments in the United States]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving Metrolink (California)]]
[[Category:History of Oxnard, California|2015 Oxnard train derailment]]
[[Category:Railroad crossing accidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2015]]
[[Category:February 2015 events in the United States]]

Positive train control

2023-08-17T05:13:20Z

Lensovet: /* External links */ replace random youtube video with official webpage

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{short description|Type of train protection system}}
[[File:PTC, Metrolink 891, ARTIC, night.jpg|thumb|A [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] locomotive decal on an [[MPI MPXpress#MP36PH-3C|MP36PH-3C]] stating that it is equipped with positive train control technology]]

'''Positive train control''' ('''PTC''') is a family of [[automatic train protection]]<ref name="PTC_DOT_Top">{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control {{!}} Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/ptc|website=www.fra.dot.gov|publisher=Department of Transportation|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> systems deployed in the United States. Most of the United States' [[national rail network]] mileage has a form of PTC. These systems are generally designed to check that trains are moving safely and to stop them when they are not.<ref name="PTC_DOT">{{cite web|title=PTC System Information {{!}} Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0358|website=www.fra.dot.gov|publisher=Department of Transportation|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

A simplistic form of train traffic governance is ''negative'' train control, where trains must stop when issued a stop order and can move in the absence of such. An example of negative train control is [[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|Indusi]]. In contrast, ''positive'' train control restricts the train movement to an explicit allowance; movement is halted upon invalidation. A train operating under PTC receives a ''movement authority'' containing information about its location and where it is allowed to safely travel. PTC was installed and operational on 100% of the statutory-required trackage by December 29, 2020.<ref>https://explore.dot.gov/t/FRA/views/PTCImplementationStatusReport/Overview</ref>

== Overview ==
The [[American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association]] (AREMA) describes positive train control systems as having these primary functions:
* Train separation or collision avoidance
* Line speed enforcement
* Temporary speed restriction enforcement
* Rail worker wayside safety
* Blind spot monitoring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting the Communication Challenges for Positive Train Control |url=http://www.arema.org/files/library/2009_Conference_Proceedings/Meeting_the_Communication_Challenges_for_Positive_Train_Control.pdf |date=2009 |publisher=American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) |location=Lanham, MD |id=AREMA 2009 Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809150021/http://www.arema.org/files/library/2009_Conference_Proceedings/Meeting_the_Communication_Challenges_for_Positive_Train_Control.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-09}}</ref>

== History ==
===Background===
In the late 1980s, interest in train protection solutions heightened after a period of stagnant investment and decline following [[World War II]]. Starting in 1990, the United States [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (<abbr>NTSB</abbr>) counted <abbr>PTC</abbr> (then known as positive train separation) among its "Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements."<ref name="ntsb_changes">National Transportation Safety Board (<abbr>NTSB</abbr>), Washington, <abbr>DC</abbr> (2010). [https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/modifications-1990-on.pdf "Modifications to <abbr>NTSB</abbr> Most Wanted List; List of Transportation Safety Improvements after September 1990."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916130726/https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/modifications-1990-on.pdf |date=16 September 2008 }}</ref><ref><abbr>NTSB</abbr> (2010). [https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/index.htm "<abbr>NTSB</abbr> Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements – Implement Positive Train Control Systems."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007103657/https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/index.htm |date=7 October 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Pages/2013_Train-Control_FRM.aspx |title=Positive Train Control Systems |date=27 February 2013 |publisher=NTSB |access-date=30 May 2016 |quote=positive train separation (which was renamed positive train control in 2001) was first placed on the Safety Board's Most Wanted List }}</ref> At the time, the vast majority of rail lines in US relied upon crew members to comply with all safety rules, and a significant fraction of accidents were attributable to human error, as evidenced in several years of official reports from the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] (FRA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of Safety Analysis |url=https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ |date=2023-08-11 |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

In September 2008, [[United States Congress|Congress]] considered a new law that set a deadline of 15 December 2015 for implementation of <abbr>PTC</abbr> technology across most of the <abbr>US</abbr> rail network. The bill, ushered through the legislative process by the [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation|Senate Commerce Committee]] and the [[United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure|House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee]], was drafted in response to the [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|collision]] of a [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] [[passenger train]] and a [[Union Pacific]] [[freight train]] 12 September 2008, in [[Los Angeles]], which resulted in the deaths of 25 and injuries to more than 135 passengers.

As the bill neared final passage by Congress, the [[Association of American Railroads]] (<abbr>AAR</abbr>) issued a statement in support of the bill.<ref>Association of American Railroads, Washington, <abbr>DC</abbr> (2008-09-24). [http://www.aar.org/NewsAndEvents/Press-Releases/2008/09/092408_Statement_on_railsafety_bill.aspx "Statement by Edward R. Hamberger, President and <abbr>CEO</abbr> Association of American Railroads on Passage of the Comprehensive Rail Safety Bill."] Press release.</ref> President [[George W. Bush]] signed the 315-page [[Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008]] into law on 16 October 2008.<ref>U.S. Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, {{USPL|110|432}}, {{USStat|122|4848}}, {{USC|49|20101}}. Approved 16 October 2008.</ref>

===Provisions of the law===
Among its provisions, the law provides funding to help pay for the development of PTC technology, limits the number of hours freight rail crews can work each month, and requires the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] to determine work hour limits for passenger train crews.

===Implementation===
{{Update|section|date=June 2021}}
To implement the law, the FRA published initial regulations for PTC systems on January 15, 2010.<ref>FRA (15 January 2010). "Positive Train Control Systems; Final rule." ''Federal Register.'' {{USFR|75|2598}}</ref> The agency published amended regulations on August 22, 2014.<ref>FRA (2014-08-22). "Positive Train Control Systems (RRR)." {{USFR|79|49693}}</ref>

In December 2010, the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) reported that [[Amtrak]] and the major {{nowrap|Class I}} railroads have taken steps to install PTC systems under the law, but [[commuter rail]] operators were not on track for the 2015 deadline.<ref name="GAO 2010">{{cite report |title=Federal Railroad Administration Should Report on Risks to the Successful Implementation of Mandated Safety Technology |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11133.pdf |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |location=Washington, DC |id=GAO-11-133}}</ref> {{As of|2015|June}}, only seven commuter systems (29 percent of those represented by APTA) were expecting to make the deadline. Several factors have delayed implementation, including the need to obtain funding (which was not provided by Congress); the time it has taken to design, test, make interoperable, and manufacture the technology; and the need to obtain radio spectrum along the entire rail network, which involves FCC permission and in some cases negotiating with an existing owner for purchase or lease.<ref name="npr_2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/03/411464396/most-commuter-rails-wont-meet-deadline-for-mandated-safety-systems |title=Most Commuter Rails Won't Meet Deadline For Mandated Safety Systems |work=NPR |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref>

The [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] commuter rail system in [[Southern California]] is planning to be the first US passenger carrier to install the technology on its entire system. After some delays,<ref>Weikel, Dan (24 January 2014) [http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-0124-metrolink-control-system-20140124,0,3514855.story "Metrolink to replace contractor to avoid train control project delays"] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> demonstration PTC in revenue service began in February 2014; the system is expected to be completed in late summer 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/ptc|title=An Introduction to Positive Train Control |website=Metrolink |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority |location=Los Angeles, CA |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Chicago metropolitan area]], the [[Metra]] system expected it will not be fully compliant with the PTC mandate until 2019.<ref name="npr_2015" />

In October 2015 Congress passed a bill extending the compliance deadline by three years, to 31 December 2018. President [[Barack Obama]] signed the bill on 29 October 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Morris |first=David Z. |title=All aboard after Congress votes to avert threatened train shutdown |url=https://fortune.com/2015/10/29/legislators-extend-deadline-smart-trains/ |date=29 October 2015 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Obama signs short-term transportation bill |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-short-term-transportation-bill/2015/10/29/f2c84e86-7e7d-11e5-bfb6-65300a5ff562_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-short-term-transportation-bill/2015/10/29/f2c84e86-7e7d-11e5-bfb6-65300a5ff562_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2019 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=29 October 2015}}</ref> Only four railroads met the December 2018 deadline; the other 37 got extensions to December 2020, which was allowed under the law for railroads that demonstrated implementation progress.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Gregory |title=Most US rail systems miss safety deadline |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/01/politics/positive-train-control-deadline/ |date=1 January 2019 |work=CNN}}</ref> On 29 December 2020, it was reported that the safeguards had been installed on all required railroads, two days ahead of the deadline.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/positive-train-control-/2020/12/29/5e90f978-4a0d-11eb-839a-cf4ba7b7c48c_story.html|title = Automatic brake system installed on U.S. railroads ahead of federal deadline|last = George|first = Justin|date = 29 December 2020|accessdate = 10 September 2021|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===Criticism===
{{Update|section|reason=at least nine US train accidents with fatalities since 2012. See [[List of American railroad accidents#2010s]]|date=June 2021}}
There is some controversy as to whether PTC makes sense in the form mandated by Congress. Not only is the cost of nationwide PTC installation expected to be as much as {{nowrap|US$6–22 billion}}, most all of it borne by U.S. freight railroads,<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |title=The Billion-Dollar Technology That May or May Not Prevent the Next Big Train Crash |author=Eric Jaffe |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2013/07/billion-dollar-technology-may-or-may-not-prevent-next-big-train-crash/6378/ |newspaper= The Atlantic |date=31 July 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> there are questions as to the reliability and maturity of the technology for all forms of mainline freight trains and high density environments.<ref>FRA (21 July 2009). "Positive Train Control Systems; Notice of proposed rulemaking." ''Federal Register.'' {{USFR|74|35950}}</ref> The PTC requirement could also impose startup barriers to new passenger rail or freight services that would trigger millions of dollars in additional PTC costs. The [[unfunded mandate]] also ties the hands of the FRA to adopt a more nuanced or flexible approach to the adoption of PTC technology where it makes the most sense or where it is technically most feasible.<ref name="Atlantic" />

While the FRA Rail Safety Advisory Committee identified several thousand "PPAs" (PTC preventable accidents) on US railroads over a 12-year period, cost analysis determined that the accumulated savings to be realized from all of the accidents was not sufficient to cover the cost of PTC across the {{nowrap|Class I}} railroads. Therefore, PTC was not economically justified at that time.<ref>Resor, Randolph R. (2004). [http://transportation.northwestern.edu/docs/2004/2004.04.13.Resor.Presentation.pdf "The Business Benefits of PTC."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920094555/http://transportation.northwestern.edu/docs/2004/2004.04.13.Resor.Presentation.pdf |date=20 September 2009 }}{doubtful} Northwestern University Transportation Center, Evanston, IL.</ref> The FRA concurred with this cost assessment in its 2009 PTC rulemaking document.

The reason behind the lack of economic justification is that the majority of accidents are minor and FRA crash worthiness standards help mitigate the potential loss of life or release of hazardous chemicals. For example, in the 20 years between 1987 and 2007, there were only two PTC-preventable accidents with major loss of life in the United States (16 deaths in the [[1987 Maryland train collision|Chase, Maryland wreck]] (1987) and 11 in the [[1996 Maryland train collision|Silver Spring, Maryland wreck]] (1996)), and in each case, the causes of the accidents were addressed through changes to operating rules.{{cn|date=December 2020}}

The cost of implementing PTC on up to 25 commuter rail services in the United States has been estimated at over $2 billion and because of these costs, several services are having to cancel or reduce repairs, capital improvements, and service.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Other services simply do not have the funds available for PTC and have deferred action assuming some change from Congress.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Railroads that operate lines equipped with [[cab signalling]] and existing [[Automatic Train Control]] systems have argued that their proven track record of safety, which goes back decades, is being discounted because ATC is not as aggressive as PTC in all cases.<ref name="WSJValueOfLife">{{cite news|last=Mann|first=Ted|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323582904578485061024790402 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |title=Rail Safety and the Value of a Life |date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

==Basic operation==
A typical PTC system involves two basic components:
* Speed display and control unit on the locomotive
* A method to dynamically inform the speed control unit of changing track or signal conditions.<ref name="Olson">Olson, R.T., Jr. (2007). [http://www.arema.org/eseries/scriptcontent/custom/e_arema/library/2007_Conference_Proceedings/Incremental_Train_Control_System_2007.pdf "Incremental Train Control System On Amtrak's Michigan Line."] Presentation at AREMA Annual Conference, 9–12 September 2007, Chicago, IL.</ref>
Optionally, three additional components may exist:
* An on-board navigation system and track profile database to enforce fixed speed limits
* A bi-directional data link to inform signaling equipment of the train's presence
* Centralized systems to directly issue movement authorities to trains

===PTC infrastructure===
There are two main PTC implementation methods currently being developed. The first makes use of fixed signaling infrastructure such as [[Cab signaling|coded track circuits]] and [[Balise|wireless transponders]] to communicate with the onboard speed control unit. The other makes use of wireless data radios spread out along the line to transmit the dynamic information. The wireless implementation also allows for the train to transmit its location to the signaling system which could enable the use of [[Block signaling#Moving block|moving or "virtual" blocks]]. The wireless implementation is generally cheaper in terms of equipment costs, but is considered to be much less reliable than using "harder" communications channels. {{As of|2007}}, for example, the wireless ITCS system on Amtrak's Michigan Line was still not functioning reliably after 13 years of development,<ref name="Olson" /> while the fixed ACSES system has been in daily service on the [[Northeast Corridor]] since 2002 (''see'' [[#Amtrak|Amtrak]], below).

The fixed infrastructure method is proving popular on high-density passenger lines where [[pulse code cab signaling]] has already been installed. In some cases, the lack of a reliance on wireless communications is being touted as a benefit.<ref name="Vogler">Vogler, John (2005). [http://www3.ntsb.gov/events/symp_ptc/presentations/05_Vogler.pdf Symposium on Positive Train Control Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140641/https://www.ntsb.gov/Events/symp_ptc/presentations/05_Vogler.pdf |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> The wireless method has proven most successful on low density, unsignaled [[dark territory]] normally controlled via [[track warrant]]s, where speeds are already low and interruptions in the wireless connection to the train do not tend to compromise safety or train operations.

Some systems, like Amtrak's ACSES, operate with a hybrid technology that uses wireless links to update temporary speed restrictions or pass certain signals, with neither of these systems being critical for train operations.

===Locomotive speed control unit===
The equipment on board the locomotive must continually calculate the train's current speed relative to a speed target some distance away governed by a braking curve. If the train risks not being able to slow to the speed target given the braking curve, the brakes are automatically applied and the train is immediately slowed. The speed targets are updated by information regarding fixed and dynamic speed limits determined by the track profile and signaling system.

Most current PTC implementations also use the speed control unit to store a database of track profiles attached to some sort of navigation system. The unit keeps track of the train's position along the rail line and automatically enforces any speed restrictions as well as the maximum authorized speed. Temporary speed restrictions can be updated before the train departs its terminal or via wireless data links. The track data can also be used to calculate braking curves based on the [[Grade (railroad)|grade profile]]. The navigation system can use fixed track beacons or differential GPS stations combined with wheel rotation to accurately determine the train's location on the line within a few feet.

===Centralized control===
While some PTC systems interface directly with the existing signal system, others may maintain a set of [[Safety critical|vital]] computer systems at a central location that can keep track of trains and issue movement authorities to them directly via a wireless data network. This is often considered to be a form of [[Communications Based Train Control]] and is not a necessary part of PTC.

===Trackside device interface===
The train may be able to detect the status of (and sometimes control) wayside devices, for example [[railway switch|switch]] positions. This information is sent to the control center to further define the train's safe movements. Text messages and alarm conditions may also be automatically and manually exchanged between the train and the control center. Another capability would allow the employee-in-charge (EIC) to give trains permission to pass through their work zones via a wireless device instead of verbal communications.

===Technical limitations===
Even where safety systems such as [[cab signaling]] have been present for many decades, the freight railroad industry has been reluctant to fit speed control devices because the often heavy-handed nature of such devices can have an adverse effect on otherwise safe train operation. The advanced processor-based speed control algorithms found in PTC systems claim to be able to properly regulate the speed of freight trains over {{convert|5000|ft|m}} in length and weighing over {{convert|10000|ST|t}}, but concerns remain about taking the final decision out of the hands of skilled [[railroad engineer]]s. Improper use of the [[Railway air brake#Limitations|air brake]] can lead to a train running away, [[derailment]] or to an unexpected separation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Furthermore, an overly conservative PTC system runs the risk of slowing trains below the level at which they had previously been safely operated by human engineers. Railway speeds are calculated with a [[safety factor]] such that slight excesses in speed will not result in an accident. If a PTC system applies its own safety margin, then the end result will be an inefficient double safety factor. Moreover, a PTC system might be unable to account for variations in weather conditions or train handling, and might have to assume a [[Murphy's law|worst-case scenario]], further decreasing performance.<ref>Amtrak Employee Timetable #3, Northeast Region, Jan, 18th, 2010, p.351</ref> In its 2009 regulatory filing, the FRA stated that PTC was in fact likely to decrease the capacity of freight railroads on many main lines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roskind|first=Frank D|title=Positive Train Control Systems Economic Analysis|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PTC_%20RIA_%20Final.pdf|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724184036/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PTC_%20RIA_%20Final.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The European [[LOCOPROL|LOCOPROL/LOCOLOC]] project had shown that [[EGNOS]]-enhanced satellite navigation alone was unable to meet the [[Safety Integrity Level|SIL4 safety integrity]] required for train signaling.<ref name="locoloc">Rousseau, Michel, et al. (2004).[http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/NavigationProjects/Locoloc_final_presentn_dec04%20.pdf "LOCOLOC Project: Final Presentation."] Noordwijk, December 2004.</ref>

From a purely technical standpoint, PTC will not prevent certain low-speed collisions caused by [[Permissive block regulations|permissive block operation]], accidents caused by "shoving" (reversing with inadequate observation), derailments caused by track or train defect, grade crossing collisions, or collisions with previously derailed trains. Where PTC is installed in the absence of track circuit blocks, it will not detect broken rails, flooded tracks, or dangerous debris fouling the line.

==Wireless implementations==
{{editorial|section|date=February 2022}}

===Radio spectrum availability===
The wireless infrastructure planned for use by all US {{nowrap|Class I}} freights, most small freight railroads, and many commuter railroads is based on data radios operating in a single frequency band near {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. A consortium created by two freight railroads called PTC 220 LLC has purchased significant spectrum around {{nowrap|220 MHz}}, from previous licensees for use in deploying PTC. Some of this spectrum is in the form of nationwide licenses and some is not. The consortium plans to make this spectrum available for use by the US freights, but has indicated as recently as 2011 that they are unsure if they have enough spectrum to meet their needs. Several commuter railroads have begun purchasing {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum in their geographic areas, but there is widespread concern that the acquisition of enough {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum may be difficult to accomplish because of a lack of availability, difficulties in negotiating complex multi-party deals to gain enough adjacent spectrum, and because the financial cost of the acquisitions may make the task impossible for some state agencies. However, research suggests that dynamic spectrum allocation can solve the spectrum allocation problem at 220 MHz bandwidth.<ref name="wireless_bw">{{cite journal |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Abadie|first2=Andre|last3=Melaragno|first3=Tony|last4=Wijesekara|first4=Duminda |date=2014 |title=Providing Wireless Bandwidth for High-speed Rail Operations |journal=Procedia Technology |volume=16 |pages= 186–191 |doi=10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.082 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="cell planning">{{cite book |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Abadie|first2=Andre|last3=Wijesekara|first3=Duminda |date=2015 |title= 2015 Joint Rail Conference|doi=10.1115/JRC2015-5805 |chapter=Cell Planning for High-Speed Train Operations in USA|isbn=978-0-7918-5645-1}}</ref>

Many of the railroads have requested that the FCC reallocate parts of the {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to them. They argue that they must have {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to be interoperable with each other. The FCC has stated that there is no reallocation forthcoming, that the railroads are not justified in requesting spectrum reallocation because they have not quantified how much spectrum they need, and that the railroads should seek spectrum in the secondary {{nowrap|220 MHz}} markets or in other bands.<ref name="FCC Public Comments">{{cite news|last=2012 PTC World Congress, Arsenault|first=Richard|title=Chief Council, FCC Mobility Division|date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

===Radio band===
There are no regulatory or technical requirements that demand that {{nowrap|220 MHz}} be used to implement PTC (if a PTC implementation is to use wireless components at all). If wireless data transmission is necessary, there are a few advantages to the {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum, provided it can be acquired at a reasonable cost. The first reason to consider using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum is PTC interoperability for freights and for some, but not all, commuter rail operations. Freight operations in the US often include the sharing of railroad tracks where one railroad's rail vehicles operate as a guest on another railroad's host tracks. Implementing PTC in such an environment is most easily achieved by using the same PTC equipment, and this includes radios and the associated radio spectrum.

When a commuter railroad operation must operate on a freight railroad territory, the commuter will most likely be required to install PTC equipment (including a radio) on their rail vehicle that is compliant with the freight railroad's PTC system, and this generally means the use of {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radios and spectrum. If the commuter uses the same PTC equipment, radios, and spectrum on their own property, they will be able to use it when their vehicles travel onto a freight's territory. From a practical standpoint, if the commuter instead elects to use another type of PTC on their own property, they will need to install a second set of onboard equipment so they can operate PTC on their own property while also operating PTC on a freight's property. If a multi-band radio (such as the current generation [[software-defined radio]]s) is not available, then separate radios and separate antennas will be necessary. With the complexity of track geometries, PTC requires a variable amount of the spectrum in a time critical manner. One way to achieve this is to extend the PTC software-defined radios, such that it has the intelligence to allocate the spectrum dynamically. Adding the intelligence to the radio also helps to improve the security of the PTC communication medium.<ref name="cr">{{cite book |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Melaragno|first2=Tony|last3=Wijesekara|first3=Duminda|last4=Costa|first4=Paulo |date=2016 |title= 2016 Joint Rail Conference|doi=10.1115/JRC2016-5784 |chapter=Multi-Tiered Cognitive Radio Network for Positive Train Control Operations|isbn=978-0-7918-4967-5}}</ref>

If a small freight or commuter railroad does not operate on another railroad territory, then there is no interoperability-based reason that obligates them to use {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to implement PTC. In addition, if a small freight or commuter railroad only operates on their own territory and hosts other guest railroads (freight or other passenger rail), there is still no interoperability-based reason the host is obliged to use {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to implement PTC. Such a railroad could implement PTC by freely picking any radio spectrum and requiring the guest railroads to either install compliant PTC equipment (including radios) on board their trains or provide wayside equipment for their guest PTC implementation to be installed on the host railroad property. An interesting case that highlights some of these issues is the northeast corridor. Amtrak operates services on two commuter rail properties it does not own: [[Metro-North Railroad]] (owned by New York and Connecticut) and [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA) (owned by Massachusetts). In theory, Amtrak could have found themselves installing their own PTC system on these host properties (about 15 percent of the corridor), or worse, found themselves in the ridiculous position of trying to install three different PTC systems on each Amtrak train to traverse the commuter properties. This was not the case. Amtrak had a significant head start over the commuter rail agencies on the corridor in implementing PTC. They spent a considerable amount of time in research and development and won early approvals for their ACSES system on the northeast corridor with the FRA. They chose first to use {{nowrap|900 MHz}} and then later moved to {{nowrap|220 MHz}}, in part because of a perceived improvement in radio-system performance and in part because Amtrak was using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} in Michigan for their ITCS implementation.<ref name="Public Comments">{{cite news|last=2012 PTC World Congress, Holtz|first=Keith|title=Deputy Chief Engineer, Communications and Signals|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> When the commuter agencies on the corridor looked at options for implementing PTC, many of them chose to take advantage of the advance work Amtrak had done and implement the ACSES solution using {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. Amtrak's early work paid off and meant that they would be traversing commuter properties that installed the same protocol at the same frequency, making them all interoperable. (Actually most of the Northeast Corridor is owned and operated by Amtrak, not the commuter properties, including the tracks from [[Washington, D.C.]] to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] and the tracks from Philadelphia to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. The State of Massachusetts owns the tracks from the Rhode Island state line to the New Hampshire state line, but Amtrak "operates" these lines. Only the line between [[New York City]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]] is actually owned and operated by a commuter line.)

One other perceived reason to consider {{nowrap|220 MHz}} for PTC may be PTC-compatible radio equipment availability. Radio equipment specifically targeted toward PTC is currently only available from a limited number of vendors, and they are focused only on {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. One radio vendor in particular, Meteorcomm LLC, is able to support the I-ETMS PTC protocol with a {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio. Meteorcomm is jointly owned by several of the {{nowrap|Class I}} freights, and some in the industry have indicated that using their {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio and associated equipment will be done on a per-site licensing basis. Recurring fees may be associated with this process too. There is further concern that the 'buy in' and licensing fees will be significant, and this has led some to speculate that the owners of Meteorcomm (the freights) may have legal exposure to anti-trust violations. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}} For many railroads, there is no other practical option to meet the federal mandate than to install PTC at {{nowrap|220 MHz}} using I-ETMS with the Meteorcomm radios. On the northeast corridor, another radio vendor, GE MDS, is able to support the Amtrak ACSES protocol with a {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio. It should be stressed that the main concern among the freights regarding the PTC deadline is the availability of PTC equipment.<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 PTC World Congress Survey|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> With an eye to anti-trust issues and ready radio availability, Meteorcomm radio designs have been second-sourced to [[CalAmp]] radios. This all may mean that there is not enough {{nowrap|220 MHz}} PTC radio equipment available for all of the railroads that must implement PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

There are also issues with the use of these frequencies outside the US; in Canada, {{nowrap|220 MHz}} remains part of the [[amateur radio|radioamateur]] [[1.25-meter band|1.25-metre band]].<ref name="rac">{{cite web|url=https://www.rac.ca/en/rac/services/bandplans/220/|title=220 MHz Band Plan|author=Radio Amateurs of Canada|publisher=rac.ca|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307163709/https://www.rac.ca/en/rac/services/bandplans/220/|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rac2">{{cite web|url=https://www.rac.ca/en/amateur-radio/operating-technical/vhf-uhf-microwave/220mhz/|title=220 MHz (1.25m) Information|author=Radio Amateurs of Canada|publisher=rac.ca|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307163358/https://www.rac.ca/en/amateur-radio/operating-technical/vhf-uhf-microwave/220mhz/|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other bands besides {{nowrap|220 MHz}} will support PTC, and have been used to win approvals from the FRA for PTC. When Amtrak received their initial approval, they planned to use {{nowrap|900 MHz}} frequencies for ACSES. [[BNSF Railway]] won its first PTC approvals from the FRA for an early version of ETMS using a multi-band radio that included {{nowrap|45 MHz}} frequencies, {{nowrap|160 MHz}} frequencies, {{nowrap|900 MHz}} frequencies and WiFi. A small freight or commuter that selects one or more of these bands or another one such as {{nowrap|450 MHz}} might find it easier to acquire spectrum. They will need to research spectrum issues, radio equipment, antennas, and protocol compatibility issues to successfully deploy PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Interoperability requirements===
There is no single defined standard for "interoperable PTC systems". Several examples of interoperable systems illustrate this point. First, the UP and BNSF are interoperable across their systems. They are both implementing I-ETMS and will use different radio frequencies in different locations.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} In the second example, Amtrak is interoperable with [[Norfolk Southern]] in Michigan. Amtrak uses ITCS, while Norfolk Southern uses I-ETMS. To interoperate, two {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radios are installed in each wayside location and they both interface with a common PTC system through an interface device (similar to a network gateway or protocol converter) at each wayside location. One radio talks to freight trains using I-ETMS and one radio talks to passenger trains using ITCS. In this case interoperability stops at the wayside and does not include the wireless segment out to the rail vehicles or the onboard systems. In the third example, similar to the first, Metrolink, the commuter rail agency in Los Angeles, is implementing I-ETMS and will use the same PTC equipment as both the UP and BNSF. Metrolink is procuring their own {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum so that trains on Metrolink territory (commuter and freight) will use other channels than those used by the UP and BNSF. Interoperability is achieved by directing the onboard radio to change channels depending on location.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} For [[SEPTA]], the commuter operation in and around [[Philadelphia]], [[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo]] is implementing [[Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System|ACSES]], the Amtrak northeast corridor PTC protocol. For [[CSX]] all the ACSES PTC transactions will be handed to CSX at the SEPTA back office, and CSX will be responsible for deploying I-ETMS infrastructure that they will use to communicate with their freight trains. The SEPTA interoperability model is very similar to that of the public safety radio community wherein different radio systems that use different frequencies and protocols are cross-connected only in the back office to support system to system communications. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Multi-band solutions===
For the major freight railroads and Amtrak the answer seems to be that one frequency band is sufficient. These rail operations measure on-time performance on a much more coarse scale than commuters do so their tolerance for delay is greater and has less impact on train schedules.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} In addition, the PTC implementations deployed by commuter operations will be running much closer to the performance envelope than that of either Amtrak or the freights. For commuters in particular there is therefore some concern that implementing PTC with a single frequency band may not be sufficient. The single frequency-band approach to supporting real-time train control has a history of being difficult to use for such applications.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} This difficulty is not unique to train control. Interference, both man-made and natural, can at times affect the operation of any wireless system that relies on one frequency band. When such wireless systems are employed for real-time control networks it is very difficult to ensure that network performance will not sometimes be impacted. CSX encountered this problem when it experienced propagation ducting problems in its {{nowrap|900 MHz}} [[Advanced Train Control System]] (ATCS) network in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams |first1=Duard R. |last2=Metzger |first2=Barry R. |last3=Richardson |first3=Gregory R. |title=Spec 200 Radio Code Line Ducting – Cause and Effect |year=2001 |url=http://www.arema.org/files/library/2001_Conference_Proceedings/00050.pdf}} AREMA.</ref> The ATCS protocol, which the AAR had recommended the FCC consider as PTC in 2000 (when AAR sought a nationwide {{nowrap|900 MHz}} "ribbon" license),<ref>A "ribbon" license authorizes use of radio frequency spectrum in a specified geographic area, e.g. along a railroad right-of-way. Federal Communications Commission, {{cite web|title=In the Matter of Petition of Association of American Railroads (AAR) for Modification of Licenses For Use in Advanced Train Control Systems and Positive Train Control Systems |date=15 February 2001 |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Orders/2001/da010359.doc}}</ref> can support train control operation at both {{nowrap|900 MHz}} and {{nowrap|160 MHz}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manual of Recommended Standards and Practices Section K-II Railway Communications |year=2002 |publisher=Association of American Railroads|pages=K–II–16 Section 3.1.3.7.1.1}}</ref> The latter frequency band is only used for ATCS on a few subdivisions and shortlines. More recently, the industry had been moving toward a more robust multi-band radio solution for data applications such as PTC. In 2007, [[BNSF]] first won FRA approval for their original ETMS PTC system using a multi frequency-band radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meteorcomm.blogspot.com/|title=MeteorComm Official Blog|website=meteorcomm.blogspot.com}}</ref> In addition, in mid-2008, an FRA sponsored effort by the AAR to develop a Higher Performance Data Radio (HPDR) for use at {{nowrap|160 MHz}} actually resulted in a contract being awarded to Meteorcomm for a 4-band radio to be used for voice and data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/97424|title=MeteorComm Wins Next Generation Railroad Voice/Data Radio Development Project|website=PR.com}}</ref> These more recent multi-band radio efforts were shelved in late 2008, after the Rail Safety Improvements Act became law, and the freights decided to pursue PTC using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} alone, in a single frequency-band configuration. Amtrak and most commuter operations quickly followed suit, selecting {{nowrap|220 MHz}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Suitability of wireless PTC for commuter rail===
Soon after the Rail Safety Improvements Act was passed, many commuter railroads chose not to develop their own PTC protocol and instead decided to save time and money by using a protocol developed for either freight or long haul passenger (Amtrak) operations. Deploying such a protocol for urban commuter operation, where it will be necessary to support numerous, small, fast-moving trains, will be a challenge. It remains to be seen whether the performance envelope of PTC protocols developed and optimized for less numerous, slower and/or larger trains can support a more complex operational scenario, such as that of a commuter rail operation, without impacting on-time performance. Detailed and exhaustive protocol simulation testing can ease the risk of problems, however, there are too many variables, especially when the wireless component is considered, to guarantee beforehand that under certain worst-case operational profiles in certain locations, train operations will not be impacted. In fact, during system acceptance testing, such worst-case operational profiles may not even be tested because of the effort involved. One need only consider what it would take to identify the PTC protocol train capacity limitations at each [[interlocking]] of a large commuter rail operation when a train is broken down at the interlocking and 10–20 other trains are within communications range of a single wayside location. Such a what-if scenario may be tested at a few interlockings but not at the 30 or more interlockings on a large commuter property. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Open standards===
A large group of industry experts from the federal government,{{which|date=September 2018}} manufacturers, railroads, and consultants are participating in a study group sponsored by the [[IEEE]] [[IEEE 802.15|802.15]] working group, to look at using lessons learned in protocol development in the [[IEEE 802]] suite to propose a comprehensive solution to the wireless component of PTC. While this effort may not significantly change the current United States PTC efforts already underway, an open standard could possibly provide a way forward for all of the railroads to eventually deploy a more interoperable, robust, reliable, future-proof, and scalable solution for the wireless component of PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Upgrade costs===
The railroad industry, like the process industry and the power utility industry, has always demanded that the return on investment for large capital investments associated with infrastructure improvements be fully realized before the asset is decommissioned and replaced. This paradigm will be applied to PTC as well. It is highly unlikely that there will be any major upgrades to initial PTC deployments within even the first 10 years. The calculation for return on investment is not a simple one and some railroads may determine, for instance after five years, that an upgrade of certain components of PTC may be justified. An example could be the radio component of PTC. If an open standard creates a less expensive radio product that is backwards compatible to existing systems and that perhaps improves PTC system performance and also includes improvements that save on operational costs, then a railroad would be prudent to consider a plan for replacing their PTC radios.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kenton|first=Malcolm|title=After PTC|URL=|magazine=[[Trains]]|pages=34-41|issue=February 2021|publisher=[[Kalmbach]]}}</ref>

==Deployment==

=== Alaska Railroad ===
[[Wabtec]] is working with the [[Alaska Railroad]] to develop a collision-avoidance, Vital PTC system, for use on their locomotives. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, enforce speed limits, and protect roadway workers and equipment. Wabtec's Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) is also designed to work with the Wabtec TMDS dispatching system to provide train control and dispatching operations from Anchorage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2012_01_04_Positive_Train_Control_FS_PROJ.pdf|title=Alaska Railroad|access-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405191356/http://alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2012_01_04_Positive_Train_Control_FS_PROJ.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

Data between locomotive and dispatcher is transmitted over a digital radio system provided by Meteor Communications Corp (Meteorcomm). An onboard computer alerts workers to approaching restrictions and to stop the train if needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alaska Railroad to install positive train-control system |url=http://www.progressiverailroading.com/freightnews/article.asp?id=3021 |publisher=Progressive Railroading |date=27 August 2003 |access-date=19 June 2007}}</ref>

=== Amtrak ===
[[Alstom]]'s and PHW's [[Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System]] (ACSES) system is installed on parts of Amtrak's [[Northeast Corridor]] between [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. ACSES enhances the cab signaling systems provided by PHW Inc. It uses passive transponders to enforce permanent civil speed restrictions. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions (PTS), protection against overspeed and protect work crews with temporary speed restrictions.<ref name="alstom.com">{{cite web|title=ACSES II -Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System|url=http://www.alstom.com/Global/US/Resources/Documents/ACSES_April_16_2013.pdf |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094921/http://www.alstom.com/Global/US/Resources/Documents/ACSES_April_16_2013.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PHW Inc. Positive Train Control Products|url=http://www.phwinc.com|work=Positive Train Control|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414002956/http://www.phwinc.com/|archive-date=14 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[GE Transportation|GE Transportation Systems]]' Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) is installed on Amtrak's [[Chicago–Detroit Line|Michigan line]], allowing trains to travel at {{convert|110|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=AGE's Positive Train Control Technology is Full Speed Ahead on Amtrak's Michigan Line |url=http://www.getransportation.com/na/en/docs/919677_2005_10_ITCS.pdf |publisher=General Electric press release |date=11 October 2005 |access-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025071323/http://www.getransportation.com/na/en/docs/919677_2005_10_ITCS.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[2015 Philadelphia train derailment]] could have been prevented had positive train control been implemented correctly on the section of track that train was travelling. The overspeed warning/penalty commands were not set up on that particular section of track although it was set up elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/5/14/as_train_crash_death_toll_reaches|access-date=14 May 2015|publisher=Democracy Now!|date=14 May 2015|title=As Train Crash Death Toll Reaches 7, GOP Votes to Cut Amtrak Budget by $250M & Delay Safety Upgrades}}</ref>

=== Burlington Northern and Santa Fe (BNSF) ===
[[Wabtec]]'s Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) is installed on a segment of the [[BNSF Railway]]. It is an overlay technology that augments existing train control methods. ETMS uses [[GPS]] for positioning and a digital radio system to monitor train location and speed. It is designed to prevent certain types of accidents, including train collisions. The system includes an in-cab display screen that warns of a problem and then automatically stops the train if appropriate action is not taken.<ref>{{cite news|title=FRA Approves Positive Train Control System at BNSF |url=http://www.apta.com/passenger_transport/thisweek/070122_4.cfm |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |date=22 January 2007 |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220547/http://www.apta.com/passenger_transport/thisweek/070122_4.cfm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== CSX ===
[[CSX Transportation]] is developing a Communications-Based Train Management (CBTM) system to improve the safety of its rail operations. CBTM is the predecessor to ETMS.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Advances At CSX Intermodal
|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/07/13/csx-train-truck-intermodal-cx_rm_0713csx.html |magazine=Forbes |date=13 July 2006 |access-date=28 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Kansas City Southern (KCS) ===
[[Wabtec]]'s Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) will provide PTC solutions in conjunction with [[Wabtec]]'s Train Management and Dispatch System (TMDS), which has served as KCS's dispatch solution since 2007, for all U.S. based rail operations along the KCS line. In January 2015, KCS began training personnel on PTC at its TEaM Training Center in Shreveport, La., with an initial class of 160 people.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/freight/class-1/kcs-ptc-update-data-surveying-and-training-underway.html?channel=275 |title=KCS PTC update: Data surveying and training underway |author= |date=12 January 2015 |magazine=Railway Track & Structures |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) ===
Most MBTA Commuter Rail locomotives and [[cab car]]s, except for the 1625–1652 series Bombardier control cars and the (now retired) 1000–1017 series [[F40PH]] locomotives, are equipped with the PTC compliant [[ACSES]] technology which is installed on the Amtrak [[Northeast Corridor]]. All MBTA trains traveling on any segment of the Northeast Corridor must be equipped with functioning ACSES onboard apparatus, which affects trains on [[Providence/Stoughton Line]], [[Franklin Line]] and [[Needham Line]] routings. The MBTA shut down some lines on weekends in 2017 and 2018 to meet a December 2020 federal deadline for full-system PTC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Board_Meetings/K.%20%20%20FINAL%20FMCB%20PTC%20WE%20Suspension%20Comm%20Plan%203-27-17.pdf |title=Commuter Rail Positive Train Control (PTC): Update and Communications Plan for Suspension of Weekend Service |publisher=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority |date=27 March 2017 |page=6 |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331205623/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Board_Meetings/K.%20%20%20FINAL%20FMCB%20PTC%20WE%20Suspension%20Comm%20Plan%203-27-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ===
In November 2013 the New York [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] signed a $428 million contract to install positive train control on the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and the [[Metro-North Railroad]] to a consortium of [[Bombardier Transportation]] Rail Control Solutions and [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens Rail Automation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens, Bombardier pair on NYMTA PTC|url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/ptc/siemens-bombardier-pair-on-nymta-ptc.html |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219192208/http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/ptc/siemens-bombardier-pair-on-nymta-ptc.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bombardier Strengthens Presence in North American Rail Control Sector|url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/media-centre/newsList/details.bombardier-transportation20131114bombardierstrengthenspresencein.html |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095459/http://www.bombardier.com/en/media-centre/newsList/details.bombardier-transportation20131114bombardierstrengthenspresencein.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> The LIRR and Metro-North installations will include modifications and upgrades of the existing signal systems and the addition of [[ACSES]] II<ref name="alstom.com"/> equipment. Siemens stated that the PTC installation will be completed by December 2015, but missed that deadline,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2016/08/22/metro-north-making-little-progress-positive-train-control-report-shows/89126258|title=Metro-North making little progress on positive train control, report shows|website=poughkeepsiejournal.com}}</ref> and did not complete the installation until the end of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTA Railroads Announce All Trains Operating in Positive Train Control, Critical Safety Technology |date=December 23, 2020 |publisher=MTA |url=https://new.mta.info/MTA-Railroads-Announce-All-Trains-Operating-in-Positive-Train-Control-Critical-Safety-Technology |access-date=2022-02-25 }}</ref>

=== New Jersey Transit (NJT) ===
[[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo STS USA Inc]]'s Advanced Speed Enforcement System (ASES) is being installed on [[New Jersey Transit]] commuter lines. It is coordinated with Alstom's ACSES so that trains can operate on the Northeast Corridor.<ref name="Vogler" />

=== Norfolk Southern (NS) ===
[[Norfolk Southern Railway]] began work on the system in 2008 with [[Wabtec]] Railway electronics to start developing a plan implement [[Positive Train Control]] on NS rails. NS has already implemented PTC on 6,310 miles of track with plans to achieve it on 8,000 miles of track. NS has requested an extension on the time to have PTC active on its miles of track due to the need to work more on areas with no track signals, as well as making provisions for smaller railroads that the company does business with to be PTC capable. NS keeps experiencing issues with the system and wants to take the proper time to fix the system to ensure the safety of its employees and all others using their tracks. NS has been adding and updating its locomotives with PTC capable computers to allow those locomotives for use on mainlines. 2,900 locomotives out of the almost 4,000 the company has have been fitted with the PTC capable computers. NS plans to put at least 500 locomotives into storage using precision NS has been updating it trackside equipment such as radio towers and control point lighting to assist in PTC operations on the railroad. With the new computers on the locomotives it allows the locomotives to interact with each other and trackside systems. Norfolk Southern's [[General Electric]] Transportation locomotives are equipped with [[GPS]] to aid in the use of PTC. All of NS's locomotives are equipped with Energy Management a computer system that provides real time data on the locomotive. The system can also control train speed and brake systems on board. The EM system allows the locatives to use less fuel and be more efficient. NS's final goal is completely autonomous operations of their trains. This system will be used alongside Auto-router used to route train movements with little to no human interactions. With these two systems integrated with PTC it allows for more precise movement and train control across the railroad. NS, [[Union Pacific]], [[CSXT]], [[BNSF]], and [[Virginia Railway Express]] have been testing interoperation to make sure each companies PTC systems work with each other to ensure safe railroad travel. For this a NS train on [[CSXT]] tracks has to act like a [[CSXT]] train would or vice versa. That requires the railroads to use the same communications and radio frequencies for everything to operate smoothly. Nearly 3,000 locomotives have been fitted with the PTC capable computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/about-ns/government-relations/where-we-stand/positive-train-control.html|title=Positive Train Control|website=Norfolk Southern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.progressiverailroading.com/ptc/article/On-a-high-tech-trek-Norfolk-Southern-notes-progress-in-its-quest-to-become-a-technology-enabled-railroad-of-the-future--55310|title=Rail Insider-On a high-tech trek: Norfolk Southern notes progress in its quest to become a 'technology-enabled railroad of the future'. Information For Rail Career Professionals From Progressive Railroading Magazine|website=Progressive Railroading}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trn.trains.com/railroads/abcs-of-railroading/2018/02/what-is-positive-train-control|title=What is positive train control ... and will it work? | Trains Magazine|website=TrainsMag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railwayage.com/freight/class-i/at-norfolk-southern-automation-is-driving-information/|title=At Norfolk Southern, automation is driving information|date=12 December 2018|website=Railway Age}}</ref>

=== Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board (Caltrain) ===
[[Caltrain]]'s Communications Based Overlay Signal System (CBOSS) has been installed but not fully tested along the Peninsula Corridor between San Francisco, San Jose and Gilroy, California.<ref name=CHNS-170306 /> Caltrain had selected Parsons Transportation Group (PTG), who had been working on a similar system for Metrolink in Southern California, to implement, install, and test CBOSS in November 2011.<ref name=PR-111122>{{cite press release |url=https://www.parsons.com/Media%20Library/11-11-ptg-caltrain-cboss-ptc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901005646/http://www.parsons.com/Media%20Library/11-11-ptg-caltrain-cboss-ptc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2013 |title=Parsons Selected by Caltrain for Communications-Based Overlay Signal System Positive Train Control |author= |date=22 November 2011 |publisher=Parsons News |access-date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> In February 2017, Caltrain's board canceled the contract with PTG for failure to meet the scheduled 2015 deadline.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.caltrain.com/about/MediaRelations/news/Caltrain_Terminates_Contract_with_Parsons_Transportation_Group__PTG_.html |title=Caltrain Terminates Contract with Parsons Transportation Group (PTG) |author= |date=24 February 2017 |publisher=Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320130109/http://www.caltrain.com/about/MediaRelations/news/Caltrain_Terminates_Contract_with_Parsons_Transportation_Group__PTG_.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> PTG and Caltrain would go on to file lawsuits for breach of contract.<ref name=CHNS-170306>{{cite news |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/caltrain-safety-contractor-trade-lawsuits/ |title=Caltrain, Safety Contractor Trade Lawsuits |author=Renda, Matthew |date=6 March 2017 |newspaper=Courthouse News Service |access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=SJMN-170301>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/03/01/caltrain-quietly-fires-contractor-before-testing-of-new-safety-system-is-completed/ |title=Caltrain fires contractor before testing of new safety system is completed |author=Baldassari, Erin |date=1 March 2017 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> At its board of directors meeting on 1 March 2018, Caltrain announced that it will be awarding a contract to Wabtec for implementation of I-EMTS.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.caltrain.com/Assets/__Agendas+and+Minutes/JPB/Board+of+Directors/Presentations/2018/2018-03-01+JPB+Wabtec+presentation.pdf |title=Caltrain PTC Program Status & Wabtec Contract Award |author= |date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Caltrain |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Regional Transportation District (RTD) ===
Positive Train Control (PTC) and vehicle monitoring system technologies have been developed for the [[Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area|Denver Metro Area]]'s new commuter train lines that began opening in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtd-fastracks.com/media/uploads/ep3/11Commuter_Rail_Fact_Sheet.pdf |title=Electric Commuter Rail Vehicle |website=Rtd-fastracks.com |access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> After the [[University of Colorado]] [[A Line (RTD)|A Line]] opened on 22 April 2016 between [[Denver Union Station]] and [[Denver International Airport]], it experienced a series of issues related to having to adjust the length of unpowered gaps between different overhead power sections, direct lightning strikes, snagging wires, and crossing signals behaving unexpectedly.<ref name="CPR what's causing A Line Delays">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpr.org/news/story/whats-causing-delays-rtds-line-dia|title=What's Causing Delays With RTD's A Line To DIA?|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> In response to the crossing issues, Denver Transit Partners, the contractor building and operating the A Line, stationed crossing guards at each place where the A line crosses local streets at grade, while it continued to explore software revisions and other fixes to address the underlying issues.<ref name="DBJ 90-day extension">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2016/11/02/rtd-gets-90-day-extension-from-feds-to-fix-airport.html|title=RTD gets 90-day extension from feds to fix airport-train crossing gates|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> The FRA required frequent progress reports, but allowed RTD to open its [[B Line (RTD)|B Line]] as originally scheduled on 25 July 2016,<ref name="FasTracks B Line Opening">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtd-fastracks.com/nw_84|title=B Line to Westminster opens July 25|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> because the B Line only has one at-grade crossing along its current route.<ref name="DBJ 90-day extension" /> However, FRA halted testing on the longer [[G Line (RTD)|G Line]] to [[Wheat Ridge, Colorado|Wheat Ridge]] – originally scheduled to open in Fall 2016 – until more progress could be shown resolving the A Line crossing issues.<ref name="Post G Line Delayed Again">{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/01/09/more-delay-for-debut-of-rtd-g-line-to-arvada-wheat-ridge/|title=RTD G-Line to Arvada, Wheat Ridge will be delayed — again|date=10 January 2017|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> G Line testing resumed in January 2018, though the A Line continued to operate under a waiver.<ref name="Denver7 A Line deadline">{{cite web |last1=Boyd |first1=Kirsten |title=RTD says it will meet feds' deadline for A Line crossing fix to avoid possible service disruption |url=http://www.thedenverchannel.com/rtd-says-it-will-meet-feds-deadline-for-a-line-crossing-fix-to-avoid-possible-service-disruption |website=TheDenverChannel.com |publisher=Scripps TV Station Group |access-date=21 February 2019 |date=14 December 2018}}</ref> The G Line opened to passenger service on 26 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wingerter |first=Meg |date=April 1, 2019 |title=RTD: Long-delayed G-Line from Denver to Wheat Ridge will open April 26 |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2019/04/01/rtd-g-line-opening/ |work=The Denver Post |access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref>

=== Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) ===
Positive train control has been implemented at [[Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit]]'s 63 crossings for the length of the initial {{convert|43|mi|km|adj=mid}} passenger corridor which began regular service on 25 August 2017 after the FRA gave its final approval for SMART's PTC system.<ref>{{cite news|title=SMART Train Looking for a Windsor Stop|url=http://www.ksro.com/smart-train-looking-for-a-windsor-stop/|access-date=15 June 2016|agency=KSRO|date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809012602/https://www.ksro.com/smart-train-looking-for-a-windsor-stop/|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> SMART uses the E-ATC system for its PTC implementation.<ref>{{cite press release|title=FRA Awards More Than $200 Million for PTC Implementation|agency=Federal Railroad Administration|date=24 August 2018|access-date=27 February 2020|url=https://cms7.fra.dot.gov/newsroom/fra-awards-more-200-million-ptc-implementation}}</ref>

=== Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) ===
SEPTA received approval from the FRA on 28 February 2016 to launch PTC on its [[SEPTA Regional Rail|Regional Rail]] lines.<ref name=inq22816>{{cite news|last=Laughlin|first=Jason|title=Feds approve new SEPTA train-control safety system|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=28 February 2016|url=http://articles.philly.com/2016-02-28/news/71006423_1_regional-rail-trains-warminster-line-septa|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> On 18 April 2016, SEPTA launched PTC on the [[Warminster Line]], the first line to use the system.<ref name=inq22816/><ref>{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control Update|publisher=SEPTA|date=28 April 2016|url=http://www.septa.org/service/rail/ptc/2016-04-28-ptc-update-warminster.html|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> Over the course of 2016 and into 2017, PTC was rolled out onto different Regional Rail lines. On 1 May 2017, the [[Paoli/Thorndale Line]], [[Trenton Line (SEPTA)|Trenton Line]], and [[Wilmington/Newark Line]] (all of which run on Amtrak tracks) received PTC, the last of the Regional Rail lines to receive the system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control Update|publisher=SEPTA|date=1 May 2017|url=http://www.septa.org/service/rail/ptc/2017-04-update.html|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Southern California Regional Rail Authority (Metrolink) ===
[[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]], the Southern California commuter rail system involved in the [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]] that provided the impetus for the [[Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008]], was the first passenger rail system to fully implement positive train control.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/ptc |title=Metrolink leads the nation with life-saving PTC technology |author= |publisher= Southern California Regional Rail Authority |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> In October 2010, Metrolink awarded a $120 million contract to PTG to design, procure, and install PTC.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/news/metrolink-parsons-first-out-of-the-gate-with-ptc.html |title=Metrolink, Parsons first out of the gate with PTC |author=Vantuono, William C. |date=27 October 2010 |newspaper=Railway Age |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> PTG designed a PTC system that used GPS technology informing position to on-board train computers, which communicate wirelessly with wayside signals and a central office.<ref name=MetroPTC /> Metrolink anticipated placing PTC in revenue service by summer 2013.<ref name=MetroPTC>{{cite web |url=https://www.parsons.com/projects/pages/metrolink-ptc.aspx |title= Metrolink PTC |author= |publisher=Parsons |access-date=|archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20170408083837/https://www.parsons.com/projects/pages/metrolink-ptc.aspx |archive-date = 8 April 2017}}</ref> However, Parsons announced the FRA had authorized Metrolink to operate PTC RSD using Wabtec's I-ETMS in revenue service on the San Bernardino line in March 2015.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.parsons.com/media-resources/news/Pages/15-03-ptg-metrolink-ptc.aspx |title=Parsons' Positive Train Control to Launch on Metrolink's San Bernardino Rail Line |author= |date= 5 March 2015 |publisher=Parsons |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Metrolink announced PTC had been installed on all owned right-of-way miles by June 2015, and was working to install the system on tracks shared with Amtrak, freight, and other passenger rail partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-positive-train-control-20150624-story.html |title=Safety system for Metrolink trains advances |author=Weikel, Dan |date=24 June 2015 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Union Pacific (UP) ===
In the 1990s, Union Pacific Railroad (UP) had a partnership project with [[General Electric]] to implement a similar system known as "Precision Train Control." This system would have involved [[moving block]] operation, which adjusts a "safe zone" around a train based on its speed and location. The similar abbreviations have sometimes caused confusion over the definition of the technology. GE later abandoned the Precision Train Control platform.<ref>Lindsey, Ron (7 December 2010). [http://strategicrailroading.com/2010/12/really-you-gotta-let-it-go/ "Really! You Gotta Let It Go."] ''Strategic Railroading.''</ref>

In 2008, a team of [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Wabtec]], and [[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo STS USA Inc]] installed an ITCS subsystem on a 120-mile segment of UP track between Chicago and St. Louis. Other major software companies, such as [[PK Global]], [[Tech Mahindra]], are also some of the strategic IT partners in development of PTC systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Positive train control in transition |url=http://www.progressiverailroading.com/ptc/article/Positive-train-control-in-transition--13239 |publisher=Progressive Railroading |date=October 2007 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

As of 31 December 2017, Union Pacific Installed 99 percent, or more than 17,000 miles, of total route miles with PTC signal hardware. Union Pacific has partially installed PTC hardware on about 98 percent of its 5,515 locomotives earmarked for the same technology and have equipped and commissioned 4,220 locomotives with PTC hardware and software. Union Pacific has also installed 100 percent of the wayside antennas needed to support PTC along the company's right of way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up.com/up/media/media_kit/ptc/about-ptc/index.htm|title=Positive Train Control|website=www.up.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42637.pdf Positive Train Control (PTC): Overview and Policy Issues], [[Congressional Research Service]]
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44726 Positive Train Control: Additional Authorities Could Benefit Implementation"], Report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, [[Government Accountability Office]]
* [http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/railtransit/wg2/Archive%20Other/2007%20AREMA%20CBS%20paper%20Vital%20PTC%20V2.pdf "Communications-Based Signaling (CBS) – Vital PTC"], Paper presented at AREMA C&S Technical Conference 22 May 2007
* [http://www.smartrailworld.com/white-papers-and-research "Integration and Alignment of PTC Track Data with Legacy Dispatch Data to Reduce PTC Implementation Cost and Safety Risks"], Paper presented at PTC World Congress 22 March 2016 Washington, D.C. Andrew Brant & Ken Xu

==External links==
* [https://railroads.dot.gov/research-development/program-areas/train-control/ptc/positive-train-control-ptc Positive Train Control – Federal Railroad Administration]

{{Railwaysignalling|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway safety]]
[[Category:Railway signalling block systems]]
[[Category:Train protection systems]]

Positive train control

2023-08-17T05:11:59Z

Lensovet: /* top */ complete as of 2020

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{short description|Type of train protection system}}
[[File:PTC, Metrolink 891, ARTIC, night.jpg|thumb|A [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] locomotive decal on an [[MPI MPXpress#MP36PH-3C|MP36PH-3C]] stating that it is equipped with positive train control technology]]

'''Positive train control''' ('''PTC''') is a family of [[automatic train protection]]<ref name="PTC_DOT_Top">{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control {{!}} Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/ptc|website=www.fra.dot.gov|publisher=Department of Transportation|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> systems deployed in the United States. Most of the United States' [[national rail network]] mileage has a form of PTC. These systems are generally designed to check that trains are moving safely and to stop them when they are not.<ref name="PTC_DOT">{{cite web|title=PTC System Information {{!}} Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0358|website=www.fra.dot.gov|publisher=Department of Transportation|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

A simplistic form of train traffic governance is ''negative'' train control, where trains must stop when issued a stop order and can move in the absence of such. An example of negative train control is [[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|Indusi]]. In contrast, ''positive'' train control restricts the train movement to an explicit allowance; movement is halted upon invalidation. A train operating under PTC receives a ''movement authority'' containing information about its location and where it is allowed to safely travel. PTC was installed and operational on 100% of the statutory-required trackage by December 29, 2020.<ref>https://explore.dot.gov/t/FRA/views/PTCImplementationStatusReport/Overview</ref>

== Overview ==
The [[American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association]] (AREMA) describes positive train control systems as having these primary functions:
* Train separation or collision avoidance
* Line speed enforcement
* Temporary speed restriction enforcement
* Rail worker wayside safety
* Blind spot monitoring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting the Communication Challenges for Positive Train Control |url=http://www.arema.org/files/library/2009_Conference_Proceedings/Meeting_the_Communication_Challenges_for_Positive_Train_Control.pdf |date=2009 |publisher=American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) |location=Lanham, MD |id=AREMA 2009 Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809150021/http://www.arema.org/files/library/2009_Conference_Proceedings/Meeting_the_Communication_Challenges_for_Positive_Train_Control.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-09}}</ref>

== History ==
===Background===
In the late 1980s, interest in train protection solutions heightened after a period of stagnant investment and decline following [[World War II]]. Starting in 1990, the United States [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (<abbr>NTSB</abbr>) counted <abbr>PTC</abbr> (then known as positive train separation) among its "Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements."<ref name="ntsb_changes">National Transportation Safety Board (<abbr>NTSB</abbr>), Washington, <abbr>DC</abbr> (2010). [https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/modifications-1990-on.pdf "Modifications to <abbr>NTSB</abbr> Most Wanted List; List of Transportation Safety Improvements after September 1990."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916130726/https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/modifications-1990-on.pdf |date=16 September 2008 }}</ref><ref><abbr>NTSB</abbr> (2010). [https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/index.htm "<abbr>NTSB</abbr> Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements – Implement Positive Train Control Systems."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007103657/https://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/index.htm |date=7 October 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Pages/2013_Train-Control_FRM.aspx |title=Positive Train Control Systems |date=27 February 2013 |publisher=NTSB |access-date=30 May 2016 |quote=positive train separation (which was renamed positive train control in 2001) was first placed on the Safety Board's Most Wanted List }}</ref> At the time, the vast majority of rail lines in US relied upon crew members to comply with all safety rules, and a significant fraction of accidents were attributable to human error, as evidenced in several years of official reports from the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] (FRA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of Safety Analysis |url=https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ |date=2023-08-11 |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

In September 2008, [[United States Congress|Congress]] considered a new law that set a deadline of 15 December 2015 for implementation of <abbr>PTC</abbr> technology across most of the <abbr>US</abbr> rail network. The bill, ushered through the legislative process by the [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation|Senate Commerce Committee]] and the [[United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure|House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee]], was drafted in response to the [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|collision]] of a [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] [[passenger train]] and a [[Union Pacific]] [[freight train]] 12 September 2008, in [[Los Angeles]], which resulted in the deaths of 25 and injuries to more than 135 passengers.

As the bill neared final passage by Congress, the [[Association of American Railroads]] (<abbr>AAR</abbr>) issued a statement in support of the bill.<ref>Association of American Railroads, Washington, <abbr>DC</abbr> (2008-09-24). [http://www.aar.org/NewsAndEvents/Press-Releases/2008/09/092408_Statement_on_railsafety_bill.aspx "Statement by Edward R. Hamberger, President and <abbr>CEO</abbr> Association of American Railroads on Passage of the Comprehensive Rail Safety Bill."] Press release.</ref> President [[George W. Bush]] signed the 315-page [[Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008]] into law on 16 October 2008.<ref>U.S. Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, {{USPL|110|432}}, {{USStat|122|4848}}, {{USC|49|20101}}. Approved 16 October 2008.</ref>

===Provisions of the law===
Among its provisions, the law provides funding to help pay for the development of PTC technology, limits the number of hours freight rail crews can work each month, and requires the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] to determine work hour limits for passenger train crews.

===Implementation===
{{Update|section|date=June 2021}}
To implement the law, the FRA published initial regulations for PTC systems on January 15, 2010.<ref>FRA (15 January 2010). "Positive Train Control Systems; Final rule." ''Federal Register.'' {{USFR|75|2598}}</ref> The agency published amended regulations on August 22, 2014.<ref>FRA (2014-08-22). "Positive Train Control Systems (RRR)." {{USFR|79|49693}}</ref>

In December 2010, the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) reported that [[Amtrak]] and the major {{nowrap|Class I}} railroads have taken steps to install PTC systems under the law, but [[commuter rail]] operators were not on track for the 2015 deadline.<ref name="GAO 2010">{{cite report |title=Federal Railroad Administration Should Report on Risks to the Successful Implementation of Mandated Safety Technology |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11133.pdf |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |location=Washington, DC |id=GAO-11-133}}</ref> {{As of|2015|June}}, only seven commuter systems (29 percent of those represented by APTA) were expecting to make the deadline. Several factors have delayed implementation, including the need to obtain funding (which was not provided by Congress); the time it has taken to design, test, make interoperable, and manufacture the technology; and the need to obtain radio spectrum along the entire rail network, which involves FCC permission and in some cases negotiating with an existing owner for purchase or lease.<ref name="npr_2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/03/411464396/most-commuter-rails-wont-meet-deadline-for-mandated-safety-systems |title=Most Commuter Rails Won't Meet Deadline For Mandated Safety Systems |work=NPR |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref>

The [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] commuter rail system in [[Southern California]] is planning to be the first US passenger carrier to install the technology on its entire system. After some delays,<ref>Weikel, Dan (24 January 2014) [http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-0124-metrolink-control-system-20140124,0,3514855.story "Metrolink to replace contractor to avoid train control project delays"] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> demonstration PTC in revenue service began in February 2014; the system is expected to be completed in late summer 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/ptc|title=An Introduction to Positive Train Control |website=Metrolink |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority |location=Los Angeles, CA |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Chicago metropolitan area]], the [[Metra]] system expected it will not be fully compliant with the PTC mandate until 2019.<ref name="npr_2015" />

In October 2015 Congress passed a bill extending the compliance deadline by three years, to 31 December 2018. President [[Barack Obama]] signed the bill on 29 October 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Morris |first=David Z. |title=All aboard after Congress votes to avert threatened train shutdown |url=https://fortune.com/2015/10/29/legislators-extend-deadline-smart-trains/ |date=29 October 2015 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Obama signs short-term transportation bill |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-short-term-transportation-bill/2015/10/29/f2c84e86-7e7d-11e5-bfb6-65300a5ff562_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-short-term-transportation-bill/2015/10/29/f2c84e86-7e7d-11e5-bfb6-65300a5ff562_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2019 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=29 October 2015}}</ref> Only four railroads met the December 2018 deadline; the other 37 got extensions to December 2020, which was allowed under the law for railroads that demonstrated implementation progress.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Gregory |title=Most US rail systems miss safety deadline |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/01/politics/positive-train-control-deadline/ |date=1 January 2019 |work=CNN}}</ref> On 29 December 2020, it was reported that the safeguards had been installed on all required railroads, two days ahead of the deadline.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/positive-train-control-/2020/12/29/5e90f978-4a0d-11eb-839a-cf4ba7b7c48c_story.html|title = Automatic brake system installed on U.S. railroads ahead of federal deadline|last = George|first = Justin|date = 29 December 2020|accessdate = 10 September 2021|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===Criticism===
{{Update|section|reason=at least nine US train accidents with fatalities since 2012. See [[List of American railroad accidents#2010s]]|date=June 2021}}
There is some controversy as to whether PTC makes sense in the form mandated by Congress. Not only is the cost of nationwide PTC installation expected to be as much as {{nowrap|US$6–22 billion}}, most all of it borne by U.S. freight railroads,<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |title=The Billion-Dollar Technology That May or May Not Prevent the Next Big Train Crash |author=Eric Jaffe |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2013/07/billion-dollar-technology-may-or-may-not-prevent-next-big-train-crash/6378/ |newspaper= The Atlantic |date=31 July 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> there are questions as to the reliability and maturity of the technology for all forms of mainline freight trains and high density environments.<ref>FRA (21 July 2009). "Positive Train Control Systems; Notice of proposed rulemaking." ''Federal Register.'' {{USFR|74|35950}}</ref> The PTC requirement could also impose startup barriers to new passenger rail or freight services that would trigger millions of dollars in additional PTC costs. The [[unfunded mandate]] also ties the hands of the FRA to adopt a more nuanced or flexible approach to the adoption of PTC technology where it makes the most sense or where it is technically most feasible.<ref name="Atlantic" />

While the FRA Rail Safety Advisory Committee identified several thousand "PPAs" (PTC preventable accidents) on US railroads over a 12-year period, cost analysis determined that the accumulated savings to be realized from all of the accidents was not sufficient to cover the cost of PTC across the {{nowrap|Class I}} railroads. Therefore, PTC was not economically justified at that time.<ref>Resor, Randolph R. (2004). [http://transportation.northwestern.edu/docs/2004/2004.04.13.Resor.Presentation.pdf "The Business Benefits of PTC."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920094555/http://transportation.northwestern.edu/docs/2004/2004.04.13.Resor.Presentation.pdf |date=20 September 2009 }}{doubtful} Northwestern University Transportation Center, Evanston, IL.</ref> The FRA concurred with this cost assessment in its 2009 PTC rulemaking document.

The reason behind the lack of economic justification is that the majority of accidents are minor and FRA crash worthiness standards help mitigate the potential loss of life or release of hazardous chemicals. For example, in the 20 years between 1987 and 2007, there were only two PTC-preventable accidents with major loss of life in the United States (16 deaths in the [[1987 Maryland train collision|Chase, Maryland wreck]] (1987) and 11 in the [[1996 Maryland train collision|Silver Spring, Maryland wreck]] (1996)), and in each case, the causes of the accidents were addressed through changes to operating rules.{{cn|date=December 2020}}

The cost of implementing PTC on up to 25 commuter rail services in the United States has been estimated at over $2 billion and because of these costs, several services are having to cancel or reduce repairs, capital improvements, and service.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Other services simply do not have the funds available for PTC and have deferred action assuming some change from Congress.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Railroads that operate lines equipped with [[cab signalling]] and existing [[Automatic Train Control]] systems have argued that their proven track record of safety, which goes back decades, is being discounted because ATC is not as aggressive as PTC in all cases.<ref name="WSJValueOfLife">{{cite news|last=Mann|first=Ted|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323582904578485061024790402 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |title=Rail Safety and the Value of a Life |date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

==Basic operation==
A typical PTC system involves two basic components:
* Speed display and control unit on the locomotive
* A method to dynamically inform the speed control unit of changing track or signal conditions.<ref name="Olson">Olson, R.T., Jr. (2007). [http://www.arema.org/eseries/scriptcontent/custom/e_arema/library/2007_Conference_Proceedings/Incremental_Train_Control_System_2007.pdf "Incremental Train Control System On Amtrak's Michigan Line."] Presentation at AREMA Annual Conference, 9–12 September 2007, Chicago, IL.</ref>
Optionally, three additional components may exist:
* An on-board navigation system and track profile database to enforce fixed speed limits
* A bi-directional data link to inform signaling equipment of the train's presence
* Centralized systems to directly issue movement authorities to trains

===PTC infrastructure===
There are two main PTC implementation methods currently being developed. The first makes use of fixed signaling infrastructure such as [[Cab signaling|coded track circuits]] and [[Balise|wireless transponders]] to communicate with the onboard speed control unit. The other makes use of wireless data radios spread out along the line to transmit the dynamic information. The wireless implementation also allows for the train to transmit its location to the signaling system which could enable the use of [[Block signaling#Moving block|moving or "virtual" blocks]]. The wireless implementation is generally cheaper in terms of equipment costs, but is considered to be much less reliable than using "harder" communications channels. {{As of|2007}}, for example, the wireless ITCS system on Amtrak's Michigan Line was still not functioning reliably after 13 years of development,<ref name="Olson" /> while the fixed ACSES system has been in daily service on the [[Northeast Corridor]] since 2002 (''see'' [[#Amtrak|Amtrak]], below).

The fixed infrastructure method is proving popular on high-density passenger lines where [[pulse code cab signaling]] has already been installed. In some cases, the lack of a reliance on wireless communications is being touted as a benefit.<ref name="Vogler">Vogler, John (2005). [http://www3.ntsb.gov/events/symp_ptc/presentations/05_Vogler.pdf Symposium on Positive Train Control Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140641/https://www.ntsb.gov/Events/symp_ptc/presentations/05_Vogler.pdf |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> The wireless method has proven most successful on low density, unsignaled [[dark territory]] normally controlled via [[track warrant]]s, where speeds are already low and interruptions in the wireless connection to the train do not tend to compromise safety or train operations.

Some systems, like Amtrak's ACSES, operate with a hybrid technology that uses wireless links to update temporary speed restrictions or pass certain signals, with neither of these systems being critical for train operations.

===Locomotive speed control unit===
The equipment on board the locomotive must continually calculate the train's current speed relative to a speed target some distance away governed by a braking curve. If the train risks not being able to slow to the speed target given the braking curve, the brakes are automatically applied and the train is immediately slowed. The speed targets are updated by information regarding fixed and dynamic speed limits determined by the track profile and signaling system.

Most current PTC implementations also use the speed control unit to store a database of track profiles attached to some sort of navigation system. The unit keeps track of the train's position along the rail line and automatically enforces any speed restrictions as well as the maximum authorized speed. Temporary speed restrictions can be updated before the train departs its terminal or via wireless data links. The track data can also be used to calculate braking curves based on the [[Grade (railroad)|grade profile]]. The navigation system can use fixed track beacons or differential GPS stations combined with wheel rotation to accurately determine the train's location on the line within a few feet.

===Centralized control===
While some PTC systems interface directly with the existing signal system, others may maintain a set of [[Safety critical|vital]] computer systems at a central location that can keep track of trains and issue movement authorities to them directly via a wireless data network. This is often considered to be a form of [[Communications Based Train Control]] and is not a necessary part of PTC.

===Trackside device interface===
The train may be able to detect the status of (and sometimes control) wayside devices, for example [[railway switch|switch]] positions. This information is sent to the control center to further define the train's safe movements. Text messages and alarm conditions may also be automatically and manually exchanged between the train and the control center. Another capability would allow the employee-in-charge (EIC) to give trains permission to pass through their work zones via a wireless device instead of verbal communications.

===Technical limitations===
Even where safety systems such as [[cab signaling]] have been present for many decades, the freight railroad industry has been reluctant to fit speed control devices because the often heavy-handed nature of such devices can have an adverse effect on otherwise safe train operation. The advanced processor-based speed control algorithms found in PTC systems claim to be able to properly regulate the speed of freight trains over {{convert|5000|ft|m}} in length and weighing over {{convert|10000|ST|t}}, but concerns remain about taking the final decision out of the hands of skilled [[railroad engineer]]s. Improper use of the [[Railway air brake#Limitations|air brake]] can lead to a train running away, [[derailment]] or to an unexpected separation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Furthermore, an overly conservative PTC system runs the risk of slowing trains below the level at which they had previously been safely operated by human engineers. Railway speeds are calculated with a [[safety factor]] such that slight excesses in speed will not result in an accident. If a PTC system applies its own safety margin, then the end result will be an inefficient double safety factor. Moreover, a PTC system might be unable to account for variations in weather conditions or train handling, and might have to assume a [[Murphy's law|worst-case scenario]], further decreasing performance.<ref>Amtrak Employee Timetable #3, Northeast Region, Jan, 18th, 2010, p.351</ref> In its 2009 regulatory filing, the FRA stated that PTC was in fact likely to decrease the capacity of freight railroads on many main lines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roskind|first=Frank D|title=Positive Train Control Systems Economic Analysis|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PTC_%20RIA_%20Final.pdf|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724184036/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PTC_%20RIA_%20Final.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The European [[LOCOPROL|LOCOPROL/LOCOLOC]] project had shown that [[EGNOS]]-enhanced satellite navigation alone was unable to meet the [[Safety Integrity Level|SIL4 safety integrity]] required for train signaling.<ref name="locoloc">Rousseau, Michel, et al. (2004).[http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/NavigationProjects/Locoloc_final_presentn_dec04%20.pdf "LOCOLOC Project: Final Presentation."] Noordwijk, December 2004.</ref>

From a purely technical standpoint, PTC will not prevent certain low-speed collisions caused by [[Permissive block regulations|permissive block operation]], accidents caused by "shoving" (reversing with inadequate observation), derailments caused by track or train defect, grade crossing collisions, or collisions with previously derailed trains. Where PTC is installed in the absence of track circuit blocks, it will not detect broken rails, flooded tracks, or dangerous debris fouling the line.

==Wireless implementations==
{{editorial|section|date=February 2022}}

===Radio spectrum availability===
The wireless infrastructure planned for use by all US {{nowrap|Class I}} freights, most small freight railroads, and many commuter railroads is based on data radios operating in a single frequency band near {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. A consortium created by two freight railroads called PTC 220 LLC has purchased significant spectrum around {{nowrap|220 MHz}}, from previous licensees for use in deploying PTC. Some of this spectrum is in the form of nationwide licenses and some is not. The consortium plans to make this spectrum available for use by the US freights, but has indicated as recently as 2011 that they are unsure if they have enough spectrum to meet their needs. Several commuter railroads have begun purchasing {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum in their geographic areas, but there is widespread concern that the acquisition of enough {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum may be difficult to accomplish because of a lack of availability, difficulties in negotiating complex multi-party deals to gain enough adjacent spectrum, and because the financial cost of the acquisitions may make the task impossible for some state agencies. However, research suggests that dynamic spectrum allocation can solve the spectrum allocation problem at 220 MHz bandwidth.<ref name="wireless_bw">{{cite journal |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Abadie|first2=Andre|last3=Melaragno|first3=Tony|last4=Wijesekara|first4=Duminda |date=2014 |title=Providing Wireless Bandwidth for High-speed Rail Operations |journal=Procedia Technology |volume=16 |pages= 186–191 |doi=10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.082 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="cell planning">{{cite book |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Abadie|first2=Andre|last3=Wijesekara|first3=Duminda |date=2015 |title= 2015 Joint Rail Conference|doi=10.1115/JRC2015-5805 |chapter=Cell Planning for High-Speed Train Operations in USA|isbn=978-0-7918-5645-1}}</ref>

Many of the railroads have requested that the FCC reallocate parts of the {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to them. They argue that they must have {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to be interoperable with each other. The FCC has stated that there is no reallocation forthcoming, that the railroads are not justified in requesting spectrum reallocation because they have not quantified how much spectrum they need, and that the railroads should seek spectrum in the secondary {{nowrap|220 MHz}} markets or in other bands.<ref name="FCC Public Comments">{{cite news|last=2012 PTC World Congress, Arsenault|first=Richard|title=Chief Council, FCC Mobility Division|date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

===Radio band===
There are no regulatory or technical requirements that demand that {{nowrap|220 MHz}} be used to implement PTC (if a PTC implementation is to use wireless components at all). If wireless data transmission is necessary, there are a few advantages to the {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum, provided it can be acquired at a reasonable cost. The first reason to consider using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum is PTC interoperability for freights and for some, but not all, commuter rail operations. Freight operations in the US often include the sharing of railroad tracks where one railroad's rail vehicles operate as a guest on another railroad's host tracks. Implementing PTC in such an environment is most easily achieved by using the same PTC equipment, and this includes radios and the associated radio spectrum.

When a commuter railroad operation must operate on a freight railroad territory, the commuter will most likely be required to install PTC equipment (including a radio) on their rail vehicle that is compliant with the freight railroad's PTC system, and this generally means the use of {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radios and spectrum. If the commuter uses the same PTC equipment, radios, and spectrum on their own property, they will be able to use it when their vehicles travel onto a freight's territory. From a practical standpoint, if the commuter instead elects to use another type of PTC on their own property, they will need to install a second set of onboard equipment so they can operate PTC on their own property while also operating PTC on a freight's property. If a multi-band radio (such as the current generation [[software-defined radio]]s) is not available, then separate radios and separate antennas will be necessary. With the complexity of track geometries, PTC requires a variable amount of the spectrum in a time critical manner. One way to achieve this is to extend the PTC software-defined radios, such that it has the intelligence to allocate the spectrum dynamically. Adding the intelligence to the radio also helps to improve the security of the PTC communication medium.<ref name="cr">{{cite book |last1=Bandara |first1=Damindra|last2=Melaragno|first2=Tony|last3=Wijesekara|first3=Duminda|last4=Costa|first4=Paulo |date=2016 |title= 2016 Joint Rail Conference|doi=10.1115/JRC2016-5784 |chapter=Multi-Tiered Cognitive Radio Network for Positive Train Control Operations|isbn=978-0-7918-4967-5}}</ref>

If a small freight or commuter railroad does not operate on another railroad territory, then there is no interoperability-based reason that obligates them to use {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to implement PTC. In addition, if a small freight or commuter railroad only operates on their own territory and hosts other guest railroads (freight or other passenger rail), there is still no interoperability-based reason the host is obliged to use {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum to implement PTC. Such a railroad could implement PTC by freely picking any radio spectrum and requiring the guest railroads to either install compliant PTC equipment (including radios) on board their trains or provide wayside equipment for their guest PTC implementation to be installed on the host railroad property. An interesting case that highlights some of these issues is the northeast corridor. Amtrak operates services on two commuter rail properties it does not own: [[Metro-North Railroad]] (owned by New York and Connecticut) and [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA) (owned by Massachusetts). In theory, Amtrak could have found themselves installing their own PTC system on these host properties (about 15 percent of the corridor), or worse, found themselves in the ridiculous position of trying to install three different PTC systems on each Amtrak train to traverse the commuter properties. This was not the case. Amtrak had a significant head start over the commuter rail agencies on the corridor in implementing PTC. They spent a considerable amount of time in research and development and won early approvals for their ACSES system on the northeast corridor with the FRA. They chose first to use {{nowrap|900 MHz}} and then later moved to {{nowrap|220 MHz}}, in part because of a perceived improvement in radio-system performance and in part because Amtrak was using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} in Michigan for their ITCS implementation.<ref name="Public Comments">{{cite news|last=2012 PTC World Congress, Holtz|first=Keith|title=Deputy Chief Engineer, Communications and Signals|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> When the commuter agencies on the corridor looked at options for implementing PTC, many of them chose to take advantage of the advance work Amtrak had done and implement the ACSES solution using {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. Amtrak's early work paid off and meant that they would be traversing commuter properties that installed the same protocol at the same frequency, making them all interoperable. (Actually most of the Northeast Corridor is owned and operated by Amtrak, not the commuter properties, including the tracks from [[Washington, D.C.]] to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] and the tracks from Philadelphia to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. The State of Massachusetts owns the tracks from the Rhode Island state line to the New Hampshire state line, but Amtrak "operates" these lines. Only the line between [[New York City]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]] is actually owned and operated by a commuter line.)

One other perceived reason to consider {{nowrap|220 MHz}} for PTC may be PTC-compatible radio equipment availability. Radio equipment specifically targeted toward PTC is currently only available from a limited number of vendors, and they are focused only on {{nowrap|220 MHz}}. One radio vendor in particular, Meteorcomm LLC, is able to support the I-ETMS PTC protocol with a {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio. Meteorcomm is jointly owned by several of the {{nowrap|Class I}} freights, and some in the industry have indicated that using their {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio and associated equipment will be done on a per-site licensing basis. Recurring fees may be associated with this process too. There is further concern that the 'buy in' and licensing fees will be significant, and this has led some to speculate that the owners of Meteorcomm (the freights) may have legal exposure to anti-trust violations. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}} For many railroads, there is no other practical option to meet the federal mandate than to install PTC at {{nowrap|220 MHz}} using I-ETMS with the Meteorcomm radios. On the northeast corridor, another radio vendor, GE MDS, is able to support the Amtrak ACSES protocol with a {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radio. It should be stressed that the main concern among the freights regarding the PTC deadline is the availability of PTC equipment.<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 PTC World Congress Survey|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> With an eye to anti-trust issues and ready radio availability, Meteorcomm radio designs have been second-sourced to [[CalAmp]] radios. This all may mean that there is not enough {{nowrap|220 MHz}} PTC radio equipment available for all of the railroads that must implement PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

There are also issues with the use of these frequencies outside the US; in Canada, {{nowrap|220 MHz}} remains part of the [[amateur radio|radioamateur]] [[1.25-meter band|1.25-metre band]].<ref name="rac">{{cite web|url=https://www.rac.ca/en/rac/services/bandplans/220/|title=220 MHz Band Plan|author=Radio Amateurs of Canada|publisher=rac.ca|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307163709/https://www.rac.ca/en/rac/services/bandplans/220/|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rac2">{{cite web|url=https://www.rac.ca/en/amateur-radio/operating-technical/vhf-uhf-microwave/220mhz/|title=220 MHz (1.25m) Information|author=Radio Amateurs of Canada|publisher=rac.ca|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307163358/https://www.rac.ca/en/amateur-radio/operating-technical/vhf-uhf-microwave/220mhz/|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other bands besides {{nowrap|220 MHz}} will support PTC, and have been used to win approvals from the FRA for PTC. When Amtrak received their initial approval, they planned to use {{nowrap|900 MHz}} frequencies for ACSES. [[BNSF Railway]] won its first PTC approvals from the FRA for an early version of ETMS using a multi-band radio that included {{nowrap|45 MHz}} frequencies, {{nowrap|160 MHz}} frequencies, {{nowrap|900 MHz}} frequencies and WiFi. A small freight or commuter that selects one or more of these bands or another one such as {{nowrap|450 MHz}} might find it easier to acquire spectrum. They will need to research spectrum issues, radio equipment, antennas, and protocol compatibility issues to successfully deploy PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Interoperability requirements===
There is no single defined standard for "interoperable PTC systems". Several examples of interoperable systems illustrate this point. First, the UP and BNSF are interoperable across their systems. They are both implementing I-ETMS and will use different radio frequencies in different locations.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} In the second example, Amtrak is interoperable with [[Norfolk Southern]] in Michigan. Amtrak uses ITCS, while Norfolk Southern uses I-ETMS. To interoperate, two {{nowrap|220 MHz}} radios are installed in each wayside location and they both interface with a common PTC system through an interface device (similar to a network gateway or protocol converter) at each wayside location. One radio talks to freight trains using I-ETMS and one radio talks to passenger trains using ITCS. In this case interoperability stops at the wayside and does not include the wireless segment out to the rail vehicles or the onboard systems. In the third example, similar to the first, Metrolink, the commuter rail agency in Los Angeles, is implementing I-ETMS and will use the same PTC equipment as both the UP and BNSF. Metrolink is procuring their own {{nowrap|220 MHz}} spectrum so that trains on Metrolink territory (commuter and freight) will use other channels than those used by the UP and BNSF. Interoperability is achieved by directing the onboard radio to change channels depending on location.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} For [[SEPTA]], the commuter operation in and around [[Philadelphia]], [[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo]] is implementing [[Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System|ACSES]], the Amtrak northeast corridor PTC protocol. For [[CSX]] all the ACSES PTC transactions will be handed to CSX at the SEPTA back office, and CSX will be responsible for deploying I-ETMS infrastructure that they will use to communicate with their freight trains. The SEPTA interoperability model is very similar to that of the public safety radio community wherein different radio systems that use different frequencies and protocols are cross-connected only in the back office to support system to system communications. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Multi-band solutions===
For the major freight railroads and Amtrak the answer seems to be that one frequency band is sufficient. These rail operations measure on-time performance on a much more coarse scale than commuters do so their tolerance for delay is greater and has less impact on train schedules.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} In addition, the PTC implementations deployed by commuter operations will be running much closer to the performance envelope than that of either Amtrak or the freights. For commuters in particular there is therefore some concern that implementing PTC with a single frequency band may not be sufficient. The single frequency-band approach to supporting real-time train control has a history of being difficult to use for such applications.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} This difficulty is not unique to train control. Interference, both man-made and natural, can at times affect the operation of any wireless system that relies on one frequency band. When such wireless systems are employed for real-time control networks it is very difficult to ensure that network performance will not sometimes be impacted. CSX encountered this problem when it experienced propagation ducting problems in its {{nowrap|900 MHz}} [[Advanced Train Control System]] (ATCS) network in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams |first1=Duard R. |last2=Metzger |first2=Barry R. |last3=Richardson |first3=Gregory R. |title=Spec 200 Radio Code Line Ducting – Cause and Effect |year=2001 |url=http://www.arema.org/files/library/2001_Conference_Proceedings/00050.pdf}} AREMA.</ref> The ATCS protocol, which the AAR had recommended the FCC consider as PTC in 2000 (when AAR sought a nationwide {{nowrap|900 MHz}} "ribbon" license),<ref>A "ribbon" license authorizes use of radio frequency spectrum in a specified geographic area, e.g. along a railroad right-of-way. Federal Communications Commission, {{cite web|title=In the Matter of Petition of Association of American Railroads (AAR) for Modification of Licenses For Use in Advanced Train Control Systems and Positive Train Control Systems |date=15 February 2001 |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Orders/2001/da010359.doc}}</ref> can support train control operation at both {{nowrap|900 MHz}} and {{nowrap|160 MHz}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manual of Recommended Standards and Practices Section K-II Railway Communications |year=2002 |publisher=Association of American Railroads|pages=K–II–16 Section 3.1.3.7.1.1}}</ref> The latter frequency band is only used for ATCS on a few subdivisions and shortlines. More recently, the industry had been moving toward a more robust multi-band radio solution for data applications such as PTC. In 2007, [[BNSF]] first won FRA approval for their original ETMS PTC system using a multi frequency-band radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meteorcomm.blogspot.com/|title=MeteorComm Official Blog|website=meteorcomm.blogspot.com}}</ref> In addition, in mid-2008, an FRA sponsored effort by the AAR to develop a Higher Performance Data Radio (HPDR) for use at {{nowrap|160 MHz}} actually resulted in a contract being awarded to Meteorcomm for a 4-band radio to be used for voice and data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/97424|title=MeteorComm Wins Next Generation Railroad Voice/Data Radio Development Project|website=PR.com}}</ref> These more recent multi-band radio efforts were shelved in late 2008, after the Rail Safety Improvements Act became law, and the freights decided to pursue PTC using {{nowrap|220 MHz}} alone, in a single frequency-band configuration. Amtrak and most commuter operations quickly followed suit, selecting {{nowrap|220 MHz}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Suitability of wireless PTC for commuter rail===
Soon after the Rail Safety Improvements Act was passed, many commuter railroads chose not to develop their own PTC protocol and instead decided to save time and money by using a protocol developed for either freight or long haul passenger (Amtrak) operations. Deploying such a protocol for urban commuter operation, where it will be necessary to support numerous, small, fast-moving trains, will be a challenge. It remains to be seen whether the performance envelope of PTC protocols developed and optimized for less numerous, slower and/or larger trains can support a more complex operational scenario, such as that of a commuter rail operation, without impacting on-time performance. Detailed and exhaustive protocol simulation testing can ease the risk of problems, however, there are too many variables, especially when the wireless component is considered, to guarantee beforehand that under certain worst-case operational profiles in certain locations, train operations will not be impacted. In fact, during system acceptance testing, such worst-case operational profiles may not even be tested because of the effort involved. One need only consider what it would take to identify the PTC protocol train capacity limitations at each [[interlocking]] of a large commuter rail operation when a train is broken down at the interlocking and 10–20 other trains are within communications range of a single wayside location. Such a what-if scenario may be tested at a few interlockings but not at the 30 or more interlockings on a large commuter property. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Open standards===
A large group of industry experts from the federal government,{{which|date=September 2018}} manufacturers, railroads, and consultants are participating in a study group sponsored by the [[IEEE]] [[IEEE 802.15|802.15]] working group, to look at using lessons learned in protocol development in the [[IEEE 802]] suite to propose a comprehensive solution to the wireless component of PTC. While this effort may not significantly change the current United States PTC efforts already underway, an open standard could possibly provide a way forward for all of the railroads to eventually deploy a more interoperable, robust, reliable, future-proof, and scalable solution for the wireless component of PTC. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Upgrade costs===
The railroad industry, like the process industry and the power utility industry, has always demanded that the return on investment for large capital investments associated with infrastructure improvements be fully realized before the asset is decommissioned and replaced. This paradigm will be applied to PTC as well. It is highly unlikely that there will be any major upgrades to initial PTC deployments within even the first 10 years. The calculation for return on investment is not a simple one and some railroads may determine, for instance after five years, that an upgrade of certain components of PTC may be justified. An example could be the radio component of PTC. If an open standard creates a less expensive radio product that is backwards compatible to existing systems and that perhaps improves PTC system performance and also includes improvements that save on operational costs, then a railroad would be prudent to consider a plan for replacing their PTC radios.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kenton|first=Malcolm|title=After PTC|URL=|magazine=[[Trains]]|pages=34-41|issue=February 2021|publisher=[[Kalmbach]]}}</ref>

==Deployment==

=== Alaska Railroad ===
[[Wabtec]] is working with the [[Alaska Railroad]] to develop a collision-avoidance, Vital PTC system, for use on their locomotives. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, enforce speed limits, and protect roadway workers and equipment. Wabtec's Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) is also designed to work with the Wabtec TMDS dispatching system to provide train control and dispatching operations from Anchorage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2012_01_04_Positive_Train_Control_FS_PROJ.pdf|title=Alaska Railroad|access-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405191356/http://alaskarailroad.com/Portals/6/pdf/projects/2012_01_04_Positive_Train_Control_FS_PROJ.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

Data between locomotive and dispatcher is transmitted over a digital radio system provided by Meteor Communications Corp (Meteorcomm). An onboard computer alerts workers to approaching restrictions and to stop the train if needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alaska Railroad to install positive train-control system |url=http://www.progressiverailroading.com/freightnews/article.asp?id=3021 |publisher=Progressive Railroading |date=27 August 2003 |access-date=19 June 2007}}</ref>

=== Amtrak ===
[[Alstom]]'s and PHW's [[Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System]] (ACSES) system is installed on parts of Amtrak's [[Northeast Corridor]] between [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. ACSES enhances the cab signaling systems provided by PHW Inc. It uses passive transponders to enforce permanent civil speed restrictions. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions (PTS), protection against overspeed and protect work crews with temporary speed restrictions.<ref name="alstom.com">{{cite web|title=ACSES II -Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System|url=http://www.alstom.com/Global/US/Resources/Documents/ACSES_April_16_2013.pdf |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094921/http://www.alstom.com/Global/US/Resources/Documents/ACSES_April_16_2013.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PHW Inc. Positive Train Control Products|url=http://www.phwinc.com|work=Positive Train Control|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414002956/http://www.phwinc.com/|archive-date=14 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[GE Transportation|GE Transportation Systems]]' Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) is installed on Amtrak's [[Chicago–Detroit Line|Michigan line]], allowing trains to travel at {{convert|110|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=AGE's Positive Train Control Technology is Full Speed Ahead on Amtrak's Michigan Line |url=http://www.getransportation.com/na/en/docs/919677_2005_10_ITCS.pdf |publisher=General Electric press release |date=11 October 2005 |access-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025071323/http://www.getransportation.com/na/en/docs/919677_2005_10_ITCS.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[2015 Philadelphia train derailment]] could have been prevented had positive train control been implemented correctly on the section of track that train was travelling. The overspeed warning/penalty commands were not set up on that particular section of track although it was set up elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/5/14/as_train_crash_death_toll_reaches|access-date=14 May 2015|publisher=Democracy Now!|date=14 May 2015|title=As Train Crash Death Toll Reaches 7, GOP Votes to Cut Amtrak Budget by $250M & Delay Safety Upgrades}}</ref>

=== Burlington Northern and Santa Fe (BNSF) ===
[[Wabtec]]'s Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) is installed on a segment of the [[BNSF Railway]]. It is an overlay technology that augments existing train control methods. ETMS uses [[GPS]] for positioning and a digital radio system to monitor train location and speed. It is designed to prevent certain types of accidents, including train collisions. The system includes an in-cab display screen that warns of a problem and then automatically stops the train if appropriate action is not taken.<ref>{{cite news|title=FRA Approves Positive Train Control System at BNSF |url=http://www.apta.com/passenger_transport/thisweek/070122_4.cfm |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |date=22 January 2007 |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220547/http://www.apta.com/passenger_transport/thisweek/070122_4.cfm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== CSX ===
[[CSX Transportation]] is developing a Communications-Based Train Management (CBTM) system to improve the safety of its rail operations. CBTM is the predecessor to ETMS.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Advances At CSX Intermodal
|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/07/13/csx-train-truck-intermodal-cx_rm_0713csx.html |magazine=Forbes |date=13 July 2006 |access-date=28 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Kansas City Southern (KCS) ===
[[Wabtec]]'s Electronic Train Management System, (ETMS) will provide PTC solutions in conjunction with [[Wabtec]]'s Train Management and Dispatch System (TMDS), which has served as KCS's dispatch solution since 2007, for all U.S. based rail operations along the KCS line. In January 2015, KCS began training personnel on PTC at its TEaM Training Center in Shreveport, La., with an initial class of 160 people.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/freight/class-1/kcs-ptc-update-data-surveying-and-training-underway.html?channel=275 |title=KCS PTC update: Data surveying and training underway |author= |date=12 January 2015 |magazine=Railway Track & Structures |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) ===
Most MBTA Commuter Rail locomotives and [[cab car]]s, except for the 1625–1652 series Bombardier control cars and the (now retired) 1000–1017 series [[F40PH]] locomotives, are equipped with the PTC compliant [[ACSES]] technology which is installed on the Amtrak [[Northeast Corridor]]. All MBTA trains traveling on any segment of the Northeast Corridor must be equipped with functioning ACSES onboard apparatus, which affects trains on [[Providence/Stoughton Line]], [[Franklin Line]] and [[Needham Line]] routings. The MBTA shut down some lines on weekends in 2017 and 2018 to meet a December 2020 federal deadline for full-system PTC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Board_Meetings/K.%20%20%20FINAL%20FMCB%20PTC%20WE%20Suspension%20Comm%20Plan%203-27-17.pdf |title=Commuter Rail Positive Train Control (PTC): Update and Communications Plan for Suspension of Weekend Service |publisher=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority |date=27 March 2017 |page=6 |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331205623/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Board_Meetings/K.%20%20%20FINAL%20FMCB%20PTC%20WE%20Suspension%20Comm%20Plan%203-27-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ===
In November 2013 the New York [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] signed a $428 million contract to install positive train control on the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and the [[Metro-North Railroad]] to a consortium of [[Bombardier Transportation]] Rail Control Solutions and [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens Rail Automation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens, Bombardier pair on NYMTA PTC|url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/ptc/siemens-bombardier-pair-on-nymta-ptc.html |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219192208/http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/ptc/siemens-bombardier-pair-on-nymta-ptc.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bombardier Strengthens Presence in North American Rail Control Sector|url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/media-centre/newsList/details.bombardier-transportation20131114bombardierstrengthenspresencein.html |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095459/http://www.bombardier.com/en/media-centre/newsList/details.bombardier-transportation20131114bombardierstrengthenspresencein.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> The LIRR and Metro-North installations will include modifications and upgrades of the existing signal systems and the addition of [[ACSES]] II<ref name="alstom.com"/> equipment. Siemens stated that the PTC installation will be completed by December 2015, but missed that deadline,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2016/08/22/metro-north-making-little-progress-positive-train-control-report-shows/89126258|title=Metro-North making little progress on positive train control, report shows|website=poughkeepsiejournal.com}}</ref> and did not complete the installation until the end of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTA Railroads Announce All Trains Operating in Positive Train Control, Critical Safety Technology |date=December 23, 2020 |publisher=MTA |url=https://new.mta.info/MTA-Railroads-Announce-All-Trains-Operating-in-Positive-Train-Control-Critical-Safety-Technology |access-date=2022-02-25 }}</ref>

=== New Jersey Transit (NJT) ===
[[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo STS USA Inc]]'s Advanced Speed Enforcement System (ASES) is being installed on [[New Jersey Transit]] commuter lines. It is coordinated with Alstom's ACSES so that trains can operate on the Northeast Corridor.<ref name="Vogler" />

=== Norfolk Southern (NS) ===
[[Norfolk Southern Railway]] began work on the system in 2008 with [[Wabtec]] Railway electronics to start developing a plan implement [[Positive Train Control]] on NS rails. NS has already implemented PTC on 6,310 miles of track with plans to achieve it on 8,000 miles of track. NS has requested an extension on the time to have PTC active on its miles of track due to the need to work more on areas with no track signals, as well as making provisions for smaller railroads that the company does business with to be PTC capable. NS keeps experiencing issues with the system and wants to take the proper time to fix the system to ensure the safety of its employees and all others using their tracks. NS has been adding and updating its locomotives with PTC capable computers to allow those locomotives for use on mainlines. 2,900 locomotives out of the almost 4,000 the company has have been fitted with the PTC capable computers. NS plans to put at least 500 locomotives into storage using precision NS has been updating it trackside equipment such as radio towers and control point lighting to assist in PTC operations on the railroad. With the new computers on the locomotives it allows the locomotives to interact with each other and trackside systems. Norfolk Southern's [[General Electric]] Transportation locomotives are equipped with [[GPS]] to aid in the use of PTC. All of NS's locomotives are equipped with Energy Management a computer system that provides real time data on the locomotive. The system can also control train speed and brake systems on board. The EM system allows the locatives to use less fuel and be more efficient. NS's final goal is completely autonomous operations of their trains. This system will be used alongside Auto-router used to route train movements with little to no human interactions. With these two systems integrated with PTC it allows for more precise movement and train control across the railroad. NS, [[Union Pacific]], [[CSXT]], [[BNSF]], and [[Virginia Railway Express]] have been testing interoperation to make sure each companies PTC systems work with each other to ensure safe railroad travel. For this a NS train on [[CSXT]] tracks has to act like a [[CSXT]] train would or vice versa. That requires the railroads to use the same communications and radio frequencies for everything to operate smoothly. Nearly 3,000 locomotives have been fitted with the PTC capable computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/about-ns/government-relations/where-we-stand/positive-train-control.html|title=Positive Train Control|website=Norfolk Southern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.progressiverailroading.com/ptc/article/On-a-high-tech-trek-Norfolk-Southern-notes-progress-in-its-quest-to-become-a-technology-enabled-railroad-of-the-future--55310|title=Rail Insider-On a high-tech trek: Norfolk Southern notes progress in its quest to become a 'technology-enabled railroad of the future'. Information For Rail Career Professionals From Progressive Railroading Magazine|website=Progressive Railroading}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trn.trains.com/railroads/abcs-of-railroading/2018/02/what-is-positive-train-control|title=What is positive train control ... and will it work? | Trains Magazine|website=TrainsMag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railwayage.com/freight/class-i/at-norfolk-southern-automation-is-driving-information/|title=At Norfolk Southern, automation is driving information|date=12 December 2018|website=Railway Age}}</ref>

=== Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board (Caltrain) ===
[[Caltrain]]'s Communications Based Overlay Signal System (CBOSS) has been installed but not fully tested along the Peninsula Corridor between San Francisco, San Jose and Gilroy, California.<ref name=CHNS-170306 /> Caltrain had selected Parsons Transportation Group (PTG), who had been working on a similar system for Metrolink in Southern California, to implement, install, and test CBOSS in November 2011.<ref name=PR-111122>{{cite press release |url=https://www.parsons.com/Media%20Library/11-11-ptg-caltrain-cboss-ptc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901005646/http://www.parsons.com/Media%20Library/11-11-ptg-caltrain-cboss-ptc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2013 |title=Parsons Selected by Caltrain for Communications-Based Overlay Signal System Positive Train Control |author= |date=22 November 2011 |publisher=Parsons News |access-date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> In February 2017, Caltrain's board canceled the contract with PTG for failure to meet the scheduled 2015 deadline.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.caltrain.com/about/MediaRelations/news/Caltrain_Terminates_Contract_with_Parsons_Transportation_Group__PTG_.html |title=Caltrain Terminates Contract with Parsons Transportation Group (PTG) |author= |date=24 February 2017 |publisher=Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320130109/http://www.caltrain.com/about/MediaRelations/news/Caltrain_Terminates_Contract_with_Parsons_Transportation_Group__PTG_.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> PTG and Caltrain would go on to file lawsuits for breach of contract.<ref name=CHNS-170306>{{cite news |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/caltrain-safety-contractor-trade-lawsuits/ |title=Caltrain, Safety Contractor Trade Lawsuits |author=Renda, Matthew |date=6 March 2017 |newspaper=Courthouse News Service |access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=SJMN-170301>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/03/01/caltrain-quietly-fires-contractor-before-testing-of-new-safety-system-is-completed/ |title=Caltrain fires contractor before testing of new safety system is completed |author=Baldassari, Erin |date=1 March 2017 |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> At its board of directors meeting on 1 March 2018, Caltrain announced that it will be awarding a contract to Wabtec for implementation of I-EMTS.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.caltrain.com/Assets/__Agendas+and+Minutes/JPB/Board+of+Directors/Presentations/2018/2018-03-01+JPB+Wabtec+presentation.pdf |title=Caltrain PTC Program Status & Wabtec Contract Award |author= |date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Caltrain |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Regional Transportation District (RTD) ===
Positive Train Control (PTC) and vehicle monitoring system technologies have been developed for the [[Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area|Denver Metro Area]]'s new commuter train lines that began opening in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtd-fastracks.com/media/uploads/ep3/11Commuter_Rail_Fact_Sheet.pdf |title=Electric Commuter Rail Vehicle |website=Rtd-fastracks.com |access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> After the [[University of Colorado]] [[A Line (RTD)|A Line]] opened on 22 April 2016 between [[Denver Union Station]] and [[Denver International Airport]], it experienced a series of issues related to having to adjust the length of unpowered gaps between different overhead power sections, direct lightning strikes, snagging wires, and crossing signals behaving unexpectedly.<ref name="CPR what's causing A Line Delays">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpr.org/news/story/whats-causing-delays-rtds-line-dia|title=What's Causing Delays With RTD's A Line To DIA?|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> In response to the crossing issues, Denver Transit Partners, the contractor building and operating the A Line, stationed crossing guards at each place where the A line crosses local streets at grade, while it continued to explore software revisions and other fixes to address the underlying issues.<ref name="DBJ 90-day extension">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2016/11/02/rtd-gets-90-day-extension-from-feds-to-fix-airport.html|title=RTD gets 90-day extension from feds to fix airport-train crossing gates|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> The FRA required frequent progress reports, but allowed RTD to open its [[B Line (RTD)|B Line]] as originally scheduled on 25 July 2016,<ref name="FasTracks B Line Opening">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtd-fastracks.com/nw_84|title=B Line to Westminster opens July 25|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> because the B Line only has one at-grade crossing along its current route.<ref name="DBJ 90-day extension" /> However, FRA halted testing on the longer [[G Line (RTD)|G Line]] to [[Wheat Ridge, Colorado|Wheat Ridge]] – originally scheduled to open in Fall 2016 – until more progress could be shown resolving the A Line crossing issues.<ref name="Post G Line Delayed Again">{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/01/09/more-delay-for-debut-of-rtd-g-line-to-arvada-wheat-ridge/|title=RTD G-Line to Arvada, Wheat Ridge will be delayed — again|date=10 January 2017|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> G Line testing resumed in January 2018, though the A Line continued to operate under a waiver.<ref name="Denver7 A Line deadline">{{cite web |last1=Boyd |first1=Kirsten |title=RTD says it will meet feds' deadline for A Line crossing fix to avoid possible service disruption |url=http://www.thedenverchannel.com/rtd-says-it-will-meet-feds-deadline-for-a-line-crossing-fix-to-avoid-possible-service-disruption |website=TheDenverChannel.com |publisher=Scripps TV Station Group |access-date=21 February 2019 |date=14 December 2018}}</ref> The G Line opened to passenger service on 26 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wingerter |first=Meg |date=April 1, 2019 |title=RTD: Long-delayed G-Line from Denver to Wheat Ridge will open April 26 |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2019/04/01/rtd-g-line-opening/ |work=The Denver Post |access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref>

=== Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) ===
Positive train control has been implemented at [[Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit]]'s 63 crossings for the length of the initial {{convert|43|mi|km|adj=mid}} passenger corridor which began regular service on 25 August 2017 after the FRA gave its final approval for SMART's PTC system.<ref>{{cite news|title=SMART Train Looking for a Windsor Stop|url=http://www.ksro.com/smart-train-looking-for-a-windsor-stop/|access-date=15 June 2016|agency=KSRO|date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809012602/https://www.ksro.com/smart-train-looking-for-a-windsor-stop/|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> SMART uses the E-ATC system for its PTC implementation.<ref>{{cite press release|title=FRA Awards More Than $200 Million for PTC Implementation|agency=Federal Railroad Administration|date=24 August 2018|access-date=27 February 2020|url=https://cms7.fra.dot.gov/newsroom/fra-awards-more-200-million-ptc-implementation}}</ref>

=== Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) ===
SEPTA received approval from the FRA on 28 February 2016 to launch PTC on its [[SEPTA Regional Rail|Regional Rail]] lines.<ref name=inq22816>{{cite news|last=Laughlin|first=Jason|title=Feds approve new SEPTA train-control safety system|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=28 February 2016|url=http://articles.philly.com/2016-02-28/news/71006423_1_regional-rail-trains-warminster-line-septa|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> On 18 April 2016, SEPTA launched PTC on the [[Warminster Line]], the first line to use the system.<ref name=inq22816/><ref>{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control Update|publisher=SEPTA|date=28 April 2016|url=http://www.septa.org/service/rail/ptc/2016-04-28-ptc-update-warminster.html|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> Over the course of 2016 and into 2017, PTC was rolled out onto different Regional Rail lines. On 1 May 2017, the [[Paoli/Thorndale Line]], [[Trenton Line (SEPTA)|Trenton Line]], and [[Wilmington/Newark Line]] (all of which run on Amtrak tracks) received PTC, the last of the Regional Rail lines to receive the system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control Update|publisher=SEPTA|date=1 May 2017|url=http://www.septa.org/service/rail/ptc/2017-04-update.html|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Southern California Regional Rail Authority (Metrolink) ===
[[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]], the Southern California commuter rail system involved in the [[2008 Chatsworth train collision]] that provided the impetus for the [[Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008]], was the first passenger rail system to fully implement positive train control.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/ptc |title=Metrolink leads the nation with life-saving PTC technology |author= |publisher= Southern California Regional Rail Authority |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> In October 2010, Metrolink awarded a $120 million contract to PTG to design, procure, and install PTC.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/news/metrolink-parsons-first-out-of-the-gate-with-ptc.html |title=Metrolink, Parsons first out of the gate with PTC |author=Vantuono, William C. |date=27 October 2010 |newspaper=Railway Age |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> PTG designed a PTC system that used GPS technology informing position to on-board train computers, which communicate wirelessly with wayside signals and a central office.<ref name=MetroPTC /> Metrolink anticipated placing PTC in revenue service by summer 2013.<ref name=MetroPTC>{{cite web |url=https://www.parsons.com/projects/pages/metrolink-ptc.aspx |title= Metrolink PTC |author= |publisher=Parsons |access-date=|archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20170408083837/https://www.parsons.com/projects/pages/metrolink-ptc.aspx |archive-date = 8 April 2017}}</ref> However, Parsons announced the FRA had authorized Metrolink to operate PTC RSD using Wabtec's I-ETMS in revenue service on the San Bernardino line in March 2015.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.parsons.com/media-resources/news/Pages/15-03-ptg-metrolink-ptc.aspx |title=Parsons' Positive Train Control to Launch on Metrolink's San Bernardino Rail Line |author= |date= 5 March 2015 |publisher=Parsons |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Metrolink announced PTC had been installed on all owned right-of-way miles by June 2015, and was working to install the system on tracks shared with Amtrak, freight, and other passenger rail partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-positive-train-control-20150624-story.html |title=Safety system for Metrolink trains advances |author=Weikel, Dan |date=24 June 2015 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Union Pacific (UP) ===
In the 1990s, Union Pacific Railroad (UP) had a partnership project with [[General Electric]] to implement a similar system known as "Precision Train Control." This system would have involved [[moving block]] operation, which adjusts a "safe zone" around a train based on its speed and location. The similar abbreviations have sometimes caused confusion over the definition of the technology. GE later abandoned the Precision Train Control platform.<ref>Lindsey, Ron (7 December 2010). [http://strategicrailroading.com/2010/12/really-you-gotta-let-it-go/ "Really! You Gotta Let It Go."] ''Strategic Railroading.''</ref>

In 2008, a team of [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Wabtec]], and [[Ansaldo STS|Ansaldo STS USA Inc]] installed an ITCS subsystem on a 120-mile segment of UP track between Chicago and St. Louis. Other major software companies, such as [[PK Global]], [[Tech Mahindra]], are also some of the strategic IT partners in development of PTC systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Positive train control in transition |url=http://www.progressiverailroading.com/ptc/article/Positive-train-control-in-transition--13239 |publisher=Progressive Railroading |date=October 2007 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

As of 31 December 2017, Union Pacific Installed 99 percent, or more than 17,000 miles, of total route miles with PTC signal hardware. Union Pacific has partially installed PTC hardware on about 98 percent of its 5,515 locomotives earmarked for the same technology and have equipped and commissioned 4,220 locomotives with PTC hardware and software. Union Pacific has also installed 100 percent of the wayside antennas needed to support PTC along the company's right of way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up.com/up/media/media_kit/ptc/about-ptc/index.htm|title=Positive Train Control|website=www.up.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42637.pdf Positive Train Control (PTC): Overview and Policy Issues], [[Congressional Research Service]]
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44726 Positive Train Control: Additional Authorities Could Benefit Implementation"], Report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, [[Government Accountability Office]]
* [http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/railtransit/wg2/Archive%20Other/2007%20AREMA%20CBS%20paper%20Vital%20PTC%20V2.pdf "Communications-Based Signaling (CBS) – Vital PTC"], Paper presented at AREMA C&S Technical Conference 22 May 2007
* [http://www.smartrailworld.com/white-papers-and-research "Integration and Alignment of PTC Track Data with Legacy Dispatch Data to Reduce PTC Implementation Cost and Safety Risks"], Paper presented at PTC World Congress 22 March 2016 Washington, D.C. Andrew Brant & Ken Xu

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=houa8Pn5nyQ "PTC: Meeting the Challenge and Getting it RIGHT"] (YouTube) – Freight Rail Works

{{Railwaysignalling|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway safety]]
[[Category:Railway signalling block systems]]
[[Category:Train protection systems]]

Road bridge across the Desna (Chernihiv)

2023-07-19T07:03:37Z

Lensovet: /* History */ reopening

{{Short description|Bridge in Chernihiv, northern Ukraine}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Road bridge across the Desna
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = en
|image = Автомобильный_мост_через_Десну_(Чернигов).jpg
|image_size = 250
|alt =
|caption = Bridge in 2019, view from the left bank
|official_name =
|other_name =Kyiv Bridge
|carries = [[Motor vehicle]]s and [[Pedestrian]]s
|crosses = [[Desna (river)|Desna]]
|locale = [[Chernihiv]], [[Chernihiv Oblast]] {{UKR}}
|maint =
|designer =
|design =
|material = [[Reinforced concrete]]
|length = 875 m
|width = 7 m
|height =
|mainspan =
|spans =
|pierswater =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|life =
|builder =
|begin = 1859
|complete =
|open =
|toll =
|traffic =
|preceded =
|followed =
|heritage =
|collapsed = 2022
|closed =
|replaces =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_alt =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|51.4574|31.3014|format=dms|type:landmark_region:UA|display=inline,title}}
|lat =
|long =
|extra =
}}

The '''Kyiv Bridge''' ({{lang-uk|Київський міст|translit=Kyivs'kyy mist}}) or the '''Road bridge across the Desna''' ({{Lang-uk|Автомобільний міст через ріку Десну}}) is a currently destroyed brick-and-stone bridge over the [[Desna (river)|Desna]] River in [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]], located along [[Myru Avenue, Chernihiv|Peace (Myru) Avenue]] ({{Lang-uk|Проспект Миру}}).

==History==
The bridge was built in 1859 as part of the construction of the [[Odessa|Odesa]]-[[Kyiv]]-Chernihiv-[[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] highway. Prior to that, the left bank of the Desna was crossed by ferry, which was located at a dump one [[verst]] upstream from the location of the bridge. During large floods, part of the highway would flood and traffic would temporarily stop. In 1877, a section of the bridge was even demolished by water, and was subsequently reconstructed in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. In 1893, a station on the Chernihiv-[[Battle of Kruty|Kruty]] narrow-gauge railway was built on the left bank near the bridge. In January 1919, there was a battle between the [[Kurin|kurins]] of the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and of the Bohunsky Regiment of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Army]] near the bridge. After [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], the bridge did not meet the needs of vehicles, so in 1956 a new bridge was put into operation a little lower downstream from the previous one, and the old one was dismantled. Over time, its bandwidth was also insufficient, thus in 1986 a new bridge over the Desna near the village of [[Shestovytsya]] in [[Chernihiv Raion]] was put into operation, which was designated to be used by transit vehicles.

On the night of March 22-23, 2022, the bridge was destroyed during the second [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] during the [[Siege of Chernihiv]] - as a result of an air strike (according to other sources - by order of the local mayor and Vyacheslav Chaus, the Head of the Chernihiv Regional Military Administration).<ref>{{cite web |title=В Чернигове оккупанты разбомбили автомобильный мост через Десну |url=https://24tv.ua/ru/chernigove-okkupanty-razbombili-avtomobilnyj-most-cherez-desnu_n1916132 |website=www.24tv.ua |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= В Чернигове россияне разбомбили мост, который вел в Киев – ОВА |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/03/23/7333798/ |website=www.pravda.com.ua |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=В Чернигове разбомбили мост, по которому в город везли гуманитарную помощь |url=https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/4459574-v-chernyhove-razbombyly-most-po-kotoromu-v-horod-vezly-humanytarnuui-pomosch |website=www.korrespondent.net |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=В Чернигове разбомбили мост, по которому в город везли гуманитарную помощь |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/14178147 |website=www.tass.ru |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref> The bridge had been used to evacuate citizens and deliver humanitarian goods.<ref>{{cite web |title=В ЧЕРНИГОВЕ ОРКИ РАЗБОМБИЛИ МОСТ, СОЕДИНЯВШИЙ ГОРОД С КИЕВОМ |url=https://www.5.ua/ru/obshchestvo/v-chernyhove-orky-razbombyly-most-soedyniavshyi-horod-s-kyevom-272169.html |website=www.5.ua |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/ukrainian-city-chernihiv-cut-off-by-russian-forces-regional-governor-2022-03-25/|title=Russian forces cut off Ukraine's Chernihiv city, mayor says|accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>

On July 5, 2023, a temporary replacement bridge was opened to traffic with some weight limitations. A permanent replacement bridge is expected to open in 2024.<ref> https://biz.liga.net/all/transport/novosti/v-chernigove-otkryli-vremennyy-most-cherez-desnu-starik-razbombili-rossiyane-v-2022-godu</ref>

==General data==
The total length of the bridge was 875 m, width - 7 m. The height of the bottom of the [[truss]] above the water level - 18 m. Load capacity - 80 t. The bridge consisted of a [[Single carriageway|two-lane road]] and pedestrian paths on both sides.

==Gallery==
<gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px">
Автомобильный_мост_через_Десну_(Чернигов).jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://format.cn.ua/news/taemnici_starodavnogo_chernigova_krasnij_mist/2015-03-15-1128 Format.cn.ua]
{{Chernihiv}}

[[Category:1859 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:2022 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Former road bridges in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Demolished bridges in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Bridges in Chernihiv]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

{{Ukraine-bridge-struct-stub}}
{{Ukraine-struct-stub}}

Walt Nauta

2023-07-12T18:23:37Z

Lensovet: /* Arraignment and pre-trial motions */Fix month

{{Short description|American political aide (born 1982/83)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use US English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Walt Nauta
| image = Walt Nauta as Congressional delegates visit Afghanistan DVIDS131996 (cropped).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Nauta in the [[U.S. Navy]], 2008
| birth_name = Waltine Torre Nauta Jr.<ref name="NBCProfile" />
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date | 40 | 2023 | 03 | 18}}<ref name="helderman" />
| birth_place = [[Hågat, Guam|Hågat]], [[Guam]], U.S.<ref name="helderman" />
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Valet]] and [[body man]]
| years_active =
| known_for = [[federal prosecution of Donald Trump|Indictment with Donald Trump on federal charges]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Waltine Torre Nauta Jr.'''<ref name="NBCProfile" /> (born {{birth based on age as of date | 40 | 2023 | 03 | 18|noage=1|mos=1}}<ref name="helderman" />) is an American butler and [[body man]] to former U.S. president [[Donald Trump]]. While a [[petty officer]] in the [[U.S. Navy]], he was Trump's [[List of personal aides to the president of the United States|valet]] at the [[White House]]. After Trump's term ended, Nauta continued to work for him at Trump's [[Mar-a-Lago]] club and residence. In June 2023, [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump|Trump and Nauta were indicted by a federal grand jury]]; Nauta was charged with six counts of [[federal crime]]s and pleaded not guilty.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Gomez Licon |first=Adriana |last2=Tucker |first2=Eric |date=2023-07-06 |title=Trump Valet Charged In Classified Documents Case Set Again For Arraignment |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-classified-documents_n_64a6942ae4b0e87d65527bf0 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

The charges against Nauta relate to allegations that he, acting at Trump's direction, moved boxes that included illegally retained [[classified information in the United States|classified documents]] and [[National security|national defense]]-related documents to Trump's residence, and then lied about it to federal investigators. He was indicted for [[Criminal conspiracy|conspiracy]] to [[Obstruction of justice|obstruct justice]], [[Tampering with evidence#Spoliation|withholding a document or record]], corruptly concealing a document or record, [[Obstructing an official proceeding|corruptly concealing a document in a federal investigation]], [[Cover-up|scheme to conceal]], and [[making false statements]] and representations. The charges are punishable by up to 90 years in prison, if he is convicted.

==Early life==
Nauta was born in [[Hågat, Guam|Hågat]], [[Guam]], and grew up there with five siblings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted-documents-b2356911.html|title=Who is Donald Trump's indicted 'body man' Walt Nauta?|date=June 14, 2023|website=The Independent|author=Bevan Hurley|access-date=June 16, 2023|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614193112/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted-documents-b2356911.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bailey |first1=Chelsea |title=Who is Walt Nauta, the aide charged alongside Donald Trump? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/65862112 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613192123/https://www.bbc.com/news/65862112 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated from [[Southern High School (Guam)|Southern High School]] in nearby [[Sånta Rita-Sumai|Sånta Rita-Sumai]].<ref name="helderman">{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosalind S. |author-link1=Rosalind S. Helderman |first2=Michelle |last2=Ye Hee Lee |author-link2=Michelle Ye Hee Lee |first3=Josh |last3=Dawsey |author-link3=Josh Dawsey |first4=Shane |last4=Harris |author-link4=Shane Harris |first5=Ashley |last5=Parker |author-link5=Ashley Parker |first6=Devlin |last6=Barrett |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/03/18/walt-nauta-trump-mar-a-lago-documents-witness |date=March 18, 2023 |title=The aide who stayed: Walt Nauta, key witness in Trump documents case |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330003241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/03/18/walt-nauta-trump-mar-a-lago-documents-witness/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Yahoo">{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Kelly |title=Meet Waltine Nauta, Trump's 'Diet Coke valet' who's now his co-defendant on federal charges |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/meet-waltine-nauta-trumps-diet-194701360.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Yahoo News |date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609220852/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/meet-waltine-nauta-trumps-diet-194701360.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Nauta enlisted in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] in July 2001.<ref name="helderman" /> He was a cook, with the [[Naval rating|rating]] of [[Culinary specialist (United States Navy)|culinary specialist]].<ref name="NBCProfile">{{cite news |last1=Ainsley |first1=Julia |last2=Haake |first2=Garrett |last3=Edelman |first3=Adam |last4=O'Donnell |first4=Kelly |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/latest-news-trump-indictment-florida-classified-documents-rcna88546 |title=Trump aide Walt Nauta also indicted in classified documents case |work=NBC News |date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610032859/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/latest-news-trump-indictment-florida-classified-documents-rcna88546 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among his Navy postings were stints with a [[strike fighter]] squadron in California, and at a submarine base in Georgia.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Ballhaus |first1=Rebecca |title=Walt Nauta, Trump's Valet, Charged Alongside His Boss |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walt-nauta-trumps-valet-charged-alongside-his-boss-e2150540 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/GBmbu |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, he was assigned to the [[Presidential Food Service]], which is run by the U.S. Navy and manages the White House Mess as part of the [[White House Military Office]].<ref name="NBCProfile" /><ref name="cbs">{{cite news |title=Who is Walt Nauta — and why was the Trump aide also indicted in the documents case? |date=June 9, 2023 |first1=Caitlin |last1=O'Kane |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-is-walt-nauta-trump-aide-indictment-documents-case |work=[[CBS News]] |language=en |access-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609232813/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-is-walt-nauta-trump-aide-indictment-documents-case/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[presidency of Donald Trump]], Nauta became a personal valet to the president.<ref name="KeyWitness">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Devlin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/13/walt-nauta-maralago-trump-documents/ |title=Key Mar-a-Lago witness said to be former White House employee |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318231241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/13/walt-nauta-maralago-trump-documents/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was responsible for responding to the [[presidential call button]], including when the president requested [[Diet Coke]]s, which Nauta would bring to Trump on a silver platter.<ref name="Hurley">{{cite news |last1=Hurley |first1=Bevan |title=Who is Walt Nauta? Donald Trump's 'body man' charged over classified documents |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted-documents-b2356911.html |access-date=June 17, 2023 |work=The Independent |date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614193112/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted-documents-b2356911.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WSJ" /> Nauta was promoted to [[senior chief petty officer]] in September 2020.<ref name="KeyWitness" />

When Trump's term of office ended in January 2021, Nauta accompanied him to [[Mar-a-Lago]], where he worked as Trump's [[butler]] and [[body man]].<ref name="NBCProfile" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Margaret |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Diet Coke Valet Is Trump's Most Loyal Aide |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/walt-nauta-diet-coke-valet-trump-loyal-aide.html |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=New York Magazine: "Intelligencer" |language=en-us |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610134805/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/walt-nauta-diet-coke-valet-trump-loyal-aide.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He frequently traveled with Trump to public appearances and campaign events.<ref name="NBCProfile" /> By August 2021, Nauta was on the payroll of Trump's [[political action committee]], [[Save America]].<ref name="NBCProfile" /> Nauta's service in the Navy ended in September 2021.<ref name="KeyWitness" /> He was also paid by [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|Trump's 2024 presidential campaign]] beginning in November 2022.<ref name="NBCProfile" />

==Federal investigation and indictment==

[[File:Classified documents at Mar-a-Lago 867c328616652a2ce0727e8e90c9df1d.png|thumb|left|Storage room with document boxes at Mar-a-Lago]]
Nauta was called as a witness in the [[FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents]]; the investigation began in 2022.<ref name="helderman" /> Investigators with the [[Smith special counsel investigation|independent special counsel investigation]] led by [[Jack Smith (lawyer)|Jack Smith]] came to doubt Nauta's account of his activities, and beginning in fall 2022 considered whether to charge him with crimes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |authorlink1=Maggie Haberman |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |last3=Feuer |first3=Alan |last4=Protess |first4=Ben |last5=Schmidt |first5=Michael S. |authorlink5=Michael S. Schmidt |title=Justice Dept. Intensifying Efforts to Determine if Trump Hid Documents sex |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/04/us/politics/trump-documents-subpoenas-justice-department.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 4, 2023 |language=en |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505001053/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/04/us/politics/trump-documents-subpoenas-justice-department.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OtherPerson">{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |date=June 10, 2023 |title=Who Is Walt Nauta, the Other Person Indicted Along With Trump? |volume=172 |page=A13 |work=The New York Times |issue=59815 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/walt-nauta-trump-documents-indictment.html |access-date=June 10, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |language=en-US |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610011942/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/walt-nauta-trump-documents-indictment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nauta declined to cooperate with prosecutors, and on May 24, 2023, the special counsel formally notified Nauta that he was a [[Target letter|target of the investigation]].<ref name="OtherPerson" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |last2=Beitsch |first2=Rebecca |last3=Schonfeld |first3=Zach |last4=Gans |first4=Jared |title=Five major revelations from Trump's federal indictment |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/4042968-five-major-revelations-from-trumps-federal-indictment/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |access-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609195333/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/4042968-five-major-revelations-from-trumps-federal-indictment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 8, 2023, Nauta was co-indicted with Trump by a [[federal grand jury]] in the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida]], based in Miami. Nauta was indicted on six counts: [[Criminal conspiracy|conspiracy]] to [[Obstruction of justice|obstruct justice]], [[Tampering with evidence#Spoliation|withholding a document or record]], corruptly concealing a document or record, [[Obstructing an official proceeding|corruptly concealing a document in a federal investigation]], [[Cover-up|scheme to conceal]], and [[making false statements]] and representations.<ref name="Indictment">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2023 |title=Indictment; ''United States of America v. Donald J. Trump and Waltine Nauta'' |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_of_America_v._Donald_J._Trump_and_Waltine_Nauta.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Commons|commons.wikimedia.org]] |language=en |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610133133/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_of_America_v._Donald_J._Trump_and_Waltine_Nauta.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNNInd" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/06/09/trump-body-man-walt-nauta-indicted-in-classified-documents-case/70306536007/ |title=Trump aide Walt Nauta indicted in classified docs case. Who is he? |first=Josh |last=Meyer |authorlink=Josh Meyer |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610042330/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/06/09/trump-body-man-walt-nauta-indicted-in-classified-documents-case/70306536007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of the [[indictment]], Nauta was with Trump at [[Trump National Golf Club Bedminster]].<ref name="CNNInd" />

[[File:US v Trump-Nauta 23-80101.pdf|thumb|June 8, 2023, Indictment of Trump and Nauta.]]
According to the indictment, in the waning days of Trump's term in office, both Trump and Nauta packed items from the White House to ship to Mar-a-Lago in [[Florida]].<ref name="NBCProfile" /> The indictment alleges that, between November 2021 and January 2022, Nauta, acting at Trump's direction, moved boxes that included illegally retained [[classified information in the United States|classified documents]] and [[National security|national defense]]-related documents from a storage room at Mar-a-Lago to Trump's residence.<ref name="Indictment" /><ref name="CNNInd">{{cite news |last1=Perez |first1=Evan |last2=Murray |first2=Sara |authorlink2=Sara Murray (journalist) |last3=Sneed |first3=Tierney |last4=Herb |first4=Jeremy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/09/politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted/index.html |title=Trump aide Walt Nauta indicted in classified documents case |work=[[CNN]] |date=June 9, 2023 |language=en |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609162227/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/09/politics/walt-nauta-trump-indicted/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The indictment also alleges that, after a federal grand jury issued a [[subpoena]] in May 2022 requiring the return of the government documents, Nauta assisted Trump in concealing documents from the grand jury, the [[FBI]], and Trump's own lawyers.<ref name="cbs" /><ref name="CoDefendants">{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Perry |last2=Hsu |first2=Spencer S. |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |date=June 9, 2023 |title=Trump and his valet Walt Nauta: Forever linked as codefendants |language=en-US |volume=146 |pages=A1 and A5 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/09/walt-nauta-indicted-trump-classified-documents/ |authorlink3=Josh Dawsey |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214032/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/09/walt-nauta-indicted-trump-classified-documents/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It alleges that Trump and Nauta misled a lawyer working for Trump (referenced in the indictment as "Attorney 1," and identified as [[Evan Corcoran]]) who was working on gathering documents to comply with the subpoena.<ref name="CoDefendants" /> According to the indictment, between May 23, 2022 (when Trump met with his attorneys) and June 2, 2022 (when Corcoran told Trump he planned to search a storage room in Mar-a-Lago for documents sought by the subpoena), Nauta was seen on surveillance video removing 64 boxes from a storage room and delivering them to Trump's residence, then returning only 30 boxes to the room.<ref name="CoDefendants" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie|last2=Feuer |first2=Alan |date=October 13, 2022 |title=Trump Aide Was Seen on Security Footage Moving Boxes at Mar-a-Lago |page=A21 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/us/politics/trump-mar-a-lago-walt-nauta.html |access-date=June 10, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |language=en-US |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610014240/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/us/politics/trump-mar-a-lago-walt-nauta.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the indictment, Nauta texted another Trump employee that he had found that several of Trump's boxes had fallen onto the floor, spilling their contents, and Nauta sent a photo to the other employee showing a document on the floor with visible classification markings.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/politics/trump-campaign-aide-identified-as-key-person-in-classified-docs-indictment-sources/ar-AA1dbLJG "Trump campaign aide identified as key person in classified docs indictment: Sources,"] ''ABC News''..</ref> The indictment states that Nauta lied to FBI investigators in May 2022, by falsely claiming he was not aware of boxes being brought to Trump's residence for Trump's review.<ref name="Indictment" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Feuer |first1=Alan |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie|last3=Swan |first3=Jonathan |authorlink3=Jonathan Swan |date=June 12, 2023 |title=How Walt Nauta, a Personal Aide, Came to Be Charged as Trump's Co-Conspirator |volume=172 |page=A13 |newspaper=The New York Times |issue=59817 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/11/us/politics/walt-nauta-trump-documents.html |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612052759/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/11/us/politics/walt-nauta-trump-documents.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The charges are punishable by up to 90 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/65862112|title=Who is Walt Nauta, the aide charged alongside Donald Trump?|date=June 9, 2023|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=June 15, 2023|archive-date=June 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613192123/https://www.bbc.com/news/65862112|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Arraignment and pre-trial motions==
[[File:Classified documents at Mar-a-Lago bathroom.jpg|thumb|Document boxes in Mar-a-Lago bathroom]]
[[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump#Arraignment|Trump was arraigned on June 13]] and pleaded not guilty to all 37 counts.<ref name = NYT13June /> The federal magistrate judge twice postponed Nauta's arraignment so [[Stanley Woodward (attorney)|Stanley Woodward]]—Nauta's Washington, D.C. lawyer, whose fees are paid by Trump's [[Save America]] [[political action committee]]—could find local counsel with whom to work, as required by court rules. The co-counsel must be admitted to practice in the Southern District of Florida. (Woodward is not a member of the local court bar, and thus is appearing ''[[pro hac vice]]''.)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |author=Bower |first=Anna |date=June 27, 2023 |title=The Arraignment That Wasn't |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-arraignment-that-wasn-t |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=Lawfare}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2023/jun/13/trump-indictment-arraignment-miami-classified-documents-live-updates?page=with:block-64891ddf8f080a25fe315166#block-64891ddf8f080a25fe315166 Summary of the day], ''The Guardian'' (June 13, 2023).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Trump's Bag Man |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/06/walt-nauta-donald-trump-bag-man/674407/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615191921/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/06/walt-nauta-donald-trump-bag-man/674407/ |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=June 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>Devlin Barrett and Perry Stein (June 27, 2023). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/27/trump-documents-nauta-arraignment/ "Arraignment for Trump aide Nauta delayed as he searches for lawyer,"] ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/dailybusinessreview/2023/06/21/not-miami-donald-trumps-trial-seems-set-to-move-to-a-quiet-florida-town/|title=Not Miami? Donald Trump's Trial Seems Set to Move to a Quiet Florida Town|website=Daily Business Review|date=June 21, 2023|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201902/https://www.law.com/dailybusinessreview/2023/06/21/not-miami-donald-trumps-trial-seems-set-to-move-to-a-quiet-florida-town/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 13, Trump and Nauta were granted [[pretrial release]], on their [[own recognizance]].<ref>{{cite news|last1 = Thrush|first1 = Glenn|authorlink1 = Glenn Thrush|last2 = Nehamas|first2 = Nicholas|last3 = Sullivan|first3 = Eileen|authorlink3 = Eileen Sullivan|date = June 13, 2023|title = Trump Pleads Not Guilty in Documents Case|url = https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/13/us/trump-indictment-arraignment-court/here-is-the-latest-on-the-trumps-court-appearance|access-date = June 14, 2023|newspaper = The New York Times|archive-date = June 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230613225939/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/13/us/trump-indictment-arraignment-court/here-is-the-latest-on-the-trumps-court-appearance|url-status = live}}</ref> As is common in criminal matters, the co-defendants were instructed that they were prohibited from discussing the case with each other, except through their lawyers. A similar restriction applies to their communications with witnesses. Trump and Nauta remain free to converse directly on topics unrelated to the case.<ref name = NYT13June>{{cite news|first1 = Maggie|last1 = Haberman|first2 = Alan|last2 = Feuer|date = June 13, 2023|title = Trump Ordered Not to Discuss Case With His Aide and Co-Defendant|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/us/politics/trump-nauta-indictment.html|access-date = June 14, 2023|newspaper = The New York Times|archive-date = June 14, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230614010658/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/us/politics/trump-nauta-indictment.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Nauta continues to serve as a personal assistant to Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Department seeks to delay Donald Trump's Aug. 14 trial in Fort Pierce |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/crime/st-lucie-county/2023/06/26/trumps-august-trial-in-fort-pierce-likely-to-be-delayed-to-december/70356300007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626203633/https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/crime/st-lucie-county/2023/06/26/trumps-august-trial-in-fort-pierce-likely-to-be-delayed-to-december/70356300007/ |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=Treasure Coast}}</ref>

Nauta ultimately hired Sasha Dadan (a criminal defense lawyer and former [[public defender]] whose main office is in [[Fort Pierce, Florida]], where the trial judge would be based) to co-counsel with Woodward. At his arraignment on July 6, Nauta pleaded not guilty.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |author=Gomez Licon |first=Adriana |last2=Tucker |first2=Eric |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-justice-department-classified-f5a7b87bbb0234d5504d1c1f92bc857e |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=AP News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Greg |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Walt Nauta, aide to Donald Trump, pleads not guilty in classified documents case |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/06/1186052042/walt-nauta-plea-donald-trump-indictment |access-date=July 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/06/us/walt-nauta-trump-documents.html|title=Trump Aide Pleads Not Guilty in Classified Documents Case|first=Alan|last=Feuer|date=July 6, 2023|work=The New York Times}}</ref> On July 10, Nauta requested an indefinite postponement of a pre-trial hearing in the case scheduled for July 14 because one of his attorneys is anticipated to be in another courthouse defending a different man tied to Trump who is on trial related to the U.S. Capitol insurrection; the government opposed the request.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themessenger.com/politics/trump-walt-nauta-delay-friday-hearing-lawyer-conflict-jan-6-trial|title=Trump’s ‘Body Man’ Asks to Delay Friday Hearing over Lawyer's Conflict with a Jan. 6 Trial|date=July 10, 2023|website=The Messenger}}</ref><ref>[https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.flsd.648652/gov.uscourts.flsd.648652.64.0.pdf]</ref>

Nauta's trial is scheduled to follow that of Trump, which prosecutors have told the judge they would like to begin on December 11.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/st-lucie-county/2023/06/21/will-donald-trump-appear-criminal-trial-fort-pierce-federal-courthouse-classified-documents/70342189007/|title=Will Donald Trump appear at his criminal trial at the Fort Pierce federal courthouse?|website=Treasure Coast|date=June 21, 2023|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201902/https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/st-lucie-county/2023/06/21/will-donald-trump-appear-criminal-trial-fort-pierce-federal-courthouse-classified-documents/70342189007/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ptvnews.ph/judge-sets-aug-14-for-start-of-trump-trial/|title=Judge sets Aug. 14 for start of Trump trial|website=PTV News|date=June 21, 2023|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201904/https://ptvnews.ph/judge-sets-aug-14-for-start-of-trump-trial/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/23/us/politics/trump-documents-trial-delay.html|title=Prosecutors Seek to Delay Trump Documents Trial to December|first=Glenn|last=Thrush|date=June 24, 2023|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 24, 2023|archive-date=June 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624092253/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/23/us/politics/trump-documents-trial-delay.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]], former attorney for Trump; pleaded guilty to tax evasion and campaign-finance violations and served one year in prison
*[[Allen Weisselberg]], former CFO of the Trump Organization; pleaded guilty to 15 criminal charges and served four months in prison

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscat-inline|Waltine Nauta}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nauta, Walt}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hågat, Guam]]
[[Category:Guamanian military personnel]]
[[Category:United States Navy non-commissioned officers]]
[[Category:Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:People charged with crimes]]
[[Category:21st-century American military personnel]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Hulk Hogan

2023-07-05T19:07:23Z

Lensovet:

{{Short description|American professional wrestler (born 1953)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hulk Hogan
| image = Hulk Hogan.jpg
| caption = Hogan in 2005
| birth_name = Terry Gene Bollea
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|8|11|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Augusta, Georgia]], U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Professional wrestler (retired)
* television personality
* actor
}}
| years_active = 1976 (musician) 1977–2012 (wrestler) 1982–present (actor)
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Linda Hogan (TV personality)|Linda Claridge]] |1983|2009|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Jennifer McDaniel |2010|2021|reason=divorced}}}}
| children = [[Brooke Hogan]] [[Nick Hogan]]
| relatives = [[Horace Hogan]] (nephew)
| website = {{URL|hulkhogan.com}}
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
| names = Hollywood Hogan<ref name=james/> Hollywood Hulk Hogan<ref name="OWW"/> Hulk Boulder<ref>{{cite web |title=Hulk Hogan trying to bodyslam "Hulk" cereal ad |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hulkhogan/hulk-hogan-trying-to-bodyslam-hulk-cereal-ad-idUSTRE64R12A20100528 |author=Eriq Gardner |date=May 28, 2018 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> '''Hulk Hogan'''<ref name="WWEBio"/> Hulk Machine<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Mike |title=Why WSX Died A Quick Death On MTV, High Energy, Punk In 2021 And More |url=https://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=142668 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |work=www.pwinsider.com |date=January 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name="OWW"/> Mr. America<ref name="OWW"/> Sterling Golden<ref>Wrestling Classics, January 1992 issue, p. 16.</ref> Terry Boulder<ref name="OWW"/> The Super Destroyer<ref name="OWW"/>
| height = 6 ft 7 in<ref name="WWEBio"/>
| weight = 302 lb<ref name="WWEBio"/>
| billed = [[Hollywood, California]] (as Hollywood Hogan) [[Venice Beach, California]]<ref name="WWEBio"/> (as Hulk Hogan) [[Washington, D.C.]] (as Mr. America)<ref>{{cite video |date=2003 |title=[[Judgment Day (2003)|Judgment Day 2003]] |medium=DVD |publisher=WWE Home Video}}</ref>
| trainer = [[Hiro Matsuda]]<ref name="OWW"/>
| debut = August 9, 1977
| retired = January 27, 2012
}}
}}
'''Terry Gene Bollea'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2111332/hogans-amended-complaint.pdf|title=Amended Complaint|website=documentcloud.org|access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://casetext.com/case/bollea-v-gawker-media | title=Bollea v. Gawker Media, LLC, Case No. 8:12-cv-02348-T-27TBM | Casetext Search + Citator }}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ||ə}}; born August 11, 1953), better known by his [[ring name]] '''Hulk Hogan''', is an American retired [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He is widely regarded as the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s, as well as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/11/02/top-50-wrestlers-of-all-time |title=Top 50 Wrestlers of All Time |date=November 2, 2012 |publisher=ign.com |access-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref>

Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977, but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now [[WWE]]) in 1983. There, his persona as a [[Face (professional wrestling)|heroic]] [[all-American]] helped usher in the [[1980s professional wrestling boom]], where he headlined a record eight editions of WWF's flagship annual event, [[WrestleMania]].
Hogan also was a regular headliner of [[Saturday Night's Main Event]] and its spin-off [[WWF The Main Event|The Main Event]] in which he headlined 31 editions of both shows combined. During his initial run, he won the [[WWF Championship]] [[List of WWE Champions|five times]], with his first reign being the [[List of WWE Champions#Combined reigns|second-longest]] in the championship's history. He is the first wrestler to win consecutive [[Royal Rumble#Match|Royal Rumble]] matches, winning in [[Royal Rumble (1990)|1990]] and [[Royal Rumble (1991)|1991]]. His match with [[Andre the Giant]] on [[WWF The Main Event]] on February 5, 1988, still holds American television viewership records for wrestling with a 15.2 Nielsen rating and 33 million viewers.<ref name="SK_Feb2021">{{cite news |last1=Boman |first1=Ryan K. |title=Looking back on Hulk Hogan vs Andre the Giant: The biggest televised match in the history of pro wrestling |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/looking-back-hogan-vs-andre-biggest-televised-match-history-pro-wrestling |access-date=June 8, 2022 |work=Spotskeeda |date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>

In 1993, Hogan departed the WWF to pursue a career in film and television. He was lured back to the ring when he signed with rival promotion [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) in 1994. He won the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] [[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions|six times]], and holds the record for the [[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions#Reigns|longest reign]]. In 1996, he underwent a career renaissance upon [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#turn|adopting]] the [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villainous]] persona of "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan, leading the popular [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order]] (nWo) [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#S|stable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_22898.shtml |title=The Original Triple H |last=Combs |first=Jason |date=September 20, 2007 |website=Pro Wrestling Torch |access-date=September 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001171459/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_22898.shtml |archive-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref> As a result, he became a major figure during the "[[Monday Night Wars]]", another [[Attitude Era|boom of mainstream professional wrestling]]. He headlined WCW's annual flagship event [[Starrcade]] three times, including the most profitable WCW [[pay-per-view]] ever, [[Starrcade (1997)|Starrcade 1997]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_24141.shtml |title=Nostalgia: Starrcade '97 |last=Hoops |first=Brian |date=January 7, 2008 |publisher=PWTorch |access-date=August 10, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234924/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_24141.shtml |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>

Hogan returned to the WWF in 2002 following its acquisition of WCW the prior year, winning the Undisputed WWF Championship for his record equaling (for the time) sixth reign before departing in 2003. He was inducted into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] in [[WWE Hall of Fame (2005)|2005]], and inducted a second time in [[WWE Hall of Fame (2020)|2020]] as a member of the nWo.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/28256144/wwe-honor-nwo-hall-fame-induction |title=WWE to honor nWo with Hall of Fame induction |date=December 9, 2019 |website=ESPN.com |access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>

Hogan also performed for the [[American Wrestling Association]] (AWA), [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW) – where he was the inaugural winner of the original [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version)|IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] – and [[Impact Wrestling|Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA – now Impact Wrestling).<ref name="PWI Blog1">{{cite magazine |url=http://prowrestlingillustrated.blogspot.com/2009/12/new-pwi-blog.html |title=The New PWI |magazine=Pro Wrestling Illustrated |access-date=August 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="wrestlingnewsworld1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlingnewsworld.com/pwi-will-no-longer-recognize-tna-world-heavyweight-championship/ |title=PWI Will No Longer Recognize TNA World Heavyweight Championship |publisher=wrestlingnewsworld.com |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcw.com/2000/superstars/hogan/ |title=WCW SUPERSTARS: Hulk Hogan |access-date=February 25, 2019 |publisher=WCW.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817233102/http://www.wcw.com/2000/superstars/hogan/ |archive-date=August 17, 2000}}</ref>

During and after wrestling, Hogan had an extensive acting career, beginning with his 1982 cameo role in ''[[Rocky III]]''. He has starred in several films (including ''[[No Holds Barred (1989 film)|No Holds Barred]]'', ''[[Suburban Commando]]'' and ''[[Mr. Nanny]]'') and three television shows (''[[Hogan Knows Best]]'', ''[[Thunder in Paradise]]'', and ''[[China, IL]]''), as well as in [[Right Guard]] commercials and the video game, ''[[Hulk Hogan's Main Event]]''. He was the frontman for The Wrestling Boot Band, whose sole record, ''Hulk Rules'', reached {{abbr|No.|Number}} 12 on the ''Billboard'' [[Kid Albums|Top Kid Audio]] chart in 1995.

== Early life ==
Hogan was born in [[Augusta, Georgia]], on August 11, 1953,<ref name="OWW">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/h/hulk-hogan.html |title=Hulk Hogan's profile |access-date=December 10, 2007 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221054338/http://onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/h/hulk-hogan.html |archive-date=February 21, 2009}}</ref> the son of construction foreman Pietro "Peter" Bollea (December 6, 1913 – December 18, 2001) of [[Italians|Italian]] descent and homemaker and dance teacher Ruth V. (''née'' Moody; 1922 – January 1, 2011) Bollea of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[French people|French]] descent.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} When he was one and a half years old, his family moved to [[Port Tampa (neighborhood)|Port Tampa, Florida]].<ref name="HHP11">{{cite book |author=Hogan, Hulk |year=2009 |title=My Life Outside the Ring |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=11 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> As a boy, he was a [[pitcher]] in [[Little League Baseball]]. He attracted scouts from the [[New York Yankees]] and the [[Cincinnati Reds]], but an injury ended his baseball career. Hogan attended [[Thomas Richard Robinson High School|Robinson High School]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kennedy Wynne |first1=Sharon |title=Hulk Hogan begs for forgiveness, blames South Tampa 'culture' for racist rant (w/video) |url=https://www.tampabay.com/features/celebrities/hulk-hogan-begs-forgiveness-blames-south-tampa-culture-for-racist-rant/2243523/?outputType=amp |website=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |access-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref> He began watching professional wrestling at 16 years old. While in high school, he revered [[Dusty Rhodes (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes]],<ref name=lk45/> and he regularly attended cards at the [[Tampa Sportatorium]]. It was at one of those wrestling cards where he first turned his attention toward [[Superstar Billy Graham]] and looked to him for inspiration;<ref name=lk45>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=45 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> since he first saw Graham on TV,<ref name=lk45/> Hogan wanted to match his "inhuman" look.<ref name=lk45/>

Hogan was also a musician, spending a decade playing [[Bass guitar#Fretted and fretless basses|fretless bass guitar]] in several Florida-based rock bands.<ref name=james>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200552 |title=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture |author=Patrick Jones |access-date=October 25, 2007 |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111070903/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200552 |archive-date=November 11, 2007}}</ref> He went on to study at [[Hillsborough Community College]] and the [[University of South Florida]]. After music gigs began to get in the way of his time in college, he dropped out of the University of South Florida.<ref name=lk457u>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=41 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> Eventually, Hogan and two local musicians formed a band called Ruckus in 1976.<ref name=lk4544>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=44 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> The band soon became popular in the Tampa Bay region.<ref name=lk4544/> During his spare time, Hogan worked out at Hector's Gym in the Tampa Bay area, where he began lifting.<ref name= lk457u5>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=42 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> Many of the wrestlers who were competing in the Florida region visited the bars where Ruckus was performing.<ref name= lk45/> Among those attending his performances were [[Jack Brisco|Jack]] and [[Gerald Brisco]],<ref name= lk45/> two brothers who wrestled together as a tag team in the Florida region.

Impressed by Hogan's physical stature, the Brisco brothers asked [[Hiro Matsuda]]{{emdash}}the man who trained wrestlers working for [[Championship Wrestling from Florida]] (CWF){{emdash}}to make him a potential trainee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/geraldbrisco |title=Gerald Brisco's profile |access-date=June 4, 2012 |publisher=[[WWE]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160125170339/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/geraldbrisco |archive-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref> In 1976, the two brothers asked Hogan to try wrestling. Hogan eventually agreed.<ref name= lk455147>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=47 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> At first, [[Mike Graham (wrestler)|Mike Graham]], the son of CWF promoter [[Eddie Graham]], refused to put Hogan in the ring; according to Hogan, he met Graham while in high school and the two did not get along. After Hogan quit Ruckus and started telling people in town that he was going to be a wrestler,<ref name= lk4551>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=51 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> Graham finally agreed to accept the Brisco Brothers' request.

== Professional wrestling career ==
{{Professional wrestling sidebar}}

=== Early years (1977–1979) ===
In mid-1977, after training for more than a year with Matsuda, the Brisco brothers dropped by Matsuda's gym to see Hogan. During this visit, Jack Brisco handed Hogan a pair of wrestling boots and informed him that he was scheduled to wrestle his first match the following week.<ref name=lk455156h>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=56 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> In his professional wrestling debut, Eddie Graham [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#B|booked]] him against [[Brian Blair]] in [[Fort Myers, Florida]], on August 10, 1977, in CWF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldschool-wrestling.com/geeklog/article.php/20061017223545426 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029002801/http://www.oldschool-wrestling.com/geeklog/article.php/20061017223545426 |archive-date=October 29, 2006 |title=Old School Wrestling – Florida results 1977 (August 10)}}</ref><ref name= 7uiomnx>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=57 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> A short time later, Hogan donned a mask and assumed the persona of "The Super Destroyer", a hooded character first played by [[Don Jardine]] and subsequently used by other wrestlers.

Hogan eventually could no longer work with [[Hiro Matsuda]], whom he felt was an overbearing trainer, and left CWF. After declining an offer to wrestle for the Kansas City circuit, Hogan took a hiatus from wrestling and managed The Anchor club, a private club in [[Cocoa Beach, Florida]], for a man named Whitey Bridges. Eventually, Whitey and Hogan became close friends, and opened a gym together; the gym became known as Whitey and Terry's Olympic gym.<ref name="765yuiomnfx">{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |pages=61–62 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref>

Soon after, Hogan's friend Ed Leslie (later known as [[Brutus Beefcake]]) came to Cocoa Beach to help Hogan and Bridges manage both the Anchor Club and the Whitey and Terry's Olympic Gym. In his spare time, he and Leslie worked out in the gym together,<ref name="765yuiomnfx"/> and eventually, Beefcake developed a muscular physique; Hogan was impressed by Beefcake's physical stature and became convinced that the two of them should wrestle together as [[tag team]] partners. Depressed and yearning to return to wrestling, Hogan called Superstar Billy Graham in 1978 with hopes that Graham could find him a job wrestling outside of Florida; Graham agreed and Hogan soon joined Louie Tillet's [[Alabama]] territory. Hogan also convinced Leslie, who had yet to become a wrestler, to come with him and promised to teach him everything he knew about the sport.<ref name=765yu8omnfx>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=67 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref>

In Alabama, Hogan and Leslie wrestled as Terry and Ed Boulder, known as The Boulder Brothers. These early matches as a tag team with the surname Boulder being used by both men prompted a rumor among wrestling fans unaware of the inner workings of the sport that Hogan and Leslie were brothers,<ref name=76hbw8omnfx>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=73 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> as few people actually knew their real names outside of immediate friends, family, and the various promoters the two worked for. After wrestling a show for [[Continental Wrestling Association]] (CWA) in Memphis, Jerry Jarrett, the [[List of professional wrestling promoters|promoter]] for the CWA, approached Hogan and Leslie and offered them a job in his [[Professional wrestling promotion|promotion]] for $800 a week; this was far more than the $175 a week they would make working for Tillet.<ref name= 7oubw8omnfx/> Hogan and Leslie accepted this offer and left Tillet's territory.<ref name= 7oubw8omnfx>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=75 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref>

During his time in Memphis, Hogan appeared on a local talk show, where he sat beside [[Lou Ferrigno]], star of the television series ''[[The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=76 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> The host commented on how Hogan, who stood 6 ft 7 in (201 cm) and weighed 295 pounds with 24-inch biceps, actually dwarfed "The Hulk". Watching the show backstage, Mary Jarrett noticed that Hogan was actually bigger than Ferrigno, who was well known at the time for having large muscles. As a result, Hogan began performing as Terry "The Hulk" Boulder<ref name= 79nmbx>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=77 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> and sometimes wrestled as Sterling Golden.<ref name=james/>

On December 1, 1979, Hogan won his first [[professional wrestling championship]], the [[NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division)]], recognized in [[Alabama]] and [[Tennessee]], when he defeated [[Bob Roop]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]. He [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#D|dropped]] it in January 1980 to [[Bob Armstrong]]. He briefly wrestled in the [[Georgia Championship Wrestling]] (GCW) territory from September through December 1979 as Sterling Golden.

=== World Wrestling Federation (1979–1981) ===
[[File:Hulk Hogan and Freddie Blassie, 1980.png|thumb|250x250px|Hogan and his manager [[Freddie Blassie]] in 1980]]
In the fall of 1979, former NWA World Heavyweight Champion [[Terry Funk]] introduced Bollea to the [[World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) owner/promoter [[Vince McMahon, Sr.|Vincent J. McMahon]], who was impressed with his charisma and physical stature. McMahon, who wanted to use an Irish name, gave him the last name Hogan, and also wanted him to dye his hair red. Bollea claims his hair was already beginning to fall out by that time, and he refused to dye it, simply replying, "I'll be a blond Irish".<ref>''The Greatest Superstars of the 1980s'' DVD.</ref> Bollea wrestled his first match in the WWF under the ring name "Hulk Hogan" by defeating Harry Valdez<ref>{{Citation |title=Hulk Hogan's WWF debut, 1979 |url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/HCLtJEOgTq2f/ |access-date=April 26, 2022}}</ref> on the November 17 episode of ''[[WWF Championship Wrestling|Championship Wrestling]]''. He made his first appearance at [[Madison Square Garden]], defeating [[Ted DiBiase]] after a [[bearhug]]. After the match, Hogan thanked DiBiase for putting him over and told him that he "owed him one", a favor he repaid during DiBiase's second run with the company in the late 1980s and early 1990s as "The Million Dollar Man".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o5LMndqP_o |title=Ted DiBiase shoots on Hulk Hogan and Steve Austin |last=Wrestling Shoots |date=October 1, 2016 |via=YouTube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402042519/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o5LMndqP_o |archive-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> McMahon gave Hogan former [[World tag team championship|tag team champion]] [[Tony Altomare]] as chaperone and guide.<ref name=albano>{{cite book |title=Often Imitated, Never Duplicated: Captain Lou Albano |last=Albano |first=Lou |pages=104 |publisher=GEAN Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-615-18998-7}}</ref> At this time, Hogan wrestled [[Bob Backlund]] for the [[WWE World Championship|WWF Championship]],<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Show Results 1980 |work=The History of WWE |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/80.htm |year=1980 |access-date=May 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423131734/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/80.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> and he started his first big feud with [[André the Giant]], which culminated in a [[Showdown at Shea (1980)|match]] with André at [[Shea Stadium]] in August 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Show Results 1980 |work=The History of WWE |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/80.htm |access-date=May 18, 2015 |date=August 9, 1980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423131734/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/80.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> During his initial run as a [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] in the WWF, Hogan was paired with [[Freddie Blassie|"Classy" Freddie Blassie]], a wrestler-turned-[[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]].

=== New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1980–1985) ===
In 1980, Hogan began appearing in [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW) where Japanese wrestling fans nicknamed him {{Nihongo|"Ichiban"|一番|4="Number One"}}. Hogan first appeared on May 13, 1980, while he was still with the WWF. He occasionally toured the country over the next few years, facing a wide variety of opponents ranging from [[Tatsumi Fujinami]] to [[Abdullah the Butcher]]. When competing in [[Japan]], Hogan used a vastly different repertoire of wrestling moves, relying on more technical, traditional wrestling holds and maneuvers as opposed to the power-based, brawling style American fans became accustomed to seeing from him. In addition, Hogan used the ''Axe Bomber'', a [[Professional wrestling attacks#Crooked arm lariat|crooked arm lariat]], as his finisher in Japan instead of the [[Leg drop#Running leg drop|running leg drop]] that has been his standard finisher in America. Hogan still made appearances for the WWF, even unsuccessfully challenging [[Pedro Morales]] for the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] on March 26, 1981.<ref name="page39">{{cite book |title=Pedro Morales: 70 años del pionero Latinoamericano |author=Alexander Trujillo |publisher=El Diario Culebrense |language=es |chapter=Reportaje Especial |date=October 24, 2012 |page=39}}</ref> On June 2, 1983, Hogan became the first [[International Wrestling Grand Prix]] (IWGP) tournament winner and the first holder of an [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version)|early version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship]], defeating [[Antonio Inoki]] by knockout in the finals of a ten-man tournament.<ref name="iwgp1983"/><ref name="IWGP Champ">{{cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL WRESTLING GRAND PRIX CHAMPIONSHIP TOURNAMENT |url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/newjapan/iwgp.html |access-date=February 9, 2019 |publisher=Wrestling-Titles.com}}</ref> Since then, this championship was defended annually against the winner of the IWGP League of the year until it was replaced by current [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]], that is defended regularly.<ref name="IWGP Champ"/>
[[File:Hulk Hogan, 1980.png|left|thumb|Hogan in 1980]]
Hogan and Inoki also worked as partners in Japan, winning the MSG (Madison Square Garden) Tag League tournament two years in a row: in 1982 and 1983. In 1984, Hogan returned to NJPW to wrestle Inoki to defend the early version of the IWGP title after that Inoki won in the finals of the IWGP League, becoming the new no. 1 contender to the championship.<ref name="IWGP Champ"/> Hogan lost the match and [[Championship belt#Professional wrestling|title belt]] by [[Professional wrestling#Countout|countout]], thanks to interference from [[Riki Choshu]]. Hogan also defended his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against [[Seiji Sakaguchi]] and Fujinami, among others, until ending his tour in Nagoya on June 13 losing to Inoki via count-out in a championship match for the early version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Hogan was the only challenger in the history of that title that didn't win the tournament to become the no. 1 contender to the championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=39&bild=0&details=7&liga=121&jahr=1985 |title=Wrestlingdata.com - The World's Largest Wrestling Database |website=www.wrestlingdata.com |access-date=January 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="IWGP Champ"/>

=== American Wrestling Association (1981–1983) ===
After filming his scene for ''[[Rocky III]]'' against the elder McMahon's wishes, Hogan made his debut in the [[American Wrestling Association]] (AWA), owned by [[Verne Gagne]]. Hogan started his AWA run as a villain, taking on "Luscious" [[John L. Sullivan (wrestler)|Johnny Valiant]] as his manager. This did not last for long as the AWA fans fell in love with Hogan's presence and Hogan became the top [[Face (professional wrestling)|fan favorite]] of the AWA, battling the [[Heenan Family]] and [[Nick Bockwinkel]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Hogan's [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#T|turn]] as a fan favorite came at the end of July 1981, when during a television taping that aired in August, [[Jerry Blackwell]], after suffering a pinfall loss to [[Brad Rheingans]], began beating down Rheingans and easily fighting off anyone who tried to run in for the save. Hogan ran in, got the upper hand and ran Blackwell from the ring. Hogan was eventually victorious in his [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] with Blackwell and by the end of 1981, gained his first title matches against Bockwinkel.

=== Return to WWF (1983–1993) ===
==== Rise of Hulkamania (1983–1984) ====
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Hulk Hogan And Brutus Beefcake.jpg|thumb|Hogan as the [[WWE World Championship|WWF World Heavyweight Champion]] with [[Brutus Beefcake]]]]
After purchasing the company from his father in 1982, [[Vince McMahon|Vincent K. McMahon]] had plans to expand the territory into a nationwide promotion, and he handpicked Hogan to be the company's showpiece attraction due to his charisma and name recognition. Hogan made his return at a television taping in [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], on December 27, 1983, defeating Bill Dixon.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Show Results 1983 |work=The History of WWE |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/83.htm |access-date=February 27, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519180847/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/83.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2009}}</ref>

On the January 7, 1984, episode of ''Championship Wrestling'', Hogan confirmed his fan favorite status (for any WWF fans unaware of his late 1981 babyface turn) by saving Bob Backlund from a three-way assault by [[The Wild Samoans]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Show Results 1984 |work=The History of WWE |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm |access-date=May 18, 2015 |date=January 7, 1984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723032831/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2014}}</ref> Hogan's [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Turn|turn]] was explained simply by Backlund: "He's changed his ways. He's a great man. He's told me he's not gonna have Blassie around". The storyline shortcut was necessary because less than three weeks later on January 23, Hogan won his first WWF World Heavyweight Championship, [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinning]] [[The Iron Sheik]] (who had Blassie in his [[Cornerman|corner]]) in [[Madison Square Garden]].<ref name=james/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454120 |title=Hulk Hogan's first WWE Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624000129/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454120 |archive-date=June 24, 2005}}</ref> The storyline accompanying the victory was that Hogan was a "last minute" replacement for the Sheik's original opponent Bob Backlund,<ref name="WWEBio">{{cite web |url=https://www.wwe.com/superstars/hulkhogan |title=Hulk Hogan bio |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref> and became the champion by way of being the first man to escape the camel clutch (the Iron Sheik's finishing move).<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Show Results 1984 |work=The History of WWE |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm |access-date=February 27, 2008 |date=January 23, 1984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723032831/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2014}}</ref>

Immediately after the title win, commentator [[Gorilla Monsoon]] proclaimed: "Hulkamania is here!". Hogan frequently referred to his fans as "Hulkamaniacs" in his interviews and introduced his three "demandments": [[training]], saying [[prayer]]s, and eating [[vitamin]]s. Eventually, a fourth demandment ([[Self-confidence|believing in oneself]]) was added during his feud with [[John Tenta|Earthquake]] in 1990. Hogan's ring gear developed a characteristic yellow-and-red color scheme; his ring entrances involved him [[ritual]]istically ripping his shirt off his body, [[Posedown|flexing]], and listening for audience cheers in an exaggerated manner. The majority of Hogan's matches during this time involved him wrestling heels who had been booked as [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#M|unstoppable monsters]], using a format which became near-routine: He delivered steady offense, but eventually lose momentum, seemingly nearing defeat. After being hit with his opponent's finishing move, he got a sudden [[second wind]], fighting back while "feeding" off the energy of the audience, becoming impervious to attack{{snd}} a process described as "Hulking up". His signature maneuvers{{snd}} pointing at the opponent (later accompanied by a loud "you!" from the audience), shaking his finger to scold him, three punches, an Irish whip, the [[big boot]] and [[Leg drop#Running leg drop|running leg drop]] – followed, ensuring victory. That finishing sequence occasionally changed depending on the storyline and opponent; for instance, with "giant" wrestlers, the sequence might involve a [[body slam]].

In 1984, similarities between Hogan's character and that of [[The Incredible Hulk]] led to a [[Quitclaim deed|quitclaim]] deal between Titan Sports, [[Marvel Comics]] and himself wherein Marvel obtained the trademarks "Hulk Hogan", "Hulkster" and "Hulkamania" for 20 years, and Titan agreed to no longer refer to him as "incredible" nor simply "Hulk" or ever dress him in purple or green. Marvel also subsequently received .9% of reportable gross merchandise revenue associated with Hogan, $100 for each of his matches and 10% of Titan's portion of his other earnings under this name (or 10% of the earnings, if Titan held no interest).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/304714653/1985-marvel-hulk-hogan-titan-sports-contract |title=1985 Marvel/Hulk Hogan/Titan Sports Contract - Wwe - Entertainment |website=Scribd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402042519/https://www.scribd.com/doc/304714653/1985-marvel-hulk-hogan-titan-sports-contract |archive-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Mule>{{cite web |url=http://redheadedmule.com/comics/hulk-hogan-marvel/10579/ |title=When Hulk Hogan and Marvel Collided |work=Red-Headed Mule |access-date=August 8, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727065916/http://redheadedmule.com/comics/hulk-hogan-marvel/10579/ |archive-date=July 27, 2015 |date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> This extended to WCW, whose parent company [[Turner Broadcasting System]] merged with [[Time Warner]] in 1996 and became sister companies with Marvel rival [[DC Comics]]. (As Hogan was well underway with the nWo storyline under the "Hollywood Hogan" ring name at the time, this avoided Time Warner the awkward situation of paying Marvel the rights to the name while owning its chief rival.) In a story in 1988's ''[[Marvel Comics Presents]] #45'', a wrestler resembling Hogan was tossed through an arena roof by The Incredible Hulk, because he "picked the wrong name."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlecrap.com/sbt/someone-bought-this-hulk-hogan-vs-the-incredible-hulk-in-an-epic-battle-of-the-hulks/ |title=Someone Bought This: Hulk Hogan Vs. The Incredible Hulk in an epic battle of The Hulks! |website=www.wrestlecrap.com |date=June 26, 2014}}</ref>

==== International renown (1985–1988) ====
{{see also|André the Giant–Hulk Hogan rivalry}}
Over the next year, Hogan became the face of professional wrestling as McMahon pushed the WWF into a [[Popular culture|pop culture]] enterprise with [[1980s professional wrestling boom|The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection]] on [[MTV]], drawing record houses, [[List of WWE pay-per-view events|pay-per-view]] buyrates, and television ratings in the process. The centerpiece attraction for the [[WrestleMania I|first WrestleMania]] on March 31, 1985, Hogan teamed with [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#L|legit]] friend, TV and movie star [[Mr. T]] to defeat his archrival [[Roddy Piper|"Rowdy" Roddy Piper]] and [[Paul Orndorff|"Mr Wonderful" Paul Orndorff]] when [[Bob Orton, Jr.|"Cowboy" Bob Orton]], who had been in the corner of Piper and Orndorff, accidentally caused his team's defeat by knocking out Orndorff after he jumped from the top turnbuckle and hit him in the back of the head with his arm cast in a shot meant for Hogan.<ref name=james/><ref>{{cite web |title=WrestleMania I Main Event |publisher=[[WWE]] |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/1/mainevent1 |access-date=October 25, 2016 |date=March 31, 1985 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110628014908/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/1/mainevent1 |archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref> On ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event I]]'', Hogan successfully defended the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Orton in a match that Hogan won by [[Professional wrestling#Disqualification|disqualification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/may111985 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event I results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=May 11, 1985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329070003/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/may111985 |archive-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref>

Hogan was named the most requested celebrity of the 1980s for the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation|Make-a-Wish Foundation]] children's charity. He was featured on the covers of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' (the first and {{as of|2013|lc=y}}, only professional wrestler to do so), ''[[TV Guide]]'', and ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazines, while also appearing on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' and having his own [[CBS]] [[Saturday morning cartoon]] titled ''[[Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling]]''. Hogan, as the premier WWF icon, [[Card (sports)#Main event|headlined]] seven of the first eight [[WrestleMania]] events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.wwe9.com/inside/listthis/dreammatches |title=List This! Greatest Match-ups That Haven't Happened |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130091440/http://i.wwe9.com/inside/listthis/dreammatches |archive-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> He also co-hosted ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on March 30, 1985, during this lucrative run. [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] reported that the [[premium-rate telephone number|900 number]] information line he ran while with the WWF was the single biggest 900 number from 1991 to 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27600-fri-update-mcmahons-to-make-good-on-1-million-owed-from-70s-huge-weekend-schedule-ufc-notes-cena-update-orton-doing-stunts-jones-vs-dana-tons-more |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923220741/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27600-fri-update-mcmahons-to-make-good-on-1-million-owed-from-70s-huge-weekend-schedule-ufc-notes-cena-update-orton-doing-stunts-jones-vs-dana-tons-more |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |title=FRI UPDATE: McMahons to make good on $1 million owed from 70s, huge weekend schedule, UFC notes, Cena update, Orton doing stunts, Jones vs. Dana, tons more |work=Figure Four Wrestling |last=Alvarez |first=Bryan |date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> Hogan continued to run a 900 number after joining [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW).<ref>{{cite magazine |page=69 |magazine=Billboard |date=June 3, 1995 |title=Select's Hulk Hogan Sings Between Bouts |first=Jim |last=Bessman |volume=107 |number=22 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref>

On ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event II]]'', he successfully defended the title against Nikolai Volkoff in a [[flag match]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/oct051985 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event II results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=October 5, 1985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221200020/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/oct051985 |archive-date=February 21, 2008}}</ref> He met long-time rival Roddy Piper in a WWF title match at the [[WWF The Wrestling Classic|Wrestling Classic]] [[pay-per-view]] (PPV) event. Hogan retained the title by disqualification after Bob Orton interfered and hit Hogan with his cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/85.htm |title=WWF Show Results 1985 |publisher=The History of WWE |access-date=May 18, 2015 |date=November 7, 1985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018032135/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/85.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2014}}</ref> Hogan had many challengers in the way as the new year began. Throughout 1986, Hogan made successful title defenses against challengers such as [[Terry Funk]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/jan041986 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event IV results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=January 4, 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331193445/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/jan041986 |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> [[Don Muraco]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/march011986 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event V results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=March 1, 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327022838/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/march011986 |archive-date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> [[King Kong Bundy]] (in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Steel cages|steel cage match]] at [[WrestleMania 2]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm2/mainevent/ |title=King Kong Bundy vs. Hulk Hogan – WWE Championship Steel Cage Match |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=April 2, 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604215447/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm2/mainevent/ |archive-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> Paul Orndorff,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/oct041986 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event VII results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=October 4, 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024230456/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/oct041986 |archive-date=October 24, 2008}}</ref> and [[Hercules (wrestler)|Hercules Hernandez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/nov291986 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event VIII results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=November 29, 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618100943/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/nov291986 |archive-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref>

In the fall of 1986, Hogan occasionally wrestled in tag team matches with [[The Machines (professional wrestling)|The Machines]] as Hulk Machine under a mask copied from NJPW's [[Gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]] "[[Junji Hirata|Super Strong Machine]]".<ref name="OWW"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/m/machines.html |title=The Machines Profile |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 12, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621210036/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/m/machines.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania III]] in 1987, Hogan was booked to defend the title against André the Giant, who had been the sport's premier star and was [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#P|pushed]] as undefeated for the previous fifteen years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/andrethegiant |title=Andre the Giant |work=WWE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501202657/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/andrethegiant/bio/ |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}</ref> A new storyline was introduced in early 1987; Hogan was presented a trophy for being the WWF World Heavyweight Champion for three consecutive years.<ref name="bigone">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/listthis/ruggedroadstomania/roadstomania1 |title=The Big One |last=McAvennie |first=Mike |date=March 30, 2007 |access-date=October 19, 2007 |publisher=[[WWE]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015050323/http://www.wwe.com/inside/listthis/ruggedroadstomania/roadstomania1 |archive-date=October 15, 2007}}</ref> André the Giant, who was Hogan's good friend, came out to congratulate him.<ref name=80s38>{{cite book |title=Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s |last=Shields |first=Brian |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-3257-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mainevent00bria/page/38 38] |url=https://archive.org/details/mainevent00bria/page/38}}</ref> Shortly afterward, André was presented a slightly smaller trophy for being "undefeated in the WWF for 15 years".<ref name="bigone"/> Hogan came out to congratulate André, who walked out in the midst of Hogan's speech. Then, on an edition of ''[[Piper's Pit]]'', Hogan was confronted by Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, who announced that André was his new protégé, and Andre challenged Hogan to a title match at WrestleMania III,<ref name=80s38/><ref name=top25>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_4_4/ai_94123536 |title=The main events: ladies and gentlemen, may we present the 25 most memorable matches in the last 25 years |last=Eck |first=Kevin |publisher=Wrestling Digest |access-date=October 14, 2007 |date=December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015121440/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_4_4/ai_94123536  |archive-date=October 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Wrestlemania20/WrestleMania3.html |title=Steamboat – Savage rule WrestleMania 3 |last=Powell |first=John |publisher=SLAM! Wrestling |access-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429201526/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Wrestlemania20/WrestleMania3.html |archive-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=80s26>{{cite book |title=Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s |first=Brian |last=Shields |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/mainevent00bria/page/26 26] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-3257-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mainevent00bria/page/26}}</ref> where Hogan successfully defended the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against André the Giant. During the match, Hogan hit a body slam on the 520-pound André (which was dubbed "the bodyslam heard around the world") and won the match after a leg drop.<ref name=top25/><ref name=ecw>{{cite book |title=The Rise & Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling |last=Loverro |first=Thom |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-1058-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom}}</ref>

==== The Mega Powers (1988–1989) ====
{{main|Mega Powers}}
[[File:Miss Elizabeth running.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Miss Elizabeth]], who managed Hogan as part of [[The Mega Powers]] storyline with her husband [[Randy Savage]]]]

Hogan remained WWF World Heavyweight Champion for [[List of WWE World Heavyweight Champions|four years (1,474 days)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/thist/world.html |title=WWE World Heavyweight Championship History |work=Complete WWE |access-date=April 12, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405171034/http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/thist/world.html |archive-date=April 5, 2008}}</ref> In front of 33 million viewers, Hogan finally lost the title to André on ''[[The Main Event I]]'' after a convoluted scam involving "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase and [[Earl Hebner]] (who assumed the place of his twin brother [[Dave Hebner]], the match's appointed [[Referee (professional wrestling)|referee]]).<ref name="Main Event – Hogan vs Andre"/> After André delivered a [[Suplex#Belly to belly suplex|belly to belly suplex]] on Hogan, Hebner counted the pin while Hogan's left shoulder was clearly off the mat.<ref name="WWEBio"/> After the match, André handed the title over to DiBiase to complete their business deal.<ref name="Main Event – Hogan vs Andre">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/snme/880205.html |title=The Main Event results – February 5, 1988 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 12, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601041115/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/snme/880205.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008}}</ref> As a result, the WWF World Heavyweight Championship was [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#V|vacated]] for the first time in its 25-year history because then [[Professional wrestling authority figures#Presidents and Commissioners|WWF President]] [[Jack Tunney]] decreed the championship could not be sold from one wrestler to another.<ref name="Main Event – Hogan vs Andre"/> At [[WrestleMania IV]], Hogan participated in a tournament for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship to regain it; he and André were given a bye into quarter-finals, but their match resulted in a double disqualification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm4/results/ |title=WrestleMania IV official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=March 27, 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525165317/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm4/results/ |archive-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> Later that night in the main event, Hogan came to ringside to stop André interfering which helped [[Randy Savage|"Macho Man" Randy Savage]] defeat Ted DiBiase to win the title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm4/mainevent/ |title=Randy "Macho Man" Savage vs. "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase – WWE Championship Tournament Finals |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=March 27, 1988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329175934/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm4/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref>

Together, Hogan, Savage, and manager [[Miss Elizabeth]] formed a partnership known as [[The Mega Powers]].<ref name="megapowers">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/m/megapowers.html |title=Mega Powers Profile |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=June 4, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610035502/http://onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/m/megapowers.html |archive-date=June 10, 2012}}</ref> After Savage became WWF World Heavyweight Champion at WrestleMania IV, they feuded with [[The Mega Bucks]] (André the Giant and Ted DiBiase) and defeated them at the main event of [[SummerSlam (1988)|the first SummerSlam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1988/mainevent1/ |title=Hulk Hogan & "Macho Man" Randy Savage w/ Elizabeth vs. "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase & André the Giant w/ Virgil and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 12, 2008 |date=August 29, 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724013841/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1988/mainevent1/ |archive-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref> They then went on to feud with [[Slick (wrestling)|Slick's]] [[The Twin Towers (professional wrestling)|Twin Towers]]: [[One Man Gang|Akeem]] and [[Big Boss Man (wrestler)|Big Boss Man]].

In mid-1988, Hogan wrestled at [[house show]]s in [[Professional wrestling match types#Singles match|singles competition]] with his "War Bonnet", a red and yellow [[Galea (helmet)|gladiator helmet]] with a fist-shaped crest. This was notably used to give [[Allen Coage|Bad News Brown]] his first WWF loss at a Madison Square Garden house show before it was discarded altogether.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://droptoehold.com/post/4287696459/wwf-fist |title=The Rarely Seen Hulk Hogan Fist Helmet – Boston, MA 9/10/88 |publisher=Drop Toehold |date=April 2, 2011 |access-date=March 22, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523050901/http://droptoehold.com/post/4287696459/wwf-fist |archive-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> The War Bonnet gimmick was revisited in the WWE's online comedy series ''Are You Serious?'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwmania.com/john-cena-debuting-attire-tonight-hulk-hogans-fist-helmet-ays-mick-foley |title=John Cena Debuting New Attire Tonight, Hulk Hogan's Fist Helmet On "AYS?", Mick Foley |publisher=PWMania |date=November 18, 2012 |access-date=March 22, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402062436/http://www.pwmania.com/john-cena-debuting-attire-tonight-hulk-hogans-fist-helmet-ays-mick-foley |archive-date=April 2, 2013}}</ref>

The Mega Powers began to implode due to Savage's burgeoning jealousy of Hogan and his paranoid suspicions that Hogan and Elizabeth were more than friends. At the [[Royal Rumble (1989)|Royal Rumble]] in 1989, Hogan eliminated Savage from the [[Royal Rumble#Match|Royal Rumble match]] while eliminating Bad News Brown, which caused tension, only to be eliminated by [[The Twin Towers (professional wrestling)|The Twin Towers]] himself.<ref name="acceleratorbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.accelerator3359.com/Wrestling/bios/hogan.html |title=Hulk Hogan's Bio |work=Accelerator's Wrestling Rollercoaster |access-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515055440/http://www.accelerator3359.com/Wrestling/bios/hogan.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> In early 1989, the duo broke up while wrestling The Twin Towers on ''[[The Main Event II]]'', when Savage accidentally collided with Miss Elizabeth during the match, and Hogan took her backstage to receive medical attention, temporarily abandoning Savage, who slapped Hogan and left the ring, where Hogan eventually won the match by himself.<ref name="mainevent2">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/snme/890203.html |title=The Main Event results – February 3, 1989 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502205307/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/snme/890203.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008}}</ref> After the match, Savage attacked Hogan backstage, which started a [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] between the two.<ref name="megapowers"/> Their feud culminated in Hogan beating Savage for his second WWF World Heavyweight Championship at [[WrestleMania V]].<ref name="WWEBio"/><ref name="megapowers"/>

==== Final WWF Championship reigns (1989–1993) ====
[[File:Hulk Hogan Pointing.jpg|thumb|right|Fan photo of Hogan making his way to the ring at the El Paso Convention Center on March 7, 1989, for a ''Superstars of Wrestling'' televised event]]
Hogan's second run in 1989 lasted a year, during which he defended the title in two matches against Savage in April that he lost both times by count-out, before defeating [[Big Boss Man (wrestler)|The Big Boss Man]] in a steel cage match on the ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event XXI]]'', which was aired on May 27. In May on ''WWF on NESN'', Hogan retained the title by losing once again by count-out against Savage. This was also the last time the WWF World Heavyweight Championship was referred to as such during a televised title defense, as Hogan's next successful title defense against [[The Honky Tonk Man]] on ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event XXII]]'' saw the title being renamed and referred simply as the WWF Championship. Also during Hogan's second reign as champion, he starred in the movie ''[[No Holds Barred (1989 film)|No Holds Barred]]'', which was the inspiration of a feud with Hogan's co-star [[Tom Lister, Jr.]], who appeared at wrestling events as his movie character, Zeus (an "unstoppable monster" who was jealous over Hogan's higher billing and wanted revenge). Hogan easily beat Zeus in a series of matches across the country during late 1989, beginning with a [[Professional wrestling tag team match types|tag team match]] at [[SummerSlam (1989)|SummerSlam]], in which Hogan and Brutus Beefcake topped Zeus and Savage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1989/mainevent/ |title=Hulk Hogan & Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake w/ Elizabeth vs. "Macho Man" Randy Savage & Zeus w/ Sensational Sherri |publisher=[[WWE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810051117/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1989/mainevent/ |archive-date=August 10, 2008 |access-date=May 15, 2015}}</ref> Hogan and Zeus met at the [[Survivor Series (1989)|Survivor Series]], where the "Hulkamaniacs" faced the "Million Dollar Team"; in the early part of the match, Hogan put Zeus [[Glossary of professional wrestling#O|over]] by hitting him with everything to no effect before Zeus then dominated Hogan until Zeus was disqualified by referee Dave Hebner. Hogan and Beefcake then defeated Zeus and Savage in a rematch at the [[No Holds Barred (1989 film)#The match|No Holds Barred]] pay-per-view to end the feud. Hogan also had defeated Savage to retain the WWF Championship in their official WrestleMania rematch on October 10, at United Kingdom-only pay-per-view [[UK Rampage (1989)|First WWF UK Event]] at [[London Arena]].<ref name="Hulkbrutus">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/h/Hulkbrutus.html |title=Mega-Maniacs Profile |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423073622/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/h/hulkbrutus.html |archive-date=April 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/miscppvs1980s.html#nhb |title=No Holds Barred: The Match/The Movie results |publisher=Wrestling and Tournaments |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=December 27, 1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412162122/http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/miscppvs1980s.html#nhb |archive-date=April 12, 2008}}</ref> During his second reign as the WWF Champion, Hogan won the [[Royal Rumble (1990)|1990 Royal Rumble match]],<ref name="rumble"/> before losing to [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Champion]] [[The Ultimate Warrior]] in a title versus title match at [[WrestleMania VI]] on April 1, 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm6/mainevent/ |title=Ultimate Warrior vs. Hulk Hogan – Intercontinental and WWE Championship Match |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=April 1, 1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327023335/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm6/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 27, 2008}}</ref>

Hogan soon became embroiled in a heated feud with the 468-pound Earthquake, who had crushed Hogan's ribs in a sneak attack on ''[[Bruce Prichard#The Brother Love Show (1988–1991)|The Brother Love Show]]'' in May 1990. On television, announcers explained that Hogan's injuries and his WrestleMania VI loss to Warrior both took such a huge toll on his fighting spirit that he wanted to retire. Viewers were asked to write letters to Hogan and send postcards asking for his return (they got a postcard-sized picture in return, autographed by Hogan, as a "thank you"). Hogan returned by [[SummerSlam (1990)|SummerSlam]], and he for several months dominated Earthquake in a series of matches across the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1990/mainevent/ |title=Hulk Hogan w/ Big Bossman vs. Earthquake w/ Jimmy Hart and Dino Bravo |publisher=WWE |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=August 27, 1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729035606/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1990/mainevent/ |archive-date=July 29, 2008}}</ref> His defeat of this overwhelmingly large foe caused Hogan to add a fourth demandment – believing in yourself, and he also became known as "The Immortal" Hulk Hogan. Hogan became the first wrestler to win two Royal Rumble matches in a row,<ref name="1991Rumble"/> as he won the [[Royal Rumble (1991)|1991 Royal Rumble match]].<ref name="WWEBio"/><ref name="rumble"/><ref name="1991Rumble">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/1988116/mainevent/ |title=Hulk Hogan (spot No. 24) wins the Royal Rumble Match |publisher=WWE |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=January 19, 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331104118/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/1988116/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania VII]], Hogan stood up for the United States against [[Sgt. Slaughter]], defeating him for his third WWF Championship, and then defeating him again in the rematch at United Kingdom-only pay-per-view [[UK Rampage (1991)|UK Rampage]] at London Arena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm7/mainevent/ |title=Hollywood Hogan vs. Sgt. Slaughter – WWE Championship |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=March 24, 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331194137/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm7/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> In the fall of 1991, Hogan was challenged by [[Ric Flair]], the former NWA World Heavyweight Champion who recently arrived in the WWF. The challenge went unmet, as Hogan lost the WWF Championship to [[The Undertaker]] at [[Survivor Series (1991)|Survivor Series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1991/mainevent/ |title=Undertaker def. Hulk Hogan to become new WWE Champion |publisher=wwe.com |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=November 27, 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331203608/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1991/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> [[Jack Tunney]] immediately granted Hogan a rematch at [[This Tuesday in Texas]] six days later, which he won.<ref name="hogan">{{cite web |url=http://www.yourbarbecue.com/george_foreman_grill.html |title=George Forman Grill Article |publisher=YourBarbecue.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612112005/http://www.yourbarbecue.com/george_foreman_grill.html |archive-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> Flair had interfered in both matches and due to the resulting controversy, the title was again declared vacant.<ref name="hogan4">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454136 |title=Hulk Hogan's fourth WWE Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050723003120/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454136 |archive-date=July 23, 2005}}</ref> The WWF Championship was decided at the [[Royal Rumble (1992)|1992 Royal Rumble]] in the Royal Rumble match, but Hogan failed to regain the championship as he was eliminated by friend [[Sid Eudy|Sid Justice]] and in turn caused Sid to be eliminated, leaving Flair the winner and new champion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/19881152//mainevent/ |title=Ric Flair (spot No. 3) wins the Royal Rumble Match to become new WWE Champion |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=January 19, 1992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329172612/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/19881152/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref> Hogan and Sid patched things up and teamed together on ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event XXX]]'' against Flair and Undertaker, but during the match Sid abandoned Hogan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/feb081992 |title=Saturday Night's Main Event XXX results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=February 8, 1992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618100922/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/feb081992 |archive-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> starting their feud. At [[WrestleMania VIII]], Hogan defeated Sid via disqualification due to interference by Sid's manager [[Bruno Lauer|Harvey Wippleman]].<ref name="WrestleMania – Hogan vs Sid">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm8/mainevent/ |title=Sycho Sid vs. Hulk Hogan |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=April 5, 1992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329101820/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm8/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref> Hogan was then attacked by [[Charles Wright (wrestler)|Papa Shango]] and was saved by the returning Ultimate Warrior.<ref name="WrestleMania – Hogan vs Sid"/>

At this time, news sources began to allege that Dr. George Zahorian, a doctor for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Commission, had been selling steroids illegally to wrestlers in general and Hogan in particular. Hogan appeared on an episode of ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'' to deny the allegations. Due to intense public scrutiny, Hogan took a leave of absence from the company.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112274,00.html |title=Incredible Hulk? |magazine=People |access-date=August 9, 2009 |date=March 23, 1992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602023309/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112274,00.html |archive-date=June 2, 2009}}</ref> Hogan returned to the WWF in February 1993, helping out his friend Brutus Beefcake in his feud with [[Money Inc.]] ([[Mike Rotunda|Irwin R. Schyster]] and "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase), and officially renaming themselves [[The Mega-Maniacs]], taking on Money Inc.'s former manager [[Jimmy Hart|"The Mouth of the South" Jimmy Hart]] (a long-time friend of Hogan's outside of wrestling) as their manager in what was the first time WWF audiences had seen Hart as a fan favorite.<ref name="Hulkbrutus"/> At [[WrestleMania IX]], Hogan and Beefcake took on Money Inc. for the [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF Tag Team Championship]]. Hogan went into the match sporting a cut above a black eye. The WWF used Hogan's injury in a storyline that had DiBiase allegedly paying a group of thugs in a failed attempt to take Hogan out before WrestleMania.<ref name="Hulkbrutus"/><ref name="wm9">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm9/results/ |title=WrestleMania IX official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=April 4, 1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331194144/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm9/results/ |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> Later that night, Hogan won his fifth WWF Championship by pinning [[Yokozuna (wrestler)|Yokozuna]] in an on-the-spot match only moments after Yokozuna had defeated [[Bret Hart]].<ref name="wm9"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454131 |title=Hulk Hogan's fifth WWE Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217092753/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454131 |archive-date=December 17, 2008}}</ref> Hogan reportedly used his influence to have the finish of WrestleMania changed the weekend of the event so he would be champion during an upcoming international and de-facto farewell tour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2021 |title=Hulk Hogan manipulated Vince McMahon to steal Bret Hart and Yokozuna's WM9 moment |url=https://talksport.com/sport/wrestling/858731/hulk-hogan-vince-mcmahon-bet-hart-yokozun-wwe-wrestlemania/ |access-date=May 30, 2023 |website=talkSPORT |language=en-gb}}</ref>

At the first annual [[King of the Ring (1993)|King of the Ring]] pay-per-view on June 13, Hogan defended the championship against the former champion Yokozuna in his first title defense since defeating him at WrestleMania IX. Yokozuna [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#K|kicked out]] of Hogan's signature leg drop and scored the [[Professional wrestling#Pinfall|pinfall]] win after Hogan was blinded by a fireball shot by a "Japanese photographer" (actually a disguised Harvey Wippleman). The victorious Yokozuna proceeded to give Hogan a ''[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Seated senton|Banzai Drop]]''.<ref name="acceleratorbio"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/kingring.html |title=King of the Ring 1993 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=June 13, 1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222220156/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/kingring.html |archive-date=February 22, 2008}}</ref> This was Hogan's last WWF pay-per-view appearance until 2002, as both he and Jimmy Hart were preparing to leave the promotion. Hogan continued his feud on the international house show circuit with Yokozuna until August 1993. After that, Hogan sat out the rest of his contract which expired later that year.

=== Return to NJPW (1993–1994) ===
On May 3, 1993, Hogan returned to NJPW as WWF Champion and defeated IWGP Heavyweight Champion [[Keiji Mutoh|The Great Muta]] in a dream match at [[Wrestling Dontaku 1993|Wrestling Dontaku]]. Hogan wrestled against Muta again, this time under his real name (Keiji Mutoh), on September 26, 1993. Hogan also wrestled [[The Road Warriors|The Hell Raisers]] with Muta and [[Masahiro Chono]] as his tag team partners. His last match in Japan was on January 4, 1994, at [[Battlefield (professional wrestling)|Battlefield]], when he defeated Tatsumi Fujinami.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/tokyodome.html#94 |title=Battlefield |date=January 4, 1994 |access-date=July 19, 2019 |publisher=ProWrestlingHistory.com}}</ref>

=== World Championship Wrestling (1994–2000) ===

==== World Heavyweight Champion (1994–1996) ====
Starting in March 1994, Hogan began making appearances on WCW television, as interviewer [[Gene Okerlund]]—who was now a WCW employee—visited him on the set of ''[[Thunder in Paradise]]'' episodes. Hype then built over whether Hogan should remain with ''Thunder in Paradise'' or instead join WCW and have an opportunity to wrestle [[Ric Flair]]. On the May 28, 1994, episode of ''[[WCW Saturday Night]]'', Hogan tore up his ''Thunder in Paradise'' contract and stated he was now willing to quit the show and return to wrestling, and Okerlund issued a telephone survey asking if people wanted to see Hogan in WCW.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2XJMh5qt7Q&t=2367s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/K2XJMh5qt7Q |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |title=Hulk Hogan, Sting, Ric Flair, Sherri & Bockwinkel skit comp (04 30 to 07 16 1994 WCW Saturday Night) |first=Al |last=Balog |publisher=YouTube |access-date=December 28, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On June 11, 1994, Hogan officially signed with [[Ted Turner]]'s [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) in a ceremony that was held at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios|Disney-MGM Studios]].<ref>{{Citation |title=A parade is held for Hulk Hogan as he signs his WCW contract: WCW Pro, June 11, 1994 |url=https://www.wwe.com/videos/a-parade-is-held-for-hulk-hogan-as-he-signs-his-wcw-contract-wcw-pro-june-11-1994 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034300/https://www.wwe.com/videos/a-parade-is-held-for-hulk-hogan-as-he-signs-his-wcw-contract-wcw-pro-june-11-1994}}</ref> The next month, with [[Jimmy Hart]] as his manager, Hogan won the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] in his debut match, defeating Ric Flair in a "dream match" at [[Bash at the Beach (1994)|Bash at the Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411021 |title=Hulk Hogan's first WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319112603/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411021 |archive-date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> Hogan continued his feud with Flair (who defeated him by count-out on the ''[[Clash of the Champions XXVIII]]'', thus Hogan retained the title), which culminated in a steel cage match (with Flair's career on the line and Mr. T as the [[Referee (professional wrestling)#Special referees|special guest referee]]) that Hogan won.

After Hogan headlined WCW's premier annual event [[Starrcade]] ([[Starrcade (1994)|Starrcade: Triple Threat]]) in December 1994 by defeating [[Brutus Beefcake|The Butcher]] for the title, his next feud was against [[Big Van Vader|Vader]], who challenged him for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at [[SuperBrawl V]], where Hogan won by disqualification after the returning Flair's interference. Hogan then defeated Vader (who was managed part-time by Flair) in a non-title [[Strap match|leather strap match]] at [[Uncensored (1995)|Uncensored]]. Because of the controversial ending caused once again by Flair at Uncensored, Hogan's feud with Vader culminated in a steel cage match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at [[Bash at the Beach (1995)|Bash at the Beach]], where Hogan won by escaping the cage. After successfully retaining the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against [[Big Boss Man (wrestler)|Big Bubba Rogers]] and [[Lex Luger]] in two separate matches on ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Nitro]]'' in September 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/1995092m.htm |title=WCW Monday Night Nitro – September 11th, 1995 |publisher=DDT Digest |access-date=April 22, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827202051/http://ddtdigest.com/updates/1995092m.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2008}}</ref> The October 9, 1995, broadcast of ''Nitro'' was Hogan's first appearance in an all-black attire. Hogan feuded with [[The Dungeon of Doom]], which led to a [[WarGames match]] at [[Fall Brawl (1995)|Fall Brawl]] where Hogan's team (Lex Luger, Randy Savage, and [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]]) won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/fall.html#95 |title=WCW Fall Brawl Results (1995) |date=September 17, 1995 |author=prowrestlinghistory.com |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110628091514/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/fall.html#95 |archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Hogan's fifteen-month title reign (which is the longest WCW World Heavyweight Championship reign in the title history at 469 days) ended when he lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to [[Big Show|The Giant]] at [[Halloween Havoc (1995)|Halloween Havoc]] via disqualification.<ref name="prowrestlinghistory.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#95 |title=Halloween Havoc 1995 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=October 29, 1995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331015039/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#95 |archive-date=March 31, 2013}}</ref>

Following the controversial loss (which was due to a "contract clause"), the WCW World Heavyweight Championship became vacant and a new champion to be crowned in a [[Professional wrestling battle royal#World War 3|60-man three-ring battle royal]] at [[World War 3 (1995)|World War III]], where The Giant cost Hogan the title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/ww3.html#95 |title=WCW World War III Results (1995) |date=November 26, 1995 |author=prowrestlinghistory.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623095355/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/ww3.html#95 |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref> This led to a steel cage match between Hogan and The Giant at [[SuperBrawl VI]], where Hogan won to end their feud.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwwew.net/ppv/wcw/february/1996.htm |title=WCW SuperBrawl VI results |publisher=PWWEW |access-date=June 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617202948/http://www.pwwew.net/ppv/wcw/february/1996.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In early 1996, Hogan reformed [[The Mega Powers]] with Randy Savage to feud with The Alliance to End Hulkamania, which culminated at [[Uncensored (1996)|Uncensored]] in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Triple Cage match|Doomsday Cage match]] that Hogan and Savage won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#96 |title=Uncensored 1996 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=March 24, 1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623212141/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#96 |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref> After coming out victorious from his feuds, Hogan began to only appear occasionally on WCW programming.

==== New World Order (1996–1999) ====
{{Main|New World Order (professional wrestling)|l1=New World Order (nWo)}}
At [[Bash at the Beach (1996)|Bash at the Beach]] in 1996, during a [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches|six-man tag team match]] pitting [[The Outsiders (professional wrestling)|The Outsiders]] ([[Kevin Nash]] and [[Scott Hall]]) against WCW loyalists, Hogan interfered on behalf of Nash and Hall, attacking Randy Savage, thereby turning heel for the first time in nearly fifteen years.<ref name="beach96">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/wcw96.htm |title=WCW Show Results 1996 |publisher=The History of WCW |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=July 7, 1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123094118/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/wcw96.htm |archive-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> After the match, Hogan delivered a [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#P|promo]], accosting the fans and WCW for under-appreciating his talent and drawing power, and announcing the formation of the New World Order (nWo).<ref name="beach96"/> The new [[Glossary of professional wrestling#S|stable]] gained prominence in the following weeks and months.<ref name=james/><ref name="WWEBio"/><ref name="beach96"/><ref name="nwooriginal">{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/n/nwo-original.html |title=new World order (nWo) Profile |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 14, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410143837/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/n/nwo-original.html |archive-date=April 10, 2008}}</ref> Hogan grew a beard alongside his famous mustache and dyed it black, traded his red and yellow garb in for black and white clothing, often detailed with lightning bolts, and renamed himself "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan (often shortened to Hollywood Hogan).<ref name="OWW"/><ref name="acceleratorbio"/> Hogan won his second WCW World Heavyweight Championship at [[WCW Hog Wild|Hog Wild]] defeating The Giant for the title.<ref name="nwooriginal"/><ref name="hoganwcw2">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411038 |title=Hulk Hogan's second WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327020825/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411038 |archive-date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> He spray painted "nWo" across the title belt, scribbled across the nameplate, and referred to the title as the "nWo title".<ref name="hoganwcw2"/> Hogan then started a feud with Lex Luger after Luger and The Giant defeated Hogan and [[Dennis Rodman]] in a tag team match at [[Bash at the Beach (1997)|Bash at the Beach]].<ref name="prowrestlinghistory.com"/>

On the August 4, 1997, episode of ''Nitro'', Hogan lost the title to Lex Luger by [[Professional wrestling#Submission|submission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/19970804.htm |title=WCW Monday Night Nitro – Monday 08/04/97 |publisher=DDT Digest |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=August 4, 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044352/http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/19970804.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref> Five days later at [[Road Wild (1997)|Road Wild]], Hogan defeated Luger to regain the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541108 |title=Hulk Hogan's third WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 14, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107011523/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541108 |archive-date=January 7, 2008}}</ref> Hogan then lost the title to Sting in a match at [[Starrcade (1997)|Starrcade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/wcw/starrcade-history |title=A brief history of WCW Starrcade |publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]] |last=Powers |first=Kevin |date=December 29, 2011 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219195307/http://www.wwe.com/inside/wcw/starrcade-history |archive-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref> In the match, WCW's newly contracted Bret Hart accused referee [[Nick Patrick (referee)|Nick Patrick]] of fast-counting a victory for Hogan and had the match restarted – with himself as referee.<ref name="acceleratorbio"/> Sting later won by submission.<ref name="acceleratorbio"/> After a rematch the following night on ''Nitro'', where Sting controversially retained the title, the WCW World Heavyweight Championship became vacant.<ref name="OWW"/> Sting went on to win the vacant title against Hogan at [[SuperBrawl VIII]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/s-brawl.html#VIII |title=SuperBrawl VIII results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=February 22, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623094945/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/s-brawl.html#VIII |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref> and Hogan then developed a rivalry with former friend (and recent nWo recruit) Randy Savage, who had just cost Hogan the title match at SuperBrawl by hitting him with a spray can.<ref name="acceleratorbio"/> The feud culminated in a steel cage match at [[Uncensored (1998)|Uncensored]], which ended in a no contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#98 |title=Uncensored 1998 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=March 15, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623212141/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#98 |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref> Savage took the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from Sting at [[Spring Stampede (1998)|Spring Stampede]], while Hogan teamed with Kevin Nash to take on [[Roddy Piper]] and The Giant in the first-ever [[Professional wrestling match types#Object on a Pole match|bat match]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/stampede.html#98 |title=Spring Stampede 1998 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 14, 2008 |date=April 19, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20071004191033/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/stampede.html#98 |archive-date=October 4, 2007}}</ref>

Hogan betrayed Nash by hitting him with the bat and then challenged Savage the following night on ''Nitro'' for the world title.<ref name="nwooriginal"/> In the [[Professional wrestling match types#No-disqualification match|no disqualification match]] for Savage's newly won title, Nash entered the ring and hit a [[powerbomb]] on Hogan as retribution for the attack the previous night, but Bret Hart interfered moments later and jumped in to attack Savage and preserve the victory for Hogan, who won his fourth WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411024 |title=Hulk Hogan's fourth WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215200620/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411024 |archive-date=February 15, 2008}}</ref> Nash's attack on him signified a split of the nWo into two separate factions – Hogan's became nWo Hollywood and Nash's became nWo Wolfpac{{snd}} that feuded with each other for the remainder of the year. Hogan defended the title until July of that year, when WCW booked him in a match against newcomer and then [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Heavyweight Champion]] [[Bill Goldberg|Goldberg]], who had yet to lose a match in the company. Late in the match, Hogan was distracted by [[Karl Malone]], and Goldberg pinned Hogan to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/1998072m.htm |title=WCW Monday Nitro – Monday, 07/06/98 |publisher=DDT Digest |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=July 6, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027062056/http://ddtdigest.com/updates/1998072m.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2007}}</ref>

Hogan spent the rest of 1998 wrestling celebrity matches: his second tag team match with Dennis Rodman pitted them against [[Diamond Dallas Page]] and Karl Malone at [[Bash at the Beach (1998)|Bash at the Beach]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/beach.html#98 |title=Bash at the Beach 1998 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=July 12, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406041758/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/beach.html#98 |archive-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref> and at [[Road Wild (1998)|Road Wild]] he and [[Eric Bischoff]] lost to Page and [[Jay Leno]] thanks to interference from [[Kevin Eubanks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/roadwild.html#98 |title=Road Wild 1998 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=August 8, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420063202/http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/roadwild.html#98 |archive-date=April 20, 2008}}</ref> Hogan also had a critically panned rematch with [[The Ultimate Warrior|The Warrior]] at [[Halloween Havoc (1998)|Halloween Havoc]], where his nephew [[Horace Hogan|Horace]] aided his victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#98 |title=Halloween Havoc 1998 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=October 25, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331015039/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#98 |archive-date=March 31, 2013}}</ref>

On the [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] episode of ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', Hogan officially announced his retirement from professional wrestling, as well as his candidacy for President of the United States.<ref name=president>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/nov27_hogan.html |title=Hollywood Hogan retires |author=John Powell |publisher=SLAM! Sports |access-date=October 24, 2007 |date=November 27, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311224757/http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/nov27_hogan.html |archive-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Campaign footage aired on ''Nitro'' of Hogan and Bischoff holding a press conference, making it appear [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#L|legitimate]]. Both announcements were false and made as [[publicity stunt]]s to draw some of the hype of [[Jesse Ventura]]'s [[Minnesota]] gubernatorial win back to him.<ref name=president/> After some time off from WCW, Hogan returned on the January 4, 1999, episode of ''Nitro'' to challenge Kevin Nash for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship which Hogan won for the fifth time, but many people found [[Fingerpoke of Doom|the title change]] to be "scandalous".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411037 |title=Hulk Hogan's fifth WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723225023/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411037 |archive-date=July 23, 2008}}</ref> As a result, the warring factions of the nWo reunited into one group, which began feuding with Goldberg and [[The Four Horsemen (professional wrestling)|The Four Horsemen]].

==== Final years in WCW (1999–2000) ====
Hogan lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Ric Flair at [[Uncensored (1999)|Uncensored]] in a steel cage [[Professional wrestling match types#First Blood match|First Blood match]].<ref name="OWW"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#99 |title=Uncensored 1999 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=March 14, 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623212141/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/uncensor.html#99 |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref> Later, Hogan was severely injured in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic non-elimination matches|Texas tornado match]] for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship featuring him, Diamond Dallas Page, Flair, and Sting at [[Spring Stampede (1999)|Spring Stampede]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/stampede.htm |title=Spring Stampede |publisher=Thehistoryofwwe.com |access-date=May 21, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331214806/http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/stampede.htm |archive-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> On the July 12 episode of ''Nitro'', Hogan made his return as a face for the first time in three years and accepted an open challenge from Savage, who had won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at [[Bash at the Beach (1999)|Bash at the Beach]] the night before in a tag team match by pinning Kevin Nash. Thanks to interference from Nash, Hogan defeated Savage to win his sixth and final WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110315 |title=Hulk Hogan's sixth WCW Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011030638/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110315 |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Nash turned on him the next week, and the two began a feud that lasted until [[Road Wild (1999)|Road Wild]].

On August 9, 1999, Hogan started the night dressed in the typical black and white, but after a backstage scene with his [[Nick Hogan|son]] came out dressed in the traditional red and yellow for his main event six-man tag team match. Hogan then defeated Nash in a retirement match at [[Road Wild (1999)|Road Wild]] to retain the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Injuries and frustrations mounted, and he was absent from television from October 1999 to February 2000. In his book ''Hollywood Hulk Hogan'', Hogan said that he was asked to take time off by newly hired head of creative booking [[Vince Russo]] and was not told when he would be brought back at the time. Despite some reservations, he agreed to do so. On October 24 at [[Halloween Havoc (1999)|Halloween Havoc]], Hogan was to face Sting for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/fall.html#99 |title=Fall Brawl 1999 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=September 12, 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110628091514/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/fall.html#99 |archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Hogan came to the ring in street clothes, lay down for the pin, and left the ring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#99 |title=Halloween Havoc 1999 results |publisher=Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=October 24, 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331015039/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/havoc.html#99 |archive-date=March 31, 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Hogan in wcw.jpg|thumb|Hogan in 2000]]
Soon after his return in February 2000, at [[Bash at the Beach (2000)|Bash at the Beach]] on July 9, Hogan was involved in a controversial work with Vince Russo. Hogan was scheduled to challenge [[Jeff Jarrett]] for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20000716/ai_n13870868 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071111062336/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20000716/ai_n13870868 |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |title=No more Hulkamania? No way |author=Blackjack Brown |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 22, 2007 |date=July 16, 2000}}</ref> Before the match, there was a backstage dispute between Hogan and Russo; Hogan wanted to take the title, but Russo was going to have Jarrett win, and lose it to [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]]. Russo told Hogan that he was going to have Jarrett lie down for him, simulating a real conflict, although Jarrett was not told it was a [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#W|work]]. When the bell rang, Jarrett lay down in the middle of the ring while Russo threw the WCW World Heavyweight Championship belt in the ring and yelled at Hogan from ringside to pin Jarrett. A visibly confused Hogan complied with a foot on Jarrett's chest after getting on the microphone and telling Russo, "Is this your idea, Russo? That's why this company is in the damn shape it's in, because of bullshit like this!" After winning and being announced as the new WCW World Heavyweight Champion, Hogan immediately took the WCW title belt. Moments later, Russo returned to the ring, angrily proclaiming this would be the last time fans would ever see "that piece of shit" in a WCW stadium. This is also when the public discovered, through Russo, the "creative control" clause that Hogan had, which meant that Hogan could control what would happen with his own character, without anyone else telling him no. In his Bash at the Beach shoot promo, Russo said that he was arguing with Hogan all day prior to the event in the back because he wanted to use the clause in the Jarrett match, saying, "That means that, in the middle of this ring, when [Hogan] knew it was bullshit, he beats Jeff Jarrett!". Since Hogan refused to [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#J|job]] to Jarrett, a new WCW World Heavyweight Championship was created, setting the stage for a title match between Booker T and Jarrett later that night.<ref name="acceleratorbio"/>

As a result, Hogan filed a [[Defamation|defamation of character]] lawsuit against Russo soon after,<ref name=lawsuit>{{cite book |title=Eric Bischoff: Controversy Creates Cash |author=Eric Bischoff |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-2729-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/controversycreat00bisc/page/344 344–346] |url=https://archive.org/details/controversycreat00bisc/page/344}}</ref> which was eventually dismissed in 2002. Russo claims the whole thing was a work, and Hogan claims that Russo made it a [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#S|shoot]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_4_2/ai_67872110 |title=Hogan Speaks on Work-shoot |publisher=Wrestling Digest |access-date=October 25, 2007 |date=December 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111042536/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_4_2/ai_67872110  |archive-date=November 11, 2007}}</ref> Eric Bischoff agreed with Hogan's side of the story when he wrote that Hogan winning and leaving with the belt was a work (devised by Bischoff rather than Russo), and that he and Hogan celebrated after the event over the success of the [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#A|angle]], but that Russo coming out to fire Hogan was an unplanned shoot which led to the lawsuit filed by Hogan. It was the last time he was seen in WCW.<ref name="OWW"/><ref name=lawsuit/>

=== Post-WCW endeavors (2001) ===
In the months following the eventual demise of WCW in March 2001, Hogan underwent surgery on his knees in order for him to wrestle again. As a test, Hogan worked a match in [[Orlando, Florida]], for the [[Xcitement Wrestling Federation]] (XWF) promotion run by his longtime handler Jimmy Hart. Hogan defeated [[Curt Hennig]] in this match and felt healthy enough to accept an offer to return to the WWF in February 2002.<ref name="OWW"/>

=== Second return to WWF/WWE (2002–2003) ===
[[File:Hollywoodhulkhoganwmx8.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hogan making his entrance at [[WrestleMania X8]] in March 2002, his first WrestleMania in nine years]]
At [[No Way Out (2002)|No Way Out]] in February 2002, Hogan returned to the WWF as a heel.<ref name="WWEBio"/> Returning as leader of the original nWo with Scott Hall and Kevin Nash, the three got into a confrontation with [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock]]<ref name="nowayout02"/> and cost [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] a chance at becoming the [[Undisputed championship (professional wrestling)|Undisputed WWF Champion]] against [[Chris Jericho]] in the main event.<ref name="nowayout02">{{cite web |url=http://www.gerweck.net/nowayout02.htm |title=No Way Out 2002 review |publisher=Gerweck.net |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=February 17, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327162533/http://www.gerweck.net/nowayout02.htm  |archive-date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> The nWo feuded with both Austin and The Rock, and Hogan accepted The Rock's challenge to a match at [[WrestleMania X8]], where Hogan asked Hall and Nash not to interfere, wanting to defeat The Rock by himself. Despite the fact that Hogan was supposed to be the heel in the match, the crowd cheered for him heavily. The Rock cleanly won the contest,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm18/results/ |title=WrestleMania X8 official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=March 17, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311090004/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm18/results/ |archive-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> and befriended Hogan at the end of the bout and helped him fight off Hall and Nash, who were upset by Hogan's conciliatory attitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gerweck.net/wrestlemania18.htm |title=WrestleMania 18 review |publisher=Gerweck.net |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=March 17, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324113713/http://www.gerweck.net/wrestlemania18.htm  |archive-date=March 24, 2008}}</ref> After the match, Hogan turned face by siding with The Rock, though he continued wearing black and white tights for a few weeks after WrestleMania X8 until he resumed wearing his signature red and yellow tights. During this period, the "Hulk Rules" logo of the 1980s was redone with the text "Hulk Still Rules", and Hogan also wore the original "Hulk Rules" attire twelve years earlier, when he headlined WrestleMania VI at the same arena, in the [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]]. For a time, he was still known as "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan, notably keeping the Hollywood Hogan style blond mustache with black beard while wearing Hulkamania-like red and yellow tights and using the "[[Voodoo Child (Slight Return)|Voodoo Child]]" entrance theme music he used in WCW. On the April 4 episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]]'', Hogan feuded with [[Triple H]] and defeated him for the Undisputed WWF Championship at [[Backlash (2002)|Backlash]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2002/mainevent/ |title=Hulk Hogan defeats Triple H to become new WWE Undisputed Champion |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=April 21, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323125255/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2002/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445414114 |title=Hulk Hogan's sixth WWE Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624014455/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445414114 |archive-date=June 24, 2005}}</ref> thus becoming the last ever WWF Champion before the initials dispute against the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]].

On May 19 at [[Judgment Day (2002)|Judgment Day]], Hogan lost the WWE Undisputed Championship to The Undertaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2002/mainevent/ |title=Undertaker vs. Hulk Hogan for the WWE Championship |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=May 19, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224085257/http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2002/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2007}}</ref> After losing a number one contender match for the WWE Undisputed Championship to Triple H on the June 6 episode of ''SmackDown!'', Hogan began feuding with [[Kurt Angle]] resulting in a match between the two at the [[King of The Ring (2002)|King of the Ring]], which Angle won by submission. On the July 4 episode of ''SmackDown!'', Hogan teamed with [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]] to defeat [[Billy and Chuck]] and capture the [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWE Tag Team Championship]] for the [[List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE)|first time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413211222 |title=Hollywood Hogan and Edge's first World Tag Team Championship reign |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515054735/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413211222 |archive-date=May 15, 2007}}</ref> They celebrated by waving the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] as the overjoyed audience sang along to Hogan's theme song "Real American". They lost the belts to [[The Un-Americans]] ([[Christian Cage|Christian]] and [[Lance Storm]]) at [[Vengeance (2002)|Vengeance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2002/results/ |title=Vengeance 2002 official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=July 21, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331223336/http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2002/results/  |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> In August 2002, Hogan was used in an angle with [[Brock Lesnar]], culminating in a main event singles match on the August 8 episode of ''SmackDown!'', which Lesnar won by [[Submission (combat sports)|technical submission]] (the match was called after Hogan became unconscious from a bear hug hold). Lesnar became only the second WWE wrestler to defeat Hogan by submission (after Kurt Angle), and the first to defeat Hogan by having the match called. Following the match, Lesnar continued to beat on Hogan, leaving him bloody and unconscious in the ring.

[[File:Hoganlegdrop.jpg|right|thumb|Hogan performing his signature ''[[Leg Drop]]'' on [[Vince McMahon|Mr. McMahon]] at [[WrestleMania XIX]]]]
As a result of Lesnar's assault, Hogan went on hiatus until early 2003, shaving off his black beard and dropping "Hollywood" from his name in his return.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Hogan battled The Rock (who had turned heel) once again at [[No Way Out (2003)|No Way Out]] and lost<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2003/mainevent/ |title=The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=February 23, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219180229/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2003/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 19, 2008}}</ref> and defeated [[Vince McMahon|Mr. McMahon]] at [[WrestleMania XIX]] in a street fight billed as "twenty years in the making".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm19/results/ |title=WrestleMania XIX official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=March 30, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329101800/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm19/results/ |archive-date=March 29, 2008}}</ref> After WrestleMania, he had a run as the masked Mr. America, who was supposed to be Hogan in [[Deception|disguise]], wearing a mask. He used Hogan's "Real American" as an entrance theme and all of Hogan's signature gestures, moves, and phrases. He was the subject of a storyline that took place after Hogan was forced by Mr. McMahon to sit out the rest of his contract.<ref name="OWW" /> A WWE pre-debut [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Push|push]] took place with mysterious Mr. America promos airing for weeks during ''SmackDown!''.<ref name="OWW" /> There was also on-screen discussion on ''SmackDown!'' between then [[List of WWE Smackdown on-air personalities#Authority figures|General Manager]] [[Stephanie McMahon]] and other players concerning her hiring Mr. America "sight unseen".<ref name="OWW" /> On May 1, Mr. America debuted on ''SmackDown!'' on a ''Piper's Pit'' segment. McMahon appeared and claimed that Mr. America was Hogan in disguise; Mr. America shot back by saying, "I am not Hulk Hogan, brother!" (lampooning Hogan's use of "brother" in his promos).<ref name="OWW" /> The feud continued through the month of May, with a singles match between Mr. America and Hogan's old rival Roddy Piper at [[Judgment Day (2003)|Judgment Day]], a match Mr. America won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2003/results/ |title=Judgment Day 2003 official results |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=May 18, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327021814/http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2003/results/ |archive-date=March 27, 2008}}</ref>

Mr. America's last WWE appearance was on the June 26 episode of ''SmackDown!'' when [[Big Show]] and [[The World's Greatest Tag Team]] ([[Charlie Haas]] and [[Shelton Benjamin]]) defeated Brock Lesnar, Kurt Angle, and Mr. America in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/030626.html |title=SmackDown! results – June 26, 2003 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=June 26, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101557/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/030626.html |archive-date=April 20, 2008}}</ref> After the show went off the air, Mr. America unmasked to show the fans that he was indeed Hogan, putting his finger to his lips telling the fans to keep quiet about his secret. The next week, Hogan quit WWE due to frustration with the creative team.<ref name=mramerica>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20030706/ai_n12510640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111062341/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20030706/ai_n12510640 |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |title=No Hulk means no chance of 20th anniversary rematch |author=Blackjack Brown |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=July 6, 2003 |access-date=October 23, 2007}}</ref> On the July 3 episode of ''SmackDown!'', McMahon showed the footage of Mr. America unmasking as Hogan and "fired" him, although Hogan had already quit in real life.<ref name=mramerica/> It was later revealed that Hogan was unhappy with the payoffs for his matches after his comeback under the Mr. America gimmick.<ref name=mramerica/> McMahon terminated Hogan's contract in 2003.<ref name=mramerica/>

=== Second return to NJPW (2003) ===
Hogan returned to NJPW in October 2003, when he defeated [[Masahiro Chono]] at Ultimate Crush II in the [[Tokyo Dome]].

=== Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003) ===
Shortly after Hogan left WWE, [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA) began making overtures to Hogan, culminating in Jeff Jarrett, co-founder of TNA and then NWA World Heavyweight Champion, launching an on-air attack on Hogan in Japan in October 2003. The attack was supposed to be a precursor to Hogan battling Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at TNA's first three-hour pay-per-view. Due to recurring knee and hip problems, Hogan did not appear in TNA. Still, the incident has been shown several times on TNA broadcasts, and was included in the TNA DVD ''TNA's Fifty Greatest Moments''.

=== Third return to WWE (2005–2007) ===
[[File:Hulk Hogan3.jpg|thumb|upright|Hogan making his entrance at [[SummerSlam (2005)|SummerSlam]] in 2005]]
On April 2, 2005, Hogan was inducted into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] [[WWE Hall of Fame (2005)|class of 2005]] by actor and friend [[Sylvester Stallone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050322/ai_n13453252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111062627/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20050322/ai_n13453252 |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |title=Stallone set to induct Hulk Hogan into hall |publisher=Deseret News (Salt Lake City) |access-date=October 25, 2007 |date=March 22, 2005}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania 21]] on April 3, Hogan came out to rescue [[Nick Dinsmore|Eugene]], who was being attacked by [[Muhammad Hassan (wrestler)|Muhammad Hassan]] and [[Shawn Daivari|Khosrow Daivari]]. The build-up to Hogan's Hall of Fame induction and preparation for his WrestleMania angle was shown on the first season of ''[[Hogan Knows Best]]''. The next night on ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Hassan and Daivari came out to confront and assault fan favorite [[Shawn Michaels]]. The following week on ''Raw'', Michaels approached [[List of WWE Raw on-air personalities#Authority figures|Raw General Manager]] Eric Bischoff demanding a [[Professional wrestling match types#Handicap match|handicap match]] with Hassan and Daivari. Bischoff refused, but told Michaels if he found a partner he would be granted a tag team match. Michaels then made a plea for Hogan to team with him. On the April 18 episode of ''Raw'', Hassan again led an attack on Michaels until Hogan appeared, saving Michaels and accepting his offer. At [[Backlash (2005)|Backlash]], Hassan and Daivari lost to Hogan and Michaels.<ref>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Zerr |title=Hogan thrilled to be retro |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2005/05/01/1021236.html |publisher=SLAM! Sports |date=May 1, 2005 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731085353/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2005/05/01/1021236.html |archive-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref>

Hogan then appeared on July 4 episode of ''Raw'', as the special guest of [[Carly Colón|Carlito]] on his talk-show segment ''Carlito's Cabana''. After being asked questions by Carlito concerning his daughter [[Brooke Hogan|Brooke]], Hogan attacked Carlito. Kurt Angle then also appeared, making comments about Brooke, which further upset Hogan, who was eventually double teamed by Carlito and Angle, but was saved by Shawn Michaels. Later that night, Michaels and Hogan defeated Carlito and Angle in a tag team match; during the post-match celebration, Michaels performed the ''[[Superkick|Sweet Chin Music]]'' on Hogan and walked off.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heartbreaker |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/07042005/ |publisher=[[WWE]] |date=July 4, 2005 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014023335/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/07042005/ |archive-date=October 14, 2007}}</ref> The following week on ''Raw'', Michaels appeared on ''Piper's Pit'' and challenged Hogan to face him one-on-one for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |title=HBK challenges Hogan for SummerSlam |url=http://www.wwe.com/content/media/video/tvshows/raw/200507/11hbkchallenge |publisher=[[WWE]] |date=July 11, 2005 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011043518/http://www.wwe.com/content/media/video/tvshows/raw/200507/11hbkchallenge |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Hogan appeared on ''Raw'' one week later and accepted the challenge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cena overcomes the odds |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/07182005/ |publisher=[[WWE]] |date=July 18, 2005 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024100521/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/07182005/ |archive-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> The match took place at [[SummerSlam (2005)|SummerSlam]], which Hogan won. After the match, Michaels extended his hand to him, telling him that he "had to find out for himself", and Hogan and Michaels shook hands as Michaels left the ring to allow Hogan to celebrate with the crowd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2005/mainevent/ |title=Legend vs. Icon: Shawn Michaels vs. Hulk Hogan |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=August 21, 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728152544/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2005/mainevent/ |archive-date=July 28, 2008}}</ref>

Prior to [[WrestleMania 22]] in April 2006, Hogan inducted friend and former announcer "Mean" [[Gene Okerlund]] into the WWE Hall of Fame [[WWE Hall of Fame (2006)|class of 2006]]. Hogan returned on ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII]]'' with his daughter Brooke. During the show, [[Randy Orton]] [[kayfabe]] flirted with Brooke and later attacked Hogan in the parking lot.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jen |last=Hunt |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/july152006/matches/258159821/results/ |title=Summer slammed |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=July 15, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331124801/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/july152006/matches/258159821/results/ |archive-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> He later challenged Hogan to a match at [[SummerSlam (2006)|SummerSlam]], which Hogan won.<ref>{{cite web |first=Zack |last=Zeigler |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2006/matches/2944490/results/ |title=The Legend lives on |publisher=[[WWE]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 |date=August 20, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719212909/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2006/matches/2944490/results/ |archive-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref> This was Hulk Hogan's final match wrestling for the WWE, although he had negotiations for a match against John Cena at [[WrestleMania 25]] which ultimately fell through.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Hamish |date=January 16, 2023 |title=Hulk Hogan's First & Last WWE Matches Revealed - Atletifo |url=https://atletifo.com/wrestling/wwe/hulk-hogans-first-last-wwe-matches-revealed/ |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayaz |first=Yasser |date=April 3, 2022 |title="I was supposed to wrestle John Cena for the title" - John Cena vs Hulk Hogan almost took place at Wrestlemania |url=https://thesportsrush.com/wwe-news-i-was-supposed-to-wrestle-john-cena-for-the-title-john-cena-vs-hulk-hogan-almost-took-place-at-wrestlemania/ |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=The SportsRush}}</ref>

=== Memphis Wrestling (2007–2008) ===
[[File:Hogan Vs Flair.jpg|thumb|Hogan facing [[Ric Flair]] on the Hulkamania Tour]]
After a brief fall out with McMahon and WWE,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070325/ai_n18756946 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111062346/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070325/ai_n18756946 |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |title=Hogan pitches old-timers' tour |author=Blackjack Brown |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 25, 2007 |date=March 25, 2007}}</ref> Hogan was lured to [[Memphis Wrestling]] with the proposal of wrestling [[Jerry Lawler]].<ref name=memphis>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070415/ai_n19013656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111062406/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070415/ai_n19013656 |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |title=WWE derails Lawler vs. Hogan |author=Blackjack Brown |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=October 24, 2007 |date=April 15, 2007}}</ref> The match had been promoted on ''Memphis Wrestling Prime Time'' for several months. On April 12, 2007, Lawler announced in a news conference that WWE had barred him from wrestling Hogan on the basis that [[NBC]] performers (including Lawler, on the basis of co-hosting the NBC-owned [[USA Network]]'s ''Raw'' and his appearances on the biannual WWE's ''[[Saturday Night's Main Event]]'') are contractually prohibited from appearing on [[VH1]], the channel on which ''Hogan Knows Best'' airs.<ref name=memphis/> The situation resulted in a lawsuit being filed against WWE by event promoter Corey Maclin.<ref name=memphisdailynews>{{cite web |url=http://www.memphisdailynews.com/Editorial/StoryLead.aspx?id=100606 |title=Memphis Promoter Files Suit Against WWE |first=Bill |last=Dries |publisher=Memphis Daily News |date=January 11, 2008 |access-date=January 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115071013/http://www.memphisdailynews.com/Editorial/StoryLead.aspx?id=100606 |archive-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref> Lawler was replaced with [[Big Show|Paul Wight]].<ref name=memphis/> Hogan defeated Wight at Memphis Wrestling's [[PMG Clash of Legends]] on April 27, 2007, when he picked up and hit a body slam on Wight before pinning him following his signature running leg drop.

=== Hulkamania: Let the Battle Begin (2009) ===
[[File:Hogan gathers himself.jpg|thumb|left|Hogan during a match against Ric Flair in 2009]]
On November 21, 24, 26 and 28, Hogan performed with a group of wrestlers including [[Matt Cross (wrestler)|Spartan-3000]], [[Jon Heidenreich|Heidenreich]], Eugene, Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake and [[Orlando Jordan]] across Australia in a tour titled [[Hulkamania: Let The Battle Begin]]. The main event of each show was a rematch between Hogan and Ric Flair – the wrestler who defeated Hogan more times than any other. Hogan defeated Flair in all four matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://premier.ticketek.com.au/shows/show.aspx?sh=HulkAMAN09&v=SSD&searchId=278c866e-8461-4b0c-a20c-082bfcf71b96 |title=Hulkamania: Let the Battle Begin |publisher=Tickettek |access-date=November 5, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708081138/http://premier.ticketek.com.au/shows/show.aspx?sh=HulkAMAN09&v=SSD&searchId=278c866e-8461-4b0c-a20c-082bfcf71b96 |archive-date=July 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/Hulk-hogan-downs-ric-flair-in-burswood-bout/story-e6frg13u-1225803762480 |title=Hulk Hogan downs Ric Flair in Burswood bout |date=November 25, 2009 |last=Elborough |first=Brad |newspaper=Perth Now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025112756/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/hulk-hogan-downs-ric-flair-in-burswood-bout/story-e6frg13u-1225803762480 |archive-date=October 25, 2013}}</ref>

=== Return to TNA (2009–2013) ===

==== Dixie Carter's business partner (2009–2010) ====
On October 27, 2009, it was announced that Hogan had signed a contract to join TNA on a full-time basis.<ref name="TNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.tnawrestling.com/content/view/1770/84/ |title=Hulk Hogan Joins TNA Wrestling! |date=October 27, 2009 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |publisher=[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029133223/http://www.tnawrestling.com/content/view/1770/84/ |archive-date=October 29, 2009}}</ref> The footage of his signing and the press conference at [[Madison Square Garden]] following it were featured on the October 29 episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact!]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_36498.shtml |title=Keller's TNA Impact Report 10/29: Examining the Hulk Hogan announcement, Sabin controversy, Wolfe vs. Angle, Joe-Styles-Daniels hype |date=November 3, 2009 |last=Keller |first=Wade |publisher=PWTorch |access-date=December 18, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206234351/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_36498.shtml |archive-date=December 6, 2009}}</ref>

On December 5, 2009, Hogan announced on [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC)'s ''[[The Ultimate Fighter]]'' that he would make his official TNA debut on January 4, 2010, in a special live three-hour Monday night episode of ''Impact!'' to compete with WWE's ''Raw'' (which featured the return of Bret Hart).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnawrestling.com/content/view/1836/84/ |title=Watch The Video Of Hulk Hogan On UFC |publisher=[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] |access-date=December 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207091124/http://www.tnawrestling.com/content/view/1836/84/ |archive-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref>

On the January 4 episode of ''Impact!'', Hogan debuted, reuniting briefly with former nWo partners Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and [[Sean Waltman]], the latter two of whom made their returns to the company. He refused to join them for a full-fledged reunion of their group claiming, "it's a different time", and stuck to his business relations with Bischoff, who made his appearance to declare that, the two of them would "flip the company upside down" and everyone would have to earn their spot. Hogan also encountered TNA founder Jeff Jarrett on the broadcast, appearing via video wall and interrupting Jarrett's company success speech, stating that Carter was instrumental to the company's survival, and that just like the rest, Jarrett would have to (kayfabe) earn his spot in TNA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_37861.shtml |title=Keller's TNA Impact Live Report 1/4: Jeff Hardy, NWO reunion, Hulk Hogan, TNA Knockout Title match, more surprises – ongoing coverage |last=Keller |first=Wade |date=January 4, 2010 |work=PWTorch |access-date=January 5, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106163017/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_37861.shtml |archive-date=January 6, 2010}}</ref>

On the February 18 episode of ''Impact!'', Hogan took [[Abyss (wrestler)|Abyss]] under his wing, and during this sequence, gave him his Hall of Fame ring and claimed it would make him a "god of wrestling".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_39182.shtml |title=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 2/18: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast |date=February 18, 2010 |access-date=February 12, 2010 |last=Wilkenfeld |first=Daniel |publisher=PWTorch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222011546/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_39182.shtml |archive-date=February 22, 2010}}</ref> Hogan made his in-ring return on March 8, teaming with Abyss to defeat [[A.J. Styles]] and Ric Flair when Abyss scored a pinfall over Styles.<ref name=March82010>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_39660.shtml |title=TNA Impact Results 3/8: Keller's live ongoing report covering the historic beginning of Monday Night War II |last=Keller |first=Wade |date=March 8, 2010 |work=PWTorch |access-date=March 9, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312083001/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV_Reports_9/article_39660.shtml |archive-date=March 12, 2010}}</ref> Afterward, the returning [[Jeff Hardy]] saved Hogan and Abyss from a beatdown by Styles, Flair and [[Nigel McGuinness|Desmond Wolfe]].<ref name=March82010/> The storyline became a Team Flair versus Team Hogan situation, with Jarrett and the debuting [[Rob Van Dam]] joining Team Hogan and [[Beer Money, Inc.|Beer Money]] ([[James Storm]] and [[Bobby Roode|Robert Roode]]) and Sting joining Team Flair. At [[Lockdown (2010)|Lockdown]], Team Hogan (Hulk Hogan, Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Jeff Hardy and Rob Van Dam) defeated Team Flair (Ric Flair, Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm) in a [[Lethal Lockdown match]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV_Reports_5/article_40725.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Lockdown Results 4/18: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of PPV – Styles vs. The Pope, Team Hogan vs. Team Flair, Angle vs. Anderson |first=James |last=Caldwell |date=April 18, 2010 |access-date=April 18, 2010 |publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420121437/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV_Reports_5/article_40725.shtml |archive-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

==== Immortal (2010–2011) ====
{{main|Immortal (professional wrestling)}}
[[File:Hulk Hogan July 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Hogan in July 2010]]
On the June 17 episode of ''Impact!'', Hogan's alliance with Abyss came to an abrupt end when Abyss turned heel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_42023.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact results 6/17: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Impact on Spike TV |first=James |last=Caldwell |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=June 18, 2010 |publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619230712/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_42023.shtml |archive-date=June 19, 2010}}</ref> Abyss later claimed that he was controlled by some entity, that was coming to TNA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_42170.shtml |title=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 6/24: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast |first=Daniel |last=Wilkenfeld |date=June 24, 2010 |access-date=October 11, 2010 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203033237/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_42170.shtml |archive-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref> The next month, Hogan worked with Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and [[Samoa Joe]] against Sting and Kevin Nash, who claimed that they knew that Hogan and Bischoff were up to something.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1279856423 |title=Impact Results – 7/22/10 |last=Boutwell |first=Josh |date=July 8, 2010 |work=WrestleView |access-date=October 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725200932/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1279856423 |archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> During this time, Abyss went on a rampage, attacking Rob Van Dam to the point that he was forced to vacate the [[TNA World Heavyweight Championship]] and eventually put his hands on TNA president Dixie Carter, which led to her signing the paperwork, presented by Bischoff, that would have Abyss fired from TNA following his match with Van Dam at [[Bound for Glory (2010)|Bound for Glory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2010/08/12/15010951.html |title=TNA's 'The Whole F'n Show': Beer Money, Machine Guns put on match of year candidate; Fortune makes statement |first=Matt |last=Bishop |date=August 12, 2010 |access-date=October 11, 2010 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canoe.ca|Canadian Online Explorer]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629172343/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2010/08/12/15010951.html |archive-date=June 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_43238.shtml |title=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 8/19: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast |first=Daniel |last=Wilkenfeld |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=October 11, 2010 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501092644/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_43238.shtml |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_44353.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact report 10/7: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live Spike TV show – Foley vs. Flair, battle royal, Bound for Glory hype |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=October 7, 2010 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |access-date=October 11, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010023420/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_44353.shtml |archive-date=October 10, 2010}}</ref> Hogan was set to wrestle with Jarrett and Joe against Sting, Nash and [[D'Angelo Dinero]] at Bound for Glory, but was forced to miss the event due to a back surgery. He made an appearance at the end of the event, and turned heel by helping Jeff Hardy win the vacant TNA World Heavyweight Championship and aligning himself with Hardy, Bischoff, Abyss and Jarrett.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_44417.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10–10–10: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy, "they" reveal |date=October 10, 2010 |access-date=October 10, 2010 |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512063829/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_44417.shtml |archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> On the following episode of ''Impact!'', it was revealed that Bischoff had tricked Carter and the paperwork she had signed a week earlier, were not to release Abyss, but to turn the company over to him and Hogan. Meanwhile, Bischoff's and Hogan's new stable, now known as [[Immortal (professional wrestling)|Immortal]], formed an alliance with Ric Flair's [[Fortune (professional wrestling)|Fortune]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_44521.shtml |title=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 10/14: Complete "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV's live broadcast |date=October 14, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2010 |last=Wilkenfeld |first=Daniel |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016232941/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_44521.shtml |archive-date=October 16, 2010}}</ref> Dixie Carter returned on the November 25 episode of ''[[TNA Reaction|Reaction]]'', informing Hogan and Bischoff that a judge had filed an [[injunction]] against the two on her behalf over not having signatory authority, indefinitely suspending Hogan from TNA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1290751829 |title=TNA Impact Results – 11–25–10 |last=Boutwell |first=Josh |date=November 26, 2010 |work=WrestleView |access-date=November 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153530/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1290751829 |archive-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref> During his absence, Hogan underwent a potentially career–ending [[spinal fusion]] surgery on December 21, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_46266.shtml |title=Hogan News: Health update on Hulk Hogan – E! reports on Hogan's ten-hour back procedure |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=December 22, 2010 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |access-date=December 23, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226024110/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_46266.shtml |archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1293082375 |title=Update: Hulk Hogan recovering after new surgery |last=Martin |first=Adam |date=December 23, 2010 |work=WrestleView |access-date=December 23, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226115318/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1293082375 |archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref>

Hogan returned to TNA on the March 3, 2011, episode of ''Impact!'', declaring himself as the new owner of TNA, having won the court battle against Dixie Carter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_48210.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact report 3/3: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of Impact on Spike TV – Hogan, wedding, 3 March 2011 reveal, Tag Title match, retirement match, celebrities |date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=March 3, 2011 |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164819/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_48210.shtml |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> In April, he began hinting at a possible return to the ring to face the TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Sting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_49371.shtml |title=TNA News: Lockdown PPV results – Fortune member returns, one title change, Sting-Hogan hype continues, Angle uses RKO, No.1 contender |date=April 17, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421070911/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_49371.shtml |archive-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> On the May 12 episode of the newly renamed ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan lost control of the program to [[Mick Foley]], who revealed himself as the Network consultant who had been causing problems for Immortal ever since Hogan and Bischoff took over the company. This angle was cut short three weeks later, when Foley left the promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_50020.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact report 5/12: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of big reveals, final PPV hype, battle royal main event |date=May 12, 2011 |last=Caldwell |first=James |access-date=May 12, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041312/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_50020.shtml |archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_50508.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact report 6/2: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Impact Wrestling on Spike TV – Angle & Morgan vs. Jarrett & Steiner |first=James |last=Caldwell |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=June 11, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130522/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_50508.shtml |archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> During the following months, Hogan continued to interfere in Sting's matches, costing him the TNA World Heavyweight Championship first at [[Hardcore Justice (2011)|Hardcore Justice]], recruiting Kurt Angle to Immortal in the process, on the September 1 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'' and finally at [[No Surrender (2011)|No Surrender]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_51958.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/7: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Sting vs. Angle, five title matches, BFG Series matches |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=August 7, 2011 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828181453/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_51958.shtml |archive-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2011/09/02/18633481.html |title=Impact: Sting looks to regain title in rematch with Angle |last=Bishop |first=Matt |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canoe.ca|Canadian Online Explorer]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629070455/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2011/09/02/18633481.html |archive-date=June 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_53179.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9/11: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – three-way TNA Title match, BFG Series finals |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=September 11, 2011 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002124018/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_53179.shtml |archive-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> On the September 15 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Sting defeated Immortal member Ric Flair to earn the right to face Hogan at [[Bound for Glory (2011)|Bound for Glory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_53235.shtml |title=Impact spoiler – double main event at Bound for Glory |date=September 13, 2011 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164608/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_53235.shtml |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_53344.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Wrestling report – Flair vs. Sting 9/15: Blog on this week's TV main event |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=September 15, 2011 |access-date=September 16, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017142232/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_53344.shtml |archive-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> On October 4, it was reported that Hogan had signed a contract extension with TNA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_53952.shtml |title=Breaking News: Hulk Hogan renews with TNA |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005233142/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_53952.shtml |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> After feigning retirement from professional wrestling, Hogan accepted the match at Bound for Glory on the October 6 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', while also agreeing to hand TNA back to Dixie Carter, should Sting win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_54028.shtml |title=Keller's TNA Impact Wrestling report 10/6: Hulk Hogan's "retirement" ceremony, Storm vs. Roode, Kaz vs. Gunner in Knoxville |last=Keller |first=Wade |author-link=Wade Keller |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=October 6, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009230341/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_54028.shtml |archive-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref>

Hogan was defeated by Sting at Bound For Glory, ending his storyline as the president of TNA. After the match, Immortal attacked Sting, but Hogan turned face by turning on Immortal and helping Sting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_54312.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10/16: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Angle-Roode, Hogan-Sting |date=October 16, 2011 |access-date=October 16, 2011 |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204054725/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_54312.shtml |archive-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> On the following episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan, wearing his trademark yellow and red again, admitted to his mistakes, and put over Sting for winning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_54431.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Wrestling report 10/20: Complete "virtual-time" coverage Bound for Glory fallout, TNA World Title match |date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=January 26, 2012 |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023212511/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_54431.shtml |archive-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref>

==== Feud with Aces & Eights (2012–2013) ====
[[File:Hulk Hogan @ Impact! TV Taping.jpg|thumb|Hulk Hogan at the ''Impact Wrestling'' tapings in Wembley, England on January 26, 2013]]
During TNA's 2012 UK tour, on January 26 and 27, Hogan returned to the ring at [[house show]]s in [[Nottingham]] and [[Manchester]], where he, James Storm and Sting defeated Bobby Roode, [[Bully Ray]] and Kurt Angle in a six-man tag team main event at both events, the latter of which was Hogan's final match.<ref name=Nottingham012611>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_57425.shtml |title=1/26 TNA results Nottingham, U.K.: Hogan & Sting in main event, Joe vs. Crimson, Styles vs. Ray |date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=January 26, 2012 |last=McNichol |first=Rob |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128233403/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_57425.shtml |archive-date=January 28, 2012}}</ref> Hogan returned to ''Impact Wrestling'' on February 2, when he was revealed as [[Garett Bischoff]]'s trainer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_57698.shtml |title=TNA Impact Wrestling report 2/2: Wembley Arena Edition – Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of TV show |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=February 3, 2012 |last=Keller |first=Wade |author-link=Wade Keller |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206025036/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_57698.shtml |archive-date=February 6, 2012}}</ref> On the March 29 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan returned and accepted Sting's offer to replace him as the new [[Professional wrestling authority figures#Total Nonstop Action Wrestling authority figures|General Manager]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_59713.shtml |title=Turner's TNA Impact Wrestling results 3/29: Will Hulk Hogan accept the GM position?, Jeff Hardy vs. Mr. Anderson, Morgan vs. Crimson, and more |date=March 30, 2012 |access-date=March 30, 2012 |last=Turner |first=Scott |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523002358/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_59713.shtml |archive-date=May 23, 2012}}</ref>

In July, Hogan, alongside Sting, began feuding with a mysterious group of masked men, who had dubbed themselves the "[[Aces & Eights]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_63266.shtml |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Wrestling results 7/12: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of live Impact – Aries's first show as champ, BFG Series matches |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=July 12, 2012 |access-date=July 12, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715041528/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_63266.shtml |archive-date=July 15, 2012}}</ref> The group's attack on Hogan on the July 12 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'' was used to write Hogan off television as he was set to undergo another back surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/3-news/26526-fri-update-big-weekend-schedule-batista-fighting-148-drug-tests-another-trt-hogan-update-kharma-new-radio-show-upgrades-chael-quotes-directv-and-impact-tons-more |title=Fri update: Big weekend schedule, Batista fighting, 148 drug tests, another TRT, Hogan update, Kharma, new radio show upgrades, Chael quotes, DirecTV and Impact, tons more |last=Alvarez |first=Bryan |author-link=Bryan Alvarez |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 13, 2012 |work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715234403/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/3-news/26526-fri-update-big-weekend-schedule-batista-fighting-148-drug-tests-another-trt-hogan-update-kharma-new-radio-show-upgrades-chael-quotes-directv-and-impact-tons-more |archive-date=July 15, 2012}}</ref>

In November, Hogan moved into a storyline with Bully Ray after [[Austin Aries]] revealed a secret relationship between Ray and Hogan's daughter Brooke.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 11/22: Thanksgiving Edition features Gut Checks, Turkeys, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_66775.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210514/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_66775.shtml |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 11/29: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Championship Thursday – X Title in main event, Hogan Knows Best? |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_66909.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103031801/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_66909.shtml |archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> After seeing them kissing in a parking garage on the December 20 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 12/20: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Champ. Thursday – Aries vs. Hardy, 1.3.13 reveal |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67417.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230212508/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67417.shtml |archive-date=December 30, 2012}}</ref> Hogan suspended Ray indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 1/3: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live show – Sting casually returns, cage main event & unmasking (updated w/Box Score) |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67639.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107081832/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67639.shtml |archive-date=January 7, 2013}}</ref> The following week on ''Impact Wrestling'', after Ray saved Brooke from a kidnapping by the Aces & Eights, Brooke accepted his marriage proposal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 1/10: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Sting-Knox, wedding angle, and, oh yeah, a PPV on Sunday (updated w/Box Score) |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67774.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114004837/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67774.shtml |archive-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Despite Hogan's disapproval, he still walked Brooke down the aisle for her wedding on the next episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', during which Ray's groomsmen [[Tazz|Taz]] interrupted and revealed himself as a member of the Aces & Eights, leading the group to attack Hogan, Ray, and the rest of the groomsmen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67961.shtml |title=Keller's TNA Impact Report 1/17: The Bully Ray-Brooke Hogan Wedding Episode – What happened? Did Hulk accompany Brooke? Did the wedding end without a hitch? |date=January 17, 2013 |last=Keller |first=Wade |access-date=January 17, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120222318/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_67961.shtml |archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref>

On the January 31 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan reinstated Ray so he could take on the Aces & Eights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 1/31: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Impact in the U.K. – Angle-Anderson, Wes & Garett turn heel, Wes's hair tells the story |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68308.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190300/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68308.shtml |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 2/7: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Impact in the U.K. – Tag Title change, Sting & Bully main event, Aces & Eights lose again, Nash weighs in |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68494.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002090022/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68494.shtml |archive-date=October 2, 2013}}</ref> Hogan named Ray the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship on the February 21 episode of ''Impact Wrestling''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Report 2/21: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Impact in the U.K. – new KO champ, Hogan's "decision" early contender for worst angle of the year (updated w/Box Score) |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68834.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201112/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_68834.shtml |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> At [[Lockdown (2013)|Lockdown]], Ray betrayed Hogan, after Aces & Eights helped him win the title, and he revealed himself as the President of the Aces & Eights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Lockdown PPV Results 3/10: Live, in-person coverage from San Antonio – Hardy vs. Ray TNA Title match, Lethal Lockdown, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_69158.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414102411/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article_69158.shtml |archive-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> Following Lockdown, Hogan blamed Sting for Ray winning the title as it was Sting who encouraged Hogan to give Ray the title shot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 3/14: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Impact – Lockdown PPV fall-out from Chicago |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69310.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318031827/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69310.shtml |archive-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 3/21: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Impact from Chicago – new #1 contender to TNA Title, two title matches, Lockdown fall-out |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69437.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325105225/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69437.shtml |archive-date=March 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 3/28: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Open Fight Night – Hardy vs. Anderson, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69573.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401092943/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_69573.shtml |archive-date=April 1, 2013}}</ref> Sting returned and saved Hogan from an attack by Aces & Eights on the April 25 episode of ''Impact Wrestling''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 4/25 (Hour 2): Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of live Impact – Bully-Hogan, title matches |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_70226.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530130040/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_70226.shtml |archive-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref> The following week on ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan and Sting reconciled their differences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caldwell's TNA Impact Results 5/2 (Hour 1): Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of Impact – Sabin returns to TV |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_70339.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507112236/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_70339.shtml |archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> On the October 3 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Hogan refused an offer from Dixie Carter to become her business partner and quit; this was done to officially write Hogan off, as a result of his contract expiring with TNA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/the-squared-circle/Hulk-Hogan-no-longer-under-contract-with-TNA-Wrestling.html |title=Hulk Hogan no longer under contract with TNA Wrestling |date=October 2, 2013 |work=Philly.com |access-date=July 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721155925/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/the-squared-circle/Hulk-Hogan-no-longer-under-contract-with-TNA-Wrestling.html |archive-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

=== Fourth return to WWE (2014–2015) ===
On February 24, 2014, on ''Raw'', Hogan made his first WWE in-ring appearance since December 2007 to hype the [[WWE Network]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_76606.shtml |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 2/24: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – Chamber PPV fall-out, Hogan's return, Taker's return, stage set for WM30, more |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227025709/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_76606.shtml |archive-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> On the March 24 episode of ''Raw'', Hogan came out to introduce the guest appearances of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and [[Joe Manganiello]]; this was to promote the guests' new movie ''[[Sabotage (2014 film)|Sabotage]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2014-03-24/arnold-schwarzenegger-and-joe-manganiello-join-hulk-hogan-in-the-ring-photos |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger and Joe Manganiello join Hulk Hogan in the ring: photos |work=WWE |access-date=July 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427012016/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2014-03-24/arnold-schwarzenegger-and-joe-manganiello-join-hulk-hogan-in-the-ring-photos |archive-date=April 27, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Hogan Rock and Austin WrestleMania XXX.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hogan (left) along [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] and [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock]] at [[WrestleMania XXX]] in April 2014]]
At [[WrestleMania XXX]] in April, Hogan served as the host, coming out at the start of the show to hype up the crowd. During his promo, he mistakenly referred to the [[Mercedes-Benz Superdome|Superdome]], the venue the event was being held at, as the [[Silverdome]], which became the subject of jokes throughout the night.<ref>[http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/04/wrestlemania-hulk-hogan-silverdome-superdome "Hulk Hogan flubbed the name of the Superdome, and New Orleans' reaction was priceless"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014626/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/04/wrestlemania-hulk-hogan-silverdome-superdome |date=August 22, 2017 }}. USA Today. Retrieved August 21, 2017</ref> Hogan was later joined by Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock, and they finished their promo by drinking beer together in the ring. Later in the show, Hogan shared a moment with [[Mr. T]], [[Paul Orndorff]] and [[Roddy Piper]], with whom he main-evented the first WrestleMania.

On February 27, 2015, Hogan was honored at Madison Square Garden during a WWE live event dubbed "Hulk Hogan Appreciation Night" with a special commemorative banner hanging from the rafters, honoring his wrestling career and historic matches he had in the arena.<ref name="banner">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/556745-photos-hulkamania-banner-msg |title=PHOTOS: MSG Honors Hulk Hogan with "Hulkamania" Banner |author=Nick Paglino |date=February 27, 2015 |work=Wrestlezone |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref>

On the March 23 episode of ''Raw'', Hogan along with [[Snoop Dogg]] confronted [[Curtis Axel]] – who at the time had been "borrowing" Hogan's Hulkamania gimmick with Axel referring to himself as "AxelMania". On March 28, the night before WrestleMania, Hogan posthumously inducted longtime partner and rival "Macho Man" Randy Savage into the WWE Hall of Fame [[WWE Hall of Fame (2015)|class of 2015]]. The next night at [[WrestleMania 31]], Hogan reunited with Hall and Nash to reform the nWo, appearing in Sting's corner in his match against Triple H, who himself was joined by [[D-Generation X]] (DX) members [[Billy Gunn]], [[X-Pac]], [[Road Dogg]], and Shawn Michaels.

==== Scandal and departure ====
{{quote box
| quote = Eight years ago I used offensive language during a conversation. It was unacceptable for me to have used that offensive language; there is no excuse for it; and I apologize for having done it.
| source =—Hogan's response in ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' to the revelation of his previous comments<ref name="peopleapology">{{cite web |last1=Kimble |first1=Lindsay |title=Hulk Hogan Apologizes for 'Unacceptable' Racist Rant as He Is Scrubbed from WWE Hall of Fame |url=http://www.people.com/article/hulk-hogan-racist-rant-statement |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215657/http://www.people.com/article/hulk-hogan-racist-rant-statement |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
| salign = right
}}
In July 2015, ''[[National Enquirer]]'' and [[Radar Online]] publicized an [[Racism against Black Americans|anti-black]] rant made by Hogan on a leaked [[sex tape]] recorded in 2007. In the recording, he is heard expressing disgust with the notion of his daughter dating a black man, referenced by repeated use of the [[racial slur]] "[[nigger]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/07/24/wwe-erases-hulk-hogan-mentions-from-web-site/ |title=WWE terminates Hulk Hogan's contract, erases him from Web site (updated) |author=Matt Bonesteel |date=July 24, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724220009/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/07/24/wwe-erases-hulk-hogan-mentions-from-web-site/ |archive-date=July 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="radarscandal">{{cite web |url=http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/hulk-hogan-racist-scandal-n-word-caught-on-tape-wrestling/ |title=Hulk Hogan Racist Scandal — Pro Wrestling Icon Caught On Tape Saying N-Word In Bigoted Rant About Daughter Brooke's Dating – Radar Online |work=Radar Online |access-date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205043/http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/hulk-hogan-racist-scandal-n-word-caught-on-tape-wrestling/ |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |date=July 24, 2015}}</ref> Hogan also admitted to being "a [[racist]], to a point."<ref name="radarscandal"/>

Once the recordings went public erupting in a media scandal, Hogan apologized for the remarks, which he said is "language that is offensive and inconsistent with [his] own beliefs."<ref name="peopleapology"/> Three black wrestlers who worked in the WWF and WCW with Hogan made supportive comments. [[Virgil (wrestler)|Virgil]] commented "Hogan has never given me a reason to believe he is a racist"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tmz.com/2015/07/24/hulk-hogan-racist-n-word-virgil/ |title=WWE Legend Virgil – The Hulk Hogan I Knew Was Not Racist |date=July 24, 2014 |website=[[TMZ]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026235812/http://www.tmz.com/2015/07/24/hulk-hogan-racist-n-word-virgil |archive-date=October 26, 2015}}</ref> while [[Dennis Rodman]] said he "most certainly is not a racist"<ref>{{cite tweet |user=dennisrodman |date=July 24, 2015 |number=624624182521917440 |title=I've known @HulkHogan for 25 years. Here he is hanging with Kylin in NJ. '''There isn't a racist bone in that mans body.'''}} {{cite tweet |user=dennisrodman |date=July 24, 2015 |number=624624728041488385 |title=Lets lend our support to the Hulkster @HulkHogan who '''most certainly is not a racist'''}}</ref> and [[Kamala (wrestler)|Kamala]] added "I do not think Hogan meant harm by saying that. Hogan is my brother until he decides not to be."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/602515-kamala-supports-hulk-hogan-was-told-vince-mcmahon-does-not-like-black-people-kliq-behind-the-curtain-preview-video |title=Kamala Supports Hulk Hogan |date=July 28, 2015 |author=Jonathen Jansen |website=WrestleZone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730193504/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/602515-kamala-supports-hulk-hogan-was-told-vince-mcmahon-does-not-like-black-people-kliq-behind-the-curtain-preview-video |archive-date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Black wrestlers working in the WWE made different comments. [[Mark Henry]] said he was pleased by WWE's "no tolerance approach to racism" response, and that he was hurt and offended by Hogan's manner and tone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/601543-mark-henry-issues-statement-on-hulk-hogan-comments |title=Mark Henry Issues Statement On Hulk Hogan Comments |first=Nick |last=Paglino |website=WrestleZone.Com |date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101044158/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/601543-mark-henry-issues-statement-on-hulk-hogan-comments |archive-date=November 1, 2015}} {{cite tweet |user=TheMarkHenry |number=624653728931557376 |date=July 24, 2015 |title=I'm disappointed in the comments made by Terry Bollea (Hulk Hogan). I've known Terry for a long time as both a work colleague and as someone I consider a friend. I'm hurt and offended that he expressed his feelings in the manner and tone that was presented on the tape. I am, however, pleased that the WWE took swift action in response to his comments and I support the position the organization is taking in this matter: a no-tolerance approach to racism.}}</ref> [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]] said he was shocked and called the statements unfortunate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/hulk-hogan-n-word-scandal-wrestler-booker-t-is-shocked-by-the-statements/ |website=TheWrap.Com |first=Greg |last=Gilman |title=Hulk Hogan N-Word Scandal: Wrestler Booker T Is 'Shocked By the Statements' |date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211245/https://www.thewrap.com/hulk-hogan-n-word-scandal-wrestler-booker-t-is-shocked-by-the-statements/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015}} {{cite tweet |user=bookert5x |number=624612626220236800 |date=July 24, 2015 |title=I am shocked by the statements made by Hulk Hogan. It's unfortunate, but that's something that he's going to have to deal with.}}</ref>

On July 24, WWE terminated their contract with Hogan, stating that they are "committed to embracing and celebrating individuals from all backgrounds,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/wwe-terminates-contract-with-hulk-hogan-27695748 |title=WWE has terminated its contract with Terry Bollea (aka Hulk Hogan) |publisher=WWE |access-date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726190512/http://www.wwe.com/inside/wwe-terminates-contract-with-hulk-hogan-27695748 |archive-date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> although Hogan's lawyer said Hogan chose to resign.<ref name="peopleapology"/> A day prior, WWE removed almost all references to Hogan from their website, including his listing as a judge for ''Tough Enough'', his merchandise from WWE Shop, and his entry from its WWE Hall of Fame page (he was still listed in the Hall of Fame entry of the official WWE encyclopedia released in October 2016). His [[Downloadable Content|DLC]] appearance from ''[[WWE 2K15]]'' was taken down from sale, and his character was cut from then upcoming ''[[WWE 2K16]]'' game during development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caldwell |first1=James |title=Hulk Hogan removed from all-things WWE, including Tough Enough, plus Hogan posts cryptic tweet |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_86433.shtml |website=pwtorch.com |access-date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724113840/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_86433.shtml |archive-date=July 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Montag |first=Ali |title=WWE splits with Hulk Hogan amid reported comments |date=July 24, 2015 |work=CNBC.com |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/24/wwe-splits-with-hulk-hogan-amid-reported-comments.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725012459/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/24/wwe-splits-with-hulk-hogan-amid-reported-comments.html |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to the controversy, [[Mattel]] stopped producing Hogan action figures, while Hogan's merchandise was taken down from online stores of [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Toys "R" Us]], and [[Walmart]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moore |first1=Michael |title=Hulk Hogan Fall-Out – Major Retailers Pull Merchandise, Update – Mattel halting production |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_86521.shtml |website=pwtorch.com |access-date=July 29, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729184048/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_86521.shtml |archive-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> On July 28, Radar Online reported that Hogan had also used [[Faggot (slang)|homophobic slurs]] on the leaked sex tape.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Dylan |last2=Cronin |first2=Melissa |last3=Cartwright |first3=Lachlan |title=A New Low! Hulk Hogan Spits Vile Homophobic Slurs In Latest Rant From Leaked Audiotape — The Last Straw For Fans? |url=http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/hulk-hogan-homophobic-rant-revealed-audiotape-transcript-racist-n-word/ |access-date=July 29, 2015 |date=July 28, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728203443/http://radaronline.com/celebrity-news/hulk-hogan-homophobic-rant-revealed-audiotape-transcript-racist-n-word/ |archive-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Days later, it was reported that Hogan had used racist language in a 2008 call to his then-imprisoned son, Nick, and also said that he hoped they would not be reincarnated as black males.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a660952/hulk-hogan-is-under-fire-again-after-more-racially-charged-comments-emerge.html |title=Hulk Hogan is under fire again after more racially-charged comments emerge |last=Rigby |first=Sam |date=July 30, 2015 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |access-date=August 2, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801221103/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a660952/hulk-hogan-is-under-fire-again-after-more-racially-charged-comments-emerge.html |archive-date=August 1, 2015}}</ref>

Hogan gave an interview with ''ABC'' on August 31 in which he pleaded forgiveness for his racist comments, attributing these to a racial bias inherited from his neighborhood while growing up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gma.yahoo.com/hulk-hogan-racial-slur-scandal-please-forgive-people-112815982--abc-news-celebrities.html |title=Hulk Hogan on Racial Slur Scandal: 'Please Forgive Me ... People Get Better' |date=August 31, 2015 |work=Yahoo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001171020/https://gma.yahoo.com/hulk-hogan-racial-slur-scandal-please-forgive-people-112815982--abc-news-celebrities.html |archive-date=October 1, 2015}}</ref> Hogan claimed that the term "nigger" was used liberally among friends in Tampa; former neighbors disputed this claim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/local/2015/08/31/hulk-hogan-racial-slurs-south-tampa/71480068/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150930015238/http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/local/2015/08/31/hulk-hogan-racial-slurs-south-tampa/71480068/ |archive-date=September 30, 2015 |title=Hulk Hogan under fire after slamming neighborhood on national TV |date=August 31, 2015 |work=10NEWS}}</ref>

In the time that followed, numerous African-Americans associated with wrestling expressed some level of support for Hogan including: [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etonline.com/news/169081_dwayne_johnson_talks_hulk_hogan_racist_rant |title=Dwayne Johnson on Hulk Hogan Racist Rant: 'We've All Talked Trash' |website=Entertainment Tonight |date=July 31, 2015 |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Dennis Rodman]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/Dennis-Rodman-Defends-Hulk-Hogan-WWE-Termination-73797.html |title=Dennis Rodman Defends Hulk Hogan After WWE Termination |date=July 25, 2015 |website=CINEMABLEND |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/05/28/booker-t-wwe-hulk-hogan/ |title=Booker T Says Hulk Hogan Belongs Back In WWE |website=TMZ |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> Kamala,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2531386-the-ugandan-giant-kamala-responds-to-former-foe-hulk-hogans-racist-remarks |title=The Ugandan Giant, Kamala, Responds to Former Foe Hulk Hogan's Racist Remarks |last=King |first=Jason |website=Bleacher Report |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> Virgil,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/hulk-hogans-friend-fellow-wwe-6133818 |title=Hulk Hogan's friend and fellow WWE legend Virgil defends star |last1=Bucktin |first1=Christopher |last2=McGeorge |first2=Alistair |date=July 24, 2015 |website=mirror |access-date=September 4, 2019 |last3=Rutter |first3=Claire}}</ref> [[Mr. T]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Adarsh |title=Are Hulk Hogan and Mr. T Still Friends Despite Former's Controversial and Highly Criticized Comments? |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wwe-news-are-hulk-hogan-and-mr-t-still-friends-despite-formers-controversial-and-highly-criticised-comments/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |work=EssentiallySports |date=May 22, 2022}}</ref> [[Mark Henry]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2018/07/mark-henry-on-what-he-told-hulk-hogan-backstage-at-wwe-642850/ |title=Mark Henry On What He Told Hulk Hogan Backstage At WWE Extreme Rules |date=July 17, 2018 |website=Wrestling Inc. |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebiglead.com/2019/04/07/big-e-offers-his-blessing-for-hulk-hogan-redemption-after-apology-at-wrestlemania-35/ |title=Big E Offers His Blessing for Hulk Hogan Redemption After Apology at WrestleMania 35 |date=April 8, 2019 |website=The Big Lead |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> and [[D'Angelo Dinero]], who stressed his forgiveness of Hogan, whom he saw as having made a "positive mark on humanity" for over three decades.<ref>: {{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BlRz0tfAbzk/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BlRz0tfAbzk |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |url-access=subscription |title=Elijah Burke on Instagram: "Pope's unfiltered thoughts on Hulk Hogan's Reinstatement into the WWE Hall Of Fame (Full Read on Facebook.com/ElijahBurke): If someone had…" |website=Instagram |access-date=January 8, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Fifth return to WWE (2018–present) ===
On July 15, 2018, Hogan was reinstated into the WWE Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wwe.com/article/hulk-hogan-reinstated-into-wwe-hall-of-fame |title=Hulk Hogan reinstated into WWE Hall of Fame |work=WWE |access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> Later that same night, he was invited backstage to WWE's [[Extreme Rules (2018)|Extreme Rules]] pay-per-view event and was briefly mentioned on the event's kickoff show. Hogan made his on-screen return on November 2, 2018, as the host of [[Crown Jewel (2018)|Crown Jewel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/hulk-hogan-makes-his-return-to-wwe-as-host-of-crown-jewel-event-in-saudi-arabia/ |title=Hulk Hogan makes his return to WWE as host of Crown Jewel event in Saudi Arabia |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=November 1, 2018}}</ref> Hogan next appeared on the January 7, 2019, episode of ''Raw'' to present a tribute to his longtime friend and colleague [[Mean Gene Okerlund]], who had died five days prior. It was the first time Hogan had appeared in a WWE ring in North America since his 2015 firing. Hogan subsequently appeared on a WWE Network special where he spoke further of his relationship with Okerlund.

Hogan inducted his [[The Mega-Maniacs|Mega-Maniacs]] tag team partner and longtime friend [[Brutus Beefcake]] into the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2019)|WWE Hall of Fame]] on April 6, 2019. The following night at [[WrestleMania 35]], he made a surprise appearance at the beginning of the show alongside WrestleMania host [[Alexa Bliss]], welcoming fans to the event and parodying his [[gaffe]] from [[WrestleMania XXX]], when he incorrectly referred to the [[Louisiana Superdome|Superdome]] as the [[Pontiac Silverdome|Silverdome]]. On the June 17, 2019, Raw, WWE aired a Hogan interview about the U.S. Women's World Cup soccer team.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/wwe/2019/06/18/hulk-hogan-wwe-raw-promo-us-womens-soccer-world-cup-video/ |title=Watch: Hulk Hogan Appears on WWE Raw Via Twitter Promo |website=WWE |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> On the July 22, 2019, Raw, Hogan appeared as part of the "Raw Reunion" special. Hogan was one of the speakers during the "Toast to Raw" segment along with Steve Austin. On September 30, 2019, episode of ''Raw'', he and Ric Flair unveiled a 10 man tag team match, for [[Crown Jewel (2019)|Crown Jewel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://whatculture.com/wwe/team-hogan-vs-team-flair-confirmed-for-wwe-crown-jewel-2019 |title=Team Hogan Vs. Team Flair Confirmed for WWE Crown Jewel 2019 |date=October 2019}}</ref> Hogan and Flair made multiple appearances on shows with their teams leading up to the event, which saw Hogan manage his team to victory.

Hogan made it public knowledge that he hoped to have one more match in the WWE, including during an interview with the ''Los Angeles Times''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2019-10-07/hulk-hogan-wwe-vince-mcmahon-terry-bollea-wrestlemania-career |title=Column: Hulk Hogan hopes to return for one final WWE match at WrestleMania |date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |first1=Arash |last1=Markazi}}</ref> On December 9, 2019, it was announced that Hogan would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame a second time as a member of the [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order]], together with fellow former nWo stablemates [[Kevin Nash]], [[Scott Hall]], and [[Sean Waltman]].<ref name="auto"/>

Hogan made his only appearance of 2020 on WWE's non-WWE Network programming when he appeared via satellite on the February 14, 2020, episode of ''SmackDown'' to speak about the Hall of Fame. He was interrupted by Bray Wyatt, as Hogan warned him about his upcoming match with Goldberg.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2020-02-14/article/hulk-hogan-interrupted-by-bray-wyatt |title=Hulk Hogan was interrupted by Bray Wyatt |website=Wwe.com}}</ref> The 2020 Hall of Fame ceremony was subsequently delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and aired on April 6, 2021.

Hogan made his first appearance of 2021 on the January 4 episode of ''Raw'', which was a special Legends Night episode. He opened the show introducing the 'H-Phone,' his spin on an iPhone. He appeared in a backstage segment with [[Jimmy Hart]], [[Drew McIntyre]] and [[Sheamus]], where he gave his approval to McIntyre, the current WWE Champion. He also watched the championship main event match between McIntyre and Keith Lee on-stage with the rest of the guest legends.

It was announced on the March 19, 2021, episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown]]'' he would co-host [[WrestleMania 37]] with [[Titus O'Neil]]. Hogan opened both nights of [[WrestleMania 37]] with O'Neil, appeared in multiple segments with Bayley, which led to a return of the Bella Twins, who attacked Bayley, and was introduced during the Hall of Fame celebration with Nash, Hall and Waltman.

On January 23, 2023, Hogan appeared live alongside Jimmy Hart to open the [[WWE Raw is XXX]] show, celebrating the 30th Anniversary of Raw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hulk Hogan Makes A Surprise Appearance On 'WWE Raw' & Fans Go Wild: Watch |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/hulk-hogan-makes-a-surprise-appearance-on-wwe-raw-fans-go-wild-watch/ar-AA16FKHE |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
Hogan has been described as one of the largest attractions in professional wrestling history and a major reason why Vince McMahon's expansion of his promotion worked. Wrestling historian and journalist Dave Meltzer stated that "...You can't possibly overrate his significance in the history of the business. And he sold more tickets to wrestling shows than any man who ever lived".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=davemeltzerWON |number=1341929868125073408 |title=There's a lot you can say about him, but you can't possibly overrate his significance in the history of the business. And he sold more tickets to wrestling shows than any man who ever lived and I don't expect anyone to ever sell more tickets than he did ever. |date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref> Hogan's match with Andre the Giant on February 5, 1988, holds American television records for a wrestling audience with a 15.2 Nielsen rating and 33 million viewers.<ref name="SK_Feb2021"/>

Fellow wrestler [[Cody Rhodes]] has said numerous times that Hogan's WrestleMania X8 match with The Rock is the greatest match in wrestling history and that it epitomized what professional wrestling is.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=CodyRhodes |number=977349057113919489 |title=Hogan vs Rock. I don't trust anybody who says otherwise. (Also, I answer this every time we do one of these ha) |date=March 24, 2018 |Access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=CodyRhodes |number=1018238315223396353 |title=The best match ever is Hogan/Rock. When I ask my friends their all time favorite, if they say anything else...I can determine they haven't grasped what wrestling is yet. |date=July 15, 2018 |Access-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref>

Fellow WWE Hall of Fame member [[Bret Hart]] has been repeatedly critical of Hogan's wrestling abilities, including in 2021 saying that he "didn't know a headlock from a headlamp", and that he was "very limited".<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Andrew |date=December 14, 2021 |url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2021/12/14/bret-hart-hulk-hogan-was-68-and-a-one-out-of-three-wrestler-he-didnt-know-a-headlock-from-a-headlamp/ |title=Bret Hart: Hulk Hogan was 6'8 and a one-out-of-three wrestler, he didn't know a headlock from a headlamp |access-date=April 10, 2022 |work=POST Wrestling}}</ref> Hart had previously referred to Hogan as a "hero" to fans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cutis |first1=Jennifer |title=Bret Hart calls Hulk Hogan a hero… Bret Hart says, "it's hard to make everybody happy" |url=https://www.wrestlingnewsplus.com/bret-hart-says-hulk-hogan-is-a-hero-says-hulk-was-considerate-to-him/ |access-date=June 13, 2022 |work=Wrestling News Plus |date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> and previously complimented Hogan's look. "You look at Hulk Hogan, okay? Unbelievable look, 6'8″ with the 24″ pythons, it's an incredible [look]. When he walks in the room, the whole room stops. Like, you see it. He [has] got, like, legs stuck on his shoulders. His arms are as big as somebody's legs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Alex |title=Bret Hart compares Hulk Hogan as a wrestler against himself |url=https://talksport.com/sport/wrestling/732697/bret-hart-hulk-hogan-wwe/ |access-date=June 13, 2022 |work=talkSPORT |date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>

Former writer [[Vince Russo]], who Hogan had previously sued, said that more wrestlers in 2022 should wrestle like Hogan, as opposed to the modern-day style acrobats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Danny |title=WWE veteran thinks current wrestlers should learn from Hulk Hogan (Exclusive) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/news-wwe-veteran-thinks-wrestlers-learn-hulk-hogan |access-date=June 17, 2022 |work=Sportskeeda |date=May 19, 2022}}</ref>

Hogan himself has previously said he is "number two" behind Ric Flair, who he said is the greatest wrestler of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendhe |first1=Abhilash |title="I'm #2"- Hulk Hogan calls former WWE Champion 'third greatest wrestler of all time' |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/news-i-m-2-hulk-hogan-calls-former-wwe-champion-third-greatest-wrestler-time |access-date=June 13, 2022 |work=Sportskeeda |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref>

[[Chris Jericho]] said on his podcast in 2023 that Hogan was a better worker than Flair in his experience. "Hogan is a better worker than Flair. For me. I always had amazing matches with Hogan because he knew exactly who he was as a babyface, as a heel, whatever. He was so great. He knew his audience. He didn't do anything he didn't have to. It was one of my favorite times in my career."<ref>{{cite news |author=Paul Davis |date=May 7, 2023 |title=Chris Jericho: Hulk Hogan Is a Better Worker Than Ric Flair |work=Wrestling News |url=https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/chris-jericho-hulk-hogan-is-a-better-worker-than-ric-flair}}</ref>

1980s wrestler The Warlord gave Hogan credit for his legacy in the ring and behind the scenes. "He was very nice to everybody. He was just one of the boys back there, you know? I always respected him and he always respected me, and that meant a lot to me. He changed the business for a big man."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/warlord-how-hulk-hogan-changed-business-big-men/ | title=411Mania }}</ref>

On February 20, 2019, it was announced that [[Chris Hemsworth]] would portray him in a biopic, directed by [[Todd Phillips]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chris Hemsworth to Play Hulk Hogan in Biopic Directed by Todd Phillips (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/chris-hemsworth-play-hulk-hogan-biopic-1186126 |access-date=February 20, 2019 |work=www.hollywoodreporter.com}}</ref>

== Endorsements and business ventures ==

=== Food industry ===
[[File:Hulkamania - ring.jpg|thumb|The ring for Hulkamania, the tour promoted by Hogan]]
Hogan created and financed a restaurant called ''Pastamania'' located in the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref name="WrestleCrap140">{{cite book |title=Wrestlecrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling |last=Reynolds |first=R.D. |page=[https://archive.org/details/wrestlecrapveryw00rdre/page/140 140] |publisher=[[ECW Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55022-584-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/wrestlecrapveryw00rdre/page/140}}</ref> It opened on the Labor Day weekend of 1995 and was heavily promoted on [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW)'s live show ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Monday Nitro]]''. The restaurant, which remained in operation for less than a year, featured such dishes as "Hulk-U's" and "Hulk-A-Roos".<ref name="WrestleCrap140"/>

In interviews on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' and ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'', Hogan claimed that the opportunity to endorse what came to be known as the [[George Foreman Grill]] was originally offered to him, but when he failed to respond in time, Foreman endorsed the grill instead. Instead, Hogan endorsed a [[blender]], known as the Hulk Hogan Thunder Mixer. He has since endorsed a grill known as "The Hulk Hogan Ultimate Grill", voluntarily recalled as a fire hazard in 2008 along with other QVC and Tristar grills.<ref>{{cite web |title=QVC and Tristar Recall Electric Grills Due to Fire Hazard; Consumers to Receive New Instructions |url=https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2008/qvc-and-tristar-recall-electric-grills-due-to-fire-hazard-consumers-to-receive-new |access-date=July 3, 2023 |work=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission |date=March 6, 2008}}</ref>

In 2006, Hogan unveiled ''Hogan Energy'', a drink distributed by Socko Energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hogan Energy Powered By Socko |publisher=BeverageWorld.com |date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=November 3, 2006 |url=http://www.beverageworld.com/content/view/33168/168/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705034431/http://www.beverageworld.com/content/view/33168/168/ |archive-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref> His name and likeness were also applied to a line of microwavable hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and chicken sandwiches sold at [[Walmart|Wal-Mart]] called "Hulkster Burgers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chipperprime.img.jugem.jp/20080426_337514.jpg |title=Hulkster Cheesburger. JPG Image |access-date=May 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929202754/http://chipperprime.img.jugem.jp/20080426_337514.jpg |archive-date=September 29, 2013}}</ref> On November 1, 2011, Hogan launched a new website called ''Hogan Nutrition'', which features many nutritional and dietary products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hogannutrition.com |title=Hulk Hogan Nutrition |publisher=Hogannutrition.com |access-date=May 30, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603023111/http://hogannutrition.com/ |archive-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref>

On New Year's Eve 2012, Hogan opened a beachfront restaurant called "Hogan's Beach", located in the Tampa area.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paula Forbes |url=http://eater.com/archives/2013/01/02/hulk-hogans-florida-restaurant-hogans-beach-opens-the-drinking-has-begun.php |title=Hogan's Beach, Hulk Hogan's Florida Restaurant, Opens: 'The Drinking Has Begun' – Hulk Hogan Wire – Eater National |publisher=Eater.com |date=January 2, 2013 |access-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hogansbeachtampa.com |title=Welcome to Hogan's Beach Tampa |work=hogansbeachtampa.com |access-date=July 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722121200/http://www.hogansbeachtampa.com/ |archive-date=July 22, 2015}}</ref> The restaurant dropped Hogan's name in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/97247/hogan-restaurant-closes.html?p=1 |title=Hogan Restaurant Closes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019232003/http://pwinsider.com/article/97247/hogan-restaurant-closes.html?p=1 |archive-date=October 19, 2015}}</ref> Hogan later opened Hogan's Hangout in Clearwater Beach.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cltampa.com/food-drink/openings-closings/article/21075790/listen-up-brother-hogans-hangout-in-clearwater-is-hiring |title=Listen up, brother, Hogan's Hangout in Clearwater is hiring right now}}</ref>

=== Finances ===
In September 2008, Hogan's [[net worth]] was revealed to be around $30 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/06/Hulk-hogans-net-worth-rev_n_124459.html |title=Hulk Hogan's Net Worth Revealed In Divorce Papers |work=Huffington Post |access-date=May 21, 2010 |date=September 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607101133/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/06/hulk-hogans-net-worth-rev_n_124459.html |archive-date=June 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2008/09/05/divorce_papers_reveal_Hulk_hogan_s_net_w |title=Divorce Papers Reveal Hulk Hogan's Net Worth |publisher=Starpulse.com |date=September 5, 2008 |access-date=May 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607115855/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2008/09/05/divorce_papers_reveal_hulk_hogan_s_net_w |archive-date=June 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-09-05-hogan-divorce_N.htm |work=USA Today |title=Divorce papers reveal Hulk Hogan's net worth |date=September 5, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416165917/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-09-05-hogan-divorce_N.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref> In September 2011, Hogan revealed that his lavish lifestyle and divorce had cost him hundreds of millions of dollars and nearly bankrupted him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2011/09/29/18758376.html |title=Hogan lost 'hundreds of millions' |date=September 29, 2011 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canoe.ca|Canadian Online Explorer]] |access-date=October 4, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714214702/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2011/09/29/18758376.html |archive-date=July 14, 2012}}</ref>

=== Other ===
In October 2007, Hogan transferred all trademarks referring to himself to his liability company named "Hogan Holdings Limited". The trademarks include Hulk Hogan, "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan, Hulkster, Hogan Knows Grillin, Hulkamania.com, and Hulkapedia.com.<ref name="Moniz">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestle-complex.com/headlines/judgement_day_08_Hulk_hogan_news_ravens_trade.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210093126/http://www.wrestle-complex.com/headlines/judgement_day_08_hulk_hogan_news_ravens_trade.shtml |archive-date=February 10, 2008 |author=Moniz, Shawn |title=Hogan Transfers Trademarks To Liability Company |publisher=Wrestle-Complex.com |access-date=November 1, 2007 |date=November 1, 2007}}</ref>

In April 2008, Hogan announced that he would lend his license to video game developer [[Gameloft]] to create "Hulkamania Wrestling" for mobile phones. Hogan stated in a press release that the game would be "true to [his] experiences in wrestling" and use his classic wrestling moves like the Doublehand Choke Lift and Strong Clothesline.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS178401+21-Apr-2008+PRN20080421 "Gameloft Announces Licensing Deal With Wrestling Superstar Hulk Hogan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111164157/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS178401+21-Apr-2008+PRN20080421 |date=January 11, 2009 }}. Reuters (April 21, 2008). Retrieved November 3, 2008.</ref> {{as of|2010}}, Hogan stars alongside Troy Aikman in commercials for [[Rent-A-Center]].<ref>{{YouTube|V7fKYAJ41hM|RAC TV "Seal The Deal"}}. Retrieved on May 8, 2011.</ref> On March 24, 2011, Hogan made a special appearance on ''[[American Idol]]'', giving a big surprise to wrestling fans [[Paul McDonald (musician)|Paul McDonald]] and [[James Durbin (singer)|James Durbin]]. On October 15, 2010, Endemol Games UK (a subsidiary of media production group [[Endemol UK]]) announced a partnership with Bischoff Hervey Entertainment to produce "Hulk Hogan's Hulkamania", an [[online gambling]] game featuring video footage of Hogan.<ref name=Endemol1>{{cite web |title=Endemol signs Hulk Hogan |url=http://www.egrmagazine.com/news/595547/news-in-brief-playtech-endemol-signs-hulk-hogan-nova-scotia-passes-on-egaming.thtml |access-date=August 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425012338/http://www.egrmagazine.com/news/595547/news-in-brief-playtech-endemol-signs-hulk-hogan-nova-scotia-passes-on-egaming.thtml |archive-date=April 25, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Endemol2>{{cite web |last=Nesmeth |first=Eliot |title=Endemol and hulk hogan team up for online gaming deal |url=http://www.ericbischoff.com/press/37-press/128-endemol-and-hulk-hogan-team-up-for-online-gaming-deal |access-date=August 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001013240/http://www.ericbischoff.com/press/37-press/128-endemol-and-hulk-hogan-team-up-for-online-gaming-deal |archive-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>

In October 2013, Hogan partnered with Tech Assets, Inc. to open a [[web hosting service]] called "Hostamania".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11197629.htm |title=Hulk Hogan Announces Launch of Website Hosting Company, "Hostamania" |publisher=PRWeb |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007123747/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11197629.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref> To promote the service, a commercial video was released, featuring Hogan parodying [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]'s [[Go Daddy|GoDaddy.com]] commercials and [[Miley Cyrus]]' "[[Wrecking Ball (Miley Cyrus song)|Wrecking Ball]]" music video.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tmz.com/2013/10/04/hulk-hogan-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-hostamania/ |title=Hulk Hogan MAN THONGIN' In Miley Cyrus Spoof Video |work=[[TMZ]] |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011012205/http://www.tmz.com/2013/10/04/hulk-hogan-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-hostamania/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/hulk-hogan-parodies-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-video-commercial-article-1.1476521 |title=Hulk Hogan wears thong, straddles wrecking ball in Miley Cyrus spoof video for new ad |author=Eby, Margaret |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016094205/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/hulk-hogan-parodies-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-video-commercial-article-1.1476521 |archive-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> On November 21, 2013, Hulk Hogan and [[Go Daddy|GoDaddy.com]] appeared together on a live Hangout On Air on [[Google Plus]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63wuQCmPE6M |title=Hulk Hogan Adapt or Become Irrelevant |publisher=YouTube |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121230149/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63wuQCmPE6M |archive-date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> where Hulk Hogan had a casual conversation about Hostamania, fans, and business.

Hogan became a distributor for [[multi-level marketing]] company [[ViSalus|ViSalus Sciences]] after looking for business opportunities outside of wrestling.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hulk Hogan on Personal Branding, Family Life and Reality TV |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2011/08/22/Hulk-hogan-on-personal-branding-family-life-and-reality-tv/ |author=Dan Schawbel |magazine=Forbes |page=3 |date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221007/http://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2011/08/22/hulk-hogan-on-personal-branding-family-life-and-reality-tv/ |archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> Hogan supports the [[American Diabetes Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=American diabetic association celebrity supporters |url=http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/655-american-diabetes-association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905074241/http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/655-american-diabetes-association |archive-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref>

== Other media ==

=== Acting ===
[[File:Hulk Hogan's handprints in cement (Great Movie Ride, Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios).jpg|right|thumb|The handprints of Hulk Hogan in front of [[The Great Movie Ride]] at [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] theme park]]
Hogan's crossover popularity led to several television and movie roles. Early in his career Hogan played the part of Thunderlips in ''[[Rocky III]]'' (1982). He also appeared in ''[[No Holds Barred (1989 film)|No Holds Barred]]'' (1989), before starring in [[family film]]s ''[[Suburban Commando]]'' (1991), ''[[Mr. Nanny]]'' (1993), ''[[Santa with Muscles]]'' (1996), and ''[[3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001356/ |title=Hulk Hogan |website=IMDb |access-date=October 24, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011033155/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001356/ |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Hogan also appeared in 1992 commercials for [[Right Guard]] deodorant. He starred in his own television series, ''[[Thunder in Paradise]]'', in 1994. He is the star of ''The Ultimate Weapon'' (1997), in which [[Brutus Beefcake]] also appears in a cameo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186647/ |title=The Ultimate Weapon (1997) |website=IMDb |date=May 15, 2002 |access-date=October 24, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014210230/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186647/ |archive-date=October 14, 2007}}</ref>

Hogan also starred in a pair of television movies, originally intended as a pilot for an ongoing series for TNT, produced by [[Eric Bischoff]]. The movies, ''Shadow Warriors: Assault on Devil's Island'' and ''Shadow Warriors: Hunt for The Death Merchant'', starred Hogan alongside [[Carl Weathers]] and [[Shannon Tweed]] as a freelance mercenary team. In 1995, he appeared on [[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]]'s ''Kids Against Crime''. Hogan made [[cameo appearance]]s in ''[[Muppets from Space]]'', ''[[Gremlins 2: The New Batch]]'' (the theatrical cut) and ''[[Spy Hard]]'' as himself. Hogan also played the role of [[Zeus]] in ''Little Hercules in 3D''. Hogan also made two appearances on ''[[The A-Team]]'' (in 1985 and 1986), along with [[Roddy Piper]]. He also appeared on ''[[Suddenly Susan]]'' in 1999.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hollywood Hulk Hogan |author=Hogan, Hulk |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2002 |page=85 |isbn=978-0-7434-7556-3}}</ref> In 2001, Hogan guest-starred on an episode of ''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''.

Hogan has become a busy voice actor in later years making guest voice spots on ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' and ''[[American Dad!]]'' and as a primary actor in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim series ''[[China, IL]]''.

=== Reality television and hosting ===
On July 10, 2005, [[VH1]] premiered ''[[Hogan Knows Best]]'' a reality show which centered around Hogan, his then-wife Linda, and their children Brooke and Nick.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hulk Hogan Knows Best: About the Series |publisher=VH1 |url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/hogan_knows_best/series_about.jhtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020025828/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/hogan_knows_best/series_about.jhtml |archive-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref> In July 2008, a spin-off entitled ''[[Brooke Knows Best]]'' premiered, which focused primarily on Hogan's daughter Brooke.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brooke Knows Best |publisher=VH1 |url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/brooke_knows_best/series.jhtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719121334/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/brooke_knows_best/series.jhtml |archive-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref>

Hogan hosted the comeback series of ''[[American Gladiators (2008 TV series)|American Gladiators]]'' on [[NBC]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=43247 |title=Wrestling Legend Hulk Hogan To Host The Return Of Popular Competition Series "American Gladiators" Coming To NBC Midseason |access-date=October 3, 2007 |date=October 3, 2007 |publisher=Sports Features Communications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211922/http://sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=43247 |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> He also hosted and judged the short-lived reality show, ''[[Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN0533898420080606 |title=Former celebrities compete in CMT wrestling show |access-date=June 6, 2008 |date=June 5, 2008 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110070259/http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN0533898420080606 |archive-date=January 10, 2009}}</ref> Hogan had a special titled ''Finding Hulk Hogan'' on [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]] on November 17, 2010.<ref name="bhetv1">{{cite news |url=http://tv.broadwayworld.com/article/AE_Presents_Finding_Hulk_Hogan_20010101#ixzz13bCIqYKe |title=A&E Presents Finding Hulk Hogan |access-date=November 1, 2010 |date=October 27, 2010 |agency=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708095202/http://tv.broadwayworld.com/article/AE_Presents_Finding_Hulk_Hogan_20010101#ixzz13bCIqYKe |archive-date=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, Hogan was a judge on the [[WWE Tough Enough#Season 6|sixth season]] of ''[[WWE Tough Enough|Tough Enough]]'', alongside [[Paige (wrestler)|Paige]] and [[Bryan Danielson|Daniel Bryan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-tough-enough/hulk-hogan-chris-jericho-paige-daniel-bryan-headline-new-season-wwe-tough-enough-27362450 |title=Hulk Hogan, Chris Jericho, Paige and Daniel Bryan headline new season of WWE Tough Enough |website=[[WWE|WWE.com]] |date=May 7, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509023409/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-tough-enough/hulk-hogan-chris-jericho-paige-daniel-bryan-headline-new-season-wwe-tough-enough-27362450 |archive-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref> but due to the scandal, he was replaced by [[The Miz]] after episode 5.

=== Music and radio ===
Hogan released a music CD, ''Hulk Rules'', as Hulk Hogan and the Wrestling Boot Band, which also included Jimmy "Mouth of the South" Hart, his then-wife Linda and J.J Maguire.<ref name=wbtb /> Despite negative reviews, ''Hulk Rules'' reached No. 12 on the Billboard Top Kid Audio chart in 1995.<ref name=wbtb>{{cite news|url=https://whatculture.com/wwe/10-worst-moments-in-hulk-hogans-career?page=4|title=C10 Worst Moments In Hulk Hogan's Career|publisher=whatculture.com|date=August 15, 2014|access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> [[Green Jellÿ]] released a duet with Hogan, performing [[Gary Glitter]]'s song "[[I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)]]". He has also made cameos in several music videos. From her self-named show, ''[[Dolly (1987 TV series)|Dolly]]'' the music video for [[Dolly Parton]]'s wrestling-themed love song "Headlock on My Heart" features Hogan as "Starlight Starbright". In the music video "Pressure" by Belly featuring [[Ginuwine]], Hogan and his daughter [[Brooke Hogan|Brooke]] both made brief cameo appearances.

Hogan was a regular guest on [[Bubba the Love Sponge]]'s radio show. He also served as the best man at Bubba's January 2007 wedding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btls.com/show-staff/bubba |title=Bubba's staff profile |publisher=Bubba the Love Sponge.com |access-date=April 20, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004250/http://www.btls.com/show-staff/bubba |archive-date=December 25, 2010}}</ref> On March 12, 2010, Hogan hosted his own radio show, titled ''Hogan Uncensored'', on [[Sirius Satellite Radio]]'s [[Howard 100 and Howard 101|Howard 101]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_40523.shtml |title=TNA News: Hulk Hogan to begin weekly satellite radio show on Monday nights before TNA Impact |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=April 9, 2010 |publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch |access-date=April 20, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412023116/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_40523.shtml |archive-date=April 12, 2010}}</ref>

=== Merchandising ===
The Wrestling Figure Checklist records Hogan as having 171 different action figures, produced between the 1980s and 2010s from numerous manufacturers and promotions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=Harvey |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Wrestling-Figure-Checklist-Definitive-Professional-ebook/dp/B08HVLCNKV |title=Wrestling Figure Checklist: The Definitive Guide to the Action Figures of Professional Wrestling}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
[[File:Hulk Hogan 2015 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Hogan in 2015]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc; | Year
! style="background:#ccc; | Title
! style="background:#ccc; | Role
! style="background:#ccc; | Notes
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Rocky III]]''
| Thunderlips
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[No Holds Barred (1989 film)|No Holds Barred]]''
| Rip Thomas
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Gremlins 2: The New Batch]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Suburban Commando]]''
| Shep Ramsey
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[Mr. Nanny]]''
| Sean Armstrong
|
|-
| ''[[Thunder in Paradise]]''
| Randolph J. ''Hurricane'' Spencer
| Direct-to-video
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1996
| ''[[Spy Hard]]''
| Steele's other Tag-Team Member
| Cameo
|-
| ''[[The Secret Agent Club]]''
| Ray Chase
|
|-
| ''[[Santa with Muscles]]''
| Blake Thorn
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1998
| ''McCinsey's Island''
| Joe McGrai
|
|-
| ''[[3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain]]''
| Dave Dragon
|
|-
| ''The Ultimate Weapon''
| Cutter
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Muppets from Space]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|-
| 2009
| ''Little Hercules''
| Zeus
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Gnomeo & Juliet]]''
| Terrafirminator V.O.
| Voice role
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Television
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc; | Year
! style="background:#ccc; | Title
! style="background:#ccc; | Role
! style="background:#ccc; | Notes
|-
| 1984
| ''Goldie and the Bears''
| Mac McKenna
| TV film
|-
| 1985-1986
| ''[[The A-Team]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes: ([[List of The A-Team episodes#Season 4 (1985–86)|"Body Slam"]], [[List of The A-Team episodes#Season 4 (1985-86)|"The Trouble with Harry"]])
|-
| 1985-1986
| ''[[Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling]]''
| Himself
| Live-action parts only
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Thunder in Paradise]]''
| Randolph J. ''Hurricane'' Spencer
| Main role; 22 episodes
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Sleeper"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Baywatch]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Bash at the Beach"
|-
| 1997
| ''Assault on Devil's Island''
| Mike McBride
| TV film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999
| ''[[Suddenly Susan]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''Assault on Death Mountain''
| Mike McBride
| TV film
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''
| Boomer Knight
| 1 episode: ([[List of Walker, Texas Ranger episodes#Season 8 (2000–01)|"Division Street"]])
|-
| 2005–2007
| ''[[Hogan Knows Best]]''
| Himself
| Reality TV series
|-
| 2006-2016
| ''[[Robot Chicken]]''
| Himself [[Abraham Lincoln]] Bank robber
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Brooke Knows Best]]''
| Himself
| Reality TV series
|-
| 2011–2015
| ''[[China, IL]]''
| The Dean
| Main cast
|-
| 2012
| ''[[American Dad!]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode: ([[List of American Dad! episodes#Season 8 .282011.E2.80.9312.29|"Stanny Tendergrass"]])
|-
| 2012
| ''[[The Inbetweeners]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode ("Fire!")
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The '80s Called]]''
| Himself
| [[RadioShack]] commercial for [[Super Bowl XLVIII]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://people.com/tv/radioshack-super-bowl-commercial-every-80s-reference-in-the-ad-spot/ |title=Celebrating Every '80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial |author=Jones, Nate |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428005707/http://people.com/tv/radioshack-super-bowl-commercial-every-80s-reference-in-the-ad-spot/ |archive-date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Smosh]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)|The Goldbergs]]''
| Himself
| 1 episode ([[The Goldbergs (season 7)|"WrestleMania"]])
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Camp WWE]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes ("John Cena's Grounded", "Vince's Pizza Party")
|}

== Video games ==
Hogan provided his voice for the 2011 game ''[[Saints Row: The Third]]'' as Angel de la Muerte, a member of the Saints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/118/1182800p1.html |title=Hulk Hogan Joins Saints Row Cast |first=Jamie |last=Feltham |date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212090910/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/118/1182800p1.html |archive-date=February 12, 2012}}</ref> In October 2011, he released a video game called ''[[Hulk Hogan's Main Event]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/hulk-hogans-main-event/platform/xbox360 |title=Hulk Hogan's Main Event |publisher=GameSpot.com |date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426152908/http://www.gamespot.com/hulk-hogans-main-event/platform/xbox360/ |archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref>

A likeness of him, as Rex Kwan-Do, is featured as a playable police officer in [[This Is the Police|''This Is The Police'']].

Hulk Hogan and Hollywood Hogan are featured in the following [[List of licensed wrestling video games|licensed wrestling video games]]:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | WWE Video games
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc;" | Year
! style="background:#ccc;" | Title
! style="background:#ccc;" | Notes
|-
| 1987
| ''[[MicroLeague Wrestling]]''
| Video game debut Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1989
| ''[[WWF WrestleMania (1989 video game)|WWF WrestleMania]]''
| rowspan="2"| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WWF Superstars]]''
|-
| 1990
| ''[[WWF WrestleMania Challenge]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1991
| ''[[WWF WrestleMania (1991 video game)|WWF WrestleMania]]''
| rowspan="2"| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WWF WrestleFest]]''
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1992
| ''[[WWF Super WrestleMania]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WWF European Rampage Tour]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWF Superstars 2]]''
| rowspan="2"| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[WWF Royal Rumble (1993 video game)|WWF Royal Rumble]]''
| Hogan was featured in the [[Sega Genesis]] version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the [[SNES]] version
|-
| ''[[WWF King of the Ring (video game)|WWF King of the Ring]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2002
| ''[[WWE WrestleMania X8 (video game)|WWF WrestleMania X8]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WWE Road to WrestleMania X8]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth]]''
| Hogan was on the cover of the PAL version of the game, but not the NTSC version
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2003
| ''[[WWE Crush Hour]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWE WrestleMania XIX (video game)|WWE WrestleMania XIX]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWE Raw 2]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
| ''[[WWE Day of Reckoning 2]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWE SmackDown! vs. RAW 2006]]''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[WWE Legends of WrestleMania]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| 2011
| ''[[WWE All Stars]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| 2013
| ''[[WWE 2K14]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[WWE SuperCard]]''
|
|-
| ''[[WWE 2K15]]''
| Cover athlete on the ''Hulkamania'' edition of the game; Hogan was [[downloadable content]] and removed after [[#Scandal and departure|his racial scandal]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[WWE Immortals]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''WWE Champions''
| Added in 2019
|-
|2019
| ''[[WWE 2K20]]''
|
|-
|2020
| ''[[WWE 2K Battlegrounds]]''
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[WWE 2K22]]''
| Cover athlete on the ''nWo 4-Life'' edition of the game
|-
|2023
|''[[WWE 2K23]]''
|
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | WCW Video games
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc;" | Year
! style="background:#ccc;" | Title
! style="background:#ccc;" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1997
| ''[[WCW vs. the World]]''
| Video game debut rowspan="2"| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WCW vs. nWo: World Tour]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1998
| ''[[WCW Nitro (video game)|WCW Nitro]]''
| rowspan="2"| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WCW/nWo Revenge]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999
| ''[[WCW/nWo Thunder]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| ''[[WCW Mayhem (video game)|WCW Mayhem]]''
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[WCW Backstage Assault]]''
|
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | TNA Video games
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc;" | Year
! style="background:#ccc;" | Title
! style="background:#ccc;" | Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[TNA Impact!: Cross The Line (video game)|TNA Impact! Cross the Line]]''
| Hogan was featured in the [[Nintendo DS]] version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] version 
|-
| 2011
| ''[[TNA Wrestling Impact!]]''
|
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Legends of Wrestling Video games
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc;" | Year
! style="background:#ccc;" | Title
! style="background:#ccc;" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Legends of Wrestling]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Legends of Wrestling II]]''
| Cover athlete
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Showdown: Legends of Wrestling]]''
| Cover athlete
|}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Hulk Hogan in Toronto.jpg|thumb|upright|Hogan in [[Toronto]] in 2009]]

=== Legal issues ===

==== Belzer lawsuit ====
{{further|Belzer v. Bollea}}
On March 27, 1985, just days prior to the inaugural WrestleMania, [[Richard Belzer]] requested on his cable TV talk show ''[[Hot Properties (talk show)|Hot Properties]]'' that Hogan demonstrate one of his signature wrestling moves. After consistently refusing but being egged on by Belzer, Hogan put Belzer in a modified [[Guillotine choke]], which caused Belzer to pass out. When Hogan released him, Belzer hit his head on the floor, sustaining a laceration to the scalp that required a brief hospitalization. Belzer sued Hogan for $5 million and later settled out of court. On October 20, 2006, on the ''[[Bubba the Love Sponge Show]]'', it was claimed (with Hogan in the studio) that the settlement totaled $5 million, half from Hogan and half from Vince McMahon. During his June 23, 2008, appearance on Sirius Satellite Radio's ''The Howard Stern Show'', Belzer suggested that the real settlement amount was actually closer to $400,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/wrestlings-greatest-shoots-wrestlemania-edition-hulk-hogan-vs-richard-belzer/ |title=Wrestling's Greatest Shoots, 'WrestleMania' Edition: Hulk Hogan vs. Richard Belzer |author=The Masked Man |work=Grantland |access-date=August 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921012131/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/wrestlings-greatest-shoots-wrestlemania-edition-hulk-hogan-vs-richard-belzer/ |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |date=April 2, 2014}}</ref>

==== Testimony in McMahon trial ====
{{further|United States v. McMahon}}
In 1994, Hogan, having received [[immunity from prosecution]], testified in the trial of [[Vince McMahon]] relating to shipments of steroids received by both parties from WWF physician George T. Zahorian. Under oath, Hogan admitted that he had used [[anabolic steroid]]s since 1976 to gain size and weight, but that McMahon had neither sold him the drugs nor ordered him to take them. The evidence given by Hogan proved extremely costly to the government's case against McMahon. Due to this and jurisdictional issues, McMahon was found not guilty.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/23/nyregion/a-promoter-of-wrestling-is-acquitted.html |title=A Promoter Of Wrestling Is Acquitted |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 23, 1994 |access-date=March 19, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319152909/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/23/nyregion/a-promoter-of-wrestling-is-acquitted.html |archive-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>

==== Gawker lawsuit ====
{{main|Bollea v. Gawker}}
In April 2012, a [[Celebrity sex tape|sex tape]] between Hogan and Heather Clem, the estranged wife of radio personality [[Bubba the Love Sponge]], emerged online. On October 4, 2012, [[Gawker]] released a short clip of the video.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/5948770/even-for-a-minute-watching-hulk-hogan-have-sex-in-a-canopy-bed-is-not-safe-for-work-but-watch-it-anyway |title=Even for a Minute, Watching Hulk Hogan Have Sex in a Canopy Bed is Not Safe For Work but Watch it Anyway |last=Daulerio |first=A. J. |date=October 4, 2012 |publisher=Gawker |access-date=February 17, 2013 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150703232454/http://gawker.com/5948770/even-for-a-minute-watching-hulk-hogan-have-sex-in-a-canopy-bed-is-not-safe-for-work-but-watch-it-anyway |archive-date=July 3, 2015}}</ref> In the video, Bubba can be heard saying that the couple can "do their thing" and he will be in his office. At the end of the video, he can also be heard telling Heather, "If we ever need to retire, here is our ticket".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sextape.com/hulkhogan/ |title=Hulk Hogan Sex Tape |date=February 4, 2013 |publisher=SexTape.com |access-date=February 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124092747/http://sextape.com/hulkhogan/ |archive-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> Hogan later told [[Howard Stern]] on his satellite radio show that, "it was a bad choice and a very low point" and "I was with some friends and made a wrong choice. It has devastated me, I have never been this hurt".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/hulk-hogan-devastated-leak-sex-tape-article-1.1178397 |title=Hulk Hogan 'devastated' by leak of sex tape filmed six years ago with friend's wife Heather Clem; Lawyer says wrestler suffered the 'ultimate betrayal' |work=NY Daily News |access-date=May 30, 2013 |location=New York |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525011122/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/hulk-hogan-devastated-leak-sex-tape-article-1.1178397 |archive-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> On October 15, 2012, Hogan filed a lawsuit against Bubba and Heather Clem for [[Privacy laws of the United States#Modern tort law|invading his privacy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/hulk-hogan-sue-bubba-love-sponge-sex-tape-article-1.1184039 |title=Hulk Hogan to sue former friend Bubba the Love Sponge, sex tape partner Heather Clem for invasion of privacy |work=The New York Daily News |access-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017032733/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/hulk-hogan-sue-bubba-love-sponge-sex-tape-article-1.1184039 |archive-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> A [[Settlement (litigation)|settlement]] with Bubba was announced on October 29, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2012/10/29/us/ap-us-hulk-hogan-sex-tape.html |title=Hulk Hogan Settles Sex Tape Lawsuit With DJ |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Clem publicly apologized to Hogan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/358041/hulk-hogan-settles-sex-tape-lawsuit-with-bubba-the-love-sponge |title=Hulk Hogan Settles Sex Tape Lawsuit With Bubba the Love Sponge |last=Gicas |first=Peter |date=October 29, 2012 |publisher=E! Online |access-date=February 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310213147/http://www.eonline.com/news/358041/hulk-hogan-settles-sex-tape-lawsuit-with-bubba-the-love-sponge |archive-date=March 10, 2013}}</ref> In December 2012, a federal court, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]], found that Gawker's publication of the video snippet did not violate [[Copyright law of the United States|U.S. copyright law]]. Hogan then [[Joinder|joined]] Gawker in the ongoing action against Heather Clem in state court in Florida, alleging invasion of privacy, [[Negligent infliction of emotional distress|negligent]] and [[intentional infliction of emotional distress]] and seeking $100 million in [[damages]].<ref name=reason>{{cite news |last1=Krayewski |first1=Ed |title=Gawker Media is Fighting for Free Speech—and Its Life |url=http://reason.com/archives/2015/07/02/hulk-hogan-gawker-lawsuit-free-speech |access-date=July 18, 2015 |work=Reason |date=July 2, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716000655/http://reason.com/archives/2015/07/02/hulk-hogan-gawker-lawsuit-free-speech |archive-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref>

On October 1, 2015, the ''New York Post'' reported that a Florida Judge granted Hogan access to Gawker's computer system for a forensic expert to search Gawker's computers and office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2015/10/01/hulk-hogan-gains-access-to-gawker-computer-system/ |title=Hulk Hogan gains access to Gawker computer system |date=October 1, 2015 |work=New York Post |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104041733/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/hulk-hogan-gains-access-to-gawker-computer-system/ |archive-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref>

Hogan sued Gawker for $100 million for defamation, loss of privacy, and emotional pain,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2015/11/hulk-hogan-v-gawker-ugh/ |title=Hogan suing for $100 million |date=November 3, 2015 |work=[[The Observer]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109163755/http://observer.com/2015/11/hulk-hogan-v-gawker-ugh/ |archive-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref> and on March 18, 2016, was awarded $115 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nytimes.com/2016/03/19/business/media/gawker-hulk-hogan-verdict.html |title=Hulk Hogan Awarded $115 Million in Privacy Suit Against Gawker |date=March 18, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318234429/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/business/media/gawker-hulk-hogan-verdict.html |archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/mar/18/hulk-hogan-awarded-115m-in-damages-in-gawker-sex-tape-lawsuit |title=Hulk Hogan awarded $115m in Gawker sex tape lawsuit |last1=Woolf |first1=Nicky |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |date=March 19, 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235238/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/mar/18/hulk-hogan-awarded-115m-in-damages-in-gawker-sex-tape-lawsuit |archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Also, on August 11, 2016, a Florida judge gave Hogan control of the assets of [[A.J. Daulerio]], former Gawker editor-in-chief, who was involved in the posting of Hogan's sex tape.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawnewz.com/high-profile/judge-rules-that-hulk-hogan-gets-control-of-former-gawker-editors-assets/ |title=Judge rules Hogan control of Former Gawker Editor's Assets |last=Bixenspan |first=David |date=August 11, 2016 |access-date=August 13, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813125835/http://lawnewz.com/high-profile/judge-rules-that-hulk-hogan-gets-control-of-former-gawker-editors-assets/ |archive-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref>

Silicon Valley billionaire [[Peter Thiel]] helped Hogan to finance his lawsuit against Gawker Media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/tech-billionaire-thiel-backing-wrestler-hogans-gawker-lawsuit-040625660.html |title=Tech billionaire Thiel helps Hulk Hogan |last1=McBride |first1=Sarah |last2=Somerville |first2=Heather |date=May 25, 2016 |publisher=[[Yahoo Tech]] |access-date=May 26, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526152009/https://www.yahoo.com/tech/tech-billionaire-thiel-backing-wrestler-hogans-gawker-lawsuit-040625660.html |archive-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>

On November 2, 2016, Gawker reached a $31 million settlement with Hogan.<ref name="settlement">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/business/media/gawker-hulk-hogan-settlement.html |title=Gawker and Hulk Hogan Reach $31 Million Settlement |date=November 2, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105235429/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/business/media/gawker-hulk-hogan-settlement.html |archive-date=November 5, 2016}}</ref>

=== Family ===
[[File:Linda Hogan.jpg|thumb|right|Linda Hogan]]
On December 18, 1983, Hogan married [[Linda Hogan (TV personality)|Linda Claridge]]. They have a daughter [[Brooke Hogan|Brooke]] (born May 5, 1988) and a son [[Nick Hogan|Nick]] (born July 27, 1990). Hogan made his personal life the centerpiece of the television show ''[[Hogan Knows Best]]'', which included his wife and two children.

According to an interview in the ''[[National Enquirer]]'', Christiane Plante claimed that Hogan had an affair with her in 2007 while the Hogan family was shooting ''Hogan Knows Best''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hines, Ree |date=February 28, 2008 |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/hulk-hogan-cheated-brooke-s-bff-wbna23397552 |title=Hulk Hogan cheated with Brooke's BFF |publisher=Today.com |access-date=June 6, 2009}}</ref> Plante was 33 years old at the time and had worked with Brooke Hogan on her 2006 album.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anythinghollywood.com/2008/02/Hulk-hogan-cheating-on-his-wife-with-daughters-pal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303045053/http://anythinghollywood.com/2008/02/hulk-hogan-cheating-on-his-wife-with-daughters-pal/ |archive-date=March 3, 2008 |title=Hulk Hogan Cheated On His Wife With Daughter's Pal! |publisher=Anythinghollywood.com |access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>

On November 20, 2007, Linda filed for divorce in [[Pinellas County, Florida]].<ref name=tmzdiv>{{cite web |url=https://www.tmz.com/2007/11/23/hulk-and-wife-headed-for-divorce-court/ |title=Hulk and Wife Headed for Divorce Court |date=November 23, 2007 |publisher=[[TMZ (website)|TMZ.com]] |access-date=November 23, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143833/http://www.tmz.com/2007/11/23/hulk-and-wife-headed-for-divorce-court/ |archive-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> In November 2008, Linda claimed to the public that she made the decision to end her marriage after finding out about Hogan's affair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b67542_linda_hogan_hulks_affair_killed_our.html |title=Linda Hogan: Hulk's Affair Killed Our Marriage |publisher=E! Online |date=November 6, 2008 |access-date=May 21, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507174623/http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b67542_linda_hogan_hulks_affair_killed_our.html |archive-date=May 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=De Leon |first=Chris |title=Linda Hogan Blames Christiane Plante for Failed Marriage with Hulk |work=E!News |publisher=[[BuddyTV]] |date=November 7, 2008 |url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/hogan-knows-best/linda-hogan-blames-christiane-24323.aspx |access-date=February 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214170309/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/hogan-knows-best/linda-hogan-blames-christiane-24323.aspx |archive-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref> In his 2009 autobiography, Hogan acknowledged that Linda on numerous occasions suspected he was having infidelities whenever he developed friendships with other women,<ref name= lk455156hlidn /> but denied allegations that he ever cheated on her.<ref name= lk455156hlidn>{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author=Hulk Hogan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=159 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}</ref> Hogan only retained around 30% of the couple's liquid assets totaling around $10 million in the divorce settlement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Details of Hulk Hogan's costly divorce become public |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2011/11/hulk-hogan-divorce-settlement-costly-details-linda-bollea/1 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=November 23, 2011}}</ref> Hogan considered committing suicide after the divorce and credits [[Laila Ali]], his co-star on ''American Gladiators'', with preventing him from doing so.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hulk Hogan says he considered suicide after breakup |author=France, Lisa Respers |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-21/entertainment/hulk.hogan.book_1_terry-bollea-hulk-hogan-laila-ali |publisher=CNN |date=October 21, 2009 |access-date=April 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013191902/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-21/entertainment/hulk.hogan.book_1_terry-bollea-hulk-hogan-laila-ali |archive-date=October 13, 2010}}</ref>

Hulk Hogan began a relationship with Jennifer McDaniel in early 2008.<ref name=DiamondRing>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/12/02/2009-12-02_hulk_hogan_engaged_to_jennifer_mcdaniel.html |title=From the wrestling ring to the diamond ring! Hulk Hogan engaged to Jennifer McDaniel |access-date=July 7, 2010 |work=Daily News |date=December 2, 2009 |location=New York |first=Cristina |last=Everett |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205030639/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/12/02/2009-12-02_hulk_hogan_engaged_to_jennifer_mcdaniel.html |archive-date=December 5, 2009}}</ref> The two were engaged in November 2009<ref name=DiamondRing/> and married on December 14, 2010, in [[Clearwater, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18413/105/ |title=Sun. update: Survivor Series preview; New PPV main; Is Hogan married: UFC cut;Rock promo last night |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Meltzer |work=[[Dave Meltzer#Wrestling Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |date=November 21, 2010 |access-date=November 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216013920/http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18413/105 |archive-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_46056.shtml |title=Hogan News: Hogan wedding update – TMZ reports on brawl during Hogan's wedding ceremony tonight in Florida |last=Caldwell |first=James |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218192838/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_46056.shtml |archive-date=December 18, 2010}}</ref> On February 28, 2022, Hogan stated on [[Twitter]] that he and McDaniel divorced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garvey |first=Marianne |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Hulk Hogan is divorced from second wife Jennifer McDaniel |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/01/entertainment/hulk-hogan-divorced/index.html |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref>

===Religion===
Hogan is a Christian. He has spoken about his faith in his life saying, "[I've] leaned on my religion. I was saved when I was 14. I accepted [[Jesus|Christ]] as my savior. He died on the cross and paid for my sins ... I could have went {{sic}} the wrong way. I could have self-destructed, but I took the high road".<ref>{{cite web |title=Hulk Hogan Leans on His Faith |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/idolchatter/2009/04/wrestlerreality-tv-star-hulk-h.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301134011/http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/idolchatter/2009/04/wrestlerreality-tv-star-hulk-h.html |archive-date=March 1, 2014 |date=April 17, 2009}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Hogan has suffered numerous health problems, particularly with his back since retiring as a wrestler following the years of heavy weight-training and jolting as a wrestler.<ref name="Decline">{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.com/article/index/96230/Hulk_Hogans_painful_decline |title=Hulk Hogan's painful decline |publisher=TheWeek.com |date=May 15, 2009 |access-date=May 13, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516153144/http://www.theweek.com/article/index/96230/Hulk_Hogans_painful_decline |archive-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref>

In January 2013, Hogan filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against the Laser Spine Institute for $50 million, citing that the medical firm persuaded him to undergo a half-dozen "unnecessary and ineffective" spinal operations that worsened his back problems. He claimed that the six procedures he underwent over a period of 19 months only gave him short-term relief. After the procedures failed to cure his back problems, Hogan underwent traditional spinal fusion surgery in December 2010, which enabled him to return to his professional activities. In addition, the Laser Spine Institute used his name on their advertisements without his permission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/hulk-hogan-wrestles-with-laser-spine-center-in-lawsuit.html |title=Hulk Hogan Wrestles with Laser Spine Center in Lawsuit |author=Armstrong, David |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224334/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/hulk-hogan-wrestles-with-laser-spine-center-in-lawsuit.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Hogan was honored as the [[Krewe of Bacchus|2008 King of the Krewe of Bacchus]], a New Orleans carnival organization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hulk Hogan to reign as king of Bacchus |work=Mardi Gras blog |location=New Orleans |publisher=[[The Times-Picayune]] |date=December 18, 2007 |url=http://blog.nola.com/mardigras/2007/12/hulk_hogan_to_reign_as_king_of.html |access-date=February 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225064419/http://blog.nola.com/mardigras/2007/12/hulk_hogan_to_reign_as_king_of.html |archive-date=December 25, 2008}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |title=Hulk Hogan to reign as King of Bacchus |agency=[[Associated Press]] |location=New Orleans |newspaper=The Times-Picayune |date=December 18, 2007 |url=http://www.nola.com/ap/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-36/1197999012220380.xml&storylist=topstories |access-date=February 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071225023032/http://www.nola.com/ap/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-36/1197999012220380.xml&storylist=topstories |archive-date=December 25, 2007 }}</ref> Hogan visited the [[Children's Hospital of New Orleans]] and rode in the parade where he threw [[doubloon]]s with his likeness. Hogan received the honor in part because meeting Hogan is one of the most requested "wishes" of the terminally ill children benefited by the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Hogan was inducted in the Boys and Girls Club Alumni Hall of Fame on May 3, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sescoops.com/hulk-hogan-boys-girls-clubs-alumni-hall-of-fame/ |title=Hulk Hogan Inducted Into Boys & Girls Clubs Alumni Hall of Fame - SEScoops |date=May 3, 2018 |work=SEScoops |access-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!Year !! Award !! Group !! Result !! Notes
|-
|1988 ||[[1988 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]] ||Favorite Male Athlete || {{won}} ||
|-
|2006 || [[Teen Choice Awards]] || TV – Choice Reality Star (Male)|| {{nom}} || ''[[Hogan Knows Best]]''
|-
|}

== Championships and accomplishments ==
[[File:HoF 2015-03-28 20-00-32 ILCE-6000 5003 DxO (17364523999).jpg|thumb|upright|Hogan is a two-time [[WWE Hall of Fame]] inductee - 2005 for his individual career, and 2021 as a member of the nWo.]]
*'''[[International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame]]'''
**Class of 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Induction Class 2021 {{!}} Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame |url=https://www.prowrestlinghall.org/induction |website=IPWHF |access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version)]] ([[IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version)#Reigns|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4654 |title=IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version) |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=June 2, 1983 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref>
** [[G1 Climax#1983|IWGP League Tournament]] (1983)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=357 |title=IWGP League Tournament (1983) |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=June 2, 1983 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="iwgp1983">{{cite web |title=The 1st International Wrestling Grand Prix Championship Tournament |work=Wrestling-Titles.com |url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/newjapan/iwgp1.html |access-date=October 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224225552/http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/newjapan/iwgp1.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref>
** [[World Tag League (NJPW)|MSG Tag League Tournament]] (1982, 1983){{snd}} with [[Antonio Inoki]]<ref name="G1Tag-1982">{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/msgtag.html#3rd |title=MSG Tag Team League |date=December 10, 1982 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |publisher=ProWrestlingHistory.com}}</ref><ref name="G1Tag-1983">{{cite web |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/msgtag.html#4th |title=MSG Tag Team League |date=December 8, 1983 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |publisher=ProWrestlingHistory.com}}</ref>
**[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling#Greatest 18 Club|Greatest 18 Club]] inductee
* '''[[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum]]'''
** [[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum#Inductees|Class of 2003]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://0362dc8.netsolhost.com/halloffamers/inductees.asp |title=Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame, hall of famers |website=0362dc8.netsolhost.com |access-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163526/http://0362dc8.netsolhost.com/halloffamers/inductees.asp |archive-date=October 26, 2016}}</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Comeback of the Year|Comeback of the Year]] (1994, 2002)<ref name="PWI Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html |title=PWI Awards |work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]] |publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]] |access-date=November 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Feud of the Year|Feud of the Year]] (1986) {{small|vs. [[Paul Orndorff]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Inspirational Wrestler of the Year|Inspirational Wrestler of the Year]] (1983, 1999)<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] (1985) {{small|with [[Mr. T]] vs. [[Roddy Piper]] and Paul Orndorff at [[WrestleMania I]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** Match of the Year (1988) {{small|vs. [[André the Giant]] at ''[[The Main Event I]]''}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** Match of the Year (1990) {{small|vs. [[The Ultimate Warrior]] at [[WrestleMania VI]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** Match of the Year (2002) {{small|vs. [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock]] at [[WrestleMania X8]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Hated Wrestler of the Year|Most Hated Wrestler of the Year]] (1996, 1998)<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Popular Wrestler of the Year|Most Popular Wrestler of the Year]] (1985, 1989, 1990)<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (1987, 1991, 1994)<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/1991.html |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 1991 |publisher=Internet Wrestling Database |access-date=November 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106134017/http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/1991.html |archive-date=November 6, 2016}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the ''PWI Years'' in 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Top 500 Wrestlers of the PWI Years |access-date=March 14, 2009 |publisher=Wrestling Information Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707054220/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 44 and No. 57 of the top 100 tag teams of the ''PWI Years'' with [[Antonio Inoki]] and [[Randy Savage]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.willywrestlefest.fr/Ressources/PWI/PWI500_PWI_Years_2003.htm |title=PWI 500 of the PWI Years |access-date=January 16, 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[Continental Championship Wrestling|Southeastern Championship Wrestling]]'''
** [[NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division)]] ([[NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division)#Title history|1 time]])<ref name="OWW"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=132 |title=NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=December 1, 1979 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref>
** [[NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division)]] ([[NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division)#Title history|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/al/secw/se-s-h.html |title=NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship History at Wrestling-Titles.com |access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4542 |title=NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division) |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=June 6, 1979 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref>
* '''''[[Tokyo Sports]]'''''
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Best Foreigner Award|Best Foreigner Award]] (1983)<ref>[http://www.puroresu.com/awards/1980s.html The Great Hisa's Puroresu Dojo: Puroresu Awards: 1980s] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022140950/http://www.puroresu.com/awards/1980s.html |date=October 22, 2013 }}. Puroresu.com. Retrieved on May 8, 2011.</ref>
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Best Bout Award|Match of the Year]] (1991) {{small|vs. [[Genichiro Tenryu]] on December 12, 1991}}<ref>[http://www.puroresu.com/awards/1990s.html The Great Hisa's Puroresu Dojo: Puroresu Awards: 1990s] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022140952/http://www.puroresu.com/awards/1990s.html |date=October 22, 2013 }}. Puroresu.com. Retrieved on May 8, 2011.</ref>
* '''[[World Championship Wrestling]]'''
** [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions|6 times]]){{Efn|During Hogan's runs as champion in 1996–1997 and again in 1998–1999 (ie from his second to his fifth reign as champion), as part of the [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order (nWo)]] storyline, the title was spray painted each time with the "nWo" initials and renamed as the nWo/WCW World Heavyweight Championship, while referred to by nWo members only as the nWo World Heavyweight Championship.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=755 |title=WCW World Heavyweight Championship |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=July 17, 1994 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="wcwtitle">{{cite web |title=History of the WCW World Championship |work=WWE.com |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/ |access-date=October 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314001932/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship |archive-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref>
* '''[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE]]'''
**[[WWE Championship|WWF/WWE Championship]]{{Efn|From Hogan's second to his fifth reign, the title was renamed and known simply as the WWF Championship. Hogan's last reign was as Undisputed WWF Champion, but the title was renamed once again as the Undisputed WWE Championship on May 6, 2002, after World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. settled a lawsuit with the [[World Wildlife Fund]], and became simply World Wrestling Entertainment. On May 19, the day he lost the championship, it was called the WWE Undisputed Championship.}} ([[List of WWE Champions|6 times]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=20 |title=WWF/WWE Championship |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=January 23, 1984 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="wwetitle">{{cite web |title=History of the WWE World Heavyweight Championship |work=WWE |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwechampionship/ |access-date=October 21, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314001941/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwechampionship |archive-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK5O-tCFw8o |title=Full-Length Match – SmackDown – Hulk Hogan vs. Chris Jericho – WWE Undisputed Championship Match |date=September 21, 2013 |via=YouTube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127233630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK5O-tCFw8o |archive-date=November 27, 2015}}</ref>
**[[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWE Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE)|1 time]]){{snd}} with [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=60 |title=WWE Tag Team Championship |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=July 2, 2002 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref>
**[[Royal Rumble]] ([[Royal Rumble (1990)|1990]], [[Royal Rumble (1991)|1991]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=703 |title=Royal Rumble 1990 |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=January 21, 1990 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=702 |title=Royal Rumble 1991 |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database |date=January 19, 1991 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="OWW"/><ref name="rumble">{{cite web |title=Past Rumble Winners |work=WWE |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/3973952/ |access-date=October 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020142804/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/3973952/  |archive-date=October 20, 2007}}</ref>
** [[WWE Hall of Fame]] (2 times)
*** [[WWE Hall of Fame (2005)|Class of 2005]] – individually <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/article/hulk-hogan-racist-rant-statement |title=Hulk Hogan Statement on Racist Rant: People.com |work=PEOPLE.com |access-date=July 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215657/http://www.people.com/article/hulk-hogan-racist-rant-statement |archive-date=July 24, 2015}}</ref>
*** [[WWE Hall of Fame (2020)|Class of 2020]] – as a member of the [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Mike |title=2020 WWE HALL OF FAME CLASS HEADLINERS ANNOUNCED {{!}} PWInsider.com |url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/132054/2020-wwe-hall-of-fame-class-headliners-announced.html?p=1 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |work=www.pwinsider.com |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
**[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Strongest Wrestler|Strongest Wrestler]] (1983)
**[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Babyface|Best Babyface]] (1982–1991)<ref name="won">{{cite journal |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Meltzer |date=January 26, 2011 |title=Biggest issue of the year: The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue |periodical=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |location=Campbell, CA |pages=1–40 |issn=1083-9593}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Box Office Draw|Best Box Office Draw]] (1997)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Gimmick|Best Gimmick]] (1996) {{small|as a member of New World Order}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Feud of the Year|Feud of the Year]] (1986) {{small|vs. Paul Orndorff}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Feud of the Year|Feud of the Year]] (1996) {{small|as a member of New World Order vs. World Championship Wrestling}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Charismatic|Most Charismatic]] (1985–1987, 1989–1991)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Embarrassing Wrestler|Most Embarrassing Wrestler]] (1995, 1996, 1999, 2000)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Obnoxious|Most Obnoxious]] (1994, 1995)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Overrated|Most Overrated]] (1985, 1986, 1994–1998)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Unimproved|Most Unimproved]] (1994, 1995)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Least Favorite Wrestler|Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler]] (1985, 1986, 1991, 1994–1999)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Feud of the Year|Worst Feud of the Year]] (1991) {{small|vs. [[Sgt. Slaughter]]}}<ref name="won" />
** Worst Feud of the Year (1995) {{small|vs. [[The Dungeon of Doom]]}}<ref name="won" />
** Worst Feud of the Year (1998) {{small|vs. The Warrior}}
** Worst Feud of the Year (2000) {{small|vs. [[Billy Kidman]]}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst on Interviews|Worst on Interviews]] (1995)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Wrestler|Worst Wrestler]] (1997)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Match of the Year|Worst Worked Match of the Year]] (1987) {{small|vs. André the Giant at [[WrestleMania III]]}}<ref name="won" />
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) {{small|with Randy Savage vs. [[Arn Anderson]], [[Tonga Fifita|Meng]], [[Sione Vailahi|The Barbarian]], [[Ric Flair]], [[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)|Kevin Sullivan]], [[Tom Lister, Jr.|Z-Gangsta]], and [[Robert Swenson|The Ultimate Solution]] in a [[Triple Cage|Towers of Doom match]] at [[Uncensored (1996)|Uncensored]]}}<ref name="won" />
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (1997) {{small|vs. Roddy Piper at [[SuperBrawl VII]]}}<ref name="won" />
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (1998) {{small|vs. The Warrior at [[Halloween Havoc (1998)|Halloween Havoc]]}}<ref name="won" />
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame]] ([[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame|Class of 1996]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Hulk Hogan |publisher=SLAM! Wrestling |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/hogan.html |access-date=February 5, 2009 |first=John |last=Milner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507083927/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/hogan.html |archive-date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Portal|Biography|Florida}}
*{{cite book |title=Eric Bischoff: Controversy Creates Cash |author=Bischoff, Eric |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-2729-9 |title-link=Controversy Creates Cash}}
*{{cite book |title=Hollywood Hulk Hogan |author=Hogan, Hulk |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7434-7556-3}}
*{{cite book |title=My Life Outside the Ring |author1=Hogan, Hulk |author2=Dagostino, Mark |publisher=St. Martin's |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-58889-2}}
*{{cite book |title=The Rise & Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling |last=Loverro |first=Thom |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-1058-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom}}
*{{cite book |title=Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s |last=Shields |first=Brian |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4165-3257-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mainevent00bria}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.hulkhogan.com}}
* {{WWE superstar|hulkhogan|Hulk Hogan}}
* {{IMDb name|1356|Hulk Hogan}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303133633/http://www.pwhf.org/halloffamers/bios/hogan.asp Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425055722/http://www.impactwrestling.com/roster/Wrestler-Roster/item/1600-hulk-hogan TNA Impact Wrestling profile (archived)]
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Hulk Hogan|b=no|n=no|q=Hulk Hogan|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=Hulk Hogan}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[World Tag League (NJPW)|MSG Tag League]] winner
| years = 1982 & 1983
| with = [[Antonio Inoki]]
| before = [[André the Giant]] & [[René Goulet]]
| after = [[Antonio Inoki]] & [[Tatsumi Fujinami]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[G1 Climax|International Wrestling Grand Prix]] winner
| years = 1983
| before = [[André the Giant]] (MSG League)
| after = [[Antonio Inoki]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Royal Rumble match|Royal Rumble]] winner
| years = 1990 & 1991
| with =
| before = [[Big John Studd]]
| after = [[Ric Flair]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Hulk Hogan}}
{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{Brooke Hogan}}
{{G1 Climax}}
{{G1 Tag League}}
{{Immortal (professional wrestling)}}
{{New World Order}}
{{Royal Rumble winners}}
{{TNA Year End Awards}}
{{IWGP Heavyweight Championship}}
{{WCW World Heavywieght Championship}}
{{World Tag Team Championship (WWE)}}
{{WWE Championship}}
{{WWE Hall of Fame}}}}
{{Authority control}}

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Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City

2023-07-05T05:16:48Z

Lensovet: /* Operations and missions */

{{Short description|US Coast Guard base in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City
| image = USCG Air Station Atlantic City seal.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Unit Patch CGAS Atlantic City
| dates = 1998-Present
| country = {{flag|United States}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{flag|United States Coast Guard}}
| type = Air Station
| role = To patrol the Mid Atlantic coast from [[Connecticut]] to [[Virginia]]
| commander1 = CAPT Jeffrey Graham
| commander1_label = Commanding Officer
| commander2 =
| commander2_label = 
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_helicopter = 12 [[HH-65 Dolphin|MH-65E Dolphin]]
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}
'''Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City''' is a [[United States Coast Guard Air Stations|United States Coast Guard Air Station]] located 9 miles northwest of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]] at the [[Atlantic City International Airport]] in [[Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey]]. It is the northernmost, largest air station within the Coast Guard Fifth District.<ref>[http://www.uscg.mil/d5/airstaAtlanticCity/default.asp Air Station Atlantic City webpage]</ref>

== Operations and missions ==
[[Image:CGAS2.jpg|left|thumb| HH-65C and crew offshore of Atlantic City, NJ]]
Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City (CGAS Atlantic City) is located at the [[Federal Aviation Administration]]'s (FAA) William J Hughes Technical Center at the [[Atlantic City International Airport]]. It is one of two air stations in the Fifth Coast Guard District.

Air Station Atlantic City consists of 12 [[HH-65 Dolphin|MH-65E Dolphin]] [[helicopter]]s and maintains two MH-65E helicopters in 30-minute response status. Approximately 250 aviation personnel are staffed at the facility, in addition to [[United States Coast Guard Reserve|Coast Guard Reserve]] personnel and [[United States Coast Guard Auxiliary|Coast Guard Auxiliary]] members that augment its Active Duty forces.

CGAS Atlantic City's mission supports a wide range of Coast Guard operations such as [[search and rescue]] (SAR), [[Admiralty law|Maritime Law enforcement]], [[port security]], Rotary Wing Aerial Intercept, [[Navigational aid|Aids to Navigation support]] and [[Marine Environmental Protection]] for both District One and District Five, which includes the coastlines of [[Connecticut]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]] as well as protecting the interior bays and rivers such as the [[Chesapeake Bay|Chesapeake]], [[Delaware Bay|Delaware]], [[Hudson River|Hudson]] and [[Long Island Sound]].

Since 2006, CGAS Atlantic City has provided aircrews and aircraft to the [[Washington, D.C.]] area as part of Operation Noble Eagle, a [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (NORAD) mission to protect the [[airspace]] around the nation's capital.<ref name="CGAS Atlantic City Missions">{{cite web
| title=Air Station Atlantic City, NJ:Missions
| publisher=United States Coast Guard web site
| url=http://www.uscg.mil/d5/airstaAtlanticCity/missions.asp}}</ref>

== History ==
CGAS Atlantic City was opened on May 18, 1998. The facility is the newest and largest single airframe unit of the [[Coast Guard Air Stations|Coast Guard's Air Stations]] and is a product of merging the former [[Floyd Bennett Field|Coast Guard Air Station Brooklyn]] and Group Air Station Cape May, New Jersey into one unit.

Group Air Station Atlantic City provides mission support services to Atlantic coastal regions from [[Connecticut]] to [[Virginia]]. Air Station Brooklyn and Air Station Cape May's operational responsibilities overlapped in the region, and so the [[United States Coast Guard]] decided that the same level of coverage would be maintained by consolidating both air stations into one facility.

The first [[United States Life-Saving Service|life-saving stations]] along the [[New Jersey]] coastline were built in 1849 in response to a deadly string of shipping accidents. The term '''"Group"''' was in reference to life saving stations from [[Barnegat Township, New Jersey|Barnegat, New Jersey]] to [[Cape May, New Jersey]]. In 1969 Cape May became a Group Air Station when three helicopters were stationed there under command of Group Commander. Originally organized into two separate group offices based in Atlantic City and Cape May, these two command structures were combined in 1982.<ref name="History">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dot/gru_atlanticcity.html Group Atlantic City]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Air Station Atlantic City's Official Page [https://www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-5/District-Units/Air-Station-Atlantic-City/]

{{US Coast Guard navbox}}

[[Category:Atlantic City, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Atlantic County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:United States Coast Guard Air Stations]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in New Jersey]]

[[de:Coast Guard Air Station]]

Atlantic City International Airport

2023-07-05T03:26:03Z

Lensovet: add more info about American service

{{Short description|Airport in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States}}
{{for multi|the military use of the airport|Atlantic City Air National Guard Base|the defunct municipal airport|Bader Field}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Atlantic City International Airport
| image = Atlantic City International Airport Logo.png
| image-width = 200
| IATA = ACY
| ICAO = KACY
| FAA = ACY
| WMO = 72407
| type = Public
| owner = [[South Jersey Transportation Authority]] (SJTA)
| operator = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] & SJTA
| city-served = [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.
| location = [[Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey]], U.S.
| focus_city = [[Global Crossing Airlines]]
| operating_base = [[Spirit Airlines]]
| elevation-f = 75
| elevation-m = 23
| coordinates = {{coord|39|27|27|N|074|34|38|W|region:US-NJ|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|acairport.com}}
| image_map = ACY diagram.jpg
| image_map_caption = FAA airport diagram
| mapframe = yes
| r1-number = 04/22
| r1-length-f = 6,144
| r1-length-m = 1,873
| r1-surface = Asphalt/concrete
| r2-number = 13/31
| r2-length-f = 10,000
| r2-length-m = 3,048
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| stat-year = 2020
| stat1-header = Aircraft operations
| stat1-data = 43,212
| stat2-header = Total passengers
| stat2-data = 632,691
| footnotes = Source: [[Federal Aviation Administration]]<ref name="FAA">{{FAA-airport|ID=ACY|use=PU|own=PU|website=13487.*A}}. Federal Aviation Administration. effective July 29, 2010.</ref>
}}
'''Atlantic City International Airport''' {{airport codes|ACY|KACY|ACY}} is a shared civil-military airport {{convert|9|mi}} northwest of central [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]],<ref name=FAA/> in [[Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey|Egg Harbor Township]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlantic-county.org/gis/pdfs/SmartGrowth/EHT_ZoneBuildout.pdf|title=Egg Harbor Township Municipal Zoning Boundaries Atlantic County, NJ|publisher=Atlantic County|accessdate=2023-07-01|quote=Atlantic City International Airport}} {{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st34_nj/cousub/cs3400120290_egg_harbor/DC20BLK_CS3400120290.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Egg Harbor township, NJ|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2023-07-01|page=1 (PDF p. 2/10)|quote=Atlantic City International Arprt}}</ref> the [[Pomona, New Jersey|Pomona]] section of [[Galloway Township, New Jersey|Galloway Township]] and in [[Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey|Hamilton Township]].{{fact|date=July 2023}} The airport is accessible via Exit 9 on the [[Atlantic City Expressway]]. The facility is operated by the [[South Jersey Transportation Authority]] (SJTA) and the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which performs select management functions. Most of the land is owned by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and leased to the SJTA, while the SJTA owns the terminal building.<ref name=Fletcher>{{cite web |last=Fletcher|first=Juliet |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809090504/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The facility also is a base for the [[New Jersey Air National Guard]]'s [[177th Fighter Wing]] operating the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D Fighting Falcon]], and the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s [[Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City]] operating the [[Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin]]. The airport property includes FAA's [[William J. Hughes Technical Center]],<ref name=Fletcher/> a major research and testing hub for the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and a training center for the [[Federal Air Marshal Service]]. It was also a designated alternative landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]].

The airport is served by [[Spirit Airlines]] which operates [[Airbus A319]], [[Airbus A320]] and [[Airbus A321]] jetliners. Additionally, [[Caesars Entertainment Corporation|Caesars Entertainment]] has flights to cities east of the Mississippi River on its Caesars Rewards Air. This is offered as a scheduled charter year-round. [[United Airlines]] operated a series of flights starting in April 2014, but decided the flights were not viable and discontinued service on December 3, 2014. [[American Airlines]] contracts for a bus shuttle service that allows passengers to connect to flights at [[Philadelphia International Airport]] with security clearance at Atlantic City.<ref name=landline>https://www.aa.com/i18n/travel-info/experience/landline.jsp</ref>

The South Jersey Transportation Authority has outlined plans for massive terminal expansions (on top of current initiatives) which might be needed if more airlines serve the airport. Passenger traffic at the airport in 2011 was 1,404,119, making it the 102nd busiest airport in the country. The SJTA owns a small area around the terminal and leases runways and other land from the FAA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale |date=May 9, 2011 |work=Press of Atlantic City |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=May 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510150257/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:AtlanticCityAirport.png|left|thumb|An early photo of the Atlantic City Airport Terminal]]
In 1942, '''Naval Air Station Atlantic City''' was built on {{convert|2444|acre|km2}} of leased private land in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey. Its purpose was to train various carrier air groups consisting of fighter, bomber and torpedo squadrons.<ref name="superfund">{{cite web|title=Atlantic City Naval Air Station, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, fact sheet |date=December 2007 |publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers |url=http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/project/newjers/factsh/pdf/atlantic.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621014424/http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/project/newjers/factsh/pdf/atlantic.pdf |archive-date=June 21, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/world-war-ii-paved-the-way-for-atlantic-city-s/article_59ae793e-e4c8-11e1-9465-0019bb2963f4.html|title=World War II paved the way for Atlantic City's new airport|work=Press of Atlantic City|access-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512231137/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/world-war-ii-paved-the-way-for-atlantic-city-s/article_59ae793e-e4c8-11e1-9465-0019bb2963f4.html|archive-date=May 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 1943, NAS Atlantic City changed its mission to strictly fighter training, consisting of low and high altitude gunnery tactics, field carrier landing practice (FCLP), carrier qualifications (CQ), bombing, formation tactics, fighter direction, night operations and an associated ground school curriculum.<ref name="superfund" />

NAS Atlantic City was decommissioned in June 1958 and transferred to the Airways Modernization Board (AMB), later taken over by the FAA. In November 1958 the then-Federal Aviation Agency, now [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA), took over operations of the AMB. The lease transferred to the FAA and was sold for $55,000. Atlantic City decided to retain 84 of the 4,312 acres. The FAA expanded the former U.S. Navy land parcel to about {{convert|5000|acre|km2}} and established the [[National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center]] research facility that eventually became the [[William J. Hughes Technical Center]]. The [[South Jersey Transportation Authority]] (SJTA) initially leased portions of the airport from the FAA and now serves as the airport owner and operator of the facility.<ref name="superfund"/>

When the Navy departed in 1958, the [[119th Fighter Squadron]] of the [[New Jersey Air National Guard]] relocated to Atlantic City from their former base at [[Newark International Airport]] with their [[F-84F Thunderstreak]] aircraft, establishing an [[Air National Guard]] base on the site of the former [[naval air station]]. The current [[177th Fighter Wing]] of the New Jersey Air National Guard has been at this location ever since.

During the 1960s and early 1970s, the active duty U.S. Air Force's [[95th Fighter Squadron|95th Fighter Interceptor Squadron]], stationed at [[Dover AFB]], [[Delaware]], maintained an Operating Location and Alert Detachment of [[F-106 Delta Dart]]s at Atlantic City ANGB on 24-hour alert. After the 177th Fighter Wing reequipped with the F-106 in 1973, the 177th took on the air defence alert mission.

In the fall of 1983, [[American International Airways]] attempted to operate a small hub at the airport with [[Douglas DC-9-30]] jetliners with passenger service to Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Tampa and West Palm Beach.<ref>departedflights.com, American International Airways October 1, 1983, system timetable</ref> ACY has also had [[US Airways]] jet service to Pittsburgh as well as [[US Airways Express]] turboprops to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and [[Continental Express]] turboprops and regional jets to [[Cleveland]] [[Hopkins International Airport]]. This regional jet service for [[Continental Airlines]] was operated by [[ExpressJet|ExpressJet Airlines]] with [[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer ERJ]]s.

[[Delta Air Lines]] also had flights to Boston on [[Delta Connection]] regional jets operated by [[Atlantic Coast Airlines]] until a few years ago.{{when|date=December 2018}} In addition, Delta Connection via its partner [[Comair (USA)|Comair]] operated flights to [[Cincinnati]] and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], which ended on May 1, 2007. [[WestJet]] had [[Boeing 737]] jetliner flights from ACY to [[Toronto]], but ended them on May 9, 2010, leaving the airport with no international service. On April 1, 2014, [[United Airlines]] started service from Atlantic City to [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]] and [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston]], but the service was discontinued on December 3, 2014. [[Air Canada]] had seasonal flights to Toronto in the Summer of 2015, but has decided not to return in the Summer of 2016,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Huba|first1=Nicholas|title=Air Canada not returning to ACY|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/air-canada-not-returning-to-acy/article_6462a988-072c-11e6-b6a1-e7e6929f5b01.html|access-date=22 May 2016|publisher=The Press of Atlantic City|date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425065348/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/air-canada-not-returning-to-acy/article_6462a988-072c-11e6-b6a1-e7e6929f5b01.html|archive-date=April 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> once again leaving the airport without international scheduled flights. Spirit is currently the sole tenant at the airport.

In 2022, [[American Airlines]] started bus service from the airport to their airplanes at [[Philadelphia International Airport]]. The bus service is carried by American's bus service partner, Landline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/american-airlines-to-start-acy-to-philadelphia-airport-service/article_42faf612-b67e-11ec-827c-638247d283f5.html | title=American Airlines to start Atlantic City to Philadelphia airport service }}</ref> As of 2023, this service allows for security clearance at Atlantic City with an [[airside connection]] at Philadelphia.<ref name=landline />

===Atlantic City Air National Guard Base===
[[File:Air Combat Command.png|90px|left]]
[[File:US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg|90px|left]]
[[File:CGAS AC.jpg|90px|left]]

Since 1958, the airport has been home to [[Atlantic City Air National Guard Base]] and the [[177th Fighter Wing]] (177 FW), an [[Air Combat Command]] (ACC)-gained unit of the [[New Jersey Air National Guard]], operating the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D Fighting Falcon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.177fw.ang.af.mil/|title=177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey ANG - Home|work=af.mil|access-date=January 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229084440/http://www.177fw.ang.af.mil/|archive-date=December 29, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Since October 1998, the wing has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.<ref name="177fw.ang.af.mil">{{cite web |url=http://www.177fw.ang.af.mil/ |title=177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard – Home |publisher=177fw.ang.af.mil |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115093922/http://www.177fw.ang.af.mil/ |archive-date=January 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> As an [[Air National Guard]] unit, the 177 FW has dual federal (USAF augmentation) and state (support to New Jersey) missions.

===Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City===
{{main|Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City}}
ACY is also home to [[Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City]]. CGAS Atlantic City was opened on May 18, 1998, and is the newest and largest single airframe unit and facility of the [[Coast Guard Air Stations|Coast Guard's air stations]]. It is a product of the merging of the former CGAS Brooklyn/[[Floyd Bennett Field]], NY and Group Air Station Cape May, NJ into one unit. CGAS Atlantic City consists of 10 [[HH-65 Dolphin|HH-65C Dolphin]] [[helicopter]]s and it maintains two [[HH-65 Dolphin|Dolphin]] helicopters in 30-minute response status. Approximately, 250 aviation personnel comprise the facility's full-time staff, augmented by additional part-time [[United States Coast Guard Reserve|Coast Guard Reserve]] and [[United States Coast Guard Auxiliary|Coast Guard Auxiliary]] personnel. CGAS Atlantic City also provides aircrews and aircraft to the Washington, D.C., area as part of Operation Noble Eagle, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] [[USNORTHCOM]] / [[NORAD]] mission to protect U.S. [[airspace]] and, in this case, specifically around the nation's capital.

==Facilities==
{{more citations needed|section|date = February 2018}}
Atlantic City International Airport covers {{convert|5000|acre|ha}} at an elevation of 75 feet (23 m) above [[mean sea level]]. It has two [[runway]]s: 4/22 is 6,144 by 150 feet (1,873 x 46 m) [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]/concrete; 13/31 is 10,000 by 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m) asphalt.<ref name="FAA" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/ACY/Atlantic-City-International-Airport|title=ACY airport data at skyvector.com|website=skyvector.com|access-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref>

===Terminal===
Atlantic City International Airport has one terminal. Several charter carriers operate out of the terminal, along with scheduled flights of Spirit Airlines. The terminal has a small layout, making it an alternative to [[Philadelphia International Airport]] or [[Newark Liberty International Airport]].

Passengers enter the terminal on the lower-level which has the check-in counters, a small grill and a gift shop. Baggage claim is on this level, with three carousels. After check-in, passengers proceed to the security checkpoint, also on this level. After the security checkpoint, stairs and escalators lead to the departures level. The 10 gates are here, with several open for use by charters and several used by the scheduled carriers. All gates are uniform, with no customization by the airlines. Also on the second level are a café, a bar and a newsstand.

Free [[Wi-Fi]] is available throughout the terminal.

===Car parking===
Atlantic City International Airport has a six-story parking garage with a covered walkway within steps to the terminal building. Surface parking is within walking distance and shuttle service is provided from the economy parking area to the terminal building.

The parking garage has rental car facilities for [[Enterprise Rent-A-Car|Enterprise]], [[The Hertz Corporation|Hertz]], [[Avis Rent A Car System|Avis]] and [[Budget Rent A Car|Budget]].

===Ground transportation===
Taxi service is available at curbside and a shuttle service is provided by the [[Atlantic City Jitney Association]], located in the airport terminal, outside of baggage claim. A shuttle bus brings passengers to the [[Egg Harbor City (NJT station)|Egg Harbor City rail station]], which provides service to the [[Atlantic City Line]], which runs between the [[30th Street Station]] in [[Philadelphia]] to the [[Atlantic City Rail Terminal]]. Shuttles to the Egg Harbor rail station connect to shuttles to the visitor's center at the FAA Technical Center and the [[Stockton University]], as well as bus lines to the [[PATCO Speedline]] at the [[Lindenwold (NJT station)|Lindenwold station]].

===Restaurants and lounges===
*Dunkin’/[[Hudson News]]
*American Bagel Co. (1st and 2nd floor)
*Beach House Restaurant

===Current construction projects===
The South Jersey Transportation Authority will begin construction of a new aircraft rescue and firefighting station at Atlantic City International Airport. The new 45,000 square foot building will feature vehicle bays, administrative and staff living areas, enhanced equipment and apparatus facilities as well as room for training requirements.

Work began in August 2011 upgrading the passenger screening facilities at airport. The checkpoint expansion will consist of the addition of three new screening lanes as well as improvements to the airport's infrastructure. The [[Transportation Security Administration|TSA]] will supply the new screening equipment for the expanded area. The expansion also includes development of a [[Federal Inspection Services]] station. Under this project, equipment will include additional passenger loading bridges and gates, new technological upgrades, [[baggage carousel]] improvements, added retail space and improved check-in capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjta.com/acairport/projects.asp?cp=1 |title=Construction Projects |work=South Jersey Transportation Authority |access-date=November 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101145730/http://www.sjta.com/acairport/projects.asp?cp=1 |archive-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Possible future construction projects===
A bill has been submitted in the New Jersey legislature that would provide for a rail station at the airport that would become a part of NJ Transit's [[Atlantic City Line]]. No specific funding or budget has been drawn up, but estimates for the project are in the range of $25 million to $30 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/eedition/news/bill-advances-to-link-a-c-airport-rail-line/article_b08ad0ac-d406-57c9-8a63-8cfee7ef797c.html|title=Bill advances to link A.C. Airport, rail line|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812132659/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/eedition/news/bill-advances-to-link-a-c-airport-rail-line/article_b08ad0ac-d406-57c9-8a63-8cfee7ef797c.html|archive-date=August 12, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Federal facilities===
The [[Federal Aviation Administration]] [[William J. Hughes Technical Center]] is on the property of Atlantic City Airport.<ref name=Fletcher/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ang/offices/tc/about/visitor_info|title=William J. Hughes Technical Center Visitor Information|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|accessdate=2023-02-11|quote=The FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center is co-located with the Atlantic City Airport[...]}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
In 2022, the airport had 57,500 aircraft operations, an average of 157 per day: 37% [[military aviation|military]], 13% [[airline|scheduled commercial]], 42% [[general aviation]] and 8% [[air taxi]]. 54 aircraft were then based at this airport: 19% single-[[aircraft engine|engine]], 6% multi-engine, 6% [[jet aircraft|jet]], 22% [[helicopter]] and 48% [[military aircraft|military]].<ref name="FAA" />

{{Airport destination list
| [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] | [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]] (bus)
| [[Spirit Airlines]] | [[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale]], [[Southwest Florida International Airport|Fort Myers]], [[Myrtle Beach International Airport|Myrtle Beach]], [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]], [[Tampa International Airport|Tampa]], [[Palm Beach International Airport|West Palm Beach]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]]
}}

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:50em; margin:0.1em auto"
! Destinations map
|-
|{{Location map+ |United_States |width=1000 |float=center
|caption=Destinations from Atlantic City International Airport (ACY) {{font color | red | Red}} = Year-round destination {{font color | green | Green }} = Seasonal destination {{font color | blue | Blue }} = Future destination
|places=
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=39.4575 |long=-74.577222 |position=right |label='''{{nowrap|Atlantic City}}'''|caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg |marksize=21}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=39.871944 |long=-75.241111 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=26.0725 |long=-80.152778 |position=right |label='''{{nowrap|[[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=25.793333 |long=-80.290556 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Miami International Airport|Miami]]}}'''|label_size=100 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=28.429444 |long=-81.308889 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=27.975556 |long=-82.533333 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Tampa International Airport|Tampa]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=26.683056 |long=-80.095556 |position=right |label='''{{nowrap|[[Palm Beach International Airport|West Palm Beach]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=26.536111 |long=-81.755278 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Southwest Florida International Airport|Fort Myers]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |United_States |lat=33.679722 |long= -78.928333 |position=right |label='''{{nowrap|[[Myrtle Beach International Airport|Myrtle Beach]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
{{Location map~ |mark = Green pog.svg |United_States |lat=33.636667 |long=-84.428056 |position=left |label='''{{nowrap|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]]}}'''|label_size=90 |marksize=7}}
}}
|}

==Statistics==
===Top destinations===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" width= align=
|+ '''Busiest domestic routes''' (February 2021 – January 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=ACY&carrier=FACTS |title=RITA | Transtats |publisher=Transtats.bts.gov |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620042855/http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=ACY&carrier=FACTS |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Rank
! City
! Passengers
! Carriers
|-
| 1
| [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando, Florida]]
| 109,940
| Spirit
|-
| 2
| [[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
| 81,470
| Spirit
|-
| 3
| [[Southwest Florida International Airport|Fort Myers, Florida]]
| 63,900
| Spirit
|-
| 4
| [[Tampa International Airport|Tampa, Florida]]
| 48,480
| Spirit
|-
| 5
| [[Myrtle Beach International Airport|Myrtle Beach, South Carolina]]
| 43,430
| Spirit
|-
| 6
| [[Palm Beach International Airport|West Palm Beach, Florida]]
| 36,590
| Spirit
|-
| 7
| [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta, Georgia]]
| 11,410
| Spirit
|-
| 8
| [[Miami International Airport|Miami, Florida]]
| 8,890
| Spirit
|-
| 9
| [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
| 2,710
| Spirit
|-
|}

===Annual traffic===
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=ACY}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+ '''Annual passenger traffic'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf/ACY_Dec_2015.pdf |title=December 2015 Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304010555/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf/ACY_Dec_2015.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR_2014.pdf |title=2014 Annual Airport Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061835/https://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR_2014.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2013.pdf |title=2014 Annual Airport Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204422/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2013.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Year
! Passengers
! Year
! Passengers
! Year
! Passengers
|-
| 2000||632,691||2001||830,149||||
|-
| 2002||902,196||2003||1,002,470||||
|-
| 2004||1,050,172||2005||980,477||||
|-
| 2006||948,336||2007||1,176,631||||
|-
| 2008||1,097,837||2009||1,122,816||||
|-
| 2010||1,426,799||2011||1,394,666||||
|-
| 2012||1,385,878||2013||1,136,350||||
|-
| 2014||1,211,667||2015||948,336||||
|-
| 2016||1,200,282||2017||1,200,282||||
|-
|}

==Plans==

===NextGen Technical Park===
A technology park housing [[Next Generation Air Transportation System]] is currently under construction on the airport property on a {{convert|55|acre|ha|adj=on}} lot near [[Amelia Earhart]] Boulevard and Delilah Road. The seven-building complex is set to contain {{convert|408000|sqft|m2}} of offices, laboratories and research facilities. The park will focus on developing new computer equipment that will transform the country's air-traffic control program into a satellite-based system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/article_e8d0c726-bd33-11de-91e7-001cc4c002e0.html |title=NextGen breaks ground in Egg Harbor Township – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Press |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |date=October 20, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225073438/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/article_e8d0c726-bd33-11de-91e7-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first of the buildings was originally set to open in April 2012 and will contain a lab for the FAA as well as research space for other tenants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/nextgen-park-to-benefit-area-in-many-ways-sjta-says/article_0daa5fe2-66f4-11e0-89e9-001cc4c03286.html |title=NextGen Park to benefit area in many ways, SJTA says – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic County News |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054327/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/nextgen-park-to-benefit-area-in-many-ways-sjta-says/article_0daa5fe2-66f4-11e0-89e9-001cc4c03286.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A second office park, the NextGen International Aviation Center for Excellence, is set to be built in nearby [[Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey|Hamilton Township]], adjacent to the [[Hamilton Mall]] and [[Atlantic City Race Course]], the latter of which is set to be renovated. A new transportation center at the site would transfer workers between the two complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/could-nextgen-plans-breathe-new-life-into-atlantic-city-race/article_cc79f124-0d73-11e0-b157-001cc4c03286.html?mode=image&photo=2|title=Could NextGen plans breathe new life into Atlantic City Race Course property?|work=Press of Atlantic City|access-date=April 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064036/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic/could-nextgen-plans-breathe-new-life-into-atlantic-city-race/article_cc79f124-0d73-11e0-b157-001cc4c03286.html?mode=image&photo=2|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hotel and conference center===
In 2009, the SJTA awarded a contract to a [[Ventnor City, New Jersey|Ventnor City]]-based construction firm to construct a hotel on a {{convert|13.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} property leased from the FAA at the intersection of Tilton and Delilah Roads. Plans call for a 135-room hotel including some extended-stay suites, about {{convert|6000|sqft|m2}} of conference space, {{convert|22000|sqft|m2}} of retail space and possibly a restaurant. The hotel would be built to accommodate a new flood of business travelers brought by the NextGen technical park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/article_3476c284-e99e-11de-b93b-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Ventnor firm gets contract to build A.C. Airport hotel |work=Press of Atlantic City |author=Thomas Barlas |date=December 15, 2009 |access-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220014732/http://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/article_3476c284-e99e-11de-b93b-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=December 20, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Atlantic City Expressway connector===
The SJTA revealed plans for a major road improvement project that would link the airport directly to the [[Atlantic City Expressway]], with construction beginning in 2013. The plan includes new ramps with two overpasses over the expressway. The road would connect Amelia Earhart Boulevard with a bridge over [[Airport Circle (Pomona)|Airport Circle]]. Plans also call for building a service road with another overpass that would provide access to Delilah Road. Another project involves the installation of an overpass at the end of Amelia Earhart Boulevard next to the entrance to the FAA tech center. The proposed roadway would intrude upon a small section of a mobile home park and land owned by Egg Harbor Township.<ref>{{cite web |last=Watson |first=Sarah |title=Project would link Atlantic City International Airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway by 2013 |work=[[Press of Atlantic City]] |date=April 14, 2011 |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/project-would-link-atlantic-city-international-airport-directly-to-the/article_3c5d0ef2-663b-11e0-b504-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075238/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/project-would-link-atlantic-city-international-airport-directly-to-the/article_3c5d0ef2-663b-11e0-b504-001cc4c03286.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was delayed due to a lack of financing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/funding-shortage-delays-atlantic-city-expressway-airport-connector/article_10b7e280-fcb6-11e3-88bc-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Funding shortage delays Atlantic City Expressway-airport connector|last=WITTKOWSKI|first=DONALD|date=2014-06-25|work=Press of Atlantic City|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005711/https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/funding-shortage-delays-atlantic-city-expressway-airport-connector/article_10b7e280-fcb6-11e3-88bc-0019bb2963f4.html|archive-date=December 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2018 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program included the direct connector, with an estimated cost of $60 million, to be built from 2019 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite report|title=FY 2018-2027 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program|publisher=South Jersey Transportation Authority|url=https://www.state.nj.us/transportation/capital/stip1827/sec8/pdf/ap_sjta.pdf|access-date=December 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005602/https://www.state.nj.us/transportation/capital/stip1827/sec8/pdf/ap_sjta.pdf|archive-date=December 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Port Authority takeover==
In February 2011, the [[New Jersey Legislature]] authorized the Atlantic City Tourism District, which would promote continued development of tourism in the region.<ref>{{cite web |author=JULIET FLETCHER Statehouse Bureau |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/christie-signs-tourism-district-bill-says-revel-casino-to-open/article_03705842-2e1e-11e0-8c75-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Christie signs Tourism District bill, says Revel casino to open June 2012 – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News: special |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308172921/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/christie-signs-tourism-district-bill-says-revel-casino-to-open/article_03705842-2e1e-11e0-8c75-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=March 8, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> A provision included the potential transfer of operations for ACY to the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |author=JULIET FLETCHER Statehouse Bureau |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Fletcher Juliet, Press of Atlantic City, Sunday, May 8, 2011 |publisher=Pressofatlanticcity.com |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809090504/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Braun | first = Martin | title = Port Authority May Take Over Atlantic City's Airport | date = September 21, 2012 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-20/port-authority-considers-taking-control-of-atlantic-city-airport.html | access-date = January 1, 2013 | work = Bloomberg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926234619/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-20/port-authority-considers-taking-control-of-atlantic-city-airport.html | archive-date = September 26, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Bogdan | first = Jennifer | title = Port Authority of New York and New Jersey still vague on intentions for Atlantic City International Airport | newspaper = Press of Atlantic City | date = November 26, 2012 |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/port-authority-of-new-york-and-new-jersey-still-vague/article_21a3ee9a-377d-11e2-85ca-0019bb2963f4.html | access-date = January 1, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129045601/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/port-authority-of-new-york-and-new-jersey-still-vague/article_21a3ee9a-377d-11e2-85ca-0019bb2963f4.html | archive-date = November 29, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> New Jersey Governor [[Chris Christie]] in March 2013 ordered a takeover of the airport's operations by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/port_authority_taking_over_atlantic_EJntpB54bVWTImdltOCm4O|title=Port Authority taking over Atlantic City airport|author=Jennifer Fermino|newspaper=NEW YORK POST|date=March 20, 2013|access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
On July 26, 1969, [[TWA Flight 5787]], a [[Boeing 707]] operating as a training flight, crashed while performing a practice missed approach with an engine out on runway 13. All five crew members aboard were killed. The NTSB subsequently attributed the cause of the accident to be poor procedures for simulating engine failures and failure to apply the correct procedure for hydraulic failure, as well as loss of hydraulic power to the rudder in a critical flight condition.<ref name="NTSB AAR-70-08">{{cite web|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7008.pdf|title=Trans World Airlines, Inc., Boeing 707-331C, N787TW, National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, Atlantic City Airport, Pomona, New Jersey, July 26, 1969|date=March 25, 1970|website=ntsb.gov|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|id=File No.1-0017|access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>

On October 2, 2021, Spirit Airlines Flight 3044, an [[Airbus A320neo]], suffered a [[birdstrike]] on takeoff, resulting in the right engine catching on fire. After performing a successful takeoff rejection, the plane was evacuated safely, with only two minor injuries reported between the 102 passengers and seven crew members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://6abc.com/passengers-forced-to-evacuate-after-plane-catches-fire-at-nj-airport/11073607/|title=Passengers forced to evacuate after plane catches fire at Atlantic City International Airport|date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Atlantic City International Airport}}
* {{official|http://www.acairport.com/}}
* {{FAA-diagram|00669}}
* {{FAA-procedures|ACY}}
{{US-airport|ACY}}
{{Atlantic City, New Jersey}}
{{Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey}}
{{Greater Philadelphia Airports}}
{{PANYNJ navbox}}
{{USAAF Antisubmarine Command}}

[[Category:Airports in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Atlantic County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Galloway Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in New Jersey]]