https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LeokennisWikipedia - User contributions [en]2024-11-15T16:56:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kidney_stone_disease&diff=1225666010Kidney stone disease2024-05-25T23:11:17Z<p>Leokennis: Added link to renal colic page #article-section-source-editor</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Formation of mineral 'stones' in the urinary tract}}<br />
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Infobox medical condition<br />
| name = Kidney stone disease<br />
| image = Nefrolit.jpg<br />
| alt = A color photograph of a kidney stone, 8&nbsp;millimetres in length.<br />
| caption = A kidney stone, {{convert|8|mm|in|1|sp=us}} in [[diameter]]<br />
| field = [[Urology]], [[nephrology]]<br />
| synonyms = Urolithiasis, kidney stone, renal calculus, nephrolith, kidney stone disease,<ref name=Sch2014/><br />
| symptoms = Severe pain in the lower back or abdomen, blood in the urine, vomiting, nausea<ref name=NIH2013/><br />
| complications = <br />
| onset = <br />
| duration = <br />
| causes = [[Genetics|Genetic]] and environmental factors<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
| risks = <br />
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms, [[urinalysis|urine testing]], [[medical imaging]]<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
| differential = [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[diverticulitis]], [[appendicitis]], [[pyelonephritis]]<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Knoll T, Pearle MS |title=Clinical Management of Urolithiasis|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-28732-9|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2uak6SVgBUC&pg=PA21|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221053/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2uak6SVgBUC&pg=PA21|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
| prevention = Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day<ref name=Qa2014 /><br />
| treatment = [[Analgesic|Pain medication]], [[extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]], [[ureteroscopy]], [[percutaneous nephrolithotomy]]<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
| medication = <br />
| prognosis = <br />
| frequency = 22.1 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/><br />
| deaths = 16,100 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Definition and symptoms --><br />
'''Kidney stone disease''', also known as '''renal calculus disease''', '''nephrolithiasis''' or '''urolithiasis''', is a [[crystallopathy]] where a [[calculus (medicine)|solid piece of material]] ('''renal calculus''') develops in the [[urinary tract]].<ref name=NIH2013/> Renal calculi typically form in the [[kidney]] and leave the body in the urine stream.<ref name=NIH2013/> A small calculus may pass without causing [[Signs and symptoms|symptoms]].<ref name=NIH2013/> If a stone grows to more than {{convert|5|mm|in|adj=off|1|abbr=off|sp=us}}, it can cause blockage of the [[ureter]], resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back that often radiates downward to the groin ([[renal colic]]).<ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name=Miller2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller NL, Lingeman JE | title = Management of kidney stones | journal = BMJ | volume = 334 | issue = 7591 | pages = 468–72 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17332586 | pmc = 1808123 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.39113.480185.80 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> A calculus may also result in [[Hematuria|blood in the urine]], vomiting, or [[Dysuria|painful urination]].<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Kidney Stones in Adults|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/kidney-stones-in-adults/Pages/facts.aspx|access-date=22 May 2015|date=February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511192215/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/kidney-stones-in-adults/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=11 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> About half of people who have had a renal calculus are likely to have another within ten years.<ref name=BMJ2016/><br />
<br />
<!-- Cause and diagnosis --><br />
Most calculi form by a combination of [[genetics]] and environmental factors.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Risk factors include [[hypercalciuria|high urine calcium levels]], [[obesity]], certain foods, some medications, [[calcium supplement]]s, [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[gout]] and not drinking enough fluids.<ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name=BMJ2016/> Calculi form in the kidney when [[mineral]]s in [[urine]] are at high concentration.<ref name=NIH2013 /> The [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] is usually based on symptoms, [[urinalysis|urine testing]], and [[medical imaging]].<ref name=NIH2013 /> [[Blood test]]s may also be useful.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Calculi are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the [[ureter]]), [[bladder stone|cystolithiasis]] (in the [[urinary bladder|bladder]]), or by [[chemical composition|what they are made of]] ([[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], [[struvite]], [[cystine]]).<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
<br />
<!-- Prevention and treatment --><br />
In those who have had renal calculi, drinking fluids is a way to prevent them. Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day is recommended.<ref name=Qa2014 /> If fluid intake alone is not effective to prevent renal calculi, the medications [[thiazide diuretic]], [[citrate]], or [[allopurinol]] may be suggested.<ref name=Qa2014 /> Soft drinks containing [[phosphoric acid]] (typically [[cola]]s) should be avoided.<ref name=Qa2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD | title = Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 161 | issue = 9 | pages = 659–67 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364887 | doi = 10.7326/M13-2908 | doi-access = free }}</ref> When a calculus causes no symptoms, [[watchful waiting|no treatment]] is needed.<ref name=NIH2013 /> For those with symptoms, [[Analgesic|pain control]] is usually the first measure, using medications such as [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s or [[opioid]]s.<ref name=Miller2007/><ref name=Af2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, Eftekhari A, MacNeily AE | title = Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2015 | issue = 6 | pages = CD006027 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26120804 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2 | pmc = 10981792 }}</ref> Larger calculi may be helped to pass with the medication [[tamsulosin]]<ref name=Wang2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang RC, Smith-Bindman R, Whitaker E, Neilson J, Allen IE, Stoller ML, Fahimi J | title = Effect of Tamsulosin on Stone Passage for Ureteral Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Emergency Medicine | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 353–361.e3 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27616037 | doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.06.044 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or may require procedures such as [[extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]], [[ureteroscopy]], or [[percutaneous nephrolithotomy]].<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
<br />
<!-- Epidemiology and history --><br />
Renal calculi have affected humans throughout history with a description of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BC in ancient India by [[Sushruta]].<ref name="Sch2014">{{cite book| vauthors = Schulsinger DA |title=Kidney Stone Disease: Say NO to Stones! |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-12105-5 |page=27 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2ADRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221053/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ADRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by renal calculi at some point in their lives.<ref name=BMJ2016/><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abufaraj M, Xu T, Cao C, Waldhoer T, Seitz C, D'andrea D, Siyam A, Tarawneh R, Fajkovic H, Schernhammer E, Yang L, Shariat SF | title = Prevalence and Trends in Kidney Stone Among Adults in the USA: Analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018 Data | journal = European Urology Focus | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 1468–1475 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 32900675 | doi = 10.1016/j.euf.2020.08.011 | s2cid = 221572651 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2015, 22.1 million cases occurred,<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Allen | first2 = Christine | last3 = Arora | first3 = Megha | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Brown | first6 = Alexandria | last7 = Carter | first7 = Austin | last8 = Casey | first8 = Daniel C. | last9 = Charlson | first9 = Fiona J. | last10 = Chen | first10 = Alan Z. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Cornaby | first12 = Leslie | last13 = Dandona | first13 = Lalit | last14 = Dicker | first14 = Daniel J. | last15 = Dilegge | first15 = Tina | last16 = Erskine | first16 = Holly E. | last17 = Ferrari | first17 = Alize J. | last18 = Fitzmaurice | first18 = Christina | last19 = Fleming | first19 = Tom | last20 = Forouzanfar | first20 = Mohammad H. | last21 = Fullman | first21 = Nancy | last22 = Gething | first22 = Peter W. | last23 = Goldberg | first23 = Ellen M. | last24 = Graetz | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Haagsma | first25 = Juanita A. | last26 = Hay | first26 = Simon I. | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kawashima | first29 = Toana | last30 = Kemmer | first30 = Laura }}</ref> resulting in about 16,100 deaths.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | last1 = Wang | first1 = Haidong | last2 = Naghavi | first2 = Mohsen | last3 = Allen | first3 = Christine | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Carter | first6 = Austin | last7 = Casey | first7 = Daniel C. | last8 = Charlson | first8 = Fiona J. | last9 = Chen | first9 = Alan Zian | last10 = Coates | first10 = Matthew M. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Dandona | first12 = Lalit | last13 = Dicker | first13 = Daniel J. | last14 = Erskine | first14 = Holly E. | last15 = Ferrari | first15 = Alize J. | last16 = Fitzmaurice | first16 = Christina | last17 = Foreman | first17 = Kyle | last18 = Forouzanfar | first18 = Mohammad H. | last19 = Fraser | first19 = Maya S. | last20 = Fullman | first20 = Nancy | last21 = Gething | first21 = Peter W. | last22 = Goldberg | first22 = Ellen M. | last23 = Graetz | first23 = Nicholas | last24 = Haagsma | first24 = Juanita A. | last25 = Hay | first25 = Simon I. | last26 = Huynh | first26 = Chantal | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kinfu | first29 = Yohannes | last30 = Kulikoff | first30 = Xie Rachel }}</ref> They have become more common in the [[Western world]] since the 1970s.<ref name=BMJ2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan MS, Pearle MS | title = Medical management of renal stones | journal = BMJ | volume = 352 | pages = i52 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26977089 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i52 | s2cid = 28313474 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stamatelou |first1=Kiriaki K. |last2=Francis |first2=Mildred E. |last3=Jones |first3=Camille A. |last4=Nyberg |first4=Leroy M. |last5=Curhan |first5=Gary C. |date=May 2003 |title=Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976–199411.See Editorial by Goldfarb, p. 1951. |journal=Kidney International |language=en |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1817–1823 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x|pmid=12675858 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Generally, more men are affected than women.<ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name=":3" /> The prevalence and incidence of the disease rises worldwide and continues to be challenging for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems alike. In this context, epidemiological studies are striving to elucidate the worldwide changes in the patterns and the burden of the disease and identify modifiable risk factors that contribute to the development of renal calculi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stamatelou |first1=Kyriaki |last2=Goldfarb |first2=David S. |date=January 2023 |title=Epidemiology of Kidney Stones |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=424 |doi=10.3390/healthcare11030424 |pmid=36766999 |pmc=9914194 |issn=2227-9032|doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc = by4|from this source = yes}}</ref><br />
{{TOC limit|3}}<br />
<br />
== Signs and symptoms ==<br />
[[File:Pos-renal.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Diagram showing the typical location of [[renal colic]], below the rib cage to just above the [[pelvis]]]]<br />
The hallmark of a stone that obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis is excruciating, intermittent pain that radiates from the flank to the groin or to the inner thigh.<ref name=Cutler2007 /> This is due to the transfer of referred pain signals from the lower thoracic splanchnic nerves to the lumbar splanchnic nerves as the stone passes down from the kidney or proximal ureter to the distal ureter. This pain, known as [[renal colic]], is often described as one of the strongest pain sensations known.<ref name=Wolf2011b /> Renal colic caused by kidney stones is commonly accompanied by [[urinary urgency]], restlessness, [[hematuria]], sweating, nausea, and vomiting. It typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes caused by [[Peristalsis|peristaltic]] contractions of the ureter as it attempts to expel the stone.<ref name=Cutler2007 /><br />
<br />
The [[embryology|embryological]] link between the urinary tract, the [[Reproductive system|genital system]], and the [[Human gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal tract]] is the basis of the radiation of pain to the [[gonad]]s, as well as the nausea and vomiting that are also common in urolithiasis.<ref name=Pearle2007 /> [[Postrenal azotemia]] and hydronephrosis can be observed following the obstruction of urine flow through one or both ureters.<ref name=Cavendish2008 /><br />
<br />
Pain in the lower-left quadrant can sometimes be confused with [[diverticulitis]] because the [[sigmoid colon]] overlaps the ureter, and the exact location of the pain may be difficult to isolate due to the proximity of these two structures.<br />
<br />
== Risk factors ==<br />
[[Dehydration]] from low fluid intake is a major factor in stone formation.<ref name=Cutler2007 /><ref name="Curhan-1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ | title = Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 143 | issue = 3 | pages = 240–7 | date = February 1996 | pmid = 8561157 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008734 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Individuals living in warm climates are at higher risk due to increased fluid loss.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Medical-surgical nursing : assessment and management of clinical problems| vauthors = Lewis SM |isbn=978-0-323-32852-4|oclc=944472408|year = 2017| publisher = Elsevier }}</ref> Obesity, immobility, and sedentary lifestyles are other leading risk factors.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
High dietary intake of animal [[protein]],<ref name=Cutler2007 /> [[sodium]], sugars including honey, refined [[sugar]]s, [[fructose]] and [[high fructose corn syrup]],<ref name=HFCS /> and excessive consumption of fruit juices may increase the risk of kidney stone formation due to increased [[uric acid]] excretion and elevated [[Oxalate|urinary oxalate]] levels (whereas tea, coffee, wine and beer may decrease the risk).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Curhan-1996" /><br />
<br />
Kidney stones can result from an underlying metabolic condition, such as [[distal renal tubular acidosis]],<ref name=Moe2006 /> [[Dent's disease]],<ref name=Thakker2000 /> [[hyperparathyroidism]],<ref name=NIDDK2006 /> primary [[hyperoxaluria]],<ref name=Hoppe2003 /> or [[medullary sponge kidney]]. 3–20% of people who form kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney.<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /><ref name=NIDDK20086235 /><br />
<br />
Kidney stones are more common in people with [[Crohn's disease]];<ref name=NDDIC2006 /> Crohn's disease is associated with [[hyperoxaluria]] and malabsorption of magnesium.<ref name="pmid4416806">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farmer RG, Mir-Madjlessi SH, Kiser WS | title = Urinary excretion of oxalate, calcium, magnesium, and uric acid in inflammatory bowel disease | journal = Cleveland Clinic Quarterly | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 109–17 | year = 1974 | pmid = 4416806 | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.41.3.109 | url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/41/3/109.short | access-date = 1 November 2013 | archive-date = 20 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320210418/https://www.ccjm.org/content/41/3/109.short | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A person with recurrent kidney stones may be screened for such disorders. This is typically done with a 24-hour urine collection. The urine is analyzed for features that promote stone formation.<ref name=Cavendish2008 /><br />
<br />
=== Calcium oxalate ===<br />
[[File:Kidney stone composed of calcium oxalate showing sharp edges.jpg|thumb|A kidney stone (yellow) composed of calcium oxalate]]Calcium is one component of the most common type of human kidney stones, [[calcium oxalate]]. Some studies suggest that people who take calcium or [[vitamin D]] as a [[dietary supplement]] have a higher risk of developing kidney stones.<ref name=IOM2010p413 /><ref name=Johri2010 /> In the [[United States]], kidney stone formation was used as an indicator of excess calcium intake by the [[Reference Daily Intake]] committee for calcium in adults.<ref name=IOM2010p8 /><br />
<br />
In the early 1990s, a study conducted for the [[Women's Health Initiative]] in the US found that postmenopausal women who consumed&nbsp;1000&nbsp;mg of supplemental calcium and 400&nbsp;[[international unit]]s of [[vitamin D]] per day for seven years had a 17% higher risk of developing kidney stones than subjects taking a [[placebo]].<ref name=IOM2010p413 /> The [[Nurses' Health Study]] also showed an association between supplemental calcium intake and kidney stone formation.<ref name=Johri2010 /><br />
<br />
Unlike supplemental calcium, high intakes of dietary calcium do not appear to cause kidney stones and may actually protect against their development.<ref name=Johri2010 /><ref name=IOM2010p413 /> This is perhaps related to the role of calcium in binding ingested oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract. As the amount of calcium intake decreases, the amount of oxalate available for absorption into the bloodstream increases; this oxalate is then excreted in greater amounts into the urine by the kidneys. In the urine, oxalate is a very strong promoter of calcium oxalate precipitation—about 15 times stronger than calcium.<br />
<br />
A 2004 study found that diets low in calcium are associated with a higher overall risk for kidney stone formation.<ref name=Parmar2004 /> For most individuals, other risk factors for kidney stones, such as high intakes of dietary oxalates and low fluid intake, play a greater role than calcium intake.<ref name=Liebman2011 /><br />
<br />
=== Other electrolytes ===<br />
Calcium is not the only [[electrolyte]] that influences the formation of kidney stones. For example, by increasing urinary calcium excretion, high dietary sodium may increase the risk of stone formation.<ref name=Johri2010 /><br />
<br />
Drinking [[Water fluoridation|fluoridated tap water]] may increase the risk of kidney stone formation by a similar mechanism, though further epidemiologic studies are warranted to determine whether fluoride in drinking water is associated with an increased incidence of kidney stones.<ref name=NAS2006 /> High dietary intake of [[potassium]] appears to reduce the risk of stone formation because potassium promotes the urinary excretion of [[citrate]], an inhibitor of calcium crystal formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferraro PM, Mandel EI, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, Taylor EN | title = Dietary Protein and Potassium, Diet-Dependent Net Acid Load, and Risk of Incident Kidney Stones | journal = Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1834–1844 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27445166 | pmc = 5053786 | doi = 10.2215/CJN.01520216 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kidney stones are more likely to develop, and to grow larger, if a person has low [[Magnesium in biology|dietary magnesium]]. Magnesium inhibits stone formation.<ref name="Riley-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riley JM, Kim H, Averch TD, Kim HJ | title = Effect of magnesium on calcium and oxalate ion binding | journal = Journal of Endourology | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = 1487–92 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24127630 | pmc = 3883082 | doi = 10.1089/end.2013.0173 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Animal protein ===<br />
[[Western pattern diet|Diets in Western nations]] typically contain a large proportion of [[protein#nutrition|animal protein]]. Eating animal protein creates an acid load that increases urinary excretion of calcium and uric acid and reduced citrate. Urinary excretion of excess sulfurous [[amino acid]]s (e.g., [[cysteine]] and [[methionine]]), uric acid, and other acidic [[metabolite]]s from animal protein acidifies the urine, which promotes the formation of kidney stones.<ref name="Negri-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Negri AL, Spivacow FR, Del Valle EE | title = [Diet in the treatment of renal lithiasis. Pathophysiological basis] | journal = Medicina | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 267–71 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23732207 }}</ref> Low urinary-citrate excretion is also commonly found in those with a high dietary intake of animal protein, whereas vegetarians tend to have higher levels of citrate excretion.<ref name=Johri2010 /> Low urinary citrate, too, promotes stone formation.<ref name="Negri-2013" /><br />
<br />
=== Vitamins ===<br />
The evidence linking [[vitamin C]] supplements with an increased rate of kidney stones is inconclusive.<ref name=Goodwin1998 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Traxer O, Pearle MS, Gattegno B, Thibault P | title = [Vitamin C and stone risk. Review of the literature] | journal = Progres en Urologie | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1290–4 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 15000301 }}</ref> The excess dietary intake of vitamin C might increase the risk of calcium-oxalate stone formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, Taylor EN | title = Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Incident Kidney Stones | journal = American Journal of Kidney Diseases | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 400–7 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26463139 | pmc = 4769668 | doi = 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.005 }}</ref> The link between vitamin D intake and kidney stones is also tenuous.<br />
<br />
Excessive vitamin D supplementation may increase the risk of stone formation by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium; correction of a deficiency does not.<ref name=Johri2010 /><br />
<br />
== Pathophysiology ==<br />
[[File:Staghorn Kidney Stone Progression.png|thumb|Small crystals formed in the kidney. The most common crystals are made of calcium oxalate and they are generally 4–5&nbsp;mm. Staghorn kidney stones are considerably larger. 1. Calcium and oxalate come together to make the crystal nucleus. Supersaturation promotes their combination (as does inhibition.) 2. Continued deposition at the renal papillae leads to the growth of the kidney stones. 3. Kidney stones grow and collect debris. In the case where the kidney stones block all routes to the renal papillae, this can cause extreme discomfort and pain. 4. The complete staghorn stone forms and retention occurs. Smaller solids that break off can become trapped in the urinary glands causing discomfort. 5. Displaced stones travel through the ureter. If they cannot be broken down, they must be physically removed by a surgeon.]]<br />
<br />
=== Supersaturation of urine ===<br />
When the urine becomes [[Supersaturation|supersaturated]] (when the urine [[solvent]] contains more [[wikt:Special:Search/solute|solutes]] than it can hold in [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]) with one or more calculogenic (crystal-forming) substances, a [[seed crystal]] may form through the process of [[nucleation]].<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /> Heterogeneous nucleation (where there is a solid surface present on which a crystal can grow) proceeds more rapidly than homogeneous nucleation (where a crystal must grow in a liquid medium with no such surface), because it requires less energy. Adhering to cells on the surface of a [[renal papilla]], a seed crystal can grow and aggregate into an organized mass. Depending on the chemical composition of the crystal, the stone-forming process may proceed more rapidly when the urine pH is unusually high or low.<ref name=Reilly2005Ch14 /><br />
<br />
Supersaturation of the urine with respect to a calculogenic compound is pH-dependent. For example, at a pH of 7.0, the solubility of uric acid in urine is 158&nbsp;mg/100&nbsp;mL. Reducing the pH to 5.0 decreases the [[solubility]] of [[uric acid]] to less than 8&nbsp;mg/100&nbsp;mL. The formation of uric-acid stones requires a combination of [[hyperuricosuria]] (high urine uric-acid levels) and low urine pH; hyperuricosuria alone is not associated with uric-acid stone formation if the urine pH is alkaline.<ref name=Knudsen2007 /> Supersaturation of the urine is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the development of any urinary calculus.<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /> Supersaturation is likely the underlying cause of uric acid and [[cystine]] stones, but calcium-based stones (especially [[calcium oxalate]] stones) may have a more complex cause.<ref name=Wolf2011p /><br />
<br />
=== Randall's plaque ===<br />
While supersaturation of urine may lead to [[crystalluria]], it does not necessarily promote the formation of a kidney stone because the particle may not reach the sufficient size needed for renal attachment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson WG, Peacock M, Nordin BE | title = Calcium crystalluria in recurrent renal-stone formers | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 7610 | pages = 21–24 | date = July 1969 | pmid = 4182793 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(69)92598-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elliot JS, Rabinowitz IN | title = Calcium oxalate crystalluria: crystal size in urine | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 324–327 | date = March 1980 | pmid = 7359628 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55918-2 }}</ref> On the other hand, Randall's plaques, which were first identified by Alexander Randall in 1937,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Randall A | title = The Origin and Growth of Renal Calculi | journal = Annals of Surgery | volume = 105 | issue = 6 | pages = 1009–1027 | date = June 1937 | pmid = 17856988 | pmc = 1390483 | doi = 10.1097/00000658-193706000-00014 }}</ref> are [[calcium phosphate]] deposits that form in the papillary interstitium and are thought to be the nidus required for stone development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ratkalkar VN, Kleinman JG | title = Mechanisms of Stone Formation | journal = Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism | volume = 9 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 187–197 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22229020 | pmc = 3252394 | doi = 10.1007/s12018-011-9104-8 }}</ref> In addition to Randall's plugs, which form in the [[Duct of Bellini]], these structures can generate reactive oxygen species that further enhance stone formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan SR | title = Reactive oxygen species, inflammation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis | journal = Translational Andrology and Urology | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 256–276 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25383321 | pmc = 4220551 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.06.04 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pathogenic bacteria ===<br />
Some [[bacteria]] have roles in promoting stone formation. Specifically, [[urease-positive]] bacteria, such as ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'' can produce the [[enzyme]] [[urease]], which converts [[urea]] to [[ammonia]] and [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones BD, Mobley HL | title = Proteus mirabilis urease: genetic organization, regulation, and expression of structural genes | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 170 | issue = 8 | pages = 3342–3349 | date = August 1988 | pmid = 2841283 | pmc = 211300 | doi = 10.1128/jb.170.8.3342-3349.1988 }}</ref> This increases the urinary [[pH]] and promotes [[struvite]] stone formation. Additionally, non-urease producing bacteria can provide bacteria components that can promote [[calcium oxalate]] crystallization, though this mechanism is poorly understood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chmiel JA, Stuivenberg GA, Alathel A, Gorla J, Grohe B, Razvi H, Burton JP, Bjazevic J | title = High-Throughput in vitro Gel-Based Plate Assay to Screen for Calcium Oxalate Stone Inhibitors | journal = Urologia Internationalis | pages = 616–622 | date = December 2021 | volume = 106 | issue = 6 | pmid = 34883484 | doi = 10.1159/000519842 | s2cid = 245012979 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanlaya R, Naruepantawart O, Thongboonkerd V | title = Flagellum Is Responsible for Promoting Effects of Viable ''Escherichia coli'' on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization, Crystal Growth, and Crystal Aggregation | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 10 | pages = 2507 | date = 2019-11-05 | pmid = 31749785 | pmc = 6848068 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02507 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Inhibitors of stone formation ===<br />
Normal [[urine]] contains [[Chelation|chelating]] agents, such as [[Citric acid|citrate]], that inhibit the [[nucleation]], [[Crystal growth|growth]], and aggregation of calcium-containing crystals. Other [[endogenous]] inhibitors include [[calgranulin]] (an [[S-100 protein|S-100 calcium-binding protein]]), [[Tamm–Horsfall protein]], [[glycosaminoglycan]]s, uropontin (a form of [[osteopontin]]), [[nephrocalcin]] (an acidic [[glycoprotein]]), pro[[thrombin]] F1 peptide, and [[Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor|bikunin]] ([[uronic acid]]-rich protein). The biochemical mechanisms of action of these substances have not yet been thoroughly elucidated. However, when these substances fall below their normal proportions, stones can form from an aggregation of crystals.<ref name=Coe2005 /><br />
<br />
Sufficient dietary intake of [[magnesium]] and [[citrate]] inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones; in addition, magnesium and citrate operate synergistically to inhibit kidney stones. The efficacy of magnesium in subduing stone formation and growth is [[dose-dependent]].<ref name=Johri2010 /><ref name="Riley-2013" /><ref name="del Valle-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = del Valle EE, Spivacow FR, Negri AL | title = [Citrate and renal stones] | journal = Medicina | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–8 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23924538 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hypocitraturia ===<br />
Hypocitraturia or low urinary-citrate excretion (variably defined as less than 320&nbsp;mg/day) can be a contributing cause of kidney stones in up to 2/3 of cases. The protective role of citrate is linked to several mechanisms; citrate reduces urinary supersaturation of calcium salts by forming soluble complexes with calcium ions and by inhibiting crystal growth and aggregation. Therapy with [[potassium citrate]] is commonly prescribed in clinical practice to increase urinary citrate and to reduce stone formation rates. [[Alkali citrate]] is also used to increase urine citrate levels. It can be prescribed or found over-the-counter in pill, liquid or powder form.<ref>{{cite web |title=Educate Your Patients about Kidney Stones |url=https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/moonstone-professional-education-teaching-card-final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133550/https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/moonstone-professional-education-teaching-card-final.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-26 |url-status=live |website=kidney.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caudarella R, Vescini F | title = Urinary citrate and renal stone disease: the preventive role of alkali citrate treatment | journal = Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 182–7 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19911682 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38087757 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Diagnosis ==<br />
Diagnosis of kidney stones is made on the basis of information obtained from the history, physical examination, [[urinalysis]], and [[radiography|radiographic]] studies.<ref name=Anoia2009 /> [[Medical diagnosis|Clinical diagnosis]] is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically colicky in nature (comes and goes in [[spasm]]odic waves). Pain in the back occurs when calculi produce an obstruction in the kidney.<ref name=Weaver2002 /> Physical examination may reveal fever and [[Murphy's punch sign|tenderness at the costovertebral angle]] on the affected side.<ref name=Anoia2009 /><br />
<br />
=== Imaging studies ===<br />
Calcium-containing stones are relatively [[Radiodensity|radiodense]] (opaque to [[X-ray]]s), and they can often be detected by a traditional [[radiography]] of the [[abdomen]] that includes the [[kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray|kidneys, ureters, and bladder]] (KUB film{{Clarify|date=February 2024}}).<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> KUB{{Clarify|date=February 2024}} radiography, although useful in monitoring size of stone or passage of stone in stone formers, might not be useful in the acute setting due to low sensitivity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brisbane |first1=Wayne |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael R. |last3=Sorensen |first3=Mathew D. |date=November 2016 |title=An overview of kidney stone imaging techniques |journal=Nature Reviews. Urology |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=654–662 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2016.154 |issn=1759-4812 |pmc=5443345 |pmid=27578040}}</ref> Some 60% of all renal stones are radiopaque.<ref name=SmithCentennial2000 /><ref name=Bushinsky2007 /> In general, calcium phosphate stones have the greatest density, followed by calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones. [[Cystine]] calculi are only faintly [[radiodense]], while [[uric acid]] stones are usually entirely [[radiolucent]].<ref name=Smith1999 /><br />
<br />
In people with a history of stones, those who are less than 50 years of age and are presenting with the symptoms of stones without any concerning signs do not require [[Helical cone beam computed tomography|helical CT scan]] imaging.<ref>{{cite web|author1=American College of Emergency Physicians|title=Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/|website=Choosing Wisely|access-date=14 January 2015|date=27 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/|archive-date=7 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A [[CT scan|computed tomography]] (CT) scan is also not typically recommended in children.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Urological Association {{!}} Choosing Wisely|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-urological-association/|website=www.choosingwisely.org|access-date=28 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223133729/http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-urological-association/|archive-date=23 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
Otherwise a noncontrast helical CT scan with {{convert|5|mm|in|1|sp=us}} sections is the diagnostic method to use to detect kidney stones and confirm the diagnosis of kidney stone disease.<ref name=Pearle2007 /><ref name=Anoia2009 /><ref name=SmithCentennial2000 /><ref name=Fang2009 /><ref name=Miller2007 /> Near all stones are detectable on CT scans with the exception of those composed of certain drug residues in the urine,<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> such as from [[indinavir]].<br />
<br />
Where a CT scan is unavailable, an [[intravenous pyelogram]] may be performed to help confirm the diagnosis of [[urolithiasis]]. This involves [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous injection]] of a [[Radiocontrast|contrast agent]] followed by a KUB film. [[Urolith]]s present in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder may be better defined by the use of this contrast agent. Stones can also be detected by a [[retrograde pyelogram]], where a similar contrast agent is injected directly into the distal ostium of the ureter (where the ureter terminates as it enters the bladder).<ref name=SmithCentennial2000 /><br />
<br />
[[Renal ultrasonography]] can sometimes be useful, because it gives details about the presence of [[hydronephrosis]], suggesting that the stone is blocking the outflow of urine.<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> Radiolucent stones, which do not appear on KUB, may show up on ultrasound imaging studies. Other advantages of renal ultrasonography include its low cost and absence of [[Radiology|radiation exposure]]. Ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones in situations where X-rays or CT scans are discouraged, such as in children or pregnant women.<ref name="semins">{{cite journal | vauthors = Semins MJ, Matlaga BR | title = Management of urolithiasis in pregnancy | journal = International Journal of Women's Health | volume = 5 | pages = 599–604 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24109196 | pmc = 3792830 | doi = 10.2147/ijwh.s51416 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Despite these advantages, renal ultrasonography in 2009 was not considered a substitute for noncontrast helical CT scan in the initial diagnostic evaluation of urolithiasis.<ref name=Fang2009 /> The main reason for this is that, compared with CT, renal ultrasonography more often fails to detect small stones (especially ureteral stones) and other serious disorders that could be causing the symptoms.<ref name=Cutler2007 /><br />
<br />
On the contrary, a 2014 study suggested that ultrasonography should be used as the initial diagnostic imaging test, with further imaging studies be performed at the discretion of the physician on the basis of clinical judgment, and using [[ultrasonography]] rather than [[CT scan|CT]] as an initial diagnostic test results in less radiation exposure and equally good outcome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, Bengiamin RN, Camargo CA, Corbo J, Dean AJ, Goldstein RB, Griffey RT, Jay GD, Kang TL, Kriesel DR, Ma OJ, Mallin M, Manson W, Melnikow J, Miglioretti DL, Miller SK, Mills LD, Miner JR, Moghadassi M, Noble VE, Press GM, Stoller ML, Valencia VE, Wang J, Wang RC, Cummings SR | title = Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 12 | pages = 1100–10 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25229916 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1404446 | s2cid = 4511678 | url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt1cm5f8cd/qt1cm5f8cd.pdf?t=nwl44w | access-date = 25 September 2019 | archive-date = 14 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200314051953/https://escholarship.org/content/qt1cm5f8cd/qt1cm5f8cd.pdf?t=nwl44w | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Kidney stones abdominal X-ray.jpg|Bilateral kidney stones can be seen on this [[Kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray|KUB radiograph]]. There are [[phlebolith]]s in the pelvis, which can be misinterpreted as [[bladder stone]]s.<br />
File:3mmstone.png|[[Transverse plane|Axial]] [[X-ray computed tomography|CT scan]] of abdomen without contrast, showing a 3-mm stone (marked by an arrow) in the left proximal [[ureter]]<br />
File:Ultrasonography of renal stone located at the pyeloureteric junction.jpg|[[Renal ultrasonograph]] of a stone located at the pyeloureteric junction with accompanying hydronephrosis.<br />
File:CT measurement of kidney stone in soft tissue and bone window.jpg|Measurement of a 5.6&nbsp;mm large kidney stone in soft tissue versus skeletal [[CT scan#Process|CT window]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Laboratory examination ===<br />
[[File:Struvite crystals dog with scale 1.JPG|thumb|[[Struvite]] crystals found on [[Urine microscopy|microscopic examination]] of the urine]]<br />
<br />
Laboratory investigations typically carried out include:<ref name=Anoia2009 /><ref name=Fang2009 /><ref name=Pietrow2006 /><ref name=NIDDK2007 /><br />
* [[Urine microscopy|microscopic examination]] of the urine, which may show [[red blood cell]]s, bacteria, [[leukocyte]]s, [[urinary cast]]s, and crystals;<br />
* urine culture to identify any infecting organisms present in the urinary tract and [[Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing|sensitivity]] to determine the susceptibility of these organisms to specific antibiotics;<br />
* [[complete blood count]], looking for [[neutrophilia]] (increased [[neutrophil granulocyte]] count) suggestive of bacterial infection, as seen in the setting of struvite stones;<br />
* [[renal function]] tests to look for abnormally high blood calcium levels ([[Hypercalcaemia|hypercalcemia]]);<br />
* 24&nbsp;hour urine collection to measure total daily urinary volume, magnesium, sodium, uric acid, calcium, citrate, oxalate, and [[phosphate]];<br />
* collection of stones (by urinating through a StoneScreen kidney stone collection cup or a simple [[tea strainer]]) is useful. Chemical analysis of collected stones can establish their composition, which in turn can help to guide future preventive and therapeutic management.<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
=== Composition ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Kidney stone type<br />
! Relative incidence (adults)<ref name=Frassetto2011>{{cite journal| author=Frassetto L, Kohlstadt I| title=Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 1234–42 | pmid=22150656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22150656 }}<br>Including cystine stone incidence of 1%</ref><br />
! Circumstances<br />
! Color and microscopy appearance<br />
! Radio-density<br />
! Details<br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium oxalate]]<br />
| 60%<br />
| when urine is acidic (decreased pH)<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Becker KL |title=Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism|date=2001|publisher=Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-7817-1750-2|page=684|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfzRvaucq8C&pg=PA684|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221053/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfzRvaucq8C&pg=PA684|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
| Black/dark brown [[File:Calcium oxalate crystal.jpg|center|70 px]]<br />
| Radio-opaque<br />
| Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Dietary oxalate is found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium phosphate]]<br />
| 10-20%<br />
| when urine is alkaline (high pH)<br />
| Dirty white [[File:Calcium phosphate crystal.jpg|center|70 px]]<br />
| Radio-opaque<br />
| Tends to grow in alkaline urine especially when [[Proteus (bacterium)|''Proteus'' bacteria]] are present. The most common type among pregnant women.<ref name=Frassetto2011/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Uric acid]]<br />
| 10-20%<br />
| when urine is persistently acidic<br />
| Yellow/reddish brown [[File:Uric acid crystal.jpg|center|70 px]]<br />
| Radiolucent<br />
| Diets rich in animal proteins and purines: substances found naturally in all food but especially in organ meats, fish, and shellfish.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Struvite]]<br />
| 3%<br />
| infections in the kidney and when urine is alkaline (high pH)<br />
| Dirty white [[File:Struvite crystals.jpg |center|70 px]]<br />
| Radio-opaque<br />
| Prevention of struvite stones depends on staying infection-free. Diet has not been shown to affect struvite stone formation.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cystine]]<br />
|1–2%<ref>{{cite web|title=Cystine stones|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cystine-stones|work=[[UpToDate]]|access-date=20 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226110022/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cystine-stones|archive-date=26 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
| rare genetic disorder<br />
| Pink/yellow [[File:Cystine crystals.jpg|center|70 px]]<br />
| Radio-opaque<br />
| Cystine, an amino acid (a dimer of cysteine, of the building blocks of protein), leaks through the kidneys and into the urine to form crystals.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Xanthine]]<ref>Bailey & Love's/25th/1296</ref><br />
|<br />
| extremely rare<br />
| Brick red<br />
| Radiolucent<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File:Surface of a kidney stone.jpg|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a kidney stone showing tetragonal crystals of [[weddellite]] (calcium oxalate dihydrate) emerging from the amorphous central part of the stone (the horizontal length of the picture represents 0.5 mm of the figured original)]]<br />
[[File:Kidney stones, Uric acid.JPG|thumb|Multiple kidney stones composed of [[uric acid]] and a small amount of [[calcium oxalate]]]]<br />
[[File:Lenticular kidney stone.jpg|thumb|A lenticular kidney stone, excreted in the urine]]<br />
<br />
==== Calcium-containing stones ====<br />
By far, the most common type of kidney stones worldwide contains calcium. For example, calcium-containing stones represent about 80% of all cases in the United States; these typically contain [[calcium oxalate]] either alone or in combination with [[calcium phosphate]] in the form of [[apatite]] or [[brushite]].<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /><ref name=Coe2005 /> Factors that promote the [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] of oxalate crystals in the urine, such as [[primary hyperoxaluria]], are associated with the development of calcium oxalate stones.<ref name=Hoppe2003 /> The formation of calcium phosphate stones is associated with conditions such as [[hyperparathyroidism]]<ref name=NIDDK2006 /> and [[renal tubular acidosis]].<ref name=NIDDK20084696 /><br />
<br />
[[Oxaluria]] is increased in patients with certain gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease such as [[Crohn's disease]] or in patients who have undergone resection of the small bowel or small-bowel bypass procedures. Oxaluria is also increased in patients who consume increased amounts of oxalate (found in vegetables and nuts). Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare autosomal recessive condition that usually presents in childhood.<ref name="De Mais">{{cite book | vauthors = De Mais D |title= ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology |edition= 2nd |publisher= ASCP Press |location= Chicago |year= 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Calcium oxalate crystals can come in two varieties. Calcium oxalate monohydrate can appear as 'dumbbells' or as long ovals that resemble the individual posts in a picket fence. Calcium oxalate dihydrate have a tetragonal “envelope” appearance.<ref name="De Mais" /><br />
<br />
==== Struvite stones ====<br />
About 10–15% of urinary calculi are composed of [[struvite]] (hexa-hydrated [[ammonium magnesium phosphate]], NH<sub>4</sub>MgPO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O).<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /> Struvite stones (also known as "infection stones," [[urease]], or triple-phosphate stones) form most often in the presence of infection by urea-splitting [[bacteria]]. Using the enzyme urease, these organisms [[Metabolism|metabolize]] [[urea]] into [[ammonia]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. This [[alkalinity|alkalinizes]] the urine, resulting in favorable conditions for the formation of struvite stones. ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Proteus vulgaris]]'', and ''[[Morganella morganii]]'' are the most common organisms isolated; less common organisms include ''[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]'' and some species of ''[[Providencia (bacterium)|Providencia]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Serratia]]'', and ''[[Enterobacter]]''. These infection stones are commonly observed in people who have factors that predispose them to [[urinary tract infection]]s, such as those with [[spinal cord injury]] and other forms of [[neurogenic bladder]], [[ileal conduit urinary diversion]], [[vesicoureteral reflux]], and [[Obstructive uropathy|obstructive uropathies]]. They are also commonly seen in people with underlying metabolic disorders, such as [[idiopathic]] [[hypercalciuria]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], and [[gout]]. Infection stones can grow rapidly, forming large calyceal staghorn ([[antler]]-shaped) calculi requiring invasive surgery such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy for definitive treatment.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /><br />
<br />
Struvite stones (triple-phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate) have a 'coffin lid' morphology by microscopy.<ref name="De Mais" /><br />
<br />
==== Uric acid stones ====<br />
About 5–10% of all stones are formed from [[uric acid]].<ref name=Moe2006 /> People with certain metabolic abnormalities, including [[obesity]],<ref name=Johri2010 /> may produce uric acid stones. They also may form in association with conditions that cause [[hyperuricosuria]] (an excessive amount of uric acid in the urine) with or without [[hyperuricemia]] (an excessive amount of uric acid in the [[blood serum|serum]]). They may also form in association with disorders of acid/base metabolism where the urine is excessively acidic (low [[pH]]), resulting in precipitation of uric acid crystals. A diagnosis of uric acid [[urolithiasis]] is supported by the presence of a [[Radiodensity|radiolucent]] stone in the face of persistent urine acidity, in conjunction with the finding of uric acid crystals in fresh urine samples.<ref name=Halabe1994 /><br />
<br />
As noted above (section on calcium oxalate stones), people with [[inflammatory bowel disease]] ([[Crohn's disease]], [[ulcerative colitis]]) tend to have [[hyperoxaluria]] and form oxalate stones. They also have a tendency to form urate stones. Urate stones are especially common after [[Colectomy|colon resection]].<br />
<br />
Uric acid stones appear as [[Pleomorphism (cytology)|pleomorphic]] crystals, usually diamond-shaped. They may also look like squares or rods which are polarizable.<ref name="De Mais" /><br />
<br />
==== Other types ====<br />
People with certain rare [[Inborn error of metabolism|inborn errors of metabolism]] have a propensity to accumulate crystal-forming substances in their urine. For example, those with [[cystinuria]], [[cystinosis]], and [[Fanconi syndrome]] may form stones composed of [[cystine]]. Cystine stone formation can be treated with urine alkalinization and dietary protein restriction. People affected by [[xanthinuria]] often produce stones composed of [[xanthine]]. People affected by [[adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]] may produce [[2,8-dihydroxyadenine]] stones,<ref name=Kamatani1996 /> [[Alkaptonuria|alkaptonurics]] produce [[homogentisic acid]] stones, and [[Iminoglycinuria|iminoglycinurics]] produce stones of [[glycine]], [[proline]], and [[hydroxyproline]].<ref name=Rosenberg1968 /><ref name=Coskun1993 /> Urolithiasis has also been noted to occur in the setting of therapeutic drug use, with crystals of drug forming within the renal tract in some people currently being treated with agents such as [[indinavir]],<ref name=Crixivan2010 /> [[sulfadiazine]],<ref name=Schlossberg2011 /> and [[triamterene]].<ref name=Carr1990 /><br />
<br />
=== Location ===<br />
[[File:Blausen 0595 KidneyStones.png|thumb|Illustration of kidney stones]]<br />
<br />
Urolithiasis refers to stones originating anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys and bladder.<ref name=Pearle2007 /> Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of such stones in the kidneys. Calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the [[minor calyx|minor]] or [[major calyx]], parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder). The condition is called ureterolithiasis when a calculus is located in the ureter. Stones may also form or pass into the bladder, a condition referred to as [[bladder stone]]s.<ref name=McNutt1893 /><br />
<br />
===Size===<br />
[[File:Staghorn Kidney Stone 08779.jpg|thumb|Radiograph showing a large staghorn calculus involving the [[major calyx|major calyces]] and [[renal pelvis]] in a person with severe [[scoliosis]]]]<br />
Stones less than {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter pass spontaneously in up to 98% of cases, while those measuring {{convert|5|to|10|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter pass spontaneously in less than 53% of cases.<ref name=Gettman2005 /><br />
<br />
{{anchor|staghorn}}Stones that are large enough to fill out the renal calyces are called ''staghorn stones'' and are composed of [[struvite]] in a vast majority of cases, which forms only in the presence of [[Urease#As diagnostic test|urease-forming bacteria]]. Other forms that can possibly grow to become staghorn stones are those composed of cystine, calcium oxalate monohydrate, and uric acid.<ref name="Segura1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Segura JW | title = Staghorn calculi | journal = The Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–80 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9048853 | doi = 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70355-4 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prevention ==<br />
Preventative measures depend on the type of stones. In those with calcium stones, drinking plenty of fluids, [[thiazide]] [[diuretic]]s and citrate are effective as is allopurinol in those with high uric acid levels in urine.<ref name=Fink2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE, Garimella PS, MacDonald R, Rutks IR, Brasure M, Kane RL, Ouellette J, Monga M | title = Medical management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Guideline | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 158 | issue = 7 | pages = 535–43 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23546565 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00005 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Qas2014 /><br />
<br />
=== Dietary measures ===<br />
{{See also|#Hypocitraturia|label1= Hypocitraturia}}<br />
Specific therapy should be tailored to the type of stones involved. Diet can have an effect on the development of kidney stones. Preventive strategies include some combination of dietary modifications and medications with the goal of reducing the excretory load of calculogenic compounds on the kidneys.<ref name=Parmar2004 /><ref name=Goldfarb1999 /><ref name=Finkielstein2006 /> Dietary recommendations to minimize the formation of kidney stones include:<br />
* increasing total fluid intake to achieve more than two liters per day of urine output;<ref name=AHRQ2012>{{cite journal |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |location=Rockvill, MD | vauthors = Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE, Garimella PS, MacDonald R, Rutks IR, Brasure M, Kane RL, Monga M | title = Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Medical Strategies |journal=Comparative Effectiveness Reviews |number=61 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22896859 }}</ref><br />
* limiting cola, including sugar-sweetened soft drinks;<ref name=Fink2013 /><ref name=AHRQ2012/><ref name="FerraroTaylor2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC | title = Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones | journal = Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = 1389–95 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23676355 | pmc = 3731916 | doi = 10.2215/CJN.11661112 }}</ref> to less than one liter per week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kidney.org.au/ForPatients/Management/KidneyStones/tabid/838/Default.aspx |title=What are kidney stones? |website=kidney.org |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514122900/http://kidney.org.au/ForPatients/Management/KidneyStones/tabid/838/Default.aspx |archive-date=14 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* limiting animal protein intake to no more than two meals daily (an association between animal [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]] and recurrence of kidney stones has been shown in men);<ref name=Taylor2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor EN, Curhan GC | title = Diet and fluid prescription in stone disease | journal = Kidney International | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–9 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16837923 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ki.5001656 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
* increasing citrate, or alkali intake, including from lemon and lime juice.<ref name="Gul_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gul Z, Monga M | title = Medical and dietary therapy for kidney stone prevention | journal = Korean Journal of Urology | volume = 55 | issue = 12 | pages = 775–9 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25512810 | pmc = 4265710 | doi = 10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.775 }}</ref> Citric acid in its natural form, such as from citrus fruits, "prevents small stones from becoming 'problem stones' by coating them and preventing other material from attaching and building onto the stones.";<ref>{{cite web |title=Citric Acid and Kidney Stones |url=https://www.uwhealth.org/files/uwhealth/docs/pdf/kidney_citric_acid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705033118/http://www.uwhealth.org/files/uwhealth/docs/pdf/kidney_citric_acid.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-05 |url-status=live |website=uwhealth.org}}</ref><br />
* reducing sodium intake is associated with a reduction in urine calcium excretion.<br />
<br />
Maintenance of dilute urine by means of vigorous fluid therapy is beneficial in all forms of kidney stones, so increasing urine volume is a key principle for the prevention of kidney stones. Fluid intake should be sufficient to maintain a urine output of at least {{convert|2|L|USoz|lk=on}} per day.<ref name=Qas2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD | title = Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 161 | issue = 9 | pages = 659–67 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364887 | doi = 10.7326/m13-2908 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A high fluid intake may reduce the likelihood of kidney stone recurrence or may increase the time between stone development without unwanted effects.<br />
<br />
Calcium binds with available oxalate in the [[gastrointestinal tract]], thereby preventing its absorption into the [[Circulatory system|bloodstream]]. Reducing oxalate absorption decreases kidney stone risk in susceptible people.<ref name=Heaney2006 /> Because of this, some doctors recommend increasing dairy intake so that its calcium content will serve as an oxalate binder'''.''' Taking calcium citrate tablets during or after meals containing high oxalate foods<ref name=Tiselius2003 /> may be useful if dietary calcium cannot be increased by other means as in those with lactose intolerance. The preferred calcium supplement for people at risk of stone formation is calcium citrate, as opposed to calcium carbonate, because it helps to increase urinary citrate excretion.<ref name=Finkielstein2006 /><br />
<br />
Aside from vigorous oral hydration and eating more dietary calcium, other prevention strategies include avoidance of higher doses of supplemental {{nowrap|vitamin C}} (since ascorbate is metabolized to oxalate) and restriction of oxalate-rich foods such as [[List of common leaf vegetables|leaf vegetables]], [[rhubarb]], [[Soybean|soy products]] and [[chocolate]].<ref name=Taylor2004 /> However, no randomized, controlled trial of oxalate restriction has been performed to test the hypothesis that oxalate restriction reduces stone formation.<ref name=Tiselius2003 /> Some evidence indicates [[magnesium]] intake decreases the risk of symptomatic kidney stones.<ref name=Taylor2004 /><br />
<br />
=== Urine alkalinization ===<br />
The mainstay for medical management of uric acid stones is [[Alkalinity|alkalinization]] (increasing the [[pH]]) of the urine. Uric acid stones are among the few types amenable to dissolution therapy, referred to as [[Lysis|chemolysis]]. Chemolysis is usually achieved through the use of oral medications, although in some cases, intravenous agents or even instillation of certain irrigating agents directly onto the stone can be performed, using antegrade [[nephrostomy]] or [[retrograde ureteral]] catheters.<ref name=Knudsen2007 /> [[Acetazolamide]] is a medication that alkalinizes the urine. In addition to acetazolamide or as an alternative, certain dietary supplements are available that produce a similar alkalinization of the urine. These include [[alkali citrate]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[potassium citrate]], [[magnesium citrate]], and [[bicitrate]] (a combination of citric acid monohydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cicerello E, Merlo F, Maccatrozzo L | title = Urinary alkalization for the treatment of uric acid nephrolithiasis | journal = Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 145–8 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 21121431 }}</ref> Aside from alkalinization of the urine, these supplements have the added advantage of increasing the urinary citrate level, which helps to reduce the aggregation of calcium oxalate stones.<ref name=Knudsen2007 /><br />
<br />
Increasing the urine pH to around 6.5 provides optimal conditions for [[Dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] of uric acid stones. Increasing the urine pH to a value higher than 7.0 may increase the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation, though this concept is controversial since citrate does inhibit calcium phosphate crystallization. Testing the urine periodically with [[nitrazine]] paper can help to ensure the urine pH remains in this optimal range. Using this approach, stone dissolution rate can be expected to be around {{convert|10|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of stone radius per month.<ref name=Knudsen2007 /><br />
<br />
==== Slaked lime ====<br />
[[Calcium hydroxide]] decreases urinary calcium when combined with food rich in oxalic acid such as green leafy vegetables.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287536542 |title=Effect of addition of calcium hydroxide to foods rich in oxalic acid on calcium and oxalic acid metabolism {{!}} Request PDF<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107061411/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287536542_Effect_of_addition_of_calcium_hydroxide_to_foods_rich_in_oxalic_acid_on_calcium_and_oxalic_acid_metabolism |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Diuretics ===<br />
One of the recognized medical therapies for prevention of stones is the [[thiazide]] and [[thiazide-like diuretic]]s, such as [[Chlortalidone|chlorthalidone]] or [[indapamide]]. These drugs inhibit the formation of calcium-containing stones by reducing urinary calcium excretion.<ref name=Cutler2007 /> Sodium restriction is necessary for clinical effect of thiazides, as sodium excess promotes calcium excretion. Thiazides work best for renal leak hypercalciuria (high urine calcium levels), a condition in which high urinary calcium levels are caused by a primary kidney defect. Thiazides are useful for treating absorptive hypercalciuria, a condition in which high urinary calcium is a result of excess absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name=Coe2005 /><br />
<br />
=== Allopurinol ===<br />
For people with [[hyperuricosuria]] and calcium stones, [[allopurinol]] is one of the few treatments that have been shown to reduce kidney stone recurrences. Allopurinol interferes with the production of uric acid in the [[liver]]. The drug is also used in people with [[gout]] or hyperuricemia (high [[Serum (blood)|serum]] uric acid levels).<ref name=Cameron1987 /> Dosage is adjusted to maintain a reduced urinary excretion of uric acid. Serum uric acid level at or below 6&nbsp;mg/100&nbsp;mL is often a therapeutic goal. Hyperuricemia is not necessary for the formation of uric acid stones; hyperuricosuria can occur in the presence of normal or even [[hypouricemia|low serum uric acid]]. Some practitioners advocate adding allopurinol only in people in whom hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia persist, despite the use of a urine-[[alkalinizing agent]] such as [[sodium bicarbonate]] or [[potassium citrate]].<ref name=Knudsen2007 /><br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
Stone size influences the rate of spontaneous stone passage. For example, up to 98% of small stones (less than {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter) may pass spontaneously through urination within four weeks of the onset of symptoms,<ref name=Miller2007 /> but for larger stones ({{convert|5|to|10|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter), the rate of spontaneous passage decreases to less than 53%.<ref name=Gettman2005 /> Initial stone location also influences the likelihood of spontaneous stone passage. Rates increase from 48% for stones located in the proximal ureter to 79% for stones located at the vesicoureteric junction, regardless of stone size.<ref name=Gettman2005 /> Assuming no high-grade obstruction or associated infection is found in the urinary tract, and symptoms are relatively mild, various nonsurgical measures can be used to encourage the passage of a stone.<ref name=Knudsen2007 /> Repeat stone formers benefit from more intense management, including proper fluid intake and use of certain medications, as well as careful monitoring.<ref name=Macaluso1999 /><br />
<br />
=== Pain management ===<br />
Management of pain often requires intravenous administration of [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]] or opioids.<ref name=Cutler2007 /> NSAIDs appear somewhat better than opioids or [[paracetamol]] in those with normal kidney function.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Pathan SA, Mitra B, Cameron PA |title= A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Efficacy of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Opioids, and Paracetamol in the Treatment of Acute Renal Colic |journal= European Urology |volume= 73 |issue= 4 |pages= 583–595 |date= April 2018 |pmid= 29174580 |doi= 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.11.001 }}</ref> Medications by mouth are often effective for less severe discomfort.<ref name=semins/> The use of [[antispasmodic]]s does not have further benefit.<ref name=Af2015 /><br />
<br />
=== Medical expulsive therapy ===<br />
The use of medications to speed the spontaneous passage of stones in the ureter is referred to as medical expulsive therapy.<ref name=MET09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seitz C, Liatsikos E, Porpiglia F, Tiselius HG, Zwergel U | title = Medical therapy to facilitate the passage of stones: what is the evidence? | journal = European Urology | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 455–71 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19560860 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.06.012 }}</ref><ref name=Camp2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RW, Lock MT | title = Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD008509 | date = April 2018 | issue = 4 | pmid = 29620795 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub3 | pmc = 6494465 }}</ref> Several agents, including [[Alpha blocker|alpha adrenergic blockers]] (such as [[tamsulosin]]) and [[calcium channel blocker]]s (such as [[nifedipine]]), may be effective.<ref name=MET09 /> Alpha-blockers likely result in more people passing their stones, and they may pass their stones in a shorter time.<ref name=Camp2018/> People taking alpha-blockers may also use less pain medication and may not need to visit the hospital.<ref name="Camp2018" /> Alpha-blockers appear to be more effective for larger stones (over 5&nbsp;mm in size) than smaller stones.<ref name=Camp2018/> However, use of alpha-blockers may be associated with a slight increase in serious, unwanted effects from this medication.<ref name="Camp2018" /> A combination of tamsulosin and a [[corticosteroid]] may be better than tamsulosin alone.<ref name=MET09 /> These treatments also appear to be useful in addition to lithotripsy.<ref name=Miller2007 /><br />
<br />
=== Lithotripsy ===<br />
[[File:Lithotriptor machine.jpg|thumb|A [[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy|lithotriptor machine]] with a [[X-ray image intensifier#Mobile Fluoroscopic System AKA "portable C-arm"|mobile fluoroscopic system]] ("C-arm") is seen in an [[Operating theater|operating room]]; other equipment is seen in the background including an [[Anaesthetic machine|anesthesia machine]].]]<br />
[[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]] (ESWL) is a [[noninvasive]] technique for the removal of kidney stones. Most ESWL is carried out when the stone is present near the [[renal pelvis]]. ESWL involves the use of a [[Extracorporeal shockwave therapy|lithotriptor]] machine to deliver externally applied, focused, high-intensity pulses of [[ultrasound|ultrasonic energy]] to cause fragmentation of a stone over a period of around 30–60&nbsp;minutes. Following its introduction in the United States in February 1984, ESWL was rapidly and widely accepted as a treatment alternative for renal and ureteral stones.<ref name=AUA2009 /> It is currently used in the treatment of uncomplicated stones located in the kidney and upper ureter, provided the aggregate stone burden (stone size and number) is less than {{convert|20|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and the anatomy of the involved kidney is normal.<ref name=Lingeman2007 /><ref name=Preminger2007 /><br />
<br />
For a stone greater than {{convert|10|mm|in}}, ESWL may not help break the stone in one treatment; instead, two or three treatments may be needed. Some 80-85% of simple renal calculi can be effectively treated with ESWL.<ref name=Miller2007 /> A number of factors can influence its efficacy, including chemical composition of the stone, presence of anomalous renal anatomy and the specific location of the stone within the kidney, presence of hydronephrosis, [[body mass index]], and distance of the stone from the surface of the skin.<ref name=AUA2009 /><br />
<br />
Common adverse effects of ESWL include acute [[Trauma (medicine)|trauma]], such as [[bruise|bruising]] at the site of shock administration, and damage to blood vessels of the kidney.<ref name=Evan1996 /><ref name=Evan2007 /> In fact, the vast majority of people who are treated with a typical dose of shock waves using currently accepted treatment settings are likely to experience some degree of [[acute kidney injury]].<ref name=AUA2009 /> ESWL-induced acute kidney injury is dose-dependent (increases with the total number of shock waves administered and with the power setting of the lithotriptor) and can be severe,<ref name=AUA2009 /> including [[internal bleeding]] and subcapsular [[hematoma]]s. On rare occasions, such cases may require [[blood transfusion]] and even lead to acute [[kidney failure]]. Hematoma rates may be related to the type of lithotriptor used; hematoma rates of less than 1% and up to 13% have been reported for different lithotriptor machines.<ref name=Evan2007 /> Recent studies show reduced acute tissue injury when the treatment protocol includes a brief pause following the initiation of treatment, and both improved stone breakage and a reduction in injury when ESWL is carried out at slow shock wave rate.<ref name=AUA2009 /><br />
<br />
In addition to the aforementioned potential for acute kidney injury, animal studies suggest these acute injuries may progress to scar formation, resulting in loss of functional renal volume.<ref name=Evan1996 /><ref name=Evan2007 /> Recent [[Prospective cohort study|prospective studies]] also indicate elderly people are at increased risk of developing new-onset hypertension following ESWL. In addition, a [[Retrospective cohort study|retrospective case-control study]] published by researchers from the [[Mayo Clinic]] in 2006 has found an increased risk of developing [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[hypertension]] in people who had undergone ESWL, compared with age and gender-matched people who had undergone nonsurgical treatment. Whether or not acute trauma progresses to long-term effects probably depends on multiple factors that include the shock wave dose (i.e., the number of shock waves delivered, rate of delivery, power setting, acoustic characteristics of the particular lithotriptor, and frequency of retreatment), as well as certain intrinsic predisposing pathophysiologic risk factors.<ref name=AUA2009 /><br />
<br />
To address these concerns, the [[American Urological Association]] established the Shock Wave Lithotripsy Task Force to provide an expert opinion on the safety and [[Risk-benefit analysis|risk-benefit ratio]] of ESWL. The task force published a [[white paper]] outlining their conclusions in 2009. They concluded the risk-benefit ratio remains favorable for many people.<ref name=AUA2009 /> The advantages of ESWL include its noninvasive nature, the fact that it is technically easy to treat most upper urinary tract calculi, and that, at least acutely, it is a well-tolerated, low-[[morbidity]] treatment for the vast majority of people. However, they recommended slowing the shock wave firing rate from 120&nbsp;pulses per minute to 60&nbsp;pulses per minute to reduce the risk of renal injury and increase the degree of stone fragmentation.<ref name=AUA2009 /><br />
<br />
[[Alpha blocker|Alpha-blockers]] are sometimes prescribed after shock wave lithotripsy to help the pieces of the stone leave the person's body.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oestreich MC, Vernooij RW, Sathianathen NJ, Hwang EC, Kuntz GM, Koziarz A, Scales CD, Dahm P | title = Alpha-blockers after shock wave lithotripsy for renal or ureteral stones in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | pages = CD013393 | date = November 2020 | issue = 11 | pmid = 33179245 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013393.pub2 | pmc = 8092672 | collaboration = Cochrane Urology Group }}</ref> By relaxing muscles and helping to keep blood vessels open, alpha blockers may relax the ureter muscles to allow the kidney stone fragments to pass. When compared to usual care or placebo treatment, alpha blockers may lead to faster clearing of stones, a reduced need for extra treatment and fewer unwanted effects.<ref name=":1" /> They may also clear kidney stones in more adults than the standard shock wave lithotripsy procedure. The unwanted effects associated with alpha blockers are hospital emergency visits and return to hospital for stone-related issues, but these effects were more common in adults who did not receive [[Alpha blocker|alpha-blockers]] as a part of their treatment.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Surgery ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 220<br />
| image1 = Ureterstent double J 3D legend.jpg<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = [[X-ray computed tomography#Three-dimensional reconstruction|Three-dimensional reconstructed CT scan]] image of a [[Ureteric stent|ureteral stent]] in the left kidney (indicated by yellow arrow), with a kidney stone in the inferior [[renal pelvis]] (highest red arrow) and one in the [[ureter]] beside the stent (lower red arrow)<br />
| image2 = Kidney Stone Image 4172-PH.jpg<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = A kidney stone at the tip of an [[ultrasound|ultrasonic]] stone disintegration apparatus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Most stones under {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} pass spontaneously.<ref name=Parmar2004 /><ref name=Miller2007 /> Prompt surgery may, nonetheless, be required in persons with only one working kidney, bilateral obstructing stones, a urinary tract infection and thus, it is presumed, an infected kidney, or intractable pain.<ref name=Young2011 /> Beginning in the mid-1980s, less invasive treatments such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, [[ureteroscopy]], and [[percutaneous nephrolithotomy]] began to replace open surgery as the modalities of choice for the surgical management of urolithiasis.<ref name=Miller2007 /> More recently, flexible ureteroscopy has been adapted to facilitate retrograde nephrostomy creation for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. This approach is still under investigation, though early results are favorable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wynberg JB, Borin JF, Vicena JZ, Hannosh V, Salmon SA | title = Flexible ureteroscopy-directed retrograde nephrostomy for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: description of a technique | journal = Journal of Endourology | volume = 26 | issue = 10 | pages = 1268–74 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22563900 | doi = 10.1089/end.2012.0160 }}</ref> Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or, rarely, [[lithotomy|anatrophic nephrolithotomy]], is the treatment of choice for large or complicated stones (such as calyceal staghorn calculi) or stones that cannot be extracted using less invasive procedures.<ref name=Anoia2009 /><ref name=Miller2007 /><br />
<br />
==== Ureteroscopic surgery ====<br />
[[Ureteroscopy]] has become increasingly popular as flexible and rigid [[optical fiber|fiberoptic]] ureteroscopes have become smaller. One ureteroscopic technique involves the placement of a [[Ureteric stent|ureteral stent]] (a small tube extending from the bladder, up the ureter and into the kidney) to provide immediate relief of an obstructed kidney. Stent placement can be useful for saving a kidney at risk for [[Acute kidney injury#Postrenal|postrenal acute kidney failure]] due to the increased hydrostatic pressure, [[edema|swelling]] and infection ([[pyelonephritis]] and [[pyonephrosis]]) caused by an obstructing stone. Ureteral stents vary in length from {{convert|24|to|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} and most have a shape commonly referred to as a "double-J" or "double pigtail", because of the curl at both ends. They are designed to allow urine to flow past an obstruction in the ureter. They may be retained in the ureter for days to weeks as infections resolve and as stones are dissolved or fragmented by ESWL or by some other treatment. The stents dilate the ureters, which can facilitate instrumentation, and they also provide a clear landmark to aid in the visualization of the ureters and any associated stones on radiographic examinations. The presence of indwelling ureteral stents may cause minimal to moderate discomfort, frequency or urgency incontinence, and infection, which in general resolves on removal. Most ureteral stents can be removed cystoscopically during an office visit under [[Topical anesthetic|topical anesthesia]] after resolution of urolithiasis.<ref name=Lam2007 /> Research is currently uncertain if placing a temporary stent during ureteroscopy leads to different outcomes than not placing a stent in terms of number of hospital visits for post operative problems, short or long term pain, need for narcotic pain medication, risk of UTI, need for a repeat procedure or narrowing of the ureter from scarring.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ordonez M, Hwang EC, Borofsky M, Bakker CJ, Gandhi S, Dahm P | title = Ureteral stent versus no ureteral stent for ureteroscopy in the management of renal and ureteral calculi | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | pages = CD012703 | date = February 2019 | issue = 2 | pmid = 30726554 | pmc = 6365118 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012703.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Urology Group }}</ref><br />
<br />
More definitive ureteroscopic techniques for stone extraction (rather than simply bypassing the obstruction) include basket extraction and ultrasound ureterolithotripsy. [[Laser lithotripsy]] is another technique, which involves the use of a [[holmium]]:[[yttrium aluminium garnet]] (Ho:YAG) laser to fragment stones in the bladder, ureters, and kidneys.<ref name="Marks2011" /><br />
<br />
Ureteroscopic techniques are generally more effective than ESWL for treating stones located in the lower ureter, with success rates of 93–100% using Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.<ref name=Gettman2005 /> Although ESWL has been traditionally preferred by many practitioners for treating stones located in the upper ureter, more recent experience suggests ureteroscopic techniques offer distinct advantages in the treatment of upper ureteral stones. Specifically, the overall success rate is higher, fewer repeat interventions and postoperative visits are needed, and treatment costs are lower after ureteroscopic treatment when compared with ESWL. These advantages are especially apparent with stones greater than {{convert|10|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter. However, because ureteroscopy of the upper ureter is much more challenging than ESWL, many urologists still prefer to use ESWL as a first-line treatment for stones of less than 10&nbsp;mm, and ureteroscopy for those greater than 10&nbsp;mm in diameter.<ref name=Gettman2005 /> Ureteroscopy is the preferred treatment in pregnant and morbidly obese people, as well as those with [[Bleeding diathesis|bleeding disorders]].<ref name=Miller2007 /><br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== Epidemiology ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"<br />
! Country<br />
! Earliest prevalence (years)<ref name=RevUrol2010 /><br />
! Latest prevalence (years)<ref name=RevUrol2010 /><br />
|-<br />
| United States<br />
| 2.6% (1964–1972)<br />
| 5.2% (1988–1994)<br />
|-<br />
| Italy<br />
| 1.2% (1983)<br />
| 1.7% (1993–1994)<br />
|-<br />
| Scotland<br />
| 3.8% (1977)<br />
| 3.5% (1987)<br />
|-<br />
| Spain<br />
| 0.1% (1977)<br />
| 10.0% (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| Turkey<br />
| n/a<br />
| 14.8% (1989)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"<br />
! Country<br />
! New cases per 100,000 (year)<ref name=RevUrol2010 /><br />
! Trend<br />
|-<br />
| United States<br />
| 116 (2000)<br />
| decreasing<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
| 720 (2000)<br />
| increasing<br />
|-<br />
| Japan<br />
| 114.3 (2005)<br />
| increasing<br />
|-<br />
| Spain<br />
| 270 (1984)<br />
| decreasing<br />
|-<br />
| Sweden<br />
| 200 (1969)<br />
| increasing<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Urolithiasis world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Urolithiasis deaths per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|0–0}}{{legend|#ffa020|1–1}}{{legend|#f08015|2–2}}{{legend|#d85010|3–3}}{{legend|#d02010|4–20}}{{div col end}}]]<br />
Kidney stones affect all geographical, cultural, and racial groups. The [[Cumulative incidence|lifetime risk]] is about 10-15% in the developed world, but can be as high as 20-25% in the [[Middle East]]. The increased risk of dehydration in hot climates, coupled with a diet 50% lower in calcium and 250% higher in oxalates compared to Western diets, accounts for the higher net risk in the Middle East.<ref name=Potts2004 /> In the Middle East, uric acid stones are more common than calcium-containing stones.<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /> The number of deaths due to kidney stones is estimated at 19,000 per year being fairly consistent between 1990 and 2010.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |vauthors= Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA |title= Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal= Lancet |volume= 380 |issue= 9859 |pages= 2095–128 |date= December 2012 |pmid= 23245604 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmc= 10790329 |hdl= 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |s2cid= 1541253 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |archive-date=May 19, 2020|hdl-access= free }}</ref><br />
<br />
In North America and Europe, the annual [[incidence (epidemiology)|number of new cases per year]] of kidney stones is roughly 0.5%. In the United States, the frequency in the population of urolithiasis has increased from 3.2% to 5.2% from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s.<ref name=Moe2006 /> In the United States, about 9% of the population has had a kidney stone.<ref name=NIH2013 /><br />
<br />
The total cost for treating urolithiasis was US$2&nbsp;billion in 2003.<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> About 65–80% of those with kidney stones are men; most stones in women are due to either metabolic defects (such as [[cystinuria]]) or infections in the case of [[struvite stone]]s.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Windus D |title=The Washington manual nephrology subspecialty consult |year=2008 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-9149-6 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPgGqotdzqAC&pg=PA235 |edition=2nd |url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909114412/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPgGqotdzqAC&pg=PA235 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women. Men most commonly experience their first episode between 30 and 40 years of age, whereas for women, the age at first presentation is somewhat later.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /> The age of onset shows a [[bimodal distribution]] in women, with episodes peaking at 35 and 55 years.<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> Recurrence rates are estimated at 50% over a 10-year and 75% over 20-year period,<ref name=Moe2006 /> with some people experiencing ten or more episodes over the course of a lifetime.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /><br />
<br />
A 2010 review concluded that rates of disease are increasing.<ref name=RevUrol2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG | title = Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors | journal = Reviews in Urology | volume = 12 | issue = 2–3 | pages = e86-96 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20811557 | pmc = 2931286 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{See also|List of kidney stone formers}}<br />
The existence of kidney stones was first recorded thousands of years ago, with various explanations given; Joseph Glanville's ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]],'' for example, gives a detailed description of Abraham Mechelburg's voiding of small stones through his penis' virga, attributing the issue to witchcraft.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glanvill |first=Joseph |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/943229347 |title=Saducismus triumphatus, or, Full and plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions : in two parts, the first treating of their possibility, the second of their real existence |isbn=1-171-33286-6 |oclc=943229347}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1901, a stone discovered in the [[pelvis]] of an ancient Egyptian [[mummy]] was dated to 4,800&nbsp;BC.<br />
<br />
Medical texts from ancient [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of India|India]], [[History of China|China]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] all mentioned calculous disease. Part of the [[Hippocratic Oath]] suggests there were practicing surgeons in ancient Greece to whom physicians were to defer for [[Lithotomy|lithotomies]], or the surgical removal of stones. The Roman medical treatise ''[[De Medicina]]'' by [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] contained a description of lithotomy,<ref name="Collier1831" /> and this work served as the basis for this procedure until the 18th century.<ref name="Shah2002" /><br />
<br />
Examples of people who had kidney stone disease include [[Napoleon]] I, [[Epicurus]], [[Napoleon III]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]], [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Francis Bacon]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Samuel Pepys]], [[William Harvey]], [[Herman Boerhaave]], and [[Antonio Scarpa]].<ref name=Ellis1969 /><br />
<br />
New techniques in lithotomy began to emerge starting in 1520, but the operation remained risky. After [[Henry Jacob Bigelow]] popularized the technique of [[litholapaxy]] in 1878,<ref name=Bigelow1878 /> the [[mortality rate]] dropped from about 24% to 2.4%. However, other treatment techniques continued to produce a high level of mortality, especially among inexperienced urologists.<ref name=Shah2002 /><ref name=Ellis1969 /> In 1980, [[Dornier Flugzeugwerke|Dornier MedTech]] introduced extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for breaking up stones via acoustical pulses, and this technique has since come into widespread use.<ref name=AUA2009 /><br />
<br />
=== Etymology ===<br />
The term ''renal calculus'' is from the [[Latin]] ''rēnēs'', meaning "kidneys", and ''[[Calculus (medicine)|calculus]]'', meaning "pebble". Lithiasis (stone formation) in the kidneys is called nephrolithiasis ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ɛ|f|r|oʊ|l|ɪ|ˈ|θ|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s}}), from ''[[wikt:nephro-|nephro]]-'', meaning kidney, + ''[[wikt:-lith|-lith]]'', meaning stone, and ''[[wikt:-iasis#Suffix|-iasis]]'', meaning disorder. A distinction between nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis can be made because not all urinary stones (uroliths) form in the kidney; they can also form in the bladder. But the distinction is often clinically irrelevant (with similar disease process and treatment either way) and the words are thus often used loosely as synonyms.<br />
<br />
== Children ==<br />
Although kidney stones do not often occur in children, the incidence is increasing.<ref name="Dwyer2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dwyer ME, Krambeck AE, Bergstralh EJ, Milliner DS, Lieske JC, Rule AD | title = Temporal trends in incidence of kidney stones among children: a 25-year population based study | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 188 | issue = 1 | pages = 247–52 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22595060 | pmc = 3482509 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.021 }}</ref> These stones are in the kidney in two thirds of reported cases, and in the [[ureter]] in the remaining cases. Older children are at greater risk independent of whether or not they are male or female.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/Diet_diseases/diet_for_renal.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117030318/http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/Diet_diseases/diet_for_renal.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2007 |title=Diet and Definition of Kidney Stones, Renal Calculi |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
As with adults, most pediatric kidney stones are predominantly composed of [[calcium oxalate]]; [[struvite]] and [[calcium phosphate]] stones are less common. Calcium oxalate stones in children are associated with high amounts of calcium, oxalate, and magnesium in acidic urine.<ref name="Kirejczyk-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirejczyk JK, Porowski T, Filonowicz R, Kazberuk A, Stefanowicz M, Wasilewska A, Debek W | title = An association between kidney stone composition and urinary metabolic disturbances in children | journal = Journal of Pediatric Urology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–5 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 23953243 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.07.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Treatment of kidney stones in children is similar to treatments for adults, including shock wave lithotripsy, medication, and treatment using scope through the bladder, kidney or skin.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barreto L, Jung JH, Abdelrahim A, Ahmed M, Dawkins GP, Kazmierski M | title = Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD010784 | date = June 2018 | issue = 6 | pmid = 29859007 | pmc = 6513049 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010784.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Urology Group }}</ref> Of these treatments, research is uncertain if shock waves are more effective than medication or a scope through the bladder, but it is likely less successful than a scope through skin into the kidney.<ref name=":2" /> When going in with a scope through the kidney, a regular and a mini-sized scope likely have similar success rates of stone removal. Alpha-blockers, a type of medication, may increase the successful removal of kidney stones when compared with a placebo and without ibuprofen.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Research ==<br />
[[Metabolic syndrome]] and its associated diseases of obesity and diabetes as general risk factors for kidney stone disease are under research to determine if urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate and urate are higher than in people with normal weight or underweight, and if diet and physical activity have roles.<ref name="Aune">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, Riboli E | title = Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 1033–1047 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30066054 | pmc = 6208979 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-018-0426-4 }}</ref><ref name="Trinch">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trinchieri A, Croppi E, Montanari E | title = Obesity and urolithiasis: evidence of regional influences | journal = Urolithiasis | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–278 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 27488444 | doi = 10.1007/s00240-016-0908-3 | s2cid = 4585476 }}</ref> Dietary, fluid intake, and lifestyle factors remain major topics for research on prevention of kidney stones, as of 2017.<ref name="Zisman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zisman AL | title = Effectiveness of Treatment Modalities on Kidney Stone Recurrence | journal = Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 1699–1708 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28830863 | pmc = 5628726 | doi = 10.2215/cjn.11201016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Gut microbiota ===<br />
The [[gut microbiota]] has been explored as a contributing factor for stone disease, indicating that some bacteria may be different in people forming kidney stones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stanford |first1=Jordan |last2=Charlton |first2=Karen |last3=Stefoska-Needham |first3=Anita |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Rukayat |last5=Lambert |first5=Kelly |title=The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Nephrology|date=5 June 2020 |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=215 |doi=10.1186/s12882-020-01805-w |issn=1471-2369 |pmc=7275316 |pmid=32503496 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One bacterium, ''[[Oxalobacter formigenes]]'', is potentially beneficial for mitigating calcium oxalate stones because of its ability to metabolize oxalate as its sole carbon source,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Sylvia H. |last2=Richardson |first2=Anthony J. |last3=Kaul |first3=Poonam |last4=Holmes |first4=Ross P. |last5=Allison |first5=Milton J. |last6=Stewart |first6=Colin S. |date=2002-08-01 |title=Oxalobacter formigenes and Its Potential Role in Human Health |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=3841–3847 |doi=10.1128/AEM.68.8.3841-3847.2002 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=124017 |pmid=12147479|bibcode=2002ApEnM..68.3841D }}</ref> but 2018 research suggests that it is instead part of a network of oxalate degrading bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ticinesi |first1=Andrea |last2=Milani |first2=Christian |last3=Guerra |first3=Angela |last4=Allegri |first4=Franca |last5=Lauretani |first5=Fulvio |last6=Nouvenne |first6=Antonio |last7=Mancabelli |first7=Leonardo |last8=Lugli |first8=Gabriele Andrea |last9=Turroni |first9=Francesca |last10=Duranti |first10=Sabrina |last11=Mangifesta |first11=Marta |title=Understanding the gut–kidney axis in nephrolithiasis: an analysis of the gut microbiota composition and functionality of stone formers |url=https://gut.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315734|date=28 April 2018 |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=2097–2106 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315734 |pmid=29705728 |s2cid=14055215 |issn=0017-5749}}</ref> Additionally, one study found that oral [[antibiotic]] use, which alters the gut microbiota,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=Jaime |last2=Guarner |first2=Francisco |last3=Bustos Fernandez |first3=Luis |last4=Maruy |first4=Aldo |last5=Sdepanian |first5=Vera Lucia |last6=Cohen |first6=Henry |date=2020-11-24 |title=Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=572912 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912 |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=7732679 |pmid=33330122|doi-access=free }}</ref> can increase the odds of a person developing a kidney stone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tasian |first1=Gregory E. |last2=Jemielita |first2=Thomas |last3=Goldfarb |first3=David S. |last4=Copelovitch |first4=Lawrence |last5=Gerber |first5=Jeffrey S. |last6=Wu |first6=Qufei |last7=Denburg |first7=Michelle R. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Oral Antibiotic Exposure and Kidney Stone Disease |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1731–1740 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2017111213 |issn=1046-6673 |pmc=6054354 |pmid=29748329}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In other animals==<br />
Among [[ruminant]]s, uroliths more commonly cause problems in males than in females; the sigmoid flexure of the ruminant male urinary tract is more likely to obstruct passage. Early-castrated males are at greater risk, because of lesser urethral diameter.<ref name="PughBaird2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Pugh DG, Baird N | title = Sheep & Goat Medicine - E-Book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s-Z311q6CIcC | date = 27 May 2012 | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences | isbn = 978-1-4377-2354-0 | access-date = 17 June 2018 | archive-date = 14 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055355/https://books.google.com/books?id=s-Z311q6CIcC | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Low Ca:P intake ratio is conducive to phosphatic (e.g. struvite) urolith formation.<ref name=PughBaird2012/> Incidence among wether lambs can be minimized by maintaining a dietary Ca:P intake ratio of 2:1.<ref name=PughBaird2012/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bushman DH, Emerick RJ, Embry LB | title = Experimentally induced ovine phosphatic urolithiasis: relationships involving dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 499–504 | date = December 1965 | pmid = 5841867 | doi = 10.1093/jn/87.4.499 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Alkaline (higher) [[pH]] favors formation of [[#Composition|carbonate and phosphate calculi]]. For domestic ruminants, dietary cation: anion balance is sometimes adjusted to assure a slightly acidic urine pH, for prevention of calculus formation.<ref name=PughBaird2012/><br />
<br />
Differing generalizations regarding effects of pH on formation of silicate uroliths may be found.<ref name=PughBaird2012/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Pritchard RH | title = Effects of dietary ammonium chloride and variations in calcium to phosphorus ratio on silica urolithiasis in sheep | journal = Journal of Animal Science | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 2225–9 | date = May 1991 | pmid = 1648554 | doi = 10.2527/1991.6952225x | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b1f1/b2a896e57ed8350fe826cffcb23496d2be2c.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190302075532/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b1f1/b2a896e57ed8350fe826cffcb23496d2be2c.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2019-03-02 | s2cid = 10130833 }}</ref> In this connection, it may be noted that under some circumstances, calcium carbonate accompanies silica in siliceous uroliths.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forman SA, Whiting F, Connell R | title = Silica Urolithiasis In Beef Cattle : 3. Chemical and Physical Composition of the Uroliths | journal = Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 157–62 | date = May 1959 | pmid = 17649146 | pmc = 1581990 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Pelleted feeds may be conducive to formation of phosphate uroliths, because of increased urinary phosphorus excretion. This is attributable to lower saliva production where pelleted rations containing finely ground constituents are fed. With less blood phosphate partitioned into saliva, more tends to be excreted in urine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott D, Buchan W | title = The effects of feeding pelleted diets made from either coarsely or finely ground hay on phosphorus balance and on the partition of phosphorus excretion between urine and faeces in the sheep | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–22 | date = May 1988 | pmid = 3399614 | doi = 10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003148 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (Most saliva phosphate is fecally excreted.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bravo D, Sauvant D, Bogaert C, Meschy F | title = III. Quantitative aspects of phosphorus excretion in ruminants | journal = Reproduction, Nutrition, Development | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 285–300 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14620634 | doi = 10.1051/rnd:2003021 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900449/file/hal-00900449.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 29 August 2019 | archive-date = 16 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000942/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900449/file/hal-00900449.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Oxalate uroliths can occur in ruminants, although such problems from oxalate ingestion may be relatively uncommon. Ruminant urolithiasis associated with oxalate ingestion has been reported.<ref>Waltner-Toews, D. and D. H. Meadows. 1980. Case report: Urolithiasis in a herd of beef cattle associated with oxalate ingestion. Can. Vet. J. 21: 61-62</ref> However, no renal tubular damage or visible deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in kidneys was found in yearling wether sheep fed diets containing soluble oxalate at 6.5 percent of dietary dry matter for about 100 days.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = James LF, Butcher JE | title = Halogeton poisoning of sheep: effect of high level oxalate intake | journal = Journal of Animal Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 1233–1238 | date = December 1972 | pmid = 4647453 | doi = 10.2527/jas1972.3561233x }}</ref><br />
<br />
Conditions limiting water intake can result in stone formation.<ref name=Kahn2005>{{cite book | veditors = Kahn CM | date = 2005 | title = Merck veterinary manual | edition = 9th | publisher = Merck & Co., Inc. | location = Whitehouse Station }}</ref><br />
<br />
Various surgical interventions, e.g. amputation of the urethral process at its base near the glans penis in male ruminants, perineal [[urethrostomy]], or tube [[Suprapubic cystostomy|cystostomy]] may be considered for relief of obstructive urolithiasis.<ref name=Kahn2005/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Nephrocalcinosis]]<br />
* [[Kidney disease]]<br />
* [[Renal stone formation in space|Kidney stone formation in space]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<br />
<ref name=Anoia2009>{{cite book|veditors=Graham SD, Keane TE|title=Glenn's Urologic Surgery|edition=7th|vauthors=Anoia EJ, Paik ML, Resnick MI|chapter=Ch. 7: Anatrophic Nephrolithomy|pages=45–50|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-9141-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GahMzaKgMKAC&q=nephrolithiasis+diagnosis+radiographic&pg=PA45|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030139/https://books.google.com/books?id=GahMzaKgMKAC&q=nephrolithiasis+diagnosis+radiographic&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=AUA2009>{{cite web|author=Shock Wave Lithotripsy Task Force|title=Current Perspective on Adverse Effects in Shock Wave Lithotripsy|work=Clinical Guidelines|publisher=[[American Urological Association]]|location=Linthicum, Maryland|year=2009|url=https://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Shock-Wave-Therapy-WP.pdf|access-date=13 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718072759/http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Shock-Wave-Therapy-WP.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Bigelow1878>{{cite book|vauthors=Bigelow HJ|author-link=Henry Jacob Bigelow|title=Litholapaxy or rapid lithotrity with evacuation|page=29|publisher=A. Williams and Company|location=Boston|year=1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUkSAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUkSAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Bushinsky2007>{{cite book | veditors = Brenner BM |title=Brenner and Rector's The Kidney|edition=8th|volume=1| vauthors = Bushinsky D, Coe FL, Moe OW | chapter = Ch. 37: Nephrolithiasis|pages=1299–349|publisher=WB Saunders|location=Philadelphia|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4160-3105-5|chapter-url=http://www.expertconsultbook.com/expertconsult/op/book.do?method=display&type=bookPage&decorator=none&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3105-5..50039-6&isbn=978-1-4160-3105-5#lpState=open&lpTab=contentsTab&content=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3105-5..50039-6%3Bfrom%3Dtoc%3Btype%3DbookPage%3Bisbn%3D978-1-4160-3105-5&search=none|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008090923/http://www.expertconsultbook.com/expertconsult/op/book.do?method=display&type=bookPage&decorator=none&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3105-5..50039-6&isbn=978-1-4160-3105-5#lpState=open&lpTab=contentsTab&content=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3105-5..50039-6%3Bfrom%3Dtoc%3Btype%3DbookPage%3Bisbn%3D978-1-4160-3105-5&search=none|archive-date=8 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Cameron1987>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cameron JS, Simmonds HA | title = Use and abuse of allopurinol | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 294 | issue = 6586 | pages = 1504–5 | date = June 1987 | pmid = 3607420 | pmc = 1246665 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.294.6586.1504 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Carr1990>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carr MC, Prien EL, Babayan RK | title = Triamterene nephrolithiasis: renewed attention is warranted | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 144 | issue = 6 | pages = 1339–40 | date = December 1990 | pmid = 2231920 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)39734-3 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Cavendish2008>{{cite book|vauthors=Cavendish M|title=Diseases and Disorders|edition=1st|volume=2|chapter=Kidney disorders|pages=490–3|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|location=Tarrytown, New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7614-7772-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5fGm_7ThKEC&q=0761477721&pg=PA507|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055706/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5fGm_7ThKEC&q=0761477721&pg=PA507|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Coe2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E | title = Kidney stone disease | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 115 | issue = 10 | pages = 2598–608 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16200192 | pmc = 1236703 | doi = 10.1172/JCI26662 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Collier1831>{{cite book | vauthors = Celsus AC |author-link=Aulus Cornelius Celsus| veditors = Collier GF |title=A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine|edition=2nd|chapter=Book VII, Chapter XXVI: Of the operation necessary in a suppression of urine, and lithotomy |pages=306–14 |publisher=Simpkin and Marshall |location=London |year=1831 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2kFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA311|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140708104311/http://books.google.com/books?id=p2kFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA311 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Coskun1993>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coşkun T, Ozalp I, Tokatli A | title = Iminoglycinuria: a benign type of inherited aminoaciduria | journal = The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–5 | year = 1993 | pmid = 7504361 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Cutler2007>{{cite book|veditors=Cutler RE|vauthors=Preminger GM|title=The Merck Manual of Medical Information Home Edition|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 148: Stones in the Urinary Tract|publisher=[[Merck & Co.|Merck Sharp and Dohme Corporation]]|location=Whitehouse Station, New Jersey|year=2007|chapter-url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec12/ch148/ch148a.html|title-link=Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208070004/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec12/ch148/ch148a.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Crixivan2010>{{cite web |title=Patient Information about Crixivan for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Infection|work=Crixivan® (indinavir sulfate) Capsules|publisher=Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation|location=Whitehouse Station, New Jersey|year=2010|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/c/crixivan/crixivan_ppi.pdf|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815003924/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/c/crixivan/crixivan_ppi.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- Not in use<br />
<ref name=Eknoyan2004>{{cite journal| vauthors = Eknoyan G |title=History of urolithiasis|journal=Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism|volume=2|issue=3|pages=177–85|year=2004|issn=1534-8644|doi=10.1385/BMM:2:3:177|s2cid=71156397}}</ref><br />
Not in use--><br />
<br />
<ref name=Ellis1969>{{cite book| vauthors = Ellis H |title=A History of Bladder Stone|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford, England|year=1969|isbn=978-0-632-06140-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Evan1996>{{cite book | vauthors = Evan AP, McAteer JA |chapter= Ch. 28: Q-effects of Shock Wave Lithotripsy |title= Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management | url = https://archive.org/details/kidneystonesmedi0000unse | url-access = registration | veditors = Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CY, Parks JH, Preminger GM |location= Philadelphia |publisher= Lippincott-Raven |year= 1996 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/kidneystonesmedi0000unse/page/549 549]–60|isbn= 978-0-7817-0263-8 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Evan2007>{{cite book | vauthors = Evan AP, Willis LR |year= 2007 |chapter= Ch. 41: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Complications |title= Smith's Textbook on Endourology | veditors = Smith AD, Badlani GH, Bagley DH, Clayman RV, Docimo SG |location= Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |publisher= B C Decker, Inc. |pages= 353–65 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Fang2009>{{cite book|veditors=Goroll AH, Mulley AG|title=Primary care medicine: office evaluation and management of the adult patient|edition=6th|vauthors=Fang LS|chapter=Chapter 135: Approach to the Paient with Nephrolithiasis|pages=962–7|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7513-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIZvJPcSEXMC&q=nephrolithiasis+%22physical+examination%22&pg=PA964|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321183305/https://books.google.com/books?id=bIZvJPcSEXMC&q=nephrolithiasis+%22physical+examination%22&pg=PA964|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Finkielstein2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finkielstein VA, Goldfarb DS | title = Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones | journal = CMAJ | volume = 174 | issue = 10 | pages = 1407–9 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16682705 | pmc = 1455427 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.051517 | url = http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/174/10/1407 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081015202450/http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/174/10/1407 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 15 October 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Gettman2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gettman MT, Segura JW | title = Management of ureteric stones: issues and controversies | journal = BJU International | volume = 95 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 85–93 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15720341 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05206.x | s2cid = 36265416 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Goldfarb1999>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldfarb DS, Coe FL | title = Prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 2269–76 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10593318 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/991115ap/2269.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050822183805/http://www.aafp.org/afp/991115ap/2269.html | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 August 2005 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Goodwin1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodwin JS, Tangum MR | title = Battling quackery: attitudes about micronutrient supplements in American academic medicine | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 158 | issue = 20 | pages = 2187–91 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9818798 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.158.20.2187 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Halabe1994>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halabe A, Sperling O | title = Uric acid nephrolithiasis | journal = Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 424–31 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7783706 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Heaney2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heaney RP | title = Nutrition and chronic disease | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–9 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16529131 | doi = 10.4065/81.3.297 | df = dmy-all | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Heptinstall2007>{{cite book|veditors=Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG|title=Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney|edition=6th|volume=2|vauthors=Weiss M, Liapis H, Tomaszewski JE, Arend LJ|chapter=Chapter 22: Pyelonephritis and Other Infections, Reflux Nephropathy, Hydronephrosis, and Nephrolithiasis|pages=991–1082|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-4750-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWymx2hp1OoC&q=%22AA+amyloidosis%22+pyelonephritis&pg=PA886|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320231125/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWymx2hp1OoC&q=%22AA+amyloidosis%22+pyelonephritis&pg=PA886|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=HFCS>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knight J, Assimos DG, Easter L, Holmes RP | title = Metabolism of fructose to oxalate and glycolate | journal = Hormone and Metabolic Research | volume = 42 | issue = 12 | pages = 868–73 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20842614 | pmc = 3139422 | doi = 10.1055/s-0030-1265145 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Hoppe2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoppe B, Langman CB | title = A United States survey on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary hyperoxaluria | journal = Pediatric Nephrology | volume = 18 | issue = 10 | pages = 986–91 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 12920626 | doi = 10.1007/s00467-003-1234-x | s2cid = 23503869 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=IOM2010p8>"Summary". In {{harvnb|Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium|2011|pp= 1–14}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=IOM2010p413>"Tolerable upper intake levels: Calcium and vitamin D". In {{harvnb|Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium|2011|pp= 403–56}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Johri2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johri N, Cooper B, Robertson W, Choong S, Rickards D, Unwin R | title = An update and practical guide to renal stone management | journal = Nephron Clinical Practice | volume = 116 | issue = 3 | pages = c159-71 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20606476 | doi = 10.1159/000317196 | url = https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/000317196 | doi-access = free | access-date = 18 May 2019 | archive-date = 31 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210131093917/https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/000317196 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Kamatani1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamatani N | title = [Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase(APRT) deficiency] | language = ja | journal = Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine | volume = 54 | issue = 12 | pages = 3321–7 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8976113 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Knudsen2007>{{citation | vauthors = Knudsen BE, Beiko DT, Denstedt JD |title= ''Ch. 16: "Uric Acid Urolithiasis"'' |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Stoller|Meng|2007|pp= 299–308}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Lam2007>{{citation | vauthors = Lam JS, Gupta M |title= ''Ch. 25: "Ureteral Stents"'' |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Stoller|Meng|2007|pp= 465–83}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Liebman2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liebman M, Al-Wahsh IA | title = Probiotics and other key determinants of dietary oxalate absorption | journal = Advances in Nutrition | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 254–60 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 22332057 | pmc = 3090165 | doi = 10.3945/an.111.000414 | url = http://advances.nutrition.org/content/2/3/254.full.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116135506/http://advances.nutrition.org/content/2/3/254.full.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 16 January 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Lingeman2007>{{cite book | vauthors = Lingeman JE, Matlaga BR, Evan AP |year= 2007 |chapter= Surgical Management of Urinary Lithiasis |title= Campbell-Walsh Urology | veditors = Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA |location= Philadelphia |publisher= W. B. Saunders |pages= 1431–1507}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Macaluso1999>{{cite journal | vauthors = Macaluso JN | title = Management of stone disease--bearing the burden | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 156 | issue = 5 | pages = 1579–80 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8863542 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65452-1 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Marks2011>{{citation | vauthors = Marks AJ, Qiu J, Milner TE, Chan KF, Teichman JM |title= ''Ch. 26: "Laser Lithotripsy Physics"'' |date= 6 January 2011 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 978-1-84800-362-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlJy5XJOkSkC&pg=PA302 |access-date=6 November 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220110253/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlJy5XJOkSkC&pg=PA302}} in {{harvnb|Rao|Preminger|Kavanagh|2011|pp=301–310}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=McNutt1893>{{cite book| vauthors = McNutt WF |title=Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder: A Text-Book for Students of Medicine|chapter=Section IV: Diseases of the Bladder, Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)|pages=185–6|publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia|year=1893|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RP0oAAAAYAAJ&q=cystolithiasis+symptoms&pg=PA185|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030140/https://books.google.com/books?id=RP0oAAAAYAAJ&q=cystolithiasis+symptoms&pg=PA185|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Moe2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe OW | title = Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9507 | pages = 333–44 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16443041 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68071-9 | s2cid = 26581831 | url = http://emed.chris-barton.com/PDF/kidney%20stones%20pathophys%20and%20rx.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110815154001/http://emed.chris-barton.com/PDF/kidney%20stones%20pathophys%20and%20rx.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 15 August 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NAS2006>{{cite book|author=Committee on Fluoride in Drinking Water of the National Academy of Sciences|title=Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards|chapter=Chapter 9: Effects on the Renal System|pages=236–48|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|year=2006|isbn=978-0-309-65799-0|chapter-url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=268|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730220401/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=268|archive-date=30 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NDDIC2006>{{cite web|author=National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse|author-link=National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse|title=Crohn's Disease (NIH Publication No. 06–3410)|work=Digestive Diseases: A-Z List of Topics and Titles|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, United States Department of Health and Human Services|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2006|url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/crohns/|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609002323/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddISeases/pubs/crohns/|archive-date=9 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NIDDK2006>{{cite web|author=National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service|author-link=Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service|title=Hyperparathyroidism (NIH Publication No. 6–3425)|work=Information about Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases: A-Z list of Topics and Titles|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2006|url=http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/hyper/hyper.htm|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524101254/http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/hyper/hyper.htm|archive-date=24 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NIDDK2007>{{cite web|author=National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse|title=Kidney Stones in Adults (NIH Publication No. 08–2495)|work=Kidney & Urologic Diseases: A-Z list of Topics and Titles|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2007|url=http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/stonesadults/|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181803/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/stonesadults/|archive-date=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NIDDK20084696>{{cite web|author=National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service|title=Renal Tubular Acidosis (NIH Publication No. 09–4696)|work=Kidney & Urologic Diseases: A-Z list of Topics and Titles|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2008|url=http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/tubularacidosis/|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728025351/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/tubularacidosis/|archive-date=28 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=NIDDK20086235>{{cite web|author=National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse|title=Medullary Sponge Kidney (NIH Publication No. 08–6235)|work=Kidney & Urologic Diseases: A-Z list of Topics and Titles|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2008|url=http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/medullaryspongekidney/|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807163748/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/medullaryspongekidney/|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Parmar2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parmar MS | title = Kidney stones | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7453 | pages = 1420–4 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15191979 | pmc = 421787 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1420 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- not being used<br />
<ref name=Paterson2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paterson R, Fernandez A, Razvi H, Sutton R | title = Evaluation and medical management of the kidney stone patient | journal = Canadian Urological Association Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 375–9 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21191493 | pmc = 2997825 | doi = 10.5489/cuaj.10166 }}</ref>--><br />
<br />
<ref name=Pearle2007>{{cite book| veditors = Litwin MS, Saigal CS |title=Urologic Diseases in America (NIH Publication No. 07–5512)| vauthors = Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC |chapter=Ch. 8: Urolithiasis|pages=283–319|publisher=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]], [[National Institutes of Health]], [[United States Public Health Service]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|location=Bethesda, Maryland|year=2007|chapter-url=http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/Urologic_Diseases_in_America.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018023922/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/UDA/Urologic_Diseases_in_America.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Pietrow2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pietrow PK, Karellas ME | title = Medical management of common urinary calculi | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–94 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16848382 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0701/p86.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111123060406/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0701/p86.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 23 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Potts2004>{{cite book| veditors = Potts JM |title=Essential Urology: A Guide to Clinical Practice| url = https://archive.org/details/essentialurology0000unse | url-access = registration |edition=1st| vauthors = Lieske JC, Segura JW |chapter= Ch. 7: Evaluation and Medical Management of Kidney Stones|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essentialurology0000unse/page/117 117]–52|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, New Jersey|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58829-109-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Preminger2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Preminger GM, Tiselius HG, Assimos DG, Alken P, Buck C, Gallucci M, Knoll T, Lingeman JE, Nakada SY, Pearle MS, Sarica K, Türk C, Wolf JS | title = 2007 guideline for the management of ureteral calculi | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 178 | issue = 6 | pages = 2418–34 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17993340 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2007.09.107 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13>{{citation | vauthors = Reilly RF |title= ''Ch. 13: "Nephrolithiasis"'' |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Reilly|Perazella|2005|pp= 192–207}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Reilly2005Ch14>{{citation | vauthors = Perazella MA |title= ''Ch. 14: "Urinalysis"'' |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Reilly|Perazella|2005|pp=209–26}}.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Rosenberg1968>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenberg LE, Durant JL, Elsas LJ | title = Familial iminoglycinuria. An inborn error of renal tubular transport | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 278 | issue = 26 | pages = 1407–13 | date = June 1968 | pmid = 5652624 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM196806272782601 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Schlossberg2011>{{cite book|vauthors=Schlossberg D, Samuel R|title=Antibiotic Manual: A Guide to Commonly Used Antimicrobials|edition=1st|chapter=Sulfadiazine|pages=411–12|publisher=People's Medical Publishing House|location=Shelton, Connecticut|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60795-084-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCXn0xOVKNoC|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320092903/https://books.google.com/books?id=sCXn0xOVKNoC|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Shah2002>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shah J, Whitfield HN | title = Urolithiasis through the ages | journal = BJU International | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11972501 | doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02769.x | s2cid = 44311421 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Smith1999>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RC, Levine J, Rosenfeld AT | title = Helical CT of urinary tract stones. Epidemiology, origin, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 911–52, v | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10494278 | doi = 10.1016/S0033-8389(05)70138-X }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=SmithCentennial2000>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RC, Varanelli M | title = Diagnosis and management of acute ureterolithiasis: CT is truth | journal = AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology | volume = 175 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–6 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10882237 | doi = 10.2214/ajr.175.1.1750003 | s2cid = 73387308 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Taylor2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC | title = Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 3225–32 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15579526 | doi = 10.1097/01.ASN.0000146012.44570.20 | url = http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/15/12/3225.full.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 3 June 2011 | archive-date = 21 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921054542/http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/15/12/3225.full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Thakker2000>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thakker RV | title = Pathogenesis of Dent's disease and related syndromes of X-linked nephrolithiasis | journal = Kidney International | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 787–93 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10720930 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00916.x | url = http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v57/n3/pdf/4491399a.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105121823/http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v57/n3/pdf/4491399a.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 November 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Tiselius2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tiselius HG | title = Epidemiology and medical management of stone disease | journal = BJU International | volume = 91 | issue = 8 | pages = 758–67 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12709088 | doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04208.x | s2cid = 28256459 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Weaver2002>{{cite book |vauthors= Weaver SH, Jenkins P |year= 2002 |chapter= Ch. 14: Renal and Urological Care |title= Illustrated Manual of Nursing Practice |edition= 3rd |publisher= Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn= 978-1-58255-082-4 |chapter-url-access= registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedmanua0000unse }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Wolf2011b>{{EMedicine|article|437096|Nephrolithiasis|Overview}} § Background.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Wolf2011p>{{EMedicine|article|437096|Nephrolithiasis|Overview}} § Pathophysiology.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=Young2011>{{citation | vauthors = Young JG, Keeley FX |title= ''Ch. 38: "Indications for Surgical Removal, Including Asymptomatic Stones"''}} in {{harvnb|Rao|Preminger|Kavanagh|2011|pp=441–454}}.</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book|veditors=Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del HB|author=Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|year=2011|isbn=978-0-309-16394-1|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13050|ref={{Harvid|Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium|2011}}|doi=10.17226/13050|pmid=21796828|s2cid=58721779 |access-date=21 June 2011|archive-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909000908/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13050|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book|veditors=Rao PN, Preminger GM, Kavanagh JP|title=Urinary Tract Stone Disease|edition=1st |publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=London|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84800-361-3|doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-362-0_26}}<br />
* {{cite book|veditors=Reilly RF, Perazella MA|title=Nephrology in 30 Days|edition=1st|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-0-07-143701-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBGhK_1L6rAC&pg=PA195|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030630/https://books.google.com/books?id=tBGhK_1L6rAC&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book|veditors=Stoller ML, Meng MV|title=Urinary stone disease: the practical guide to medical and surgical management|edition=1st|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, New Jersey|year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59259-972-1}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Genitourinary_Disorders/Kidney/Stones/}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193247/http://patients.uroweb.org/i-am-a-urology-patient/kidney-and-ureteral-stones/ Information from the European Urological Association]<br />
* [https://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/kidney-stone-book/ Kidney Stone Guide Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803210414/https://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/kidney-stone-book/ |date=3 August 2020 }} – [[University of Chicago]] Kidney Stone Program<br />
{{Medical condition classification and resources<br />
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|20|0|n|20}} – {{ICD10|N|20|9|n|20}}<br />
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|592.0}} – {{ICD9|594.9}}<br />
| DiseasesDB = 11346<br />
| MedlinePlus = 000458<br />
|OMIM=167030<br />
| eMedicineSubj = med<br />
| eMedicineTopic = 1600<br />
| MeshID = D052878<br />
}}<br />
{{Urinary tract disease}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Urological conditions]]<br />
[[Category:Acute pain]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punycode&diff=1127573677Punycode2022-12-15T13:45:14Z<p>Leokennis: Replaced -> with →, added "." to the abbreviation eg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Encoding for Unicode domain names}}<br />
'''Punycode''' is a representation of Unicode with the limited [[ASCII]] character subset used for Internet [[hostname]]s. Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the letter–digit–hyphen (LDH) subset. For example, ''München'' ([[German language|German]] name for [[Munich]]) is encoded as ''Mnchen-3ya''.<br />
<br />
While the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) technically supports arbitrary sequences of octets in domain name labels, the DNS standards recommend the use of the LDH subset of ASCII conventionally used for host names, and require that string comparisons between DNS domain names should be case-insensitive. The Punycode syntax is a method of encoding strings containing Unicode characters, such as [[internationalized domain name]]s (IDNA), into the LDH subset of ASCII favored by DNS. It is specified in [[IETF]] [[Request for Comments]] 3492.<ref name="rfc3492">RFC [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3492 3492], ''Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)'', A. Costello, The Internet Society (March 2003)</ref><br />
<br />
==Encoding procedure==<br />
As stated in RFC 3492, "Punycode is an instance of a more general algorithm called ''Bootstring'', which allows strings composed from a small set of 'basic' code points to uniquely represent any string of code points drawn from a larger set." Punycode defines parameters for the general Bootstring algorithm to match the characteristics of Unicode text. This section demonstrates the procedure for Punycode encoding, using the example of the string "bücher" (''Bücher'' is [[German language|German]] for ''books''), which is translated into the label "bcher-kva".<br />
<br />
===Separation of ASCII characters===<br />
First, all [[ASCII]] characters in the string are copied from input to output, skipping over any other characters. For example, "bücher" is copied to "bcher". If any characters were copied, i.e. if there was at least one ASCII character in the input,<!-- This is correct according to RFC. If there are no ASCII characters then there is no leading dash! This is dealt with by the "xn--" prefix, described later, which is not part of Punycode.--> an ASCII hyphen is appended to the output (e.g., "bücher" → "bcher-", but "ü" → "").<br />
<br />
Note that hyphens are themselves ASCII characters. Thus, they can be present in the input and, if so, they will be copied to the output. This causes no ambiguity: if the output contains hyphens, the one that got added is always the last one. It marks the end of the ASCII characters.<br />
<br />
===Encoding the non-ASCII characters===<br />
For each non-ASCII character in the input, the encoder calculates two numbers:<br />
<br />
* ''i'' = the 0-indexed position of the non-ASCII character in the input string (i.e. "0" means that the non-ASCII character is the input string's first character).<br />
* ''n'' = the numeric code point, in Unicode, of the non-ASCII character, minus 127 (= the end of ASCII).<br />
<br />
The encoder then calculates i*n, and encodes the resulting number into a sequence of base-36 digits. It renders those in ASCII, and appends the result to the output string.<br />
<br />
The ASCII rendering is: 0 → 'a', ..., 25 → 'z', 26 → '0', ..., 35 → '9', with the number's digits arranged in [[Endianness|little-endian]] order.<br />
<br />
The base-36 encoding process is more complex. It outputs [[Numeral_system#Generalized_variable-length_integers|variable-length integers]]. These have the property that each number's most significant digit (e.g. the digit "1" in the number "123") is recognizable without context. Thus, the digits from multiple numbers can be concatenated, with nothing separating them, yet the original numbers can still be recognized and extracted.<br />
<br />
===ACE prefix for internationalized domain names===<br />
{{main|Internationalized domain name}}<br />
<br />
To prevent hyphens in non-international domain names from triggering a Punycode decoding, the string <code>xn--</code> is prepended to Punycode sequences in internationalized domain names. This is called ACE (ASCII Compatible Encoding).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atm.tut.fi/list-archive/ietf-announce/msg13572.html |title=Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix |author=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |author-link=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |website=www.atm.tut.fi |date=2003-02-14 |access-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427154004/http://www.atm.tut.fi/list-archive/ietf-announce/msg13572.html |archive-date=2010-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Thus the domain name "bücher.tld" would be represented in ASCII as "xn--bcher-kva.tld".<br />
<br />
===The decoder===<br />
The decoder is a [[finite-state machine]] with two state variables ''i'' and ''n''.<br />
<br />
''i'' is an index into the string, ranging from zero (representing a potential insertion at the start) to the current length of the extended string (representing a potential insertion at the end). ''i'' starts at zero.<br />
<br />
''n'' starts at 128 (the first non-ASCII code point).<br />
<br />
The state progression is a [[monotonic function]]. A state transition either increments ''i'' or, if ''i'' is at its maximum, resets ''i'' to zero and increments ''n''. At the next state transition, we resume incrementing ''i''. At each state, the code point denoted by ''n'' either gets inserted or not.<br />
<br />
The numbers generated by the encoder represent how many possibilities to skip before an insertion is made.<br />
<br />
There are six possible places to insert a character in the string "bcher" (including before the first character and after the last one). There are 124 code points between the last ASCII code point (127 = 0x7F, the end of ASCII) and "ü" (code point 252 = 0xFC, see Unicode's [[Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)|Latin-1 Supplement]]). There is one insertion position for the "ü" that must be skipped (position zero: before the 'b').<br />
<br />
Thus, the decoder will skip a total of (6 × 124) + 1 = 745 possible insertions before reaching the required one. Once the character is inserted, there are now seven possible places to insert another character.<br />
<br />
===Re-encoding of code numbers as ASCII sequences===<br />
Punycode uses [[Numeral system#Generalized variable-length integers|generalized variable-length integers]] to represent these values. For example, this is how "kva" is used to represent the code number 745:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
A number system with [[Endianness#Detailed description|little-endian ordering]] is used which allows variable-length codes without separate delimiters: a digit lower than a threshold value marks that it is the most-significant digit, hence the end of the number. The threshold value depends on the position in the number and also on previous insertions, to increase efficiency. Correspondingly the weights of the digits vary.<br />
<br />
In this case a number system with 36 symbols is used, with the [[case sensitivity|case-insensitive]] 'a' through 'z' equal to the decimal numbers 0 through 25, and '0' through '9' equal to the decimal numbers 26 through 35. Thus "kva", corresponds to the decimal number string "10 21 0".<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
To decode this string of symbols, a sequence of thresholds will be needed, in this case it's (1, 1, 26, 26, ...).<ref>This is true for the first encoded character (or, in terms of RFC 3492, the first "delta"): see RFC 3492, Sec. 6.</ref> The weight (or [[place value]]) of the least-significant digit is always 1: 'k' (=10) with a weight of 1 equals 10. After this, the weight of the next digit depends on the first threshold: generally, for any ''n'', the weight of the (''n''+1)-th digit is the weight of the previous one times (36 − threshold of the ''n''-th digit). So the second symbol has a place value of 36 minus the previous threshold value, in this case, 35. Therefore, the sum of the first two symbols 'k' (=10) and 'v' (=21) is 10 × 1 + 21 × 35. Since the second symbol is not less than its threshold value of 1, there is more to come. However, since the third symbol in this example is 'a' (=0), we may ignore calculating its weight. Therefore, "kva" represents the decimal number (10 × 1) + (21 × 35) = 745.<br />
The thresholds themselves are determined for each successive encoded character by an algorithm keeping them between 1 and 26 inclusive.<ref>RFC 3492, Secs. 3.4, 5.</ref> The case can then be used to provide information about the original case of the string.<ref>RFC 3492, App. A.</ref><br />
Because special characters are sorted by their code points by encoding algorithm, for the insertion of a second special character in "bücher", the first possibility is "büücher" with code "bcher-kvaa", the second "bücüher" with code "bcher-kvab", etc. After "bücherü" with code "bcher-kvae" comes codes representing insertion of ý, the Unicode character following ü, starting with "ýbücher" with code "bcher-kvaf" (different from "übücher" coded "bcher-jvab"), etc.<br />
<br />
To make the encoding and decoding algorithms simple, no attempt has been made to prevent some encoded values from encoding inadmissible Unicode values: however, these should be checked for and detected during decoding.<br />
<br />
Punycode is designed to work across all scripts, and to be self-optimizing by attempting to adapt to the character set ranges within the string as it operates. It is optimized for the case where the string is composed of zero or more ASCII characters and in addition characters from only one other script system, but will cope with any arbitrary Unicode string. Note that for DNS use, the domain name string is assumed to have been normalized using [[nameprep]] and (for [[top-level domain]]s) filtered against an officially registered language table before being punycoded, and that the DNS protocol sets limits on the acceptable lengths of the output Punycode string.<br />
<br />
== Examples ==<br />
The following table shows examples of Punycode encodings for different types of input.<ref>The Punycode in this table was created using the builtin codec "punycode" of the [[Python (programming language)|Python programming language]] version 3.8 (<code>s.encode("punycode")</code>). See [[Talk:Punycode#More examples are needed, especially pure ASCII examples and corner cases|talk page]].</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Input !! Punycode of input !! Description of input<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|}} || {{tt|}} || The empty string.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|a}} || {{tt|a-}} || Only [[ASCII]] characters, one, lowercase.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|A}} || {{tt|A-}} || Only ASCII characters, one, uppercase.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|3}} || {{tt|3-}} || Only ASCII characters, one, a digit.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|-}} || {{tt|--}} || Only ASCII characters, one, a hyphen.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|--}} || {{tt|---}} || Only ASCII characters, two hyphens.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|London}} || {{tt|London-}} || Only ASCII characters, more than one, no hyphens.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|Lloyd-Atkinson}} || {{tt|Lloyd-Atkinson-}} || Only ASCII characters, one hyphen.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|This has spaces}} || {{tt|This has spaces-}} || Only ASCII characters, with spaces.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|-> $1.00 <-}} || {{tt|-> $1.00 <--}} || Only ASCII characters, mixed symbols.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|а}} || {{tt|80a}} || No ASCII characters, one [[A (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic character]].<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|ü}} || {{tt|tda}} || No ASCII characters, one [[Latin-1 Supplement]] [[Ü|character]].<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|α}} || {{tt|mxa}} || No ASCII characters, one [[Alpha|Greek character]].<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|例}} || {{tt|fsq}} || No ASCII characters, one [[CJK characters|CJK]] character.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|😉}} || {{tt|n28h}} || No ASCII characters, one [[emoji]] character.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|αβγ}} || {{tt|mxacd}} || No ASCII characters, more than one character.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|München}} || {{tt|Mnchen-3ya}} || Mixed string, with one character that is not an ASCII character.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|Mnchen-3ya}} || {{tt|Mnchen-3ya-}} || Double-encoded Punycode of "München".<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|München-Ost}} || {{tt|Mnchen-Ost-9db}} || Mixed string, with one character that is not ASCII, and a hyphen.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|{{nowrap|Bahnhof München-Ost}}}} || {{tt|Bahnhof Mnchen-Ost-u6b}} || Mixed string, with one space, one hyphen, and one character that is not ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|abæcdöef}} || {{tt|abcdef-qua4k}} || Mixed string, two non-ASCII characters.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|правда}} || {{tt|80aafi6cg}} || [[Russian language|Russian]], without ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|ยจฆฟคฏข}} || {{tt|22cdfh1b8fsa}} || [[Thai language|Thai]], without ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|도메인}} || {{tt|hq1bm8jm9l}} || [[Korean language|Korean]], without ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|ドメイン名例}} || {{tt|eckwd4c7cu47r2wf}} || [[Japanese language|Japanese]], without ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|MajiでKoiする5秒前}} || {{tt|{{nowrap|MajiKoi5-783gue6qz075azm5e}}}} || Japanese with ASCII.<br />
|-<br />
| {{tt|「bücher」}} || {{tt|bcher-kva8445foa}} || Mixed non-ASCII scripts (Latin-1 Supplement and CJK).<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Emoji domain]]<br />
* [[UTF-5]]<br />
* [[UTF-6]]<br />
* [[Website spoofing]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3492.txt IETF Punycode standard]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082116/http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/idnbrowser ICU IDNA Demonstration] An online demonstration of how [[International Components for Unicode|ICU]] performs IDN operations<br />
* [https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/tld-idn-policy-list.html List of TLDs considered by the Mozilla developers to have an effective anti-spoofing policy for name registration]<br />
* [http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2006/07/31/684337.aspx IDN and Punycode in IE7]<br />
* [https://www.charset.org/punycode.php Simple Punycode converter]<br />
* [https://mothereff.in/punycode Online on-the-fly Punycode converter based on the Punycode.js JavaScript library]<br />
* [https://cryptii.com/pipes/bootstring Online modular converter offering Punycode and Bootstring]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Unicode Transformation Formats]]<br />
[[Category:Internationalized domain names]]</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_It%27s_Lovin%27_that_You_Want&diff=1120298075If It's Lovin' that You Want2022-11-06T07:52:59Z<p>Leokennis: minor spelling correction</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2005 single by Rihanna}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = If It's Lovin' That You Want<br />
| cover = If It's Lovin' All That You Want.png<br />
| alt =<br />
| border = yes<br />
| type = single<br />
| artist = [[Rihanna]]<br />
| album = [[Music of the Sun]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2005|08|16}}<br />
| recorded = 2005<br />
| studio = Bassmint, The Loft ([[Bronxville]], New York)<br />
| genre = [[Reggae]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=28}}<br />
| label =<br />
* [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]<br />
* SRP<br />
| writer =<br />
* Samuel Barnes<br />
* [[Scott La Rock]]<br />
* [[Makeba Riddick]]<br />
* Jean-Claude Oliver<br />
* [[KRS-One|Lawrence Parker]]<br />
| producer = [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Pon de Replay]]<br />
| prev_year = 2005<br />
| next_title = [[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]<br />
| next_year = 2006<br />
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|hD5MRBzY1uM|"If It's Lovin' That You Want"}}}}<br />
}}<br />
"'''If It's Lovin' That You Want'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]] from her debut studio album, ''[[Music of the Sun]]'' (2005). It was written by Samuel Barnes, [[Scott La Rock]], [[Makeba Riddick]], Jean-Claude Oliver, [[KRS-One|Lawrence Parker]], and produced by [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone]]. It was released on August 16, 2005, as the second and final single from the album. The lyrics revolve around "basically telling a guy, 'If it's lovin' that you want, you should make me your girl because I've got what you need".<ref name="MTVNews1"/><br />
<br />
The song received mixed reviews from [[Music journalism|music critics]], many of whom praised and criticised Rihanna's vocal performance; its composition was also complimented. "If It's Lovin' that You Want" achieved moderate success around the world, reaching the top forty in few European countries, while reaching the top ten in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. In the United States, the song failed to match the commercial success of Rihanna's previous single, "[[Pon de Replay]]", peaking at number 36 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart. It managed, however, to reach number nine on the [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Pop Songs]] chart. The song's accompanying [[music video]], directed by [[Marcus Raboy]], was shot on a beach in California, and features the singer enjoying several activities, such as dancing and riding [[jet ski]]s with her friends.<br />
<br />
==Background and composition==<br />
{{listen<br />
| filename = Rihanna - If It's Lovin' That You Want.ogg<br />
| title = Rihanna — "If It's Lovin' that You Want"<br />
| description = A 20 second sample of "If It's Lovin' that You Want", of which critics both praised Rihanna's vocal range<ref name="TheHindu"/> but also criticized the singer for sounding "too light" and "thin".<ref name="About.com"/><br />
|pos = left<br />
| format = [[Ogg]]<br />
}}<br />
Following the release and commercial success of "[[Pon de Replay]]", the lead single from ''Music of the Sun'' and Rihanna's debut in the music industry, "If It's Lovin' that You Want" was released as the second single from the album.<ref name="iTunesAU">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want/id99775989|title=If It's Lovin' That You Want – Single|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (AU)|date=December 2, 2005|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228081039/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want/id99775989|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with [[MTV News]], Rihanna explained the lyrical meaning behind the song, saying "The song is basically telling a guy, 'If it's lovin' that you want, you should make me your girl because I've got what you need".<ref name="MTVNews1">{{cite news|author=Brandee J. Tecson and Yasmine Richard|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508016/20050819/rihanna.jhtml|title=Rihanna Insists She's Got What You Need In 'Pon De Replay' Follow-Up|publisher=[[MTV News]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]|date=August 19, 2005|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=March 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306212203/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508016/20050819/rihanna.jhtml|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Musically, is a [[reggae]] song with [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] influence, reinforcing Rihanna's "tropical reggae signature".<ref name="CJ 52">{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rihanna+%22If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want%22&pg=PA52|title=Singles|author=CJ|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 27, 2005|access-date=October 2, 2011|page=52|issn=0006-2510|volume=117|issue=35|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106235911/https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rihanna+%22If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want%22&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com, "If It's Lovin' that You Want" is written in the key of [[A-flat major]] and is set in [[common time]] with a moderate dance [[Tempo|groove]] with a metronome of 98 [[Tempo|beats per minute]].<ref name="Musicnotes">{{cite web|title=If It's Lovin' that You Want – Rihanna Digital Music Sheet|url=https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0055411|publisher=Musicnotes.com|id=MN0055411 (Product Number)|year=2005}}</ref> Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of [[F (musical note)|F]]<sub>3</sub> to the high note of [[G (musical note)|G]]<sub>5</sub>.<ref name="Musicnotes"/> A sequel to the song titled "If It's Lovin' That You Want – Part 2", which features [[Rapping|rap]] vocals by [[Cory Gunz]], was included as a bonus track on Rihanna's [[Album|sophomore album]], ''[[A Girl Like Me (Rihanna album)|A Girl Like Me]]'' (2006).<ref name="AllMusicPt2">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-pt-2-r1003110|title=If It's Lovin' That You Want Pt. 2|publisher=[[Allmusic]], [[Rovi Corporation]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=March 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311174246/http://www.allmusic.com/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-pt-2-mw0000436743|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was written by Samuel Barnes, [[Scott LaRock]], [[Makeba Riddick]], Jean-Claude Oliver, [[KRS-One|Lawrence Parker]]<ref name="AllMusicCredits">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-r790582|title=If It's Lovin' That You Want|publisher=Allmusic, Rovi Corporation|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=December 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229110348/http://www.allmusic.com/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-r790582|url-status=live}}</ref> and was produced by the latter two under their production name, [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone of Trackmasters]]." "If It's Lovin' that You Want" contains interpolations from the composition "[[The Bridge Is Over]]", as performed by [[Boogie Down Productions]], and written by [[Scott La Rock]] and [[KRS-One|Lawrence Parker]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The song was met with generally mixed reviews from music critics, who both praised and criticised Rihanna's vocal performance. Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] wrote that although the singer provides "simple, pleasant vocals", her voice sounds "too light" and "thin".<ref name="About.com">{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Bill|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/rihannalovin.htm|title=Rihanna – If It's Lovin' That You Want (Def Jam)|publisher=[[About.com]], [[The New York Times Company]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=November 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118161116/http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/rihannalovin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Lamb continued to comment about the song, writing that although the song is "pleasurable" and "summery" to listen to and is not "offensive", it fails to re-capture the "killer hook of 'Pon de Replay{{'}}".<ref name="About.com"/> However, A. Vishnu of ''[[The Hindu]]'' had contrasting opinions with regard to Rihanna's vocal performance, writing the song further "exposes her versatility and vocal range".<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|last=Vishnu|first=A|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/12/stories/2006011201300200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043128/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/12/stories/2006011201300200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2013|title=Of sun, sea 'n' sand|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=January 12, 2006|access-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> A reviewer for ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' praised the song's composition and [[Tempo|beat]], writing "[{{'}}If It's Lovin' that You Want'] reinforces Rihanna's tropical reggae signature with an itchy hook that, albeit monotonous, cannot miss."<ref name="CJ 52"/> A reviewer of Take40 and Kelefa Sanneh of ''[[The New York Times]]'' were brief in their reviews of "If It's Lovin' that You Want", with the former writing that the song is more "low-key" compared to Rihanna's previous release, "Pon de Replay",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.take40.com/artists/357/rihanna/news/8596/rihanna%27s-rocking-her-roots|title=Rihanna's Rocking Her Roots|publisher=Take40|date=February 26, 2006|access-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203122430/http://www.take40.com/artists/357/rihanna/news/8596/rihanna%27s-rocking-her-roots|archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> and the latter simply writing that it is a "pretty good" song.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/arts/critics-choice-new-cds.html|title=Critic's Choice: New CDs|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 5, 2005|access-date=October 23, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027102346/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/arts/critics-choice-new-cds.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
"If It's Lovin' that You Want" peaked at number 36 on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], failing to match the commercial success of Rihanna's previous single, "Pon de Replay", only peaking within the top ten of three national charts. In Australia, the song debuted and peaked on the [[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]] at number 9 on February 6, 2006.<ref name="AustralianCharts">{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917084012/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna|url-status=live}}</ref> The song fell one position the following week to number ten, but managed to peak at number 9 again in its third week.<ref name="AustralianCharts"/> In total, the song spent two non-consecutive weeks at number 9 and fourteen weeks on the chart.<ref name="AustralianCharts"/> In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 12 on the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]] on December 19, 2005.<ref name="NZCharts">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=April 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423165701/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> During "If It's Lovin' that You Want"{{'}}s first four weeks of charting, it fluctuated in the top twenty, but managed to peak at number 9 in its fifth week for one week.<ref name="NZCharts"/> In total, the song spent 12 weeks on the chart.<ref name="NZCharts"/><br />
<br />
In Europe, "If It's Lovin' that You Want" debuted on the [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]] at number 40 on December 16, 2005.<ref name="AustrianCharts">{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|language=de|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618193900/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna|url-status=live}}</ref> During the song's first five weeks on the chart, it struggled to stay inside the top forty, but in its sixth week, managed to peak at number 31 for one week, and spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart.<ref name="AustrianCharts"/> In Switzerland, the song debuted at number 25 on December 18, 2005, and peaked at number 19.<ref name="SwissCharts">{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Swiss Music Charts]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|language=de|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005900/http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna|url-status=live}}</ref> The song spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart.<ref name="SwissCharts"/> In The Netherlands, the song debuted at number 76 on February 4, 2006, and peaked at number 13 the following week.<ref name="DutchCharts">{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|language=nl|archive-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102306/http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> The song spent a total of 7 weeks on the chart.<ref name="DutchCharts"/> In the Flanders region of Belgium, the song debuted at number 50 December 31, 2005, but dropped out of the chart the following week,<ref name="FlandersCharts">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/22b52/Rihanna-If-It's-Lovin'-That-You-Want|title=Rihanna – It It's Lovin' that You Want – Song|publisher=[[Ultratop 50]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|language=nl|archive-date=December 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208142452/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=If+It%27s+Lovin%27+That+You+Want&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> but re-entered the chart at number 38 on January 21, 2006, and peaked at number 25 the following week.<ref name="FlandersCharts"/> The song spent a total of 10 weeks on the chart.<ref name="FlandersCharts"/> In the United Kingdom, the song debuted and peaked on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number 11 on December 10, 2005, and dropped out of the Official UK Top 40 after five weeks on the chart.<ref name="UKSinglesChart">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20051204/7501/|title=10th December 2005|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=December 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211114145/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20051204/7501/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20060101/7501/|title=7th January 2006|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725202137/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20060101/7501/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
[[File:Screen shot from “If It's Lovin' That You Want” (music video).jpg|thumb|right|In music video still, [[Rihanna]] lays on a beach.]]<br />
The [[music video]] for the song was shot on a stretch of beach on the coast of [[California]] in [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] and directed by [[Marcus Raboy]].<ref name="MTVNews1"/> In an interview with MTV News, Rihanna spoke about the development of the shoot for the video, saying "The water was so cold&nbsp;... but oh my gosh, we had so much fun&nbsp;... We were bumping each other off the Jet Skis and just had a ball".<ref name="MTVNews1"/> During the interview, the singer elaborated further upon the content of the video and the meaning behind it, saying "This video is about having fun, giving off the vibe of the Caribbean&nbsp;... we did some mermaid-looking stuff down on the sand&nbsp;...and I'm just [performing] to the camera as if it were my boyfriend. Now we're going to do [some scenes with] the Tiki torches. It's going to be incredible".<ref name="MTVNews1"/> The dance routines in the video were [[Choreography|choreographed]] by noted choreographer [[Fatima Robinson]].<ref name="MTVNews1"/><br />
<br />
The video begins with scenes of Rihanna dancing and walking along the beach and riding [[jet ski]]{{'}}s with her friends during the first chorus and continues into the first verse.<ref name="MTVNews1"/> Halfway through the first verse, a new scene of the singer is introduced, where she is dancing on a platform with four other female dancers, wearing a "short, flowing white skirt and a cropped tee",<ref name="MTVNews1"/> with the ocean as the backdrop behind her. During the second chorus, the previous scenes are intercut with each other, and continue into the second verse, where a new scene of the singer wearing a different outfit and lying on the beach, whilst also choreographing with some male extras. For the third chorus, which is repeated twice, another new scene of Rihanna is shown with four other female dancers who [[belly dance]] in the middle of a [[Tiki culture|Tiki torch]] circle during the night.<ref name="MTVNews1"/><br />
<br />
==Track listing==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
* '''Digital download'''<ref name="NorwayiTunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/no/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want/id101833312|title=If It's Lovin' That You Want – Single|publisher=iTunes Store (NO)|date=December 2, 2005|access-date=October 1, 2011|language=no|archive-date=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105051930/https://itunes.apple.com/no/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want/id101833312|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" – 3:50<br />
<br />
* '''CD single'''<ref name="Amazon">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Its-Lovin-That-Want-Pt-1/dp/B000CBLPFQ/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1334201613&sr=8-4|title=Amazon.com: If It's Lovin That You Want Pt.1: Rihanna: Music|website=Amazon|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210051532/http://www.amazon.com/Its-Lovin-That-Want-Pt-1/dp/B000CBLPFQ/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1334201613&sr=8-4|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" <small>(Album Version)</small> – 3:28<br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" <small>(Instrumental)</small> – 3:20<br />
# "Pon de Replay" <small>(Pon de Club Play)</small> – 7:32<br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" <small>(Video)</small> – 3:36<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
*'''Digital EP'''<ref name="IrishiTunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-ep/id98186936|title=If It's Lovin' That You Want – Single|publisher=iTunes Store (IE)|date=December 2, 2005|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080718/https://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/if-its-lovin-that-you-want-ep/id98186936|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" – 3:27<br />
# "If It's Lovin' That You Want" <small>(Instrumental)</small> – 3:20<br />
# "Pon de Replay" <small>(Pon de Club Play)</small> – 7:32<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Charts==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
===Weekly charts===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ Weekly chart performance for "If It's Lovin' that You Want"<br />
! scope="col"| Chart (2005–2006)<br />
! scope="col"| Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Australia|9|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Australiaurban|3|url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060219130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060220-0000/issue832.pdf|urltitle=Issue 832|access-date=November 12, 2021}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Austria|31|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Flanders|25|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Wallonia Tip|2|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Canada CHR/Pop Top 30 (''[[Radio & Records]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2006/RR-2006-01-20.pdf|title=R&R Canada CHR/Pop Top 30|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|issue=1641|page=32|date=January 20, 2006|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131619/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2006/RR-2006-01-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"|5<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|CIS|266|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' that You Want|songid=4105|access-date=April 17, 2021|refname="cis"}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Billboardeuropeanhot100|35|artist=Rihanna|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Germany|25|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|songid=142162|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Ireland2|8|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=January 20, 2020}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Italy|22|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Dutch40|17|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=June 24, 2018}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Dutch100|13|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|New Zealand|9|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Romania ([[Romanian Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html|title=Romanian Top 100: July 10, 2006|date=July 10, 2006|access-date=August 2, 2013|publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717022226/http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html|archive-date=July 17, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"|18<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Scotland|13|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|date=20051204|access-date=June 24, 2018}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Switzerland|19|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|UKsinglesbyname|11|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|artistid=12203|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|UKrandb|3|artist=Rihanna|song=If It's Lovin' That You Want|date=20051204|access-date=June 24, 2018}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Billboardhot100|36|artist=Rihanna|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|99|artist=Rihanna|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|9|artist=Rihanna|access-date=October 1, 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"{{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|25|artist=Rihanna|access-date=June 16, 2018}}<br />
|}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
===Year-end charts===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ 2005 year-end chart performance for "If It's Lovin' that You Want"<br />
! Chart (2005)<br />
! Position<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf|title=The Official UK Singles Chart 2005|work=[[UKChartsPlus]]|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417214700/http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2006.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|201<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ 2006 year-end chart performance for "If It's Lovin' that You Want"<br />
! Chart (2006)<br />
! Position<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2006/singles-chart|title=ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2006|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=March 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305110624/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ARIACharts-EndofYearCharts-Top100Singles2006.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|64<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Australian Urban (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanSingles2006.htm|title= ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Singles 2006|publisher=ARIA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415010756/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/UrbanSingles2006.htm|archive-date=April 15, 2020|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><br />
|18<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Romania (Romanian Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|title=Romanian Top 100 – Top of the Year 2006|url=http://www.rt100.ro:80/romanian-top-100-2006.html|access-date=January 12, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212090641/http://www.rt100.ro/romanian-top-100-2006.html|archive-date=February 12, 2007}}</ref><br />
|69<br />
|}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Certifications==<br />
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications and sales for "If It's Lovin' that You Want"}}<br />
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Rihanna|title=If It's Lovin' that You Want|award=Gold|relyear=2005|certyear=2015}}<br />
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}<br />
<br />
==Release history==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ Release dates and formats for "If It's Lovin' that You Want"<br />
! Region<br />
! Date<br />
! Format(s)<br />
! Label(s)<br />
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| United States<br />
| August 16, 2005<br />
| [[Twelve-inch single|12-inch vinyl]]<br />
| rowspan="4"| {{hlist|[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]|[[Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers|SRP]]}}<br />
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.amazon.com/Its-Lovin-That-Want-Vinyl/dp/B000ACZZCQ|title = If It's Lovin' That You Want|website = Amazon|access-date = December 16, 2020|archive-date = March 6, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306005413/http://www.amazon.com/Its-Lovin-That-Want-Vinyl/dp/B000ACZZCQ|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| August 30, 2005<br />
| [[Rhythmic contemporary radio]]<br />
| align="center"| <ref name="fmqb">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031190339/http://fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| September 13, 2005<br />
| [[Urban contemporary radio]]<br />
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=09/13/2005&Format=5 |title=®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: Urban |publisher=Gfa.radioandrecords.com |date=September 13, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063135/http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=09%2F13%2F2005&Format=5 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| September 20, 2005<br />
| [[Contemporary hit radio]]<br />
| align="center"| <ref name="fmqb"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| United Kingdom<br />
| November 28, 2005<br />
| [[CD single|CD]]<br />
| [[Mercury Records|Mercury]]<br />
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=25|date=November 26, 2005}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Germany<br />
| December 2, 2005<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Maxi single|Maxi CD]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Universal Music]]<br />
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.de/Its-Lovin-That-Want-2-Track/dp/B000CBLPGA |title=If It's Lovin' That You Want (2-Track): Amazon.de: Musik |website=Amazon Germany |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809035806/https://www.amazon.de/ItS-Lovin-That-Want-2-Track/dp/B000CBLPGA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.de/Its-Lovin-That-You-Want/dp/B000CBLPFQ |title=If It's Lovin' That You Want: Amazon.de: Musik |website=Amazon Germany |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731233120/https://www.amazon.de/Its-Lovin-That-You-Want/dp/B000CBLPFQ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Australia<br />
| January 23, 2006<br />
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue829.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060219130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060220-0000/issue829.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 19, 2006|work=The ARIA Report|issue=829|title=New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 23rd January 2006|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|page=28|date=January 23, 2006|access-date=November 12, 2021|via=[[Pandora archive]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rihanna songs}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 singles]]<br />
[[Category:Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy]]<br />
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]<br />
[[Category:2005 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Reggae fusion songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Makeba Riddick]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Jean-Claude Olivier]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Samuel Barnes (songwriter)]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by KRS-One]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Scott La Rock]]</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=1043095478User:Leokennis/common.css2021-09-08T09:23:22Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Make changes in the global style so it applies to all Wikipedias:<br />
<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=1043078500User:Leokennis/common.css2021-09-08T07:03:20Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Also change the global style:<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
/*<br />
#toc-mobile,<br />
#toc-collapsible-block-0 {<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#mw-content-text {<br />
max-width: 65ch;<br />
}<br />
<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peleliu&diff=1029869539Battle of Peleliu2021-06-22T14:24:14Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|World War II battle in the Pacific theatre}}<br />
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
|conflict=Battle of Peleliu<br />
|partof=the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign]] of the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] ([[World War II]])<br />
|image=First wave of LVTs moves toward the invasion beaches - Peleliu.jpg<br />
|image_size=300<br />
|map_type=Palau#Asia#Pacific Ocean<br />
|map_relief=1<br />
|caption=The first wave of U.S. Marines in [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT]]s during the invasion of Peleliu on September 15, 1944<br />
|date=September 15 – November 27, 1944<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=1944|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1944}})<br />
|place=[[Peleliu]], [[Palau Islands]]<br />
|coordinates={{coord|7|00|N|134|15|E|region:PW_type:event|display=inline,title}}<br />
|result=American victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1912}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}<br />
|commander1=[[William H. Rupertus]]<br />[[Paul J. Mueller]]<br />[[Roy S. Geiger]]<br />[[Herman H. Hanneken]]<br />[[Harold D. Harris]]<br />[[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. Puller]]<br />
|commander2=[[Kunio Nakagawa]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Sadae Inoue]]<br />
|units1=[[III Amphibious Corps (United States)|III Amphibious Corps]]<br />
*[[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]]<br />
*[[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]]<br />
''Additional support units''<br />
|units2=Peleliu garrison<br />
*[[14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|14th Infantry Division]]<br />
*49th Mixed Brigade<br />
*45th Guard Force<br />
*46th Base Force<br />
<br />
''Additional support units''<br />
|strength1=47,561<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|36}}<br />
|strength2=10,900<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|37}}<br />17 [[Type 95 Light Tank|tanks]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Taki |url=http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history.htm |title=The History of Batlles of Imperial Japanese Tanks |access-date=March 4, 2018 |work=[[Plala]] |language=ja}}</ref><br />
|casualties1='''7,919'''<br />1,460 killed<ref name = Eggenberger422>Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. {{ISBN|9780486142012}}</ref>{{rp|327}}<br />
|casualties2='''14,000'''<ref name = Eggenberger422>Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. {{ISBN|9780486142012}}</ref>{{rp|327}}(including losses in the surrounding islands)<br />13,600 killed<br />400 captured<br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Marianas and Palaus}}<br />
The '''Battle of Peleliu''', codenamed '''Operation Stalemate II''' by the [[United States]] military, was fought between the U.S. and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] during the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Mariana and Palau Campaign]] of [[World War II]], from September 15 to November 27, 1944, on the island of [[Peleliu]].<br />
<br />
U.S. Marines of the [[1st Marine Division]], and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's [[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]], fought to capture an [[airstrip]] on the small [[coral]] island of Peleliu. This battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as [[Operation Forager]], which ran from June to November 1944, in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]].<br />
<br />
[[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[William Rupertus]], commander of the 1st Marine Division, predicted the island would be secured within four days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Peleliu Facts |url=http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-peleliu-facts.html |work=World War 2 Facts |access-date=January 14, 2014 |last=Dean |first=Mack |date=May 9, 2014}}</ref> However, after repeated [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Army]] defeats in previous island campaigns, Japan had developed new island-defense tactics and well-crafted fortifications that allowed stiff resistance,<ref>{{cite video |title=Third Army blasts Nazi Strongholds |date=November 2, 1944 |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-11-02_3rd_Army_blasts_Nazi_Strongholds |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> extending the battle through more than two months. The heavily outnumbered Japanese defenders put up such stiff resistance, often fighting to the death in the Emperor's name, that the island became known in Japanese as the "Emperor's Island."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/world/asia/ahead-of-world-war-ii-anniversary-questions-linger-over-stance-of-japans-premier.html|title=Ahead of World War II Anniversary, Questions Linger Over Stance of Japan's Premier|last=Fackler|first=Martin|date=April 9, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the U.S., this was a controversial battle because of the island's negligible strategic value and the high casualty rate, which exceeded that of all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.<ref name="militaryhistoryonline.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/peleliu/default.aspx |work=Military History Online |title=Bloody Peleliu: Unavoidable Yet Unnecessary |last=Gypton |first=Jeremy |year=2004 |publisher=Military History Online, LLC |access-date=March 4, 2018}}</ref> The [[National Museum of the Marine Corps]] called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |title=World War II: Central Pacific Campaigns: Peleliu |work=[[National Museum of the Marine Corps]] |access-date=February 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
By 1944, American victories in the Southwest and [[Central Pacific Area|Central Pacific]] had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the [[Mariana Islands campaign]] (June–August 1944). There was disagreement among the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff|U.S. Joint Chiefs]] over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy proposed by General [[Douglas MacArthur]] called for the recapture of the [[Philippines]], followed by the capture of [[Okinawa]], then an [[Operation Downfall|attack on the Japanese mainland]]. Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]] favored a more direct strategy of bypassing the Philippines, but seizing Okinawa and Taiwan as [[staging area]]s to an attack on the Japanese mainland, followed by the future invasion of Japan's southernmost islands. Both strategies included the invasion of Peleliu, but for different reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battle of Peleliu|url=http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-peleliu|work=History Channel|access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] had already been chosen to make the assault. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] traveled to [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] to personally meet both commanders and hear their arguments. MacArthur's strategy was chosen. However, before MacArthur could retake the Philippines, the [[Palau Islands]], specifically Peleliu and [[Angaur]], were to be neutralized and an airfield built to protect MacArthur's left flank.<br />
<br />
==Preparations==<br />
===Japanese===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}<br />
By 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by about 11,000 Japanese of the [[14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|14th Infantry Division]] with Korean and [[Okinawa]]n labourers. Colonel [[Kunio Nakagawa]], commander of the division's 2nd Regiment, led the preparations for the island's defense.<br />
<br />
After their losses in the [[Solomon Islands campaign|Solomons]], [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign|Gilberts, Marshalls]], and [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Marianas]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Army]] assembled a research team to develop new island-defense tactics. They chose to abandon the old strategy of trying to stop the enemy on the beaches, where they would be exposed to naval gunfire. The new tactics would only disrupt the landings at the water's edge and depend on an in-depth defense further inland. Colonel Nakagawa used the rough terrain to his advantage, by constructing a system of heavily fortified bunkers, caves, and underground positions, all interlocked in a "honeycomb" system. The traditional "[[banzai charge]]" attack was also discontinued as being both wasteful of men and ineffective. These changes would force the Americans into a [[war of attrition]], requiring more resources.<br />
<br />
[[File:Peleliu-defense-194409.jpg|thumb|250px|Japanese fortifications]]<br />
Nakagawa's defenses were centered on Peleliu's highest point, Umurbrogol Mountain, a collection of hills and steep ridges located at the center of Peleliu overlooking a large portion of the island, including the crucial airfield. The Umurbrogol contained some 500 limestone caves, connected by tunnels. Many of these were former mine shafts that were turned into defensive positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were opened or altered to be slanted as a defense against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves and bunkers were connected to a vast tunnel and trench system throughout central Peleliu, which allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take advantage of shrinking [[interior lines]].<br />
<br />
The Japanese were well armed with [[Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar|{{convert|81|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]] and [[Type 96 150 mm Infantry Mortar|{{convert|150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} mortar]]s and [[Type 98 20 mm AA Machine Cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] [[Autocannon|cannon]]s, backed by a light tank unit and an anti-aircraft detachment.<br />
<br />
The Japanese also used the beach terrain to their advantage. The northern end of the landing beaches faced a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} coral promontory that overlooked the beaches from a small peninsula, a spot later known to the Marines who assaulted it simply as "The Point". Holes were blasted into the ridge to accommodate a [[Type 1 47 mm Anti-Tank Gun|{{convert|47|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} gun]], and six 20&nbsp;mm cannons. The positions were then sealed shut, leaving just a small slit to fire on the beaches. Similar positions were crafted along the {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of landing beaches.<br />
<br />
The beaches were also filled with thousands of obstacles for the landing craft, principally mines and a large number of heavy artillery shells buried with the fuses exposed to explode when they were run over. A battalion was placed along the beach to defend against the landing, but they were meant to merely delay the inevitable American advance inland.<br />
<br />
===American===<br />
Unlike the Japanese, who drastically altered their tactics for the upcoming battle, the American invasion plan was unchanged from that of previous amphibious landings, even after suffering 3,000 casualties and enduring two months of delaying tactics against the entrenched Japanese defenders at the [[Battle of Biak]].<ref>Alexander, ''Storm Landings'', p. 110.</ref> On Peleliu, American planners chose to land on the southwest beaches because of their proximity to the airfield on south Peleliu. The [[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|1st Marine Regiment]], commanded by Colonel [[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller]], was to land on the northern end of the beaches. The [[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|5th Marine Regiment]], under Colonel [[Harold D. Harris|Harold Harris]], would land in the center, and the [[7th Marine Regiment (United States)|7th Marine Regiment]], under Colonel [[Herman Hanneken]], would land at the southern end.<br />
<br />
The division's artillery regiment, the [[11th Marine Regiment|11th Marines]] under Colonel [[William H. Harrison (USMC)|William Harrison]], would land after the [[infantry]] regiments. The plan was for the 1st and 7th Marines to push inland, guarding the 5th Marines' flanks, and allowing them to capture the airfield located directly to the center of the landing beaches. The 5th Marines were to push to the eastern shore, cutting the island in half. The 1st Marines would push north into the Umurbrogol, while the 7th Marines would clear the southern end of the island. Only one battalion was left behind in reserve, with the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division available for support from Angaur, just south of Peleliu.<br />
<br />
On September 4, the Marines shipped off from their station on [[Pavuvu]], just north of [[Guadalcanal]], a {{convert|2100|mi|km|adj=on}} trip across the Pacific to Peleliu. A Navy [[Underwater Demolition Team]] went in first to clear the beaches of obstacles, while warships began their pre-invasion bombardment of Peleliu on September 12.<br />
<br />
The [[battleship]]s {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}}, {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}, {{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|2}}, {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}} and {{USS|Idaho|BB-42|2}}, [[heavy cruiser]]s {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|2}}, {{USS|Louisville|CA-28|2}}, {{USS|Minneapolis|CA-36|2}} and {{USS|Portland|CA-33|2}}, and [[light cruiser]]s {{USS|Cleveland|CL-55|2}}, {{USS|Denver|CL-58|2}} and {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}},<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|29}} led by the command ship {{USS|Mount McKinley|AGC-7|2}}, subjected the tiny island, only {{convert|6|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} in size, to a massive three-day bombardment, pausing only to permit air strikes from the three [[aircraft carrier]]s, five [[light aircraft carrier]]s, and eleven [[escort carrier]]s with the attack force.<ref name= Hastings>Hastings, '' Retribution'', pp. 236-244.</ref> A total of 519 rounds of {{convert|16|in|mm|abbr=on}} shells, 1,845 rounds of {{convert|14|in|mm|abbr=on}} shells and 1,793 {{convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs pounded the islands during this period.<br />
<br />
The Americans believed the bombardment to be successful, as [[Rear Admiral]] [[Jesse Oldendorf]] claimed that the Navy had run out of targets.<ref name= Hastings/> In reality, the majority of Japanese positions were completely unharmed. Even the battalion left to defend the beaches was virtually unscathed. During the assault, the island's defenders exercised unusual firing discipline to avoid giving away their positions. The bombardment managed only to destroy Japan's aircraft on the island, as well as the buildings surrounding the airfield. The Japanese remained in their fortified positions, ready to attack the American landing troops.<br />
<br />
==Opposing forces==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| header = Naval command structure for Operation Stalemate II<br />
| image1 = Adm_Chester_Nimitz-1942.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Admiral Chester W. Nimitz<br />
| image2 = Adm_William_F_Halsey.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Admiral William F. Halsey Jr.<br />
| image3 = Theodore_Wilkinson_1944_small.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Vice Adm. Theodore S. Wilkinson<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| header = Expeditionary Troops and III Amphibious Corps commanders<br />
| image1 = Smith_JC.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Maj. Gen. Julian C. Smith<br />
| image2 = Roy_Geiger.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 110<br />
| header = Marine ground commanders on Peleliu<br />
| image1 = William_H._Rupertus.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus<br />
| image2 = Oliver_P._Smith.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Oliver P. Smith as a major general<br />
| image3 = Chesty_Puller.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Lewis B. Puller as a major general<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===American order of battle===<br />
'''[[United States Pacific Fleet]]'''<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, pp. 7-8, 17-18</ref><br /><br />
Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]]<br /><br />
[[United States Third Fleet|'''US Third Fleet''']]<br /><br />
Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]]<br />
<br />
'''Joint Expeditionary Force''' (Task Force 31)<br /><br />
Vice Admiral [[Theodore S. Wilkinson]]<br />
<br />
'''Expeditionary Troops''' (Task Force 36)<br /><br />
'''[[III Amphibious Corps]]'''{{efn|Also included the Army's 81st Infantry Division (assigned to the [[Battle of Angaur|capture of Angaur]]), the 77th Infantry Division, and the 5th Marine Division<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 18</ref>}}<br /><br />
Major General [[Julian C. Smith]],{{efn|Because the III Amph. Corps was still struggling with the capture of Guam, Marine Corps planning for Stalemate II was assigned to Gen. Smith; operational command for the invasion was turned over to Gen. Geiger.<ref name="Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24">Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24</ref>}} USMC<br />
<br />
'''Western Landing Force''' (TG 36.1)<br /><br />
Major General [[Roy S. Geiger]], USMC<br />
<br />
'''[[1st Marine Division]]'''<br />
*Division Commander: Maj. Gen. [[William H. Rupertus]],{{efn|Rupertus was not at peak effectiveness, having broken an ankle at Guadalcanal during landing practice for Stalemate II, but Smith learned of this too late to make a change in divisional command.<ref name="Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24">Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24</ref>}} USMC<br />
*Asst. Division Commander: Brig. Gen. [[Oliver P. Smith]],{{efn|While commanding the 1st Marine Division at the [[Battle of the Chosin Reservoir|Chosin Reservoir]] during the [[Korean War]], Smith announced, "Retreat, hell ... we're just advancing in a different direction."}} USMC<br />
*Chief of Staff: Col. [[John T. Selden]], USMC<br />
'''Beach assignments'''<br />
*''Left (White 1 & 2)''<br />
**[[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|'''1st Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller]],{{efn|Became the most decorated Marine in the history of the Corps.}} USMC)<br />
**Co. A of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]]<br />
*''Center (Orange 1 & 2)''<br />
**[[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''5th Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Harold D. Harris|Harold D. "Bucky" Harris]], USMC)<br />
**Co. B of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]] (reduced)<br />
*''Right (Orange 3)''<br />
**[[7th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''7th Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Herman H. Hanneken|Herman H. "Hard-Headed" Hanneken]], USMC)<br />
**Co. C of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]] (reduced)<br />
*''Other units''<br />
**[[11th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''11th Marine Regiment''']], Artillery (Col. [[William H. Harrison (USMC)|William H. Harrison]], USMC)<br />
**[[12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion]]<br />
**[[1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion]]<br />
**3rd Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion<br />
**4th, 5th, 6th Marine War Dog Platoons<br />
**[[Underwater Demolition Teams|UDT 6 and UDT 7]]<br />
<br />
===Japanese order of battle===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| image2 = 141-mm-japanese-mortar-peleliu.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Marine with captured Japanese 141mm mortar<br />
| image1 = Nakagawa_Kunio.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Palau District Group'''<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, pp. 26-28, 38</ref><br /><br />
'''Lieutenant General Inoue Sadao'''{{efn|"...stern-voice and strict disciplinarian;" served 10-year sentence on Guam for war crimes.<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 27</ref>}} (HQ on Koror Island)<br /><br />
Vice Admiral Yoshioka Ito<br /><br />
Maj. Gen. Kenjiro Murai{{efn|Sadao sent Murai to Peleliu to provide sufficiently high Army rank to balance the command authority of Vice Adm. Ito, who was nominally in charge of Navy forces in the lower Palaus.<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 28</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''14th Division''' (Lt. Gen. Sadao)<br /><br />
'''Peleliu Sector Unit''' (Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa{{efn|Committed suicide along with Murai as the struggle for the [[Battle of Peleliu#Bloody Nose Ridge|Umurbrogol Pocket]] neared its end.}})<br />
*2nd Infantry Regiment, Reinforced<br />
**2nd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment<br />
**3rd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment<br />
**3rd Bttn. / 15th Infantry Regiment<br />
**346th Bttn. / 53rd Independent Mixed Brigade<br />
<br />
==Battle==<br />
===Landing===<br />
[[File:Battle of Peleliu map.jpg|thumb|250px|Routes of Allied landings on Peleliu, September 15, 1944]]<br />
<br />
U.S. Marines landed on Peleliu at 08:32, on September 15, the 1st Marines to the north on White Beach 1 and 2 and the 5th and 7th Marines to the center and south on Orange Beach 1, 2, and 3.<ref name=Moran>Moran, J. and Rottman, G.L., 2002, Peleliu 1944, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|1841765120}}</ref>{{rp|42–45}} As the other landing craft approached the beaches, the Marines were caught in a crossfire when the Japanese opened the steel doors guarding their positions and fired artillery. The positions on the coral promontories guarding each flank fired on the Marines with 47&nbsp;mm guns and 20&nbsp;mm cannons. By 09:30, the Japanese had destroyed 60 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT]]s and [[DUKW]]s.<br />
[[File:Orange Beach 2 - Peleliu.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|5th Marines]] on Orange Beach]]<br />
<br />
The 1st Marines were quickly bogged down by heavy fire from the extreme left flank and a 30-foot-high coral ridge, "The Point".<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|49}} Colonel [[Chesty Puller]] narrowly escaped death when a dud high velocity artillery round struck his LVT. His communications section was destroyed on its way to the beach by a hit from a 47&nbsp;mm round. The 7th Marines faced a cluttered Orange Beach 3, with natural and man-made obstacles, forcing the [[Amtrac]]s to approach in column.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|52}}<br />
<br />
The 5th Marines made the most progress on the first day, aided by cover provided by coconut groves.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|51}} They pushed toward the airfield, but were met with Nakagawa's first counterattack. His armored tank company raced across the airfield to push the Marines back, but was soon engaged by tanks, howitzers, naval guns, and dive bombers. Nakagawa's tanks and escorting infantrymen were quickly destroyed.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|57}}<br />
<br />
At the end of the first day, the Americans held their {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of landing beaches, but little else. Their biggest push in the south moved {{convert|1|mi|km}} inland, but the 1st Marines to the north made very little progress because of the extremely thick resistance.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|42}} The Marines had suffered 200 dead and 900 wounded. Rupertus, still unaware of his enemy's change of tactics, believed the Japanese would quickly crumble since their perimeter had been broken.<ref name="Western Pacific">{{cite web|title=Western Pacific|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/westpac/westpac.htm|work=United States Army|access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Airfield/South Peleliu===<br />
[[File:Wounded Marine on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|A wounded Marine receives a drink from a [[Hospital corpsman|Navy corpsman]].]]<br />
<br />
On the second day, the 5th Marines moved to capture the airfield and push toward the eastern shore.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|61}} They ran across the airfield, enduring heavy artillery fire from the highlands to the north, suffering heavy casualties in the process. After capturing the airfield, they rapidly advanced to the eastern end of Peleliu, leaving the island's southern defenders to be destroyed by the 7th Marines.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|58}}<br />
<br />
This area was hotly contested by the Japanese, who still occupied numerous pillboxes. Heat indices<ref>http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ama/?n=heatindex</ref> were around<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/palau/peleliu.php|title=Peleliu Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Palau|last=Weather2Travel.com|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> {{convert|115|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, and the Marines soon suffered high casualties from [[heat exhaustion]]. Further complicating the situation, the Marines' water was distributed in empty oil drums, contaminating the water with the oil residue.<ref name=Hough_94/> Still, by the eighth day the 5th and 7th Marines had accomplished their objectives, holding the airfield and the southern portion of the island, although the airfield remained under threat of sustained Japanese fire from the heights of Umurbrogol Mountain until the end of the battle.<ref name= Hastings/><br />
<br />
American forces put the airfield to use on the third day. [[L-2 Grasshopper]]s from [[VMO-3]] began [[Aerial observer|aerial spotting]] missions for Marine artillery and [[naval gunfire support]]. On September 26 (D+11), Marine [[Vought F4U Corsair|F4U Corsair]]s from [[VMF-114]] landed on the airstrip. The Corsairs began [[dive-bombing]] missions across Peleliu, firing rockets into open cave entrances for the infantrymen, and dropping [[napalm]]; it was only the second time the latter weapon had been used in the Pacific.{{Citation needed|reason=Statistical claim re: napalm needs support|date=December 2016}} Napalm proved useful, burning away the vegetation hiding [[spider hole]]s and usually killing their occupants.<br />
<br />
The time from liftoff to the target area for the Corsairs based on Peleliu Airfield was very short, sometimes only 10 to 15 seconds. Consequently, there was almost no time for pilots to raise their aircraft undercarriage; most pilots did not bother and left them down during the air strike. After the air strike was completed and the payload dropped, the Corsair simply turned back into the landing pattern again.<br />
<br />
===The Point===<br />
[[File:Skull and danger sign on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|Frontline warning sign on Peleliu, October 1944]]<br />
<br />
The [[fortress]] at the end of the southern landing beaches (a.k.a. “The Point”) continued to cause heavy Marine casualties due to [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilading]] fire from Japanese heavy machine guns and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] artillery across the landing beaches. Puller ordered [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] George P. Hunt, commander of K Company, [[3rd Battalion 1st Marines|3rd Battalion, 1st Marines]], to capture the position. Hunt's company approached The Point short on supplies, having lost most of its machine guns while approaching the beaches. Hunt's second [[platoon]] was pinned down for nearly a day in an [[anti-tank trench]] between [[fortification]]s. The rest of his [[company (military unit)|company]] was endangered when the Japanese cut a hole in their line, surrounding his company and leaving his right flank cut off.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|49}}<br />
<br />
However, a [[rifle platoon]] began knocking out the Japanese gun positions one by one. Using [[smoke grenade]]s for concealment, the platoon swept through each hole, destroying the positions with [[rifle grenade]]s and [[Close combat|close-quarters combat]]. After knocking out the six machine gun positions, the Marines faced the 47&nbsp;mm gun cave. A [[lieutenant]] blinded the 47&nbsp;mm gunner's visibility with a smoke grenade, allowing [[Corporal]] [[Henry W. Hahn]] to launch a grenade through the cave's aperture. The grenade detonated the 47&nbsp;mm's shells, forcing the cave's occupants out with their bodies alight and their ammunition belts exploding around their waists. A Marine fire team was positioned on the flank of the cave where the emerging occupants were shot down.<br />
<br />
K Company had captured The Point, but Nakagawa [[counterattack]]ed. The next 30 hours saw four major counterattacks against a sole company, critically low on [[materiel|supplies]], out of water, and surrounded. The [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] soon had to resort to [[hand-to-hand combat]] to fend off the Japanese attackers. By the time [[reinforcement]]s arrived, the company had successfully repulsed all of the Japanese attacks, but had been reduced to 18 men, suffering 157 casualties during the battle for The Point.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|50–51}} Hunt and Hahn were both awarded the [[Navy Cross]] for their actions.<br />
<br />
===Ngesebus Island===<br />
[[File:Digging-peleliu-l.jpg|thumb|U.S. Marine in combat at Peleliu Island, September 1944]]<br />
<br />
The 5th Marines—after having secured the airfield—were sent to capture Ngesebus Island, just north of Peleliu. Ngesebus was occupied by many Japanese artillery positions, and was the site of an airfield still under construction. The tiny island was connected to Peleliu by a small causeway, but 5th Marines commander Harris opted instead to make a shore-to-shore amphibious landing, predicting the causeway to be an obvious target for the island's defenders.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|77}}<br />
<br />
Harris coordinated a pre-landing bombardment of the island on September 28, carried out by Army {{convert|155|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} guns, naval guns, howitzers from the [[11th Marine Regiment|11th Marines]], strafing runs from VMF-114's Corsairs, and {{convert|75|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} fire from the approaching LVTs.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|77}} Unlike the Navy's bombardment of Peleliu, Harris' assault on Ngesebus successfully killed most of the Japanese defenders. The Marines still faced opposition in the ridges and caves, but the island fell quickly, with relatively light casualties for the 5th Marines. They had suffered 15 killed and 33 wounded, and inflicted 470 casualties on the Japanese.<br />
<br />
===Bloody Nose Ridge===<br />
[[File:Marines wait in their foxholes - Peleliu.jpg|left|thumb|Marines waiting in their [[Defensive fighting position|fighting holes]]]]<br />
<br />
After capturing The Point, the 1st Marines moved north into the Umurbrogol pocket,<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|81}} named "Bloody Nose Ridge" by the Marines. Puller led his men in numerous assaults, but each resulted in severe casualties from Japanese fire. The 1st Marines were trapped in the narrow paths between the ridges, with each ridge fortification supporting the other with deadly crossfire.<br />
<br />
[[File:Corsair attacks jap bunker on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|A Corsair drops napalm on Japanese positions atop Umurbrogol.]]<br />
The Marines took increasingly high casualties as they slowly advanced through the ridges. The Japanese again showed unusual fire discipline, striking only when they could inflict maximum casualties. As casualties mounted, Japanese [[sniper]]s began to take aim at [[stretcher]] bearers, knowing that if stretcher bearers were injured or killed, more would have to return to replace them, and the snipers could steadily pick off more and more Marines. The Japanese also infiltrated the American lines at night to attack the Marines in their fighting holes. The Marines built two-man fighting holes, so one Marine could sleep while the other kept watch for infiltrators.<br />
<br />
One particularly bloody battle on Bloody Nose came when the [[1st Battalion 1st Marines|1st Battalion, 1st Marines]]—under the command of [[Major]] [[Ray Davis (U.S. Marine)|Raymond Davis]]—attacked Hill 100. Over six days of fighting, the battalion suffered 71% casualties. [[Everett P. Pope|Captain Everett Pope]] and his company penetrated deep into the ridges, leading his remaining 90 men to seize what he thought was Hill 100. It took a day's fighting to reach what he thought was the crest of the hill, which was in fact another ridge occupied by more Japanese defenders. [[File:Resting on Peleliu Island.jpg|thumb|Marine Pfc. Douglas Lightheart (right) cradles his .30 caliber (7.62×63mm) [[M1919 Browning machine gun]] in his lap, while he and Pfc. Gerald Thursby Sr. take a cigarette break, during mopping up operations on Peleliu on September 15, 1944.]]<br />
Trapped at the base of the ridge, Captain Pope set up a small defense perimeter, which was attacked relentlessly by the Japanese throughout the night. The Marines soon ran out of ammunition, and had to fight the attackers with knives and fists, even resorting to throwing coral rock and empty ammunition boxes at the Japanese. Pope and his men managed to hold out until dawn came, which brought on more deadly fire. When they evacuated the position, only nine men remained. Pope later received the [[Medal of Honor]] for the action. [http://www.thomas5.com/tribute/images/now/Peleliu%20022.jpg (Picture of the Peleliu Memorial dedicated on the 50th anniversary of the landing on Peleliu with Captain Pope's name)]<br />
<br />
The Japanese eventually inflicted 70% casualties on Puller's 1st Marines, or 1,749 men.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|66}} After six days of fighting in the ridges of Umurbrogol, [[General]] [[Roy Geiger]], commander of the III Amphibious Corps, sent elements of U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division to Peleliu to relieve the regiment.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|66}} The [[321st Regiment Combat Team]] landed on the western beaches of Peleliu—at the northern end of Umurbrogol mountain—on September 23. The 321st and the 7th Marines encircled The Pocket by September 24, D+9.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|75,81}}<br />
<br />
By October 15, the 7th Marines had suffered 46% casualties and General Geiger relieved them with the 5th Marines.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|83}} Col. Harris adopted siege tactics, using bulldozers and flame-thrower tanks, pushing from the north.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|83–84}} On October 30, the 81st Infantry Division took over command of Peleliu, taking another six weeks, with the same tactics, to reduce The Pocket.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|85}}<br />
<br />
On November 24, Nakagawa proclaimed "Our sword is broken and we have run out of spears". He then burnt his regimental colors and performed [[seppuku|ritual suicide]].<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|86}} He was posthumously promoted to [[lieutenant general]] for his valor displayed on Peleliu. On November 27, the island was declared secure, ending the 73-day-long battle.<ref name="Western Pacific"/><br />
<br />
A [[Japanese holdout#1945-1949|Japanese lieutenant]] with twenty-six 2nd Infantry soldiers and eight 45th Guard Force sailors held out in the caves in Peleliu until April 22, 1947, and surrendered after a Japanese admiral convinced them the war was over.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|81}}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
[[File:Soldiers wounded in battle of peleliu.jpg|thumb|Marines in a hospital on Guadalcanal after being wounded in the Battle of Peleliu]]<br />
<br />
The reduction of the Japanese pocket around Umurbrogol mountain has been called the most difficult fight that the U.S. military encountered in the entire war.<ref name=Hough_94>{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/USMC-M-Peleliu-5.html | title = The Seizure of Peleliu |series = USMC Historical Monograph | first = Major Frank O., USMC | last = Hough | chapter = Chapter V: A Horrible Place | page = 94 | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps | access-date = 2012-02-07 }}</ref> The 1st Marine Division was mauled and remained out of action until the [[Battle of Okinawa|invasion of Okinawa]] began on April 1, 1945. In total, the 1st Marine Division suffered over 6,500 casualties during its month on Peleliu, over one third of the entire division. The 81st Infantry Division also suffered heavy losses with 3,300 casualties during its tenure on the island.<br />
<br />
Postwar statisticians calculated that it took U.S. forces over 1500 rounds of ammunition to kill each Japanese defender and that, during the course of the battle, the Americans expended 13.32 million rounds of .30-calibre, 1.52 million rounds of .45-calibre, 693,657 rounds of .50-calibre bullets, 118,262 hand grenades, and approximately 150,000 mortar rounds.<ref name= Hastings/><br />
<br />
The battle was controversial in the United States due to the island's lack of strategic value and the high casualty rate. The defenders lacked the means to interfere with potential US operations in the Philippines<ref name= Hastings/> and the airfield captured on Peleliu did not play a key role in subsequent operations. Instead, the [[Ulithi Atoll]] in the [[Caroline Islands]] was used as a staging base for the invasion of Okinawa. The high casualty rate exceeded all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.<ref name="militaryhistoryonline.com"/><br />
<br />
In addition, few news reports were published about the battle because Rupertus' prediction of a "three days" victory motivated only six reporters to report from shore. The battle was also overshadowed by MacArthur's [[Battle of Leyte|return to the Philippines]] and the Allies' push towards [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in [[European Theatre of World War II|Europe]].<br />
<br />
The [[Battle of Angaur|battles for Angaur]] and Peleliu showed Americans the pattern of future Japanese island defense but they made few adjustments for the battles for [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] and Okinawa.<ref>{{harvnb|Morison|1958|p=46}}</ref> Naval bombardment prior to amphibious assault at Iwo Jima was only slightly more effective than at Peleliu, but at Okinawa the preliminary shelling was much improved.<ref name=Alexander95>Alexander,''Storm Landings'', p. 95.</ref> [[Frogmen]] performing [[underwater demolition]] at Iwo Jima confused the enemy by sweeping both coasts, but later alerted Japanese defenders to the exact assault beaches at Okinawa.<ref name=Alexander95/> American ground forces at Peleliu gained experience in assaulting heavily fortified positions such as they would find again at Okinawa.<ref>{{harvnb|Morison|1958|p=47}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the recommendation of Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]], the planned occupation of [[Yap]] Island in the Caroline Islands was canceled. Halsey actually recommended that the landings on Peleliu and Angaur be canceled, too, and their Marines and soldiers be thrown into [[Leyte Island]] instead, but was overruled by Nimitz.<ref>{{cite book | first = Major Frank O., USMC | last = Hough | title = The Seizure of Peleliu | series = USMC Historical Monograph | chapter = Appendix B – STALEMATE II and the Philippines Campaign | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps }}</ref><br />
<br />
===In popular culture===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{original research|section|date=January 2021}}<br />
In the March of Time's 1951 documentary TV series, [[Crusade in the Pacific]], Episode 17 is "The Fight for Bloody Nose Ridge."<br />
<br />
In NBC-TV's 1952-53 documentary TV series [[Victory at Sea]], Episode 18, "Two if by Sea" covers the assaults at Peleliu and Angaur.<br />
<br />
The Battle of Peleliu is featured in many World War II themed video games, including ''[[Call of Duty: World at War]]''. The player takes the role of a US Marine tasked with taking Peleliu Airfield, repelling counter-attacks, destroying machine-gun and mortar positions and eventually securing Japanese artillery emplacements at the point. In flight-simulation game ''[[War Thunder]]'', two teams of players clash to hold the southern and northern airfields. In multi-player shooter ''[[Rising Storm (video game)|Red Orchestra 2: Rising Storm]]'', a team of American troops attack the defensive Japanese team's control points.<br />
<br />
The battle including footage and stills are featured in the fifth episode of ''[[The War (2007 film)|Ken Burns' The War]]''.<br />
<br />
The battle features in episodes 5, 6 and 7 of the TV mini-series ''[[The Pacific (TV miniseries)|The Pacific]]''.<br />
<br />
In his book, ''[[With the Old Breed]]'', [[Eugene Bondurant Sledge]] described his experiences in the battle for Peleliu.<br />
<br />
In 2015, the Japanese magazine ''[[Young Animal (magazine)|Young Animal]]'' commenced serialization of ''[[Peleliu: Rakuen no Guernica]]'' by Masao Hiratsuka and artist Kazuyoshi Takeda, telling the story of the battle in [[manga]] form.<br />
<br />
One of the final scenes in ''Parer's War'', a 2014 Australian television film, shows the Battle of Peleliu recorded by [[Damien Parer]] with his camera at the time of his death.<br />
<br />
The Peleliu Campaign features as one of the campaigns in the 2019 solitaire tactical wargame “Fields of Fire” Volume 2, designed by Ben Hull, published by GMT Games LLC.<br />
<br />
==Individual honors==<br />
===Japan===<br />
====Posthumous promotions====<br />
For heroism:<br />
*Colonel [[Kunio Nakagawa]] – lieutenant general<br />
*Kenjiro Murai – lieutenant general<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
[[File:Kraus RE.jpg|thumb|150px|Pfc. Richard Kraus, USMC (age 18), killed in action]]<br />
<br />
====Medal of Honor recipients====<br />
*Captain [[Everett P. Pope]] – [[1st Battalion, 1st Marines]]<br />
*First Lieutenant [[Carlton R. Rouh]] – [[1st Battalion, 5th Marines]]<br />
*Corporal [[Lewis K. Bausell]] –[[1st Battalion, 5th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Arthur J. Jackson]] – [[3rd Battalion, 7th Marines]]<br />
*Private First Class [[Richard E. Kraus]] – 8th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division (Reinforced)]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[John D. New]] – [[2nd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Wesley Phelps]] – [[3rd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Charles H. Roan]] – [[2nd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
<br />
==Unit citations==<br />
[[File:&quot;Peleliu Island...Marines move through the trenches on the beach during the battle.&quot;, 09-15-1944 - NARA - 532535.jpg|thumb|D-day Peleliu, African Americans of one of the two segregated units that supported the 7th Marines - the 16th Marine Field Depot or the 17th Naval Construction Battalion Special take a break in the 115 degree heat, 09-15-1944 - NARA - 532535]]<br />
*[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]:<br />
**1st Marine Division, September 15 to 29, 1944<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/USMC-M-Peleliu-G.html|title=HyperWar: USMC Monograph--The Assault on Peleliu|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><br />
**1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**U. S. Navy Flame Thrower Unit Attached<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**6th Amphibian Tractor Battalion (Provisional), FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**3d Armored Amphibian Battalion (Provisional), FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment Eighth Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**454th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**456th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**4th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**5th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**6th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment 33rd Naval Construction Battalion (202 Personnel)<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment 73rd Naval Construction Battalion's Shore Party (241 Personnel)<ref name= "peleliu">Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual NAVPERS 15,790(REV.1953), Part II, Unit Awards, September 15-29, 1944 - Assault and seizure of Peleliu and Ngesebus, Palau Islands, p.15 [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/Awards/Awards-II.html#sec1]</ref><br />
*USMC Commendatory Letter:{{efn|Before the battle was even over, [[William H. Rupertus|Major General Rupertus]] USMC wrote: "THE [[Negro|NEGRO RACE]] CAN WELL BE PROUD OF THE WORK PREFORMED [by the 11th Marine Depot Company/ 7th Marine Ammunition Company/ 17th CB]. THE WHOLEHEARTED CO-OPERATION AND UNTIRING EFFORTS WHICH DEMONSTRATED IN EVERY RESPECT THAT THEY APPRECIATED THE PRIVILEGE OF WEARING A MARINE UNIFORM AND SERVING WITH THE MARINES IN COMBAT. PLEASE CONVEY TO YOUR COMMAND THESE SENTIMENTS AND INFORM THEM THAT IN THE EYES OF THE ENTIRE DIVISION THEY HAVE EARNED A "WELL DONE"."<ref>The Right to Fight:African American Marines in WWII, Peleliu and Iwo Jima, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Building 58, Washington Navy Yard, Washington D.C. 20374, 1974, PCN 190-003132-00 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref><ref>African Americans at War: an Encyclopedia, Volume I, Jonathan D. Sutherland, ABC, CLIO, Santa Barabra, Ca, 2004, p. 480, {{ISBN|1-57607-746-2}}</ref> The Department of the Navy made an official news release of the 17th CBs "Well Done" letter on November 28, 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/specials-cruisebooks/17%20Special.pdf |title=17th Special NCB cruisebook |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |page=29 |access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><br />
*On D-day the 7th Marines had a situation. They did not have enough men to man the line and get the wounded to safety. Three men were sent to find help and found two [[Racial segregation|segregated]] units, the ''16th Marine Field Depot'' (11th Marine Depot Co. & 7th Marine Ammunition Co.)<ref name="nps.gov">"The Right to Fight: African American Marine in World War II, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Bldg 58, Washington Navy Yard,Washington, D.C. 1995 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref> and ''17th Special CB''. The Marines were not certain what their officers would think of them bringing African Americans but, they knew they needed help.<ref name="nps.gov">"The Right to Fight: African American Marine in World War II, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Bldg 58, Washington Navy Yard,Washington, D.C. 1995 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref> The 17th Special Seabees were assigned to the 1st Pioneers as shore party. Together with the 16th Depot Marines they helped with the wounded that day. At 0200 that night the Japanese mounted a counterattack. By the time it was over nearly the entire 17th had volunteered to hump ammo to the line on the stretchers they were bringing the wounded back on, fill in where the wounded had been, man 37mm guns that had lost their crews, and volunteer for anything. The record for the 16th Depot says they were carrying ammo and wounded back the same as the Seabees and had picked up rifles and become infantry where needed also.<ref>Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA. 93043. 17th Special; NCB p. 29-30 [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/specials-cruisebooks/17%20Special.pdf]</ref><ref>World War II Database [http://worldwar2database.com/gallery/wwii1431 World War II Database]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwar2database.com/gallery/wwii1429|title=African-American Marines of 16th Field Depot Rest on Peleliu - The World War II Multimedia Database|website=worldwar2database.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/UnitListPages/SPECIALS/17%20SNCB.pdf|title=17th Special ,Seabee Museum|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thomas5.com/tribute/Vets10.html|title=Peleliu Shore Party|website=www.thomas5.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> The 17th Seabees remained with the 7th through D-plus 3. Before the battle was over and the island secured Maj. General Rupertus wrote three letters saying "Well Done" to the two Marine Companies and the CB . According to the Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, were it not for the "Black Marine shore party personal" the counterattack on the 7th Marines would not have been repulsed.<ref>Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, September–November 1944, (section: Hitting the Beach, 3rd paragraph), Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, by: Peter D Antill, Tristan Dugdale-Pointon, and Dr John Rickard, [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_peleliu.html]</ref>}}<br />
**11th Marine Depot Company (segregated)<br />
**7th Marine Ammunition Company (segregated)<br />
**17th Special Naval Construction Battalion (segregated)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]] (The [[Peleliu Battlefield]], listed 1985)<ref name="nris">{{cite web|author=Staff|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052104/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html|archive-date=2010-12-04|title=National Register Information System|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html|date=2009-03-13|publisher=National Register of Historic Places. [[National Park Service]]|access-date=2016-03-08}}</ref><br />
*[[Damien Parer]], Australian war photographer killed on September 17 while filming a Marine advance<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/farflung/parer.html |title=Australia's War 1939–1945: Parer's Last Reel |publisher=Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs |access-date=2010-04-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410235800/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/farflung/parer.html| archive-date= April 10, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><br />
*{{USS|Peleliu|LHA-5|6}}, an [[amphibious assault ship]] named in memory of the battle<br />
*''[[With the Old Breed]]'', a memoir of the battle written by [[Eugene Sledge]]<br />
*''Hell in the Pacific: A Marine Rifleman's Journey From Guadalcanal to Peleliu'' written by Jim McEnery<br />
*''[[Helmet for My Pillow]]'', a memoir of the battle written by [[Robert Leckie (author)|Robert Leckie]]<br />
*''Islands of the Damned'', a memoir including the battle written by [[Romus Burgin]]<br />
*[[The Pacific (miniseries)|''The Pacific'' (miniseries)]]<br />
*''The Breaking Jewel'', a novel by [[Makoto Oda (novelist)|Makoto Oda]], translated by [[Donald Keene]], which looks at the battle from the Japanese perspective<br />
*''Battleground Pacific: A Marine Rifleman Combat Odyssey in K/3/5'', a memoir of the battle written by Sterling Mace, [[Nick Allen]]<br />
*''Victory At Peleliu, The 81st Infantry Division's Pacific Campaign'' by Bobby C. Blair and John Peter DeCioccio<br />
*''Call of Duty: World at War''<ref>{{cite web |title=What was the intended purpose of the fight for control of the island of Peleliu? – Battle of Peleliu – WW II |url=https://cambridgealert.com/u-s-navy-what-was-the-intended-purpose-of-the-fight-for-control-of-the-island-of-peleliu-ww-ii/ |website=Cambridge Alert |access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Alexander | first = Joseph H. | year = 1997 | title = Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific | isbn = 1557500320 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Alexander | first = Joseph H. | year = 1997 | chapter = Heading for the Philippines | title = The Battle History of the U.S. Marines: A Fellowship of Valor | publisher = Harper Perennial | isbn = 0060931094 }}<br />
*Blair, Bobby C., and John Peter DeCioccio. ''Victory at Peleliu: The 81st Infantry Division's Pacific Campaign'' (University of Oklahoma Press; 2011) 310 pages<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Gailey | first = Harry | year = 1984 | title = Peleliu: 1944 | publisher = Nautical & Aviation Pub Co of Amer | isbn = 093385241X }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Hallas | first = James H. | year = 1994 | title = The Devil's Anvil: The Assault on Peleliu | publisher = Praeger Publishers | isbn = 0275946460 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | year = 2009 | title = Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944-45| publisher = Vintage Reprint edition | isbn = 978-0307275363 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link = Samuel Eliot Morison | year = 1958 | title = Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945, ''vol. 12 of ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | isbn = 0316583170 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Ross | first = Bill D. | year = 1991 | title = Peleliu: Tragic Triumph | publisher = Random House | isbn = 0394565886 | url = https://archive.org/details/peleliutragictri00bill }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Rottman | first = Gordon |author2=Howard Gerrard | year = 2002 | title = Peleliu 1944: The Forgotten Corner Of Hell | publisher = Osprey Publishing | isbn = 1841765120 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Sledge | first = Eugene B. | year = 1990 | title = [[With the Old Breed]]: At Peleliu And Okinawa | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0195067142 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Sloan | first = Bill | year = 2005 | title = Brotherhood of Heroes: The Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn = 0743260090 | url = https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofher0000sloa }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Wright | first = Derrick | year = 2005 | title = To the Far Side of Hell: The Battle for Peleliu, 1944 | publisher = Fire Ant Books | isbn = 0817352813 }}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Last Man Standing: The 1st Marine Regiment on Peleliu, September 15–21, 1944|author=Camp, Dick|year=2009| publisher=Zenith Press|isbn=978-0760334935}}<br />
*{{Cite book|title=The Devil's Anvil: The Assault on Peleliu|author=Hallas, James H.|year=1994|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn= 0275946460}}<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Brotherhood of Heroes: The Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War|author=Sloan, Bill|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0743260090|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofher0000sloa}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Anderson | first = Charles R. | url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/westpac/westpac.htm | title = Western Pacific | series = The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | access-date = 2006-12-19 | id = CMH Pub 72-29 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Burbeck | first = James | year = 2008 | url = http://www.wtj.com/articles/peleliu/ | title = Invasion of Peleliu | work = Animated Combat Map | publisher = The War Times Journal | access-date = 2008-08-09 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Chen | first = C. Peter | year = 2007 | url = http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=77 | title = Palau Islands and Ulithi Islands Campaign | work = World War II Database | access-date = 2007-10-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071006205650/http://www.ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=77| archive-date= October 6, 2007 | url-status= live}}<br />
*{{Cite web | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Peleliu/index.html | title = BLOODY BEACHES: The Marines at Peleliu | author = Gayle, Gordon, BGen USMC | access-date = 2015-01-12}}<br />
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/peleliu/default.aspx |title=Bloody Peleliu |author=Gypton, Jeremy |publisher=MilitaryHistoryOnline}}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Hough | first = Frank O. | year = 1950 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/index.html | title = The Assault on Peleliu (The Seizure of Peleliu) | work = USMC Historical Monograph | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps | access-date = 2006-12-19 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Kier | first = Mike | url = http://home.sprynet.com/~kier/peleliu.htm | title = PELELIU | access-date = 2006-12-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061219080517/http://home.sprynet.com/~kier/peleliu.htm| archive-date= December 19, 2006 | url-status= live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last=Shread |first=Paul |year=2014 |url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/13519314-95/my-turn-the-battle-of-peleliu-and-the-scars-of-war |title=The Battle of Peleliu and the scars of war |newspaper=[[The Concord Monitor]] |access-date=2014-09-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140919004125/http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/13519314-95/my-turn-the-battle-of-peleliu-and-the-scars-of-war |archive-date=2014-09-19 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Robert Ross | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Approach/index.html | title = The Approach to the Philippines | work = United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | access-date = 2006-12-19 }}<br />
<br />
{{World War II}}<br />
{{Palau topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peleliu}}<br />
[[Category:Peleliu]]<br />
[[Category:Palau in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]<br />
[[Category:History of Palau]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving Palau]]<br />
[[Category:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:South Seas Mandate in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibious operations of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre]]<br />
[[Category:United States Marine Corps in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:September 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:October 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:November 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:Seabees]]</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peleliu&diff=1029869463Battle of Peleliu2021-06-22T14:23:34Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|World War II battle}}<br />
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
|conflict=Battle of Peleliu<br />
|partof=the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign]] of the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] ([[World War II]])<br />
|image=First wave of LVTs moves toward the invasion beaches - Peleliu.jpg<br />
|image_size=300<br />
|map_type=Palau#Asia#Pacific Ocean<br />
|map_relief=1<br />
|caption=The first wave of U.S. Marines in [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT]]s during the invasion of Peleliu on September 15, 1944<br />
|date=September 15 – November 27, 1944<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=15|year1=1944|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1944}})<br />
|place=[[Peleliu]], [[Palau Islands]]<br />
|coordinates={{coord|7|00|N|134|15|E|region:PW_type:event|display=inline,title}}<br />
|result=American victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1912}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}<br />
|commander1=[[William H. Rupertus]]<br />[[Paul J. Mueller]]<br />[[Roy S. Geiger]]<br />[[Herman H. Hanneken]]<br />[[Harold D. Harris]]<br />[[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. Puller]]<br />
|commander2=[[Kunio Nakagawa]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Sadae Inoue]]<br />
|units1=[[III Amphibious Corps (United States)|III Amphibious Corps]]<br />
*[[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]]<br />
*[[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]]<br />
''Additional support units''<br />
|units2=Peleliu garrison<br />
*[[14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|14th Infantry Division]]<br />
*49th Mixed Brigade<br />
*45th Guard Force<br />
*46th Base Force<br />
<br />
''Additional support units''<br />
|strength1=47,561<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|36}}<br />
|strength2=10,900<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|37}}<br />17 [[Type 95 Light Tank|tanks]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Taki |url=http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history.htm |title=The History of Batlles of Imperial Japanese Tanks |access-date=March 4, 2018 |work=[[Plala]] |language=ja}}</ref><br />
|casualties1='''7,919'''<br />1,460 killed<ref name = Eggenberger422>Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. {{ISBN|9780486142012}}</ref>{{rp|327}}<br />
|casualties2='''14,000'''<ref name = Eggenberger422>Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. {{ISBN|9780486142012}}</ref>{{rp|327}}(including losses in the surrounding islands)<br />13,600 killed<br />400 captured<br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Marianas and Palaus}}<br />
The '''Battle of Peleliu''', codenamed '''Operation Stalemate II''' by the [[United States]] military, was fought between the U.S. and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] during the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Mariana and Palau Campaign]] of [[World War II]], from September 15 to November 27, 1944, on the island of [[Peleliu]].<br />
<br />
U.S. Marines of the [[1st Marine Division]], and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's [[81st Infantry Division (United States)|81st Infantry Division]], fought to capture an [[airstrip]] on the small [[coral]] island of Peleliu. This battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as [[Operation Forager]], which ran from June to November 1944, in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]].<br />
<br />
[[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[William Rupertus]], commander of the 1st Marine Division, predicted the island would be secured within four days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Peleliu Facts |url=http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-peleliu-facts.html |work=World War 2 Facts |access-date=January 14, 2014 |last=Dean |first=Mack |date=May 9, 2014}}</ref> However, after repeated [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Army]] defeats in previous island campaigns, Japan had developed new island-defense tactics and well-crafted fortifications that allowed stiff resistance,<ref>{{cite video |title=Third Army blasts Nazi Strongholds |date=November 2, 1944 |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-11-02_3rd_Army_blasts_Nazi_Strongholds |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> extending the battle through more than two months. The heavily outnumbered Japanese defenders put up such stiff resistance, often fighting to the death in the Emperor's name, that the island became known in Japanese as the "Emperor's Island."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/world/asia/ahead-of-world-war-ii-anniversary-questions-linger-over-stance-of-japans-premier.html|title=Ahead of World War II Anniversary, Questions Linger Over Stance of Japan's Premier|last=Fackler|first=Martin|date=April 9, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the U.S., this was a controversial battle because of the island's negligible strategic value and the high casualty rate, which exceeded that of all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.<ref name="militaryhistoryonline.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/peleliu/default.aspx |work=Military History Online |title=Bloody Peleliu: Unavoidable Yet Unnecessary |last=Gypton |first=Jeremy |year=2004 |publisher=Military History Online, LLC |access-date=March 4, 2018}}</ref> The [[National Museum of the Marine Corps]] called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |title=World War II: Central Pacific Campaigns: Peleliu |work=[[National Museum of the Marine Corps]] |access-date=February 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
By 1944, American victories in the Southwest and [[Central Pacific Area|Central Pacific]] had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the [[Mariana Islands campaign]] (June–August 1944). There was disagreement among the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff|U.S. Joint Chiefs]] over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy proposed by General [[Douglas MacArthur]] called for the recapture of the [[Philippines]], followed by the capture of [[Okinawa]], then an [[Operation Downfall|attack on the Japanese mainland]]. Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]] favored a more direct strategy of bypassing the Philippines, but seizing Okinawa and Taiwan as [[staging area]]s to an attack on the Japanese mainland, followed by the future invasion of Japan's southernmost islands. Both strategies included the invasion of Peleliu, but for different reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battle of Peleliu|url=http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-peleliu|work=History Channel|access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] had already been chosen to make the assault. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] traveled to [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] to personally meet both commanders and hear their arguments. MacArthur's strategy was chosen. However, before MacArthur could retake the Philippines, the [[Palau Islands]], specifically Peleliu and [[Angaur]], were to be neutralized and an airfield built to protect MacArthur's left flank.<br />
<br />
==Preparations==<br />
===Japanese===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}<br />
By 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by about 11,000 Japanese of the [[14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|14th Infantry Division]] with Korean and [[Okinawa]]n labourers. Colonel [[Kunio Nakagawa]], commander of the division's 2nd Regiment, led the preparations for the island's defense.<br />
<br />
After their losses in the [[Solomon Islands campaign|Solomons]], [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign|Gilberts, Marshalls]], and [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Marianas]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Army]] assembled a research team to develop new island-defense tactics. They chose to abandon the old strategy of trying to stop the enemy on the beaches, where they would be exposed to naval gunfire. The new tactics would only disrupt the landings at the water's edge and depend on an in-depth defense further inland. Colonel Nakagawa used the rough terrain to his advantage, by constructing a system of heavily fortified bunkers, caves, and underground positions, all interlocked in a "honeycomb" system. The traditional "[[banzai charge]]" attack was also discontinued as being both wasteful of men and ineffective. These changes would force the Americans into a [[war of attrition]], requiring more resources.<br />
<br />
[[File:Peleliu-defense-194409.jpg|thumb|250px|Japanese fortifications]]<br />
Nakagawa's defenses were centered on Peleliu's highest point, Umurbrogol Mountain, a collection of hills and steep ridges located at the center of Peleliu overlooking a large portion of the island, including the crucial airfield. The Umurbrogol contained some 500 limestone caves, connected by tunnels. Many of these were former mine shafts that were turned into defensive positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were opened or altered to be slanted as a defense against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves and bunkers were connected to a vast tunnel and trench system throughout central Peleliu, which allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take advantage of shrinking [[interior lines]].<br />
<br />
The Japanese were well armed with [[Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar|{{convert|81|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]] and [[Type 96 150 mm Infantry Mortar|{{convert|150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} mortar]]s and [[Type 98 20 mm AA Machine Cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] [[Autocannon|cannon]]s, backed by a light tank unit and an anti-aircraft detachment.<br />
<br />
The Japanese also used the beach terrain to their advantage. The northern end of the landing beaches faced a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} coral promontory that overlooked the beaches from a small peninsula, a spot later known to the Marines who assaulted it simply as "The Point". Holes were blasted into the ridge to accommodate a [[Type 1 47 mm Anti-Tank Gun|{{convert|47|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} gun]], and six 20&nbsp;mm cannons. The positions were then sealed shut, leaving just a small slit to fire on the beaches. Similar positions were crafted along the {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of landing beaches.<br />
<br />
The beaches were also filled with thousands of obstacles for the landing craft, principally mines and a large number of heavy artillery shells buried with the fuses exposed to explode when they were run over. A battalion was placed along the beach to defend against the landing, but they were meant to merely delay the inevitable American advance inland.<br />
<br />
===American===<br />
Unlike the Japanese, who drastically altered their tactics for the upcoming battle, the American invasion plan was unchanged from that of previous amphibious landings, even after suffering 3,000 casualties and enduring two months of delaying tactics against the entrenched Japanese defenders at the [[Battle of Biak]].<ref>Alexander, ''Storm Landings'', p. 110.</ref> On Peleliu, American planners chose to land on the southwest beaches because of their proximity to the airfield on south Peleliu. The [[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|1st Marine Regiment]], commanded by Colonel [[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller]], was to land on the northern end of the beaches. The [[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|5th Marine Regiment]], under Colonel [[Harold D. Harris|Harold Harris]], would land in the center, and the [[7th Marine Regiment (United States)|7th Marine Regiment]], under Colonel [[Herman Hanneken]], would land at the southern end.<br />
<br />
The division's artillery regiment, the [[11th Marine Regiment|11th Marines]] under Colonel [[William H. Harrison (USMC)|William Harrison]], would land after the [[infantry]] regiments. The plan was for the 1st and 7th Marines to push inland, guarding the 5th Marines' flanks, and allowing them to capture the airfield located directly to the center of the landing beaches. The 5th Marines were to push to the eastern shore, cutting the island in half. The 1st Marines would push north into the Umurbrogol, while the 7th Marines would clear the southern end of the island. Only one battalion was left behind in reserve, with the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division available for support from Angaur, just south of Peleliu.<br />
<br />
On September 4, the Marines shipped off from their station on [[Pavuvu]], just north of [[Guadalcanal]], a {{convert|2100|mi|km|adj=on}} trip across the Pacific to Peleliu. A Navy [[Underwater Demolition Team]] went in first to clear the beaches of obstacles, while warships began their pre-invasion bombardment of Peleliu on September 12.<br />
<br />
The [[battleship]]s {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}}, {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}, {{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|2}}, {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}} and {{USS|Idaho|BB-42|2}}, [[heavy cruiser]]s {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|2}}, {{USS|Louisville|CA-28|2}}, {{USS|Minneapolis|CA-36|2}} and {{USS|Portland|CA-33|2}}, and [[light cruiser]]s {{USS|Cleveland|CL-55|2}}, {{USS|Denver|CL-58|2}} and {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}},<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|29}} led by the command ship {{USS|Mount McKinley|AGC-7|2}}, subjected the tiny island, only {{convert|6|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} in size, to a massive three-day bombardment, pausing only to permit air strikes from the three [[aircraft carrier]]s, five [[light aircraft carrier]]s, and eleven [[escort carrier]]s with the attack force.<ref name= Hastings>Hastings, '' Retribution'', pp. 236-244.</ref> A total of 519 rounds of {{convert|16|in|mm|abbr=on}} shells, 1,845 rounds of {{convert|14|in|mm|abbr=on}} shells and 1,793 {{convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs pounded the islands during this period.<br />
<br />
The Americans believed the bombardment to be successful, as [[Rear Admiral]] [[Jesse Oldendorf]] claimed that the Navy had run out of targets.<ref name= Hastings/> In reality, the majority of Japanese positions were completely unharmed. Even the battalion left to defend the beaches was virtually unscathed. During the assault, the island's defenders exercised unusual firing discipline to avoid giving away their positions. The bombardment managed only to destroy Japan's aircraft on the island, as well as the buildings surrounding the airfield. The Japanese remained in their fortified positions, ready to attack the American landing troops.<br />
<br />
==Opposing forces==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| header = Naval command structure for Operation Stalemate II<br />
| image1 = Adm_Chester_Nimitz-1942.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Admiral Chester W. Nimitz<br />
| image2 = Adm_William_F_Halsey.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Admiral William F. Halsey Jr.<br />
| image3 = Theodore_Wilkinson_1944_small.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Vice Adm. Theodore S. Wilkinson<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| header = Expeditionary Troops and III Amphibious Corps commanders<br />
| image1 = Smith_JC.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Maj. Gen. Julian C. Smith<br />
| image2 = Roy_Geiger.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 110<br />
| header = Marine ground commanders on Peleliu<br />
| image1 = William_H._Rupertus.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus<br />
| image2 = Oliver_P._Smith.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Oliver P. Smith as a major general<br />
| image3 = Chesty_Puller.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Lewis B. Puller as a major general<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===American order of battle===<br />
'''[[United States Pacific Fleet]]'''<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, pp. 7-8, 17-18</ref><br /><br />
Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]]<br /><br />
[[United States Third Fleet|'''US Third Fleet''']]<br /><br />
Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]]<br />
<br />
'''Joint Expeditionary Force''' (Task Force 31)<br /><br />
Vice Admiral [[Theodore S. Wilkinson]]<br />
<br />
'''Expeditionary Troops''' (Task Force 36)<br /><br />
'''[[III Amphibious Corps]]'''{{efn|Also included the Army's 81st Infantry Division (assigned to the [[Battle of Angaur|capture of Angaur]]), the 77th Infantry Division, and the 5th Marine Division<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 18</ref>}}<br /><br />
Major General [[Julian C. Smith]],{{efn|Because the III Amph. Corps was still struggling with the capture of Guam, Marine Corps planning for Stalemate II was assigned to Gen. Smith; operational command for the invasion was turned over to Gen. Geiger.<ref name="Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24">Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24</ref>}} USMC<br />
<br />
'''Western Landing Force''' (TG 36.1)<br /><br />
Major General [[Roy S. Geiger]], USMC<br />
<br />
'''[[1st Marine Division]]'''<br />
*Division Commander: Maj. Gen. [[William H. Rupertus]],{{efn|Rupertus was not at peak effectiveness, having broken an ankle at Guadalcanal during landing practice for Stalemate II, but Smith learned of this too late to make a change in divisional command.<ref name="Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24">Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 24</ref>}} USMC<br />
*Asst. Division Commander: Brig. Gen. [[Oliver P. Smith]],{{efn|While commanding the 1st Marine Division at the [[Battle of the Chosin Reservoir|Chosin Reservoir]] during the [[Korean War]], Smith announced, "Retreat, hell ... we're just advancing in a different direction."}} USMC<br />
*Chief of Staff: Col. [[John T. Selden]], USMC<br />
'''Beach assignments'''<br />
*''Left (White 1 & 2)''<br />
**[[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|'''1st Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Chesty Puller|Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller]],{{efn|Became the most decorated Marine in the history of the Corps.}} USMC)<br />
**Co. A of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]]<br />
*''Center (Orange 1 & 2)''<br />
**[[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''5th Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Harold D. Harris|Harold D. "Bucky" Harris]], USMC)<br />
**Co. B of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]] (reduced)<br />
*''Right (Orange 3)''<br />
**[[7th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''7th Marine Regiment''']] (Col. [[Herman H. Hanneken|Herman H. "Hard-Headed" Hanneken]], USMC)<br />
**Co. C of the following: [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Engineer Battalion]], [[1st Combat Engineer Battalion|1st Pioneer Battalion]], [[1st Medical Battalion]], [[1st Tank Battalion]] (reduced)<br />
*''Other units''<br />
**[[11th Marine Regiment (United States)|'''11th Marine Regiment''']], Artillery (Col. [[William H. Harrison (USMC)|William H. Harrison]], USMC)<br />
**[[12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion]]<br />
**[[1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion]]<br />
**3rd Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion<br />
**4th, 5th, 6th Marine War Dog Platoons<br />
**[[Underwater Demolition Teams|UDT 6 and UDT 7]]<br />
<br />
===Japanese order of battle===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| width = 130<br />
| image2 = 141-mm-japanese-mortar-peleliu.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Marine with captured Japanese 141mm mortar<br />
| image1 = Nakagawa_Kunio.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Palau District Group'''<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, pp. 26-28, 38</ref><br /><br />
'''Lieutenant General Inoue Sadao'''{{efn|"...stern-voice and strict disciplinarian;" served 10-year sentence on Guam for war crimes.<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 27</ref>}} (HQ on Koror Island)<br /><br />
Vice Admiral Yoshioka Ito<br /><br />
Maj. Gen. Kenjiro Murai{{efn|Sadao sent Murai to Peleliu to provide sufficiently high Army rank to balance the command authority of Vice Adm. Ito, who was nominally in charge of Navy forces in the lower Palaus.<ref>Moran & Rottman 2004, p. 28</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''14th Division''' (Lt. Gen. Sadao)<br /><br />
'''Peleliu Sector Unit''' (Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa{{efn|Committed suicide along with Murai as the struggle for the [[Battle of Peleliu#Bloody Nose Ridge|Umurbrogol Pocket]] neared its end.}})<br />
*2nd Infantry Regiment, Reinforced<br />
**2nd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment<br />
**3rd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment<br />
**3rd Bttn. / 15th Infantry Regiment<br />
**346th Bttn. / 53rd Independent Mixed Brigade<br />
<br />
==Battle==<br />
===Landing===<br />
[[File:Battle of Peleliu map.jpg|thumb|250px|Routes of Allied landings on Peleliu, September 15, 1944]]<br />
<br />
U.S. Marines landed on Peleliu at 08:32, on September 15, the 1st Marines to the north on White Beach 1 and 2 and the 5th and 7th Marines to the center and south on Orange Beach 1, 2, and 3.<ref name=Moran>Moran, J. and Rottman, G.L., 2002, Peleliu 1944, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|1841765120}}</ref>{{rp|42–45}} As the other landing craft approached the beaches, the Marines were caught in a crossfire when the Japanese opened the steel doors guarding their positions and fired artillery. The positions on the coral promontories guarding each flank fired on the Marines with 47&nbsp;mm guns and 20&nbsp;mm cannons. By 09:30, the Japanese had destroyed 60 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT]]s and [[DUKW]]s.<br />
[[File:Orange Beach 2 - Peleliu.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[5th Marine Regiment (United States)|5th Marines]] on Orange Beach]]<br />
<br />
The 1st Marines were quickly bogged down by heavy fire from the extreme left flank and a 30-foot-high coral ridge, "The Point".<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|49}} Colonel [[Chesty Puller]] narrowly escaped death when a dud high velocity artillery round struck his LVT. His communications section was destroyed on its way to the beach by a hit from a 47&nbsp;mm round. The 7th Marines faced a cluttered Orange Beach 3, with natural and man-made obstacles, forcing the [[Amtrac]]s to approach in column.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|52}}<br />
<br />
The 5th Marines made the most progress on the first day, aided by cover provided by coconut groves.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|51}} They pushed toward the airfield, but were met with Nakagawa's first counterattack. His armored tank company raced across the airfield to push the Marines back, but was soon engaged by tanks, howitzers, naval guns, and dive bombers. Nakagawa's tanks and escorting infantrymen were quickly destroyed.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|57}}<br />
<br />
At the end of the first day, the Americans held their {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of landing beaches, but little else. Their biggest push in the south moved {{convert|1|mi|km}} inland, but the 1st Marines to the north made very little progress because of the extremely thick resistance.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|42}} The Marines had suffered 200 dead and 900 wounded. Rupertus, still unaware of his enemy's change of tactics, believed the Japanese would quickly crumble since their perimeter had been broken.<ref name="Western Pacific">{{cite web|title=Western Pacific|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/westpac/westpac.htm|work=United States Army|access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Airfield/South Peleliu===<br />
[[File:Wounded Marine on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|A wounded Marine receives a drink from a [[Hospital corpsman|Navy corpsman]].]]<br />
<br />
On the second day, the 5th Marines moved to capture the airfield and push toward the eastern shore.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|61}} They ran across the airfield, enduring heavy artillery fire from the highlands to the north, suffering heavy casualties in the process. After capturing the airfield, they rapidly advanced to the eastern end of Peleliu, leaving the island's southern defenders to be destroyed by the 7th Marines.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|58}}<br />
<br />
This area was hotly contested by the Japanese, who still occupied numerous pillboxes. Heat indices<ref>http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ama/?n=heatindex</ref> were around<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/palau/peleliu.php|title=Peleliu Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Palau|last=Weather2Travel.com|website=Weather2Travel.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> {{convert|115|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, and the Marines soon suffered high casualties from [[heat exhaustion]]. Further complicating the situation, the Marines' water was distributed in empty oil drums, contaminating the water with the oil residue.<ref name=Hough_94/> Still, by the eighth day the 5th and 7th Marines had accomplished their objectives, holding the airfield and the southern portion of the island, although the airfield remained under threat of sustained Japanese fire from the heights of Umurbrogol Mountain until the end of the battle.<ref name= Hastings/><br />
<br />
American forces put the airfield to use on the third day. [[L-2 Grasshopper]]s from [[VMO-3]] began [[Aerial observer|aerial spotting]] missions for Marine artillery and [[naval gunfire support]]. On September 26 (D+11), Marine [[Vought F4U Corsair|F4U Corsair]]s from [[VMF-114]] landed on the airstrip. The Corsairs began [[dive-bombing]] missions across Peleliu, firing rockets into open cave entrances for the infantrymen, and dropping [[napalm]]; it was only the second time the latter weapon had been used in the Pacific.{{Citation needed|reason=Statistical claim re: napalm needs support|date=December 2016}} Napalm proved useful, burning away the vegetation hiding [[spider hole]]s and usually killing their occupants.<br />
<br />
The time from liftoff to the target area for the Corsairs based on Peleliu Airfield was very short, sometimes only 10 to 15 seconds. Consequently, there was almost no time for pilots to raise their aircraft undercarriage; most pilots did not bother and left them down during the air strike. After the air strike was completed and the payload dropped, the Corsair simply turned back into the landing pattern again.<br />
<br />
===The Point===<br />
[[File:Skull and danger sign on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|Frontline warning sign on Peleliu, October 1944]]<br />
<br />
The [[fortress]] at the end of the southern landing beaches (a.k.a. “The Point”) continued to cause heavy Marine casualties due to [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilading]] fire from Japanese heavy machine guns and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] artillery across the landing beaches. Puller ordered [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] George P. Hunt, commander of K Company, [[3rd Battalion 1st Marines|3rd Battalion, 1st Marines]], to capture the position. Hunt's company approached The Point short on supplies, having lost most of its machine guns while approaching the beaches. Hunt's second [[platoon]] was pinned down for nearly a day in an [[anti-tank trench]] between [[fortification]]s. The rest of his [[company (military unit)|company]] was endangered when the Japanese cut a hole in their line, surrounding his company and leaving his right flank cut off.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|49}}<br />
<br />
However, a [[rifle platoon]] began knocking out the Japanese gun positions one by one. Using [[smoke grenade]]s for concealment, the platoon swept through each hole, destroying the positions with [[rifle grenade]]s and [[Close combat|close-quarters combat]]. After knocking out the six machine gun positions, the Marines faced the 47&nbsp;mm gun cave. A [[lieutenant]] blinded the 47&nbsp;mm gunner's visibility with a smoke grenade, allowing [[Corporal]] [[Henry W. Hahn]] to launch a grenade through the cave's aperture. The grenade detonated the 47&nbsp;mm's shells, forcing the cave's occupants out with their bodies alight and their ammunition belts exploding around their waists. A Marine fire team was positioned on the flank of the cave where the emerging occupants were shot down.<br />
<br />
K Company had captured The Point, but Nakagawa [[counterattack]]ed. The next 30 hours saw four major counterattacks against a sole company, critically low on [[materiel|supplies]], out of water, and surrounded. The [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] soon had to resort to [[hand-to-hand combat]] to fend off the Japanese attackers. By the time [[reinforcement]]s arrived, the company had successfully repulsed all of the Japanese attacks, but had been reduced to 18 men, suffering 157 casualties during the battle for The Point.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|50–51}} Hunt and Hahn were both awarded the [[Navy Cross]] for their actions.<br />
<br />
===Ngesebus Island===<br />
[[File:Digging-peleliu-l.jpg|thumb|U.S. Marine in combat at Peleliu Island, September 1944]]<br />
<br />
The 5th Marines—after having secured the airfield—were sent to capture Ngesebus Island, just north of Peleliu. Ngesebus was occupied by many Japanese artillery positions, and was the site of an airfield still under construction. The tiny island was connected to Peleliu by a small causeway, but 5th Marines commander Harris opted instead to make a shore-to-shore amphibious landing, predicting the causeway to be an obvious target for the island's defenders.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|77}}<br />
<br />
Harris coordinated a pre-landing bombardment of the island on September 28, carried out by Army {{convert|155|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} guns, naval guns, howitzers from the [[11th Marine Regiment|11th Marines]], strafing runs from VMF-114's Corsairs, and {{convert|75|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} fire from the approaching LVTs.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|77}} Unlike the Navy's bombardment of Peleliu, Harris' assault on Ngesebus successfully killed most of the Japanese defenders. The Marines still faced opposition in the ridges and caves, but the island fell quickly, with relatively light casualties for the 5th Marines. They had suffered 15 killed and 33 wounded, and inflicted 470 casualties on the Japanese.<br />
<br />
===Bloody Nose Ridge===<br />
[[File:Marines wait in their foxholes - Peleliu.jpg|left|thumb|Marines waiting in their [[Defensive fighting position|fighting holes]]]]<br />
<br />
After capturing The Point, the 1st Marines moved north into the Umurbrogol pocket,<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|81}} named "Bloody Nose Ridge" by the Marines. Puller led his men in numerous assaults, but each resulted in severe casualties from Japanese fire. The 1st Marines were trapped in the narrow paths between the ridges, with each ridge fortification supporting the other with deadly crossfire.<br />
<br />
[[File:Corsair attacks jap bunker on Peleliu.jpg|thumb|A Corsair drops napalm on Japanese positions atop Umurbrogol.]]<br />
The Marines took increasingly high casualties as they slowly advanced through the ridges. The Japanese again showed unusual fire discipline, striking only when they could inflict maximum casualties. As casualties mounted, Japanese [[sniper]]s began to take aim at [[stretcher]] bearers, knowing that if stretcher bearers were injured or killed, more would have to return to replace them, and the snipers could steadily pick off more and more Marines. The Japanese also infiltrated the American lines at night to attack the Marines in their fighting holes. The Marines built two-man fighting holes, so one Marine could sleep while the other kept watch for infiltrators.<br />
<br />
One particularly bloody battle on Bloody Nose came when the [[1st Battalion 1st Marines|1st Battalion, 1st Marines]]—under the command of [[Major]] [[Ray Davis (U.S. Marine)|Raymond Davis]]—attacked Hill 100. Over six days of fighting, the battalion suffered 71% casualties. [[Everett P. Pope|Captain Everett Pope]] and his company penetrated deep into the ridges, leading his remaining 90 men to seize what he thought was Hill 100. It took a day's fighting to reach what he thought was the crest of the hill, which was in fact another ridge occupied by more Japanese defenders. [[File:Resting on Peleliu Island.jpg|thumb|Marine Pfc. Douglas Lightheart (right) cradles his .30 caliber (7.62×63mm) [[M1919 Browning machine gun]] in his lap, while he and Pfc. Gerald Thursby Sr. take a cigarette break, during mopping up operations on Peleliu on September 15, 1944.]]<br />
Trapped at the base of the ridge, Captain Pope set up a small defense perimeter, which was attacked relentlessly by the Japanese throughout the night. The Marines soon ran out of ammunition, and had to fight the attackers with knives and fists, even resorting to throwing coral rock and empty ammunition boxes at the Japanese. Pope and his men managed to hold out until dawn came, which brought on more deadly fire. When they evacuated the position, only nine men remained. Pope later received the [[Medal of Honor]] for the action. [http://www.thomas5.com/tribute/images/now/Peleliu%20022.jpg (Picture of the Peleliu Memorial dedicated on the 50th anniversary of the landing on Peleliu with Captain Pope's name)]<br />
<br />
The Japanese eventually inflicted 70% casualties on Puller's 1st Marines, or 1,749 men.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|66}} After six days of fighting in the ridges of Umurbrogol, [[General]] [[Roy Geiger]], commander of the III Amphibious Corps, sent elements of U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division to Peleliu to relieve the regiment.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|66}} The [[321st Regiment Combat Team]] landed on the western beaches of Peleliu—at the northern end of Umurbrogol mountain—on September 23. The 321st and the 7th Marines encircled The Pocket by September 24, D+9.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|75,81}}<br />
<br />
By October 15, the 7th Marines had suffered 46% casualties and General Geiger relieved them with the 5th Marines.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|83}} Col. Harris adopted siege tactics, using bulldozers and flame-thrower tanks, pushing from the north.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|83–84}} On October 30, the 81st Infantry Division took over command of Peleliu, taking another six weeks, with the same tactics, to reduce The Pocket.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|85}}<br />
<br />
On November 24, Nakagawa proclaimed "Our sword is broken and we have run out of spears". He then burnt his regimental colors and performed [[seppuku|ritual suicide]].<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|86}} He was posthumously promoted to [[lieutenant general]] for his valor displayed on Peleliu. On November 27, the island was declared secure, ending the 73-day-long battle.<ref name="Western Pacific"/><br />
<br />
A [[Japanese holdout#1945-1949|Japanese lieutenant]] with twenty-six 2nd Infantry soldiers and eight 45th Guard Force sailors held out in the caves in Peleliu until April 22, 1947, and surrendered after a Japanese admiral convinced them the war was over.<ref name=Moran/>{{rp|81}}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
[[File:Soldiers wounded in battle of peleliu.jpg|thumb|Marines in a hospital on Guadalcanal after being wounded in the Battle of Peleliu]]<br />
<br />
The reduction of the Japanese pocket around Umurbrogol mountain has been called the most difficult fight that the U.S. military encountered in the entire war.<ref name=Hough_94>{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/USMC-M-Peleliu-5.html | title = The Seizure of Peleliu |series = USMC Historical Monograph | first = Major Frank O., USMC | last = Hough | chapter = Chapter V: A Horrible Place | page = 94 | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps | access-date = 2012-02-07 }}</ref> The 1st Marine Division was mauled and remained out of action until the [[Battle of Okinawa|invasion of Okinawa]] began on April 1, 1945. In total, the 1st Marine Division suffered over 6,500 casualties during its month on Peleliu, over one third of the entire division. The 81st Infantry Division also suffered heavy losses with 3,300 casualties during its tenure on the island.<br />
<br />
Postwar statisticians calculated that it took U.S. forces over 1500 rounds of ammunition to kill each Japanese defender and that, during the course of the battle, the Americans expended 13.32 million rounds of .30-calibre, 1.52 million rounds of .45-calibre, 693,657 rounds of .50-calibre bullets, 118,262 hand grenades, and approximately 150,000 mortar rounds.<ref name= Hastings/><br />
<br />
The battle was controversial in the United States due to the island's lack of strategic value and the high casualty rate. The defenders lacked the means to interfere with potential US operations in the Philippines<ref name= Hastings/> and the airfield captured on Peleliu did not play a key role in subsequent operations. Instead, the [[Ulithi Atoll]] in the [[Caroline Islands]] was used as a staging base for the invasion of Okinawa. The high casualty rate exceeded all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.<ref name="militaryhistoryonline.com"/><br />
<br />
In addition, few news reports were published about the battle because Rupertus' prediction of a "three days" victory motivated only six reporters to report from shore. The battle was also overshadowed by MacArthur's [[Battle of Leyte|return to the Philippines]] and the Allies' push towards [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in [[European Theatre of World War II|Europe]].<br />
<br />
The [[Battle of Angaur|battles for Angaur]] and Peleliu showed Americans the pattern of future Japanese island defense but they made few adjustments for the battles for [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] and Okinawa.<ref>{{harvnb|Morison|1958|p=46}}</ref> Naval bombardment prior to amphibious assault at Iwo Jima was only slightly more effective than at Peleliu, but at Okinawa the preliminary shelling was much improved.<ref name=Alexander95>Alexander,''Storm Landings'', p. 95.</ref> [[Frogmen]] performing [[underwater demolition]] at Iwo Jima confused the enemy by sweeping both coasts, but later alerted Japanese defenders to the exact assault beaches at Okinawa.<ref name=Alexander95/> American ground forces at Peleliu gained experience in assaulting heavily fortified positions such as they would find again at Okinawa.<ref>{{harvnb|Morison|1958|p=47}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the recommendation of Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]], the planned occupation of [[Yap]] Island in the Caroline Islands was canceled. Halsey actually recommended that the landings on Peleliu and Angaur be canceled, too, and their Marines and soldiers be thrown into [[Leyte Island]] instead, but was overruled by Nimitz.<ref>{{cite book | first = Major Frank O., USMC | last = Hough | title = The Seizure of Peleliu | series = USMC Historical Monograph | chapter = Appendix B – STALEMATE II and the Philippines Campaign | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps }}</ref><br />
<br />
===In popular culture===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{original research|section|date=January 2021}}<br />
In the March of Time's 1951 documentary TV series, [[Crusade in the Pacific]], Episode 17 is "The Fight for Bloody Nose Ridge."<br />
<br />
In NBC-TV's 1952-53 documentary TV series [[Victory at Sea]], Episode 18, "Two if by Sea" covers the assaults at Peleliu and Angaur.<br />
<br />
The Battle of Peleliu is featured in many World War II themed video games, including ''[[Call of Duty: World at War]]''. The player takes the role of a US Marine tasked with taking Peleliu Airfield, repelling counter-attacks, destroying machine-gun and mortar positions and eventually securing Japanese artillery emplacements at the point. In flight-simulation game ''[[War Thunder]]'', two teams of players clash to hold the southern and northern airfields. In multi-player shooter ''[[Rising Storm (video game)|Red Orchestra 2: Rising Storm]]'', a team of American troops attack the defensive Japanese team's control points.<br />
<br />
The battle including footage and stills are featured in the fifth episode of ''[[The War (2007 film)|Ken Burns' The War]]''.<br />
<br />
The battle features in episodes 5, 6 and 7 of the TV mini-series ''[[The Pacific (TV miniseries)|The Pacific]]''.<br />
<br />
In his book, ''[[With the Old Breed]]'', [[Eugene Bondurant Sledge]] described his experiences in the battle for Peleliu.<br />
<br />
In 2015, the Japanese magazine ''[[Young Animal (magazine)|Young Animal]]'' commenced serialization of ''[[Peleliu: Rakuen no Guernica]]'' by Masao Hiratsuka and artist Kazuyoshi Takeda, telling the story of the battle in [[manga]] form.<br />
<br />
One of the final scenes in ''Parer's War'', a 2014 Australian television film, shows the Battle of Peleliu recorded by [[Damien Parer]] with his camera at the time of his death.<br />
<br />
The Peleliu Campaign features as one of the campaigns in the 2019 solitaire tactical wargame “Fields of Fire” Volume 2, designed by Ben Hull, published by GMT Games LLC.<br />
<br />
==Individual honors==<br />
===Japan===<br />
====Posthumous promotions====<br />
For heroism:<br />
*Colonel [[Kunio Nakagawa]] – lieutenant general<br />
*Kenjiro Murai – lieutenant general<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
[[File:Kraus RE.jpg|thumb|150px|Pfc. Richard Kraus, USMC (age 18), killed in action]]<br />
<br />
====Medal of Honor recipients====<br />
*Captain [[Everett P. Pope]] – [[1st Battalion, 1st Marines]]<br />
*First Lieutenant [[Carlton R. Rouh]] – [[1st Battalion, 5th Marines]]<br />
*Corporal [[Lewis K. Bausell]] –[[1st Battalion, 5th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Arthur J. Jackson]] – [[3rd Battalion, 7th Marines]]<br />
*Private First Class [[Richard E. Kraus]] – 8th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division (Reinforced)]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[John D. New]] – [[2nd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Wesley Phelps]] – [[3rd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
*Private First Class [[Charles H. Roan]] – [[2nd Battalion, 7th Marines]] (Posthumous)<br />
<br />
==Unit citations==<br />
[[File:&quot;Peleliu Island...Marines move through the trenches on the beach during the battle.&quot;, 09-15-1944 - NARA - 532535.jpg|thumb|D-day Peleliu, African Americans of one of the two segregated units that supported the 7th Marines - the 16th Marine Field Depot or the 17th Naval Construction Battalion Special take a break in the 115 degree heat, 09-15-1944 - NARA - 532535]]<br />
*[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]:<br />
**1st Marine Division, September 15 to 29, 1944<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/USMC-M-Peleliu-G.html|title=HyperWar: USMC Monograph--The Assault on Peleliu|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><br />
**1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**U. S. Navy Flame Thrower Unit Attached<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**6th Amphibian Tractor Battalion (Provisional), FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**3d Armored Amphibian Battalion (Provisional), FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment Eighth Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**454th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**456th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**4th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**5th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**6th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment 33rd Naval Construction Battalion (202 Personnel)<ref name= "peleliu"/><br />
**Detachment 73rd Naval Construction Battalion's Shore Party (241 Personnel)<ref name= "peleliu">Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual NAVPERS 15,790(REV.1953), Part II, Unit Awards, September 15-29, 1944 - Assault and seizure of Peleliu and Ngesebus, Palau Islands, p.15 [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/Awards/Awards-II.html#sec1]</ref><br />
*USMC Commendatory Letter:{{efn|Before the battle was even over, [[William H. Rupertus|Major General Rupertus]] USMC wrote: "THE [[Negro|NEGRO RACE]] CAN WELL BE PROUD OF THE WORK PREFORMED [by the 11th Marine Depot Company/ 7th Marine Ammunition Company/ 17th CB]. THE WHOLEHEARTED CO-OPERATION AND UNTIRING EFFORTS WHICH DEMONSTRATED IN EVERY RESPECT THAT THEY APPRECIATED THE PRIVILEGE OF WEARING A MARINE UNIFORM AND SERVING WITH THE MARINES IN COMBAT. PLEASE CONVEY TO YOUR COMMAND THESE SENTIMENTS AND INFORM THEM THAT IN THE EYES OF THE ENTIRE DIVISION THEY HAVE EARNED A "WELL DONE"."<ref>The Right to Fight:African American Marines in WWII, Peleliu and Iwo Jima, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Building 58, Washington Navy Yard, Washington D.C. 20374, 1974, PCN 190-003132-00 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref><ref>African Americans at War: an Encyclopedia, Volume I, Jonathan D. Sutherland, ABC, CLIO, Santa Barabra, Ca, 2004, p. 480, {{ISBN|1-57607-746-2}}</ref> The Department of the Navy made an official news release of the 17th CBs "Well Done" letter on November 28, 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/specials-cruisebooks/17%20Special.pdf |title=17th Special NCB cruisebook |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |page=29 |access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><br />
*On D-day the 7th Marines had a situation. They did not have enough men to man the line and get the wounded to safety. Three men were sent to find help and found two [[Racial segregation|segregated]] units, the ''16th Marine Field Depot'' (11th Marine Depot Co. & 7th Marine Ammunition Co.)<ref name="nps.gov">"The Right to Fight: African American Marine in World War II, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Bldg 58, Washington Navy Yard,Washington, D.C. 1995 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref> and ''17th Special CB''. The Marines were not certain what their officers would think of them bringing African Americans but, they knew they needed help.<ref name="nps.gov">"The Right to Fight: African American Marine in World War II, Bernard C. Nalty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Bldg 58, Washington Navy Yard,Washington, D.C. 1995 [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003132-00/sec10.htm]</ref> The 17th Special Seabees were assigned to the 1st Pioneers as shore party. Together with the 16th Depot Marines they helped with the wounded that day. At 0200 that night the Japanese mounted a counterattack. By the time it was over nearly the entire 17th had volunteered to hump ammo to the line on the stretchers they were bringing the wounded back on, fill in where the wounded had been, man 37mm guns that had lost their crews, and volunteer for anything. The record for the 16th Depot says they were carrying ammo and wounded back the same as the Seabees and had picked up rifles and become infantry where needed also.<ref>Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA. 93043. 17th Special; NCB p. 29-30 [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/specials-cruisebooks/17%20Special.pdf]</ref><ref>World War II Database [http://worldwar2database.com/gallery/wwii1431 World War II Database]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwar2database.com/gallery/wwii1429|title=African-American Marines of 16th Field Depot Rest on Peleliu - The World War II Multimedia Database|website=worldwar2database.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/UnitListPages/SPECIALS/17%20SNCB.pdf|title=17th Special ,Seabee Museum|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thomas5.com/tribute/Vets10.html|title=Peleliu Shore Party|website=www.thomas5.com|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> The 17th Seabees remained with the 7th through D-plus 3. Before the battle was over and the island secured Maj. General Rupertus wrote three letters saying "Well Done" to the two Marine Companies and the CB . According to the Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, were it not for the "Black Marine shore party personal" the counterattack on the 7th Marines would not have been repulsed.<ref>Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, September–November 1944, (section: Hitting the Beach, 3rd paragraph), Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, by: Peter D Antill, Tristan Dugdale-Pointon, and Dr John Rickard, [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_peleliu.html]</ref>}}<br />
**11th Marine Depot Company (segregated)<br />
**7th Marine Ammunition Company (segregated)<br />
**17th Special Naval Construction Battalion (segregated)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]] (The [[Peleliu Battlefield]], listed 1985)<ref name="nris">{{cite web|author=Staff|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052104/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html|archive-date=2010-12-04|title=National Register Information System|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html|date=2009-03-13|publisher=National Register of Historic Places. [[National Park Service]]|access-date=2016-03-08}}</ref><br />
*[[Damien Parer]], Australian war photographer killed on September 17 while filming a Marine advance<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/farflung/parer.html |title=Australia's War 1939–1945: Parer's Last Reel |publisher=Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs |access-date=2010-04-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410235800/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/farflung/parer.html| archive-date= April 10, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><br />
*{{USS|Peleliu|LHA-5|6}}, an [[amphibious assault ship]] named in memory of the battle<br />
*''[[With the Old Breed]]'', a memoir of the battle written by [[Eugene Sledge]]<br />
*''Hell in the Pacific: A Marine Rifleman's Journey From Guadalcanal to Peleliu'' written by Jim McEnery<br />
*''[[Helmet for My Pillow]]'', a memoir of the battle written by [[Robert Leckie (author)|Robert Leckie]]<br />
*''Islands of the Damned'', a memoir including the battle written by [[Romus Burgin]]<br />
*[[The Pacific (miniseries)|''The Pacific'' (miniseries)]]<br />
*''The Breaking Jewel'', a novel by [[Makoto Oda (novelist)|Makoto Oda]], translated by [[Donald Keene]], which looks at the battle from the Japanese perspective<br />
*''Battleground Pacific: A Marine Rifleman Combat Odyssey in K/3/5'', a memoir of the battle written by Sterling Mace, [[Nick Allen]]<br />
*''Victory At Peleliu, The 81st Infantry Division's Pacific Campaign'' by Bobby C. Blair and John Peter DeCioccio<br />
*''Call of Duty: World at War''<ref>{{cite web |title=What was the intended purpose of the fight for control of the island of Peleliu? – Battle of Peleliu – WW II |url=https://cambridgealert.com/u-s-navy-what-was-the-intended-purpose-of-the-fight-for-control-of-the-island-of-peleliu-ww-ii/ |website=Cambridge Alert |access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Alexander | first = Joseph H. | year = 1997 | title = Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific | isbn = 1557500320 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Alexander | first = Joseph H. | year = 1997 | chapter = Heading for the Philippines | title = The Battle History of the U.S. Marines: A Fellowship of Valor | publisher = Harper Perennial | isbn = 0060931094 }}<br />
*Blair, Bobby C., and John Peter DeCioccio. ''Victory at Peleliu: The 81st Infantry Division's Pacific Campaign'' (University of Oklahoma Press; 2011) 310 pages<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Gailey | first = Harry | year = 1984 | title = Peleliu: 1944 | publisher = Nautical & Aviation Pub Co of Amer | isbn = 093385241X }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Hallas | first = James H. | year = 1994 | title = The Devil's Anvil: The Assault on Peleliu | publisher = Praeger Publishers | isbn = 0275946460 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | year = 2009 | title = Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944-45| publisher = Vintage Reprint edition | isbn = 978-0307275363 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link = Samuel Eliot Morison | year = 1958 | title = Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945, ''vol. 12 of ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | isbn = 0316583170 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Ross | first = Bill D. | year = 1991 | title = Peleliu: Tragic Triumph | publisher = Random House | isbn = 0394565886 | url = https://archive.org/details/peleliutragictri00bill }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Rottman | first = Gordon |author2=Howard Gerrard | year = 2002 | title = Peleliu 1944: The Forgotten Corner Of Hell | publisher = Osprey Publishing | isbn = 1841765120 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Sledge | first = Eugene B. | year = 1990 | title = [[With the Old Breed]]: At Peleliu And Okinawa | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0195067142 }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Sloan | first = Bill | year = 2005 | title = Brotherhood of Heroes: The Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn = 0743260090 | url = https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofher0000sloa }}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Wright | first = Derrick | year = 2005 | title = To the Far Side of Hell: The Battle for Peleliu, 1944 | publisher = Fire Ant Books | isbn = 0817352813 }}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Last Man Standing: The 1st Marine Regiment on Peleliu, September 15–21, 1944|author=Camp, Dick|year=2009| publisher=Zenith Press|isbn=978-0760334935}}<br />
*{{Cite book|title=The Devil's Anvil: The Assault on Peleliu|author=Hallas, James H.|year=1994|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|isbn= 0275946460}}<br />
*{{Cite book|title=Brotherhood of Heroes: The Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War|author=Sloan, Bill|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0743260090|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofher0000sloa}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{Cite book | last = Anderson | first = Charles R. | url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/westpac/westpac.htm | title = Western Pacific | series = The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | access-date = 2006-12-19 | id = CMH Pub 72-29 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Burbeck | first = James | year = 2008 | url = http://www.wtj.com/articles/peleliu/ | title = Invasion of Peleliu | work = Animated Combat Map | publisher = The War Times Journal | access-date = 2008-08-09 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Chen | first = C. Peter | year = 2007 | url = http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=77 | title = Palau Islands and Ulithi Islands Campaign | work = World War II Database | access-date = 2007-10-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071006205650/http://www.ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=77| archive-date= October 6, 2007 | url-status= live}}<br />
*{{Cite web | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Peleliu/index.html | title = BLOODY BEACHES: The Marines at Peleliu | author = Gayle, Gordon, BGen USMC | access-date = 2015-01-12}}<br />
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/peleliu/default.aspx |title=Bloody Peleliu |author=Gypton, Jeremy |publisher=MilitaryHistoryOnline}}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Hough | first = Frank O. | year = 1950 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Peleliu/index.html | title = The Assault on Peleliu (The Seizure of Peleliu) | work = USMC Historical Monograph | publisher = Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps | access-date = 2006-12-19 }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Kier | first = Mike | url = http://home.sprynet.com/~kier/peleliu.htm | title = PELELIU | access-date = 2006-12-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061219080517/http://home.sprynet.com/~kier/peleliu.htm| archive-date= December 19, 2006 | url-status= live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last=Shread |first=Paul |year=2014 |url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/13519314-95/my-turn-the-battle-of-peleliu-and-the-scars-of-war |title=The Battle of Peleliu and the scars of war |newspaper=[[The Concord Monitor]] |access-date=2014-09-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140919004125/http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/13519314-95/my-turn-the-battle-of-peleliu-and-the-scars-of-war |archive-date=2014-09-19 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Robert Ross | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Approach/index.html | title = The Approach to the Philippines | work = United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | access-date = 2006-12-19 }}<br />
<br />
{{World War II}}<br />
{{Palau topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peleliu}}<br />
[[Category:Peleliu]]<br />
[[Category:Palau in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]<br />
[[Category:History of Palau]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving Palau]]<br />
[[Category:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:South Seas Mandate in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibious operations of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre]]<br />
[[Category:United States Marine Corps in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:September 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:October 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:November 1944 events]]<br />
[[Category:Seabees]]</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=982011349User:Leokennis/common.css2020-10-05T17:53:48Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Also change the global style:<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
#toc-mobile,<br />
#toc-collapsible-block-0 {<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#mw-content-text {<br />
max-width: 65ch;<br />
}<br />
<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971483419User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T12:20:54Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Also change the global style:<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
#toc-mobile,<br />
#toc-collapsible-block-0 {<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#mw-content-text {<br />
max-width: 50em;<br />
}<br />
<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971483272User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T12:19:20Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Also change the global style:<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971481454User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T12:02:28Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Not used, use the global style:<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
/*<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971481414User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T12:02:08Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/*<br />
Not used, use the global style":<br />
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Leokennis/global.css<br />
*/<br />
<br />
/*<br />
p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971459435User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T08:32:44Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
.mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971459308User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T08:31:31Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6,<br />
#mw-headline {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971459203User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T08:30:20Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>p,<br />
page-heading.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h1,<br />
mw-parser-output.h2,<br />
mw-parser-output.h3,<br />
mw-parser-output.h4,<br />
mw-parser-output.h5,<br />
mw-parser-output.h6 {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971458317User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T08:19:40Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>p, page-heading.h1, mw-parser-output.h2 {<br />
font-family: Charter, Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=971458153User:Leokennis/common.css2020-08-06T08:18:00Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>p {<br />
font-family: Georgia, sans-serif;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776511964User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T13:15:54Z<p>Leokennis: ←Blanked the page</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776496329User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:41:56Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em + 7px);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776495393User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:30:07Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em + 7px);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776495322User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:29:18Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em + 7px);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #right-navigation {<br />
float:left;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776495163User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:27:16Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em + 7px);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
border: 1px solid #f00;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494907User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:24:04Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
border: 1px solid #f00;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494676User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:21:01Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494618User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:20:28Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 11.5em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494568User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:20:02Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 1em);<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494308User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:17:34Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10.5em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776494138User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:15:59Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493977User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:14:37Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493938User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:14:14Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 1em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493855User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:13:32Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10em);<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493654User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:11:47Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: 20em !important;<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493304User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:08:06Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
/* HIERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR*/<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: 20em !important;<br />
top: 0px;<br />
/*padding: 1rem 2.2rem;*/<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493107User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:05:55Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10em);<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776493068User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:05:16Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em) + 10em);<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492830User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:02:14Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
text-align: center;<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492773User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T10:01:26Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492582User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:59:24Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492418User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:57:18Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
visibility: hidden;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head:hover {<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492252User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:55:13Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul,<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492173User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:54:09Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li,<br />
#mw-head ul {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776492069User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:52:32Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
#left-navigation {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776491828User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:49:14Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang], html[dir], html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/*html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}*/<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before {<br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after {<br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb,<br />
.thumbinner,<br />
.img,<br />
.thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul,<br />
.toc li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle,<br />
.toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2,<br />
.toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a,<br />
.toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=776491565User:Leokennis/common.css2017-04-21T09:45:55Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
max-width: 725px;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=733561557User:Leokennis/common.css2016-08-08T17:33:43Z<p>Leokennis: ←Blanked the page</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/common.css&diff=733517944User:Leokennis/common.css2016-08-08T10:57:12Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>html[lang],<br />
html[dir],<br />
html body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body {<br />
max-width: calc(750px + 11rem);<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: calc(50% - (375px + 5.5em));<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (max-width: 960px) {<br />
html[lang] body #mw-panel {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body {<br />
padding: 1rem 2.2rem;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body div#bodyContent,<br />
html[lang] body .mw-body-content,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > p,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text > ul {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 1rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;<br />
max-width: 725px; <br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .rquote {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #siteSub,<br />
html[lang] body .hatnote,<br />
html[lang] body .plainlinks {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-page-base,<br />
html[lang] body #mw-head {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata {<br />
font-size: 0.7rem;<br />
line-height: 1.714;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.metadata .mbox-text-span {<br />
line-height: 1.2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
padding: 0.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .tmulti div[style] {<br />
box-sizing: content-box;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #toc,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ol li,<br />
html[lang] body #toc ul li {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 1.65;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox,<br />
html[lang] body table.vertical-navbox[style] {<br />
font-size: 0.6rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table td[style*=background-color] {<br />
font-size: 0.75rem;<br />
line-height: 2;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.infobox {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
line-height: 1.5625;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable,<br />
html[lang] body .rightScroll table {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.74999;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.wikitable[style*=width] {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2,<br />
html[lang] body h3,<br />
html[lang] body h4,<br />
html[lang] body h5 {<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading,<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline,<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-weight: 400;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .firstHeading {<br />
font-size: 2.05rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h1 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 2rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h2 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.8rem;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h3 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h4 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.2rem;<br />
font-weight: 700;<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body h5 .mw-headline {<br />
font-size: 1.1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body table.navbox,<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .catlinks,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist,<br />
html[lang] body .refbegin {<br />
-webkit-column-width: 20em !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .reflist .references {<br />
margin-left: 1.5rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .ambox {<br />
margin: 0 1rem;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #mw-content-text .ambox-external_links + ul {<br />
font-size: 0.8rem;<br />
line-height: 1.8;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body .global-navigation {<br />
position: static;<br />
}<br />
<br />
html[lang] body #jpleft,<br />
html[lang] body #jpright,<br />
html[lang] body #jpsuperheader {<br />
display: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::before { <br />
content: "\201C\00a0";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote p::after { <br />
content: "\00a0\201D";<br />
display: inline;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Cambria, serif;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
blockquote {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-size: 1.5rem;<br />
line-height: 1.6;<br />
clear: both;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumb, .thumbinner, .img, .thumbimage {<br />
border: none !important;<br />
background: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbcaption {<br />
text-align: center !important;<br />
color: #333 !important;<br />
font-size: 0.8rem !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
ul>li {<br />
list-style-type: square !important;<br />
list-style-image: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
border: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc ul, .toc li {<br />
list-style-type: none !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toc a {<br />
color: #000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#toctitle, .toctoggle {<br />
visibility: hidden !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-1 {<br />
font-family: Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;<br />
font-weight: 500;<br />
font-size: 1.3rem !important; <br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2, .toclevel-3 {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.toclevel-2 a, .toclevel-3 a {<br />
color: #666 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1 {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li.toclevel-1:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/vector.css&diff=709518615User:Leokennis/vector.css2016-03-11T11:01:37Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* uitgezet!<br />
#mw-head {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #a8d7f9 !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li.selected {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
} <br />
*/<br />
<br />
/* Ook uitgezet vanwege https://userstyles.org/styles/119976/wikipedia-minimalistic-material-design<br />
<br />
#bodyContent {<br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;<br />
line-height: 24px !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
*/<br />
<br />
/* uitgezet!<br />
#content {<br />
margin: 13px 0px 0px 130px !important; <br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
padding: 80px !important; <br />
padding-top: 20px !important;<br />
border: 0 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/vector.css&diff=674733643User:Leokennis/vector.css2015-08-05T20:01:13Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* uitgezet!<br />
#mw-head {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #a8d7f9 !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li.selected {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
} <br />
*/<br />
#bodyContent {<br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;<br />
line-height: 24px !important;<br />
}<br />
/* uitgezet!<br />
#content {<br />
margin: 13px 0px 0px 130px !important; <br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
padding: 80px !important; <br />
padding-top: 20px !important;<br />
border: 0 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/vector.css&diff=674733576User:Leokennis/vector.css2015-08-05T20:00:45Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* uitgezet!<br />
#mw-head {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #a8d7f9 !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li.selected {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
} <br />
*/<br />
#bodyContent {<br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
font-family: "Palatino Linotype", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;<br />
line-height: 24px !important;<br />
}<br />
/* uitgezet!<br />
#content {<br />
margin: 13px 0px 0px 130px !important; <br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
padding: 80px !important; <br />
padding-top: 20px !important;<br />
border: 0 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennishttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leokennis/vector.css&diff=674733448User:Leokennis/vector.css2015-08-05T19:59:50Z<p>Leokennis: </p>
<hr />
<div>/* uitgezet!<br />
#mw-head {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #a8d7f9 !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li {<br />
background: none !important;<br />
} <br />
<br />
#mw-head li.selected {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
} <br />
*/<br />
#bodyContent {<br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;<br />
line-height: 24px !important;<br />
}<br />
/* uitgezet!<br />
#content {<br />
margin: 13px 0px 0px 130px !important; <br />
width: 700px !important;<br />
padding: 80px !important; <br />
padding-top: 20px !important;<br />
border: 0 !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
background: #fff !important;<br />
}<br />
*/</div>Leokennis